COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Frank, Humphreys and Senior Judge Bumgardner 

Argued at Salem, Virginia 

TIMOTHY M. BARRETT 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 0753-10-3 JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS 

 JANUARY 25, 2011 

VALERIE JILL RHUDY BARRETT 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF GRAYSON COUNTY 

Brett L. Geisler, Judge 

 Timothy M. Barrett, pro se. 

 Maria Timoney (Jonathon M. Venzie, Guardian ad litem for the 

minor children; Southwest Virginia Legal Aid Society, on brief), for 

appellee. 

 Timothy M. Barrett (“father”) appeals a ruling of the Circuit Court of Grayson County 

(“the circuit court”) relating to his motion to amend custody of his six children1

 with Valerie Jill 

Rhudy Barrett (“mother”). On appeal, father argues the following questions presented2: (I) Did 

the circuit court err in applying the “best interests” test of Code § 20-124.3 when the uncontested 

evidence was that the mother was unfit; (II) did the circuit court violate the father’s fundamental, 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 The six children will be referred to individually as “J.B.,” “A.B.,” “E.E.B.,” “E.G.B.,” 

“W.B.,” and “K.B.” With regard to J.B., the issues addressing his custody are moot as he 

reached the age of majority in March 2010. With regard to A.B., the father non-suited the 

custody petition as it dealt with A.B. during the custody proceedings as father was awarded 

custody of A.B. Thus, this appeal encompasses only the issues of custody as they relate to 

E.E.B., E.G.B., W.B., and K.B. 

2

 This appeal is governed by Rule 5A:20(c) as worded prior to its revision effective July 

1, 2010, changing the requirement for setting forth “questions presented” to “assignments of 

error.” 
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natural, and constitutional rights; (III) did the circuit court err in the way it received the 

testimony of the children; (IV) did the circuit court err in basing its decision as to custody on 

background information and not on the contemporary circumstances of the children and an 

application of the best interests of the child standard; (V) was the circuit court impermissibly 

biased against the father; (VI) did the circuit court utterly fail to consider the best interests of the 

children, (VII) did the circuit court fail to properly consider the statutory factors in rendering its 

custody letter opinion; (VIII) did the circuit court fail to consider all the evidence; (IX) did the 

circuit court err in making a decision that lacked a foundation based on the evidence and was, in 

fact, contrary to the evidence; (X) did the circuit court err by failing to adequately communicate 

the basis for its decision to the parties as required by Code § 20-124.3; and (XI) did the circuit 

court lack jurisdiction to impose transportation costs on the father? For the following reasons, 

we affirm.3

I. Issues Procedurally Defaulted 

 Rule 5A:18 provides, in pertinent part, that “[n]o ruling of the trial court . . . will be 

considered as a basis for reversal unless the objection was stated together with the grounds 

therefor at the time of the ruling.”4

 Therefore, “in order to preserve an issue for appeal, ‘an 

objection must be timely made and the grounds stated with specificity.’” Kovalaske v. 

Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 224, 229, 692 S.E.2d 641, 645 (2010) (quoting McDuffie v. 

Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 170, 177, 638 S.E.2d 139, 142 (2006)). “To be timely, an 

 3

 Father also filed with this Court a motion to strike the replacement brief of the appellee 

and motion to strike the appendix of the appellee. This Court denies said motions. 

4

 Effective July 1, 2010, Rule 5A:18 was revised to state that “[n]o ruling of the trial 

court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated with reasonable 

certainty at the time of the ruling . . . .” Because the proceedings below were completed prior to 

this revision taking effect, we will rely on the language of Rule 5A:18 that was then in effect. 

See Fails v. Va. State Bar, 265 Va. 3, 5 n.1, 574 S.E.2d 530, 531 n.1 (2003) (applying the Rule 

of Court in effect at the time of the proceedings below). 
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objection must be made when the occasion arises -- at the time the evidence is offered or the 

statement made.” Marlowe v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 619, 621, 347 S.E.2d 167, 168 (1986) 

(citing Ingram v. Commonwealth, 1 Va. App. 335, 341, 338 S.E.2d 657, 660 (1986)). Put 

another way, “[t]o satisfy the rule, ‘an objection must be made . . . at a point in the proceeding 

when the trial court is in a position, not only to consider the asserted error, but also to rectify the 

effect of the asserted error.’” Scialdone v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 422, 437, 689 S.E.2d 716, 

724 (2010) (quoting Johnson v. Raviotta, 264 Va. 27, 33, 563 S.E.2d 727, 731 (2002)). 

