FILED JULY 14, 2010 

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N 

SUPREME COURT 

DANIEL ADAIR, a taxpayer of the 

FITZGERALD PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 

FITZGERALD PUBLIC SCHOOLS, a 

Michigan municipal corporation, and others, 

 Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

v No. 137424 

STATE OF MICHIGAN, DEPARTMENT 

OF EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF 

MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET, and 

TREASURER OF THE STATE OF 

MICHIGAN, 

 Defendants-Appellees. 

DANIEL ADAIR, a taxpayer of the 

FITZGERALD PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 

FITZGERALD PUBLIC SCHOOLS, a 

Michigan municipal corporation, and others, 

 Plaintiffs-Appellees, 

v No. 137453 

STATE OF MICHIGAN, DEPARTMENT 

OF EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF 

MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET, and 

Michigan Supreme Court

Lansing, Michigan

Opinion Chief Justice: 

Marilyn Kelly 

Justices: 

Michael F. Cavanagh 

Elizabeth A. Weaver 

Maura D. Corrigan 

Robert P. Young, Jr. 

Stephen J. Markman 

Diane M. Hathaway
2

TREASURER OF THE STATE OF 

MICHIGAN, 

 Defendants-Appellants. 

BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH 

KELLY, C.J. 

This case involves the Headlee Amendment1

 and is before this Court for the third 

time. Most of the legal issues have been resolved and appear in the discussion of facts 

and procedural history below. The issues remaining are (1) whether plaintiffs must 

introduce evidence of a specific, quantified increase in costs resulting from a violation of 

the Headlee Amendment provision prohibiting unfunded mandates to establish 

entitlement to a declaratory judgment and (2) whether plaintiffs’ suit has been 

“sustained” under Const 1963, art 9, § 32, enabling plaintiffs to recover attorney fees. 

We answer the first question in the negative and the second question in the affirmative. 

Therefore, we affirm in part and reverse in part the judgment of the Court of Appeals. 

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

 The Headlee Amendment is an initiative passed by Michigan voters in 1978. 

Among its provisions, Headlee added the following section to the Michigan Constitution: 

The state is hereby prohibited from reducing the state financed 

proportion of the necessary costs of any existing activity or service required 

of units of Local Government by state law. A new activity or service or an 

increase in the level of any activity or service beyond that required by 

existing law shall not be required by the legislature or any state agency of 

 1

 Const 1963, art 9, §§ 25 to 34. 
3

units of Local Government, unless a state appropriation is made and 

disbursed to pay the unit of Local Government for any necessary increased 

costs. The provision of this section shall not apply to costs incurred 

pursuant to Article VI, Section 18.[2] 

Shortly after the Headlee Amendment was ratified, the Legislature enacted legislation 

designed to implement it.3

The state has required Michigan public school districts to report certain 

information, including pupil counts and financial data, for many years. However, in 

2000, the Governor issued Executive Order No. 2000-9, which established the Center for 

Educational Performance and Information (CEPI). EO 2000-9 became effective 

September 28, 2000. Along with later legislation, it required plaintiff school districts to 

actively participate in collecting, maintaining, and reporting various types of data. The 

state began warehousing this data in several discrete databases, the single record student 

database (SRSD), the financial information database (FID), the registry of educational 

personnel (REP), and the school infrastructure database (SID). Under MCL 388.1752,4

in order to receive yearly funding, school districts must furnish all data that the state 

considers necessary for the administration of the State School Aid Act.5

 

 2

 Const 1963, art 9, § 29. 

3

 MCL 21.231 et seq. 

4

 Currently, MCL 388.1752 provides, in part: “In order to receive funds under this 

act, each district and intermediate district shall also furnish to the center or the 

department, as applicable, the information the department considers necessary for the 

administration of this act . . . .” 

5

 MCL 388.1601 et seq. Part of the “necessary” information is that needed for 

compliance with the CEPI recordkeeping and reporting requirements in MCL 388.1694a. 
4

The information collected by the CEPI facilitates compliance with state reporting 

requirements and requirements imposed by the federal government.6

 In order to meet 

some of these requirements, the state must report data on a student-by-student, teacherby-teacher, or building-by-building basis. This enables the state to receive federal funds 

under the No Child Left Behind Act.7 

On November 15, 2000, plaintiffs filed the present suit in the Court of Appeals. 

Plaintiffs are 456 Michigan public school districts and a taxpayer from each district.8

 

They alleged that the recordkeeping and reporting requirements in EO 2000-9 and MCL 

388.1752 constituted an unfunded mandate and violated the provision of Const 1963, 

art 9, § 29 prohibiting unfunded mandates (the POUM provision). The parties stipulated 

midtrial that the database submissions listed in EO 2000-9 and the later legislation were 

not required until two years after the effective date of the executive order. 

 6

 See Center for Educational Performance and Information, 

<http://www.michigan.gov/cepi> (accessed July 6, 2010) (“Our initiatives in data 

collection and reporting facilitate school districts’ compliance with the federal No Child 

Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Michigan Department of Education’s accreditation plan, 

Education Yes! CEPI is an office located within the Office of the State Budget.”). 

7

 PL 107-110, 115 Stat 1425. We note our holding in Durant v Michigan, 456 

Mich 175, 199; 566 NW2d 272 (1997), that “there is no exception in [Const 1963,] art 9, 

§ 29 for federal mandates, as long as the activity or service is mandated by state law.” 

8

 The parties stipulated that nine school districts would be “representative school 

districts” for purposes of discovery and trial. Those nine districts were the Ann Arbor 

Public Schools, the Birmingham Public Schools, the East Grand Rapids Public Schools, 

the Farmington Public Schools, the Forest Hills Public Schools, the Monroe Public 

Schools, the Oakland Schools, the School District of the City of Pontiac, and the Traverse 

City Area Public Schools. 
5

In its first adjudication of plaintiffs’ claims, the Court of Appeals concluded that 

the claims raised or that could have been raised in earlier suits were barred by res 

judicata. It also held that plaintiffs’ other claims were barred because of releases the 

parties had executed or because the activities complained of did not implicate the POUM 

provision. The Court granted summary disposition to defendants on all claims.9

We granted leave to appeal and reversed in part the judgment of the Court of 

Appeals.10 A majority of this Court agreed with the Court of Appeals that most of 

plaintiffs’ claims were barred by res judicata or release or did not implicate the Headlee 

Amendment’s POUM provision. However, we concluded that plaintiffs had sufficiently 

stated a claim on which relief could be granted in their recordkeeping claim. We 

remanded the case to the Court of Appeals for further proceedings on that claim. 

On remand, the Court of Appeals concluded that plaintiffs had not provided 

documentary support for their claim that the CEPI requirements were an unfunded 

mandate. Consequently, it again granted summary disposition to defendants.11 Plaintiffs 

again appealed, and we vacated the Court of Appeals’ judgment and again remanded to 

that Court.12 We directed the Court of Appeals to reevaluate plaintiffs’ claim “under both 

 9 Adair v Michigan, 250 Mich App 691; 651 NW2d 393 (2002) (Adair I). 

10 Adair v Michigan, 470 Mich 105; 680 NW2d 386 (2004) (Adair II). 

11 Adair v Michigan (On Remand), 267 Mich App 583; 705 NW2d 541 (2005) 

(Adair III). 

12 Adair v Michigan, 474 Mich 1073 (2006) (Adair IV). 
6

the ‘new activity or service’ and the ‘increase in the [level] of any activity or service’ 

prongs of Const 1963, art 9, § 29’s prohibition of unfunded mandates . . . .”13 

On second remand, the Court of Appeals appointed a special master to conduct 

fact-finding. The special master was instructed to determine 

whether the record-keeping obligations imposed on plaintiff school districts 

by MCL 388.1752 and Executive Order 2000-9 constitute either a new 

activity or service or an increase in the level of a state-mandated activity or 

service within the meaning of Mich Const of 1963, art 9, § 29’s prohibition 

of unfunded mandates.[14] 

The special master heard testimony in this case in 2007. On January 27, 2008, she 

filed an opinion, concluding that the recordkeeping requirements did present an increase 

in the level of activity required of plaintiff school districts beyond what was previously 

required. Therefore, she concluded that the requirements violated the POUM provision. 

The Court of Appeals adopted the conclusions of law and factual findings of the 

special master with some modifications and entered a declaratory judgment in favor of 

plaintiffs.15 The Court rejected plaintiffs’ request for attorney fees under Const 1963, art 

9, § 32, concluding that this suit “cannot be characterized has having been ‘sustained’ 

 13 Id.

14 Adair v Michigan (On Second Remand), unpublished order of the Court of 

Appeals, entered April 18, 2006 (Docket No. 230858). 

