UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

Civil Action No. 19-2025 (TJK) 

MALIBU MEDIA, LLC, 

Plaintiff,

v. 

JOHN DOE subscriber assigned IP address 

216.15.8.6, 

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER 

Before the Court is Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to Serve a Third Party Subpoena Prior to 

a Rule 26(f) Conference. ECF No. 4. For all the below reasons, the Motion will be granted. 

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 

Plaintiff Malibu Media, LLC, owns the rights to certain adult entertainment films. ECF 

No. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶ 3. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant, currently identified as John Doe 

subscriber assigned internet protocol (“IP”) address 216.15.8.6, has been downloading and 

distributing these films using the BitTorrent file distribution network, a peer-to-peer file sharing 

system, in violation of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq. Compl. ¶¶ 11–26, 33. 

Plaintiff further alleges that it used geolocation technology to trace the IP address used by 

Defendant to a physical address in the District of Columbia. Id. ¶ 5. Plaintiff has moved for 

leave to serve a third-party subpoena on Defendant’s internet service provider (“ISP”)—RCN 

Corporation—to learn Defendant’s “true name and address,” which would, among other things, 

allow Plaintiff to serve process on Defendant. ECF No. 4-1 (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 3–4. Plaintiff 

asserts that it will only use Defendant’s name and address to prosecute the claims in its 

Complaint. Id. 
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II. LEGAL STANDARD 

A party ordinarily “may not seek discovery from any source” before a Rule 26(f) 

conference unless “authorized . . . by court order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d)(1). “To determine 

whether to authorize discovery prior to a Rule 26(f) conference in a particular case, this district 

has applied a ‘good cause’ standard.” Malibu Media, LLC v. Doe, 64 F. Supp. 3d 47, 49 (D.D.C. 

2014) (collecting cases). “Good cause to take discovery prior to the Rule 26(f) conference exists 

where the discovery is necessary ‘before th[e] suit can progress further.’” Malibu Media, LLC v. 

Doe, No. 15-986 (RDM), 2015 WL 5173890, at *1 (D.D.C. Sept. 2, 2015) (alteration in original) 

(quoting Arista Records, LLC v. Does 1–19, 551 F. Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2008)). 

A plaintiff also “must ‘have at least a good faith belief that such discovery will enable it 

to show that the court has personal jurisdiction over the defendants.’” AF Holdings, LLC v. Does 

1–1058, 752 F.3d 990, 995 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Caribbean Broadcasting System, Ltd. v. 

Cable & Wireless PLC, 148 F.3d 1080, 1090 (D.C. Cir. 1998)). “The Copyright Act does not 

provide for the exercise of personal jurisdiction over alleged infringers on any basis.” Malibu 

Media, LLC v. Doe, 177 F. Supp. 3d 554, 556 (D.D.C. 2016) (citing Exquisite Multimedia, Inc. v. 

Does 1–336, No. 11-1976 (RWR/JMF), 2012 WL 177885, at *2 (D.D.C. Jan. 19, 2012)). For 

that reason, a plaintiff “must predicate this Court’s jurisdiction over the infringers on the reach of 

District of Columbia law.” Id. Under the District of Columbia’s long-arm statute, “the only 

conceivable way that personal jurisdiction might properly be exercised” is if the defendant is a 

“resident[] of the District of Columbia or at least downloaded the copyrighted work in the 

District.” AF Holdings, LLC, 752 F.3d at 996 (citing D.C. Code § 13–423(a)(3), (4)). 
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III. ANALYSIS 

Plaintiff has satisfied the good cause standard to serve discovery prior to a Rule 26(f) 

conference. To begin with, “this suit cannot move forward without Plaintiff first being able to 

identify Defendant so that service can be effected.” Malibu Media, LLC v. Doe, No. 16-639 

(RC/AK), 2016 WL 1698263, at *2 (D.D.C. Apr. 27, 2016). According to a declaration 

provided by Plaintiff, Defendant’s ISP is the only entity that can identify Defendant by 

correlating the IP address linked to the alleged infringement with its subscriber. Pl.’s Mem., 

Ex. B ¶ 27. 

