# 201 **3**

EJ Screening Report for Clay Ceramics

## Contents

Executive Summary

................................................................................................ ................................................................ . 4

About the Data

................................................................................................ ........................................................................ 6

Demographic Data

................................................................................................ ..................................................... 7

Near Source Data

................................................................................................ .................................................................. 12

Tribal Land Proximity

................................................................................................ ............................................................ 1 4

Statistical Summary

................................................................................................ ............................................................... 16

Category Totals, Wilcoxon Signed

- Rank and Binomial Tests

................................................................................... 17

Map and Charts

................................................................................................ ..................................................................... 23U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

E nvironmental J ustice Screening Report

National Emissions Standards for

Haza rdous Air Pollutants From

B rick and Structural Clay and Clay Ceramics

Docket: EPA –HQ– OAR –

RIN: 2060

– A P69

Office of Air and Radiation,

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

### Executive Summary

Under section 112 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is required to develop standards

for hazardous air pollutants (HAP) for both major and area sources that are listed under section 112(c). In the case of the

Clay Ceramics source category under section 112(d)(2) of the CAA

, standards are set based on the maximum achievable

control technology (MACT) available. Therefore, health based risks are not expressly considered in this rule. As a result,

the health impacts associated with this rule are not part of this report.

To gain a better understanding of the Clay Ceramics source category and near

- source populations, the EPA conducted a

proximity analysis at a study area of 3 miles of the source category for this rulemaking. This analysis identifies, on a

limited basis, the subpopulations that may be exposed to air pollution from the regulated sources and thus are expected

to benefit most from this regulation. This analysis does not identify the demographic characteristics of the m ost highly

affected individuals or communities

, nor does it quantify the level of risk faced by those individuals or communities. To

the extent that any minority, low

- income or indigenous subpopulation is disproportionately impacted by hazardous air

emissi ons due to the proximity of their homes to sources of these emissions, that subpopulation also stands to see

increased environmental and health benefit from the emission reductions called for by this rule.

The EPA has determined that this proposed rule will not have disproportionately high and adverse human health or

environ mental effects on minority, low

- income and indigenous populations because the proposed rule increases the

level of environmental protection for all affected populations. These proposed standards may improve public health and

welfare, now and in the future, by reducing Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) emissions that may contribute to adverse

environmental and human health impacts. The reductions in HAP emissions associated with the rule are expected to

benefit all populations living near the sources affected by this rule.



### Background

Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994) establishes federal executive policy on environmental justice. Its

main provision directs federal agencies, to the greatest extent practicable and permitted by law, to make environmental

justice part of their mission by identifying and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse human

health or environmental effects of their programs, policies and activities on minority populations and low income

populations in the United States.

E.O. 12898 informed the development and implementation of the EPA’s Environmental Justice ( EJ ) program and EJ

policies. Consistent with the E.O. and the Presidential Memorandum that accompanies the E.O., the agency’s EJ policies

promote environmental protection by focusing attention and agency efforts on addressing the types of environmental

harms and risks that are prevalent among minority, low

- income and indigenous populations. E.O. 12898 and the

agency’s EJ policies do not mandate particular outcomes for an action, but they demand that decisions involving the

action be informed by a consideration of EJ issues. Where feasible, actions should prevent or address and mitigate EJ

concerns.

A key element of environmental justice is ensuring that all people have an opportunity for meaningful involvement in

the decision

- making process. Certain groups may not have participated in the decision

- making process historically

because of economic (e.g., income), social (e.g., language barriers, education levels, distrust of government) and

structural reasons. A critical concern is whether, and the extent to which, communities have the ability to influence the

types and number of regulated activities taking place in their community, as well as the requirements, conditions and

parameters by which such regulated activities must operate (e.g., permit conditions).The E PA aims to notify and engage the public in a variety of ways. Each rule is reviewed to identify appropriate

mechanisms to promote meaningful involvement, which may include notices on the EJAir website, community call

discussions, fact sheets, community mee tings and/or webinars. Additionally, when reliable source location data is

available, the EPA strives to provide a screening report of near source populations. It is important to note that while the

EPA provides near

- source data, whether or not a facility

- level analysis is appropriate depends on the Clean Air Act’s

(CAA) authority for the subject rule. For example, CAA sections 112 (d) and 112(f), which address hazardous air

pollutants, require the EPA to establish emission standards that apply to all sources in specified categories or

subcategories. In the case of the CAA 112(f), the EPA sets standards based on the maximum exposed individual risk

( MIR) or the facility in the source category that poses the highest risks to the public , and must consider speci fic statutory

factors, including costs, energy and safety.