15 Adair v Michigan (On Second Remand), 279 Mich App 507; 760 NW2d 544 

(2008) (Adair V). 
7

within the meaning of § 32.”16 Both plaintiffs and defendants appealed, and we granted 

both applications for leave to appeal in part.17 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

Questions involving the proper interpretation of a constitutional provision receive 

review de novo.18 The proper interpretation and application of a statute is also a question 

of law that we consider de novo.19 

III. ANALYSIS 

 We have established that “[t]he primary and fundamental rule of constitutional or 

statutory construction is that the Court’s duty is to ascertain the purpose and intent as 

expressed in the constitutional or legislative provision in question.”20 When interpreting 

constitutional provisions, we are mindful that the interpretation given the provision 

should be “‘the sense most obvious to the common understanding’” and one that 

 16 Id. at 525. 

17 Adair v Michigan, 483 Mich 922 (2009). We limited our grant of leave to 

appeal to the issues of (1) whether the prohibition of unfunded mandates in Const 1963, 

art 9, § 29 requires plaintiffs to prove specific costs, either through the reallocation of 

funds or out-of-pocket expenses, to establish their entitlement to a declaratory judgment 

and (2) whether plaintiffs are entitled to recover the “costs incurred in maintaining” this 

suit, pursuant to Const 1963, art 9, § 32. 

18People v Jackson, 483 Mich 271, 277; 769 NW2d 630 (2009). 

19 Eggleston v Bio-Med Applications of Detroit, Inc, 468 Mich 29, 32; 658 NW2d 

139 (2003). 

20 White v City of Ann Arbor, 406 Mich 554, 562; 281 NW2d 283 (1979). 
8

“‘reasonable minds, the great mass of the people themselves, would give it.’”21 “[T]he 

intent to be arrived at is that of the people, and it is not to be supposed that they have 

looked for any dark or abstruse meaning in the words employed . . . .”22

Article 9, § 29 of the Michigan Constitution prohibits the state from placing two 

related but independent burdens on local governmental entities. First, the state may not 

reduce the state-financed proportion of the necessary costs of any existing activity or 

service that state law requires of local units of government. Second, no state agency, 

including the Legislature, may require a new activity or service by a local unit of 

government. It may not require an increase in the level of an activity or service beyond 

that required by existing law. If it imposes such a requirement, the state must appropriate 

and disburse funding to pay the local unit of government for any necessary increased 

costs. This Court has described the first requirement as the “maintenance of support” 

(MOS) provision and the second requirement as the “prohibition on unfunded mandates” 

or POUM provision.23 These two requirements address different situations and involve 

 21 Traverse City Sch Dist v Attorney General, 384 Mich 390, 405; 185 NW2d 9 

(1971), quoting Cooley, Constitutional Limitations (emphasis omitted). 

22 Traverse City Sch Dist, 384 Mich at 405, quoting Cooley, Constitutional 

Limitations (emphasis omitted). 

23 Adair II, 470 Mich at 111, citing Judicial Attorneys Ass’n v Michigan, 460 Mich 

590, 595; 597 NW2d 113 (1999). 
9

different harms.24 Therefore, the analysis applicable to each differs.25 Only the POUM 

provision is applicable in this case. 

A. HEADLEE VIOLATIONS 

A majority of this Court has held that to establish a violation of the POUM 

provision, a plaintiff must show that “the state-mandated local activity was originated 

without sufficient state funding after the Headlee Amendment was adopted or, if properly 

funded initially, that the mandated local role was increased by the state without state 

 24 Durant v State Bd of Ed, 424 Mich 364, 379; 381 NW2d 662 (1985) (“The first 

sentence [of Const 1963, art 9, § 29] is aimed at existing services or activities already 

required of local government. The second sentence addresses future services or 

activities.”). 

25 The dissent is correct that we have previously concluded that the MOS and the 

POUM provisions are subject to similar requirements. Post at 7-8, quoting Adair II, 470 

Mich at 120 n 13. However, in Adair II, a majority of this Court also specifically 

outlined the differences in the standards for claims arising under the two provisions: 

[T]o establish a Headlee violation under the MOS clause, the 

plaintiffs must show “(1) that there is a continuing state mandate, (2) that 

the state actually funded the mandated activity at a certain proportion of 

necessary costs in the base year of 1978-1979, and (3) that the state funding 

of necessary costs has dipped below that proportion in a succeeding year.” 

Oakland Co v Michigan, 456 Mich 144, 151; 566 NW2d 616 (1997) 

(opinion by KELLY, J.). Under the POUM clause, they must show that the 

state-mandated local activity was originated without sufficient state funding 

after the Headlee Amendment was adopted or, if properly funded initially, 

that the mandated local role was increased by the state without state 

funding for the necessary increased costs. [Adair II, 470 Mich at 111.] 
10

funding for the necessary increased costs.”26 Also, as the dissent correctly notes, the state 

“need only fund mandates that will result in ‘necessary increased costs.’”27

Const 1963, art 9, § 29 is a clear prohibition of state action: before the state 

imposes a new or increased activity or service on a local unit of government, it must 

appropriate funds to cover any necessary increased costs. Left unanswered is who bears 

the burden of showing that the new or increased activity or service resulted in necessary 

increased costs.28

We conclude that to establish a violation of the POUM provision, a plaintiff must 

show that the state required a new activity or service or an increase in the level of 

activities or services. If no state appropriation was made to cover the increased burden 

on local government, the plaintiff need not show the amount of increased costs. It is then 

the state’s burden to demonstrate that no state funding was required because the 

requirement did not actually increase costs or the increased costs were not necessary.29 

 26 Id. at 111. 

27 Post at 8. 

28 Our Headlee caselaw does not answer this question. The dissent asserts that it is 

a foregone conclusion that “it is the plaintiff’s burden to show an increase in necessary 

costs.” Post at 15 (emphasis omitted). The dissent cites nothing definitive in support of 

this proposition. 

29 However, if the state did appropriate funds for the new or increased activity or 

service, the plaintiff would likely have a higher burden in order to show a POUM 

violation. Under those circumstances, the state would not have violated the POUM 

provision per se by failing to provide funding. Because those circumstances are not 

presented in the instant case, we need not address this issue. 
11

In this case we agree with the Court of Appeals that plaintiffs established a 

violation of the POUM provision. The recordkeeping requirements of EO 2000-9 and the 

later legislation mandate more activities than the law required before, which Const 1963, 

art 9, § 29 forbids, and the state did not fund them,30 as the POUM provision requires.31 

Moreover, defendants did not show that plaintiff school districts’ costs were not 

increased or that such costs were not “necessary” under MCL 21.233(6). Therefore, we 

affirm the Court of Appeals’ judgment granting plaintiffs a declaratory judgment. 

1. INCREASE IN THE LEVEL OF ANY ACTIVITY OR SERVICE 

The special master concluded that, beginning in 2002, the recordkeeping 

requirements imposed for the CEPI constituted an increase in the level of activity beyond 

that previously required. It is undisputed that the state required plaintiff school districts 

to report some student information and financial data before the CEPI was established. 

 30 It is undisputed that the state did provide a one-time appropriation to plaintiff 

school districts in 2002 for implementation of changes to the SRSD. We did not give the 

parties an opportunity to brief the issue of the relevancy of this appropriation. However, 

it is also undisputed that the state made no explicit appropriation for the increased activity 

involved in complying with the requirements for the SID, FID, or REP. Therefore, the 

2002 appropriation is irrelevant to our analysis. 

31 We reiterate that this conclusion is entirely consistent with a majority of this 

Court’s requirement in Adair II that plaintiffs “must show that the state-mandated local 

activity was originated without sufficient state funding after the Headlee Amendment was 

adopted . . . .” Adair II, 470 Mich at 111. Plaintiffs established that a state-mandated 

local activity, namely new and increased levels of data collection, originated from EO 

2000-9. Plaintiffs further demonstrated that no state funding was appropriated to cover 

the new activity involved in implementing the SID, which had no predecessor before the 

issuance of EO 2000-9. The state also failed to appropriate any funding for the increased 

activity required to provide data for the FID and REP. 
12

Therefore, the pertinent testimony on this issue involved the changes in the volume and 

specificity of information that the state required to be reported after implementation of 

the CEPI requirements. 

Defendants assert that Const 1963, art 9, § 29 was not violated because the 

recordkeeping requirements did not constitute a state-mandated increase in the level of 

activities or services. However, the testimony adduced before the special master belies 

this argument. Ample testimony established that both the amount of information 

collected and the manner in which the information had to be reported after CEPI was 

significantly greater and more intensive than before. 

For example, Deborah Piesz, the finance manager at the Birmingham Public 

Schools, testified that the reporting required for the FID was much more involved than it 

had been in the past. She stated further that the district was now required to “keep much 

more detailed information” than previously. Both Ms. Piesz and Daniel Behm, the 

superintendent of the Forest Hills Public Schools, testified that the school district 

collected the additional information solely to comply with the heightened state 

requirements imposed by the CEPI. They also stated that the districts would not have 

collected the information for their own purposes. Testimony from other personnel 

employed in the nine representative districts was substantially similar to that of Mr. 