Plaintiff has also established a good-faith belief that this Court has personal jurisdiction 

over Defendant. Plaintiff used geolocation technology to trace Defendant’s IP address to a 

physical location within the District of Columbia. Pl’s. Mem. at 6. The D.C. Circuit “has 

suggested that reliance on ‘geolocation services’ of this sort is sufficient to justify a ‘good faith 

belief’ that a district court has personal jurisdiction over unknown defendants.” Malibu Media, 

2015 WL 5173890, at *2 (quoting A.F. Holdings, 752 F.3d at 996); see also Malibu Media, 2016 

WL 1698263, at *2 (“Using a geolocation service that estimates that location of Internet users 

based on their IP addresses is sufficient to demonstrate a good faith belief that the court has 

personal jurisdiction over the defendant.”); Nu Image, Inc. v. Does 1–23, 322, 799 F. Supp. 2d 

34, 41 (D.D.C. 2011) (“Plaintiff has a good faith basis to believe a putative defendant may be a 

District of Columbia resident if a geolocation service places his/her IP address within the District 

of Columbia.”) (emphasis in original). Thus, in its “broad discretion to . . . dictate the sequence 

of discovery,” Watts v. SEC, 482 F.3d 501, 507 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Crawford El v. Britton, 

523 U.S. 574, 598 (1998)), the Court authorizes Plaintiff to serve limited discovery on 

Defendant’s ISP. 
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IV. PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS 

In similar cases involving adult content, courts have found it appropriate to establish 

certain procedural safeguards to protect the privacy interests of the subscriber assigned to the IP 

address at issue. See, e.g., Malibu Media, LLC v. Doe, 308 F. Supp. 3d 235, 238–39 (D.D.C. 

2018); Strike 3 Holdings, LLC v. Doe, No. 17-2347 (TJK), 2018 WL 385418, at *2–3 (D.D.C. 

Jan. 11, 2018). “The fact that a copyrighted work was illegally downloaded from a certain IP 

address does not necessarily mean that the owner of that IP address was the infringer.” Media 

Prods., Inc. v. Does 1–26, No. 12-3719 (HB), 2012 WL 2190613, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. June 12, 

2012). “Indeed, the true infringer could just as easily be a third party who had access to the 

internet connection, such as a son or daughter, houseguest, neighbor, or customer of a business 

offering an internet connection,” and “[t]here is a real risk that defendants might be falsely 

identified and forced to defend themselves against unwarranted allegations.” Id. There is also a 

risk that “the innocent defendant may be coerced into an unjust settlement with the plaintiff to 

prevent the dissemination of publicity surrounding unfounded allegations.” Id. In these 

circumstances, “there is no reason to conclude that adequate protections exist to safeguard the 

individuals or entities subscribing to the implicated IP address[] against the danger of 

‘annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense.’” In re Malibu Media 

Adult Film Copyright Infringement Cases, Nos. 15-1855 (SJF) (SIL) et al., 2015 WL 3605834, at 

*4 (E.D.N.Y. June 8, 2015) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)). 

In light of these considerations, the Court finds that additional procedural safeguards are 

warranted here. 
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V. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 

For all the above reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to Serve a Third Party Subpoena 

Prior to a Rule 26(f) Conference, ECF No. 4, is GRANTED. Plaintiff shall be allowed to pursue 

early discovery by serving a subpoena on the identified ISP that seeks information sufficient to 

identify John Doe subscriber assigned IP address 216.15.8.6 subject to the following conditions: 

1. If and when the ISP is served with a subpoena, Plaintiff shall provide the ISP with 

a copy of this Memorandum Opinion and Order with its subpoena. 

2. The ISP shall give written notice, which may include e-mail notice, and shall 

include a copy of the subpoena and this Memorandum Opinion and Order, to the 

subscriber in question at least twenty-one (21) days before releasing the 

subscriber’s identifying information to Plaintiff. 

3. Any motion to quash the subpoena shall be filed before the return date of the 

subpoena, which shall be no earlier than forty-five (45) days from the date of 

service. 

4. The ISP shall preserve any subpoenaed information pending the resolution of any 

timely-filed motion to quash. 

5. Any information disclosed to Plaintiff in response to the subpoena may be used 

by Plaintiff solely for the purpose of protecting Plaintiff’s rights as set forth in the 

Complaint. 

6. If Defendant, once identified, wishes to proceed anonymously in this litigation, he 

shall make that request through a motion for a protective order. See Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 26(c). Any such motion shall be filed within thirty (30) days from the date 

Defendant receives written notice of the subpoena from the ISP. 
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7. To preserve Defendant’s ability to seek a protective order, Plaintiff shall refrain 

from identifying Defendant on the public docket or from otherwise disclosing 

Defendant’s identity for a period of thirty (30) days after receiving any identifying 

information from the ISP. 

8. On or before August 21, 2019, Plaintiff shall file a status report with the Court 

briefly outlining its progress, including by providing an expected completion date 

of the discovery authorized. 

SO ORDERED. 

/s/ Timothy J. Kelly 

TIMOTHY J. KELLY 

United States District Judge 

Date: July 18, 2019