### UNITED STATES ENVIRONMEN TAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

1 OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND

TOXIC SUBSTANCES



### PC Code No.: 128807

DP Barcode: 357895, 357900

MEMORANDUM Date: May 11, 2009

Subject: Section 3 new use registration for gamma-Cyhalothrin in the product COBALT TM



### on wheat in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana,

Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mi ssouri, North Carolina, Ohio, South

Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and Wisconsin.

. To: Venus Eagle, (703-308-8045)

Akiva Abramovitch, RM Reviewer

Registration Division (7505P)

From: Joseph DeCant, Ecologist

Environmental Risk Branch V

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

Through: Mah Shamim, Ph.D., Chief

Environmental Risk Branch V

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

The previously submitted assessment for the use of gamma-cyhalothrin DP Barcodes D289801,

289799, 289797, 289794, 289798, and 288057, can be used in place of a new assessment for the

currently proposed uses on wheat in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois

Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisi ana, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina,

Tennessee, Virginia, and Wiscons in. With a maximum seasonal use rate of 0.0176 lbs ai/A, the

currently proposed maximum use rate is less th an the seasonal maximum use rate of 0.03 lbs

ai/A on wheat already registered for gamma-cyhalothrin in the Prol ex formulation for the entire

United States. These use rates are covered in the previous assessments and risks should be

similar. A listing is attached of endangered specie s that may potentially be affected by direct or

indirect effects.

### − 2

− 

# Species Occurrence in Select ed States and Selected Taxa

No species were excluded

All Medium Types Reported



### Mammal, Marine mml, Bird, Amphibian, Reptil e, Fish, Crustacean, Bivalve, Gastropod,

Arachnid, Insect, Dicot, Monocot

Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri,

North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Wisconsin



### Alabama ( 88) species: CH



### Amphibian

Salamander, Flatwoods Ambystoma cingulatum T Terrestrial, Freshwater, No

Vernal pool

Salamander, Red Hills Phaeognathus hubrichti T Terrestrial, Freshwater No



### Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana E Terrestrial No

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Combshell, Southern (=Penitent Epioblasma penita E Freshwater No

mussel)

Combshell, Upland Epioblasma metastriata E Freshwater Yes

Kidneyshell, Triangular Ptychobranchus greenii E Freshwater Yes

Mucket, Orangenacre Lampsilis perovalis T Freshwater Yes

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater No

Mussel, Acornshell Southern Epioblasma othcaloogensis E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell Medionidus acutissimus T Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell Medionidus parvulus E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell Epioblasma brevidens E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Dark Pigtoe Pleurobema furvum E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook Lampsilis altilis T Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe Fusconaia cuneolus E Freshwater No

Mussel, Flat Pigtoe (=Marshall's Pleurobema marshalli E Freshwater No

Mussel)

Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge Pleurobema taitianum E Freshwater No

Tait's Mussel)

Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated Potamilus inflatus T Freshwater No

Mussel, Ovate Clubshell Pleurobema perovatum E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Obovaria retusa E Freshwater No

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum E Freshwater No

Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe Fusconaia cor E Freshwater No

Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook Lampsilis subangulata E Freshwater No

Mussel, Southern Clubshell Pleurobema decisum E Freshwater Yes

### − 3

− Mussel, Southern Pigtoe Pleurobema georgianum E Freshwater Yes

Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp Lampsilis virescens E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Cracking Hemistena lata E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Quadrula intermedia E Freshwater No

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Orange-footed Plethobasus cooperianus E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput Toxolasma cylindrellus E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom Epioblasma turgidula E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus E Freshwater No

Stirrupshell Quadrula stapes E Freshwater No



### Crustacean

Shrimp, Alabama Cave Palaemonias alabamae E Freshwater No



### Dicot

Amphianthus, Little Amphianthus pusillus T Freshwater No

Barbara Buttons, Mohr's Marshallia mohrii T Terrestrial No

Bladderpod, Lyrate Lesquerella lyrata T Terrestrial No

Clover, Leafy Prairie Dalea foliosa E Terrestrial No

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Freshwater No

Leather-flower, Alabama Clematis socialis E Terrestrial No

Leather-flower, Morefield's Clematis morefieldii E Terrestrial No

Pitcher-plant, Alabama Canebrake Sarracenia rubra alabamensis E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Pitcher-plant, Green Sarracenia oreophila E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Potato-bean, Price's Apios priceana T Terrestrial No



### Fish

Cavefish, Alabama Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni E Freshwater Yes

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus T Freshwater Yes

Darter, Boulder Etheostoma wapiti E Freshwater No

Darter, Goldline Percina aurolineata T Freshwater No

Darter, Slackwater Etheostoma boschungi T Freshwater Yes

Darter, Snail Percina tanasi T Freshwater No

Darter, Vermilion Etheostoma chermocki E Freshwater No

Darter, Watercress Etheostoma nuchale E Freshwater No

Madtom, Yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis T Freshwater Yes

Sculpin, Pygmy Cottus paulus (=pygmaeus) T Freshwater No

Shiner, Blue Cyprinella caerulea T Freshwater No

Shiner, Cahaba Notropis cahabae E Freshwater No

Shiner, Palezone Notropis albizonatus E Freshwater No

Sturgeon, Alabama Scaphirhynchus suttkusi E Freshwater No

Sturgeon, Gulf Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi T Freshwater, Saltwater Yes



### Gastropod

Campeloma, Slender Campeloma decampi E Freshwater No

### − 4

− Elimia, Lacy Elimia crenatella T Freshwater No

Pebblesnail, Flat Lepyrium showalteri E Freshwater No

Riversnail, Anthony's Athearnia anthonyi E Freshwater No

Rocksnail, Painted Leptoxis taeniata T Freshwater No

Rocksnail, Plicate Leptoxis plicata E Freshwater No

Rocksnail, Round Leptoxis ampla T Freshwater No

Snail, Armored Pyrgulopsis (=Ma rstonia) pachyta E Freshwater No

Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical Lioplax cyclostomaformis E Freshwater No

Snail, Tulotoma Tulotoma magnifica E Terrestrial No



### Mammal

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E Terrestrial, No

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous

Mouse, Alabama Beach Peromyscus polionotus E Terrestrial, Coastal Yes

Mouse, Perdido Key Beach Peromyscus polionotus E Coastal Yes



### Marine mml

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus E Saltwater No

Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae E Saltwater No



### Monocot

Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed Xyris tennesseensis E Terrestrial No

Trillium, Relict Trillium reliquum E Terrestrial No

Water-plantain, Kral's Sagittaria secundifolia T Freshwater No



### Reptile

Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii E Saltwater, Coastal No

Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta T Saltwater, Coastal No

Snake, Eastern Indigo Drymarchon corais couperi T Terrestrial Yes

Tortoise, Gopher Gopherus polyphemus T Terrestrial No

Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied Pseudemys alabamensis E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Turtle, Flattened Musk Sternotherus depressus T Terrestrial, Freshwater No



### Arkansas ( 22) species: CH



### Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial No

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Fatmucket, Arkansas Lampsilis powelli T Freshwater No

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater No

Mussel, Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon E Freshwater No

Mussel, Speckled Pocketbook Lampsilis streckeri E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater No

### − 5

− Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita Arkansia wheeleri E Freshwater No

(=Wheeler's pm)



### Crustacean

Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus Cambarus aculabrum E Freshwater No

Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus Cambarus zophonastes E Freshwater No

zophonastes)



### Dicot

Bladderpod, Missouri Lesquerella filiformis T Terrestrial No

Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) Geocarpon minimum T Terrestrial No

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Freshwater No

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Terrestrial No



### Fish

Cavefish, Ozark Amblyopsis rosae T Freshwater No

Darter, Leopard Percina pantherina T Freshwater Yes

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater No



### Gastropod

Shagreen, Magazine Mountain Mesodon magazinensis T Terrestrial No



### Insect

Beetle, American Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial No



### Mammal

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E Terrestrial, No

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous

Bat, Ozark Big-eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) E Terrestrial, No

townsendii ingens Subterraneous



### Georgia ( 63) species: CH



### Amphibian

Salamander, Flatwoods Ambystoma cingulatum T Terrestrial, Freshwater, No

Vernal pool



### Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana E Terrestrial No

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii E Terrestrial No

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Bankclimber, Purple Elliptoideus sloatianus T Freshwater No

Combshell, Upland Epioblasma metastriata E Freshwater Yes

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater No

Kidneyshell, Triangular Ptychobranchus greenii E Freshwater Yes

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater No

Mussel, Acornshell Southern Epioblasma othcaloogensis E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell Medionidus acutissimus T Freshwater Yes

### − 6

− Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell Medionidus parvulus E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Fat Threeridge Amblema neislerii E Freshwater No

Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook Lampsilis altilis T Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell Medionidus penicillatus E Freshwater No

Mussel, Oval Pigtoe Pleurobema pyriforme E Freshwater No

Mussel, Ovate Clubshell Pleurobema perovatum E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook Lampsilis subangulata E Freshwater No

Mussel, Southern Clubshell Pleurobema decisum E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Southern Pigtoe Pleurobema georgianum E Freshwater Yes



### Dicot

Amphianthus, Little Amphianthus pusillus T Freshwater No

Barbara Buttons, Mohr's Marshallia mohrii T Terrestrial No

Campion, Fringed Silene polypetala E Terrestrial No

Dropwort, Canby's Oxypolis canbyi E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Freshwater No

Pitcher-plant, Green Sarracenia oreophila E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Terrestrial No

Rattleweed, Hairy Baptisia arachnifera E Terrestrial No

Skullcap, Large-flowered Scutellaria montana T Terrestrial No

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Terrestrial No

Sumac, Michaux's Rhus michauxii E Terrestrial No



### Fish

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus T Freshwater Yes

Darter, Amber Percina antesella E Freshwater Yes

Darter, Cherokee Etheostoma scotti T Freshwater No

Darter, Etowah Etheostoma etowahae E Freshwater No

Darter, Goldline Percina aurolineata T Freshwater No

Darter, Snail Percina tanasi T Freshwater No

Logperch, Conasauga Percina jenkinsi E Freshwater Yes

Madtom, Yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis T Freshwater Yes

Shiner, Blue Cyprinella caerulea T Freshwater No

Sturgeon, Gulf Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi T Freshwater, Saltwater Yes

Sturgeon, Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E Freshwater, Saltwater No



### Insect

Beetle, American Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial No



### Mammal

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E Terrestrial, No

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous

Bat, Virginia Big-eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) E Terrestrial, Yes

townsendii virginianus Subterraneous

### − 7

− Marine mml

Manatee, West Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater Yes

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus E Saltwater No

Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae E Saltwater No

Whale, North Atlantic right Eubalaena glacialis (incl. E Saltwater Yes



### Monocot

Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed Xyris tennesseensis E Terrestrial No

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata T Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Terrestrial No

Trillium, Persistent Trillium persistens E Terrestrial No

Trillium, Relict Trillium reliquum E Terrestrial No

Water-plantain, Kral's Sagittaria secundifolia T Freshwater No



### Reptile

Sea turtle, green Chelonia mydas E Saltwater Yes

Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii E Saltwater, Coastal No

Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta T Saltwater, Coastal No

Snake, Eastern Indigo Drymarchon corais couperi T Terrestrial Yes



### Illinois ( 25) species: CH



### Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater No

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater No

Mussel, Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Orange-footed Plethobasus cooperianus E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus E Freshwater No



### Crustacean

Amphipod, Illinois Cave Gammarus acherondytes E Freshwater, No

Subterraneous



### Dicot

Aster, Decurrent False Boltonia decurrens T Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Clover, Leafy Prairie Dalea foliosa E Terrestrial No

Clover, Prairie Bush Lespedeza leptostachya T Terrestrial No

Daisy, Lakeside Hymenoxys herbacea T Freshwater No

Milkweed, Mead's Asclepias meadii T Terrestrial No

Potato-bean, Price's Apios priceana T Terrestrial No

### − 8

− Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri T Terrestrial No



### Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater No



### Gastropod

Snail, Iowa Pleistocene Discus macclintocki E Terrestrial No



### Insect

Butterfly, Karner Blue Lycaeides melissa samuelis E Terrestrial No

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald Somatochlora hineana E Terrestrial, Freshwater Yes



### Mammal

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E Terrestrial, No

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous



### Monocot

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Terrestrial No

Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Terrestrial No



### Indiana ( 23) species: CH



### Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater No

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater No

Mussel, Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater No

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Obovaria retusa E Freshwater No

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Orange-footed Plethobasus cooperianus E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Tubercled-blossom Epioblasma torulosa torulosa E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus E Freshwater No

Riffleshell, Northern Epioblasma torulosa rangiana E Freshwater No



### Dicot

Clover, Running Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum E Terrestrial No

Goldenrod, Short's Solidago shortii E Terrestrial No

Milkweed, Mead's Asclepias meadii T Terrestrial No

Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri T Terrestrial No



### Insect

Butterfly, Karner Blue Lycaeides melissa samuelis E Terrestrial No

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii E Terrestrial, Perm. No

wetland



### Mammal

### − 9

− Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E Terrestrial, No

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous



### Monocot

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Terrestrial No



### Reptile

Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta T Terrestrial, Freshwater No



### Iowa ( 13) species: CH



### Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii E Freshwater No



### Dicot

Clover, Prairie Bush Lespedeza leptostachya T Terrestrial No

Milkweed, Mead's Asclepias meadii T Terrestrial No

Monkshood, Northern Wild Aconitum noveboracense T Terrestrial No



### Fish

Shiner, Topeka Notropis topeka (=tristis) E Freshwater Yes

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater No



### Gastropod

Snail, Iowa Pleistocene Discus macclintocki E Terrestrial No



### Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous



### Monocot

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Terrestrial No

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara T Terrestrial No



### Kentucky ( 49) species: CH



### Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial No

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii E Terrestrial No

Warbler, Bachman's Vermivora bachmanii E Terrestrial No

Woodpecker, Ivory-billed Campephilus principalis E Terrestrial No

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater No

### − 10

− Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater No

Mussel, Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater No

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell Epioblasma brevidens E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe Alasmidonta atropurpurea E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Oyster Epioblasma capsaeformis E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Obovaria retusa E Freshwater No

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum E Freshwater No

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Appalachian Quadrula sparsa E Freshwater No

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Cracking Hemistena lata E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean Villosa trabalis E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Dromedary Dromus dromas E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Little-wing Pegias fabula E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Orange-footed Plethobasus cooperianus E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata obliquata E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Tubercled-blossom Epioblasma torulosa torulosa E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom Epioblasma florentina florentina E Freshwater No

Riffleshell, Northern Epioblasma torulosa rangiana E Freshwater No

Riffleshell, Tan Epioblasma florentina walkeri E Freshwater No

(=E. walkeri)



### Crustacean

Shrimp, Kentucky Cave Palaemonias ganteri E Freshwater Yes



### Dicot

Chaffseed, American Schwalbea americana E Terrestrial No

Clover, Running Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum E Terrestrial No

Goldenrod, Short's Solidago shortii E Terrestrial No

Goldenrod, White-haired Solidago albopilosa T Terrestrial No

Potato-bean, Price's Apios priceana T Terrestrial No

Rock-cress, Braun's Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. E Terrestrial Yes

ampla Rollins

Rock-cress, Small Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. E Terrestrial Yes

perstellata Fernald

Rosemary, Cumberland Conradina verticillata T Terrestrial No

Sandwort, Cumberland Arenaria cumberlandensis E Terrestrial No

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Terrestrial No



### Fish

Dace, Blackside Phoxinus cumberlandensis T Freshwater No

Darter, Bluemask (=jewel) Etheostoma sp. E Freshwater No

Darter, Relict Etheostoma chienense E Freshwater No

### − 11

− Shiner, Palezone Notropis albizonatus E Freshwater No

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater No



### Insect

Beetle, American Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial No



### Mammal

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E Terrestrial, No

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous

Bat, Virginia Big-eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) E Terrestrial, Yes

townsendii virginianus Subterraneous

Wolf, Red Canis rufus E Terrestrial No



### Louisiana ( 24) species: CH



### Bird

Pelican, Brown Pelecanus occidentalis E Terrestrial No

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Tern, California Least Sterna antillarum browni E Terrestrial No

Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial No

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater No

Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated Potamilus inflatus T Freshwater No

Pearlshell, Louisiana Margaritifera hembeli T Freshwater No



### Dicot

Chaffseed, American Schwalbea americana E Terrestrial No

Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) Geocarpon minimum T Terrestrial No



### Fish

Sturgeon, Gulf Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi T Freshwater, Saltwater Yes

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater No



### Mammal

Bear, Louisiana Black Ursus americanus luteolus T Terrestrial No

Jaguar Panthera onca E Terrestrial No



### Marine mml

Manatee, West Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater Yes

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus E Saltwater No

Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae E Saltwater No



### Reptile

Sea turtle, green Chelonia mydas E Saltwater Yes

Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii E Saltwater, Coastal No

Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta T Saltwater, Coastal No

### − 12

− Tortoise, Gopher Gopherus polyphemus T Terrestrial No

Turtle, Ringed Sawback Graptemys oculifera T Terrestrial, Freshwater No



### Michigan ( 18) species: CH



### Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Mussel, Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater No

Riffleshell, Northern Epioblasma torulosa rangiana E Freshwater No



### Dicot

Daisy, Lakeside Hymenoxys herbacea T Freshwater No

Goldenrod, Houghton's Solidago houghtonii T Terrestrial No

Monkey-flower, Michigan Mimulus glabratus var. E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

michiganensis

Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri T Terrestrial No



### Insect

Beetle, Hungerford's Crawling Brychius hungerfordi E Freshwater No

Butterfly, Karner Blue Lycaeides melissa samuelis E Terrestrial No

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii E Terrestrial, Perm. No

wetland

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald Somatochlora hineana E Terrestrial, Freshwater Yes



### Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial No



### Monocot

Iris, Dwarf Lake Iris lacustris T Terrestrial No

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Terrestrial No

Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Terrestrial No



### Reptile

Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta T Terrestrial, Freshwater No



### Missouri ( 29) species: CH



### Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater No

Mussel, Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon E Freshwater No

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Curtis' Epioblasma florentina curtisii E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Potamilus capax E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii E Freshwater No

### − 13

− Crustacean

Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus Cambarus aculabrum E Freshwater No



### Dicot

Aster, Decurrent False Boltonia decurrens T Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Bladderpod, Missouri Lesquerella filiformis T Terrestrial No

Clover, Running Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum E Terrestrial No

Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) Geocarpon minimum T Terrestrial No

Milkweed, Mead's Asclepias meadii T Terrestrial No

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Terrestrial No

Sneezeweed, Virginia Helenium virginicum T Vernal pool No



### Fish

Cavefish, Ozark Amblyopsis rosae T Freshwater No

Chub, Humpback Gila cypha E Freshwater Yes

Darter, Niangua Etheostoma nianguae T Freshwater Yes

Madtom, Neosho Noturus placidus T Freshwater No

Shiner, Topeka Notropis topeka (=tristis) E Freshwater Yes

Sturgeon, Gulf Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi T Freshwater, Saltwater Yes

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater No



### Gastropod

Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek Antrobia culveri E Freshwater, No

Subterraneous



### Insect

Beetle, American Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial No

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald Somatochlora hineana E Terrestrial, Freshwater Yes



### Mammal

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E Terrestrial, No

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous



### Monocot

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Platanthera praeclara T Terrestrial No



### North Carolina ( 59) species: CH



### Arachnid

Spider, Spruce-fir Moss Microhexura montivaga E Terrestrial Yes



### Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana E Terrestrial No

Tern, Roseate Sterna dougallii dougallii E Terrestrial No

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Elktoe, Appalachian Alasmidonta raveneliana E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater No

### − 14

− Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina Lasmigona decorata E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Oyster Epioblasma capsaeformis E Freshwater Yes

Pearlymussel, Little-wing Pegias fabula E Freshwater No

Purple Bean Villosa perpurpurea E Freshwater Yes

Spinymussel, James River Pleurobema collina E Freshwater No

Spinymussel, Tar River Elliptio steinstansana E Freshwater No



### Dicot

Amaranth, Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus T Coastal No

Avens, Spreading Geum radiatum E Terrestrial No

Bittercress, Small-anthered Cardamine micranthera E Terrestrial No

Blazing Star, Heller's Liatris helleri T Terrestrial No

Bluet, Roan Mountain Hedyotis purpurea var. montana E Terrestrial No

Chaffseed, American Schwalbea americana E Terrestrial No

Coneflower, Smooth Echinacea laevigata E Terrestrial No

Dropwort, Canby's Oxypolis canbyi E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge Solidago spithamaea T Terrestrial No

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Freshwater No

Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered Hexastylis naniflora T Terrestrial No

Heather, Mountain Golden Hudsonia montana T Terrestrial Yes

Joint-vetch, Sensitive Aeschynomene virginica T Terrestrial, Brackish No

Loosestrife, Rough-leaved Lysimachia asperulaefolia E Terrestrial No

Meadowrue, Cooley's Thalictrum cooleyi E Terrestrial No

Pitcher-plant, Green Sarracenia oreophila E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Terrestrial No

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Terrestrial No

Sumac, Michaux's Rhus michauxii E Terrestrial No

Sunflower, Schweinitz's Helianthus schweinitzii E Terrestrial No



### Fish

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus T Freshwater Yes

Shiner, Cape Fear Notropis mekistocholas E Freshwater Yes

Silverside, Waccamaw Menidia extensa T Freshwater Yes

Sturgeon, Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E Freshwater, Saltwater No 

### Gastropod

Snail, Noonday Mesodon clarki nantahala T Terrestrial No



### Insect

Butterfly, Saint Francis' Satyr Neonympha mitchellii francisci E Terrestrial No



### Mammal

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E Terrestrial, No

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous

### − 15

− Bat, Virginia Big-eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) E Terrestrial, Yes

townsendii virginianus Subterraneous

Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus E Terrestrial No

Wolf, Red Canis rufus E Terrestrial No



### Marine mml

Manatee, West Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater Yes

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus E Saltwater No

Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae E Saltwater No

Whale, North Atlantic right Eubalaena glacialis (incl. E Saltwater Yes



### Monocot

Arrowhead, Bunched Sagittaria fasciculata E Freshwater No

Irisette, White Sisyrinchium dichotomum E Terrestrial No

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata T Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Terrestrial No

Sedge, Golden Carex lutea E Terrestrial No



### Reptile

Sea turtle, green Chelonia mydas E Saltwater Yes

Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii E Saltwater, Coastal No

Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta T Saltwater, Coastal No



### Ohio ( 22) species: CH



### Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes



### Bivalve

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater No

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater No

Mussel, Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata obliquata E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua E Freshwater No

Riffleshell, Northern Epioblasma torulosa rangiana E Freshwater No



### Dicot

Clover, Running Buffalo Trifolium stoloniferum E Terrestrial No

Daisy, Lakeside Hymenoxys herbacea T Freshwater No

Monkshood, Northern Wild Aconitum noveboracense T Terrestrial No

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Terrestrial No



### Fish

Madtom, Scioto Noturus trautmani E Freshwater No



### Insect

Beetle, American Burying Nicrophorus americanus E Terrestrial No

Butterfly, Karner Blue Lycaeides melissa samuelis E Terrestrial No

### − 16

− Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii E Terrestrial, Perm. No

wetland

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald Somatochlora hineana E Terrestrial, Freshwater Yes



### Mammal

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E Terrestrial, No

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous



### Monocot

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Terrestrial No

Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Terrestrial No



### Reptile

Snake, Lake Erie Water Nerodia sipedon insularum T Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta T Terrestrial, Freshwater No



### South Carolina ( 37) species: CH



### Amphibian

Salamander, Flatwoods Ambystoma cingulatum T Terrestrial, Freshwater, No

Vernal pool



### Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana E Terrestrial No

Warbler, Bachman's Vermivora bachmanii E Terrestrial No

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina Lasmigona decorata E Freshwater Yes



### Dicot

Amaranth, Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus T Coastal No

Amphianthus, Little Amphianthus pusillus T Freshwater No

Chaffseed, American Schwalbea americana E Terrestrial No

Coneflower, Smooth Echinacea laevigata E Terrestrial No

Dropwort, Canby's Oxypolis canbyi E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Gooseberry, Miccosukee Ribes echinellum T Terrestrial No

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Freshwater No

Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered Hexastylis naniflora T Terrestrial No

Loosestrife, Rough-leaved Lysimachia asperulaefolia E Terrestrial No

Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Pondberry Lindera melissifolia E Terrestrial No

Sunflower, Schweinitz's Helianthus schweinitzii E Terrestrial No



### Fish

Sturgeon, Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E Freshwater, Saltwater No



### Mammal

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous

### − 17

− Wolf, Red Canis rufus E Terrestrial No



### Marine mml

Manatee, West Indian Trichechus manatus E Saltwater Yes

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus E Saltwater No

Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae E Saltwater No

Whale, North Atlantic right Eubalaena glacialis (incl. E Saltwater Yes



### Monocot

Arrowhead, Bunched Sagittaria fasciculata E Freshwater No

Irisette, White Sisyrinchium dichotomum E Terrestrial No

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata T Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Terrestrial No

Trillium, Persistent Trillium persistens E Terrestrial No

Trillium, Relict Trillium reliquum E Terrestrial No



### Reptile

Sea turtle, green Chelonia mydas E Saltwater Yes

Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii E Saltwater, Coastal No

Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta T Saltwater, Coastal No

Snake, Eastern Indigo Drymarchon corais couperi T Terrestrial Yes



### Tennessee ( 85) species: CH



### Arachnid

Spider, Spruce-fir Moss Microhexura montivaga E Terrestrial Yes



### Bird

Stork, Wood Mycteria americana E Terrestrial No

Tern, Interior (population) Least Sterna antillarum E Terrestrial No

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Combshell, Upland Epioblasma metastriata E Freshwater Yes

Elktoe, Appalachian Alasmidonta raveneliana E Freshwater Yes

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater No

Kidneyshell, Triangular Ptychobranchus greenii E Freshwater Yes

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater No

Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell Medionidus acutissimus T Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Clubshell Pleurobema clava E Freshwater No

Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell Medionidus parvulus E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell Epioblasma brevidens E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe Alasmidonta atropurpurea E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Cumberland Pigtoe Pleurobema gibberum E Freshwater No

Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook Lampsilis altilis T Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe Fusconaia cuneolus E Freshwater No

### − 18

− Mussel, Ovate Clubshell Pleurobema perovatum E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Oyster Epioblasma capsaeformis E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick Obovaria retusa E Freshwater No

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum E Freshwater No

Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe Fusconaia cor E Freshwater No

Mussel, Southern Pigtoe Pleurobema georgianum E Freshwater Yes

Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp Lampsilis virescens E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Appalachian Quadrula sparsa E Freshwater No

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Birdwing Conradilla caelata E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Cracking Hemistena lata E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean Villosa trabalis E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Quadrula intermedia E Freshwater No

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Dromedary Dromus dromas E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Green-blossom Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Little-wing Pegias fabula E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Orange-footed Plethobasus cooperianus E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput Toxolasma cylindrellus E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw Epioblasma obliquata obliquata E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Tubercled-blossom Epioblasma torulosa torulosa E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom Epioblasma turgidula E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback Plethobasus cicatricosus E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom Epioblasma florentina florentina E Freshwater No

Purple Bean Villosa perpurpurea E Freshwater Yes

Rabbitsfoot, Rough Quadrula cylindrica strigillata E Freshwater Yes

Riffleshell, Tan Epioblasma florentina walkeri E Freshwater No

(=E. walkeri)



### Crustacean

Crayfish, Nashville Orconectes shoupi E Freshwater No



### Dicot

Aster, Ruth's Golden Pityopsis ruthii E Terrestrial No

Avens, Spreading Geum radiatum E Terrestrial No

Bladderpod, Spring Creek Lesquerella perforata E Floodplain No

Bluet, Roan Mountain Hedyotis purpurea var. montana E Terrestrial No

Chaffseed, American Schwalbea americana E Terrestrial No

Clover, Leafy Prairie Dalea foliosa E Terrestrial No

Coneflower, Tennessee Purple Echinacea tennesseensis E Terrestrial No

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge Solidago spithamaea T Terrestrial No

Ground-plum, Guthrie's Astragalus bibullatus E Terrestrial No

Pitcher-plant, Green Sarracenia oreophila E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Potato-bean, Price's Apios priceana T Terrestrial No

### − 19

− Rock-cress, Braun's Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. E Terrestrial Yes

ampla Rollins

Rock-cress, Small Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. E Terrestrial Yes

perstellata Fernald

Rosemary, Cumberland Conradina verticillata T Terrestrial No

Sandwort, Cumberland Arenaria cumberlandensis E Terrestrial No

Skullcap, Large-flowered Scutellaria montana T Terrestrial No

Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Terrestrial No



### Fish

Chub, Slender Erimystax cahni T Freshwater Yes

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus T Freshwater Yes

Dace, Blackside Phoxinus cumberlandensis T Freshwater No

Darter, Amber Percina antesella E Freshwater Yes

Darter, Bluemask (=jewel) Etheostoma sp. E Freshwater No

Darter, Boulder Etheostoma wapiti E Freshwater No

Darter, Duskytail Etheostoma percnurum E Freshwater No

Darter, Slackwater Etheostoma boschungi T Freshwater Yes

Darter, Snail Percina tanasi T Freshwater No

Logperch, Conasauga Percina jenkinsi E Freshwater Yes

Madtom, Pygmy Noturus stanauli E Freshwater No

Madtom, Smoky Noturus baileyi E Freshwater Yes

Madtom, Yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis T Freshwater Yes

Shiner, Blue Cyprinella caerulea T Freshwater No

Shiner, Palezone Notropis albizonatus E Freshwater No

Sturgeon, Pallid Scaphirhynchus albus E Freshwater No



### Gastropod

Marstonia, Royal (=Royal Snail) Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe E Terrestrial No

Riversnail, Anthony's Athearnia anthonyi E Freshwater No

Snail, Painted Snake Coiled Forest Anguispira picta T Terrestrial No



### Mammal

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E Terrestrial, No

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous

Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus E Terrestrial No

Wolf, Red Canis rufus E Terrestrial No



### Monocot

Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed Xyris tennesseensis E Terrestrial No

Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Terrestrial No



### Virginia ( 65) species: CH



### Amphibian

Salamander, Shenandoah Plethodon shenandoah E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

### − 20

− Bird

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded Picoides borealis E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Fanshell Cyprogenia stegaria E Freshwater No

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Lampsilis abrupta E Freshwater No

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell Epioblasma brevidens E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe Alasmidonta atropurpurea E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge Alasmidonta heterodon E Freshwater No

Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe Fusconaia cuneolus E Freshwater No

Mussel, Oyster Epioblasma capsaeformis E Freshwater Yes

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe Pleurobema plenum E Freshwater No

Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe Fusconaia cor E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Appalachian Quadrula sparsa E Freshwater No

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Birdwing Conradilla caelata E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Cracking Hemistena lata E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean Villosa trabalis E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Quadrula intermedia E Freshwater No

