1 COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS

P.A.G., Appellant,

v. TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES, Appellee. §

§ § § § § § No. 08

- 14

- 002 31

- CV

Appeal from 112th District Court of Pecos County, Texas (TC # P

- 11572

- 112

- CV)

O P I N I O N PAG appeals the termination of h er parental rights to her daughter, MG, and h er son, AG

- B. The appeal is a companion case to Cause Number 08

- 14

- 00224

- CV in which AG

- B’s fa ther appeals the termination of h is parental rights. Because the cases were tried together and are related, we will detail in both opinions the circumstances of each parent. Indeed, it was their ongoing relationship that created the basis for many of the opinions offered at trial

. In three issues for review , Appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s findings of the statutory predicates for termination and that
ter mination is in the best interest of the child ren . For the reasons that follow, we affirm.2 

### PARENTAL TERMINATION A parent's rights may be involuntarily terminated through proceedings brought under Section 161.001 of the T exas Family Code

. See T EX .F AM .C ODE A NN
. § 161.001 (West 20 14 )

. Under this provision, the petitioner must (1) establish one or more of the statutory acts or omissions enumerated as grounds for termination, and (2) prove that termination is in the best interest of the child. S ee id. Both elements must be established and termination may not be based solely on the best interest of the child as determined by the trier of fact. Texas Department of Human Services v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 ( Tex. 1 987)

. The natural right of a parent to the care, custody, and control of their children is one of constitutional magnitude. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 ( Tex. 1 985) ; see also Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758

– 59 , 102 S.Ct. 1388, 1397, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982) (acknowledging that a parent's rights to “the companionship, care, custody, and management” of their children are constitutional interests, “far more precious than any property right”). Not only is a parent's interest in maintaining custody of and raising her children “paramount;” it is quite possibly the oldest fundamental liberty recognized by our courts. See In the Interest of M.S., E.S., D.S., S .S., and N.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 547 ( Tex. 2 003) (noting that Texas courts recognize that “a parent's interest in maintaining custody of and raising his or her child is paramount”); Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 2060, 147 L.Ed.2d 49 (2000) (in discussing t he constitutional stature of parental rights, the United State Supreme Court said, “the interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children

— is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court”); see also In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 549 (“Termination of parental rights is traumatic, permanent, and irrevocable.”). Although parental rights are of constitutional3

magnitude, they are not absolute. In the Interest of C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 26 ( Tex. 2 002) (“Just as it is imperative for courts to recognize the constitutional underpinnings of the parent

- child relationship, it is also essential that emotional and physical interests of the c hild not be sacrificed merely to preserve that right.”). Burden of Proof Because of the importance of parental rights, and the severity and permanency of termination, the quantum of proof required in a termination proceeding is elevated from a preponderanc e of the evidence to clear and convincing evidence. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 747, 102 S.Ct. at 1391; accord Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20

- 21 ; s ee In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 547 and I n the Interest of D.S.P. and H.R.P., 210 S.W.3d 776, 778 ( Tex.App.

-- Corpus Christi 2006, no pet.) (cases recognizing that involuntary termination of parental rights is a drastic remedy which divests the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, dut ies, and powers normally existing between them, except for the child's right to inherit from the parent.); see also In the Interest of B.L.D. and B.R.D., 113 S.W.3d 340, 353

- 54 ( Tex. 2 003) (noting that because of the severity and perman ency of termination, due process requires the party seeking to terminate parental rights prove the necessary elements by the heightened burden of proof of clear and convincing evidence). “Clear and convincing evidence” means the measure or degree of proof that “will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” T EX
. F AM .C ODE A NN . § 101.007 (West 2008) ; see In the Interest of J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 ( Tex. 2 002) ; see also In the Interest of J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 ( Tex. 2 007) (contrasting the standards applied in termination proceedings and the standards appli ed in modification proceedings). This intermediate standard falls between the preponderanc e of evidence standard of ordinary civil proceedings and the reasonable doubt standard of criminal4

proceedings. State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 ( Tex. 1 979) ; In the Interest of D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 630 ( Tex. App.

-- Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied) (op. on reh'g). Although the proof must be more than merely the greater weight of the credible evidence, there is no requirement that the evidence be unequivocal or undisputed. Addington, 588 S.W.2d at 570

. Standards of Review
T he Supreme Court has clearly articulated the applicable standards of legal sufficiency review in termination cases. Accordingly, we consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's finding, “to d etermine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” In the Interest of J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 ( Tex. 2 005) , quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We give deference to the fact finder's conclusions, indulge every reasonable inference from the evidence in favor of that finding, and presume the fact finder resolved any disputed facts in favor of its findings, so long as a reasonable fact finder c ould do so. Id. ; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We disregard any evidence that a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved, or found to have been incredible, but we do not disregard undisputed facts. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at
266. A legal sufficiency or no evidence point will only be sustained when the record discloses one of the following: (1) a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by rules of law or evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla of evidence; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital fact. See Swinney v. Mosher, 830 S.W.2d 187, 194 ( Tex.App.