“[T]he main purpose of the rule is to ensure the trial court can ‘consider the issue 

intelligently and take any corrective actions necessary to avoid unnecessary appeals, reversals 

and mistrials.’” Kovalaske, 56 Va. App. at 230, 692 S.E.2d at 645 (quoting Martin v. 

Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 524, 530, 414 S.E.2d 401, 404 (1992)). “‘In addition, a specific, 

contemporaneous objection gives the opposing party the opportunity to meet the objection at that 

stage of the proceeding.’” West v. Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 327, 337, 597 S.E.2d 274, 279 

(2004) (quoting Weidman v. Babcock, 241 Va. 40, 44, 400 S.E.2d 164, 167 (1991)). Rule 5A:18 

is violated when the record does not demonstrate the circuit court had the opportunity to rule on 

the objections and arguments made below. Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 515-17, 404 S.E.2d 

736, 738-39 (1991) (en banc). 

“An appellate court must dispose of the case upon the record and cannot base its decision 

upon appellant’s petition or brief, or statements of counsel in open court. We may act only upon 

facts contained in the record.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 630, 635, 432 S.E.2d 2, 6 

(1993). “[O]n appeal the judgment of the lower court is presumed to be correct and the burden is 

on the appellant to present to us a sufficient record from which we can determine whether the 

lower court has erred in the respect complained of.” Justis v. Young, 202 Va. 631, 632, 119 

S.E.2d 255, 256-57 (1961). “In the absence [of a sufficient record], we will not consider the 
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point.” Jenkins v. Winchester Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 12 Va. App. 1178, 1185, 409 S.E.2d 16, 20 

(1991) (citation omitted). More specifically, “[w]e cannot review the ruling of a lower court for 

error when the appellant does not bring within the record on appeal the basis for that ruling or 

provide us with a record that adequately demonstrates that the court erred.” Prince Seating Corp. 

v. Rabideau, 275 Va. 468, 470-71, 659 S.E.2d 305, 307 (2008). Where we do not have the 

benefit of a transcript of the proceedings, we can consider only that which is contained in the 

written statement signed by the trial judge. Jenkins, 12 Va. App. at 1185, 409 S.E.2d at 20. 

 The record in this case consists of the circuit court’s letter opinions and final orders, a 

written statement of facts, the circuit court’s corrections and/or additions to the statement of 

facts, and father’s amended objections to the trial court’s final order and incidents of trial 

(“amended objections”). In presenting his questions on brief, father cites to the amended 

objections for support that each question was properly preserved for appeal. However, in turning 

to the amended objections, we must first note the difference between objections that are incidents 

of trial, which must be supported by evidence in the record as to their timeliness during trial, and 

those objections that are related to the final order and properly attached to the final order. 

 As noted above, objections “must be made when the occasion arises -- at the time the 

evidence is offered or the statement made.” Marlowe, 2 Va. App. at 621, 347 S.E.2d at 168 

(citing Ingram, 1 Va. App. at 341, 338 S.E.2d at 660). In order for incidents of trial to be 

properly preserved, a written statement of facts must reflect that objections were made, and the 

grounds therefor stated, when the occasion arose. The contemporaneous objection requirement 

of Rule 5A:18 is not satisfied when a party summarily includes his objections as part of the 

objections to a final order at a later date. With regard to a final order, “counsel may, if he or she 

has previously failed to do so, include an objection and reasons therefor in the final order or at 

least tender such an order to the trial judge.” Lee, 12 Va. App. at 516, 404 S.E.2d at 737 (citing 
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Highway Comm’r v. Easley, 215 Va. 197, 207 S.E.2d 870 (1974)) (permitting counsel to amend 

the final order which reflected no objections, to properly state that the objections had been made 

during trial and the trial court had addressed them). The holding of Lee does not, however, 

imply that any and all objections are preserved merely by their inclusion in the final order. The 

record, in whatever form it takes, must affirmatively reflect that any objections were made at a 

point in time when the trial court could properly act upon them. 