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Dromedary Dromus dromas E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Green-blossom Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Little-wing Pegias fabula E Freshwater No

Purple Bean Villosa perpurpurea E Freshwater Yes

Rabbitsfoot, Rough Quadrula cylindrica strigillata E Freshwater Yes

Riffleshell, Tan Epioblasma florentina walkeri E Freshwater No

(=E. walkeri)

Spinymussel, James River Pleurobema collina E Freshwater No



### Crustacean

Isopod, Lee County Cave Lirceus usdagalun E Freshwater No

Isopod, Madison Cave Antrolana lira T Freshwater No



### Dicot

Amaranth, Seabeach Amaranthus pumilus T Coastal No

Birch, Virginia Round-leaf Betula uber T Floodplain No

Bittercress, Small-anthered Cardamine micranthera E Terrestrial No

Chaffseed, American Schwalbea americana E Terrestrial No

Coneflower, Smooth Echinacea laevigata E Terrestrial No

Harperella Ptilimnium nodosum E Freshwater No

Joint-vetch, Sensitive Aeschynomene virginica T Terrestrial, Brackish No

Mallow, Peter's Mountain Iliamna corei E Terrestrial No

Rock-cress, Shale Barren Arabis serotina E Terrestrial No

Sneezeweed, Virginia Helenium virginicum T Vernal pool No

### − 21

− Spiraea, Virginia Spiraea virginiana T Terrestrial No

Sumac, Michaux's Rhus michauxii E Terrestrial No

Sunflower, Schweinitz's Helianthus schweinitzii E Terrestrial No



### Fish

Chub, Slender Erimystax cahni T Freshwater Yes

Chub, Spotfin Erimonax monachus T Freshwater Yes

Dace, Blackside Phoxinus cumberlandensis T Freshwater No

Darter, Duskytail Etheostoma percnurum E Freshwater No

Logperch, Roanoke Percina rex E Freshwater No

Madtom, Yellowfin Noturus flavipinnis T Freshwater Yes

Sturgeon, Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum E Freshwater, Saltwater No



### Gastropod

Snail, Virginia Fringed Mountain Polygyriscus virginianus E Terrestrial No



### Insect

Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis T Terrestrial No

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii E Terrestrial, Perm. No

wetland



### Mammal

Bat, Gray Myotis grisescens E Terrestrial, No

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana Myotis sodalis E Terrestrial, Yes

Subterraneous

Bat, Virginia Big-eared Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) E Terrestrial, Yes

townsendii virginianus Subterraneous

Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox Sciurus niger cinereus E Terrestrial No



### Marine mml

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus E Saltwater No

Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae E Saltwater No

Whale, North Atlantic right Eubalaena glacialis (incl. E Saltwater Yes



### Monocot

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Scirpus ancistrochaetus E Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Bristle)

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Terrestrial No

Pink, Swamp Helonias bullata T Terrestrial, Freshwater No

Pogonia, Small Whorled Isotria medeoloides T Terrestrial No



### Reptile

Sea turtle, green Chelonia mydas E Saltwater Yes

Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii E Saltwater, Coastal No

Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea E Saltwater, Coastal Yes

Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta T Saltwater, Coastal No



### Wisconsin ( 14) species: CH

### − 22

− Bird

Crane, Whooping Grus americana E Terrestrial, Freshwater Yes

Plover, Piping Charadrius melodus E Terrestrial Yes

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's Dendroica kirtlandii E Terrestrial No



### Bivalve

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf Quadrula fragosa E Freshwater No

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye Lampsilis higginsii E Freshwater No



### Dicot

Clover, Prairie Bush Lespedeza leptostachya T Terrestrial No

Locoweed, Fassett's Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea T Terrestrial No

Monkshood, Northern Wild Aconitum noveboracense T Terrestrial No

Thistle, Pitcher's Cirsium pitcheri T Terrestrial No



### Insect

Butterfly, Karner Blue Lycaeides melissa samuelis E Terrestrial No

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald Somatochlora hineana E Terrestrial, Freshwater Yes



### Mammal

Lynx, Canada Lynx canadensis T Terrestrial No



### Monocot

Iris, Dwarf Lake Iris lacustris T Terrestrial No

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Platanthera leucophaea T Terrestrial No



### No species were selected for exclusion.

Dispersed species included in report.

5/11/2009 2:33:11 PM Ver. 2.10.4 Page 23 of 23

### UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

OFFICE OF PREVENTION,

PESTICIDES AND

TOXIC SUBSTANCES



### MEMORANDUM

Chemical: gamma-cyhalothrin

PC Code: 128807

DP barcode: 289801, 289799,

289797, 289794,

289798, 288057

DATE: March 19, 2004

SUBJECT: Ecological risk assessment and human drinking water assessment for

gamma-cyhalothrin use on multiple agricultural use sites and non-cropped areas.

FROM: Iwona Maher, Chemist

Norman Birchfield, Senior Biologist

Pat Jennings, Risk Assessment Process Leader

Sid Abel, Branch Chief

Environmental Risk Branch 1

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507C)

TO: William Sproat, Team Reviewer

George LaRocca, Product Manager

Insecticide Branch

Registration Division (7505C)

Summary

This review is supplemental to the assessmen t conducted for lambda-cyhalothrin in June 2002 1



### and the potential risks for gamma-cyhalothrin are e xpected to be consistent with those predicted

for lambda-cyhalothrin. Gamma-cyhalothrin is a purified form of c yhalothrin and lambdacyhalothrin pyrethroid insecticid es and is proposed for use on a wide range of major and minor

crops in the U.S. A number of studies were submitted by Dow AgroSciences in support of the

proposed uses. The studies were not intended to provide suffici ent information to assess the

risks associated with proposed uses, but rather to show that available data submitted from other

1 

### Section 3 request for new uses of lam bda-cyhalothrin by Santhini Ramasamy, Iwona

Maher, Pat Jennings, Sid Abel. June 12, 2002. DP barcodes D262918, D262919, D279087,

D279088.

23

− −

### − 24

− gamma-cyhalothrin containing insect icides would be adequate for the more pure form of gammacyhalothrin and supplement existing data. Most of the newly submitted studies were given a

“supplemental” rating, not meeting study guidelines ad equately to fulfill data requirements, but

were considered sufficient for their intended purpose of bridging and supplementing existing

data. It is appropriate to c onsider studies and risk assessm ents for other gamma-cyhalothrin

containing insecticides to evaluate the toxicity, fate, and mobility of gamma-cyhalothrin.

A comparative risk assessment fo r seven pyrethroid insecticides (including lambda-cyhalothrin)

was completed in 1993. EFED is collecting add itional data from the Pyrethroid Working Group

and reviewing available data to further evaluate the comparative risks of the seven pyrethroids.

New data on the toxicity of pyrethroids, their ab ility to reach aquatic environments, and their

behavior in aquatic environments will be useful in further assessing risks to aquatic organisms,

especially sediment dwelling organisms.

The greatest potential risks from proposed gamma -cyhalothrin uses are consistent with risks

estimated for most pyrethroid insecticides. The highest estimated screen ing-level risks are to

fish, aquatic invertebrates, and non-target insects. Of f-target transport of gamma-cyhalothrin via

both spray drift and erosion of soil bound insecticide is estimated to exceed levels necessary to

kill aquatic animals in laboratory tests. Gamma-cyhalothrin has a high affinity for soil organic

matter. Gamma-cyhalothrin is expected to quickl y and strongly bind to or ganic material in the

environment such as organic material in soil and sediment as well as dissolved and suspended

organic materials in water. Bi nding to organic material can reduce the dissolved concentration

of gamma-cyhalothrin reducing the availability of the material to fish and other organisms.

Depending on the rate and magnitude of binding, dissolved phase concentrations of gammacyhalothrin may be reduced to below lethal c oncentrations for organisms living in the water

column. Very limited data are available for se diment dwelling (benthic) organisms. Strong

sediment binding is also exp ected to reduce exposure to benthic organisms but gammacyhalothrin is expected to be fairly pers istent in sediment and sediment pore water

concentrations could pose a significan t risk to benthic organisms.

Screening-level risk estimates for birds and mammals feeding on sprayed food items in the target

area with relatively high gamma-cyhalo thrin levels were also above le vels of concern. Uses with

higher application rates and animals consumi ng food items with higher residue levels ( e.g . short

grass) may consume lethal quantities of gamma-c yhalothrin or levels that have been shown to

reduce feeding/body weight and induce head twitchi ng behavior or other modified behaviors.

The potential for significant chronic toxicity exists for both birds and mammals. Mammals are

more acutely sensitive to gamma-cyhalothrin an d as a result mammals, and not birds, have

significant potential to be sensitive to acute exposures from proposed uses.

Proposed uses for gamma-cyhalothrin include many major crops that are geographically

distributed across the U.S. Proposed uses list ed on the draft product la bels (GF-231 and GF-317)

include:

### − 25

− · alfalfa

· canola

· cole crops

· corn

· cotton

· fruiting vegetables

· legume vegetables

· lettuce

· onion

· peanut

· pome fruits

· rice

· sorghum (grain) · soybean

· stone fruits

· sugarcane

· sunflower

· tobacco

· tree nuts (including pecans)

· wheat

· triticale

· conifer and deciduous trees

(plantations, nurseries and seed

orchards)

· non-crop land areas adjacent to crops.

Gamma-cyhalothrin will likely be competing in the marketplace with lambda-cyhalothrin and

other products controlling the same target pests. The extent of its use will be a factor of its ability

to compete with these products. Because many of the proposed crops are grown on many

millions of acres in the U.S. and significant lambda-cyhalothrin usage has been documented on

these crops 2 

### , gamma-cyhalothrin has the potential to be us ed on many millions of acres as well.

Thus, the treated area and the area that may be contaminated by spray drift and runoff from

gamma-cyhalothrin use is very large. App lication rates for lambda- and proposed gammacyhalothrin products are provi ded in Appendix A.

Gamma- and lambda-cyhalothrin are very potent in secticides. The proposed application rates for

gamma-cyhalothrin range from 0.0075 to 0.02 lbs act ive ingredient (a.i.) /acre. The low

application rate is expected to re sult in very low levels of residue s in the target area and lessens

the amount of material that is av ailable to move off-target. As a result, only organisms that are

very sensitive to gamma-cyhaloth rin are likely to have a high potential of being impacted.

Approach to Risk Assessment

In 1999 and 2000 representatives of Dow AgroScie nces presented to the Office of Pesticide

Programs a proposed plan to bridge from exis ting studies of insectic ides containing gammacyhalothrin (at the time known as XR-225) to the Office of Pesticide Programs in 1999 and

2000. The Environmental Fate and Effects Divi sion (EFED) responded to the ecotoxicity and

environmental fate portions of the bridgi ng plan suggesting specific studies for Dow

AgroSciences to conduct for bridging purposes. 3 

### Dow AgroSciences then initiated the

2 

### USDA Agricultural Chemical Usage 2002 Field Crops Su mmary May 2003.

http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/re ports/nassr/other/pcu-bb/agcs0503.pdf

3 

### Memo from Norman Birchfield, Environmental Fate and Effects Division to William

Sproat, Registration Division. DP barcode D265669.

### − 26

− environmental fate and toxicity st udies using U.S. EPA study guidelines. 4 

### The studies were

submitted to the Office of Pesticide Programs and reviewed by EFED using Standard Evaluation

Procedures. The acceptability and key results of the studies were summarized in Data

Evaluation Reports (DERs). Studies conducted according to EPA guidelines do not always

produce results of adequate quality for risk as sessment if problems occur during the study. The

gamma-cyhalothrin studies were classified as either “acceptable/core” (meeting guideline

requirements), “supplemental” (not meeting guideline requirement but providing some sound

and useful information), or “invalid” (not m eeting guideline requirements and not providing

sound or useful information).

The results of acceptable and supplemental gamma-cyhalothrin studies were compared to results

from similar studies conducted for cyhalothrin and lambda-cyhalothrin to confirm that fate,

persistence, and toxicity parameters between the chemicals were cons istent. Two potential

product labels for gamma-cyhalothrin were reviewed and compared to existing product labels for

lambda-cyhalothrin to confirm that use sites, application rates, appl ication intervals, and

application methods were consistent between the chemicals. Because lambda- and gammacyhalothrin uses, fate, persistence, mobility, and toxicity values were consistent, a recent risk

assessment conducted for lambda-cyhalothrin was considered adequate for identifying use

conditions (application rate and methods) that re sult in exposures to non -target organisms that

exceed levels of concern.

EFED uses the risk quotient (RQ) method, potential exposure concen trations divided by toxicity

levels, to identify when high-end exposures from a proposed use may result in unacceptable risks

to non-target organisms. Risk quo tients are compared to “levels of concern” to determine if the

use assessed has the potential to cause adverse effects. A previously conducted ecological

assessment completed in June 2002 for lambda-cyhalothrin 5 

### provides an adequate indication of

the potential for gamma-cyhalothrin use to exceed levels of concern for non-target animals.

Because the chemical and toxicological properti es and use patterns are nearly identical for

lambda- and gamma-cyhalothrin the risk quotient s in the lambda-cyhalothrin assessment would

be the same for gamma-cyhalothrin. In addition the drinking water concentrations calculated in

the June 2002 risk assessment are expected to be reflective of gamma-cyhalothrin uses.

The Metabolism Committee in the Health Effect s Division previously opted to include ringhydroxylated lambda-cyhalothrin in the human drinking water exposure assessment. This

degradate accounted for 12% of applied material in aerobic so il after 63 days. Exposure to the

degradate was not considered in the ecological risk assessment because the hydroxylation of the

gamma-cyhalothrin is expected to reduce the toxicity of the mate rial. The hypothesized reduced

toxicity of ring hydroxylated gamma-cyhalothri n is based on the premise that the highly

4 

### http://www.epa.gov/opptsfrs/home/guidelin.htm

5 

### Section 3 request for new uses of lam bda-cyhalothrin by Santhini Ramasamy, Iwona

Maher, Pat Jennings, Sid Abel. June 12, 2002. DP barcodes D262918, D262919, D279087,

D279088.

### − 27

− hydrophobic nature of pyrethroid insecticides is re quired for their high affinity to their

neurological receptors. Hydroxylation makes th e molecule substantially more polar which

would reduce the affinity to the receptor and ther eby reduce the magnitude of neurotoxic effects.

The precise toxicity of ring-hydroxylated gamma-cyhalo thrin is uncertain.

For the purpose of adding information to the risk characterization, open li terature was evaluated

and a spray drift exposure assessment, not includ ed in the lambda-cyhalo thrin risk assessment,

was performed. Information on gamma-cyhalothrin’ s toxicity and behavior in the environment

was collected from the open literature, 6 

### summarized, and compared to registrant-submitted data.

After review of the gamma-cyhalothrin products labels, available label parameters defining

application conditions were used to perf orm a spray drift exposure analysis.

Environmental Fate, Mobility, and Persistence

Cyhalothirn and lambda-cyhalothrin are racemic mi xtures that consist of four (1R,cis,Z-S’;

1S,cis,Z-R’; 1R, cis, Z-R’; a nd 1S,cis,Z-S’) and two isomers (1 R,cis,Z-S’ and 1S,cis,Z-R’),

respectively. Greater than 98% of gamma-cyha lothrin is the biologically active enantiomer

(1R,cis,Z-S’), referred to as XDE-225 (or XR-225).

For gamma-cyhalothrin bridging to existing envi ronmental fate data on lambda-cyhalothrin, the

registrant submitted a hydrolysis study (161-1, MRID 45447409), aerobic soil metabolism

studies (162-1, MRID 45447410, 45447411), an aer obic aquatic metabolism study (162-4,

MRID 45447412), an adsorption/desorption study (163-1, MRID 45447413), and a terrestrial

field dissipation study (164-1, MRID 45794902). These studies were classified mostly as

supplemental with a portion of the hydrolysis st udy classified as unacceptable (pH 9 and natural

river water portion).