# About the Data**D emographic Data** 

Th is report includes race, ethnicity, and age data derived from the 2010 Cen sus SF1 dataset 1 , and economic and

education data from the Census Bureau’s 2006

- 2010 American Community Survey (ACS) 5

- Year Estimates 2 . This data is

summarized in Table 1 , with Table 2 notating the six socioeconomic indictors of social vulnerability used within this

report

.

Table 1

. Census Derived Demographic Data

Race, Ethnicity, and Age Data (Census 2010 block

- level SF1 data)*

Parameter Definition

Population Total population in block

White Number of whites (may include Hispanics)

African Americans Number of African Americans (may include Hispanics)

Native Americans Number of Native Americas (may include Hispanics)

Other and multiracial Number of other race and multiracial (may include Hispanics)

Hispanic Number of Hispanics

Age 0 to 4 Number of people age 0 to 4

Age 0 to 17 Number of people age 0 to 17

Age 16 to 64 Number of people age 16 to 64

Age 18 to 64 Number of people age 18 to 64

Age 25 and up Number of people age 25 and up

Age 65 and up Number of people age 65 and up

Economic and Education Date (2006

- 2010 ACS)*

Parameter Definition

Poverty Number of people living in households with income below the poverty

line

2 x Poverty Number of people living in households with income below twice the

poverty line

Below median income Number of people living in households with income below the national

median income

Linguistic isolation Number of people linguistically isolated

*Census 2010 does not currently report this data for the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Marianas ; Census 2000 data are used for these

areas.

Table 2

. S ocial Vulnerability Data

Social Vulnerability Indicators (Census 2010 data):

**•** Minority/Hispanic (%)

**•** Low Income (%)

**•** Under Age 5 (%)

**•** Age 65 and up (%)

**•** Adults without a hi gh school diploma (%)

**•** Linguistically isolated (%)

American Indian Tribal Land and Reservation Boundaries (EPA Shapefile)

The EPA uses the six socioeconomic demographic parameters shown in Table 2 from the 2010 Census as indicators of

social vulnerability. The economic and education indicators used in this group are at the block group level and were

derived from the Census Bureau’s 20 06

- 2010 ACS 5

- Year Estimates. These six subgroups of the population are includedas social vulnerability indicators because there exists a substantive and easily

- understo od relationship between the

indicator and the concept of vulnerability, which is consi stent with the EPA guidance regarding the use of vulnerability

indicators in environmental justice

- related analyses.

“M inority” means a person, as defined by the U.S. Bureau of Census, who is a: (1) Black American (a person having

origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa); (2) Hispanic person (a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central

or South American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race); (3) Asian American or Pacific Islander (a

person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, or the

Pacific Islands); or (4) American Indian or Alaskan Native (a person having origins in any of the original people of North

America and maintain cultural identification through tribal affiliation or community recognition). Because the Census

Bureau does not classify Hispanic as a race but as an ethnicity, the race minority field is computed by subtracting the

white population from the total population. A separate “Minority/Hispanic” field is calculated by adding the number of

white Hispanics to the race minority field count. The “Minority/Hispanic” field is used as one of the social vulnerability

indicators. Compared to non

- minority (white) populations in the U.S., numerous studies have found that minority

populations live in closer proximity to pollution sources, experience worse health, and have less ability to participate in

environmental decision making. 3

The percentage of people living below the national poverty line i s defined by the Census as the percentage of residents

whose median household income is at or below the poverty guidelines updated periodically in the Federal Register by

the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under the authority of 42 U.S.C. 9902(2)

. 4 Low income has been

linked in many studies to poor health, lack of access to health care, closer proximity to pollution sources, and greater

s usceptibility to illnesses caused by exposure to air pollution. 5 Low income in this report is defined as 2 X poverty line.