Behm and Ms. Piesz. 

Collecting “a large amount of data” or “much more detailed information” than was 

previously required constitutes an increase in the level of an activity under Const 1963, 

art 9, § 29; namely, the state-mandated collection, maintenance, and reporting of data to 
13

the state. Defendants identify no evidence that rebuts this simple fact or undercuts the 

veracity of any of the testimony taken before the special master. 

2. NO STATE APPROPRIATION 

The evidence taken before the special master demonstrated that no state 

appropriation was made to fund plaintiff school districts’ implementation of the reporting 

requirements of the REP, SID, or FID. Nor was any appropriation made to provide for 

the school districts’ ongoing duty to comply with the reporting requirements for all four 

databases. Rather, the districts were expected to take monies from discretionary funds to 

cover the costs associated with their data-collection and reporting obligations. The 

evidence established that each school district did that. 

Hence, plaintiffs met their initial burden of showing a POUM violation by 

demonstrating an increase in the level of recordkeeping required of the school districts. 

Moreover, they demonstrated that the state appropriated no funds to cover the 

implementation of these increased requirements. Thus, plaintiffs are entitled to a 

declaratory judgment unless defendants demonstrate that plaintiff school districts’ costs 

were not increased as a result of the requirements or that the costs incurred were not 

necessary.

3. INCREASED COSTS 

 The next question is whether the increase in the recordkeeping requirements 

resulted in increased costs to plaintiff school districts. Again, a vast amount of 

unchallenged testimony in the record establishes that plaintiff school districts incurred 

increased costs as a result of the CEPI requirements. These increased costs involved 
14

hiring additional personnel, reassigning existing staff to help meet the CEPI 

requirements, and purchasing computer software to enable compliance with them. 

Testimony from administrative personnel working for the representative school 

districts established that personnel were required to work overtime to comply with the 

CEPI requirements. One of them, Sandy Kopelman, a secretary in the Birmingham 

Public Schools, stated that she worked overtime specifically to comply with the CEPI’s 

additional reporting requirements. She stated that she had “never got overtime before.” 

Randall Monday, an assistant superintendent for the Monroe Public Schools, 

claimed that since the implementation of the CEPI requirements, he had to take more 

time to meet with the principal of each school within his district. He stated that the 

meetings required additional time because he and the principals had to sort out 

distinctions between the information required for the CEPI and the district’s own 

reporting requirements. This diversion of manpower required so that the school districts 

could comply with the CEPI requirements constituted increased costs to the districts.32 

 32 By way of illustration, consider a staff member who before implementation of 

the CEPI requirements needed to spend 20 hours a week collecting, maintaining, and 

reporting data required by the state. Assume that after the establishment of the CEPI, that 

staff member needed to spend 30 hours a week for the district to comply with the new 

requirements (presuming no contemporaneous cost savings elsewhere). The district 

incurred an increased “net cost” of 10 hours a week of that employee’s wages. 

The Headlee Amendment does not require the district to show that its actual 

expenditures increased. MCL 21.233(6) defines “necessary cost” as the “actual cost to 

the state if the state were to provide the activity or service . . . .” In this example, 

plaintiffs could show that the state would incur the cost of paying a qualified person for 

10 hours to collect, maintain, and report the new data. Even without such a showing, 
15

Mary Reynolds, the executive director of business services for the Farmington 

Public Schools, testified that her office lost staff after the CEPI requirements were 

implemented. Nevertheless, she testified that, because compliance with the CEPI 

requirements was state-mandated and needed for the district to receive other state 

funding, the district was forced to give priority to that work. As a result, she testified, 

“there are many other things that don’t get done, don’t get accomplished.” 

Therefore, the evidentiary record shows that the state forced plaintiff school 

districts to allocate staff time in order to comply with the CEPI requirements. The fact 

that MCL 388.1752 requires school districts to comply with the CEPI requirements to 

receive other funding further supports our conclusion. Defendants offered no evidence to 

rebut this conclusion.33

 

however, plaintiffs here demonstrated that the school districts’ actual expenditures 

increased as a result of their efforts to comply with the CEPI requirements. 

This hypothetical example is a simplified version of the stipulated testimony of 

administrative personnel from the various districts. For example, Francine Mershman, a 

secretary in the Birmingham Public Schools, testified that in June and August, she spent 

about 95 percent of her time on data entry for the CEPI. During the time for student 

count reports, she devoted 75 to 80 percent of her time to CEPI recordkeeping. 

Throughout the rest of the year, CEPI recordkeeping took approximately 30 to 40 percent 

of her time. When asked what percentage of her time would have been spent on data 

collection 10 years earlier, Ms. Mershman replied “probably 10%.” She also stated that, 

although data collection previously increased at the end and beginning of the year, it still 

did not take “that much time.” During most of the school year, therefore, Ms. Mershman 

spent 30 to 40 precent of her time on data collection post-CEPI, as compared to 10 

percent pre-CEPI. 

33 Moreover, defendants concede that plaintiff school districts incurred at least 

some actual increased costs. They argue, however, that the increased costs were not 
16

4. “NECESSARY” COSTS AND “NET COST” 

Defendants claim that, even if the CEPI requirements mandated an increase in 

activities or services that increased plaintiff school districts’ costs, those costs are not 

necessary increased costs. Defendants assert that plaintiffs failed to demonstrate that any 

additional costs incurred to comply with the requirements met the definition of 

“necessary cost” under MCL 21.233(6) and were not de minimis under MCL 21.232(4).34 

 

necessary increased costs, asserting that “in those few instances where [plaintiffs] can 

actually point to an actual cost incurred, the costs were either de minimis or unnecessary.” 

34 MCL 21.233 provides, in part: 

(6) “Necessary cost” means the net cost of an activity or service 

provided by a local unit of government. The net cost shall be the actual 

cost to the state if the state were to provide the activity or service mandated 

as a state requirement, unless otherwise determined by the legislature when 

making a state requirement. Necessary cost does not include the cost of a 

state requirement if the state requirement satisfies 1 or more of the 

following conditions: 

(a) The state requirement cost does not exceed a de minimus [sic] 

cost. 

(b) The state requirement will result in an offsetting savings to an 

extent that, if the duties of a local unit which existed before the effective 

date of the state requirement are considered, the requirement will not 

exceed a de minimus [sic] cost. 

(c) The state requirement imposes additional duties on a local unit of 

government which can be performed by that local unit of government at a 

cost not to exceed a de minimus [sic] cost. 

(d) The state requirement imposes a cost on a local unit of 

government that is recoverable from a federal or state categorical aid 

program, or other external financial aid. A necessary cost excluded by this 

subdivision shall be excluded only to the extent that it is recoverable. 
17

Finally, defendants and the dissent argue that plaintiffs cannot prevail because even if the 

school districts incurred necessary increased costs, they did not quantify the exact amount 

of those costs. 

We reject defendants’ argument because it would hold plaintiffs to an evidentiary 

burden that they need not meet. The language of Const 1963, art 9, § 29 provides a clear 

limitation on state action: an increase in the level of any activity or service beyond that 

required by existing law must not be required by the Legislature or any state agency. The 

only exception is if the state appropriates and disburses funds adequate to pay for 

necessary increased costs. 

Neither Const 1963, art 9, § 29 nor MCL 21.233 suggests that plaintiffs bear the 

burden of proving precisely how much the school districts’ costs increased as a result of 

the mandate. In fact, the language of MCL 21.233 implies the opposite. That section 

defines “necessary cost” as the “net cost of an activity or service provided by a local unit 

 

(7) “New activity or service or increase in the level of an existing 

activity or service” does not include a state law, or administrative rule 

promulgated under existing law, which provides only clarifying 

nonsubstantive changes in an earlier, existing law or state law; or the 

recodification of an existing law or state law, or administrative rules 

promulgated under a recodification, which does not require a new activity 

or service or does not require an increase in the level of an activity or 

service above the level required before the existing law or state law was 

recodified. 

MCL 21.232(4) defines “de minimus [sic] cost” as “a net cost to a local unit of 

government resulting from a state requirement which does not exceed $300.00 per 

claim.”
18

of government.” The “net cost” is defined as “the actual cost to the state if the state were 

to provide the activity or service mandated as a state requirement . . . .” 

Nothing in the POUM provision expressly requires a plaintiff to establish that the 

increase in activities or services resulted in increased costs. Rather, a plaintiff need only 

establish that the state imposed on it a new or increased level of activity without 

providing any funding to pay for it. The burden then shifts to the state to show (1) that it 

is not required to pay for it because the new or increased level of activity did not result in 

increased costs or (2) that those costs were not “necessary” under MCL 21.233(6). 

In evaluating whether the additional costs stemming from the increased level of 

activity were necessary, the question is this: Would there be a cost to the state if it, rather 

than the school districts, paid for the increased activity? MCL 21.232(4) defines a de 

minimis cost as a “net cost” to a local governmental unit resulting from a state 

requirement that is less than $300 a claim. 