-- Fort Worth 1992, writ denied)

.5 Statutory Predicates The termination order here was based on T EX .F AM .C ODE A NN
. § 161.001(D) and (E), with the court finding that Appellant had:

 Knowingly pl aced or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the physical or em otional well

- being of the child (subsection D); and

 Engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which end angers they physical or emotional well

- being of the child (subsection E)

. Both subsections (D) and (E) require proof of endangerment, which means to expose to loss or injury, or to jeopardize a child's emotional or physical health. Doyle v. Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services, 16 S.W.3d 390, 394 ( Tex.App.

-- El Paso 2000, pet. denied)

. While endangerment means more than a threat of metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects of a less

- than

- ideal family environme nt, it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually suffer injury. Doyle, 16 S.W.3d at 394. Subsections (D) and (E) differ in one respect: the source of the physical or emotional endangerment to the child. See In Interest of B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d 481, 484 ( Tex.App.

-- Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.) ; In Interest of S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d 73, 83

– 84 ( Tex.App.

-- Dallas 1987, writ ref'd n.r.e.) . Subsection (D) requires a showing that the environment in which the child is placed endangered the child's physical or emotional health. Doyle, 16 S.W.3d at 394. Conduct of a parent or another person in the home can create an environment that endangers the physical and emotional well

- being of a child as required for termination under Subsection D. Id.; see In re W.S., 899 S.W.2d 772, 776 ( Tex.App.

-- Fort Wo rth 1995, no writ) (“environment” refers to the acceptability of living conditions, as well as a parent's conduct in the home). Inappropriate, abusive, or unlawful conduct by persons who live in the child's home or with whom the child is compelled to assoc iate6

on a regular basis in his home is a part of the “conditions or surroundings” of the child's home under subsection (D). In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 502 ( Tex.App.

- - Fort Worth 2009, no pet.). The fact finder may infer from past conduct endangering the child's well

- being that similar conduct will recur if the child is returned to the parent

. Id

. Thus, subsection (D) addresses the child's surroundings and environment rather than parental miscon duct, which is the subject of subsection (E). Doyle, 16 S.W.3d at 394 ; B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d at 484 ; S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d at 84. Under subsection (E), the cause of the danger to the child must be th e parent's conduct alone, as evidenced not only by the parent's actions but also by the parent's omission or failure to
act. Doyle, 16 S.W.3d at 395 ; B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d at 484 ; S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d at 83

- 84

. The conduct to be examined includes what the parents did both before and after the child was born. In Interest of D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 812 ( Tex.App.

-- Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) ; Dupree v. Texas Department of Protective & Regulatory Services, 907 S.W.2d 81, 8 4 ( Tex.App.

-- Dallas 1995, no pet.)

. To be relevant, the conduct does not have to have been directed at the child, nor must actual harm resu lt to the child from the conduct. Id.; In Interest of C.D., 664 S.W.2d 851, 853 ( Tex.App.

-- Fort Worth 1984, no writ)

. Additionally, termination under subsection (E) must be based on more than a single act or omission; a voluntary, del iberate, and conscious course of conduct by the parent is required. In Interest of K.M.M., 993 S.W.2d 225, 228 ( Tex.App.

-- Eastland 1999, no pet.)

. The specific danger to the child's well

- being need not be established as an independent proposition, but may be inferred from parental misconduct. In Interest of N.K., 99 S.W.3d 295, 300 ( Tex.App.

-- Texarkana 2003, no pet.)

. Evidence of criminal conduct, convictions, and imprisonment and its effect on a parent's life an d ability to parent may establish an endangering course of conduct. In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 133. Imprisonment alone does not constitute an endangering course of conduct but it is a fact properly considered on7

the endangerment issue. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533

– 34; In re R.W., 129 S.W.3d at 743

- 44. Routinely subjecting a child to the probability that she will be left alone because her parent is in jail, endangers the child's physical and emotional well

- being. See In the Interest of S.D., 980 S.W.2d 758, 763 ( Tex.App.

-- San Antonio 1998, pet. denied). However, “the relationship of the parent and child, as well as efforts to improve or enhance parenting skills, are relevant in determining whether a paren t's conduct results in ‘endangerment’ under section 161.001(1)(E) , even where the parent is incarcerated.” In the Interest of D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 640 ( Tex.App.

-- Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied)

. Best Interest of the Children A determination of best interest necessitates a focus on the child, not the parent. See In the Interest of R.F., 115 S.W.3d 804, 812 ( Tex.App.

-- Dallas 2003, no pet.)

. However, there is a strong presumption that it is i n the child's best interest to preserve the parent

- child relationship. Swate v. Swate, 72 S.W.3d 763, 767 ( Tex.App.

