## United States Court of Appeals FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

___________ Nos. 04-3386/3855

___________ Conwed Corporation, *
* Cross-Appellee/Appellant, * * Appeals from the United States v. * District Court for the * District of Minnesota. Union Carbide Corporation, *
* Cross-Appellant/Appellee. *

___________ Submitted: September 15, 2005 Filed: April 18, 2006

___________ Before RILEY, HEANEY, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.

___________ COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

Conwed Corporation appeals the districtcourt’s application of comparative fault to reduce Conwed’s jury-awarded damages in its subrogation action to recover workers’ compensation benefits paid and payable to its employees. Union Carbide cross-appeals, claiming that the action was collaterally estopped, and that the court incorrectly included certain damages and e rroneously dismissed its counterclaim for equitable contribution. We affirm in all but one respect.-2- I.

Conwed used asbestos purchased fro m Union Carbide to manufacture ceiling tiles. Employees of Conwed, a self-insured employer, contracted asbestos-related diseases, and Conwed paid them workers’ compensation benefits. The employees also sued Union Carbide in tort based on a th eory of product liability, and all of the employees entered into settlements with Un ion Carbide for damages not compensated through Minnesota’s statute governing worker s’ compensation. Conwed then sued Union Carbide in subrogation, seeking recovery for the workers’ compensation benefits that were paid and payable ( i.e. , “benefits paid”). Union Carbide counterclaimed for contribution and indemnity. The district court certified five questions to the Supreme Court of Minne sota, and after receiving guidance on certain matters of state law, Conwed Corp. v. Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics, Co. , 634 N.W.2d 401 (Minn. 2001), the district court proceeded to try the claims.

The court divided the claims into three disease groups and then tried the first group, consisting of mesothelioma claims. Th e first trial resulted in a jury verdict for Union Carbide. Conwed agreedto a dismissal of claims for the employees in the second disease group (lung cancer), and the parties then tried the consolidated claims of eleven employees with a third disease, as bestosis, in a bifurcated trial. The jury found both Conwed and Union Carbide at fault for causing injuries to six of those employees, and awarded common law damage s, including general disability and loss of future earning capacity.

In accordance with Tyroll v. Private Label Chemicals, Inc. , 505 N.W.2d 54 (Minn. 1993), a special master determined th e amount of benefits paid and payable by Conwed to the employees. The district court reviewed and partially adopted the special master’s findings, and determin ed the amount of subrogation damages to which Conwed was entitled: th e lesser of (1) the amount of benefits actually paid and payable through workers’ compensation; or (2 ) the percentage of the jury’s award of-3- damages attributable to Union Carbide’s fault. For five of the six employees, the amount of workers’ compensation benefits paid and payable was less than the tort damages attributable to Union Carbide, so the court reduced the amount of benefits paid by the percentage of fault attributable to Conwed. For the sixth employee, the tort damages attributable to Union Carbide were less than the benefits paid, so the court reduced the tort damages attributableto Union Carbide by Conwed’s percentage of fault. The remaining 118 asbestosis claims were stayed pending the appeal.

Conwed appeals, claiming that the district court improperly applied the jury’s common law allocation of fault to the be nefits paid and payable to determine Conwed’s subrogation award. Conwed ar gues that the court instead should have applied the allocation of fault only to the common law damages determined by the jury, and then awarded as subrogation dama ges the lesser of (1) the resulting common law damages amount or (2) the amount of the workers’ compensation benefits paid and payable. Union Carbide cross-appeal s, arguing that the second jury trial was barred by collateral estoppel, because the i ssue of whether Union Carbide’s warnings regarding its asbestos were ad equate already had been conc lusively established in the first trial concerning mesothelioma. Alternatively, if the action was not barred, Union Carbide claims the district court improperly allowed the jury to award disability damages, damages for loss of future earni ng capacity, and damages for the predicted progression of existing conditions. The district court denied Union Carbide’s claim against Conwed for equitable contribution to offset the jury’s award of subrogation damages, and Union Carbide appeals that decision as well.

