### STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

FILED State of West Virginia, 

### June 11, 2018 Plaintiff Below, Respondent EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA vs.) No. 17-0723 (Mason County 14-M-AP-2)

Paul Gregory Zuspan, Defendant Below, Petitioner



### MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner Paul Gregory Zuspan, by counsel Paul A. Knisley and Kevin W. Hughart, appeals the Circuit Court of Mason County’s July 26, 2017, order denying his appeal from magistrate court following his conviction of one c ount of battery on an officer and two counts of obstructing/resisting an officer. Th e State of West Virginia, by c ounsel Scott E. Johnson, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. Petiti oner filed a reply. On appeal, petitionerargues that the magistrate court (1) committed plain error when it effectively denied him courtappointed counsel and did not determine if he understood the consequences of going forward without counsel; (2) erred in granting the State’ s motion in limine to restrict the taking of evidence to only those events th at took place at the sc rapyard; (3) erred in refusing to permit petitioner to examine the police officers concer ning evidence petitioner believed had not been produced; and (4) showed bias toward petitioner by discussing certain issues in front of the jury and the manner in which it addressed him. Petitioner also alleges that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct when it bolstered the credibility of its witnesses.

This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal arguments are adequately presented, and the deci sional process would not be significantly aided by oral argument. Upon consideration of the st andard of review, the briefs, and the record presented, the Court finds no substantial questi on of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons, a memorandum decision affi rming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21

of the Rules of A ppellate Procedure.

In December of 2011, seven criminal complain ts were filed against petitioner that charged him with one count of damage or destru ction of public utility property, two counts of battery on an officer, two counts of assault on an officer, and two counts of obstructing/resisting an officer. These charges stemmed from an incide nt in which two officers stopped at a scrapyard in order to speak with petitioner regarding signs nailed to public utility poles. Upon being notified that the manner in which the signs we re hung violated state la w, petitioner “angrily responded” that the poles belonged to him and he “could put whatever he wanted on them.”

After the officers reiterated that the poles were public utility pol es, petitioner became “verbally irate” and told the officers to leave his property. One officer then asked pe titioner to provide his identification, which caused petitioner to beco me “even more belligerent” and threaten the

1officers with a large metal bar. Petitioner was advised to put the bar down; petitioner complied, but also took a defensive posture and refused to be handcuffed. As the officers attempted to handcuff petitioner, he forcefully fought their efforts, kicked both officers in their legs, and threatened them by saying he would “take both of [them].” Petitioner was eventually taken into custody and transported to the Mason County Stat e Police Detachment, where further physical altercations between petitioner and po lice were alleged to have occurred.

In December of 2013, petitioner f iled a civil suit against the West Virginia State Police Department in Mason County. Ho wever, in April of 2014, petit ioner’s suit was dismissed, without prejudice, due to his failure to comply with statutory notice provisions.

In May of 2014, petitioner’s jury trial took place in magistrate court. Prior to trial, petitioner’s first court-appointed attorney filed a motion to be relieved as counsel on the ground that the attorney-client relationship had deterior ated. This motion was granted. After new counsel was appointed, petitioner asked for her to be removed b ecause the new attorney did not keep an appointment with him and, instead, appeared fo r the meeting the day after their scheduled appointment. This motion was also granted. Finally, after receivi ng a third appointed attorney, petitioner requested that new counsel move to withdraw because of a breakdown in communication. That motion was granted, and petiti oner thereafter moved to proceed without an attorney. As such, petitioner represented himself at trial. Ultimately, the jury convicted petitioner of one count of battery on an officer and both c ounts of obstructing/resisting an officer. The jury acquitted petitioner of the remaining counts. The magistrate thereafter sent enced petitioner to an effective sentence of six months in jail and a total of $1,143.83 in court costs.

In August of 2014, petitioner appealed his convic tion to the circuit court. Ultimately, the circuit court denied petitioner’s appeal. It is from the order de nying and dismissing his appeal to circuit court that petitioner appeals.