-- Waco 2002, pet denied)

. The Texas Supreme Court has enumerated certain factors which should be considered: the child' s desires; the child's emotional and physical needs now and in the future; the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; the parenting abilities of the individuals seeking custody; the programs available to assist those individuals to promote the child's best interest; the plans for the child by those individuals or the agency seeking custody; the stability of the home or proposed placement; the parent's acts or omissions that may indicate that the existing parent

- child relationship is not a proper one; and any excuse for the parent's acts or omissions. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 ( Tex. 1 976) (“the Holley factors”). Also, permanence is of paramount importance in considering a child's present and future needs. Dupree, 907 S.W.2d at 87

.8 FACTUAL SUMMARY Appellant and AG are the parents of MG. Appellant and CB are the parents of A B

- G. Appellant is the mother of f our other children: 18

- year - old twin girls ( LM and AM) 1
, another child whose name a nd parentage is unclear from the record 2
, a nd a 14

- year old daughter ( A P )

. Appellant and CB moved in together when MG was only one month old. Appellant ’s H

istory Appellant has a history with the Department. In 1998 it found "reason to believe" 3 she had committed physical abuse of her daughter LM and in 1999 the Department found reason to believe she had physic ally abused both of the twins, who were then five years old. Multiple injuries were found to their faces and stomachs due to their mother ’s striking them with a belt. The Department records revealed that Appellant lacked patience with the children and lacked developmental understanding of their needs. She would get angry when the children were hungry and had difficulty controlling the twi ns . Appellant was under a lot of stress; she and her boyfriend were unemployed and had financial problems. There was spousal abuse and during this time she became pregnant. The children were removed and placed with relatives

. Appellant was ordered
to c omplete individual counseling, family counseling, domestic violence classes and parenting classes. She completed all of her requirements and the children were returned to her in 2000. In 2005, allegations of physical abuse by Appellant towa rd the twins a nd AP were ruled out. In

1 The twins, A P , MG, and AB

- G have different fathers.

2 One witness referred to a child who was a sibling of the twins. Another witness testified that Appellant had six children by five fathers. One of these statements cannot be true. It is most likely that this unidentified child is the result of the 1999 pregnancy mentioned above.
3 "Reason to believe" means that the Department has a preponderance of evidenc e that abuse occurred under the Texas Family Code ’s definition of abuse or neglect.9

2007, she was in a relationship with a man who m the D epartment believed was physically abusing
LM and displaying inappropriate and excessive discipline . While Appellant remembered the man

-- A P ’s father

-- she did not remember the CPS investigation. The same boyfriend caused another investigation in January 2008 for neglectful supervision of the twins, then

- aged 13, and A P , then

- age d 7. T he couple was living in an unsafe environment where drug addicts regularly congregated. A ppellant had been warned to keep the children away “from this drug addict barn” but the family continued to live there. Appellant was using heroin and CPS believed she was an unsafe caregiver. The children were at risk for injury due to Appellant ’ s ongoi ng drug abuse and poor parenting decisions. At that point, the twins were placed with their father and A P was staying w ith her grandmother. We cannot ascertain from the record where the unidentified child was during this time. In March 2009, the Departme nt received an intake alleging that Appellant was using drugs. The Department believed her drug use could greatly diminish her capacity to care for the children. Department records report that she left one of the children with a known sex offender. A se cond intake alleged that the children were placed at substantial risk of serious harm because Appellant was not providing adequate supervision. The third intake alleged Appellant abandoned the children, leaving them with individuals who no longer wished t o care for them and sought police assistance.
An investigation revealed Appellant left the children with inappropriate caregivers . In one instance, the house burned down while the children were asleep. Appellant continued to use heroin and the girls ha ve seen her overdose at least twice. The twins were again placed with their father and A P was placed with her grandmother. Appellant was in a rehabilitation facility in
El Paso and had no access to her daughters. The report found that Appellant had a criminal10

history including d riving w hile i ntoxicated, t heft by check , and p ossession of a c ontrolled

s ubstance. Appellant also has a history of choosing partners who engage in domestic violence. Her relationship with the twins’ father resulted in domestic violence, as did her relationship with A P ’s father. She was less forthright when discussing her relationship with CB . She claimed that t here had been no physical violence in their relationship until MG was grievously injured. She told the invest igator in the emergency room that there had been no violence in the relationship although there had been a lot of arguing. She later admitted that he had slapped her and elbowed her in the
eye , causing bruising. She admitted to slapping, scratching and b iting CB

. At trial, Appellant testifi ed that she had been admitted to a drug rehabilitation program. She successfully completed one after four unsuccessful attempts . Her drug of choice each time was heroin but she has also used marijuana and crack cocaine. She stopped using heroin in 2010 but continued to use marijuana and crack until 2011. Appellant dated CB for one month before she moved in with him. MG was only one month old at the time. Tragedy struck just months later. The Tragedy of MG In November 2012, CB was charged with injury to a child, a second degree felony enhanced to a first degree felony. He was convicted and at the time of the termination
pro ceedings, the criminal case was on appeal. The charges arose out of injuries to MG who was then an eight

- and

- a - half month infant. She suffered a skull fracture and shaken baby syndrome while she was at home alone with CB

. She also suffered a stroke from this injury and required extensive medical intervention in order to sustain her life, including G

