SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT 

FINAL 

2003 COACHELLA VALLEY 

PM10 STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

(A Revision to the 2002 Coachella Valley PM10 State Implementation Plan) 

August 1, 2003 

Deputy Executive Officer 

Planning, Rule Development and Area Sources 

Elaine Chang, DrPH 

Assistant Deputy Executive Officer 

Planning, Rule Development and Area Sources 

Laki Tisopulos, Ph.D., P.E. 

Manager 

Planning, Rule Development and Area Sources 

Zorik Pirveysian 

Authors: Julia C. Lester, Ph.D. Program Supervisor 

 Michael Laybourn, A.I.C.P. Air Quality Specialist 

Reviewed by: Frances Keeler Senior Deputy District Counsel 

 John Olvera Senior Deputy District Counsel 

Contributors: Joe Cassmassi Senior Meteorologist 

 Shoreh Cohanim Air Quality Specialist 

 Kevin Durkee Air Quality Specialist 

Kathy Hsiao Program Supervisor 

Bong Mann-Kim, Ph.D. Air Quality Specialist 

Mary Woods, Ph.D. Air Quality Specialist 

Xinqiu Zhang, Ph.D. Air Quality Specialist 
SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT 

GOVERNING BOARD 

CHAIR: WILLIAM A. BURKE, Ed.D. 

 Speaker of the Assembly Appointee 

VICE CHAIR: S. ROY WILSON, Ed.D. 

 Supervisor, Fourth District 

 Riverside County Representative 

MEMBERS: 

 FRED AGUIAR 

 Supervisor, Fourth District 

 San Bernardino County Representative 

 MICHAEL D. ANTONOVICH 

 Supervisor, Fifth District 

 Los Angeles County Representative 

 HAL BERNSON 

 Councilmember, City of Los Angeles 

 Cities Representative, Los Angeles County, Western Region 

 JANE CARNEY 

 Senate Rules Committee Appointee 

 WILLIAM S. CRAYCRAFT 

 Councilmember, City of Mission Viejo 

 Cities Representative, Orange County 

 BEATRICE J.S. LAPISTO-KIRTLEY 

 Councilmember, City of Bradbury 

 Cities Representative, Los Angeles County, Eastern Region 

 RONALD O. LOVERIDGE 

 Mayor, City of Riverside 

 Cities Representative, Riverside County 

 LEONARD PAULITZ 

 Mayor Pro Tem, City of Montclair 

 Cities Representative, San Bernardino County 

 JAMES W. SILVA 

 Supervisor, Second District 

 Orange County Representative 

 CYNTHIA VERDUGO-PERALTA 

 Governor's Appointee 

EXECUTIVE OFFICER: 

BARRY R. WALLERSTEIN, D.Env. 
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

APCD Air Pollution Control District 

AQMD South Coast Air Quality Management District 

AQMP Air Quality Management Plan 

BACM Best Available Control Measure 

Basin South Coast Air Basin 

CARB California Air Resources Board 

CEQA California Environmental Quality Act 

CVAG Coachella Valley Association of Governments 

CVSIP Coachella Valley PM10 State Implementation Plan 

MSM Most Stringent Measure 

MSRC Mobile Source Air Pollution Reduction Review Committee 

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

NEP Natural Events Policy 

NEAP Natural Events Action Plan 

PM10 Particulate Matter with Aerodynamic Diameter less than 10 Microns 

RACM Reasonably Available Control Measure 

SIP State Implementation Plan 

U.S. EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 



Final 2003 CVSIP Table of Contents 

TOC – i August 2003 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. i 

TABLE OF TABLES........................................................................................................ ii 

TABLE OF FIGURES.................................................................................................... ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................ES-1

 Air Quality and Regulatory Background ...........................................................ES-1 

 Purpose of the 2003 CVSIP ...............................................................................ES-1 

CHAPTER 1 – BACKGROUND INFORMATION 

 Purpose and Regulatory Requirements................................................................ 1-1 

 The Coachella Valley Area.................................................................................. 1-2 