To begin, petitioner argues that the magistrate court committed plain error when it effectively denied him court- appointed counsel and did not determine if he understood the consequences of going to trial without an attorney. Accordingl y, we note that “[t]o trigger application of the ‘plain error’ doctrine, there must be (1) an error; (2) th at is plain; (3) that affects substantial rights; and (4) seriously affect s the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.” Syl. Pt. 7, State v. Miller , 194 W.Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995). We further note that “[a] judge’s decision to allow an accused to exercise his right to selfrepresentation is reviewed under an abus e of discretion standard.” Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Sandor , 218 W.Va. 469, 624 S.E.2d 906 (2005). Upon our review , we find no abuse of discretion in the magistrate’s court’s decision to permit petitioner to ex ercise his right to self-representation.

In regard to self-representation, we have held as follows:

“A defendant in a criminal proceed ing who is mentally competent and sui juris , has a constitutional right to app ear and defend in person without the assistance of counsel, provided that (1) he voices his desire to represent himself in a timely and unequivocal manner; (2) he el ects to do so with full knowledge and understanding of his rights and of the risk s involved in self-representation; and (3)

2he exercises the righ t in a manner which does not disr upt or create undue delay at trial.” Syllabus Point 8, State v. Sheppard , 172 W.Va. 656, 310 S.E.2d 173 (1983).

Sandor , 218 W.Va. at 471-72, 624 S.E.2d at 908-09, Syl. Pt. 4. Moreover,

[w]hen an accused chooses to proceed without the assistance of counsel, the preferred procedure is for the trial c ourt to warn the accused of the dangers and disadvantages of self-re presentation and to make i nquiries to assess whether the accused’s choice is knowing, intelligen t and voluntary. In the absence of such a colloquy, a conviction may be sustained only if the totality of the record demonstrates that the accused actually understood his right to counsel, understood the difficulties of self-representation, and still knowingly and intelligently chose to exercise the right to self-representation.

Id . at 472, 624 S.E.2d at 909, Syl. Pt. 7. Finally, we note that “[t]he test [to determine whether an accused has knowingly and intelligently elected to proceed without the assistance of counsel is]

whether the defendant is aware of the dangers of self-representati on and clearly intends to waive the rights he relinquishes by el ecting to proceed pro se.” Id . at 472, 624 S.E.2d at 909, Syl. Pt. 5 (quoting Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Sandler , 175 W.Va. 572, 336 S.E.2d 535 (1985)).

At the outset, it is important to note that petitioner does not allege that he was unaware of the dangers of self-repres entation. In fact, on appeal to this Court, petiti oner plainly states that “[he] understood the risks of self-representation[.]” Instead, he takes issue with the level of the magistrate court’s warnings concerning such da ngers. According to petitioner, the magistrate court’s warning that he would be required to understand how the trial proceeds and what he was

allowed to do constituted an in sufficient warning about the dangers of se lf-representation. We find, however, that the magistrate court appropriately warned petit ioner of the dangers of selfrepresentation, especially given petitioner’s ad mission that he was aware of these dangers.

Further, the record is clear that petitioner voiced his desire to represent himself in a clear and unequivocal manner. As noted above, petitioner was appointed three sepa rate attorneys prior to trial. With the exception of the first attorney, petitioner either moved for or joined in the motion moving for the attorney’s removal. Specif ically, petitioner moved, pro se, to remove his second attorney because she failed to appear fo r a scheduled meeting. In relation to his third attorney, the record shows that petitioner expressed a desire for that individual to be relieved from his representation. At this point, petitioner specifically motioned the ma gistrate court to be permitted to represent himself. In fact, in his motion, petitioner alleged that, in addition to the multiple attorneys appointed to represent him, he also sought to retain his own counsel. However, petitioner alleged that he could not find an attorney th at would represent him and that no attorneys, including court-appointed counsel, w ould present his case “how [he] wishe[ed] it to be handled.” At trial, the magist rate court discussed pe titioner’s decision to represent himself and indicated that, one month prior to trial, the magistrate “asked [petitioner] five separate times that day [if he] wanted to apply for court[-]appointed counsel again.” Despite the magistrate court’s repeated questions concerning th e appointment of counsel, peti tioner ultimately responded that he would represent himself. As such, it is clea r that petitioner timely and unequivocally voiced

3his desire to represent himself.

