1

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 93-8613.

In the Matter of Lebaron DENNIS, Debtor.

Lebaron DENNIS, Appellee,

v.

Audrey H. DENNIS, a/k/a Joyce Dennis, Appellant.

July 13, 1994.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western

District of Texas.

Before JOHNSON, BARKSDALE, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.

JOHNSON, Circuit Judge:

After more than thirty-one years of marriage, LeBaron and

Audrey ("Joyce") Dennis divorced. The divorce court awarded Joyce

one-half of LeBaron's military retirement benefits, and LeBaron

agreed to pay the taxes thereon. Six years after the divorce,

LeBaron filed a petition for bankruptcy. He sought a discharge of

his obligation to pay the taxes on Joyce's share of the retirement

benefits. The bankruptcy court determined that LeBaron's

obligation to pay the taxes constituted alimony, maintenance, or

support under section 523(a)(5) of the Bankruptcy Code. The

bankruptcy court therefore ruled that LeBaron's tax obligation was

nondischargeable. The district court, reviewing the case on

appeal, reversed. Finding that the bankruptcy court properly ruled

that the debt in question was nondischargeable, we reverse.

I. Facts and Procedural History

Joyce and LeBaron Dennis married on December 18, 1954. At
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that time, LeBaron was a medical student at Harvard Medical School

with three semesters remaining until graduation. Joyce obtained a

clerk-typist job to pay for their living expenses. She financially

supported the family throughout LeBaron's last three semesters of

medical school, as well as throughout LeBaron's internship after

medical school. Upon completion of his internship, LeBaron entered

the Air Force as a physician. He made it clear to Joyce that he

did not want his wife—the wife of a doctor—working outside the

home. For the next twenty-eight years, therefore, Joyce worked as

a full-time wife and mother.

In 1981, LeBaron retired from the Air Force as a full colonel.

He then entered into private practice as a plastic surgeon.

LeBaron experienced great financial success in the private sector.

In 1982, just one year after retirement from the Air Force, LeBaron

more than doubled his income. In 1985, LeBaron earned well over

$284,000 from his medical practice alone. While the Dennis family

was reaping significant monetary benefits, they were, at the same

time, encountering grave family problems. On July 14, 1985,

LeBaron and Joyce separated. They divorced approximately one year

later, after more than thirty-one and a half years of marriage.

On the day before trial on the divorce issues, LeBaron and

Joyce entered into a settlement agreement. Among other things,

they agreed that Joyce would obtain fifty percent of LeBaron's

military pension. During the settlement negotiations, LeBaron

verbally offered to pay all of the taxes due on Joyce's share of

the benefits. Because Joyce had no degree, no skills, no job, and
 

1Joyce testified before the bankruptcy court that she agreed

to vacate the Dennis' home in one month and allow LeBaron to

serve as trustee over the retirement benefits in exchange for

LeBaron's agreement to pay the taxes on her share of the pension. 

Both parties testified that Joyce had no other source of regular

income and that the tax-free retirement income was important for

Joyce's survival. 

 

2LeBaron specifically explained that the agreement to pay

the taxes was a part of the divorce settlement. The writing

began as follows: "This letter will serve to restate and clarify

the agreement contained in our divorce agreement ..." Rec. at 50,

52 (emphasis added). He stated that the Air Force would deposit

the money into his account; he would provide Joyce one-half of

the gross amount received and would pay the income taxes due for

all of the benefits. 

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no prospects for a job, she accepted the offer.1 LeBaron agreed

to—and did—memorialize this agreement in a writing.2

During the trial before the bankruptcy court, LeBaron

testified that he wanted to preserve an interest in Joyce's share

of the benefits should she predecease him. LeBaron believed that

to preserve such an interest, he was required to have the Air Force

deposit all of the funds into his bank account. He therefore

offered to pay all of the income taxes due on Joyce's share of the

pension if she would give up her right to have the Air Force send

the money directly to her and allow the Air Force to deposit all of

the funds into LeBaron's account instead. Joyce agreed. However,

soon after signing the agreement, LeBaron learned that he did not

have to have the money deposited into his account in order to

preserve his interest in Joyce's share of the benefits. He thus

decided not to pay any taxes on Joyce's amount. He instead

declared that the benefits given to Joyce constituted alimony and

deducted that amount from his gross income on his income tax forms.
 