The percentage of residents whose age is less than 5 years includes infants and children

– all of whom are considered a

sensitive su bpopulation for many forms of environmental contaminants, including air pollution. 6 The reasons for

children’s increased sensitivity to air pollution are manifold and include: still

- developing respiratory and other bodily

systems; smaller body size in proportion to inhaled contaminants; and varying behavior patterns including longer

durations spent outdoors at high breathing rates compared to adults. 7 These factors lead to increased morbidity and

mortality risks for children from exposure to air pollutants

. 8 Furthermore, minority and low

- income children are at even

greater risk, as the increased susceptibility for each of these demographic groups compounds such a child’s overall

vulnerability. 9

The percentage of residents of age 65 years and over is consi dered a sensitive subpopulation for many forms of

environmental contamination, including air pollution. 10 The increased susceptibility of this subpopulation stems not only

from their age, but also from their poorer health and lower fitness levels. 11 Those a ge 65 years and up have a higher

mortality risk

— both long

- term and short

- term

— than other populations from air pollution, as well as increased

morbidity risks including cardiovascular illness and respiratory disease. 12

The percentage of residents lacking a high school diploma is considered a relevant indicator of vulnerability because lack

of education may indirectly increase the effects of environmental contamination, including air pollution. Low education

may decrease access to health care and informatio n about environmental risks and how to respond appropriately to

such risks. 13 Studies have revealed that low education appears to be a factor in health disparities, multi

- morbidity, and

mortality in general; and lower education may increase the relative risk of air pollution and premature mortality. 14 In

particular, this association was established after examining the relationship between an increase in particulate matter

and mortality among persons with lower education. 15The percentage of residents exper iencing linguistic isolation is considered a relevant indicator of vulnerability because

linguistic isolation may render households less able to identify and mitigate environmental harms by limiting both access

to health care and access to information about environmental risks and how to respond appropriately to those risks. 16

Studies have revealed that counties with higher concentrations of immigrants and linguistically isolated households have

more hazardous waste generators and more proposed Superfund si tes, compared to other counties. 17 For example, a

significant cancer risk was found between linguistically isolated households and exposure from Toxics Release Inventory

(TRI) releases in the San Francisco Bay area. 18 Finally, immigrants may encounter disc rimination and prejudice which

impact vulnerability.

As noted above, the EPA uses population data collected by the 2010 Census. Table 3 summarizes where precisely the

social vulnerability indicator data is located within the Census results, including the level of geographic resolution in the

original census data set. All data is stored at the block level. For those indicators available from the Census at the block

group, but not block level, the EPA assigns a block the same percentage as the block group of which it is a part. For

example, a block is assigned the same percen tage of people living below the national poverty line as the block group in

which it is contained. Nationally, a census block contains about 50 people on average; and a block group contains about

26 blocks on average, or about 1,350 people. (For comparison, a census tract is larger than a block group, with each tract

containing an average of 3 block groups, or about 4,300 people.)

As shown in Table 3, data on race, ethnicity and age for all census blocks in the country except for the Virgin Islands,

Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Marianas were obtained from the 2010 Census SF1 dataset. 19 This dataset

gives a breakdown of the population for each census block among different racial and ethnic classifications, including:

White, African American or Black, Hispanic or Latino, American Indian or Native Alaskan, Asian, Native Hawaiian or other

South Pacific Islander, other race, and two or more races. Race, ethnicity, and age data for census blocks in the Virgin

Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Marianas are from the 2000 Census, and were derived from the year

2000 “Island Surveys” which were available through the Census Bureau’s American FactFinder. 20

Table 3 . Summary of Social Vulnerability Indicators provided by Census 2010

Parameter Source of Census Data Level of Geographic Resolution

(Census Block or Block Group)

Minority/Hispanic

Population ab SF1 Tables P1 and P3 Block

People < 18 years of age b SF1 Table P12 Block

People ≥ 65 years of age b SF1 Table P12 Block

Low Income 2006

- 2010 ACS Block Group

Adults without a High School

diploma 2006

- 2010 ACS Block Group

Linguistically Isolated People 2006

- 2010 ACS Block Group

a Minority/Hispanic population = Total population (P0010001) minus white population (P0030003)

b Census 2010 does not currently report this data for the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Marianas ; Census 200 0 data are used for these

areas.Data on age distributions in the U.S. and Puerto Rico were obtained at the censu s block level from the 2010 Census of

Population and Housing Summary File 1 (SF1) short form, Table P12. SF1 contains the information compiled from the

questions asked of all people about every housing unit. Data on poverty status, education level, and linguistic isolation

in the U.S. and Puerto Rico were obtained at the block group level from the Census Bureau’s 2006

- 2010 ACS. 21 Data fo r

the Virgin Islands and other island territories (Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Marianas) were retrieved from

similar tables which are available through the Census’ American Fact Finder internet portal, www.factfinder.census.gov

.