On appeal, petitioner argues that his expr ess desire to represent himself was not unequivocal because he only made the decision becau se he “felt that he had no other choice[.]” In short, petitioner alleges that because no attorney would “do the ri ght thing in this matter[,]” he

was left with no choice but to exercise his right to self-repres entation. This argument is not compelling, as petitioner’s motivation for exercising his right to self-represe ntation is irrelevant to our analysis. Indeed, despite petitioner’s assertion on appeal th at the magistrate court “could have appointed another attorney to represent him[,]” the record is clear that it attempted to do so no less than five times prior to trial. Instead of accepting the circuit court’s offer of a new appointed attorney, petitioner unequivocally chos e to represent himself. Accordingly, we find that the magistrate court did not abuse its discretion in permitting petitioner to represent himself

at trial. 1 As we find no error, it follows that we decline to grant petitioner relief under plain error.

Next, petitioner argues that the magistrate court erred in granting the State’s motion in limine restricting the taking of evidence and te stimony to the incidents that occurred at the scrapyard. According to petitioner, because the criminal complaints made reference to incidents that occurred at the Mason County State Police Detachment, the restriction on the taking of testimony violated his constitutional right to a fair trial. However, petitioner ignores the fact that in his own petition for appeal he acknowledges that the prosecutor “c hose to . . . limit the trial to the crimes which had allegedly occurred” at th e scrapyard. Indeed, the prosecutor specifically told the jury that petitioner “was only being ch arged for incidents that allegedly occurred at the scrapyard, not for incidents at the Mason County State Police Detachment[.]” Accordingly, petitioner cannot establish a viol ation of any constitutional ri ght, given that he was plainly informed of the charges against him. 2 See U.S. Const. amend. VI (granting criminal defendants the right “to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation”); W.Va. Const. art. III, § 14 (granting criminal defendants the right to “be fully and plainly informed of the character and cause of the accusation,” a nd “a reasonable time to prepare for his defence”).

Further, petitioner canno t establish error in the magistra te court’s granting of the motion in limine. In ruling on the State’s motion, the magi strate court specifica lly found that limiting the scope of trial to the incidents at the scrapyard would prevent confusion, especially in light of petitioner’s attempts to include evidence in support of his related civil suit that was irrelevant to the issues at trial. We have held that “‘[a] trial court’s evidentiary rulings, as well as its application of the Rules of Ev idence, are subject to review under an abuse of discretion standard.’ Syllabus Point 4, State v. Rodoussakis , 204 W.Va. 58, 511 S.E.2d 469 (1998).” Syl. Pt

1 Petitioner does not allege on appeal that his exercise of the right to self-representation disrupted or unduly delayed the trial. Accordingly, an analysis of this factor, as set forth in

Sandor , is unnecessary.

2 We further note that petitioner failed to move for a bill of particulars in regard to the prosecution’s decision to limit the scope of the cr imes charged to only those incidents that occurred at the scrapyard.

41, State v. Maggard , 232 W.Va. 55, 750 S.E.2d 271 (2013). Mo reover, Rule 401 of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence provides that evidence is relevant if “it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it w ould be without the evidence; and . . . the fact is of consequence in determining the action .” (emphasis added). Further, Rule 402 generally permits the introduction of relevant evidence. Here, th ere is no question that the evidence petitioner sought to introduce regarding incidents that were alleged to have occurred at the State Police Detachment was of no consequence in dete rmining the action and, thus, irrelevant.