II.

We address first whether the doctrine of collateral estoppe l barred the second jury trial. In the first trial concerning mesothelioma, the district court provided the jury with a special verdict form. The firs t question asked, “Was the Calidria asbestos Union Carbide sold to Conwed in a def ective condition unreasonably dangerous to the-4- users of that asbestos because Union Carbidefailed to provide adequate warnings and instructions for the safe use of that asbest os?” If the jury answered in the affirmative, the verdict form then asked whether th e defective condition of Union Carbide’s asbestos was a direct cause of mesothelio ma in each of the six employees, whether Conwed was negligent with respect to the safety of the workers, and what amount of money would compensate the employees. The jury instructions accompanying the first question directed the jury as follows:

In deciding whether the manufacturer’s warnings and instructions were reasonably adequate, consider all th e facts and circumstances, including, among others: 1) The likelihood that harm would result from use of the product; 2) The seriousness of the harm that would result; 3) The cost and ease of providing warnings and instructions that would avoid the harm.

Instructions to the Jury (R. Doc. 749, at 9). The jury answered “no” to the first question on the verdict form, and, in accord ance with the instructions, did not answer the remaining questions.

Union Carbide argues that the jury’s negative answer to this first question precludes Conwed from challenging the adequacy of Union Carbide’s warnings in the second jury trial concerning employees affect ed with asbestosis. The district court held that despite the broad language of the first question, because the employee claims were grouped by disease and the jury was in structed to consider all the facts and circumstances, the jury reasonably could ha ve assumed that the “harm” described in the jury instructions was limited to mesothelioma. The district court noted that Conwed did not present all of its evidence with respect to claims involving lung cancer or asbestosis, and held that Union Carbide had not met its burden of showing that the issue of the adequacy of Un ion Carbide’s warnings with respect to mesothelioma plaintiffs was identical to the issues to be determined in the remaining claims by employees afflicted with different diseases. The court further held that that-5- Conwed did not have a fair opportunity to litigate the adequacy of the warnings with respect to the claims of employees not beforethe first jury. We agree with the district court that Conwed is not collaterally es topped from litigating the adequacy of Union Carbide’s warnings with respect to asbest osis, because this issue was not necessarily determined in the first trial.

A federal court with jurisdiction by virtueof diversity of citizenship applies state law to questions of issue preclusion. Canal Capital Corp. v. Valley Pride Pack, Inc. , 169 F.3d 508, 513 (8th Cir. 1999). Issue preclusion is a mixed question of law and fact, and the district court’s d ecision on that matter is subject to de novo review. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. FAG Bearings Corp. , 335 F.3d 752, 757 (8th Cir. 2003). Minnesota applies the doctrine of collateral estoppel to prevent parties from relitigating issues that are “both identical to those issues already litigated by the parties in a prior action a nd necessary and essential to the resulting judgment.” Pope County Bd. of Comm’rs v. Pryzmus , 682 N.W.2d 666, 669 (Minn. Ct. App. 2004) (internal quotation omitted). Collateral est oppel applies if all f our of the following elements are present:

1) the issue was identical to one in a prior adjudication; 2) there was a final judgment on the merits; 3) th e estopped party was a party or in privity with a party to the prior adjudication; and 4) the estopped party was given a full and fair opportunity to be heard on the adjudicated issue.

Willems v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety , 333 N.W.2d 619, 621 (Minn. 1983).