- tube feedings and a tracheotomy. She is partially paralyzed on her left side and still suffers from seizures and other11

neurological conditions. She has eye damage, is blind in one eye, and while the doctor has said she is unlikely to recover her vision, he has been unwilling to say that the damage is permanent. As she has grown older, she has experienced developmental delays: 53% adaptive delay, 46% expressi ve communication delay, 33% gross motor delay, and 60% fine motor delay. She receives speech, occu pational, and physical therapy, and is receiving help in strengthening her left hand. On the day CB was arrested, drug tests resulted in positive findings f or m arijuana, cocaine and methamphetamines. He admitted to marijuana and cocaine use, but denied ever using meth. He has never been convicted for drug use, although he was convicted for possession of 85 pounds of marijuana in 1996. He testified that i t was not for his personal use. When asked whether he intended to sell it, he explain ed that “it was mostly transportation.” He was placed on probation for seven years, but t he probation was revoked due to his cocaine and marijuana usage. He was then sent enced t o five years and ultimately served three years in the Texas Department of Corrections. Appellant allowed CB to care for the infant even though she knew CB used cocaine and marijuana. There was a dispute about her discovery that MG was seriously hurt. She first claimed that the child was in her swing and when she realized something was wrong, she attacked CB

. He, in turn, claimed she attacked while he was holding the baby. Q : The trut h is: The day of the

-- the day that [MG] got injured, you were part of that, weren't you? You attacked him while he held her, and that is the reason she got injured; isn't that not true?
APPELLANT : That is not true. Q. How can you say that, knowing th at you attacked her [sic] with him holding her? A. That is not true. Because the reason I attacked him was because I found my daughter in a different state. My daughter had her face pushed in. My daughter's head was in a different odd shape. My daughter was

-- when I called her, my12

daughter was

-- her eyeballs were going back, and she squeezed my finger. There was something terribly wrong with my daughter. Whenever I found that out about my daughter, I attacked this man because I knew that I had left him a perfect child; and when I left

-- when I came back, that was my same child but she was hurt and he hurt her.
* * * * * I attacked him whenever he

-- whenever I got there and I seen my child, I picked her out of the swing. He took her from me. So, the baby was going back and forth, back and forth; and it wasn't in my thought

-- when I attacked him, I was not thinking I'm going to attack [ CB ] while he's holding my child. It happened to

-- when he took my child from me, he sat in the recline r and I was hovering over him and I seen the face

-- the look on his face, which told me that. Because of him, [MG] was hurt. So, when he stood up, it happened to be that he had my child; and that's when I attacked him because my mother instinct of

-- to protect my child

-- that I was upset that he had hurt my child oversurpassed [sic] me. I mean, it was an instinct. That's what it was. It was instinct. Q. An instinct that you forgot to mention to law enforcement and any medical personnel when they we re treating your daughter for almost dying? A. At the time because my head was just all where everything had happened. I didn't know what was going on. I mean, they had her

-- I found my child in a state that, Wow, like, you would have to

-- you would have to walk in my shoes through that to know what I'm trying to explain here. As a result of MG’s injuries, CB was forbidden to have contact with any of the children

. AB

- G was born in January 2013 and CB has seen him only once since his birth

. There was also a CPS case opened on Appellant due to MG ’s injuries and she began w orking with Family Base d Safety Services

. Eventually, CPS returned MG to Appellant and placed one of the twins, LM, as the primary caretaker. Removal of the Children
On Su nday, April 21, 2013, the Department received a priority one intake alleging neglectful supervision of AB

- G and MG. Appellant had reportedly left the children alone in the ir apartment unsupervised. Law e nforcement first responded to a call a dvising th at the children13

were alone. They waited approximately ten minutes before Appellant returned. She admitted to the case worker during questioning that she had left the two little ones with the twin s and A P so that she could visit CB

. One of the twins said that their mother had left the home after she and her sister did. But Appellant showed the caseworker text messages from the other twin threatening that if she went to see CB , AB

- G and MG would be left home alone and law enforcement would be called. The Department was appointed temporary managing conservator of MG and AB

- G on April 22, 2013 and the children were placed in separate foster homes. The family service plan of 

### May 15, 2013 contains the following: [ Appellant ] is not protective of [MG] and [ A B

- G]

. She left them with inappropriate caregivers who in turn left them alone in the apartment. The children could have suffered from great harm and were placed at risk while being left alone. Case was staffed for emergency removal placed [sic] on [ App ellant ] being unprotective and the children being very vulnerable due to age. The family has CPS history and were currently in open FBSS case and the department felt that risks could no longer be controlled. [ Appellant ] may not be able to meet the children's immediate needs since she places her own needs above the needs of the children. [ Appellant ] continues to be in a relationship with [ CB ] despite the fact that he caused serious injuries to [MG]

. There was domestic v iolence between [ Appellant ] and [ CB ]