3Because she had acted in good faith, Joyce did not have to

pay the penalties. 

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LeBaron chose not to inform Joyce of these decisions. Hence, she

assumed that LeBaron was paying the taxes as required by their

agreement.

Joyce learned otherwise in November 1988, when the Internal

Revenue Service informed her that she owed taxes, interest, and

penalties on all of the retirement benefits she had received in the

previous two years. A tax court later found her liable for taxes

and interest in the amount of $19,720.33.3 Joyce thereafter filed

suit against LeBaron in a Texas county court at law for breaching

his agreement to pay the taxes on the retirement benefits. In her

petition to that court, she quoted her divorce decree which

"provided in part that "this Judgment is part of the division of

community property between the parties and shall not constitute or

be interpreted to be any form of spousal support, alimony, or child

support.' " Rec. at 41. Joyce asked the Texas county court to

find LeBaron liable for the $19,720.33 and to require LeBaron to

specifically perform his duties outlined in the agreement by

reporting the gross amount of the retirement benefits as income, by

paying the taxes on the gross amount, and by not deducting the

benefits from his gross income as alimony or spousal support.

The Texas county court, referring to language in the divorce

decree, found that LeBaron's agreement to pay the taxes "was part

of the division of community property between the parties and did

not constitute nor should it be interpreted to be any form of
 

4This language mirrors, almost verbatim, the language in the

divorce decree. 

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spousal support, alimony or child support."4 Rec. at 45. The

Texas county court held LeBaron liable for the taxes, ruled that

LeBaron was required to pay the taxes in the future, and forbade

LeBaron from deducting the military benefits from his gross income

and claiming that the benefits constituted alimony or support. The

Texas county court signed its judgment, which was actually a

consent decree, on Friday, January 3, 1992.

Four days—two working days—later, on Tuesday, January 7, 1992,

LeBaron filed a petition for bankruptcy under Chapter 7 of the

Bankruptcy Code. He sought to have his past and future tax

obligations to Joyce discharged. LeBaron and his new wife filed a

Chapter 13 proceeding in July of 1992. They listed Joyce as one of

only two creditors and proposed to make no payments whatever on the

taxes due on Joyce's share of the retirement benefits. LeBaron

contended that because the Texas county court had found that the

obligation did not constitute alimony or spousal support, the

doctrine of collateral estoppel prevented the bankruptcy court from

finding to the contrary.

The bankruptcy court disagreed. The bankruptcy court ruled

that it was bound neither by the characterization which the parties

had given the obligation nor by the decision of the Texas county

court at law. Reviewing the facts of the case de novo, the

bankruptcy court found that although the parties and the Texas

county court had given the obligation another name, "it still
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smell[ed] like alimony or support." The court therefore ruled that

LeBaron's duty to pay Joyce's taxes was nondischargeable.

LeBaron appealed to the federal district court, and that court

reversed. It ruled that the doctrine of collateral estoppel was

applicable in the facts of this case and therefore prohibited the

bankruptcy court from finding that the tax payments constituted

alimony, maintenance, or support. Joyce now appeals.

II. Discussion

A. The Law Stated

Section 523 of Title 11 sets forth the exceptions to the

general rule that all debts are dischargeable through bankruptcy.

Subsection (a)(5)(B) is the provision in issue here. It reads:

A discharge ... of this title does not discharge an individual

debtor from any debt to a spouse, former spouse, or child of

the debtor, for alimony to, maintenance for, or support of

such spouse or child, in connection with a separation

agreement, divorce decree or other order of a court of record,

determination made in accordance with State or territorial law

by a governmental unit, or property settlement agreement, but

not to the extent that such debt includes a liability

designated as alimony, maintenance, or support, unless such

liability is actually in the nature of alimony, maintenance,

or support.