An aquatic photolysis study is not available for gamma-cyhalothrin. Aquatic photolysis was a

rapid route of lambda-cyhalothrin dissipation (h alf-life = 25 days) when compared to other soil,

sediment, and water half-lives. Upon review of the registrant’s bridging plan the aqueous

photolysis study was not requested. Because aq ueous photolysis is not expected to be

enantioselective, it is appropriate to use lam bda-cyhalothrin aqueous pho tolysis rates for gammacyhalothrin. For this assessment it is assumed th at gamma-cyhalothrin p hotodegradation rate is

comparable to that of lambda-cyhalothrin. It is worth noting that aqueous photolysis is a

relatively fast route of degradation for lambda-c yhalothrin, the relative cont ribution of this route

of degradation in surface water modeling and the environment is not expected to be significant.

Gamma-cyhalothrin’s high soil binding affinity and the limited light penetration into most water

bodies greatly reduces the potential for aqueous photodegradation.

Gamma-cyhalothrin appears to be immobile and m oderately persistent in laboratory studies and

in the field environment. It is highly unlik ely that gamma-cyhalothrin will reach ground water

resources due to its high soil adsorption affinity. Gamma-cyhalothrin was not detected below the

6 

### Information sources included the ECOTOX data base ( http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/) and

ScienceDirect were used as sources of open literature ( http://www.sciencedirect.com/)

.

### − 28

− 0-15 cm soil depth, with the ex ception of a single detection below the LOQ (0.010 μg/g) at 4

days post-treatment in the 15-30 cm soil depth in MS site. (Pan evaporati on data, however, were

not submitted to assess whether the rainfall amo unt was sufficient to facilitate leaching.) The

chemical will likely reach surface water via soil erosion and particulate runoff after rainfall, and

via spray drift during or shortly after application. A published report measured 73% to 90% of

synthetic pyrethroids are bound to eroding sediment in runoff. 7



### As for lambda-cyhalothrin, the major routes of gamma-cyhalothrin transp ort and dissipation are

binding to soil particles (Kd = 239 - 826) and degradation through abiotic processes via alkaline

hydrolysis (at pH 9.0 t 1/2 

### =2.5 days), and through biotic proc esses via aerobic soil metabolism

(t 1/2 

### =28-37 days) and aerobic aquatic metabolism (t 1/2 

### =40 days in total system).

Gamma-cyhalothrin is stable to hydrolysis in pH 5 and pH7 sterile buffer solutions. Because it is

not certain at this time whether gamma-cyhaloth rin residues degraded du ring storage in the pH9

buffer solution test, the calculated half-lif e value of 2.53 days is highly uncertain. At pH 9

lambda-cyhalothrin hydrolyz ed with a half-life of 13 days. The aqueous and soil photolysis

and anaerobic aquatic metabolism studies were not submitted for gamma-cyhalothrin. It can be

assumed, however, that the chemical will beha ve similarly to lambda-cyhalothrin in both

processes. During photolysis on the soil surface, only 13-16% of the applied lambda-cyhalothrin

degraded after ca. 35 days. In water/sediment systems under anaerobic conditions lambdacyhalothrin degraded with a hal f-life of 113 to 142 days. It is highly likely that on soil surface

gamma-cyhalothrin will photodegrade with a rate similar to lambda-cyhalothrin. Lambdacyhalothrin photodegraded in cl ear laboratory water with an average half-life of 25 days.

Data on aerobic soil metabolism of the capsule suspension formulation was submitted in order to

evaluate whether encapsulating would increase the persistence of gamma-cyahalothrin relative to

the technical material. Based on the results of the capsule suspen sion study with gammacyhalothrin the capsule suspension formulation (C S) (GF-231, purity 14.7% a. i.) is expected to

degrade aerobically in soil with comparable rate s to the technical produc t. Gamma-cyhalothrin

formulated as capsule suspension degraded in th e aerobic soil with the half-lives of 33 and 52

days. Degradation of gamma-cyhalo thrin in aerobic soil appears to occur in a similar manner to

that of cyhalothrin and lambda-cyhalothrin. The studies submitted for bridging purposes do not

provide an indication of the soil properties that increase or de crease the rate of degradation.

However, the degradates observed in the ae robic soil metabolism studies for lambda- and

gamma-cyhalothrin (e.g. hydroxylated products) s uggest that the type and activity of soil

microbes could affect the rate of gamma-cyhaloth rin degradation. Hydroxyl ation at the para-C

of the phenoxy ring of gamma-cyhalothrin appear s to yield 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-

propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcy clopropanecarboxylic acid cyano[3-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)

phenyl]methyl ester which then yields 3 -(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-benzal dehyde and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid following ester cleavage, and lo ss of the cyano group. Further oxidation and

hydrolysis reactions presumably resu lted in the ultimate formation of CO 2 

### . 3-Phenoxy-benzoic

7 

### W Liu, JJ Gan, S Lee, JN Kabashima. 2004. Phase distribution of synthetic pyrethroids

in runoff and stream water. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

. 23 (1)7-11.

### − 29

− acid can also be formed following ester cleavag e, loss of the cyano group and oxidation of

gamma-cyhalothrin with further reactions ultimately forming CO 2 

### . In aerobic soil metabolism

study of technical product gamma-cyhalothri n major degradation products were 3-(4-

hydroxyphenoxy)-benzaldehyde (the maximum concentr ation of 12.2% of the applied at17 days

posttreatment) and CO 2 

### (totaled 24.1-26.1% at 95 days posttreatment; MRID 45447411).

After reaching natural water gamma-cyhalothrin will partiti on to dissolved organic material,

suspended solids, and sediment. In the aerobic aquatic metabolism study [ 14 

### C]gammacyhalothrin dissipated from the water laye r very rapidly and was detected at ≤ 4.5% of the applied

at any sampling interval from time zero through 30 days posttreatment. The first measurement

of gamma-cyhalothrin in the disso lved phase on day 0 of the study wa s 3.7% of applied material.

On day 14 the dissolved level had decreased to 1. 8% of the applied materi al. In the sediment

gamma-cyhalothrin degraded with an extrapolated half-life of 41 days. Th e end products appear

to be 3-phenoxy-benzaldehyde, 3–phenoxy-benzoi c acid, and 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-

propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropa ne-carboxylic acid cyano[3-(4-

hydroxyphenoxy)phenyl]methyl ester. The major tran sformation product in the aerobic aquatic

metabolism study was 3-phenoxybenzoic acid. In th e total system the maximum concentration

of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid was 26.9% of the applie d (23.6% in water colu mn, 3.3% in sediment)

at 30 days posttreatment in one replicat e (the last sampling interval; MRID 45447412).

Gamma-cyhalothrin simple K d 

### values ranged from 239 to 826 (cyhalothrin K d 

### = 355-601) and

corresponding K

oc 

### values from 34,133 to 92,692 for al l tested soils (cyhalothrin K

oc 

### = 28,176 -

74,212; MRID 45447413). Just as for cyhalothrin and lambda-cyhalothrin there was no linear

relationship between the soil or ganic carbon content and the K d 

### values for different soils for

gamma-cyhalothrin. These data suggest that ga mma-cyhalothrin sorption is not dependent on

the soil organic matter content thus the K

oc 

### model may not be appropriate. Because K d 

### values

were obtained only at one concentration the Freu ndlich adsorption/desorption coefficients could

not be calculated. These data suggest that gamma-cyhalothrin, similar to cyhalothrin and

lambda-cyhalothrin, is expected to be largely immobile in soil and water environments with

settled sediment. The bulk of gamma-cyhalo thrin transport would most likely occur with

movement of soil as erosion in runoff and susp ended sediment in lotic (moving) water bodies.

Because the capsule suspension formulation might be expected to behave differently in the

environment compared to non-encapsulated form ulations, a terrestrial field dissipation study

using the gamma-cyhalothrin capsule suspensi on (CS) was conducted. Gamma-cyhalothrin

capsule suspension formulation, when applied to the bare ground, di ssipated with half-lives of 16

days in WA site and 30 days in CA site. Field soil samples were not analyzed for transformation

products (164-1, MRID 45794902). The study author s stated that gamma-cyhalothrin was the

only residue of environmental concern because the major degradates are fully and rapidly

mineralized in soil and water, do not leach, and ar e formed via the detoxification process of ester

cleavage.

Table 1 presents the physico-chemical and envi ronmental fate data for gamma-cyhalothrin and

lambda-cyhalothrin. Comparison of these data indicates that lambda-cyhalothrin and gammacyhalothrin have similar degradation rates in soil and aquatic environments and affinity to soil.

### − 30

−Table 1. Physico-chemical and environmental fate parameters for bridging of gamma-cyhalothrin with lambdacyhalothrin

Parameters (units) Gamma-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin

Value Source of

Info/Reference Value Source of

Info/Reference

Molecular Weight 449.86 449.86

Solubility (ppm) 0.002 MRID 45447410 0.005 MRID 00151580

Vapor Pressure (mm Hg at) 2.588 x 10 -9 at 25 o C MRID 45447409 1.5x10 -9 at 20 o C Registrant data

Henry’s Constant (atm·m 3 /mol) 2.181 x 10 -7 MRID 45794901 2.4 x10 -7 Registrant data

Octanol-Water Partition

Coefficient 90698 log K OW = 4.96;

MRID 45794902. log K OW = 7.0

Soil Partition Coefficient

(K d in mL/g) 672, 751, 826, 239 MRID 45447413 1,970 - 7,610

555, 601, 630, &

355 1 MRID 44861503

MRID 45447413

Soil Partition Coefficient

(K

oc in mL/g) 34133, 92692, 69952,

41932 MRID 45447413 110,000-724,000

28176, 74212,

53345, 62242 1 MRID 44861503

MRID 45447413

Hydrolysis T 1/2 pH5 stable

pH7 136 days

pH9 2.53 days*

river water 27 days* MRID

45447409 2 pH5 stable

pH7 stable

pH9 13 days MRID 00151604 3

Aqueous Photolysis (pH 5) T 1/2 n/a 25 days (avg) MRID 44861501

Soil Photolysis T 1/2 n/a stable MRID 40052405 3

Aerobic Soil Metabolism T 1/2 28 days - sandy loam

37 days - silt loam

33 days - loam 5

52 days - silt loam 5 MRID 45447411

MRID 45447410 24-73 days

12 days - loam 6

15 days -silt loam 6 MRIDs:

00151607 3 and

00089995 4

MRID 45447410

Aerobic aquatic metabolism

T 1/2 40.1 days - total

system 7

41 days - in sediment 7

<<3 days - water col. MRID 45447412 21-34 days

46 days 8 MRID 44861506

MRID 44367402

Anaerobic aquatic

metabolism T 1/2 n/a 113-142 days MRIDs: 44367401

and 00151607

Field Dissipation T 1/2 (days) 15.6 (r 2 = 0.85); MS

29.5 (r 2 = 0.93); CA for

GF-231; 14.8% a.i., CS MRID 45794902 12-64 days

for PP321; EC MRID 40052407

1 - these four coefficient values are for cy halothrin, cyhalothrin was tested along ga mma-cyhalothrin in the same lab study,

2 - natural river water and pH9 T 1/2 values are of high uncertainty, *- at this time these data are classified unacceptable

upgradable, 3 - PP321 formulation was tested, 4 - benzene ring-labeled [ 14 C]cypermethrin was tested,

5 - XDE-225 tested as capsule suspension (CS) formulation (GF-231; purity 14.8% a.i.), the type and activity of soil microbes

could affect the rate of gamma-cyhalothrin degradation. 6 - lambda-cyhalothrin tested as CS (Warrior T; purity 11.8%), 7

- extrapolated values, 8 - tested under gradient redox potential, n/a - not available.

### − 31

− Toxicity to Non-Target Organisms

For aquatic organisms, available data suggest that gamma-cyhalothrin is most toxic to

invertebrates such as daphnids and gammarids. Fish are also extremely sensitive to gammacyhalothrin. For terrestrial organi sms, insects (and most likely othe r invertebrates) appear to be

most sensitive, followed by mammals, birds and th en plants. The form of the end-use product,

including microencapsulation, does not appear to gr eatly alter the toxicity of gamma-cyhalothrin

in aquatic or terrestrial toxicity studies. A more detailed summary of registrant-generated

gamma-cyahlothrin toxicity data compared to lambda-cyhalothrin is presented in Appendix B. A

visual inspection of mortality endpoints fo r lambda-cyhalothrin available in the ECOTOX

database suggests that registra nt-supplied data is consistent with values reported in the open

literature.

To calculate gamma-cyhalothrin toxicity levels where direct data did not exist, lambdacyhalothrin results were multiplied by the pe rcent composition of the most active enantiomer

(41% of 1R,cis,Z-S’ ) 8 

### in lambda-cyhalothrin and then di vided by 100. For example, a lambdacyhalothrin toxici ty value of 1  g/L would be calculated as 0.41  g/L for gamma-cyhalothrin.

When lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity data were us ed to calculate gamma- cyhalothrin toxicity, a

statement to that effect is always made.

Fish Toxicity

Acute toxicity studies performe d on bluegill and rainbow trout us ing technical or formulated

gamma- or lambda-cyhalothrin indicate that both of these materials are very highly toxic to

freshwater fish. The results from acute t oxicity study using sheepshead minnow indicate

lambda-cyhalothrin is also very highly toxic to fish of estuarine/marine origin. Fifty percent of

freshwater fish test species are expected to be killed (LC 50 

### ) when exposed to gamma-cyhalothrin

at concentrations in the 0.029 to 0.19 g/L range. Less data are available for estuarine fish but

the lambda-cyhalothrin data was adjusted by the percent composition of the most active

enantiomer, as described above, to calculate an LC 50 

### of approximately 0.33 g/L for gammacyhalothrin.

The dose-response relationship in acute fish toxicity studies with lambda- and gammacyhalothrin is steep. Toxicity sl opes are in the range of 3 to 7. These high (steep) slope values

indicates that mortality levels can increase rapidly with small increases in exposure.

Fish chronic toxicity to lambda -cyahlothrin was also adjusted to estimate gamma-cyhalothrin

toxicity. Based on NOAECs in fathead minnow and sheepshead minnow, freshwater fish may

be more sensitive to toxic effects of lambda-cyhalothrin than estuarine/marine fish. The

expected NOAEC for gamma-cyhalothrin is 0.013 g /L for freshwater fish and 0.10 g/L for

estuarine fish.

8 

### Personal communication. Jess Rowland, Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide

Programs. February 12, 2004 email.

### − 32

− Aquatic Invertebrates Toxicity

In general, gamma- and lambda-cyhalothrin and their formulated products are classified as very

highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Among the freshwater invertebrates, Gammarus is more

sensitive to the test materials. Data from ga mma-cyhalothrin studies suggests that neonate

Gammarus are the most sensitiv e life stage with an LC 50 

### value of 0.48 ng/L (part per trillion).

Although this toxicity level is th e lowest that the reviewer has noted for any pesticide, problems

in the study with declining test material c oncentrations suggest that a more accurate LC 50 

### value

would be lower.