Notably, this $300 requirement has no temporal limitation. The special master 

specifically found that “it is clear that the increase in the shear [sic] amount of data 

initially overwhelmed the resources . . . .” It is implicit in this conclusion and supported 

by copious testimony, such as that discussed previously, that the additional costs incurred 

by each school district to comply with the CEPI requirements exceeded $300.35 

 35 Reference to our previous example again provides a good illustration of the 

point. See note 32 of this opinion. Suppose a district must pay a qualified person for an 

additional 10 hours of work each week collecting, maintaining, and reporting the data 

required for CEPI compliance. Assuming an hourly wage as low as $8, the “actual cost” 

to the state would exceed $300 within a month’s time. 
19

Defendants cannot demonstrate any basis for concluding otherwise, nor did they offer 

evidence that the state’s actual costs, were it to provide the activity, would be lower than 

were the school districts’. 

5. PROOF OF SPECIFIC INCREASED COSTS 

Another necessary inquiry related to the preceding issue is whether plaintiffs must 

produce evidence of specific dollar-amount increases in the costs incurred in order to 

comply with the CEPI requirements. We conclude that, when no legislative 

appropriation was made, a plaintiff does not have the burden to make such a showing to 

establish entitlement to a declaratory judgment under the POUM provision. This 

conclusion is axiomatic from the language of Const 1963, art 9, § 29, previous caselaw 

involving the Headlee Amendment, and the underlying purpose for seeking a declaratory 

judgment. 

The terms “net cost” and “actual cost” suggest a quantifiable dollar amount. 

However, nothing in MCL 21.233 suggests that it was intended to change the burden of 

proof in Const 1963, art 9, § 29. The specific costs that would be incurred are defined by 

reference to what costs the state would incur if it had to pay for the increased costs itself. 

Thus, it is the Legislature’s burden to demonstrate that those costs were not “necessary” 

under one or more of the exceptions in MCL 21.233(6)(a) to (d). Otherwise, the 

Legislature must determine what dollar amount is necessary, then appropriate that 

amount to the school districts. 

This is so because MCL 21.233(6) defines “net cost” as “the actual cost to the 

state” if the state were to provide the activity or service required. Clearly, the Legislature 
20

is in a position far superior to plaintiffs’ to determine what the actual cost to itself would 

be if it performed the increased recordkeeping and reporting duties. Proofs on this point 

are easily accessible to the state because it could ascertain the costs it would incur if it 

provided the new activity. The dispositive issue is the cost to the state if it were to 

provide the new or increased activity or service, not the cost incurred by the local 

governmental unit.36

To impose such a requirement on plaintiffs would be illogical and inconsistent 

with the purposes of the POUM provision of the Headlee Amendment. We have noted 

that the POUM provision is intended to address future services and activities.37 Plaintiffs 

in this case filed suit fewer than two months after EO 2000-9 took effect. The parties 

stipulated at trial that plaintiff school districts were not required to begin complying with 

the order’s recordkeeping requirements until two years later. 

Therefore, had this case been resolved in a timely fashion, EO 2000-9 would not 

have required plaintiffs to demonstrate specific amounts of necessary costs incurred. 

 36 Thus, the dissent is mistaken in asserting that we require the state to prove what 

a local unit of government’s increased costs were, making its appropriation obligations 

under the Headlee Amendment unclear. This is a recurring theme throughout the 

dissenting opinion. See post at 9 n 9 (“[T]he state will be required to audit every POUM 

plaintiff’s books and . . . extensive and intrusive discovery of local budgetary information 

may have to occur.”); post at 12 (“[T]he state is afforded no notice of what it must do to 

comply with the Headlee Amendment and is left only to guess at the size of the financial 

adjustment, and of the magnitude of the appropriation required . . . .”); post at 19 

(“[E]stimated levels of accompanying appropriations will entail nothing more than 

speculation.”). 

37 Durant, 424 Mich at 379. 
21

Moreover, it would have been difficult for them to do so. Yet this Court specifically 

endorsed a prompt resolution of Headlee Amendment claims in Durant: 

As arduous as the proceedings in this case have been, we have 

succeeded in deciding many points of law that will guide future decisions. 

Thus, there is every reason to hope that future cases will be much more 

straightforward. We anticipate that taxpayer cases filed in the Court of 

Appeals will proceed to rapid decision on the issue whether the state has an 

obligation under art 9, § 29 to fund an activity or service.

[38]

Finally, plaintiffs in this case seek a declaratory judgment, not monetary damages. 

An action for a declaratory judgment is typically equitable in nature and subject to 

different rules than other causes of action.39 “The declaratory judgment rule was 

intended and has been liberally construed to provide a broad, flexible remedy with a view 

to making the courts more accessible to the people.”40 We have also consistently held 

that “a court is not precluded from reaching issues before actual injuries or losses have 

occurred.”41 

 38 Durant, 456 Mich at 205-206 (emphasis added). 

39 MCR 2.605 contains specific provisions governing actions for a declaratory 

judgment. MCR 2.605(A) empowers a court to “declare the rights and other legal 

relations of an interested party seeking a declaratory judgment, whether or not other relief 

is or could be sought or granted.” MCR 2.605(C) states that “[t]he existence of another 

adequate remedy does not preclude a judgment for declaratory relief in an appropriate 

case.” 

40 Shavers v Attorney General, 402 Mich 554, 588; 267 NW2d 72 (1978), citing 2 

Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), committee comment, p 

683; see also Revenue Comm’r v Grand Trunk W R Co, 326 Mich 371, 375; 40 NW2d 

188 (1949). 

41 Shavers, 402 Mich at 589; see also Merkel v Long, 368 Mich 1, 11-14; 117 

NW2d 130 (1962). 
22

Defendants claim that a finding of necessary increased costs cannot be established 

without a comparison between the specific net costs before and after the required change 

in activities. For the reasons stated previously, we reject this argument. Had this action 

proceeded to a prompt resolution, plaintiffs could not have demonstrated such a side-byside comparison of the “before and after” costs incurred to meet the recordkeeping 

requirements. It would be nonsensical to impose this additional evidentiary requirement 

on plaintiffs here when, in another case, it would be impossible for the plaintiffs to make 

such a showing. 

That this litigation was delayed long enough for plaintiff school districts to incur 

ascertainable increased costs is insufficient justification for holding plaintiffs to an 

evidentiary requirement they otherwise need not bear. Requiring plaintiffs to 

demonstrate specific costs is contrary to the purposes of an action for declaratory 

judgment under the POUM provision in Const 1963, art 9, § 29 and the language 

authorizing it.42 The parade of potentially negative “consequences” of our holding to 

which the dissent refers does not alter these simple facts.43 

 42 Defendants also argued in the lower courts that (1) their one-time $3.4 million 

appropriation in 2002 sufficiently covered the increased costs plaintiff school districts 

incurred to comply with the CEPI requirements and (2) the mandate was fully funded by 

the state’s $3.5 billion appropriation of discretionary funds. Our order granting leave to 

appeal did not include these issues. Thus, we decline to address them here. 

43 Post at 18-20. 
23

B. ATTORNEY FEES 

 In their cross-appeal, plaintiffs argue that they are entitled to attorney fees under 

Const 1963, art 9, § 32 because they have been granted a declaratory judgment on their 

claim concerning the recordkeeping requirements. The Court of Appeals rejected this 

argument: 

Although plaintiffs have sustained their claim with regard to the 

data-collection and reporting requirements, it must be noted that this claim 

is but one of many plaintiffs initially raised in this action. Plaintiffs’ other 

claims were rejected by this Court. Adair, 250 Mich App 691. This 

Court’s decision with regard to those claims was sustained by our Supreme 

Court. Adair, 470 Mich 105. Under these circumstances, plaintiffs’ suit 

cannot be characterized has having been “sustained” within the meaning of 

[Const 1963, art 9,] § 32. Accordingly, we decline plaintiffs’ request for 

attorney fees.[44] 

Plaintiffs’ entitlement to attorney fees is evaluated under Const 1963, art 9, § 32. 

That section states: 

Any taxpayer of the state shall have standing to bring suit in the 

Michigan State Court of Appeals to enforce the provisions of Sections 25 

through 31, inclusive, of this Article and, if the suit is sustained, shall 

receive from the applicable unit of government his costs incurred in 

maintaining such suit. 

 We previously held that the word “costs” in Const 1963, art 9, § 32 includes 

attorney fees incurred in litigating claims alleging a violation of the Headlee 

Amendment.45 Therefore, if their “suit” has been “sustained,” plaintiffs are entitled to 

attorney fees in addition to other costs incurred in maintaining the suit. 