. [MG] is 1 year old and [AB

- G] is 3 months old. Both of them are unable to self

- protect due to their age. Both of the children rely on adults to meet all of their needs including dressing, hanging [sic] , feeding, and all physical and emotional development is dependent upon the care they receive from others. [ M G] is special needs due to the injuries she suffered from Shaken Baby Syndrome. She takes seizure medication every day twice daily. She also has a nurse that visits the home every day and she is in need of physical therapy due to the paralysis she suffered from the brain injury. [ Appellant ] may be unable to meet the children's needs since she places her own needs above their needs. [ Appellant ] is not protecti ve in that she continues to be in a relationship with [ CB ] despite the fact that he caused [MG]’s injuries. [ Appellant ] has limited support due to her negative relationships and complex family dynamic system. [ Appellant ] has unrealistic expectations of t he children in that she leaves them with inappropriate caregivers in order to meet her needs above her [sic] own needs. Risk factors included Appellant ’s admission that CB continue d to be a major distraction in her life. There was a pattern indicating Appellant exercised poor judgment. The caseworker described the14

home as chaotic. As a result, a family service plan was created, requiring Appellant to: (1) successfully complete a drug and alcohol assessment; (2) be honest with the provider and activel y participate in the assessment; (3) submit to and successfully complete a substance abuse treatment program and counseling if recommended by the substance abuse assessment; (4) successfully complete a psychological evaluation with provider Dr. Joe Jeffers and comply with any recommendations; (5) p articipate in individual counseling and comply with any recommendations; (6) participate in a face to face mental health evaluation with MHMR and comply with any recommendations; (7) participate in random drug tes ting and alcohol testing at the request of the Department; (8) maintain appropriate relationships with people and develop an appropriate support system; (9) not associate with anyone who engages in or is involved in criminal activity or drug seeking/using behavior; and (10) not associate with anyone involved in domestic violence. The Department investigator testified at trial about the circumstances of removal.
A: Her first explanation was that she had left the children in care of her younger daughter

-- or the older daughter, twins [LM and AM]

-- and then the younger 12

- year - old at the time, [A P ] . Her first explanation was that she had gone to tell [ CB ] to stop bugging her. They were upset because she was going to see [ CB ] because [he] had hurt [MG] . So, t hey were upset that she was going to see him. So, they basically left the children alone; and then they called 9

- 1

- 1. Q. You said that was her first story for why she left. What was her second story? A. The second one was that she went to go get money to buy baby wipes. Q: And was that her last story?
A: No. Q : And what was the next one?
A : That she had gone to

-- Q : I understand that it's a

-- it's a sensitive issue. So, let me just put it this way: Did she tell you -- I'm paraphrasing

-- that she went to have sex with Mr. [ B ] ?15

A : Yes. Q : Okay. If the older daughters, the caregivers essentially, set Ms. [ G ] up by leaving the children alone and then reporting to the police that it was she who had done that, does this still raise concerns for us about Ms. [ G ] in that scenario?
A: Yes. The case worker then explained that o rdinarily , a single incident would n o t be grounds for an emergency removal. This was different because Appellant continued to be in a relationship with
CB despite the injuries to MG and in disregard of the service plan that she not to associate with anyone involved in domestic violence. The Department grew concerned that Appellant would not protect the children. It also considered h er previous CPS history because “history is t he greatest predictor of future abuse”. Appellant ’s Testimony Appellant testified at trial. She claimed that she did not know CB was on drugs the morning of the MG’s injuries because he did not act “funny” or “weird”. She trusted him. When asked whether she continued her relationship with CB after her infant daughter was hurt, she replied, “[n]ot a relationship, no.” But s he admitted talking to him on a few occasions and continuing to have a sexual relationship with him. She explained that because she would never let him around her children , she would go to him at his hotel

. She knew that she was not to have any contact with CB , but she continued to see him, although he r reasons changed. On the day she left the little children with t he twins, she planned to see CB because he had been stalking her and she had received 9 7 calls from him that morning. On other occasions, she wanted to ask him why he had committed this terrible act against her daughter

.16

Q: Okay. So, let me get this str aight. You would go over and you would actually approach [ CB ] at his hotel to ask him these questions, why he would hurt your child; and then somehow y'all would end up having sex?
A: That's how it goes because that's humanity, and I can 't

-- I can't

-- I really can't e xplain that either. Mary McBride, the caseworker through most of the case , testified as to other reasons Appellant had given for continuing her relationship with CB : I was speaking with Ms. [ G ] about her relationship with [ CB ] and why she continued to have contact with him. I was

-- had concerns about that. She said that she was hooked like she was blind. He had her under some spell. She was just hooked, and she couldn't see past that. Q. So, basically, she said it wasn't h er fault? Her behavior was not her fault

-- A. Yes. Retraction by One of the Twins
AM testified at trial concerning her thoughts when she left the babies home alone. She wanted to hurt her mother because she was really upset that she intended to mee t with CB . “So, I

mean -- I guess you could say subconsciously my intentions were to harm her. You know, I had no intent of getting her kids removed.” While her twin ha d threatened to call CPS before, she had
not. She regretted they had argued that day before her mother left. AM wanted her baby brother and sister to be with their mother because that’s where t hey need ed to be

. And it's not fair that because of mine and my sister's actions, that they were taken away from her when she did nothing wrong to them. She was

-- she's a good mother, and it's my fault

-- mine and my sister's fault

-- but I can only speak for myself, and it's completely my fault that they were taken away from her. Psychological Testimony The court also heard testimony from Dr. Joe Jeffers, a clinical psychologist in private practice in San Angelo, Texas. He was asked to perform a psychological evaluation on all of the parents.17