Issue identity “requires the party asse rting it to establish that the precise question was in fact presented and necessarily determined by the verdict in the former trial.” Brooks Realty, Inc. v. Aetna Ins. Co. , 128 N.W.2d 151, 153 (Minn. 1964). A determination of the identical issue must be “necessarily implied” in the verdict of the earlier action. Gollner v. Cram , 102 N.W.2d 521, 523 (Minn. 1960). Minnesota-6- courts do not apply collatera l estoppel rigidly, but instead focus on “whether an injustice will be worked upon the party upon whom estoppel is urged.” Nelson v. Am. Family Ins. Group , 651 N.W.2d 499, 511 (Minn. 2002). Union Carbide claims that because the jury’s special verdict form separated the question of the adequacy of the warnings from the question of whethe r Union Carbide’s asbestos caused mesothelioma, the jury’s negative answer to the first question necessarily implies that it found the warnings adequate with respect to all potential hazards.

As noted, the district court divided the cas es into three trial groups based on the type of injury claimed (mesothelioma, asbestosis, or lung cancer). Conwed was required to assert and prove separate claims for each of its former employees, and the divided trial structure limited the evidence pr esented in the first trial largely to the disease of mesothelioma.

The arguments of counsel likewise focused on mesothelioma, and suggested that whether the asbestos cause d mesothelioma was part of the analysis in determining whether the warnings were adequate. In closing argument, Union Carbide argued that it was “not fair” to criticize its product warn ings for failing to warn that the asbestos may cause mesothelioma, because “there wasn ’t any scientific basis” for saying that “Calidria could cause mesothelioma.” (Clo sing Arg. Tr. at 26). Conwed similarly urged the jury to consider “the likeli hood that harm would result from use of the product” when evaluating the adequacy of the warnings, and equated “harm” with mesothelioma: “Once you have got mesothe lioma it is incurable, you’re going to die. This harm is as bad as it can be.” (Closing Arg. Tr. at 85).

Union Carbide argues that under the jury instructions in the first trial, the question whether asbestos was likely to causemesothelioma was relevant only if the jury first found that the product warnings were inadequate. We are not persuaded, however, that the questions of adequa te warnings and causation were wholly independent. The jury instructions cont ained ambiguities. By incorporating the-7- likelihood that harm would result from the us e of asbestos into the question whether warnings were adequate, the broadly word ed instruction on warnings permitted a reasonable jury to conclude that warnings were adequate because the asbestos was not likely to cause the “harm” thatwas the subject of the firs t trial – mesothelioma. Both parties addressed the adequacy of warni ngs by debating whether the warnings were sufficient to inform users of the dangers of contracting mesothelioma. Thus, viewing the jury instructions as a whole in the contex t of the trial, we conclude that the first jury’s verdict did not “necessarily impl y” that Union Carbide’s warnings were adequate for all purposes, including to warn against the possible harm of asbestosis. Therefore, the doctrine of collateral estoppel did not bar the second trial.

III.

The remaining issues relate to whether the district court correctly determined workers’ compensation subrogation dama ges under Minnesota law. We review questions of state law de novo

. Salve Regina Coll. v. Russell , 499 U.S. 225, 231 (1991).

A.

Conwed argues that the district court mi sapplied the jury’s allocation of fault and incorrectly calculated its subrogation award. In Minnesota, workers’ compensation claims are regulated by statute. If an employee elects to receive benefits from his or her employer, the empl oyer has a right of indemnity against any third-party tortfeasor whose action many have contributed to the employee’s injury. Minn. Stat. § 176.061, subd. 3 (1992). Any rec overy against the third party is divided according to a three-step procedure. Afte r collection costs are deducted, one third of the remainder belongs to the injured empl oyee without any right of subrogation by the employer. Out of the remaining balance, the employer is reimbursed the amount of workers’ compensation benefits paid, less a proportionate share of the collection costs.-8- Any amount remaining is paid to the employee and is a credit against any benefits the employer is obligated to pay in the future. Minn. Stat. § 176.061, subd. 6.

If the employer is apportione d any fault, the liable third-party tortfeasor may assert a right of contribution against the employer in an amount proportional to the employer’s fault, but not to exceed the am ount of benefits paid and payable by the employer. Lambertson v. Cincinnati Corp. , 257 N.W.2d 679, 689 (Minn. 1977). This contribution claim is essentially an equitable set-off against the employer’s recovery of workers’ compensation benefits pa id from the third-party tortfeasor.