American Indian Tribal Land and Reservation Boundaries

Boundaries for American Indian Reservations and Federally Recognized Tribal Entities were obtained from a shapefile

provided by the U.S. EPA. 22 The shapefile depicts fe ature locations, selected demographics and other associated

data for the 562 Federally Recognized Tribal entities in the contiguous U.S. and Alaska. Categories included are:

American Indian Reservations (AIR), Federally Recognized Tribal Entities (FRTE) and Alaska Native Villages (ANV).

1 2010 Census Summary File 1 Delivered via FTP, http://www2.census.gov/census_2010/04

- Summary_File_1/

2 U.S. Census Bureau 2006

- 2010 American Community Survey 5

- Year Estimates, http://w ww.census.gov/acs/www/data_documentation/2010_release/

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- Summary_File_1/

20 American Fact Finder, http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DatasetMainPageServlet?_ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&_program=DEC&_lang=en

21 U.S. Census Bureau 2006

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- Year Estimates, http://www.census.gov/acs/www/data_documentation/2010_release/

22 USEPA. 2010. Tribal Lands Shapefile Metadata, provided by Brian Sti tt, Sr., Office of Air and Radiation, OAQPS, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC

27711.

# Near Source Data

# Study Area Demographics

Near Source

Population Name ID EPA

Region State White % African

American % Native

American % Other /

Multiracial % Minority /

Hispanic % Age 0 - 4 % Age 0 - 17

% Age 65

and Up % No

Diploma % Low

Income % Linguistically

Isolated %

38,095 Monarch Ceramic Tile Inc. NEI8517 4 AL 74.6% 19.9% 0.5% 5.1% 26.7% 5.9% 19.9% 17.7% 16.9% 45.1% 1.3%

13,950 Kohler Spartanburg Plant NEI41474 4 SC 73.1% 20.9% 0.2% 5.8% 27.9% 5.6% 22.6% 17.1% 12.8% 23.6% 3.0%

13,742 Florim USA NEITNRCC123 4 TN 67.9% 20.7% 0.9% 10.5% 36.7% 10.1% 29.6% 4.9% 7.4% 38.1% 1.5%

65,787 72.9% 20.3% 0.5% 6.4% 29.1% 1.7% 6.7% 22.5% 14.9% 14.2% 39.1% EPA Region Total

38,124 Kohler Wisconsin Plant NEIWI1179993 5 WI 86.8% 1.1% 0.4% 11.6% 16.8% 6.5% 23.7% 16.1% 10.8% 26.8% 2.3%

38,124 86.8% 1.1% 0.4% 11.6% 16.8% 2.3% 6.5% 23.7% 16.1% 10.8% 26.8% EPA Region Total

13,401 Dal Italia NEIOK1015305 6 OK 56.3% 13.5% 17.2% 13.1% 45.4% 7.6% 27.4% 13.7% 17.6% 46.2% 1.0%

58,007 Marazzi Sunnyvale Facility NEI12943 6 TX 60.8% 21.3% 0.8% 17.2% 53.7% 7.3% 30.1% 8.2% 15.8% 28.4% 4.3%

12,306 Kohler Brownwood Plant NEI13131 6 TX 85.0% 4.1% 0.5% 10.3% 28.0% 7.4% 25.6% 16.6% 15.7% 38.4% 3.1%

6,759 Dal-Tile El Paso Plant NEI41683 6 TX 76.9% 6.1% 1.1% 15.9% 78.0% 10.3% 34.9% 4.8% 24.5% 50.0% 11.0%

90,473 64.6% 16.6% 3.2% 15.6% 50.8% 4.2% 7.6% 29.5% 9.9% 16.7% 34.0% EPA Region Total