 44 Adair V, 279 Mich App at 525. 

45 Macomb Co Taxpayers Ass’n v L’Anse Creuse Pub Sch, 455 Mich 1, 10; 564 

NW2d 457 (1997).
24

 The word “suit” and the word “sustained” are not defined in the applicable 

provisions of the Michigan Constitution or in the Headlee implementing legislation. 

Thus, we again apply the rule of common understanding to ascertain the purpose and 

intent of Const 1963, art 9, § 32. 

Black’s Law Dictionary defines “suit” as “[a]ny proceeding by a party or parties 

against another in a court of law[.]”46 A lay dictionary defines “suit” as “4. Law. a. an 

act or instance of suing in a court of law; lawsuit. b. a petition or appeal.”47 “Sustain” is 

defined as “to uphold as valid, just, or correct”48 and “4. ([o]f a court) to uphold or rule 

in favor of . . . . 5. To substantiate or corroborate . . . .”49

 Applying the definitions to this case, we disagree with the Court of Appeals that 

plaintiffs’ suit has not been sustained. “Any proceeding” and “a petition or appeal” is 

broad language that encompasses a cause of action such as this one, in which 20 of 

plaintiffs’ 21 original claims were dismissed. Therefore, although most of plaintiffs’ 

claims were dismissed, plaintiffs’ recordkeeping claim, standing alone, constituted a 

“suit” under Const 1963, art 9, § 32. The recordkeeping claim has been the only claim 

 46 Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed). 

47 Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2001). 

48 Id. 

49 Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed). 
25

litigated during the past six years.50 It would defy the common understanding of the 

word “lawsuit” to conclude that such prolonged litigation does not constitute a “suit” 

within the meaning of Const 1963, art 9, § 32. 

Moreover, plaintiffs’ recordkeeping claim, itself a suit as noted previously, has 

clearly been sustained. The Court of Appeals granted plaintiffs the entirety of the relief 

sought on their claim—a declaratory judgment—which we affirm. Consequently, this 

Court has upheld, ruled in favor of, validated, substantiated, or corroborated plaintiffs’ 

suit. We therefore reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals on this issue. Plaintiffs 

may recover attorney fees incurred during the litigation related to the recordkeeping 

claim only. 

IV. CONCLUSION 

 We affirm in part and reverse in part the judgment of the Court of Appeals. The 

recordkeeping requirements of MCL 388.1752 and EO 2000-9 required an increase in the 

level of activities or services by plaintiff school districts over what was previously 

required. Moreover, the increase resulted in increased costs that are more than de 

minimis. In order to prevail, plaintiffs were not required to show a quantified dollaramount increase in costs in excess of a de minimis amount. Therefore, the recordkeeping 

requirements violate the POUM provision of the Michigan Constitution of 1963, at article 

9, § 29. The declaratory judgment in favor of plaintiffs is affirmed. 

 50 In Adair II, a majority of this Court affirmed the Court of Appeals’ dismissal of 

all of plaintiffs’ claims except for the recordkeeping claim, ending litigation on those 

claims. Adair II, 470 Mich at 133. 
26

Finally, we conclude that plaintiffs’ suit has been sustained within the meaning of 

Const 1963, art 9, § 32. Therefore, we reverse the Court of Appeals’ judgment and hold 

that plaintiffs are entitled to the costs incurred in maintaining this action. Those costs 

include an award of reasonable attorney fees incurred in litigating the recordkeeping 

claim only. We remand this case to the Court of Appeals for a determination of costs and 

attorney fees to be awarded, and we do not retain jurisdiction. 

CAVANAGH, WEAVER, and HATHAWAY, JJ., concurred with KELLY, C.J. 
S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N 

SUPREME COURT 

DANIEL ADAIR, a taxpayer of the 

FITZGERALD PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 

FITZGERALD PUBLIC SCHOOLS, a 

Michigan municipal corporation, and others, 

 Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

v No. 137424 

STATE OF MICHIGAN, DEPARTMENT 

OF EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF 

MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET, and 

TREASURER OF THE STATE OF 

MICHIGAN, 

 Defendants-Appellees. 

DANIEL ADAIR, a taxpayer of the 

FITZGERALD PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 

FITZGERALD PUBLIC SCHOOLS, a 

Michigan municipal corporation, and others, 

 Plaintiffs-Appellees, 

v No. 137453 

STATE OF MICHIGAN, DEPARTMENT 

OF EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF 

MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET, and 

TREASURER OF THE STATE OF 

MICHIGAN, 

 Defendants-Appellants. 
2

MARKMAN, J. (dissenting). 

I respectfully dissent from the majority’s conclusion that plaintiff school districts 

are entitled to a declaratory judgment holding that that the recordkeeping requirements of 

MCL 388.1752 and Executive Order No. 2000-9 violate the prohibition of unfunded 

mandates (POUM) provision of Const 1963, art 9, § 29. I dissent because the majority 

has erroneously interpreted the burden of proof necessary to establish a violation of the 

POUM provision. The majority errs by holding that a POUM plaintiff need only show a 

new or increased level of activity for which there is no funding. It further errs by stating 

that if a plaintiff makes such a showing, the plaintiff is entitled to prevail unless the state 

proves that costs were not increased or that such increased costs were not “necessary.” 

Finally, the majority errs by holding that a POUM plaintiff need not submit proof of 

specific costs. As explained hereafter, the burden of proof remains on a POUM plaintiff 

at all times and requires the plaintiff to prove with specificity an increase in necessary 

projected or actual costs. 

I would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand for entry of 

summary disposition for defendants on the ground that plaintiffs failed to establish a 

POUM violation because they failed to submit proof of specific “necessary increased 

costs” through the reallocation of funds or out-of-pocket expenses required by the new 

recordkeeping requirements.1

 There are significant practical consequences to the 

 1

 The majority also holds that plaintiffs are entitled to recover their costs, 

including attorney fees, as prevailing parties because one of their 21 claims was 
3

majority’s interpretation that over time will transform the Headlee Amendment from a 

provision limiting public expenditures into a provision facilitating such expenditures. 

I. FACTS AND HISTORY 

Plaintiffs are 456 local Michigan school districts in their corporate capacity, 

together with one individual taxpayer from each district. This appeal is the culmination 

of plaintiffs’ Headlee Amendment claim that the state has imposed new data collection 

and reporting requirements on local school districts without providing the necessary 

funding for the increased costs of those mandates.2

 Plaintiffs filed an original declaratory 

judgment action in the Court of Appeals on November 15, 2000, alleging 21 separate 

violations of the Headlee Amendment, specifically Const 1963, art 9, § 29, which, in its 

second sentence, contains a prohibition of unfunded mandates.3

 This Court eventually 

determined that only one of plaintiffs’ claimed violations was potentially viable, and we 

remanded the case to the Court of Appeals, directing it to reevaluate plaintiffs’ 

recordkeeping claim under Const 1963, art 9, § 29. Adair v Michigan, 470 Mich 105; 

680 NW2d 386 (2004); Adair v Michigan, 474 Mich 1073 (2006). 

 

sustained. Because I find that plaintiffs should not prevail on the merits, I do not join this 

part of the majority’s opinion either. 

2

 EO 2000-9 established the Center for Educational Performance and Information 

(CEPI) and required plaintiff school districts to actively participate in collecting, 

maintaining, and reporting various types of related data. 

3

 The Headlee Amendment vests original jurisdiction in the Court of Appeals for 

claims arising under its provisions. Const 1963, art 9, § 32. Special pleading 

requirements for such actions are found in MCR 2.112(M). 
4

The Court of Appeals subsequently appointed a special master who heard 

testimony in 2007, some five years after the recordkeeping requirements took effect. The 

special master determined that plaintiffs had proved their POUM claim-- even though she 

also determined that plaintiffs had adduced “little evidence of local districts or 

[intermediate school districts] incurring actual additional costs or expenditures as a 

result” of these requirements. The Court of Appeals adopted most of the special master’s 

factual findings and conclusions of law and entered a declaratory judgment in favor of 

plaintiffs. Adair v Michigan (On Second Remand), 279 Mich App 507; 760 NW2d 544 

(2008). In particular, the Court of Appeals held that to demonstrate a POUM violation, 

plaintiffs only needed to establish 

(1) an increase in the level of activity or services mandated by the state and 

(2) a complete failure on the part of the state to provide any funding to 

offset the necessary costs to be incurred by the districts in the provision of 

the increased level of services or activities. [Id. at 515.] 

Defendants appealed in this Court, arguing that plaintiffs had not proved the 

specific dollar amount of any actual costs or expenses resulting from the recordkeeping 

requirements and that the Court of Appeals had erred by concluding that a plaintiff need 

not demonstrate particularized increased costs in order to sustain a POUM claim. We 

granted leave to appeal, asking the parties to brief “whether the prohibition of unfunded 

mandates in Const 1963, art 9, § 29, requires the plaintiffs to prove specific costs, either 

through the reallocation of funds or out-of-pocket expenses, in order to establish their 

entitlement to a declaratory judgment . . . .” Adair v Michigan, 483 Mich 922 (2009). 
5

II. HEADLEE AMENDMENT 

The Headlee Amendment is an initiative passed by Michigan voters in 1978. The 

first sentence of Const 1963, art 9, § 29 states: 

The state is hereby prohibited from reducing the state financed 

proportion of the necessary costs of any existing activity or service required 

of units of Local Government by state law. 