Instead of proceeding with a trial, th e employee also may choose to settle with the third-party tortfeasor for all claims outside of the workers’ compensation scheme (and thus not subject to the employer’s s ubrogation claim). In Minnesota, such a settlement is known as a “Naig settlement,” based on the decision in Naig v. Bloomington Sanitation , 258 N.W.2d 891 (Minn. 1977), which described the process. After a Naig settlement, the employer may still asse rt a subrogation claim to recover workers’ compensation benefits paid and payable from the third-party tortfeasor, but the employee gives up his or her statutory right to one-third of any recovery. Id. at 894. The employer also has no liability to contribute to the settlement agreement between the employee and the third-party tortfeasor. Kempa v. E.W. Coons Co. , 370 N.W.2d 414, 418 (Minn. 1985).

Once an employee has entered into a Naig settlement with the third-party tortfeasor, the employer steps into the shoe s of the employee and asserts a subrogation claim in tort against the third party to recover benefits paid. This subrogation recovery is not subject to the statutory formula, and is limited to the type of compensatory damages awarded under workers’ compensation. Tyroll , 505 N.W.2d at 60-61. The district court holds a heari ng to determine the amount of benefits paid and payable, and any tort damages the em ployer recovers in the subrogation action apply to this amount. If the tort damages exceed the amount of workers’-9- compensation benefits paid and payable, then the employer’s maximum recovery is limited to the benefits paid and payable. If the tort damages are less, the employer may only recover the amount of the jury verdict. Id.

Minnesota courts, however, have not indicated how the jury’s allocation of fault to the employer applies to this determ ination of subrogation damages following a Naig settlement. The Supreme Court of Minnesota in Tyroll stated that “[u]nder this method, comparative fault (when an issue) may diminish or defeat liability for the subrogation claim.” 505 N.W.2d at 61. But because the jury in Tyroll did not find the employer negligent, the court had no o ccasion to indicate precisely how the employer’s fault would diminish the subrogation damages. Id. at 56.

Union Carbide entered into a Naig settlement with the employees. Conwed then proceeded against Union Carbide to recover subrogation dama ges, and the court appointed a special master to determine th e amount of benefits paid. In the second phase of the bifurcated asbestosis tria l, however, the jury found both Conwed and Union Carbide liable for causing injuries to six employees, and apportioned fault to both companies. Conwed’s fault ranged from 70 to 91 percent, while Union Carbide’s fault ranged from 9 to 30 percent. None of the six employees was found to be at fault. The district court held that the allocation of fault should apply to the lesser of the benefits paid or the percentage of comm on law tort damages attributable to Union Carbide. It adopted a two-step procedure, under which the court first determined the employer’s subrogation damages (the lesser of the benefits paid and payable as determined in the hearing or the percentage of the jury’s award attributable to Union Carbide’s fault). The court then reduced the total subrogation damages proportionately by the percentage of fau lt attributable to Conwed and entered judgment against Union Carbide in this amount.

Conwed disagrees with this method. It contends that the jury’s allocation of fault should reduce the jury’s award of damages first, and then the lesser of this-10- reduced verdict or the benefits paid shoul d be the amount of the judgment. Conwed urges that under Kempa and Tyroll , the employer’s subrogation damages must be “recovered out of the common law tort dama ges for which the third party tortfeasor is first found responsible.” Tyroll , 505 N.W.2d at 60. Because the jury’s allocation of fault is part of the common law jury ve rdict, Conwed argues, it should be applied to the verdict first. This reduced verdic t, in Conwed’s model, may be recovered up to the cap of benefits paid.