# Tribal Land Proximity

## Study Area Intersect of Tribal Lands

NAME ID TRIBAL LAND

NAME CITY STATE

None

Native American Totals > or = 100

NAME ID Sum of NATIVE

AMERICAN % of NATIVE

AMERICAN TOTAL

Dal Italia NEIOK1015305 2,299 71.73%

Marazzi Sunnyvale Facility NEI12943 445 13.88%

Monarch Ceramic Tile Inc. NEI8517 173 5.40%

Kohler Wisconsin Plant NEIWI1179993 169 5.27%

Florim USA NEITNRCC123 119 3.71%

Grand Total 3,205 100.00%

# Statistical Summary**Category Totals, Wilcoxon Signed**

**- Rank and Binomial Tests** 

The EPA compare s aggregated study area dem ographics to U.S. demographics in three tables within this section:

**•** Table 1

– Demographic totals for the entire source category and U.S. demogr aphic t otals

**•** Table 2

– Median demographics across study areas vs. U.S. average demographics

**•** Table 3

– Proportion of study areas with populations exceeding U.S. average demographics

Table 1 i s simply calculated by summing the demographic data in the study areas; however, urban study areas can often skew

the data. Therefore, Tables 2 and 3 use statistical inference to answer two additional and specific questions :

1. On average, how much do the demographics within the study areas differ from the U.S. population?

2. How often do the demographic proportions within the study areas exceed the U.S. average?

Table 2

– Hypothesis Test for Question 1 (Wilcoxon Signed

- Rank test for population median) 1

**•** Null H ypothesis (H 0 ): The proportion of the population in demographic category X within a given study area is a

random variable with median EQUAL TO the U.S. average.

**•** Alternative Hypothesis (H

1 ): The proportion of the population in demographic category X within a given study area is

a random variable with median NOT EQUAL TO the U.S. average.

**•** Test Statistic: The Wilcoxon Signed

- Rank statistic (W) is the sum of the signed ranks of the study areas where the

study area demographics exceed the U.S. average. If there are N study areas, W has range 0 to N*(N+1)/2. The p

value is the probability that H 0 is true given the value of W calculated from the demographic data.

**•** Statistical Conclusions:

o If the p

- value is large (≥ 0.05): The median proportion o f the study area population in demographic category

X is not significantly different from the U.S. average.

o If the p

- value is small (< 0.05) and W > N*(N+1)/4: The median proportion of the study area population in

demographic category X is significantly gr eater than the U.S. average.

o If the p

- value is small (< 0.05) and W < N*(N+1)/4: The median proportion of the study area population in

demographic category X is significantly less than the U.S. average.

**•** Study areas with fewer than 100 total residents are i gnored.

Table 3

– Hypothesis Test for Question 2 (Binomial test for occurrence) 1

**•** Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): The probability of a given study area having population in demographic category X greater than

the U.S. average is EQUAL TO 50%.

**•** Alternative Hypothesis (H

1 ): The probability of a given study area having population in demographic category X

greater than the U.S. average is NOT EQUAL TO 50%.

**•** Test statistic: B = # of study areas with population greater than the U.S. average

**•** If H 0 is true and there are N stud y areas, then B/N has a Binomial distribution with mean = 50%. The p

- value is the

probability that H 0 is true given the value of B calculated from the demographic data.

**•** Statistical Conclusions:

o If the p

- value is large (≥ 0.05): The probability of a given study area having population in demographic

category X exceeding the U.S. average is not significantly different from 50%.

o If the p

- value is small (< 0.05) and B > N/2: The probability of a given study area having population in

demographic category X excee ding the U.S. average is significantly greater than 50%.

o If the p

- value is small (< 0.05) and B < N/2: The probability of a given study area having population in

demographic category X exceeding the U.S. average is significantly less than 50%.

**•** Study areas with fewer than 100 total residents are ignored.

A qualitative summary on the statistical significance immediately follows the tabular data in this section.