The comparison of chronic no-observable-adverse- effect concentrations (NOAECs) reported for

both Daphnia magna (selected as a surrogate for freshwat er invertebrates) and mysid shrimp

(selected as a surrogate for estuar ine/marine invertebrates) indicates that mysid shrimp are more

sensitive to lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity than Daphnia . A daphnid study for gamma-cyhalothrin

was not considered adequate to determine a toxicity endpoint due to variable exposure levels and

inadequate quantitation of the test material. Extrapolating from the dataavailable for lambdacyhalothrin, the freshwater NOAEC for gamma-cyhalo thrin is expected to be in the range of 0.82

to 1.64 ng/L. The estuarine/marine NOAEC is exp ected to be 0.08 ng/L. Both the estuarine and

freshwater NOAECs are extremely lo w relative to other pesticides.

The dose-response relationship in aquatic invertebrate toxicity studies with lambda- and gammacyhalothrin is moderate. Reported probit toxi city slopes are approximately 1. A high slope

value indicates that mortality levels can incr ease rapidly with small increases in exposure.

A published report 9 

### on gamma-cyhalothrin suggested that encapsulated formulations could

attenuate toxicity reduc ing toxicity to invertebrates by factors of 10 to 63. The two proposed

formulations of gamma-cyhalothrin are both microencapsulated. Submitted studies with

encapsulated formulations, however, showed no si gnificant effect on toxic ity. The effect of

formulation type on toxicity to fish or invertebrates was considered negligible.

A sediment toxicity study, requested in the response to Dow AgroSciences’ bridging

proposal and the June 2002 lambda-cyhalothrin risk assessment, was not submitted.

Given the high toxicity to invertebrates, toxicity to benthic invertebrates is also expected.

Avian Toxicity

Gamma and lambda-cyhalothrin are considered to be slightly toxic or practically non-toxic to

waterfowl and upland game birds with acute or subacute exposures. Sublethal effects for

gamma-cyhalothrin exposure were noted at the lo west test concentrations in some studies.

Sublethal effects occurred at <480 mg gamma- cyhalothrin/kg body weight (bw) and included

head twitching and decreased food consumption and weight gain. Results from a lambda9 

### Fredicksen, HK, HG Kristensen, M Pede rsen. 2003. Solid lipid microparticle

formulations of the pyrethroid gamma-cyhaloth rin - incompatibility of the lipid and the

pyrethroid and biological propert ies of the formulations. Journal of Controlled Release

. 86 : 243-

252.

### − 33

− cyhalothrin mallard duck reproducti on study indicated that eggs la id, eggs set, eggs cracked,

viable embryos, live embryos, normal hatchlings a nd 14-day old survivors were not affected at

levels up to 30ppm. There is no reproducti on study available for lambda-cyhalothrin on

bobwhite quail and no reproductive study on a ny avian species for gamma-cyhalothrin.

Mammalian Toxicity

The following studies were conducted with gamma-cyhalothrin: six acute toxicity studies, a 28-

day dietary toxicity study in rats, a 90-day dietar y toxicity study in rats, a developmental toxicity

study in rats and a complete battery of genot oxicity studies. Summaries of the gammacyhalothrin studies that are norma lly used in ecological risk assessment are presented below.

Rat Acute Oral Toxicity

The acute oral LD 50 

### was >50 mg/kg bw in males and 55 mg/k g bw in females. The acute oral

toxicity was also evaluated in the rat for cyha lothrin and lambda-cyhalothrin in similar studies.

The acute oral LD 50 

### for cyhalothrin was 166 mg/kg bw, males and 144 mg/kg bw, females and

for lambda-cyhalothrin, 79 mg/kg bw, males and 56 mg/kg bw, females.

Summary of Rat Short Term Toxicity

Clinical signs characteristic of pyrethroid toxicity were seen for gamma-cyhalothrin ( ≥ 125 ppm)

and cyhalothrin ( ≥ 250 ppm) in the 28-day studies. Th ey also occurred at 100 ppm gammacyhalothrin in the 90-day study. Decreased body wei ght gain was a consistent effect at high dose

level in the 28-day and 90-day studie s as was reduced food consumption.

A published study suggested that seven daily exposures of cyha lothrin at 3 to 7 mg/kg/day

(equivalent to ~0.75 to ~1.75 mg gamma-cyhalothri n/kg/day) resulted in a number of sublethal

effects such as intoxication, reduced locomotor activity, increased immobility, and reduced time

spent in social interactions. 10



### Non-Target Insect/Arachnid Toxicity

Gamma- and lambda-cyhalothrin as well as thei r formulated products ar e highly toxic to honey

bees in the acute contact as well as oral toxici ty studies. For contact toxicity, approximately 6

nanograms are required to kill 50% of treated bees. For oral exposure, approximately 0.4

micrograms are required to kill 50% of exposed bees.

A study conducted on honey bees suggested ergost erol biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicides can

synergize lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity. 11 

### Simultaneous treatment of honey bees with prochloraz

10 

### D Abbud Righi, J Palermo-Neto. 2003. Behavi oral effects of type II pyrethroid

cyhalothrin in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

. 191 :167-176.

11 

### ED Pilling, KAC Bromley-Challenor, CH Walker, PC Jepson. 1995. Mechanism of

synergism between the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothri n and the imidazole fungicide

prochloraz, in the honeybee ( Apis mellifera L.). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology

. 51 :1-

11.

### − 34

− fungicide and lambda-cyhalothrin blocked metabolism of lambda-cyhalothrin effectively

delaying the detoxification of the insecticide.

A study conducted on the parasitic wasp Aphidius ervi, which is used as a bi ological pest control

agent, showed that the wasp may be killed when contacting treated surfaces. 12 

### Field application

rates of lambda-cyhalothrin de posited on glass exceeded the LD 50 

### value for the wasp by >15-

fold.

A study conducted with Wolf spiders ( Pardosa sp. ) showed male spiders to be more sensitive

than female spiders. A spray rate of 0.036 lbs lambda-cyhalothrin/acre killed 50% of male

spiders and 19% of female spiders. 13



### Aquatic Plant Toxicity

There is no study reported tes ting the effects of gamma- or lambda-cyhalothrin on aquatic

vascular plants. Also no studies are reported on non-vasc ular plants of estuarine/marine origin

(e.g., marine diatoms). The 50% effect level on al gae growth is likely abov e the solubility limit.

The NOAEC could not determined due to the shallow dose-response slope.

Comparison of Cyhalothrin, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, and Gamma-Cyhalothrin

The pyrethroid insecticides c yhalothrin and lambda-cyhalothri n contain gamma-cyhalothrin as

the most active chemical component. Lambda-cyhal othrin is presently used as an insecticide on

many crops and some non-crop sites in the United States. Cyhalothrin and lambda-cyhalothrin

contain approximately 21% and 42% of the most biologically active enantiomer (1R,cis,Z-S’)

which comprises 98% of technical gamma-cyhalothrin, respectively 14 

### . The toxicity of lambdacyhalothrin to insects and other animals is generally related to its gamma-cyhalothrin content

(Appendix B). As a result the proposed application rates for gamma-cyhalothrin products are

very similar to those allowed fo r lambda-cyhalothrin when they are adjusted for the amount of

gamma-cyhalothrin contained in the lambda produc ts. The maximum allowable application rates

on proposed gamma-cyhalothrin produc ts are half the lambda-cyhaloth rin rates (Appendix A).

The technical forms of gamma- and lambda-cyhaloth rin have very similar chemical and physical

properties and, as a result, they are expected to show very similar levels of mobility and

persistence in the environment. Because the proposed gamma-cyhalothrin application sites and

methods are very similar to those allowed for la mbda-cyhalothrin, and the chemical properties of

12 

### N Desneux, H. Rafalimanana, L Kaiser. 2004. Dose-response relationship in lethal and

behavioral effects of differ ent insecticides on the parasi tic wasp Aphidius ervi. Chemosphere

. 54 :619-627.

13 

### A Hof, D Heimann, J Rombke. 1995. Furthe r development for testing the effects of

pesticides on wolf spiders. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

. 31 :264-270.

14 

### Personal communication. Jess Rowland, Health Effects Division, Office of Pesticide

Programs. February 12, 2004 email.

### − 35

− gamma- and lambda-cyhalothrin are very similar, the potential exposure levels for each are also

expected to be very similar. Since lambda-cyhalothrin is ba sically 42% gamma-cyhalothrin, the

proposed uses are essentially the same as existin g uses with the exception that much less of the

insecticidally inactive isomers would be applied.

In addition to the use patterns, the physical, chemical and toxicologi cal properties of gammacyhalothrin are essentially the same a lambda-cyhalothrin. Both gamma- and lambdacyhalothrin are very highly toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, a nd bees; toxicity to mammals is

lower; and birds appear to be generally less sensitive than mammals. For acute exposure to

mammals the gamma- and lambda-cyhalothrin are bot h rated as Toxicity Ca tegory II. For birds

the acute toxicity is generall y higher than the limit dose.

Overall, the fate data for both gamma- and lam bda-cyhalothrin are similar. In the environment

both lambda- and gamma-cyhalothrin show moderate persistence with water and soil half lives

generally ranging from 2 weeks to 2 months. Gamma- and lambda-cyhalothrin both have very

high affinity for soil. Partition co efficients for soil organic content (K

oc 

### ) is almost always greater

than 30,000. Gamma-cyhalothrin, similar to lam bda-cyhalothrin, is likely to reach water bodies

through runoff bound to soil particles and through sp ray drift during application. In the aquatic

environment gamma-cyhalothrin will subseque ntly partition to sediments.

Surface water concentrations for lambda-cyhalo thrin ecological and drinking water exposure

assessments in the June 2002 assessment were calculated using the PE3 shell for the Pesticide

Root Zone Model (PRZM version 3.12) and Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS

version 2.98). 15 

### Since the lambda-cyha lothrin assessment was c onducted, EFED has improved

the PE3 shell (now PE4) to better account for water body temperature and flow into and out of

the water bodies. The estimated exposure values using PE4 would likely result in slightly

different concentration valu es but the differences woul d not be significant.

It is concluded that, after adjusting for the am ount of gamma-cyhalothrin in lambda-cyhalothrin,

the risk quotients, drinking water estimates, and characterization fr om lambda-cyhalothrin

assessment will be the same for gamma-cyhalothrin.

Potential Acute Risks to Aquatic Organisms in the Water Column from Spray Drift

Aquatic organisms appear to have the highest potential risks from proposed gamma-cyhalothrin

uses, predominately due to their high sensitivit y to the chemical. Current labels for lambdacyhalothrin products and the propos ed labels for gamma-cyhalothrin products require applicators

to use buffer zones in proximity to aquatic areas such as “...lakes; reservoirs, rivers; permanent

streams, marshes, potholes, or natural ponds; estuaries; and commercial fish ponds.” The

required buffer zones are 25 feet for ground appli cations, 150 feet for aerial applications, and

450 for aerial applications employing a very fi ne spray (following ASAE Standard -572 for

droplet size) or using ultra low volume (a volum e-per-acre definition of ultra low volume was

not provided). Spray drift modeling was used to perform a preliminary evaluation of the size of

15 

### http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/index.htm

### − 36

− to

,

ft

y with

. buffer zones needed to reduce risks to organisms in the water column. A separate evaluation is

necessary to better characterize ri sks to sediment dwelling organisms. In a more refined spray

drift assessment a more rigorous evaluation of the variability and uncertainty of toxicity values,

parameters affecting the freely dissolved por tion of gamma-cyhaloth rin, and application

parameters would be appropriate.

The AgDRIFT model 16 

### (version 2.01) was used to estimate downwind deposition levels

expected from gamma-cyhalothrin applications conducted according to la bel directions. In

addition to the specified buffer z ones, proposed gamma-cyhalothrin la bels require applications

be made in wind speeds less than 15 mph, not to be made during temp erature inversions, and

for aerial applications, to be made with a boom width of less than 75% of the wingspan.

Temperature inversions and wider boom widths are commonly understood to increase spray dri

potential. The model assumes that applications are made directly upwi nd of the water bod

no downwind obstructions

For aerial applications th e AgDRIFT model was run using label restrictions as inputs to estimate

downwind distances at which concentrations in a six foot deep water body would exceed

laboratory toxicity levels for ga mma-cyhalothrin. A relatively hi gh drift exposure scenario using

a very fine spray (ASAE S-572) , 15 mph wind, 0.04 lbs active ingr edient/acre app lication rate,

and standard AgDRIFT default inpu ts was used to represent a reas onably high-end drift event. A

relatively low drift scenario modeled a me dium spray (ASAE S-572), 3 mph wind, 0.0075 lbs

active ingredient/acre a pplication rate, and standard AgDR IFT default inputs. AgDRIFT inputs

for both scenarios are included in Appendix C.

For ground boom applications, the high boom (4 feet above the ground) and ASAE very fine to

fine spray (actually most representative of a fine spray) were selected in 90 th 

### percentile mode

with 0.04 lbs active ingredient/acr e to represent a reasonable high- end drift event. The low boom

16 Bilanin A J, Teske M E, Barry J W, Ekblad R B. 1989. AGDISP: The aircraft spray dispersion

model, code development and experimental validation. Trans ASAE 32 :327-334.

Birchfield N B, Farrar D F. 1999a. Background Docu ment for the Scientific Advisory Panel on Ground

Hydraulic Applications: Downwind Deposition Tole rance Bounds for Ground Hydraulic Boom Sprayers.

Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection

Agency, Washington DC 20460. http://www.epa.gov/oscpm ont/sap/1999/july/boom.pdf

Birchfield N B, Farrar D F. 1999b. Background Document for the Scientific Advisory Panel on Orchard

Airblast: Downwind Deposition Tolerance Bounds for Orchards. Environmental Fate and Effects Division,

Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environment al Protection Agency, Washington DC 20460.

http://www.epa.gov/oscpmont/sap/1999/july/airblast.pdf

Bird S L, Perry S G, Ray S L, Teske M L. 2002. Ev aluation of the AGDISP aerial spray algorithms in the

AgDRIFT model. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21 (3):672-681.

Hewitt A J, Johnson D R, Fish J D, Hermansky C G, Valcore D L. 2002. Development of the Spray Drift

Task Force Database for aerial applications. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21 (3):648-658.

Teske M E, Bird S L, Esterly D M, Ray S L, Perry S G. 2001. A User’s Guide for AgDRIFT 2.01: A Tiered

Approach for the Assessment of Spray Drift of Pesticides. Continuum Dynamics Inc. Report No. 01-02.

Teske M E, Bird S L, Esterly D M, Curbishly T B, Ray S L, Perry S G. 2002. AgDRIFT: A model for

estimating near-field spray drift from aerial applications. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

21 (3):659-671.

### − 37

− (2 feet above the ground) and ASAE fine to medium/coarse spray were selected in 50 th 

### percentile

mode with 0.0075 lbs active ingredient/acre to represent a relatively lo w-end drift exposure

event. AgDRIFT inputs for both scenar ios are included in Appendix C.

For airblast applications, the “s parse” option was selected with an application rate of 0.12 lbs

active ingredient (3 times the maximum labe l airblast applicati on rate of 0.04 lbs/acre 17 

### ) to

estimate a 95 th 

### percentile value for a relatively high drift scenario. The downwind deposition

calculated with the “sparse” option corresponds to deposition observed in dormant orchard

treatments in Spray Drift Task Force field trials (see references for AgDRIFT) and resulted in

some of the highest orchard airb last spray drift values. The “normal” option was selected with

an application rate of 0.0075 lbs active ingredient/acre to represent a relati vely low level drift

event. The downwind deposition calculated with the “normal” option corresponds to spray drift

deposition observed in foliated orchards with medium canopy density in Spray Drift Task Force

field trials. Airblast treatments of medium ca nopy density trees resulted in some of the lowest

orchard airblast spray drift values. AgDRIFT inputs for bot h scenarios are included in Appendix

C.