Union Carbide relies on a competing prin ciple in Minnesota law, namely, that third-party tortfeasors should not be forced to bear the costs of negligent employers. It is a “basic proposition” in Minnesota d ecisions that all parties must pay according to their share of fault, Todalen v. United States Chemical Co. , 424 N.W.2d 73, 82 (Minn. Ct. App. 1988), and tortfeasors are liable for damages “commensurate with their own relative culpability.” Kempa , 370 N.W.2d at 421. Lambertson equitable contribution claims are recognized to preven t “a third-party stranger to the workers’ compensation system” from bearing the bur den of a full common-law tort judgment, and to preclude employers from recovering all workers’ compensation benefits paid in a subrogation action, where the employer wa s at greater fault than the tortfeasor. Lambertson , 257 N.W.2d at 684. Equitable c ontribution allows the employer to recover only those portions of the subrogation damages attributable to the tortfeasor’s negligence. Against this backdrop, Union Carbide argues that it should have to bear the percentage of the benefits paid attribut able to its relative fault, but Conwed should have to bear the percentage attributableto its fault. Thus, the reduction due to Conwed’s fault should apply to the lesser of the jury verdict or the benefits paid.

While Minnesota law is unsettled in this area, we believe that the Supreme Court of Minnesota is more likely to agr ee with Union Carbide. Here, the jury found that the employer bore a percentage of fault for the injuries to its employees. Minnesota law consistently emphasizes that parties should bear the portion of damages attributable to thei r percentage of fault, and Tyroll is not inconsistent with1 For five of the six employees, the district court’s initial reduction of the jury verdict had no effect, because this value wa s still greater than the amount of benefits paid. For one employee, Frederick Riedel, the amount of the tort damages reduced by Union Carbide’s fault was less than the amount of benefits paid, so the court incorrectly reduced again the tort damages already reduced by Conwed’s fault. The court should have reduced the amount of be nefits paid ($69,426.74) rather than the reduced tort damages ($65,982.62) by Conwed’s fault (88%). (Appellant’s App. at 49-50). The correct award of subrogati on damages for this employee is $8,331.21, rather than $7,917.91, a difference of $413.30, and the total award should be $23,878.36 instead of $23,465.06.
-11- this principle. Therefore, we do not belie ve the Minnesota courts are likely to endorse the view that Conwed may recover 100% of the benefits paid a nd payable, despite its contribution to the injuries. We agree with the district c ourt that the jury’s allocation of fault should apply to the lesser of the bene fits paid or the jury verdict. We note, however, that the reduction shoul d only be applied once, to the lesser of the full value of the verdict or the benefits paid. The district court’s initial reduction of the precomparison damages by Union Carbide’s percentage of fault was error. 1

Union Carbide also claims an additional Lambertson contribution claim to set off against the subrogation damages and to reduce further Conwed’s recovery, even after the reduction by the jury’s allocation of fault. Comparative fault, however, is the basis for the modified apportionment of damages that was developed in Lambertson and applied as an equitable contribution claim. Kempa , 370 N.W.2d at 421. Lambertson applies where a jury verdict must be apportioned between compensable damages recoverable under workers’ comp ensation and those not recoverable, not where noncompensatory damages have been settled and the trial is only to recover workers’ compensation benefits paid. The Supreme Court of Minnesota refers to this distinction when it notes that where only a s ubrogation claim is tried to the jury, “there is no Lambertson contribution problem because the employer, even if at fault, is not liable to contribute to the sum the tort feasor paid the employee to settle the ‘nonrecoverable’ damages under the Naig release.” Tyroll , 505 N.W.2d at 61. The-12- only damages at issue in this appeal are the subrogation damages, and the application of comparative fault provides the proper a llocation of damages without resort to an additional equitable contribution.

B.