1 Wilcoxon Signed

- Rank and Binomial tests are designed for use when the number of study areas is small. Other tests may be used in place of these tests for Tables 2

and 3 when there are more than 20 study areas.StatisticalDataCategoryTotals,WilcoxonSigned‐RankandBinomialTestsTable1‐Category‐wideTotalPopulation WhiteAfricanAmericanNativeAmericanOtherorMultiracialMinority/HispanicLinguisticallyIsolatedAge0‐4 Age0‐17 Age65+WithoutaHSDiplomaLowIncome194,384 139,493 28,826 3,369 22,696 71,451 5,765 13,714 50,504 24,907 18,082 66,66272% 15% 2% 12% 37% 3% 7% 26% 13% 15% 34%312,861,256 226,405,205 39,475,216 3,646,995 43,333,840 115,989,918 19,196,507 20,465,065 75,217,176 40,830,262 30,952,789 101,429,43672% 13% 1% 14% 37% 6% 7% 24% 13% 15% 32%Table2‐HypothesisTest1(WilcoxonSigned‐RankTestforMedianNear‐SourcePopulation)H0:Median%ofPopulationNearSourcesinCategoryX=National%inCategoryX#ofStudyAreas>=100totalpopulation(N) 8H1:Median%ofPopulationNearSourcesinCategoryX≠National%inCategoryXWhiteAfricanAmericanNativeAmericanOtherorMultiracialMinority/HispanicLinguisticallyIsolatedAge0‐4 Age0‐17 Age65+WithoutaHSDiplomaLowIncome20 20 8 6 16 7 28 28 15 19 280.7930 0.7930 0.1719 0.0938 0.7930 0.1289 0.1719 0.1719 0.6914 0.8945 0.1719Table3‐HypothesisTest2(BinomialTestforOccurrence)H0:Prob.(StudyareawithNearbyPopulationinCategoryXisaboveNationalAverage)=50%H1:Prob.(StudyareawithNearbyPopulationinCategoryXisaboveNationalAverage)≠50%WhiteAfricanAmericanNativeAmericanOtherorMultiracialMinority/HispanicLinguisticallyIsolatedAge0‐4 Age0‐17 Age65+WithoutaHSDiplomaLowIncome5 512 3 1555550.5078 0.5078 0.0391 0.1797 0.5078 0.0391 0.5078 0.5078 0.5078 0.5078 0.5078STATISTICALSIGNIFICANCELEVELNoSignificance(P>=0.05)Significant(P<0.05andW>N*(N+1)/4orB>N/2)SignificantlyLess(P<0.05andW<N*(N+1)/4orB<N/2)STATISTIC#STUDYAREAS>NATIONALAVG(B)P‐VALUESTATISTICWILCOXONSTATISTIC(W)P‐VALUEDemographicSummaryNEARSOURCETOTAL%OFNEARSOURCETOTALNATIONALTOTAL%OFNATIONALTOTAL

## Statistical Summary (Category Totals, Wilcoxon Signed

‐ Rank and Binomial Tests)

Demographic Category Minority / Hispanic

Summary of the data:

Demographic Category Linguistically Isolated

Summary of the data: Table 3 indicates that 1 study areas have a greater Linguistically Isolated population than the national average.

This is significantly less from the 50% we would expect if the sources were randomly distributed across the U.S.

The national proportion (Table 1) of Linguistically Isolated populations living in the study areas is less than the

national average; however, the median proportion (Table 2) is not significantly different than the national

average. Furthermore, 1 study areas have Linguistically Isolated populations greater than the national average

(Table 3). This suggests that the median proportion of Linguistically Isolated populations living in the study areas

is not significantly different than the national average, and significantly less than 50% of study areas have

Linguistically Isolated populations greater than the national average. Table 1 indicates that nationally, 37% of the people living within 3 miles of the sources (study areas) are

Minority / Hispanic. This is approximately equal to the national average of 37% in 2010.

Table 2 indicates that the Wilcoxon Signed

‐ Rank statistic for Minority / Hispanic populations is 16. The value of

16 is not significant when compared to the national average.

Table 3 indicates that 3 study areas have a greater Minority / Hispanic population than the national average.

This is not significant from the 50% we would expect if the sources were randomly distributed across the U.S.

The national proportion (Table 1) and median proportion (Table 2) of Minority / Hispanic populations living in

the study areas are not significantly different than the national average. Furthermore, 3 study areas have

Minority / Hispanic populations greater than the national average (Table 3). This suggests that the median

proportion of Minority / Hispanic populations living in the study areas is not significantly different than the

national average, and there is a large amount of variability among the study areas.