The binding of gamma-cyhalothrin to sediment is expected to affect the magnitude and duration

of toxicity the material in the wate r column. The level of toxicity to Daphnia and carp resulting

from lambda-cyhalothrin deposited onto a test ve ssel was reduced by 3- to 4-fold and 7- to 40-

fold for test vessels with settled sedi ment and suspended sediment, respectively. 18 

### The effects of

gamma-cyhalothrin’s high affinity to suspended and other sediment was factored into the current

spray drift assessment.

The rate at which a material deposited on the surface of a water body will bind to sediments is

determined by two processes 1) the rate of trans port from the surface to the sediment and 2) the

rate of sorption (transfer from water to solid). 19 

### The rate at which gamma-cyhalothrin will be

transported from the surface to suspended and settled sediment depends on the mixing rate of the

water body. Flowing water and water bodies exposed to wind would be expected to have more

turbulence which would distribute the chemical co mpared to a more static water bodies. For

hydrophobic chemicals, like gamma-cyhalothrin, the rate of transfer from water to solid is

17 

### Multiplying the application rate input into the model has the same effect as multiplying

the downwind deposition level. Mu ltiplying the spray drift deposit ion by three approximates the

95 th 

### percentile deposition value calculated from Spra y Drift Task Force data and presented to the

FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel in 1999.

18 

### SJ Maund, MJ Hamer, JS Warinton, TJ Ke dwards. 1998. Paquatic ecotoxicology of

the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin: Considerations for higher-tier aquatic risk

assessment. Pesticide Science

. 54 :408-417.

19 

### WJ Doucette. 2000. Soil and Sediment Sorp tion Coefficients. In RS Boethling and D

Mackay (eds.) Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals: Environmental and

Health Sciences . CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL.

### − 38

− expected to be rapid for a fe w minutes followed by a slower ra te of binding over a period of

hours and days. 20 

### For convenience, in laboratory batc h equilibrium studies 24 hours is normally

considered to be an adequate time to reach equilibrium, or near equilibrium, concentrations. At

equilibrium the amount of material binding to sediment over time is equal to the amount of

material desorbing from the sediment. In the spray drift assessment, 99% of deposited material

was assumed to be unavailable after 24 hours. The 99% value is supported by reports with

lambda-cyhalothrin and other sy nthetic pyrethroids showing freely dissolved insecticide in

stream water was only 0.4% to 1.0% of insecticide in the system 21 

### and less than 1% applied

material in a sediment-water system. 22



### Because gamma-cyhalothrin in the environment is expected to strongly bind to dissolved organic

material and particulates, freely dissolved con centrations in water bodies are expected to

decrease soon after the drift event. Gamma-c yhalothrin deposited onto a water body is expected

to initially dissolve into the water column. After entering the water column the initial

concentration is expected to decrease until equi librium is reached. Gamma-cyhalothrin binding

has two effects on risk to organisms in the wa ter column 1) the length of exposure to peak

concentrations is expected to be on the order of hours 2) more constant exposure levels occurring

after equilibration are expected to be substantially lower than initi al peak concentrations.

To assess the potential effect of gamma-cyhalothrin binding on effects to aquatic organisms,

buffer zones necessary to avoid 50% mortality in three different binding/exposure scenarios were

calculated. The first scenario assumes no gamma -cyhalothrin binds over a 96 hour period. This

scenario represents a water body containing very little sediment and orga nic material, and would

maintain the highest levels of dissolved gamma- cyhalothrin. The second scenario examines the

effect of a very short exposure to peak gamma-cyha lothrin levels. This scenario assumes that the

gamma-cyhalothrin deposited onto the water body will bind to sediment over a period of hours

and become unavailable to the organisms in the water column. The third scenario examines the

effect of expected equilibrium levels of gamma-cyhalothrin on aquatic organisms.

In the standard pond scenario the majority of binding would likely occur over hours, exposing

organisms to a declining gradient of gamma-cyhalo thrin concentrations instead of a single steady

state concentration. In scenario 2, an estimate of the av erage concentration in the water body

during the equilibration phase is calculated by av eraging the initial evenly mixed concentration

20 

### SW Karickhoff. 1980. Sorption kinetic s of hydrophobic pollutants in natural

sediments. p193-205. In RA Baker (ed.) Contaminants and Sediments , Vol. 2. Ann Arbor Sci.

Publ., Ann Arbor, MI.

21 

### W Liu, JJ Gan, S Lee, JN Kabashima. 2004. Phase distribution of synthetic

pyrethroids in runoff and stream water. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

. 23 (1)7-11.

22 

### MJ Hamer, UM Goggin, K Muller, SJ Ma und. 1999. Bioavailability of lambdacyhalothrin to Chironomous riparius in sediment-water and water-only systems. Aquatic

Ecosystem Health and Management

. 2 :403-412.

### − 39

− with no binding and the equilibriu m concentration (estimated at 1% of the initial concentration).

Since binding is expected to occur more rapi dly in the beginning of the equilibration period,

using a simple average is likely to overestimate the concentrations relative to a time-weighted

average.

The gamma-cyhalothrin 50% mortality level (LC 50 

### ) at 24 hours is compared to the exposure

during the 24 hour equilibration period and the LC 50 

### at 96 hours is compared to the exposure

estimated during the post-24 hour equ ilibration period. Using the 24 hour LC 50 

### accounts for the

expected lower toxicity duri ng shorter exposure periods. Gamma -cyhalothrin toxicity values

were selected from submitted bridging studies to represent toxicity to fish and aquatic

invertebrates in the wild.

In all exposure scenarios, ga mma-cyhalothrin is assumed to evenly mix through the water

column. The water column depth was set to 6 f eet, consistent with the standard pond scenario

used in the June 2002 lambda-cyha lothrin assessment. Shallower water bodies would result in

less dilution and consequently higher concentrations.

Results of the assessment ar e shown in Table 2.−40−Table 2. Buffer zones (ft) required to reduce spray drift deposition onto waterbodies to the 50% lethality level (LC50)ApplicationmethodExposurescenarioInvertebrates1Fish2Low organiccontent waterbody3Water body withsuspendedsediment(exposure during24 h equilibration)4Water body withsuspendedsediment(exposure after24 h equilibrium)5Low organiccontent waterbody3Water body withsuspendedsediment(exposure during24 h equilibration)4Water body withsuspendedsediment(exposure after24 h equilibrium)5Aerialhigh>5200>520080380017000low2800200005201300Ground boomhigh7803300100300low000000Airblasthigh280150080500low0000001The toxicity levels for aquatic invertebrates, 0.011g/Land0.00385g/L, were the 24 hour and 96 hour LC50values for juvenileGammaruspseudolimnaeus(concentration necessary to kill 50% of the test animals). The24 hour value was calculated by linearly interpolating between45% (0.0095g/L) and 85% (0.0219g/L) 24 hour mortalityvalues. MRID46065601.2The toxicity levels for fish, 0.056g/L and 0.029g/L, were the 24 and 96 hour LC50for bluegill sunfish (concentration necessary to kill 50% of the test fish).The 24 hour value was calculated by linearly interpolating between 10% (0.0381g/L) and 60% (0.0603g/L) 24 hour mortalityvalues. MRID45447215.3Assumes all gamma-cyhalothrin depositing on the water body is dissolved and available to aquatic animals. The resulting exposure concentration wascompared to the 96 hour toxicity values for fish and invertebrates.4The exposure during the 24 hour equilibration period was assumed to be 50% of the applied material: the average of the instantaneous concentration (100% ofapplied material in the dissolved phase) and the equilibrium concentration (1% of deposited material in the dissolved phase).Because the initial rate of bindingis expected to be higher, this concentration is likely conservative. The 24 hour LC50values were compared to exposure values to calculate buffer zones for the 24hour equilibration scenario.5Assumes 99% of gamma-cyhalothrin depositing on the water bodyis bound, or otherwise not bioavailable. The 96 hour LC50values were compared toexposure values to calculate buffer zones for the post-24 hour equilibrium scenario.

### − 41

− The spray drift assessment suggests that rapid binding of gamma-cyhalothrin to suspended

sediment or other matter could be an important aspect to consider in assessing acute aquatic

toxicity to spray drift. When bioavailability of spray drift is reduced by 99% the current buffer

zones provide adequate protection of aquatic organisms. In the absence of removal via binding,

buffer zones well in excess of those on proposed labels would be required in order to protect

aquatic species. Further information on the shor t-term toxicity of gamma-cyhalothrin and the

concentration gradient over 24 hours could be us ed to improve the confidence of the exposure

and toxicity values used in the current spray drift assessment.

Risk Relative to Levels of Concern

The conclusions of the June 2002 risk assessment for lambda-cyhalothrin accurately describe the

potential risks from proposed gamma-cyhalothrin uses . Many acute, chronic, restricted use, and

endangered species levels of c oncern are exceeded. Because the slope of gamma-cyhalothrin’s

dose-effect relationship is moderate to steep for aquatic organisms, small increases in exposure,

increasing risk quotients above leve ls of concern, have the poten tial to result in a high proportion

of mortality. The risk quotients are based on st udies using the technical material. Available

tests with formulated product suggest that end us e products are not significa ntly more toxic than

the technical material.

Risk quotients in the previous assessment suggest that all acute levels of concern will be

exceeded for fish and aquatic invertebrates by the proposed gamma-cyhalothrin uses. The

proposed uses are also expected to exceed the chronic level of concer n for aquatic invertebrates.

Most uses exceeded acute and chronic levels of concern for both insectivorous and herbivorous

mammalian species. The uses with the lowest seasonal application ra te (e.g. wheat) do not

exceed the mammalian chronic level of concern.

Although the toxicity of gamma-cyhalo thrin is relatively low to av ian species, the uses with a

high number of repeat applications (i.e. fruiting vegetables, conifers a nd deciduous trees) exceed

chronic risk levels of concern to birds feeding on lower and higher residue food items. Uses with

lower seasonal application rates exceed levels of concern only on avian food items with higher

residue levels.

The proposed uses exceed acute endangered species levels of concern for aquatic invertebrates,

fish, and mammals. Chronic endangered species levels of concern are exceeded for aquatic

invertebrates, fish, birds (high rate uses), mammals (high rate uses). Su blethal effects to birds

( e.g. head twitching) and mammals ( e.g. decreased locomotor activity) suggest some potential

for gamma-cyhalothrin to impact species through behavioral changes. Also the potential for

indirect effects to endangered species exists for those species feeding on species that may be

directly affected by gamma-cyhalothrin. Endanger ed species preying on aquatic invertebrates,

fish, mammals, or birds could have lowered food abundance.Α−1Appendix A.Comparison of Application Ratesof Selected Lambda- and Gamma-Cyhalothrin Containing Products(lbs active ingredient/acre)Target CropExisting Lambda-Cyhalothrin containing productsProposed Gamma-Cyhalothrin containingproductsKarate with ZeonTechnology (capsulesuspension) EPA RegNo. 100-1097Karate (emulsifiableconcentrate) EPA RegNo. 100-998Warrior Insecticidewith ZeonTechnology (capsulesuspension) EPAReg. No. 100-1112GF-317 proposedlabel(microencapsulated)GF-231 proposedlabel(liquid formulationnot specified)perapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonAlfalfa0.030.120.0150.060.0150.06Cole Crops0.030.240.0150.120.0150.12Canola0.030.090.0150.045Corn (atplant)0.090.480.0450.24Corn (foliar)0.030.480.0150.240.0150.24Cotton0.040.20.040.20.040.20.020.10.020.1FruitingVegetables0.030.360.150.180.150.18Legumes0.030.120.0150.060.0150.06Lettuce0.030.30.0150.150.0150.15Onion0.030.240.150.12Α−2Comparison of Application Ratesof Selected Lambda- and Gamma-Cyhalothrin Containing Products(lbs active ingredient/acre)Target CropExisting Lambda-Cyhalothrin containing productsProposed Gamma-Cyhalothrin containingproductsKarate with ZeonTechnology (capsulesuspension) EPA RegNo. 100-1097Karate (emulsifiableconcentrate) EPA RegNo. 100-998Warrior Insecticidewith ZeonTechnology (capsulesuspension) EPAReg. No. 100-1112GF-317 proposedlabel(microencapsulated)GF-231 proposedlabel(liquid formulationnot specified)perapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonPeanuts0.030.120.030.120.0150.060.0150.06Pome Fruit0.040.20.020.1Rice0.040.120.040.120.020.060.020.06Sorghum0.030.080.030.080.0150.040.0150.04Soybeans0.030.060.0150.030.0150.03Stone Fruit0.040.20.020.1Sugarcane0.040.160.040.160.020.080.0170.034Sunflower0.030.120.0150.060.0150.06Tobacco0.030.090.0150.045Tree Nuts0.040.160.020.08Trees(conifer anddeciduous)0.040.50.020.25Α−3Comparison of Application Ratesof Selected Lambda- and Gamma-Cyhalothrin Containing Products(lbs active ingredient/acre)Target CropExisting Lambda-Cyhalothrin containing productsProposed Gamma-Cyhalothrin containingproductsKarate with ZeonTechnology (capsulesuspension) EPA RegNo. 100-1097Karate (emulsifiableconcentrate) EPA RegNo. 100-998Warrior Insecticidewith ZeonTechnology (capsulesuspension) EPAReg. No. 100-1112GF-317 proposedlabel(microencapsulated)GF-231 proposedlabel(liquid formulationnot specified)perapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonperapplicationperseasonWheat0.030.060.0150.030.0150.03Appendix B.Toxicity to Non-Target OrganismsFor aquatic organisms, available toxicity data suggests thatgamma-cyhalothrin is most to invertebrates such as daphnids andgammarids. Fish are also extremely sensitive to gamma-cyhalothrin. For terrestrialorganisms, insects (and most likely otherinvertebrates) appear to be most sensitive, followed by mammals, birds and then plants.Fish ToxicityAcute toxicity studies performed in bluegill and rainbow trout using technical or formulated gamma or lambda-cyhalothrin indicatethat both of these materials are very highly toxic to freshwaterfish. The results from acutetoxicity study using sheepsheadminnowalso indicate lambda-cyhalothrin is very highly toxic to fish of estuarine/marine origin. The results of acute toxicity studies conductedin freshwater and estuarine/marine fish are summarized in Table A1.Table A1. Acute toxic effects ofgamma and lambda-cyhalothrin inon freshwater and estuarine fishΑ−4SpeciesStudyGuidelineA.I.%A.I.Toxicity Endpoint(95 % ConfidenceInterval)μg a.i. /LToxicityClassificationStudyClassificationMRID #Freshwater FishBluegill Sunfish(Lepomismacrochirus)72-1alambdacyhalothrin98LC5096 hr: 0.210(0.16-0.31)NOAEC : 0.16(mortality)very highlytoxicCore15159899LC5096 hr: 0.106(0.086-0.140)NOAEC : 0.034(mortality)very highlytoxicSupplemental45447216gammacyhalothrin100LC5096 hr: 0.051(0.039-0.066)NOAEC : <0.013(mortality andsublethal)very highlytoxicSupplemental45447216100LC5096 hr: 0.029(0.021-0.039)NOAEC : 0.02(mortality)NOAEC : 0.0077(sublethal effects)very highlytoxicSupplemental45447215Bluegill Sunfish(Lepomismacrochirus)72-1blambdacyhalothrin12.9LC5096 hr : 2.2(1.9-2.7)NOAEC : 0.77very highlytoxicCore15160124LC5096 hr : 1.2(1.0-1.5)NOAEC :0.46very highlytoxicCore43908812Α−5Table A1. Acute toxic effects ofgamma and lambda-cyhalothrin inon freshwater and estuarine fishSpeciesStudyGuidelineA.I. %A.I.Toxicity Endpoint(95 % ConfidenceInterval)μg a.i. /LToxicityClassificationStudyClassificationMRID #Rainbow Trout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)72-1clambdacyhalothrin98LC5096 hr: 0.240(0.20-0.29)NOAEC : 0.11(mortality)very highlytoxicCore15159799LC5096 hr: 0.19(0.16-0.38)NOAEC : 0.051(sublethal effects)very highlytoxicSupplemental454472gammacyhalothrin100LC5096 hr: 0.19(0.16-0.22)NOAEC : 0.031(sublethal effects)very highlytoxicSupplemental45447217100LC5096 hr: 0.072(0.057-0.091)NOAEC: <0.0093(mortality andsublethal effects)very highlytoxicSupplemental4544721414.7LC5096 hr: 1.10(0.86-1.89)NOAEC: 0.28(mortality andsublethal effects)very highlytoxicCore45447218Rainbow Trout(Salmogairdneri)72-1dlambdacyhalothrin12.9LC5096 hr : 3.4NOAEC : N/Avery highlytoxicCore151600Rainbow Trout24LC5096 hr : 2.7very highlyCore4390881Α−6Table A1. Acute toxic effects ofgamma and lambda-cyhalothrin inon freshwater and estuarine fishSpeciesStudyGuidelineA.I. %A.I.Toxicity Endpoint(95 % ConfidenceInterval)μg a.i. /LToxicityClassificationStudyClassificationMRID #(Oncorhynchusmykiss)(2.3-3.1)NOAEC :1.3(mortality)toxic3Estuarine/Marine FishSheepsheadMinnow(Cyprinodonvariegatus)72-3alambdacyhalothrin96.5LC5096 hr : 0.807(0.672-0.967)NOAEC :≥0.29(mortality)very highlytoxicCore153506

### Β

− 1 Table A2 provides the results of chroni c toxicity studies of lambda-cyhalothrin

conducted using freshwater or estuarine/marine fish. No chr onic fish toxicity data was

provided on gamma-cyhalothrin. Based on NOECs in fathead minnow and sheepshead

minnow (0.03 versus 0.25 ppb), freshwater fish may be more sensitive to toxic effects of

lambda-cyhalothrin than estuarine/marine fish.