Dr. Jeffers diagnosed Appellant as a victim of child sexual ab use, a victim of adult sexual abuse by partner, and a victim of adult physical abuse by partner. T est scores indicated that she has a mental age of 16.8 years and an IQ of 87, a score that falls with in the l ow a verage range of intellectual functioning. H e recommended that she continue to participate in counseling and parenting classes and that she practice a relapse prevention plan because of her previous history of drug dependency. He also recommended participation in Safe Place, which is an organizatio n that specializes in information and education regarding domestic violence. This was important because she had been the victim of domestic violence both emotionally, physically, and sexually. He believed she needed a stable job and an adequate budget to be able to care for herself and her children. In his opinion, she needed to demonstrate some consistent steady progress in participating and incorporating lessons from counseling, parenting, domestic violence classes

-- not only to help protect herself, b ut to protect her children

-- and to be a more effective parent. His two outstanding concerns were her decision

- making skills and her judgment. Dr. Jeffers related that domestic violence was a feature of Appellant ’s relationship with the twins’ father. The following exchange ensued: Q. Would your assessment of her parenting abilities change if you knew that there was also domestic violence with the fathers of two of her other children? A. It would be an additional concern, obviously. And, again, I thi nk it would harken back to her perhaps broken radar as far as relationships are concerned, her difficulty of protecting herself and possibly not recognizing the traumatizing effects that children experience when they're exposed to domestic violence. So, e ven if the children were not physically abused

-- and I believe one of hers was seriously abused

-- children that grow up in that kind of environment suffer psychological effects and consequences

-- as did, I believe, [Appellant] , who was exposed to domest ic violence as a child for the first six

-- nine years of her life.
* * * * *18

Q: Would you say that Ms. [ G ] 's past history of repeated drug use

-- sort of serial drug use

-- serial domestic violence relationships, serial CPS involvement is an indicator of where she's likely to go from here?
A: It's

-- it's not a positive predictor. It certainly reflects the difficulty that she had in the past with decision making and judgm ent skills and life choices. Q: Does it raise the risk of that pattern continuing? A: Of course, it does. Is it a guarantee? No. CB ’s Story CB testified that he was convicted of injury to a child, but the case was on appeal. On the day that MG was injured, he tested positive for marijuana, cocaine and methamphetamines. He admitted to using marijuana and cocaine, but despite the positive drug test, he denied ever using meth. He described Appellant smoking marijuana with him once in a while and using some crack cocaine. She continued doing drugs after learning she was pregnant with AB

- G.
CB claimed that when Appellant was violent with him, A P would “grab” the baby and walk away. When Appellant wou ld get in a fight with the twins, he was the one that picked up the baby and sat outside u ntil Appellant regained control. “She got a bad temper on her.” Apparently, there was no physical abuse between Appellant and A P

. CB believed that Appellant ’s beha vior was directly responsible for MG’s injuries because she attacked him while he was holding the baby

. He was then asked about a continuing relationship with Appellant : Q: Sir, can you confirm or deny whether or not you had a continuing relationship with [ Appellant ] after [ M G] 's injuries?
A: Me and [ Appellant ] had a relationship until the date that

-- until the day I got arrested, back in August 8th of 2013; but we had a relationship. Even when she was in Odessa, we wer e having a relationship. Q : Can you briefly describe that relationship to the Court?19

A : That relationship between me and [ Appellant ] was like a regular relationship. We used to

-- we used to talk about the kids. We used to eat, order pizzas, and

-- but one thing, she never gave me her phone number. She always had my phone number and called me private, like in a position of following me

-- made

-- putting me in the position, you know. And, yes, we did have a

-- a loveable relationship, you know. Q : Oka y. And, again, this is after [MG] 's injuries when y'all

-- A : After [MG] got

-- after November 14th, 2012, yes, sir. Q : And did this relationship include a sexual component, as well?
A: Yes, it included a

-- a sexual, yes, sir. Q: Do you think if you hadn't have been arrested at that time, the relationship would have continued?
A : Correct. It would be continuing to right now, I believe.

SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE Because termination of Appellant ’s rights may be predicated on either of the statuto ry predicate grounds found by the trial court , we need not address them both . We will focus on subsection ( E ) and will not address subsection ( D ) . Accordingly, we overrule Issue 1

. We have detailed at length the volatile and dysfunctional family envir onment as well as the injuries to MG. Appellant’s own conduct demonstrates that she lacks the capacity to ascertain danger to her children ; she also lacks the ability to take steps to prevent it

. We characterize her judgment as acts of commission and acts of omission. Early on, she chose inappropriate caregivers, including a sexual predator, individuals who called the police to advise that they could no longer care for the girls, and one who cause d the children to experience a house fire. This mother’s routine of leaving her children for her own personal pursuits and enjoyment raised red flags from the beginning. While we recognize the time lapse, we can hardly overlook her continuous course of c onduct. Every time her children were removed, she promised to do better.20