While the criminal complaints made refe rence to alleged acts at the State Police Detachment, the State nonetheless chose to limit the scope of its prosecution to the incidents at the scrap yard. 3 In analyzing this issue on appeal, the circuit court specifically addressed each count for which petitioner was tried and related them to the facts as they applied to the scrapyard. In the order on appeal, the circuit court found that: (1) “[t]he ‘d amage or destruction of public utility property’ crime allegedly occurred at the scrapyard, as the poles in question were located in close proximity to the scrapyard[;] (2) “the tw o charges of ‘battery on officer’ . . . allegedly occurred at the scrapyard” given th at petitioner “allegedly kicked both officers in their legs . . . at the scrapyard[;]” (3) “the two charges of ‘assa ult on officer’ . . . allegedly occurred at the scrapyard” given that petitioner “allegedly grabbed a large metal bar at the scrapyard and told the officers, ‘I’ll get you out of here[;]’” and (4) “the two charges of ‘obstruc ting/resisting an officer’ all allegedly occurred at the sc rapyard” given that petitioner “all egedly fought the efforts of the officers to place him in handcuffs . . . at the scrapyard.” In short, it is unclear why, exactly, petitioner would have sought to introduce evidence relatin g to the incident at the State Police Detachment when the State sought only to c onvict him upon his actions at the scrapyard. Because the magistrate court’s granting of th e State’s motion in limine excluded irrelevant evidence, we find no error. 4

3 Petitioner additionally argues that “the magistrate court permitted the jury to deliberate on all of the alleged crimes that had been committed even though she refused to permit the [p]etitioner to present evidence” regarding the alle ged incident at the State Police Detachment. He argues that “[t]his is apparent because the jury instructions a nd the jury verdict forms did not differentiate in the location of the alleged crimes [,]” thus depriving the jury of the “option of determining if the [p]etitioner was guilty or not guilty of each of the alleged crimes in reference to where each alleged crime had occurred. . . .” This argument is entirely wit hout merit, as it fails to acknowledge that the magist rate court barred the introduc tion of evidence concerning the alleged incident at the State Po lice Detachment in response to the State’s decision to prosecute petitioner for only his actions at the scrapyard. Accordingly, there was no evidence introduced regarding the alleged acts petitioner committed at any location other than the scrapyard upon which the jury could have based its conviction. Moreover, the jury was specifically instructed that “[t]he [c]riminal [c]omplaint against [peti tioner] is not evidence of guilty” and could not be considered in reaching its verdict.

4 In support of this assignment of error, peti tioner cites to only one instance in the trial transcript where evidence of the incident at the State Police Detachment was introduced. In response to petitioner’s questioning as to whether he left any marks on the officer or hurt him in

(continued . . . )

5Next, petitioner argues that the magistrate c ourt erred when it refu sed to permit petitioner to examine the police officers concerning evidence he believed they had in their possession but refused to produce. Specifically, petitioner alleged at trial that the officers possessed dash camera footage of the incident at th e scrapyard and failed to produ ce the same. Importantly, this assignment of error misstates the events that took place below, as the record is clear that petitioner was permitted to inquire about the possibi lity of a video recordi ng of the incident in question. Specifically, petitioner asked one of the officers about the manner in which video recorded from the dash cameras in police vehicles is archived for possible use in legal proceedings. He further asked the officer if a vi deo recording of the incident in question was captured, but was informed that the dash camera only records when the vehicle’s emergency lights are engaged. Accordingly, the officer info rmed petitioner that no video recording of the incident existed because the vehicle’s emergenc y lights were not engage d and, thus, the camera was not activated. As such, it is clear that petitio ner was permitted to inqu ire about the possibility of a video recording. While he argues that he should have been permitted to ask additional questions, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying this request, as the officer definitively stated that no recording existed.

To the extent that petitioner argues on appeal that the State failed to provide him with exculpatory evidence in the form of an alleged video recording of the incident, we find no error in this regard. 5 We have held as follows:

any way, the witness testified that petitioner left “marks on [his] arm where [petitioner] grabbed [him] at the detachment.” On appeal, petitioner argues that the State failed to object to the

introduction of this evidence and that the witnes s’s testimony on this issue “opened the door” for him to ask further questions re garding the incident at the State Police Detachment. This argument is entirely without merit. Importantl y, petitioner was the pa rty that elicited the testimony of which he now complains. “The curativ e admissibility rule allows a party to present

otherwise inadmissible evidence on an evidentiary point where an opponent has ‘opened the door’ by introducing similarly inadmissible eviden ce on the same point.” Syl. Pt. 10, in part,

State v. Guthrie , 194 W.Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995). As such, we find no error in the magistrate court’s decision to deny petitioner th e opportunity to ask additional questions related to the incidents alleged to have occurred at the State Police Detachment after he himself elicited the testimony of which he now complains.