11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(5)(B). Since 1970, the determination of whether

a debt is nondischargeable under this provision has been a matter

of federal bankruptcy law, not state law. Grogan v. Garner, 498

U.S. 279, 284, 111 S.Ct. 654, 658, 112 L.Ed.2d 755 (1991); In re

Joseph, 16 F.3d 86, 87 (5th Cir.1994); In re Biggs, 907 F.2d 503,

504 (5th Cir.1990); see also Brown v. Felsen, 442 U.S. 127, 136,

99 S.Ct. 2205, 2211, 60 L.Ed.2d 767 (1979) (stating that "[b]y the

express terms of the Constitution, bankruptcy law is federal law").
 

5This is not only a clearly established principle in this

Circuit, but no other circuit to review this issue has ever taken

a contrary view. See, e.g., In re Brody, 3 F.3d 35, 39 (2d

Cir.1993) (deciding that labels given an obligation by the

parties or the state court are not dispositive); In re Sampson,

997 F.2d 717, 722 (10th Cir.1993) (concluding that the label

attached to an obligation does not control); Adams v. Zentz, 963

F.2d 197, 199 (8th Cir.1992) (determining that state law or the

divorce decree characterization of the debt is not binding on

bankruptcy courts); In re Gianakas, 917 F.2d 759, 762 (3d

Cir.1990) (ruling that bankruptcy courts must look beyond the

label attached to settlement agreements to find the debt's true

nature); In re Seibert, 914 F.2d 102, 106 (7th Cir.1990) (ruling

that state law does not control the issue of whether an

obligation constitutes alimony, maintenance, or support); In re

Long, 794 F.2d 928, 930 (4th Cir.1986) (determining that labels

are not controlling); Stout v. Prussel, 691 F.2d 859, 861 (9th

Cir.1982) (holding that the descriptions which parties give

obligations in settlements or decrees are not conclusive). 

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Bankruptcy courts must therefore look beyond the labels which

state courts—and even parties themselves—give obligations which

debtors seek to have discharged.5 In re Davidson, 947 F.2d 1294,

1296 (5th Cir.1991); In re Benich, 811 F.2d 943, 945 (5th

Cir.1987); In re Nunnally, 506 F.2d 1024, 1027 (5th Cir.1975).

Indeed, the mere fact that a creditor previously reduced her claim

to a judgment does not preclude the bankruptcy court from inquiring

into the true nature of the debt—and ruling contrary to the first

court's judgment, if necessary. Brown, 442 U.S. at 138, 99 S.Ct.

at 2212; In re Brody, 3 F.3d at 39. In fact, a spouse is not

barred from arguing in bankruptcy court that certain obligations

constitute alimony or support even if that spouse argued to the

contrary in state court. In re Brody, 3 F.3d at 39. To be sure,

"[t]he ultimate finding of whether [a debt is nondischargeable, as

"defined' by the bankruptcy law] is solely [in] the province of the

bankruptcy court." In re Shuler, 722 F.2d 1253, 1256 (5th Cir.),
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cert. denied, 469 U.S. 817, 105 S.Ct. 85, 83 L.Ed.2d 32 (1984)

(quoting Franks v. Thomason, 4 B.R. 814, 820-21

(Bankr.N.D.Ga.1980)).

The reason for these well-settled principles is that parties

and state courts, as a general rule, do not label obligations with

federal bankruptcy standards in mind. Even if a state court

reviews an issue which is similar to one created by the

nondischargeability provision in the bankruptcy code, the state-law

concept will likely differ from the specific federal bankruptcy

doctrine in question. Brown, 442 U.S. at 135, 99 S.Ct. at 2211.

This is especially true in cases which require courts to determine

the nature of divorce settlements—and even more so when that

question is raised in Texas, which has no such animal as alimony.

In re Joseph, 16 F.3d at 87; In re Nunnally, 506 F.2d at 1027;

see also In re Jones, 9 F.3d 878, 880 (10th Cir.1993) (ruling that

debt may be in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support under

federal bankruptcy law, even though it is not legally qualified as

alimony under state law).