 In this case, father attempts to include all of his objections, regardless of their timeliness, 

in the amended objections to the final order. He then cites to the amended objections for support 

that the issues were properly presented to the circuit court and preserved for appeal. However, 

the mere recitation of the objections in an attachment to the final order without an indication of 

their timeliness and without the reasons advanced to the circuit court in support of those 

objections does not properly preserve the issues. Neither the final order nor the statement of 

facts contains any mention of the arguments made by counsel, objections to the circuit court’s 

rulings or letter opinions, or the judge’s rulings on those objections. Further, the statement of 

facts merely recites that father filed motions to reconsider after the circuit court issued each letter 

opinion, but it does not provide what was included in each motion to reconsider. Because there 

is no evidence in the record that the questions presented II, III, V, and IX and their subparts were 

timely objected to in the circuit court with the specific grounds or reasons therefor and that the 

circuit court ruled on them, we do not consider the merits of them on appeal. 

II. ANALYSIS 

 “‘On appeal, the judgment of the trial court is presumed correct,’ Wymer v. 

Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 294, 296, 403 S.E.2d 702, 704 (1991), and it is incumbent upon 

‘the party alleging trial court error to show . . . that the judgment was erroneous.’” Carter v. 

Thornhill, 19 Va. App. 501, 509-10, 453 S.E.2d 295, 301 (1995) (quoting Steinberg v. Steinberg, 
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11 Va. App. 323, 326, 398 S.E.2d 507, 508 (1990)). This Court views the facts, and all 

reasonable inferences from those facts, in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below. 

Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App. 255, 258, 578 S.E.2d 833, 835 (2003). 

A. Code § 20-124.3 “Best Interests” Test 

 “In matters of custody, visitation, and related child care issues, the court’s paramount 

concern is always the best interests of the child.” Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 327-28, 387 

S.E.2d 794, 795 (1990) (citing Eichelberger v. Eichelberger, 2 Va. App. 409, 412, 345 S.E.2d 10, 

12 (1986)). “When a trial court has entered a final custody and visitation order, it cannot be 

modified absent (i) a showing of changed circumstances under Code § 20-108 and (ii) proof that 

the child’s best interests under Code § 20-124.3 will be served by the modification.” Petry v. 

Petry, 41 Va. App. 782, 789, 589 S.E.2d 458, 462 (2003). “The second prong . . . is clearly the 

most important part of the two-part test. It underscores the importance we place upon securing 

the best interests of children whose interests, in the final analysis, must be protected by the 

courts.” Keel v. Keel, 225 Va. 606, 612, 303 S.E.2d 917, 921 (1983). 

 “Whether a change in circumstances exists is a factual finding that will not be disturbed 

on appeal if the finding is supported by credible evidence.” Ohlen v. Shively, 16 Va. App. 419, 

423, 430 S.E.2d 559, 561 (1993). “‘Changed circumstances’ is a broad concept and incorporates 

a broad range of positive and negative developments in the lives of the children.” Parish v. 

Spaulding, 26 Va. App. 566, 573, 496 S.E.2d 91, 94 (1998) (citing Keel, 225 Va. at 611-12, 303 

S.E.2d at 921), aff'd, 257 Va. 357, 513 S.E.2d 391 (1999). “A trial court’s determination of a 

child’s best interests ‘is reversible on appeal only for an abuse of that discretion, and a trial 

court’s decision will not be set aside unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” 

Vissichio v. Vissichio, 27 Va. App. 240, 246, 498 S.E.2d 425, 428 (1998). Finally, it is the trial 
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court’s duty, when sitting as the finder of fact, to resolve conflicts in the evidence. City of 

Bedford v. Zimmerman, 262 Va. 81, 86, 547 S.E.2d 211, 214 (2001). 