The second sentence of Const 1963, art 9, § 29 adds: 

A new activity or service or an increase in the level of any activity or 

service beyond that required by existing law shall not be required by the 

legislature or any state agency of units of Local Government, unless a state 

appropriation is made and disbursed to pay the unit of Local Government 

for any necessary increased costs. 

The first sentence addresses existing services or activities required of local units of 

government, and the second sentence addresses future services or activities. Claims 

under the first sentence are known as “maintenance of support” or “MOS” claims. 

Claims under the second sentence are known as “prohibition of unfunded mandates” or 

“POUM” claims. This appeal involves only a POUM claim. Under the language of the 

second sentence, a POUM plaintiff must show “increased costs” that are “necessary” to 

fulfill a state mandate for a new or increased activity or service.4

 Thus, in the case at bar, 

one must assess (1) whether the recordkeeping requirements resulted in increased costs to 

 4

 We did not grant defendants’ application for leave to appeal the Court of 

Appeals’ determination that the recordkeeping requirements amounted to both new and 

increased levels of activities and services. We also did not grant leave to appeal to 

consider defendants’ argument that this case should not be viewed as a POUM case 

because of a 2002 appropriation. 
6

plaintiff school districts and, if so, (2) whether the incurrence of these costs was 

necessary to comply with the recordkeeping requirements. 

III. HEADLEE STATUTE 

The Headlee implementing act, 1979 PA 101, MCL 21.231 et seq., defines 

“necessary cost” as “the net cost of an activity or service provided” and “net cost” as “the 

actual cost to the state if the state were to provide the activity or service mandated as a 

state requirement . . . .” MCL 21.233(6).5

 The Headlee implementing act also provides 

that a necessary cost does not include a cost that does not exceed a de minimis amount, 

which is defined as a cost that does not exceed $300 a claim. MCL 21.233(6)(c); MCL 

 5

 MCL 21.233(6) provides, in part: 

“Necessary cost” means the net cost of an activity or service 

provided by a local unit of government. The net cost shall be the actual 

cost to the state if the state were to provide the activity or service mandated 

as a state requirement, unless otherwise determined by the legislature when 

making a state requirement. Necessary cost does not include the cost of a 

state requirement if the state requirement satisfies 1 or more of the 

following conditions: 

(a) The state requirement cost does not exceed a de minimus [sic] 

cost. 

(b) The state requirement will result in an offsetting savings to an 

extent that, if the duties of a local unit which existed before the effective 

date of the state requirement are considered, the requirement will not 

exceed a de minimus [sic] cost. 

(c) The state requirement imposes additional duties on a local unit of 

government which can be performed by that local unit of government at a 

cost not to exceed a de minimus [sic] cost. 
7

21.232(4).6

 Therefore, considering the Headlee implementing act in evaluating whether 

plaintiff school districts’ additional costs were necessary, the relevant question is whether 

there would be an increase in the actual cost to the state if it were to provide the activity 

or service itself. Also, a cost incurred by a local unit of government because of a state 

mandate does not become a necessary cost if it is de minimis. 

IV. ANALYSIS 

A. MOS VERSUS POUM CLAIMS 

This Court held in Durant v State Bd of Ed, 424 Mich 364, 379; 381 NW2d 662 

(1985), and Oakland Co v Michigan, 456 Mich 144; 566 NW2d 616 (1997), that a 

plaintiff bringing a claim under the MOS provision must demonstrate the actual costs of 

the mandated services. However, following the lead of the Court of Appeals, the 

majority holds here that POUM plaintiffs, in contrast with MOS plaintiffs, need not 

demonstrate either projected or actual costs. The majority’s only explanation for why 

POUM plaintiffs should have a lower burden of proof comes in its assertion that the two 

sentences of Const 1963, art 9, § 29 address different situations and, therefore, that a 

different analysis applies to each. 

I disagree. In Durant, 424 Mich at 379, we explained that the two sentences of 

Const 1963, art 9, § 29 must be read together “[b]ecause they were aimed at alleviation 

 6

 MCL 21.232(4) provides: 

“De minimus [sic] cost” means a net cost to a local unit of 

government resulting from a state requirement which does not exceed 

$300.00 per claim. 
8

of two possible manifestations of the same voter concern . . . .” We specifically reiterated 

this point in Schmidt v Dep’t of Ed, 441 Mich 236, 250-251; 490 NW2d 584 (1992), and 

Judicial Attorneys Ass’n v Michigan, 460 Mich 590, 598 n 2; 597 NW2d 113 (1999). 

Indeed, in the very case at bar, we have stated: 

Although Oakland Co dealt with MOS claims, as we noted in 

Judicial Attorneys Ass’n, supra at 598 n 2, that does not make it 

“inapplicable to an analysis of the second sentence of § 29.” Thus, the 

requirements of POUM claims are, in this respect, similar to MOS claims. 

[Adair, 470 Mich at 120 n 13.] 

While MOS claims are aimed at existing services or activities already required of a local 

unit of government and POUM claims address future services or activities, both 

provisions require a claimant to quantify the necessary costs of state-mandated activities. 

The fact that this case is one for a declaratory judgment and not a claim for money 

damages7

 does not and cannot change the constitutional requirement that the state need 

only fund mandates that will result in “necessary increased costs.”8

 If plaintiffs are not 

 7

 In this regard, I note that when this Court remanded this case to the Court of 

Appeals in 2006, Chief Justice KELLY included a separate statement indicating that she 

would remand so that the Court of Appeals “can rule on the merits and find damages, if 

any.” Adair, 474 Mich at 1074 (KELLY, J., concurring) (emphasis added). Plaintiffs, 

however, are not seeking damages. 

8 Const 1963, art 9, § 29. Pursuant to MCR 2.605(A), a court may issue a 

declaratory judgment, and a court “is not precluded from reaching issues before actual 

injuries or losses have occurred.” Shavers v Attorney General, 402 Mich 554, 589; 267 

NW2d 72 (1978). But this allowance cannot be used to reduce a plaintiff’s burden of 

proof for the cause of action for which it is seeking a declaration. As we stated in 

Associated Builders & Contractors v Dep’t of Consumer & Indus Servs Dir, 472 Mich 

117, 126; 693 NW2d 374 (2005), the “actual controversy” and the “interested party” 

requirements of MCR 2.605(A)(1) mean that a party seeking a declaratory judgment must 

have a concrete and particularized actual injury in fact. The “particularized” requirement 
9

required to demonstrate that a state requirement will, in fact, result in the actual 

reallocation of funds or out-of-pocket expenses, then there has been no showing of any 

necessary increased costs that will be incurred. 

B. THE MAJORITY’S ANALYSIS 

The Court of Appeals held that plaintiffs only had to show a complete failure to 

provide funding for an increased or new level of services or activities in order to prevail 

as POUM plaintiffs. Adair, 279 Mich App at 514-515. The majority itself seems to 

agree, stating: 

[A] plaintiff need only establish that the state imposed on it a new or 

increased level of activity without providing any funding to pay for it. The 

burden then shifts to the state to show (1) that it is not required to pay for it 

because the new or increased level of activity did not result in increased 

costs or (2) that those costs were not “necessary” under MCL 21.233(6). 

This formulation, however, is inconsistent with Const 1963, art 9, § 29. A POUM 

plaintiff must establish more than the state’s failure to fund an increase or new level of 

service or activity. Under the majority’s standard, the state will be required to prove that 

a POUM plaintiff’s new or increased level of activity did not result in increased costs or 

that the increased costs were not necessary.9

 There is no basis for shifting this burden of 

 

surely reinforces the idea that Headlee plaintiffs are required to quantify their “necessary 

increased costs.” 

9

 One has to wonder how the state will ever be able to “prove” what a local unit of 

government’s costs were. It would appear that the state will be required to audit every 

POUM plaintiff’s books and that extensive and intrusive discovery of local budgetary 

information may have to occur. The majority disputes the notion that its holding will 

require the state to prove what a local unit of government’s increased costs are. This 

disavowal seems misplaced since the majority specifically states that once a POUM 
10

proof onto the state.10 The prohibitory language in Const 1963, art 9, § 29 in no way 

indicates that a plaintiff merely has to show an unfunded new or increased level of 

activity and the burden will then shift to the state to prove that no increase in costs 

occurred or that any increased costs were not necessary. Once again, nothing in Const 

1963, art 9, § 29 supports the majority’s conclusion that the burden ever shifts away from 

the plaintiff onto the state. In addition, if plaintiffs are not required to establish a net 

increase in costs, this could result in litigation every time the state requires reporting, 

technology, or format changes. The majority’s holding fails to recognize that a POUM 

plaintiff must show that its necessary costs increased. The majority’s formulation never 

inquires whether a plaintiff has shown an increase in costs. Rather, it only inquires 

whether a POUM plaintiff has shown an unfunded new or increased level in an activity or 

service.11 The majority’s standard also fails to require a POUM plaintiff to prove that 

increased costs were necessary. It simply assumes the existence of necessary increased 

 

plaintiff meets its initial burden, it is entitled to a declaratory judgment “unless 

defendants demonstrate that plaintiff school districts’ costs were not increased as a result 

of the requirements” and that one of the questions before us is “whether the increase in 

the recordkeeping requirements resulted in increased costs to plaintiff school districts.” 