Table 1 indicates that nationally, 3% of the people living within 3 miles of the sources (study areas) are

Linguistically Isolated. This is

‐ 3 point(s), or ‐ 50%, compared to the national average of 6% in 2010.

Table 2 indicates that the Wilcoxon Signed

‐ Rank statistic for Linguistically Isolated populations is 7. The value of

7 is not significant when compared to the national average.

## Statistical Summary (Category Totals, Wilcoxon Signed

‐ Rank and Binomial Tests)

Demographic Category Age 0

‐ 4

Summary of the data:

Demographic Category Age 65+

Summary of the data: Table 2 indicates that the Wilcoxon Signed

‐ Rank statistic for Age 65+ populations is 15. The value of 15 is not

significant when compared to the national average.

Table 3 indicates that 5 study areas have a greater Age 65+ population than the national average. This is not

significant from the 50% we would expect if the sources were randomly distributed across the U.S.

The national proportion (Table 1) and median proportion (Table 2) of Age 65+ populations living in the study

areas are not significantly different than the national average. Furthermore, 5 study areas have Age 65+

populations greater than the national average (Table 3). This suggests that the median proportion of Age 65+

populations living in the study areas is not significantly different than the national average, and there is a large

amount of variability among the study areas. Table 1 indicates that nationally, 7% of the people living within 3 miles of the sources (study areas) are Age 0

‐ 4.

This is approximately equal to the national average of 7% in 2010.

Table 2 indicates that the Wilcoxon Signed

‐ Rank statistic for Age 0

‐ 4 populations is 28. The value of 28 is not

significant when compared to the national average.

Table 3 indicates that 5 study areas have a greater Age 0

‐ 4 population than the national average. This is not

significant from the 50% we would expect if the sources were randomly distributed across the U.S.

The national proportion (Table 1) and median proportion (Table 2) of Age 0

‐ 4 populations living in the study

areas are not significantly different than the national average. Furthermore, 5 study areas have Age 0

‐ 4

populations greater than the national average (Table 3). This suggests that the median proportion of Age 0

‐ 4

populations living in the study areas is not significantly different than the national average, and there is a large

amount of variability among the study areas.

Table 1 indicates that nationally, 13% of the people living within 3 miles of the sources (study areas) are Age

65+. This is approximately equal to the national average of 13% in 2010.

## Statistical Summary (Category Totals, Wilcoxon Signed

‐ Rank and Binomial Tests)

Demographic Category Without a HS Diploma

Summary of the data:

Demographic Category Low Income

Summary of the data:

The national proportion (Table 1) of Low Income populations living in the study areas is greater than the

national average; however, the median proportion (Table 2) is not significantly different than the national

average. Furthermore, 5 study areas have Low Income populations greater than the national average (Table 3).

This suggests that the median proportion of Low Income populations living in the study areas is not significantly

different than the national average, and there is a large amount of variability among the study areas. Table 3 indicates that 5 study areas have a greater Without a HS Diploma population than the national average.

This is not significant from the 50% we would expect if the sources were randomly distributed across the U.S.

The national proportion (Table 1) and median proportion (Table 2) of Without a HS Diploma populations living in

the study areas are not significantly different than the national average. Furthermore, 5 study areas have

Without a HS Diploma populations greater than the national average (Table 3). This suggests that the median

proportion of Without a HS Diploma populations living in the study areas is not significantly different than the

national average, and there is a large amount of variability among the study areas.

Table 1 indicates that nationally, 34% of the people living within 3 miles of the sources (study areas) are Low

Income. This is 2 point(s), or 6.3%, greater than the national average of 32% in 2010.

Table 2 indicates that the Wilcoxon Signed

‐ Rank statistic for Low Income populations is 28. The value of 28 is

not significant when compared to the national average.

Table 3 indicates that 5 study areas have a greater Low Income population than the national average. This is not

significant from the 50% we would expect if the sources were randomly distributed across the U.S. Table 1 indicates that nationally, 15% of the people living within 3 miles of the sources (study areas) are Without

a HS Diploma. This is approximately equal to the national average of 15% in 2010.