1. Mother’s Alleged Unfitness 

 Father contends that the circuit court erred in applying the “best interests” test of Code 

§ 20-124.3 when the uncontested evidence was that the mother was unfit. He specifically argues 

the circuit court is required to determine the “fitness” of the natural parents as a “threshold” 

matter before applying the factors set forth in Code § 20-124.3. We disagree, and hold that the 

circuit court did not abuse its discretion in its consideration of the custody factors in Code 

§ 20-124.3. 

 In Virginia, “‘the welfare of the infant is the primary, paramount, and controlling 

consideration of the court in all controversies between parents over the custody of their minor 

children. All other matters are subordinate.” Keel, 225 Va. at 610, 303 S.E.2d at 920 (emphasis 

in original) (quoting Mullen v. Mullen, 188 Va. 259, 269, 49 S.E.2d 349, 354 (1948)). In 

determining the best interest of the child, the legislature has set forth ten factors that a court must 

consider in making its determination. Thus, a circuit court implicitly determines the relative 

fitness of the parents for custody purposes through its application of the “best interests test” to 

the factors set forth in Code § 20-124.3.5 

 5

 The cases in which the fitness of the parent has been at issue without examining the 

statutory factors are those in which the custody of a child is being determined between a natural 

parent and a third party, and are inapplicable to this case. Bails v. Sours, 231 Va. 96, 340 S.E.2d 

824 (1965) (ordering custody to minor child’s stepmother over mother where special facts and 

circumstances overcame presumption in the parent’s favor); James v. James, 230 Va. 51, 334 

S.E.2d 551 (1985) (awarding custody to parents over grandparents due to no facts showing 

unfitness or other extraordinary reasons); Patrick v. Byerley, 228 Va. 691, 325 S.E.2d 99 (1985) 

(granting custody of child to stepmother where trial court found mother unfit because she 

abandoned the child and it would be in the best interest of the child); Elder v. Evans, 16 Va. App. 

60, 65, 427 S.E.2d 745, 748 (1993) (granting custody to father over a non-parent where there 

was no showing of father’s unfitness or an extraordinary reason). 
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 As an initial matter, the record does not support father’s bald assertion that the evidence 

is uncontested that mother is unfit because she voluntarily relinquished custody of J.B. and she 

voluntarily relinquished and abandoned custody of A.B. Whether the mother voluntarily 

relinquished custody or abandoned custody are factual findings that must be determined by the 

circuit court. The record in this case is devoid of any evidence that the circuit court ever made a 

finding that mother voluntarily relinquished or abandoned custody of either J.B. or A.B. 

 In turning to the circuit court’s determination of child custody, the circuit court did not 

abuse its discretion in applying the statutory factors. The issue of custody in this case is between 

natural parents, and thus the primary purpose of the court is the best interest of the child. The 

circuit court in its November 4, 2009 letter opinion applied the statutory factors before awarding 

custody of the four children to mother. In its letter opinion, the circuit court noted that neither 

parent was ideal under the circumstances, but it “had to choose one parent over the other in order 

to limit the exchange of the children to limit their stress.” Because the circuit court considered 

the statutory factors in reaching its determination of the children’s custody, it did not abuse its 

discretion. 

2. Comparison Between the Parents 

 Father next contends that the circuit court erred because it “utterly failed” to consider the 

best interests of the children. Specifically, he argues, based on the Virginia Supreme Court’s 

analysis in Keel of what is meant by “best,” that the circuit court erred in (a) ignoring its overall 

aim in deciding this case; (b) failing to make a rational comparison between the parents to 

determine what is best for the children; (c) failing to make a rational comparison between the 

parents to determine what is best for the children; and (d) failing to make a rational comparison 

between the parents to determine what is best for the children. 225 Va. 606, 303 S.E.2d 917. 
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 In Keel, the Supreme Court of Virginia stated that 

The overall aim of a [trial] court in a change of custody case must 

be to determine which home is best for the children. . . . “Best” to 

us is the home that will provide the children the greatest 

opportunity to fulfill their potential as individuals and as members 

of society. To determine what is “best” for the children the court 

must engage in a comparative analysis. Such an analysis will 

permit the court to decide which parent is best qualified to provide 

the highest quality of care to the children. . . . “Comparing the 

quality of care offered by two parents, the courts are guided by 

histories of past performance and prospects for future 

performance.” 