Ante at 13 (emphasis added). 

10 Indeed, HB 5800, which is pending in the Michigan House of Representatives, 

includes language that would shift the burden of proof onto the state to prove compliance 

with §§ 25 to 31 of article 9 of the state constitution. See proposed MCL 600.308e(2). 

11 To be clear, my point is that the majority’s formulation fails to require a POUM 

plaintiff to show an increase in necessary costs. The fact that the majority believes there 

were, in fact, proofs of increased costs in this case does not change the fact that its legal 

formulation relieves future POUM plaintiffs of having to establish an increase in 

necessary costs. This Court is attempting to formulate the law, and not to merely resolve 

the instant case. 
11

costs whenever there has been a mandated increase in an activity or service absent 

funding (unless the state can prove otherwise). In order to show an “increase” in costs, 

there must be some determination of a baseline level and a comparison of before-andafter numbers-- whether real or projected.12 This is the only way a POUM plaintiff can 

show whether an increase has actually occurred. Finally, the majority’s standard also 

fails to take into account that some increased costs that are necessary may nonetheless be 

de minimis under MCL 21.232(4). This is directly contrary to Oakland Co, 456 Mich at 

165 (“[T]he trial court must decide what costs are necessary . . . costs, including whether 

any fall within the de minimus [sic] exclusion.”). 

When this case was before us in 2004, we cited with approval the following 

language: 

“[F]uture plaintiffs must allege the type and extent of the harm so 

that the court may determine if a § 29 violation occurred for purposes of 

making a declaratory judgment. In that way, the state will be aware of the 

financial adjustment necessary to allow for future compliance.” [Adair, 

470 Mich at 119-120 (citation omitted).][13]

Notwithstanding our earlier statement that a POUM plaintiff must allege both the “type” 

and “extent” of harm, and under MCR 2.112(M) must do so with “particularity,” the 

majority today inconsistently adopts a standard that relieves a POUM plaintiff of having 

 12 Surely this is “‘the sense most obvious to the common understanding’” and one 

that “‘reasonable minds, the great mass of the people themselves, would give it.’” 

Traverse City Sch Dist v Attorney General, 384 Mich 390, 405; 185 NW2d 9 (1971), 

quoting Cooley, Constitutional Limitations (emphasis omitted). 

13 Indeed, in 2007 we placed this very language into MCR 2.112(M), which 

provides, in relevant part: “In an action involving Const 1963, art 9, § 29, the plaintiff 

must state with particularity the type and extent of the harm and whether there has been a 

violation of either the first or second sentence of that section.” (Emphasis added.) 
12

to make any such showings. As we indicated in 2004, this deprives the state of threshold 

information on the basis of which to make necessary financial adjustments. Under the 

formulation the majority adopts today, the state is afforded no notice of what it must do 

to comply with the Headlee Amendment and is left only to guess at the size of the 

financial adjustment, and of the magnitude of the appropriation required, in order to 

comply with an adverse declaratory judgment.14

C. “INCREASED COSTS” 

Notwithstanding the majority’s holding that a POUM plaintiff need only prove an 

increase in an activity or service in conjunction with an absence of funding, the majority 

does acknowledge the paucity of evidence of increased costs to which the special master 

referred.15 However, in the vacuum left by plaintiffs themselves in failing to offer 

evidence of increased costs, the majority has apparently scoured the voluminous record in 

this case and has uncovered the following examples of increased costs: (1) the need to 

hire additional personnel, (2) the need to reassign staff or pay them overtime to help meet 

the recordkeeping requirements, and (3) the need to purchase and update computer 

software. 

 14 Indeed, when we remanded this case to the Court of Appeals in 2006, we 

instructed it to “apply the provisions of MCL 21.231 et seq. and the definitions contained 

therein.” Adair, 474 Mich at 1074. Notwithstanding, the Court of Appeals failed 

altogether to discuss the de minimis exception of MCL 21.232(4). 

15 Once again, the special master specifically stated that plaintiffs had adduced 

“little evidence” of local districts’ “incurring actual additional costs or expenditures as a 

result” of the new recordkeeping requirements. 
13

When examined, this “evidence” falls short of establishing a net increase in 

necessary costs. First, plaintiffs did not submit actual evidence of the costs allegedly 

spent for additional staff. Indeed, there was no testimony whatsoever establishing a 

baseline against which one could compare the alleged increase in staff costs.16 Second, 

while there was testimony about purchasing new software and updating software, nothing 

in the record established that plaintiff school districts were, in fact, required to purchase 

or update that software. As the special master said, “some local districts and 

[intermediate school districts] incurred actual costs for programming changes, but most 

did not . . . .” (Emphasis added.) Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that those schools 

that did incur such costs did so necessarily. Finally, concerning evidence of increased 

overtime time costs, only a single witness testified about the receipt of less than $100 for 

such overtime, a clearly de minimis amount. 

The majority asserts that the increase in costs on the part of plaintiff school 

districts exceeded the de minimis threshold of $300. While there was indeed testimony to 

that effect, the majority’s formulation improperly relieves future plaintiffs of having to 

prove that their net increase in costs was more than de minimis, notwithstanding the 

Headlee implementing act’s provision that a “necessary cost” does not include a cost that 

does not exceed $300 a claim. MCL 21.232(4); MCL 21.233(6). 

 16 There was no evidence comparing costs incurred to report data before the 

creation of the CEPI with costs incurred to report data afterward. 
14

D. “NET COSTS” 

The majority correctly observes that MCL 21.233(6) provides that the “net cost” 

shall be the “actual cost to the state if the state were to provide the activity or 

service . . . .”17 Yet it fails to note that plaintiffs made no effort to show what the costs to 

the state would have been if the state itself had provided the increased recordkeeping.18 

Thus, plaintiffs’ claim should also be denied for failure to present any evidence 

establishing a net increase in costs. 

The majority concedes that the statutory terms “net cost” and “actual cost” 

“suggest a quantifiable dollar amount.” Yet, inexplicably, it proceeds to dispense with 

this concession and holds that a POUM plaintiff need not quantify the plaintiff’s actual 

necessary increased costs. The majority even goes so far as to state that “it is the 

 17 A question was asked at oral argument regarding whether the definition of “net 

cost” in MCL 21.233(6) is consistent with Const 1963, art 9, § 29, which contemplates an 

increase in cost to a local unit of government as opposed to the cost the state would incur. 

Plaintiffs’ counsel responded by stating that this issue had not even been indirectly raised 

in this case. He also declined the opportunity to argue that the statutory definition of “net 

cost” is compatible with the constitution. Under these circumstances, I will not further 

address the issue other than to observe that it might well be argued that the statute defines 

“net cost” by reference to hypothetical costs to the state only as a proxy for determining 

whether the required new or increased activity or service will impose actual necessary 

increased costs on the local unit of government. In any event, subdivisions (a) to (c) of 

MCL 21.233(6) require us to look at the “actual” costs to the local unit of government to 

determine whether they are de minimis or are offset by other savings. See note 5 of this 

opinion. 

18 The transcript from oral argument indicates the following exchange: 

[Question to plaintiffs’ counsel]: [D]id you put in proofs of what it 

would cost the state to do the CEPI reporting? 

[Answer]: No, we did not your honor. 
15

Legislature’s burden to demonstrate that those costs were not ‘necessary’ under one or 

more of the exceptions in MCL 21.233(6)(a) to (d).” But under Const 1963, art 9, § 29, 

it is the plaintiff’s burden to show an increase in necessary costs. For the majority to 

relieve a POUM plaintiff of the obligation to show increased costs, and that such 

increased costs were necessary, is contrary to Const 1963, art 9, § 29. The majority has 

no authority to reduce plaintiffs’ burden of proof or to place the burden on the state to 

prove that costs did not increase or that any increased costs were unnecessary. By its 

reallocation of these burdens, the majority effectively eliminates the requirement that a 

POUM plaintiff prove that the increased costs were necessary. This is in direct 

contravention of the language of our constitution, which only requires reimbursement of 

“any necessary increased costs.” Const 1963, article 9, § 29. That provision makes clear 

that the ratifiers of the Headlee Amendment did not intend that the state be required to 

enact an appropriation when a local unit of government has not proved specific necessary 

increased costs associated with a new or increased level of activity or service. 