5 On appeal, petitioner specifically alleges that he “moved the magistrate court to permit

him to address the fact that he did not receive all of the evid ence from the State and to permit him to question the officers concerning that evidence.” He goes on to argue that the magistrate court refused to permit him to “examine the offi cers concerning the evidence which [he] believed the police officers had in their poss ession but refused to disclose to him.” As on a ppeal, at trial petitioner only asserted generally that evidence was withheld from him. When addressing the issue, petitioner argued below that he should ha ve been permitted to “bring up the evidence [he possessed] and what [the officers] have done to hide the evidence that was taken that day by them[.]” He further argued that the officers were “trying to hide material” from him. Ultimately,

(continued . . . )

6There are three components of a cons titutional due process violation under Brady v. Maryland , 373 U.S. 83, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), and State

v. Hatfield , 169 W.Va. 191, 286 S.E.2d 402 (1982):(1) the evidence at issue must be favorable to the defendant as exculp atory or impeachment evidence; (2) the evidence must have been suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and (3) the evidence must have been materi al, i.e., it must have prejudiced the

defense at trial.

Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Youngblood , 221 W.Va. 20, 650 S.E.2d 119 (2007). Here, it is clear that no Brady violation occurred because th e evidence in question never existed. In fact, petitioner admits as much in his petition for appeal, assert ing that “[t]he State takes the position that the State did not have the evidence sought by the [p]e titioner, therefore, it could not be turned over

to him. The State is correct in that argument.” As such, we find no error.

Next, petitioner argues that the magist rate court violated Rules 2.3(A) and (B) 6 of the West Virginia Code of Judicial Conduct by telling him, in front of the jury, that he had been given the chance to have counsel, had already had three attorneys, and had made his choice to go

despite these general allegations, the only piece of evidence petitioner specifically argued was not provided to him was the alle ged video recording of the incident in ques tion. Accordingly, on appeal, we will address only petitioner’s allega tions regarding the alleged video recording.

Further, on appeal petitioner alleges that he was not permitted to question the officer regarding “whether there were vide os from the state police detachment [,]” in spite of the fact that the officer “opened the door to that questioning. . . .” As addresse d above, the lone instance of testimony concerning the State Police Detachment was elicited by petitioner. Thus, his argument that the officer “opened the door” to a line of que stion regarding the allege d failure to disclose generic evidence related to the events that transpired ther e is without mer it. Moreover, as addressed above, evidence relating to the incident at the State Police Detachment was irrelevant to the charges for which petitioner was being tr ied. As such, we find no merit to petitioner’s

argument.

6 Rule 2.3 states, in relevant part, as follows:

(A) A judge shall perform the duties of j udicial office, including administrative duties, without bias or prejudice.

(B) A judge shall not, in the performance of judicial duties, by words or conduct manifest bias or prejudice, or engage in harassment, including but not limited to bias, prejudice, or harassment based upon race, sex, gender, religion, national origin, ethnicity, disability, ag e, sexual orientation, marital status, socioeconomic status, or political affiliation, and shall not permit court staff, court officials, or others subject to th e judge's direction and control to do so.

7to trial without the assistance of counsel. 7 In short, petitioner argues that the magistrate court’s repeated references to his prior attorneys evidenced a manifest bias or prejudice and constituted harassment. We do not agree.

First, it is important to note that petitioner fails to cite to any authority that establishes

that a trial court’s reference to a defendant’s prior representa tion is evidence of bias or harassment. On the contrary, the record here is clear that at each inst ance of which petitioner now complains, the magistrate court was attemp ting to instruct petitioner, acting pro se, on permissible trial procedure. When petitioner was c onfronted with the fact that he was attempting to engage in impermissible actions, he routinely relied on the fact that, because he was not an attorney, he was unfamiliar with such procedures. In response to these excuses, the magistrate court, on more than one occasion, reminded peti tioner that he chose to proceed without the assistance of any of the three pr evious attorneys appointed to re present him and was required to understand what was permitted of him. In the order on appeal, the circuit court succinctly described the exchanges of which petitioner now complains by pointing out that petitioner “would often argue with the magistrate when he disagreed with an adverse ruling[;] . . . would not stop talking at times when he was instruct ed to do so . . . and . . . would ignore the magistrate’s rulings on the State’s objections.” The circuit court went on to find that the magistrate “would appropriately admonish [pet itioner] when he was making faces, laughing, or shaking his head in front of the jury during the State’s opening st atements and during the State’s

case-in-chief.”