Id. at 613-14, 303 S.E.2d at 922 (quoting McCreery v. McCreery, 218 Va. 352, 355, 237 S.E.2d 

167, 169 (1977)). 

 However, a comparative analysis of the parents is encompassed in a trial court’s 

consideration of the best interest factors mandated by the legislature, and is not a separate 

required enumeration by the trial court prior to or in addition to its determination of the best 

interest of the children. “[I]n determining the best interest of the child, the court must consider 

the factors enumerated in Code § 20-124.3.” Vissichio, 27 Va. App. at 246, 498 S.E.2d at 428. 

In addition, we again reiterate that “[i]n matters of custody, visitation, and related child care 

issues, the court’s paramount concern is always the best interests of the child.” Farley, 9 

Va. App. at 327-28, 387 S.E.2d at 795. The Supreme Court’s statements in Keel are to be read 

in conjunction with the application of the statutory factors and a trial court’s paramount concern. 

 In its analysis, the circuit court included the facts regarding both parents in light of the 

statutory factors, and it reached its conclusion by focusing on the best interests of the children 

rather than on a specific comparison between the parents. The comparison of the parents is to be 

subordinate to the primary focus of the welfare of the child. Thus, the circuit court did not abuse 

its discretion when it applied the statutory factors in making its determination of change of 

custody rather than applying a pure rational comparison between the parents. 
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3. Contemporary Circumstances 

 Father also contends that the circuit court erred in basing its decision as to custody on 

background information and not on the contemporary circumstances of the children and an 

application of the best interests of the child standard. 

[W]here a different trial judge is called upon to consider the 

evidence in support of and in opposition to a subsequent custody 

petition, consideration of evidence which establishes background 

information and permits the trial judge to understand the alleged 

change in circumstances is permissible. Such evidence, however, 

is not to be used to retry the issues resolved in the prior 

proceedings. 

Turner v. Turner, 3 Va. App. 31, 33, 348 S.E.2d 21, 22 (1986). 

 In turning to the record, contrary to the assertion by father, the circuit court did not base 

its 2009 custody decision on background information. The circuit court agreed that it would 

limit the use of the background information to its determination of whether a material change in 

circumstances had occurred since the 2006 order and that the background information would not 

affect the determination of whether a change in custody would be in the children’s best interest. 

While the circuit court made reference to the 2006 findings in its 2009 letter opinion, the circuit 

court merely noted that those findings were supported in 2006, and concluded that they were still 

supported in 2009 because the facts were still the same or had not changed during the three years 

since the 2006 order. The circuit judge then addressed the best interests factors in light of the 

contemporary circumstances in reaching its determination of what was in the best interest of the 

children in 2009. Thus, the circuit court did not err in reaching its custody decision as it was 

analyzed in light of the best interest of the children based on contemporary circumstances. 
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4. “Best Interest” Factors 

 Father argues the circuit court erred in properly considering the statutory factors in 

rendering its custody letter opinion. Specifically, he contends that it erred because it failed to 

properly consider all the evidence as it failed to strictly consider all of the factors. 

 A trial court abuses its discretion when it “fails to consider the statutory factors required 

to be part of the decisionmaking process.” Congdon, 40 Va. App. at 262, 578 S.E.2d at 836 

(citing Rowe v. Rowe, 24 Va. App. 123, 139, 480 S.E.2d 760, 767 (1997)). “In determining the 

best interests of the child, the court must consider the factors enumerated in Code § 20-124.3,” 

Vissichio, 27 Va. App. at 246, 498 S.E.2d at 428, and it “must consider all the evidence and facts 

before it,” Venable v. Venable, 2 Va. App. 178, 186, 342 S.E.2d 646, 651 (1986) (citing Brown 

v. Brown, 218 Va. 196, 199, 237 S.E.2d 89, 91 (1977)). Even so, we do not “retry the facts or 

substitute our view of the facts for those of the trial court.” Congdon, 40 Va. App. at 266, 578 