E. QUANTIFYING COSTS 

Despite 10 days of testimony from at least 17 witnesses, plaintiffs made no effort 

to quantify the school districts’ necessary increased costs. This is not surprising in view 

of the fact that plaintiffs believed, incorrectly in my judgment, that they were under no 

obligation to make such a showing. The majority overlooks this failure of proofs and 

holds that a POUM plaintiff is not required to quantify its necessary increased costs 

because a POUM claim for declaratory judgment is designed only to challenge a mandate 

before it takes effect. The majority further suggests that if this case had proceeded to a 
16

prompt resolution, plaintiffs could not have provided costs incurred before and after 

implementation of the recordkeeping requirements. That is, plaintiffs should not be 

required to show the school districts’ before-and-after costs when it would have been 

impossible at a sufficiently early juncture to do so, even though plaintiffs could have 

shown before-and-after costs following the several-year delay that occurred before 

presenting evidence to the special master. 

The majority’s suggestion that it might be “impossible” for a litigant in a 

declaratory judgment action to show an anticipated increase in necessary costs is 

mistaken.19 Civil plaintiffs routinely prove entitlement to future economic damages,20

and schools routinely adopt budgets that project future costs and expenses. The Uniform 

Budgeting and Accounting Act, MCL 141.421 et seq., mandates a budgeting system for 

various local governmental units in Michigan, which include public schools. MCL 

141.422d(4); MCL 141.434. MCL 141.435(1) provides: 

The recommended budget shall include at least the following: 

(a) Expenditure data for the most recently completed fiscal year and 

estimated expenditures for the current fiscal year. 

 19 See, e.g., Durant v Dep’t of Ed (On Third Remand), 203 Mich App 507, 514; 

513 NW2d 195 (1994), in which the Court of Appeals said that “actual costs would be 

satisfactory as a prima facie indicator of ‘necessary costs,’” “whether based on realized 

costs or theoretical costs . . . .” 

20 See, e.g., M Civ JI 50.06 (future damages); M Civ JI 53.03 (future damages—

non-personal-injury action); Patek, McLain, Granzotto & Stockmeyer, 1 Michigan Law 

of Damages and Other Remedies (ICLE), § 4.10, pp 4-7 to 4-10 (discussing of futureearning-capacity claims); id., § 10.10, p 10-9 (discussing future damages). 
17

(b) An estimate of the expenditure amounts required to conduct, in 

the ensuing fiscal year, the government of the local unit, including its 

budgetary centers. 

MCL 141.422a(4) further provides: “‘Budget’ means a plan of financial operation for a 

given period of time, including an estimate of all proposed expenditures from the funds 

of a local unit and the proposed means of financing the expenditures.” Thus, in the case 

of a mandated increased activity or services, a POUM plaintiff that has its claim heard 

before actual increased expenses have been incurred need simply present evidence 

explaining how much it is currently spending to perform the service or activity and how 

much extra, i.e., the projected amount of “increase,” it anticipates it will have to spend 

carrying out the increased level of service or activity. And in the case of mandated new

activities or services, a plaintiff need only present evidence that it currently spends no

money on the service or activity, but anticipates incurring specific necessary costs that 

are not de minimis once the mandate becomes effective. Given that estimates of 

increased expenses are ordinarily quantified in budgets, it is reasonable to conclude that a 

witness can summarize and provide a reasonable estimate of an anticipated increase in 

necessary costs.21 Ideally, a POUM claim will be decided before the projected necessary 

cost increases become actual increases. But in situations such as the case at bar, where 

plaintiff school districts had been complying with the mandates for several years before 

 21 Although plaintiffs were not required to show the exact dollar amount of 

underfunding for school districts statewide, they were required to show a quantified 

projected increase in necessary costs beyond those that were de minimis, i.e., the 

particularized extent of the harm suffered, and they did not. 
18

trial, actual necessary increased costs, if they exist, should not be difficult, much less 

insurmountable, to establish. In any event, proof of specific necessary increased costs, 

projected or actual, is essential in order to verify the legitimacy of a POUM claim.22

V. CONSEQUENCES 

Apart from the fact that the majority’s interpretation is contrary to the law and the 

Michigan Constitution, there are significant practical consequences to their interpretation 

that will transform the Headlee Amendment over time from a provision limiting public 

expenditures into a provision facilitating such expenditures. As we stated in Durant, 424 

Mich at 378, the Headlee Amendment “was proposed as part of a nationwide ‘taxpayer 

revolt’ in which taxpayers were attempting to limit” state spending. The “voters . . . were 

striving to gain more control over their own level of taxing and over the expenditures of 

the state.” Id. at 383. “Headlee is fundamentally a taxpayers’ amendment, enacted for 

the primary purpose of relieving the electorate from overwhelming and overreaching 

taxation.” Durant v Michigan, 456 Mich 175, 214; 566 NW2d 272 (1997). 

First, under the majority’s reduced burden of proof, a POUM plaintiff will be 

entitled to prevail in a declaratory judgment action whenever the state has mandated an 

 22 To be sure, plaintiffs may have established that the new requirements are 

burdensome and require additional staff time. However, this is not the equivalent of the 

considerably more specific, and rigorous, requirements of our constitution. The majority 

is mistaken when it asserts that Const 1963, art 9, § 29 does not suggest that POUM 

plaintiffs must prove how much their costs increased. To reiterate, the word “increase” 

clearly implies the necessity of before-and-after numbers. By providing such numbers, a 

POUM plaintiff can satisfy the constitutional requirement that it show how much its 

necessary costs have increased. 
19

unfunded increase in the level of an activity or service and the state cannot establish that 

costs did not increase or that any increase was not necessary. Yet under the actual 

language of Const 1963, art 9, § 29, a POUM plaintiff is entitled to prevail only if it can 

show that some increase in the level of an activity or service was necessary and that it 

was not de minimis. As a result, the Legislature will effectively be required to enact an 

accompanying appropriation to every statute that mandates an increase in the level of an 

activity or service-- even if there are no necessarily increased costs, and even if any such 

increased costs are merely de minimis-- unless it is willing to undertake the risk that the 

state will eventually be able to sustain in court its burden of proof that a POUM 

plaintiff’s costs did not increase or that any such increased costs were not necessary. 

Second, under the majority’s new standards, the Legislature in future Headlee 

Amendment situations will be likely to overestimate the necessary levels of 

accompanying appropriations when it has mandated an increased level of activity or 

service. This is because, in the absence of proofs by a local unit of government that it has 

incurred quantifiable costs, estimated levels of accompanying appropriations will entail 

nothing more than speculation. The cost of an underestimated appropriation by the state 

will be to invite litigation and to risk paying a POUM plaintiff’s attorney fees if that 

litigation is lost. Better, then, to overestimate and thereby avoid litigation and attorney 

fees. That is, the guesswork introduced into the Headlee Amendment process by the 

majority, and the attendant budgetary uncertainties on the state’s part, can only have an 

adverse fiscal impact on the very persons that the amendment was designed to protect-- 

the taxpayers. 
20

Third, local units of government, which in the past may have simply absorbed 

reasonable expenses stemming from mandates by either working harder or more 

efficiently, are now incentivized to maintain the status quo and file lawsuits in response 

to all new mandates on the grounds that each such mandate has imposed additional 

obligations or costs. The majority’s standards create an incentive for local units of 

government to litigate Headlee Amendment claims on the theory that every new mandate 

has unconstitutionally burdened that local unit, rather than incentivizing the local unit to 

make do with existing resources by working in a harder or more efficient manner to 

absorb such burdens. 

Finally, litigation expenses will only increase as a consequence of the majority’s 

Headlee Amendment process. The dismantlement of the quantification requirement, the 

erosion of the “necessary” and “de minimis” conditions for a Headlee claim, the 

distortion of burden-of-proof obligations, and the general sense of uncertainty caused by 

the elimination of traditional obligations of POUM plaintiffs to prove their claims will all 

lead inevitably to increased litigation between the state and local units of government. I 

need not dwell at great length on the obvious fact that in such litigation, public entities 

are involved on both sides, and the taxpayers are responsible for the costs of litigation 

and attorney fees on both sides. 

VI. CONCLUSION 

Consistently with article 9, § 29 of the Michigan Constitution and the Headlee 

implementing act, I would hold that POUM plaintiffs must prove specific necessary 

increased costs, projected or actual, that are more than de minimis in order to establish 
21

their entitlement to declaratory judgment under the POUM provision. For all the reasons 

set forth above, I would reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand for 

entry of summary disposition for defendants on the ground that plaintiffs failed to 

establish a POUM violation because they failed to submit proof of specific necessary 

increased costs through the reallocation of funds or out-of-pocket expenses required by 

the state’s new recordkeeping requirements. 

CORRIGAN and YOUNG, JJ., concurred with MARKMAN, J.