Table A2. Chronic toxicity effects of lambda-cyhalothrin in fish

Species Study

Guidelin

e A.I. %

A.I. Toxicity Endpoint

(95% Confidence

Interval)

μ g a.i. /L Study

Classificatio

n MRID #

Freshwater Fish

Fathead Minnow

( Pimephales

promelas ) 72-5 lambdacyhalothri

n 96.7 NOAEC: 0.031

LOAEC: 0.062

(adult growth;

young survival and

growth) Supplement

al 415190-

01

Estuarine/Marine Fish

Sheepshead

Minnow

( Cyprinodon

variegatus ) 72-4a lambdacyhalothri

n 96.6 NOAEC: 0.25

LOAEC: 0.38

(weight of the

survival) Core 152732



### Aquatic Invertebrates Toxicity

Table A3 summarizes the results from acut e toxicity studies conducted using aquatic

invertebrates of both freshwater and est uarine marine origin. In general, gamma and

lambda-cyhalothrin and their fo rmulated products are classified as very highly toxic to

aquatic invertebrates. Among t he freshwater invertebrates, Gammarus pulex is more

sensitive to the test materials. Data fr om gamma-cyhalothrin studies suggests that

neonate Gammarus are the most sensitive life stage with an LC 50 

### value of 0.00048  g/L

(ppb). Although this toxicity levels is the lowest that the reviewer has noted for any

pesticide, problems in the study with declining test material concentrations suggest that

a more accurate LC50 value would be lower.

### Β

− 2 Table A3. Acute Toxic effects of gamma and la mbda-cyhalothrin in aquatic invertebrates

Species Study

Guideline A.I. %

A.I. Toxicity Endpoint

(95% Confidence

Interval) μ g a.i. /L Toxicity

Classification 1 Study

Classification MRID #

Freshwater Invertebrates

Daphnia

magna 72-2a lambdacyhalothri

n 96.5 EC 50 48 hr :0.23

(0.18-0.29)

NOAEC : 0.04 very highly

toxic Core 151599

Daphnia

magna 72-2 lambdacyhalothri

n 5.5 EC 50 48 hr : 0.04

(0.03-0.06)

NOAEC: Not

established very highly

toxic Supplement

al 151602

lambdacyhalothri

n 12.9 EC 50 48 hr :

0.065

(0.04-0.11)

NOAEC: Not

established very highly

toxic Supplement

al 151602

lambdacyhalothri

n 24 EC 50 48 hr : 0.18

(0.14-0.23)

NOAEC : 0.03

(Immobility) very highly

toxic Core 4390881

1

lambdacyhalothri

n 99 EC 50 48 hr :

0.051

(0.034-0.10)

NOAEC :

<0.0055 very highly

toxic Core 4544722

0

gammacyhalothri

n 100 EC 50 48 hr :

0.045

(0.020-0.079)

NOAEC: <0.015 very highly

toxic Core 4544722

0

gammacyhalothri

n 100 EC 50 48 hr :

0.095

(0.078-0.114)

NOAEC: <0.0263 very highly

toxic Supplement

al 4544721

9

gammacyhalothri

n 14.7 EC 50 48 hr :

0.154

(0.099-0.310)

NOAEC: <0.011 very highly

toxic Supplement

al 4544722

1

Gammaru

s pulex 72-2a lambdacyhalothri

n 94 EC 50 96 hr :

0.007

(0.005-0.009)

NOAEC : 0.0005 very highly

toxic Supplement

al 152730

### Β

− 3 Table A3. Acute Toxic effects of gamma and la mbda-cyhalothrin in aquatic invertebrates

Species Study

Guideline A.I. %

A.I. Toxicity Endpoint

(95% Confidence

Interval) μ g a.i. /L Toxicity

Classification 1 Study

Classification MRID #

(mortality)

Gammaru

s

pseudolim

naeus nonguideline gammacyhalothri

n 99.2 LC 50 :

0.00048

(neonate),

0.00385

(juvenile),

0.00812 (adult) very highly

toxic Supplement

al 4606560

1

Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates

Eastern

Oyster

( Crassostr

ea gigas )

Mollusk

Shell

Depositio

n 72-3b lambdacyhalothri

n 96.5 LC 50 48 hr : >590

NOAEC : 590

(immobility) highly toxic Core 152728

Mysid

Shrimp

( Mysidops

is bahia ) 72-3c lambdacyhalothri

n >97 LC 50 96 hr :

0.005

(0.004-0.006)

NOAEC :Not

established very highly

toxic Core 152729



### Table A4 presents the results from the chronic toxicity studies performed in Daphnia

magna and mysid shrimp selected as surrogate s for freshwater and estuarine/marine

invertebrates, respectively. The comparis on of NOECs reported for both the species

indicates that mysid shrimp are more sens itive to lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity than

Daphnia. A Daphnid study for gamma-cyhal othrin was not considered adequate to

determine a toxicity endpoint due to va riable exposure levels and inadequate

quantitation of the te st material.

Table A4. Chronic toxic effects of gamma and lambda-cyhalothrin in aquatic invertebrates

Species Study

Guidelin

e A.I. %

A.I. Toxicity Endpoint

(95% Confidence

Interval)

μ g a.i. /L Study

Classification MRID #

Freshwater Invertebrates

Daphnia

magna 72-4b lambdacyhalothrin 92.8 NOAEC: 0.004

LOAEC:0.005 Supplemental 152733

### Β

− 4 Table A4. Chronic toxic effects of gamma and lambda-cyhalothrin in aquatic invertebrates

Number of

young/female

lambdacyhalothrin 96.6 NOAEC: 0.002

LOAEC: 0.0035

Number of

young/female, Total

young Supplemental 41217501

gammacyhalothrin 100 Not Available Invalid 45447222

Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates

Mysid 72-4b 98.5 NOAEC: 0.0002

LOAEC: 0.0005

Number of young per

reproductive day and

Number of

young/treatment Core MRID (not

available)

Accession

Number

073989



### Aquatic Plants Toxicity

There is no study reported testing the ef fects of gamma or lambda-cyhalothrin on

aquatic vascular plants. Also no studi es are reported on non-vascular plants of

estuarine/marine origin (e.g ., marine diatoms). Three st udies conducted using aquatic

non-vascular plant (freshwater green algae) reported the EC 50 

### as >310 ppb. The results

of lambda-cyhalothrin on fr eshwater green algae are summarized in Table A5.

Table A5. Acute Toxic Effects of gamma and lambda-cyhalothrin on aquatic plants

Species Study

Guidelin

e A.I. %

A.I. Toxicity

Endpoint

μ g a.i. /L Study

Classificatio

n MRID #

Freshwater Non-vascular Plants

Green Algae

Selenastrum

i t 123-2 gammacyhalothrin 100 EC 50 96 hr

:>2850

NOAEC : <1340 Supplement

al 45447406

### Β

− 5 Table A5. Acute Toxic Effects of gamma and lambda-cyhalothrin on aquatic plants

gammacyhalothrin 14.7 Cell density

EC 50 72 hr:

15000

NOAEC: 5480

Growth rate

EC 50 72

hr:41300

NOAEC: 5480

Area under

curve

EC 50 72

hr:16100

NOAEC: N.R. Supplement

al 45447407

lambdacyhalothrin 96.5 EC 50 96 hr :>310

NOAEC : ≥ 310 Supplemental 

### 152731

Terrestrial Toxicity Studies

Avian Toxicity

Gamma and lambda-cyhalothrin are considered to be slightly toxic or practically non-toxic to

water fowl and upland game birds with acute or subacute exposures. Sublethal effects for

gamma-cyhalothrin exposure were noted at the lo west test concentrations in some studies.

Sublethal effects included head twitching and decreased food consumption and weight gain.

Results from a lambda-cyhalothrin waterfowl re production study indicated th at eggs laid, eggs

set, eggs cracked, viable embryos, live embryos , normal hatchlings and 14-day old survivors

were not affected at levels up to 30ppm. There is no reproduction study available for lambdacyhalothrin on bobwhite quail and no reproduc tive study on any avian species for gammacyhalothrin.

Summary of the acute and chronic avia n studies are presented in Table A6.

Table A6. Avian toxicity studies of gamma and lambda-cyhalothrin

Species Study

Guideline A.I. %

A.I. Toxicity Endpoint

(Confidence

Interval) Toxicity

Classification Study

Classification MRID #

Bobwhite quail

( Colinus

virginianus ) 71-1 gammacyhalothrin 14.7 LD 50 : > 2000

NOAEL (head

twitching): <480

mg/Kg BW Practically non

toxic Core 45447211

Bobwhite quail

( Colinus

virginianus ) 71-1a gammacyhalothrin 100 LD 50 : > 2000

NOAEL (BW,

food Practically non

toxic Core 45447210

### Β

− 6 Table A6. Avian toxicity studies of gamma and lambda-cyhalothrin

consumption):

<480 mg/Kg BW

Mallard duck

( Anas

platyrhynchos ) 71-1a lambdacyhalothrin 96 LD 50 : > 3950

mg/Kg BW Practically non

toxic Core 151594

Mallard duck

( Anas

platyrhynchos ) 71-2 gammacyhalothrin 100 LC 50 : >4430

NOEC (bwt):

<617 mg/Kg diet Practically non

toxic Core 45447213

Bobwhite quail

( Colinus

virginianus ) 71-2a gammacyhalothrin 100 LC 50 : 2794

NOEC (mortality

and bwt): 617

mg/Kg diet Slightly toxic Core 45447212

Bobwhite quail

( Colinus

virginianus ) 71-2a lambdacyhalothrin 99.6 LC 50 : >5300

mg/Kg diet Practically non

toxic Core 151596

Mallard duck

( Anas

platyrhynchos ) 71-2b lambdacyhalothrin 96.5 LC 50 : 3948

mg/Kg diet Slightly toxic Core 151595

Mallard duck

(

Anas

platyrhynchos ) 71-4b lambdacyhalothrin 96.3 NOAEC : ≥ 30 mg

a.i./kg diet

(highest dose

tested) - Core 41512101



### Mammalian Toxicity

Mammalian toxicological studies were conducted with gamma-cyhalothrin in order to

compare and bridge the results to the existing toxicological data for lambda-cyhalothrin

and cyhalothrin. The following studies were conducted with gamma-cyhalothrin: six

acute toxicity studies, a 28-day dietary toxicity study in rats, a 90-day dietary toxicity

study in rats, a developmental toxicity st udy in rats and a complete battery of

genotoxicity studies. Summaries of the gamma -cyhalothrin studies that are normally

used in ecological risk assessment are presented below.

Comparative results for t he toxicological st udies with lambda-cyhalothrin and/or

cyhalothrin were obtained from the EU monograph and/or the review report for lambdacyhalothrin (EU Review Programme on Active Substances in Plant Protection Products,

lambda-cyhalothrin, Annex B, B-5: Toxicology and Metabolism, KEMI, National

Chemicals Inspectorate, Solna, Sweden, Ju ne, 1996; Review Repo rt for the Active

Substance lambda-cyhalothrin, European Co mmission, Directorate-General Health &

Consumer Protection, 7572/VI/97-final, 25 J anuary 2001) and/or Environmental Health

Criteria 99, Cyhalothrin, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1990.

Rat Acute Oral Toxicity

### Β

− 7 Gamma-cyhalothrin (DE-225) was given as singl e oral doses to male and female Wistar

Han rats at doses up to 75 mg/kg bw. Toxi c signs included salivat ion, incoordination,

tremor, soft or watery feces and pupil dilation. These signs of toxicity had disappeared

within 4 days in the rats that survived. The acute oral LD 50 

### was >50 mg/kg bw in males

and 55 mg/kg bw in females.

The acute oral toxicity was also evaluat ed in the rat for cyhalothrin and lambdacyhalothrin in similar studies. Signs of to xicity included piloerection, salivation,

incoordination, subdued behaviour and in continence. The acute oral LD 50 

### for

cyhalothrin was 166 mg/kg bw, males and 144 mg/kg bw, females and for lambdacyhalothrin, 79 mg/kg bw, males and 56 mg/kg bw, females.

Summary of Rat Short Term Toxicity

The short-term toxic effects due to gamma -cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and

cyhalothrin are similar at le vels high enough to cause the effe cts. Moreover, they occur

at similar dose levels for the three com pounds. Clinical signs characteristic of

pyrethroid toxicity were seen for gamma-cyhalothrin ( ≥ 125 ppm) and cyhalothrin ( ≥ 250

ppm) in the 28-day studies. They also o ccurred at 100 ppm gamma-cyhalothrin in the

90-day study. Decreased body weight gain was a consistent effect at high dose level in

the 28-day and 90-day studies as was reduced food consumption. Liver weight was

increased in most of the studies at the higher dose levels. Increased liver APDM

activity and SER, which are adaptive changes, were shown in the cyhalothrin and

lambda-cyhalothrin studies but not for gamma -cyhalothrin. There were no treatment

related histopathological effects in a range of tissues including the liver and nervous

tissue in any study.

Table A7. Acute mammalian (rat) toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides containing gammacyhalothrin.



### Pyrethroid type Cyhalothrin Lamda-cyhalothrin Gamma-cyhalothrin

Technical

Acute Oral -Rat LD 50 

### : 243 mg/kg

(m)

144 mg/kg (f)

Tox.Cat. II LD 50 

### : 79 mg/kg (m)

56 mg/kg (f)

Tox.Cat. II LD 50 

### :> 50 mg/kg (m)

55 mg/kg (f)

Tox.Cat. II

Formulations

GF-231 (15% A.I.) Karate Z (23% A.I.) Grenade (20% A.I.)