S.E.2d at 838 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 

 The evidence before the circuit court was addressed in an eight-page letter opinion in 

which the judge stated, “I have considered the evidence presented at the several hearings, the 

pleadings, written agreements of counsel and the previous rulings by Judge Campbell. I have 

also considered the factors set out in Section 20-124.3 and do hereby make the following 

findings.” The circuit court then addressed the ten factors set forth in Code § 20-124.3, and 

included the facts regarding each. We have reviewed the evidence, and conclude that the circuit 

court was not plainly wrong and that its decision was supported by the evidence before it in 

considering the statutory factors. “If the decision of the trial court is supported by the evidence, 

‘we are not permitted to substitute our judgment for that of the chancellor.’” Vissichio, 27 

Va. App. at 252, 498 S.E.2d at 431 (quoting Stainback v. Stainback, 11 Va. App. 13, 23, 396 

S.E.2d 686, 692 (1990)). 
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5. Consideration of All the Evidence 

 Father also contends that the circuit court erred because it failed to consider all the 

evidence when it (1) simply ignored all the evidence that did not fit with its a priori conclusion 

that the mother have custody; and (2) it often refused to make factual findings at all despite 

conceding that the parties put on evidence that demands such a finding and finding the 

information worthy of noting in its letter opinion; thus it erred by not providing some steps in its 

thought process to show that it considered all the evidence. 

 As noted above, “[i]n determining the best interests of the child, the court must consider 

the factors enumerated in Code § 20-124.3,” Vissichio, 27 Va. App. at 246, 498 S.E.2d at 428, 

and it “must consider all the evidence and facts before it,” Venable, 2 Va. App. at 186, 342 

S.E.2d at 651 (citing Brown, 218 Va. at 199, 237 S.E.2d at 91). Even so, we do not “retry the 

facts or substitute our view of the facts for those of the trial court.” Congdon, 40 Va. App. at 

266, 578 S.E.2d at 838 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 

 In reaching its determination, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by ignoring 

evidence or by refusing to make factual findings. In its eight-page letter opinion, the circuit 

court addressed facts regarding both parents and the children that existed regardless of which 

parent the fact supported. To list just a few facts the circuit court addressed in favor of father, 

the circuit court noted that father’s living arrangement would be more than adequate for the 

children should he gain custody, that mother relies on her parents and extended family to help 

raise the children, that mother still exhibited symptoms of depression, and that father would be 

engaged in the children’s homework and expose them to his life experiences and travel and 

would seek counseling for the children if needed. 

 With regard to the testimony of the doctors, the circuit court noted Dr. Schlichter’s 

testimony that father was no longer a danger to his children, but it found that based on its 
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opportunity to personally observe father during the past three years of countless hearings and his 

combative nature with mother and other counselors that he had a narcissistic personality 

disorder. With regard to the other doctors, father contends they all testified and favored father 

obtaining custody, yet the evidence in the record provides otherwise. Dr. Beres was questioned 

about her treatment of mother and the children during 2003-2006 and never stated that the 

children should be removed from the stress of mother’s home; Ms. Odom was not asked nor did 

she testify that father should have custody of the Barrett children; Dr. Ramsden recommended 

that A.B. be placed with father; and Dr. Schlichter actually testified that “[i]t would be 

inappropriate for me to render a custody opinion not having conducted a custody evaluation, not 

having seen Ms. Barrett, to having talked with the children.” In looking at all the evidence and 

facts before it, the circuit court determined that the best interest of the children was to continue 

custody with mother, and thus it did not abuse its discretion. 

 Secondly, the circuit court did not refuse to make factual findings when stating the facts 

before it. The circuit court in its eight-page letter opinion included statements made by both 

father and mother that applied to one of the ten factors, and then made a finding regarding that 

factor. Father contends that the inclusion of the statements of either father or mother was 

indicative of the circuit court’s refusal to make findings of facts based on those statements. 