We further agree with the circ uit court’s finding that petiti oner “was attempting to gain the jury’s sympathy when he mentioned that he was pro se . . . .” In fact, petitioner ignores instances in the trial transcript wherein he addres ses the fact that he wa s previously represented by three separate attorneys. Specifically, petitioner stated, in th e presence of the jury, that “[e]very lawyer [he] had has qui t” and that he “had three public defenders that have all quit.” Based on these statements, we agree with the circui t court that the magistrate’s statements were merely an “attempt[] to clarify things for the jury when [petitioner] stat[ed] that he had three attorneys out of fairness to the State.” As such, petitioner is entitled to no relief.

Finally, petitioner argues that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct when it bolstered the credibility of its witnesses and sp oke about the credibility and trustworthiness of police officers during closing. Spec ifically, petitioner appears to take issue with the following remarks from the State’s closing:

7 Petitioner further argues that the magistrate court exhibited bias against him because “almost every time the [t]rial [c]ourt spoke to the [p]etitioner it was in a belligerent and condescending tone or it was with a raised voice. . . .” He goes on to allege that the magistrate “often rais[ed] her voice and yell[ed]” at him in front of th e jury. We note, however, that while petitioner included a transcript of the trial, he failed to include a recording of the same. Accordingly, any allegations related to the magi strate’s tone of voice or the general manner in which she spoke to petitioner are not pr operly preserved for appellate review.

8I don’t like it when people ge t angry with police officers. I don’t like it when people swear off on them. I’ve had times in my life when I have needed them, if you’re - - one time my little girl went missing after school, luckily she had just gone to a friend’s house, but you know, it was the worst hour of my life. And during that hour the Huntington Police Depa rtment were the best friends in the world I had. So I don’t like it when peopl e make it out to where the cops are always out to get them, but they’re comp letely innocent and the cops did nothing but attack them for no good reason. It’s not been my experience, it wasn’t my experience based on the testimony of the troopers here today.

However, we note that, despite the fact that petitioner based his appeal to the circuit court, in part, upon this alleged er ror, he did not object to the same at trial. Moreover, on appeal to this Court, petitioner failed to allege that plai n error should apply to this assignment of error, as required by Rule 10(c)(3) of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure, which requires that “[i]f the issue was not presented to the lo wer tribunal, the assignment of error must be phrased in such a fashion as to alert the Court to the fact that plain error is asserted.” In addressing allegations of pr osecutorial misconduct during closing arguments to which a defendant does not object, we have held that “[ i]f either the prosecutor or defense counsel believes the other has made improper remarks to the jury, a timely objection should be made coupled with a request to the court to instruct the jury to disregard the remarks.” Syl. Pt. 10, State

v. Davis , 205 W.Va. 569, 519 S.E.2d 852 (1999) (citation omitted). “Failure to make timely and proper objection to remarks of counsel made in the presence of the jury, during the trial of a case, constitutes a waiver of the right to raise the ques tion thereafter either in the trial court or in the appellate court.” Id . at 573, 519 S.E.2d at 856, Syl. Pt. 11 (c itation omitted). Therefore, petitioner “cannot argue for the first time on appeal that the prosecutor made improper remarks during the State’s . . . closing argument.” Id. at 586, 519 S.E.2d at 869. Moreover, we have also noted that “the doctrine of plain error w ith regard to objectionable closi ng remarks is spar ingly applied.”

State v. Grubbs , 178 W.Va. 811, 818, 364 S.E.2d 824, 832 (1987). Accordingly, we find petitioner is entitled to no relief in this regard.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

Affirmed.

ISSUED: June 11, 2018

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Margaret L. Workman

Justice Robin Jean Davis

Justice Menis E. Ketchum

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Loughry, Allen H., II suspende d and therefore not participating.

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