 Latest PM10 Air Quality...................................................................................... 1-4 

 Previous Coachella Valley SIPs and Plans .......................................................... 1-5

 Latest Dust Control Efforts.................................................................................. 1-5 

CHAPTER 2 – EMISSIONS INVENTORY UPDATE 

 Revisions to the 2002 CVSIP Emissions Inventory ............................................ 2-1 

 2003 CVSIP Emissions Inventory ....................................................................... 2-2 

 Transportation Conformity Emission Budget for Coachella Valley.................... 2-9 

 Interim Milestone Year...................................................................................... 2-11 

CHAPTER 3 – ATTAINMENT DEMONSTRATION UPDATE 

 Previous Coachella Valley Modeling .................................................................. 3-1 

 Modeling Attainment Demonstration .................................................................. 3-2 

CHAPTER 4 – 2002 CVSIP IMPLEMENTATION AND 2003 CVSIP APPROVAL 

REQUEST 

 2002 CVSIP Implementation Summary .............................................................. 4-1 

 Formal Request for Approval of the 2003 CVSIP Elements............................... 4-1 
Final 2003 CVSIP Table of Contents 

TOC – ii August 2003 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

TABLE OF TABLES 

Table 1-1 Expected Annual Arithmetic Mean 1-4 

Table 1-2 Coachella Valley 1 (Palm Springs) Annual Average Mean 1-5 

Table 1-3 Coachella Valley 2 (Indio) Annual Average Mean 1-5 

Table 2-1 Comparison of Year 2000 Fugitive Dust PM10 Emissions 2-2 

Table 2-2 1995 PM10 Coachella Valley Emissions Inventory 2-3 

Table 2-3 2000 Coachella Valley PM10 Emission Inventory 2-4 

Table 2-4 2003 Coachella Valley PM10 Emission Inventory 2-5 

Table 2-5 2006 Coachella Valley PM10 Emission Inventory 2-6 

Table 2-6 Summary of 2002 CVSIP Control Measure Implementation 2-7 

Table 2-7 2006 Coachella Valley PM10 Emission Inventory With 2002 

CVSIP Controls 

2-8 

Table 2-8 Transportation Conformity PM10 Emission Budget for 2006 

and Post-Attainment Years and Non-transportation Emissions 

for the Coachella Valley (tons/day) 

2-10 

Table 2-9 PM10 Emission Interim Milestone Year Target 2-12 

Table 2-10 Transportation Conformity Emission Budget at the End of 

2003 Interim Milestone Year 

2-12 

Table 3-1 Modeling Base-Year (1995) and Modeled 2000 PM10 

Coachella Valley Contributions 

3-2 

Table 3-2 Base-Year and 2006 Modeled PM10 Coachella Valley 

Concentrations 

3-3 

Table 3-3 Base-Year and 2006 Conformity Scenario Modeled PM10

Coachella Valley Concentrations 

3-4 

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 District, Air Basins, and Coachella Valley Air Monitoring 

Stations 

1-2 

Figure 1-2 Coachella Valley Communities 1-3 
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

 
Final 2003 CVSIP Executive Summary 

ES – 1 August 2003 

INTRODUCTION 

 This executive summary includes: 

 Background information about recent PM10 air quality in the Coachella 

Valley and pertinent regulatory background; 

 Purpose of the 2003 Coachella Valley PM10 State Implementation Plan 

(2003 CVSIP). 

AIR QUALITY AND REGULATORY BACKGROUND 

The South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) is the local agency 

responsible for air quality assessment and improvement in the Coachella Valley. The 

Coachella Valley is the desert portion of Riverside County in the Salton Sea Air 

Basin. The Coachella Valley and the AQMD have a demonstrated history of 

adopting and implementing PM10 dust controls (e.g., 1990 CVSIP, 1994 BACM SIP, 

AQMD Rules 403 and 403.1, local dust control ordinances, clean streets management 

program) to ensure healthful air for local residents and tourists. These efforts are 

summarized in the 1996 Coachella Valley PM10 Redesignation Request and 

Maintenance Plan (1996 CV Plan). U.S. EPA SIP-approved the Coachella Valley’s 

local dust control ordinances and AQMD’s fugitive dust rules, effective January 8, 

1999. The attainment date for serious non-attainment areas to achieve the PM10 

NAAQS was 2001. After years of demonstrating attainment of the PM10 standards, 

PM10 levels in 1999 through 2001 did not demonstrate attainment of the annual 

average PM10 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). For reference, 

Coachella Valley has attained the 24-hour PM10 standard since 1993. 