However, the circuit court’s inclusion of those statements further supports the conclusion that it 

addressed all the evidence regarding that specific issue before making its determination. For 

instance, father contends that the circuit court makes the following statement without making a 

finding as to whether it is true: “Mr. Barrett feels that his ex-wife physically and mentally 

abuses the children, neglects their every need, and is a total failure as a mother.” Yet, the circuit 

court included this statement in its analysis regarding the parents’ ability to cooperate and 

resolve disputes regarding matters affecting the children, in addition to mother’s view of father, 
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before it concluded that they are unable to cooperate and resolve matters regarding the children. 

It was merely including evidence in the letter opinion noting the various views, and then reached 

a factual finding for that specific factor. The circuit court did not fail to make factual findings, 

and thus did not abuse its discretion. 

6. Communication of the Basis for Its Decision 

 Father contends that the circuit court erred in failing to adequately communicate the basis 

for its decision to the parties as required by Code § 20-124.3. 

 Code § 20-124.3 requires the judge to “communicate to the parties the basis of the 

decision either orally or in writing.” This Court has held this requirement to mean that 

“Code § 20-124.3 requires the trial court to identify the 

fundamental, predominating reason or reasons underlying its 

decision. This level of specificity does not require the chancellor 

to address all aspects of the decision making process, as one would 

expect from comprehensive findings of fact and conclusions of 

law. Nor does [it] require the chancellor ‘to quantify or elaborate 

exactly what weight or consideration it has given to each of the 

statutory factors.’” Kane v. Szymczak, 41 Va. App. 365, 373, 585 

S.E.2d 349, 353 (2003). While communicating the “basis” of the 

decision does not rise to the level of providing comprehensive 

findings of fact and conclusions of law, it does mean that the trial 

court must provide more to the parties than boilerplate language or 

a perfunctory statement that the statutory factors have been 

considered. “The trial court must provide a case-specific 

explanation (one that finds its contextual meaning from the 

evidence before the court) of the fundamental, predominating 

reason or reasons for the decision.” Kane, 41 Va. App. at 373, 585 

S.E.2d at 353. The statute requires “an express communication to 

the parties of the basis for the decision.” Id. 

Lanzalotti v. Lanzalotti, 41 Va. App. 550, 555, 586 S.E.2d 881, 883 (2003). 

 In this case, the circuit court clearly provided more than just the boilerplate language that 

the factors were considered. In the November 4, 2009 eight-page letter opinion, the circuit court 

stated “I have considered the evidence presented at the several hearings, the pleadings, written 

arguments of counsel and the previous rulings by Judge Campbell. I have also considered the 
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factors set out in Section 20-124.3 and do hereby make the following findings.” Although the 

circuit court is not required to address each and every factor when it explains the basis of its 

decision, the circuit court in its letter opinion analyzed each of the ten statutory factors, provided 

facts regarding each factor, and made findings with regard to each factor. The circuit court then 

concluded “I find that because the children are stable, performing well academically and have 

established roots in Grayson County, that continuing in the custody of their mother would be in 

their best interest.” In reaching this conclusion, the circuit court noted that neither parent “can be 

seen as ideal parents, and “[a]s before, this court has to choose one parent over the other in order 

to limit the exchange of the children to limit their stress.” The circuit court clearly set forth its 

reasons underlying its decision, there was sufficient evidence to support the circuit court’s 

decision, and it adequately communicated the basis of its decision to the parties. Thus, the 

circuit court did not abuse its discretion. 

B. Transportation Costs 

Father contends that the circuit court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to impose 

transportation costs associated with visitation. Specifically, he argues that the case at bar was 

solely regarding child custody and not child support, and thus the circuit court lacked subject 

matter jurisdiction to require father to pay for the transportation costs associated with visitation 

which is solely a child support matter. 

 “[S]ubject matter jurisdiction, perhaps best understood as the ‘potential’ jurisdiction of a 

court, is the authority granted to it by constitution or statute over a specified class of cases or 

controversies . . . .” Ghameshlouy v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 379, 388, 689 S.E.2d 698, 702 

(2010) (citing Bd. of Supervisors v. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 271 Va. 336, 343-44, 626 S.E.2d 
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374 & n.2, (2006)).6

 In Virginia, jurisdiction over divorce matters is statutorily based. Rogers v. 