Hence, in only limited circumstances may bankruptcy courts

defer to the doctrine of collateral estoppel and thereby ignore

Congress' mandate to provide plenary review of dischargeability

issues. Collateral estoppel applies in bankruptcy courts only if,

inter alia, the first court has made specific, subordinate, factual

findings on the identical dischargeability issue in question—that

is, an issue which encompasses the same prima facie elements as the

bankruptcy issue—and the facts supporting the court's findings are
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discernible from that court's record. In re Davis, 3 F.3d 113, 115

(5th Cir.1993); In re Shuler, 722 F.2d at 1256. See In re Comer,

723 F.2d 737 (9th Cir.1984) (ruling that bankruptcy courts should

not rely solely on state court judgments when determining the true

nature of a debt for dischargeability purposes if so doing would

prevent the bankruptcy courts from exercising their exclusive

jurisdiction to determine whether the debt is dischargeable); see

also Browning v. Navarro, 887 F.2d 553, 561 (5th Cir.1989)

(providing that although the doctrine of res judicata is generally

applicable to bankruptcy courts, the contours of the doctrine are

"different for bankruptcy courts ... because tasks which have been

delegated to [bankruptcy courts] by Congress may not be interfered

with by the decisions of other courts.... [B]ankruptcy courts have

a job to do and sometimes they must ignore res judicata in order to

carry out Congress' mandate").

B. The Law Applied

Contrary to the plethora of cases which hold that bankruptcy

courts must review for themselves the true nature of an obligation

under section 523(a)(5)(B), LeBaron asks this Court to rule that

the consent judgment signed by the Texas county court at law

collaterally estopped the bankruptcy court here from finding that

the tax payments in issue were, in truth, alimony, maintenance, or

support. This we cannot do. As explained above, the first and

most basic premise in the collateral estoppel doctrine is that the

issue raised in the second tribunal must have been the identical

issue raised and resolved in the first tribunal.
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Such is not the case here. LeBaron can point to no state

court finding or evidence which proves or even intimates that the

parties or the Texas county court designed the settlement agreement

and consent decree with federal bankruptcy standards in mind. To

the contrary, Joyce's complaint and the agreed judgment merely

referred to language in the divorce decree which characterized the

property exchange as a property settlement, as opposed to alimony

or support. The divorce decree, to be consistent with Texas law,

could characterize the property distribution as nothing other than

a property settlement. Joyce, to be consistent with Texas law,

could argue nothing to the contrary before the Texas county court

at law. The county court, to be consistent with Texas law, could

find nothing contrary to Joyce's reference to the divorce decree's

provision that the property transfer constituted a property

settlement.

However, federal bankruptcy law, not Texas law, governs here.

The bankruptcy court had neither the option nor the authority to

apply state law in the case sub judice. That court was instead

required to make findings of fact and conclusions of law in accord

with federal bankruptcy law—and that is exactly what it did.

In In re Joseph, this Court set forth a nonexclusive list of

factors which bankruptcy courts should review in deciding whether

a divorce obligation constitutes alimony, maintenance, or support.

The considerations include the parties' disparity in earning

capacity, their relative business opportunities, their physical

condition, their educational background, their probable future
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financial needs, and the benefits each party would have received

had the marriage continued. In re Joseph, 16 F.3d at 88. The

bankruptcy court in this case, reviewing these and other similar

factors, recognized that at the time of the divorce, Joyce was a

fifty-four year old woman who had not worked outside the home in

more than twenty-eight years. She had no job, no job offers, no

work skills, and no college education. LeBaron, on the other hand,

had an extremely successful medical practice and was earning well

over a quarter of a million dollars a year at the time of the

divorce. In light of these financial disparities, the bankruptcy

court found that LeBaron's obligation to pay the taxes on Joyce's

share of the military pension was, in true nature, alimony,

maintenance, or support under section 523(a)(5)(B) of Title 11.

The court therefore ruled that LeBaron's debt on the taxes was

nondischargeable. Unlike the district court, which did not review

the facts of this case in light of bankruptcy law, but instead held

that the collateral estoppel doctrine controlled, we find no error

in the bankruptcy court's decision.

III. Conclusion

Because the issue decided in the Texas state court was not

identical to the issue in question before the bankruptcy court, the

doctrine of collateral estoppel is inapplicable in this case. The

district court erred in ruling otherwise. We

REVERSE AND RENDER for Joyce Dennis.