Union Carbide argues that the districtcourt incorrectly allowed Conwed to obtain common law general disability damages in a subrogation action when it permitted Conwed to recover permanent disab ility benefits paid to six workers. It contends that permanent disability benefits are a type of general disability damages, and that general disability damages are not recoverable under workers’ compensation, so they should not be recoverable in a subrogation action. Un ion Carbide contends that any claim the employees had for non-compensable damages was settled by the Naig settlement, so Conwed should not be permitted to recover permanent disability benefits.

The district court held that Conwedcould recover in a subrogation action damages for permanent disability benefits paid to its employees under workers’ compensation. The jury found that six wo rkers suffered from asbestos-related disease causing lung impairment. Conwed had paid permanent partial disability to five of these workers, and permanent total disab ility to one, so the court permitted Conwed to seek recovery of these benefits paid. The court noted that although the language in Tyroll seemed to indicate a lin e of demarcation between the categories of damages recoverable and those not recoverable, Mi nnesota courts traditionally have enjoyed the flexibility to allocate damage awards, and Conwed was not precluded as a matter of law from recovering benefits paid for permanent disability.

We agree with the district court. Itis true, as Union Carbide notes, that Tyroll provides guidance concerning the types of damages “ordinarily” recoverable under workers’ compensation:-13- [C]ommon law tort damages for past and future wage loss and loss of earning capacity are the kind of damages that should be deemed recoverable under workers’ compensation. Common law damages of the kind not recoverable under workers’ compensation should, we think, be deemed to include pain and sufferi ng, general disability, embarrassment, disfigurement, and mental anguish . We believe this division for allocation purposes should govern, at least ordinarily.

Tyroll , 505 N.W.2d at 59.

This division, however, is premised on the principle that employers should be able to sue for the type of common la w tort damages recoverable under workers’ compensation. The Minnesota Workers’ Compensation Act states that in a subrogation action, an employer may rec over “the aggregate amount of benefits payable to or on beha lf of the employee,” Minn. Stat. § 176.061, subd. 3, and, in Minnesota, employers are required to pa y workers’ compensation benefits for permanent partial and total disability. See Minn. Stat. § 176.021, subd. 3; Minn. Stat. § 176.101, subd. 4.

As the district court points out, Minnesotacourts also have been empowered to allocate damages between those compensabl e under workers’ compensation and those not compensable, see, e.g. , Kempa , 370 N.W.2d at 417, and, prior to Tyroll , the Minnesota Supreme Court allowed an employe r to recover disability benefits, as well as medical expenses, in a workers’ compensation subrogation action. Dockendorf v. Lakie , 61 N.W.2d 752, 756 (Minn. 1953); Kempa , 370 N.W.2d at 417 n.1, 420 n.3 (including payments for permanent partial and total disability in the damages subject to the employer’s subrogation interest). While Tyroll correctly notes that damages for injuries such as embarrassment and mental anguish are not recoverable under workers’ compensation, payments for permanent disability benefits are authorized by statute. They are not “general disability” payments akin to damages for pain and suffering or mental anguish. The “aggregate amount of benefits paid” includes payments for-14- permanent disability, and the district court thus determined correctly that Conwed is not precluded from recovering permanent disa bility benefits in its subrogation action.

C.

The jury also awarded damages for lo ss of future earning capacity for two employees. Union Carbide contends that because Conwed offered no evidence of the employees’ current medical condition, work status, or earnings, and because the district court dismissed Conwed’s claim for past lost wages for lack of proof, the claim for loss of future earning capacity should have been dismissed as well. The district court concluded that a stipulation of the parties and medical records in evidence provided a sufficient basis for the jury’s award.

A reviewing court must consider the evid ence in the light most favorable to the verdict and may set aside a jury verdic t only where no reasonable jury could have arrived at the result based on the evidence. Majerus v. Guelsow , 113 N.W.2d 450, 454 (Minn. 1962). The district court held that, while recent ev idence of Conwed’s employees’ wages and work hist ory may have been helpful, proof of that sort was not required for the jury to determine a loss of future earning capacity. An employee needed to show only that he suffered a permanent impairment of function resulting from the injury, and that the impairment prevented him from performing his duties in the same manner as before the injury. Th e court thought the jury permissibly could infer the employees’ ages, employment hi story, and symptoms from the medical records produced at trial.