Acute Oral -Rat LD 50 

### : 2250 mg/kg

Tox.Cat. IV LD 50 

### : 245 mg/kg

Tox.Cat. II LD 50 

### : 122 mg/kg

Tox.Cat. II

### Β

− 8 Table A8. Rat 90-day feeding study summary for pyrethroid inseciticdes containing gamma-cyhalothrin.



### S elected Parameters G amma-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin C yhalothrin

L evels tested (ppm) 0 , 2.5, 10, 50, 100 0, 10, 50, 250 0 , 10, 50, 250

Dosages (mg/kg bw/day) 0, 0.2, 0.7, 3.4, 6.6 (m)

0 , 0.2, 0.8, 4.2, 8.0 (f) 0, 0.5, 2.6, 14 (m)

0, 0.6, 3.2, 15 (f) 0, 0.6, 2.6, 14 (m)

0 , 0.6, 3.2, 15 (f)

N eurotoxic signs were seen at 1 00 ppm > 250 ppm 1 

### 250 ppm 1



### Decreased body wt gain were

seen at: 100 ppm 250 ppm 250 ppm

Decreased food consumption

were seen at: 100 ppm 250 ppm > 250 ppm 1



### Increased liver weight and/or

ADPM activity 2 

### 100 ppm 50 ppm > 250 ppm 1



### NOAEL 50 ppm 50 ppm 50 ppm

Non-Target Insect Toxicity

Gamma and lambda-cyhalothrin as well as their formulat ed products are highly t oxic to honey bees in the

acute contact as well as oral toxicity studies (Table A9).

Table A9. Nontarget insect toxicity st udies of gamma and lambda-cyhalothrin

Species A.I. Study

Guideline %

A.I. Toxicity

Endpoint

(95 %

Confidence

Interval) Toxicity

Classification Study

Classification MRID #

Honey

bees

( Apis

mellifera ) lambdacyhalothrin 141-1

Contact

Oral 96

96 LD 50 : 0.038

μ g a.i./bee

LD 50 : 0.909

μ g a.i./bee Highly Toxic

Highly Toxic Core

Core 40052409

40052409

lambdacyhalothrin 141-1

Contact

Oral 5.04

5.04 LD 50 : 0.098

μ g a.i./bee

LD 50 :0.483

μ g a.i./bee Highly Toxic

Highly Toxic Core

Core 40052409

40052409

### Β

− 9 Table A9. Nontarget insect toxicity st udies of gamma and lambda-cyhalothrin

gamma

cyhalothrin 141-1

Contact 100 LD 50 :

0.0061 μ g

a.i./bee Highly Toxic Core 45464802

gamma

cyhalothrin 141-1

Contact 14.7 LD 50 : 0.030

μ g

formulation

/bee Highly Toxic Supplement

al 45464803

gamma

cyhalothrin Nonguideline

Oral 14.7 LD 50 : 1.26

μ g

formulation./

bee Highly Toxic Supplement

al 45464804

lambdacyhalothrin 141-2

(foliage) PP3

21 LT 50 : 4-12

hours for

0.013

lb/acre; 23

hrs for

0.031

lb/acre

NOAEL: 24-

48 hrs for

0.013

lb/acre and

96 hrs for

0.031

lb/acre 

### - Core 40436302

gammacyhalothrin 141-2

(foliage) 14.7 RT 50 :>17 g

a.i./ha 

### - Core 45464805

### Χ

− 10 Appendix C.

Aerial high drift s cenario input summary:

AgDRIFT® Input Data Summary

--General--

Tier: III

Title: Untitled

Notes:

Calculations Done: Yes

Run ID: AgDRIFT® high rate 15 mph v fine.agd 2.01 02-24-2004 14:02:41

Default values appear when they differ from the Current values.

--Aircraft-- ----- -----Current----------- -- --------Default

-----------

Name Air Tractor AT-401

Type Basic

Boom Height (ft) 10

Flight Lines 20

Wing Type Fixed-Wing

Semispan (ft) 24.5

Typical Speed (mph) 119.99

Biplane Separation (ft) 0

Weight (lbs) 6000 6000

Planform Area (ft2) 294

Propeller RPM 2000

Propeller Radius (ft) 4.5

Engine Vert Distance (ft) -1.2

Engine Fwd Distance (ft) 11.9

-Drop Size Distribution 1- ----------Current

----------- ----- -----Default-----------

Name ASAE Very Fine ASAE Fine to Medium

Type Basic

Drop Categories # Diam (um) Frac Diam (um) Frac

1 10.77 0.0148 10.77 0.0010

2 16.73 0.0182 16.73 0.0003

3 19.39 0.0158 19.39 0.0007

4 22.49 0.0113 22.49 0.0003

5 26.05 0.0127 26.05 0.0007

6 30.21 0.0260 30.21 0.0010

7 35.01 0.0425 35.01 0.0010

8 40.57 0.0568 40.57 0.0020

9 47.03 0.0690 47.03 0.0033

### Χ

− 11 10 54.50 0.0733 54.50 0.0053

11 63.16 0.0607 63.16 0.0067

12 73.23 0.0548 73.23 0.0090

13 84.85 0.0645 84.85 0.0133

14 98.12 0.0713 98.12 0.0223

15 113.71 0.0702 113.71 0.0330

16 131.73 0.0645 131.73 0.0393

17 152.79 0.0653 152.79 0.0480

18 177.84 0.0720 177.84 0.0647

19 205.84 0.0588 205.84 0.0830

20 238.45 0.0287 238.45 0.1147

21 276.48 0.0225 276.48 0.1283

22 320.60 0.0137 320.60 0.1380

23 372.18 0.0060 372.18 0.1127

24 430.74 0.0027 430.74 0.0640

25 498.91 0.0018 498.91 0.0440

26 578.54 0.0010 578.54 0.0317

27 670.72 0.0010 670.72 0.0203

--Nozzle Distribution-- ----------Current--

--------- ---- ------Default-

----------

Name Nozzles for Air Tractor A...

Type Basic

Horiz Distance Limit (%) 0

Boom Length (%) 76.3

Nozzle DSD & Locations # DSD H(ft) V(ft) F(ft) DSD H(ft) V(ft) F(ft)

1 1 -18.7 0 0

2 1 -17.79 0 0

3 1 -16.87 0 0

4 1 -15.96 0 0

5 1 -15.05 0 0

6 1 -14.14 0 0

7 1 -13.22 0 0

8 1 -12.31 0 0

9 1 -11.4 0 0

10 1 -10.49 0 0

11 1 -9.58 0 0

12 1 -8.66 0 0

13 1 -7.75 0 0

14 1 -6.84 0 0

15 1 -5.93 0 0

16 1 -5.02 0 0

17 1 -4.1 0 0

18 1 -3.19 0 0

19 1 -2.28 0 0

20 1 -1.37 0 0

### Χ

− 12 21 1 -0.456 0 0

22 1 0.456 0 0

23 1 1.37 0 0

24 1 2.28 0 0

25 1 3.19 0 0

26 1 4.1 0 0

27 1 5.02 0 0

28 1 5.93 0 0

29 1 6.84 0 0

30 1 7.75 0 0

31 1 8.66 0 0

32 1 9.58 0 0

33 1 10.49 0 0

34 1 11.4 0 0

35 1 12.31 0 0

36 1 13.22 0 0

37 1 14.14 0 0

38 1 15.05 0 0

39 1 15.96 0 0

40 1 16.87 0 0

41 1 17.79 0 0

42 1 18.7 0 0

--Swath-- --- -------Current---- ------- ----------Def ault-----------

Swath Width 60 ft

Swath Displacement 0.3702 x Swath Width

Half Boom No

--Spray Material-- --------- -Current----------- --- -------Default-----------

Name Water

Type Basic

Nonvolatile Rate (lb/ac) 0.272 0.501

Active Rate (lb/ac) 0.04 0.2505

Spray Volume

Rate (gal/ac) 5 2

Specific Gravity 1

Evaporation

Rate ( μ m2/deg C/sec) 84.76

--Meteorology-- --------- -Current----------- --- -------Default-----------

Wind Speed (mph) 15 10

Wind Direction (deg) -90

Temperature (deg F) 86

Relative Humidity (%) 50

### Χ

− 13 --Transport-- ------ ----Current----------- -- --------Default-

---------- Flux Plane (ft) 0

--Terrain-- ----- -----Current----------- -- --------Default

----------- Surface Roughness (ft) 0.0246

--Advanced-- ----------Current----------- -- --------Default-

---------- Wind Speed Height (ft) 6.56 6.56

Max Compute Time (sec) 600

Max Downwind Dist (ft) 5200 2608.24

Vortex Decay Rate (mph) 1.25 1.25

Aircraft Drag Coeff 0.1

Propeller Efficiency 0.8

Ambient Pressure (in hg) 29.91 29.91

Aerial low drift scen ario input summary:

AgDRIFT® Input Data Summary

--General--

Tier: III

Title: Untitled

Notes:

Calculations Done: Yes

Run ID: AgDRIFT® low rate 3 mph med.agd 2.01 02-24-2004 14:07:25

Default values appear when they differ from the Current values.

--Aircraft-- ----- -----Current----------- -- --------Default

-----------

Name Air Tractor AT-401

Type Basic

Boom Height (ft) 10

Flight Lines 20

Wing Type Fixed-Wing

Semispan (ft) 24.5

Typical Speed (mph) 119.99

Biplane Separation (ft) 0

Weight (lbs) 6000 6000

Planform Area (ft2) 294

Propeller RPM 2000

Propeller Radius (ft) 4.5

Engine Vert Distance (ft) -1.2

Engine Fwd Distance (ft) 11.9

### Χ

− 14 -Drop Size Distribution 1- ----------Current

----------- ----- -----Default-----------

Name ASAE Medium ASAE Fine to Medium

Type Basic

Drop Categories # Diam (um) Frac Diam (um) Frac

1 10.77 0.0005 10.77 0.0010

2 16.73 0.0002 16.73 0.0003

3 19.39 0.0003 19.39 0.0007

4 22.49 0.0002 22.49 0.0003

5 26.05 0.0003 26.05 0.0007

6 30.21 0.0005 30.21 0.0010

7 35.01 0.0007 35.01 0.0010

8 40.57 0.0012 40.57 0.0020

9 47.03 0.0022 47.03 0.0033

10 54.50 0.0040 54.50 0.0053

11 63.16 0.0058 63.16 0.0067

12 73.23 0.0077 73.23 0.0090

13 84.85 0.0095 84.85 0.0133

14 98.12 0.0147 98.12 0.0223

15 113.71 0.0227 113.71 0.0330

16 131.73 0.0305 131.73 0.0393

17 152.79 0.0403 152.79 0.0480

18 177.84 0.0513 177.84 0.0647

19 205.84 0.0630 205.84 0.0830

20 238.45 0.0890 238.45 0.1147

21 276.48 0.1077 276.48 0.1283

22 320.60 0.1308 320.60 0.1380

23 372.18 0.1262 372.18 0.1127

24 430.74 0.0993 430.74 0.0640

25 498.91 0.0795 498.91 0.0440

26 578.54 0.0567 578.54 0.0317

27 670.72 0.0278 670.72 0.0203

28 777.39 0.0110 777.39 0.0093

29 900.61 0.0055 900.61 0.0010

30 1044.42 0.0045 1044.42 0.0007

31 1210.66 0.0035 1210.66 0.0003

32 1403.04 0.0030 0.00 0.0000

--Nozzle Distribution-- ----------Current--

--------- ---- ------Default-

----------

Name Nozzles for Air Tractor A...

Type Basic

Horiz Distance Limit (%) 0

Boom Length (%) 76.3

Nozzle DSD & Locations # DSD H(ft) V(ft) F(ft) DSD H(ft) V(ft) F(ft)

1 1 -18.7 0 0

### Χ

− 15 2 1 -17.79 0 0

3 1 -16.87 0 0

4 1 -15.96 0 0

5 1 -15.05 0 0

6 1 -14.14 0 0

7 1 -13.22 0 0

8 1 -12.31 0 0

9 1 -11.4 0 0

10 1 -10.49 0 0

11 1 -9.58 0 0

12 1 -8.66 0 0

13 1 -7.75 0 0

14 1 -6.84 0 0

15 1 -5.93 0 0

16 1 -5.02 0 0

17 1 -4.1 0 0

18 1 -3.19 0 0

19 1 -2.28 0 0

20 1 -1.37 0 0

21 1 -0.456 0 0

22 1 0.456 0 0

23 1 1.37 0 0

24 1 2.28 0 0

25 1 3.19 0 0

26 1 4.1 0 0

27 1 5.02 0 0

28 1 5.93 0 0

29 1 6.84 0 0

30 1 7.75 0 0

31 1 8.66 0 0

32 1 9.58 0 0

33 1 10.49 0 0

34 1 11.4 0 0

35 1 12.31 0 0

36 1 13.22 0 0

37 1 14.14 0 0

38 1 15.05 0 0

39 1 15.96 0 0

40 1 16.87 0 0

41 1 17.79 0 0

42 1 18.7 0 0

--Swath-- --- -------Current---- ------- ----------Def ault-----------

Swath Width 60 ft

Swath Displacement 0.3702 x Swath Width

### Χ

− 16 Half Boom No

--Spray Material-- --------- -Current----------- --- -------Default-----------

Name Water

Type Basic

Nonvolatile Rate (lb/ac) 0.051 0.501

Active Rate (lb/ac) 0.075 0.2505

Spray Volume

Rate (gal/ac) 5 2

Specific Gravity 1

Evaporation

Rate ( μ m2/deg C/sec) 84.76

--Meteorology-- --------- -Current----------- --- -------Default-----------

Wind Speed (mph) 3 10

Wind Direction (deg) -90

Temperature (deg F) 86

Relative Humidity (%) 50

--Transport-- ------ ----Current----------- -- --------Default-

---------- Flux Plane (ft) 0

--Terrain-- ----- -----Current----------- -- --------Default

----------- Surface Roughness (ft) 0.0246

--Advanced-- ----------Current----------- -- --------Default-

---------- Wind Speed Height (ft) 6.56 6.56

Max Compute Time (sec) 600

Max Downwind Dist (ft) 5200 2608.24

Vortex Decay Rate (mph) 1.25 1.25

Aircraft Drag Coeff 0.1

Propeller Efficiency 0.8

Ambient Pressure (in hg) 29.91 29.91

Ground boom high drift scenario inputs:

AgDRIFT® Input Data Summary

--General--

Tier: I

Title: Untitled

Notes:

Default values appear when they differ from the Current values.

### Χ

− 17 ----------Current--- -------- ----------De fault-----------

Application Method Ground Aerial

Application Selection High Bo om, ASAE Very Fine... ASAE Fine

Ground boom low drift scenario inputs:

AgDRIFT® Input Data Summary

--General--

Tier: I

Title: Untitled

Notes:

Default values appear when they differ from the Current values.

----------Current--- -------- ----------De fault-----------

Application Method Ground Aerial

Application Selection Low Bo om, ASAE Fine to Me... ASAE Fine

Airblast high drift scenario inputs:

AgDRIFT® Input Data Summary

--General--

Tier: I

Title: Untitled

Notes:

Default values appear when they differ from the Current values.

----------Current--- -------- ----------De fault-----------

Application Method Orchar d Airblast Aerial

Application Selection Sparse (Young, Dormant) Aerosol to Very Fine

Airblast low drift scenario inputs:

AgDRIFT® Input Data Summary

--General--

Tier: I

Title: Untitled

Notes:

Default values appear when they differ from the Current values.

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− 18 ----------Current--- -------- ----------De fault-----------

Application Method Orchar d Airblast Aerial

Application Selection No rmal (Stone and Pome Fr... Aerosol to Very Fine