She completed her parenting classes and her children were returned

. A few years later, she was told to move the children out of the “drug addict barn” where they were living. When she failed to do so, the children were removed. There was another service plan implemented, but she could not remember it. After three unsuccessful tries, she was able to beat her heroin habit although she continued to use marijuana and crack cocaine. And then the cycle would beg i n again: new boyfriend, domestic violence, pregnancy, anger management issues, calls to CPS for physical abuse and/or neglectful supervision. Nowhere is this more evident tha n Appellant’s continued relationship with CB, the m an she testified caused horrific injuries to MG. She understood she was not to see him, but she couldn’t help herself. She knew she was violating her family service plan, but she couldn’t help herself. She told Mary McBride that she was hooked like she was blind. He had her under some spell. On cross

- examination, Appellant couldn’ t explain it other than “that’s humanity”. CB claimed the relationship continued until he was arrested. The older girls knew about the sexual trysts, yet despite their disapp roval and threats, Appellant continued her behavior. She couldn’t help herself. In other words, the children never came first. We have no doubt that Appellant loves her children, but h er past conduct bodes poorly for the future. We reiterate that un d er subsection (E), the cause of the danger to the child must be the parent's conduct alone, as evidenced not only by the parent's actions but also by the parent's omission or failure to act. Doyle, 16 S.W.3d at 395 ; B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d at 484 ; S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d at 83

- 84

. We examine what s he did both before and after the se child ren w ere born. In Interest of D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 812 ( Tex.App.

-- Fort Worth 2001, no pet.) ; Dupree v. Texas Department of Protective & Regulatory Services, 907 S.W.2d 81, 8 4 ( Tex.App.

-- Dallas 1995, no pet.)

. Whil e conduct does not have to have been directed at the child, nor must actual harm result to the child from the conduct , unfortunately in this case it did

. Id.; In Interest of C.D., 664 S.W.2d21

851, 853 ( Tex.App.

-- Fort Worth 1984, no writ )

. Appellant’s termination is not one inciden t of misjudgment when she left MG alone with CB. Applying the appropriate standard of review, there is legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding of a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct

. In Interest of K.M.M., 993 S.W.2d 225, 228 ( Tex.App.

-- Eastland 1999, no pet.)

. We overrule Issue 2 in its entirety. BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD
In Issue 3 , Appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that termination is in the child’s best interest. The children are too young to have expressed where t he y wish to live. Testimony of Foster Mother We begi n, then, with the testimony of his foster mother, who is a registered nurse. She is the cousin of MG 4 and has been married for six years. Her husba nd and family are supportive of her efforts. She has had possession of MG and AB

- G since January 17 , 2014

. The family lives in Midland.

T he foster mother testified that Appellant visits every other Friday. She described
18

- month

- old AB

- G as having adjusted well . He has learned to walk , his vocabulary is expanding, and he has few health or developmental problems. MG is now two

- and

- a - half. She has adjusted and is doing remarkably well. She continues to need early childhood intervention services and her abi l ity to walk and talk was delayed. MG see s doctors in Lubbock, including an ophthalmologist and a neurologist , twice a month

. She also has a primary care physician in Lubbock and a pediatrician in Midland. She requires daily medications, including Keppra, which

4 Because her initials are also MG, we will refer to her as the foster mother.22

is to prevent seizures. She must take it until she has been seizu re - free for one year. She also takes Pulmicort for asthma, and A lbuterol. MG no longer has a feeding tube. The foster mother has worked with patients in a nursing home that have similar needs and disabilities as MG

. MG’s father, the foster mother’s un cle, has relinquished his rights to MG and testified that he believed it was in his daughter’s best interest to live with his niece. She intends to adopt both of children and keep them together. She wants to hel p the children maintain contact with their other siblings and their respective famil ies

. T he children are attached to her and to her family, who can provide the stability they need. Testimony of Suzanne Bailey Bailey is the volunteer coordinator for Frontier CASA and guardian ad litem. She believed that it would be in the best interest of the children to terminate the rights of both parents and allow the foster parents to adopt h i m. She expressed concerns about returning the child to Appellant based on her s eries of relationships that were dysfunctional and a busive. Bailey noted that Appellant has six children by five separate fathers, an extensive history with CPS, and a criminal history as well. Bailey did not believe Appellant possessed the skills necess ary to keep her children safe. Bailey had visited the foster home twice:
A: The children are very happy there. They're bonded. They're attached. They're thriving. It's

-- [ A B

- G] is a -- just a wiggly little boy, and [ M G] is probably one of the mos t exquisitely beautiful little girls I have ever seen in my life. She's just simply strikingly beautiful. Q. But is she happy?
A. Yes. Q. Okay. And is she safe?23

A. Yes. Q. All right. Is there anything else that

-- as the guardian, that you need to bring to the Court's attention? A. Well, I would

-- I would like to point out in praise of [the foster mother] and her husband for their completely free choice to continue the medical care that [ M G] has in Lubbock. That's very important not to start all over with new specialists in

-- in Midland, but they choose to make that trip up there as frequently as n ecessary. And [ M G] needs that. She has extensive delays that need to be cared for, neurological deficits that need to be seen by a specialist. So, th ey're doing a great job with that.