We agree with the district court. Loss of future earning capacity does not require specific proof of actual earnings either before or after the injury, Wilson v. Sorge , 97 N.W.2d 477, 482-83 (Minn. 1959), and, for example, the Supreme Court of Minnesota has allowed r ecovery for a plaintiff “who was presently performing-15- homemaker activities and had no plans to resume gainful employment.” Kwapien v. Starr , 400 N.W.2d 179, 183 (Minn. Ct. App. 1987) (citing LeMay v. Minneapolis Street Railway Co. , 71 N.W.2d 826, 831 (1955)). This is because the plaintiff need only prove a loss of earning capacity , that is, that an impairment in his or her power to earn a living was reasonably certain to occur as a result of the injuries. Id.

The plaintiff must prove “the reasonabl e certainty of future damages by a fair preponderance of the evidence.” Id. There is no recovery for loss of future earning capacity damages that are speculative, remote, or conjectural. Carpenter v. Nelson, 101 N.W.2d 918, 921 (Minn. 1960). An award for impairment of earning capacity should be based on an evaluation of such factors as age, life expectancy, health, occupation, talents, skill, experience, and training. Kwapien, 400 N.W.2d at 184.

The jury in this case was provided with information on the employees’ ages, past wage rates, and medical histories. An expert tes tified regarding the percentage of lung impairment suffered by both employees , and the rate at which the impairment would be expected to increase. Conwedpresented evidence of the employees’ ages and last known wage rates. The record included medical records describing their symptoms through the early 1990s. Under the standard of review and Minnesota law, we conclude that this evid ence is sufficient to support the award of loss of future earnings.

D.

Union Carbide also argues that Conw ed cannot recover damages for future workers’ compensation benefits payable ba sed on projections that existing conditions will worsen. Union Carbide contends that Conwed can only recover where an employee has filed a valid cl aim and where Conwed has a present duty to pay the employee at the employee’s existing level of disability. The district court disagreed, holding that Conwed could rec over any benefits it expected to pay in the future based-16- on existing conditions, including any bene fits payable for existing conditions projected to worsen. We agree.

This issue was certified to the Supreme C ourt of Minnesota. The court held that “to the extent Certified Question No. 1 asks whether, under Minn. Stat. §176.061, Conwed may recover for bene fits it has paid or expect s to pay following settlements for existing claims based on existing illnesses that may worsen, we answer it in the affirmative.” Conwed Corp. , 634 N.W.2d at 408. In a footnote, the court clarified that Conwed may not recove r damages based on scientific projections regarding the likelihood of the employees’ deve loping wholly new illnesses. Id . at 408 n.6. The court thus distinguished between claims ba sed on illnesses that ha d not yet manifested themselves but were caused by the same exposure, and claims based on existing illnesses that worsened. Conwed could rec over for benefits that it expected to pay based on worsening of existing illnesses, but not for wholly new illnesses. Id. at 408- 09.

This interpretation of Conwed Corp. is consistent with a previous decision of the Supreme Court of Minnesota holding th at a trial court need not require an employer to commence a separate action as each future wo rkers’ compensation claim is made, but rather can make “approximations based on reasonable assumptions” and award a final one-time lump su m based on these predictions. Wilken v. Int’l Harvester Co., 363 N.W.2d 763, 767-68 (Minn. 1985). The employer’s subrogation award should be calculated by the tria l court, reduced to its present value, and disbursed in a single payment. Id. We conclude, therefore, that Conwed may recover benefits paid and payable to its employees for existing conditions that may worsen.

* * *-17- For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the j udgment of the district court in large part, but remand with directions to ente r judgment in the amount of $23,878.36, rather than $23,465.06.

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