Table 2 indicates that the Wilcoxon Signed

‐ Rank statistic for Without a HS Diploma populations is 19. The value

of 19 is not significant when compared to the national average.

### Aggregated Data / Statisical Summar y

Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2

Median Near

‐ Source Population

Wilcoxon Signed

‐ Rank Test

(Table 2) Occurrence

Binomial Test

(Table 3)

Population 312,861,256 194,384

White 72% 72% 0% Not Significant Not Significant

African American 13% 15% 15% Not Significant Not Significant

Native American 1% 2% 100% Not Significant Significantly Less

Other or Multiracial 14% 12%

‐ 14% Not Significant Not Significant

Minority / Hispanic 37% 37% 0% Not Significant Not Significant

Linguistically Isolated 6% 3%

‐ 50% Not Significant Significantly Less

Age 0

‐ 4 7% 7% 0% Not Significant Not Significant

Age 0

‐ 17 24% 26% 8% Not Significant Not Significant

Age 65+ 13% 13% 0% Not Significant Not Significant

Without a HS Diploma 15% 15% 0% Not Significant Not Significant

Low Income 32% 34% 6% Not Significant Not Significant Demographic National Near Source

(Table 1) % Change

Near vs. National

# Map and Charts72%37%32%72%37%26%34%73%39%27%37%30%40%50%60%70%80%PercentageComparisonstoNationalAveragesCategoryTotal%iscalculatedbysummingallofthestudyareademographicdata.CategoryAverage%iscalculatedbyaveragingthedemographicdatabythenumberofstudyareaswherethetotalpopulation>=100.13%1%14%6%7%24%13%15%15%2%12%3%7%26%13%15%13%3%11%3%8%12%15%0%10%20%WHITE AFRICANAMERICANNATIVEAMERICANOTHER/MULTIRACIALMINORITY LING.ISOLATEDAGE0‐4 AGE0‐17 AGE65+ NOHIGHSCHOOLDIPLOMALOWINCOMENATIONALAVERAGE%CATEGORYTOTAL%CATEGORYAVERAGE%The national average = 37% 0

‐ 10% 10

‐ 20% 20

‐ 30% 30

‐ 40% 40

‐ 50% 50

‐ 60% More

Frequency 0131111 0 0.5

1 1.5

2 2.5

3 3.5Frequency 

### Minority / Hispanic Demographic Histogram

2.5

3 3.5 

### Linguistically Isolated Demographic Histogram

The national average = 6% 0

‐ 2% 2

‐ 4% 4

‐ 6% 6

‐ 8% 8

‐ 10% 10

‐ 12% More

Frequency 3310010 0 0.5

1 1.5

2FrequencyThe national average = 7% 0

‐ 2% 2

‐ 4% 4

‐ 6% 6

‐ 8% 8

‐ 10% 10

‐ 12% More

Frequency 0024020 0 0.5

1 1.5

2 2.5

3 3.5

4 4.5Frequency 

### Age 0

‐ 4 Demographic Histogram

3.5

4 4.5 

### Age 65+ Demographic Histogram

The national average = 13% 0

‐ 4% 4

‐ 8% 8

‐ 12% 12

‐ 16% 16

‐ 20% 20

‐ 24% More

Frequency 0211400 0 0.5

1 1.5

2 2.5

3FrequencyThe national average = 15% 0

‐ 4% 4

‐ 8% 8

‐ 12% 12

‐ 16% 16

‐ 20% 20

‐ 24% More

Frequency 0113201 0 0.5

1 1.5

2 2.5

3 3.5Frequency 

### No High School Diploma Demographic Histogram

3 3.5 

### Low Income Demographic Histogram

The national average = 32% 0

‐ 10% 10

‐ 20% 20

‐ 30% 30

‐ 40% 40

‐ 50% 50

‐ 60% More

Frequency 0032210 0 0.5

1 1.5

2 2.5FrequencyThe national average = 1% 0

‐ 0.2% .2

‐ 0.6% .6

‐ 1% 1

‐ 1.4% 1.4

‐ 1.8% 1.8

‐ 2.2% More

Frequency 1321001 0 0.5

1 1.5

2 2.5

3 3.5Frequency 

### Native American Demographic Histogram