Testimony by Mary McBride This caseworker felt that termination would be in the child ren ’s best interest because adoption offered permanency and stability. Their tender age factored into that decision. She favored te rmination of Appellant ’s parental rights based on her conti nuing pattern of creating endang ering conditions and for continuing a pattern of endangering conduct. Her pattern of selecting improper caregivers, dangerous and violent partners, drug usage, and instability were risk factors. McBride testified that in the past two years, Appellant had lived in six differen t locations, some of which were shelters, relatives’ homes, and a boyfriend’s home. She was living in Fort Stockton at the time of trial

. During the past 16 to 18 months, she had held four different jobs and none for longer than six months. Adoption by the foster parents was the best possible plan for long

- term emotional and physical needs because the family is a “ great source of stability for the children, and they're committed to having the children in their home and keeping them together long

- term. ” It wa s also the best plan for protecting them from future emotional and physical dangers because it removes them from the “sphere of influen ce from the people who have hurt them before.” McBride mentioned that the Department had returned MG to Appellant and given her another chance to keep the child. But nearly all of her problems relate to her inability to24

accept responsibility for her own actions. She kept returning to CB because she “basically couldn’t help herself.” Testimony by Appellant Appellant testified that the children are more bonded to her than the foster mother. Whe n MG sees her, she smiles and wants to go with her. She “jump s to go get me” and clings to her when being returned to the foster family. AB

- G is confused about coming and going and separation from his mother. Appellant had kind words for the foster family, observing that

“ whenever I visit my children every other F riday, they're

-- they look like they're properly taken care of. And they

-- they seem to have affection for that family. ” Appellant then testified about her plans for the future. She intends to “pick the people that I hang out with that I have my children around by continuing with the lifestyle that I have changed for myself to better myself. ” She works forty hours per week with a set schedule of 2:00 p.m. until 10:00 p.m. She has Wednesdays and Fridays off so that she can work on her plan with C PS. Her boss gives her flexibility. She now attends church regularly. Her father is a minister and she was raised in a Christian family. She described them as a close family and her support system is her mother and father. She now puts her children fi rst and their needs before her needs. She has a daycare system in place. If she regains her children, she will alter her schedule so that she can work during the morning. She has consistently visited with the children and her future plans are to stay so ber. She purchased a vehicle with a monthly payment of $3 50. She earns $340 per week or $1360 per month. She receives $540 in child support for A P for monthly income of $1900. Her expenses include rent ($450) utilities ($80) and food. Appellant believ ed that her

mon th ly expenses were roughly $1065 which would be sufficient to care for the children. She has been in therapy to break the cycle of violent partners and has worked on anger management and25

appropriate discipline to develop relationship tools. She now feels like a new woman who is on a positive path. Ultimately she believed that it was in the best interest of the children to be returned to her. Analysis Children need stability, security, continuity, and permanence. Appellant has been invo lved with CPS since the late 1990’s. She successfully completed her program services during early intervention. But her behavior did not change. She went from abusive partner to abusive partner. She continued the use of heroin, marijuana, and crack coc aine. She moved her

one - month

- old daughter into the home of a man she had dated for one month. She knew CB used drugs regularly, and according to him, she continued to use drugs even after she became pregnant with AB

- G. Three of her daughters have seen her overdos e on heroin at least twice. At one point or another, CPS has been involved with every one of her six children because she repeats her same mistakes. During the pendency of this case, in the naked glare of the judicial spotlight, Appellant liv ed in six differen t locations and h eld four different jobs. She spoke glowingly of her support group, including her parents, her church friends , and her pastor. Not a single one of them testified on her behalf. She explained that her employer would work with her on altering her schedule so she could be with her children in the evening. He did not testify either. Perhaps most telling, Appellant did not detail her plans for continuing MG’s medical treatment in Lubbock, or whether she would find a new phy sician team . N or did she mention whether her employer would allow her to miss work to maintain MG’s treatment, regardless of where the doctors were located. In fact, her own testimony revealed that she was bothered that the foster mother drove the childr en to Lubbock every other Friday before her visits. Why?26

I mean, why not choose another day, you know? There is two weeks. I don't see them every weekend. I see them every other weekend. So, why not choose another day instead of my day. Actions spe ak volumes. Appellant was more interested in the foster mother accommodating her needs than in ensuring MG received ongoing treatment with her established physicians according to the child’s needs and the doctors’ directions

. Appellant has had multiple c hances to change her mindset, to focus on her children, and to put their needs before hers. She testified that she has learned to do this. It is apparent that she has not. We have weighed the Holley factors. Both children have emotional needs and MG has significant physical needs, both now and in the future. We have no confidence that Appellant will be able to protect the children from emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future . We have compared the parenting abilities of Appellant and the foster mother. While Appellant has had access to multiple service programs , the lessons are short

- lived. Her plans for the future omitted any further medical treatment for MG. The foster h ome is stable and loving while Appellant’s homes have been abusive and chaotic. We have detailed Appellant’s acts and omissions that indicate that the existing parent

- child relationship is not a proper one . As for an excuse, Appellant says she couldn’t h elp herself. Applying the appropriate standards of review, we conclude that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support termination of Appellant’s parental rights. We overrule Issue Three and affirm the judgment of the trial court below. December 9, 2014 ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, J., and Barajas, C.J., (Senior Judge) (Barajas, C.J., Senior Judge, sitting by assignment)