Damron, 23 Va. App. 708, 711, 479 S.E.2d 540, 541 (1997). “A court has jurisdiction over the 

subject matter if it has jurisdiction over the cause of action and of the relief sought.” Id. at 

711-12, 479 S.E.2d at 542. 

“‘Fundamental rules of pleading provide that no court can base its judgment or decree 

upon a right which has not been pleaded and claimed.’” Fadness v. Fadness, 52 Va. App. 833, 

843, 667 S.E.2d 857, 862 (2008) (quoting Boyd v. Boyd, 2 Va. App. 16, 18, 340 S.E.2d 578, 580 

(1986)). “‘Pleadings are as essential as proof, the one being unavailing without the other. A 

decree can not be entered in the absence of pleadings upon which to found the same, and if so 

entered it is void.’” Id. (quoting Potts v. Mathieson Alkali Works, 165 Va. 196, 207, 181 S.E. 

521, 525 (1935)). The absence of a request for an adjudication of child support precludes a court 

from deciding the issue, as the court does not obtain jurisdiction over the subject matter. See

Fadness, 52 Va. App. at 843, 667 S.E.2d at 862 (“In divorce cases, ‘the absence of a specific 

request for an adjudication of spousal support [precludes courts] from obtaining jurisdiction over 

that subject matter.’” (citing Reid v. Reid, 24 Va. App. 146, 150, 480 S.E.2d 771, 773 (1997))). 

Father contends that the portion of the final order regarding the responsibility for 

transportation of the children imposed upon him the costs of transportation related to visitation, 

which is solely a child support issue pursuant to the deviation factors to child support provided in 

Code § 20-108.1(B)(2). However, the legislature’s inclusion of cost of visitation travel as a 

permitted factor in deviating from the general child support calculation does not mean that a 

 6

 “It is well accepted that a question of subject matter jurisdiction can be raised sua 

sponte at any time. Likewise, it is well established that the contemporaneous objection rule may 

not be invoked to bar consideration of an appeal which attacks the jurisdiction of the circuit 

court.” Herrera v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 490, 495, 483 S.E.2d 492, 495 (1997) (citations 

omitted). 
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determination of who is responsible for transportation as it relates to visitation is an imposition 

of costs and thus solely a child support matter. Therefore, we reject father’s argument. 

In the April 9, 2010 final order, the circuit court ordered that father have “visitation with 

the children every six weeks on the present six-week schedule from 5:00 p.m. on Fridays to 

6:00 p.m. on Sundays with [father] picking up and dropping off the children in Grayson County 

with [father] being responsible for all transportation.” The requirement that father is responsible 

for transportation merely apportions between the individuals who has the responsibility of 

transportation of the children with respect to father’s visitation, which was clearly within the 

authority of the circuit court. Eichelberger, 2 Va. App. at 412, 345 S.E.2d at 11 (“The authority 

vested in a trial court to decide issues concerning the care, custody, support and maintenance of 

the minor children, the visitation rights of the non-custodial parent, and the extent to which those 

rights and responsibilities shall be apportioned between estranged parents is a matter of judicial 

discretion which courts must exercise with the welfare of the children as the paramount 

concern.” (citing Allen v. Allen, 188 Va. 717, 721, 51 S.E.2d 207, 209 (1949); Code 

§ 20-107.2)). “The court, in the exercise of its sound discretion, may alter or change custody or 

the terms of visitation when subsequent events render such action appropriate for the child’s 

welfare.” Id. at 412, 345 S.E.2d at 12 (citing Allen, 188 Va. at 721-22, 51 S.E.2d at 209-10; 

Code § 20-107.2). 

The circuit court did not lack subject matter jurisdiction to hold father responsible for all 

the transportation of the children during his visitation because it did not address child support but 

rather altered the terms of visitation. 
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III. CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion. 

Thus, we affirm its judgment. 

Affirmed.