When it became apparent that the Coachella Valley would not be able to continue to 

demonstrate attainment of the PM10 NAAQS by 2001, AQMD staff, in conjunction 

with local Coachella Valley jurisdictions, agencies, and stakeholders prepared the 

2002 CVSIP. The 2002 CVSIP included control program enhancements that met the 

Most Stringent Measure (MSM) requirements and CAA requirements for an 

extension of the PM10 attainment date to 2006. Local assistance with 2002 CVSIP 

preparation was also provided by the Coachella Valley Air Quality Ad Hoc Task 

Force. The 2002 CVSIP was adopted by the AQMD Governing Board on June 21, 

2002. It was adopted by CVAG’s Executive Committee on June 25, 2002. After 

comments by U.S. EPA, the AQMD Governing Board adopted the 2002 CVSIP 

Addendum on September 12, 2002, which detailed the 2003 milestone year target and 

emission budgets. U.S. EPA proposed approval of the 2002 CVSIP on December 17, 

2002, and final approval occurred on April 18, 2003 (67 FR 77206-77211). AQMD 

and CVAG staff are currently working on implementing the 2002 CVSIP. 

PURPOSE OF THE 2003 CVSIP 

At the time of the 2002 CVSIP development, CARB had not completed its update of 

its motor vehicle emissions model. As part of the June 21, 2002 adopting resolution, 

AQMD Governing Board directed the Executive Officer to update the 2002 CVSIP, 

including emissions budgets in 2003, using the latest approved motor vehicle 

emissions model and planning assumptions. It also requested that the U.S. EPA 
Final 2003 CVSIP Executive Summary 

ES – 2 August 2003 

approve the emissions budgets based on the 2002 CVSIP for use only until the U.S. 

EPA finds adequate the revised budgets in the 2003 revision to the 2002 CVSIP. 

The 2003 CVSIP updates the 2002 CVSIP emissions inventories, transportation 

mobile source budgets, and attainment demonstration with the latest approved motor 

vehicle emissions model (i.e., EMFAC2002) and planning assumptions. AQMD is 

requesting that CARB and U.S. EPA approve the following 2003 CVSIP revisions to 

the corresponding elements of the 2002 CVSIP: 

• Base year and future baseline PM10 emissions inventories (c.f. Tables 2-2 

through 2-5) 

• Emission reduction commitment for the attainment year 2006 (c.f. Table 2-6) 

• Future controlled PM10 emissions inventories for 2006 (c.f. Tables 2-7) 

• Transportation conformity emission budget (c.f. Table 2-8) 

• Interim milestone year targets and transportation conformity emission budget for 

the end of year 2003 (c.f. Tables 2-9 and 2-10, respectively) 

• Attainment demonstration for 2006 (c.f. Table 3-2) 

• Conformity scenario attainment demonstration (c.f. Tables 3-3) 

Other elements of the 2002 CVSIP remain the same, e.g., the Most Stringent 

Measures analysis, the Coachella Valley control and contingency measures, and the 

Natural Event Action Plan. 

The following summarizes the highlights of each chapter of the 2003 CVSIP: 

Chapter 1: Background Information

The introduction describes the purpose of the 2003 CVSIP, brief background 

information on the Coachella Valley, 2002 PM10 levels, a brief summary of the 1990, 

1994, 1996 and 2002 Coachella Valley plans, and 2002 CVSIP implementation. 

Chapter 2: Emission Inventory Update

2002 CVSIP emissions in most categories have been updated based on the latest 

emission inventory methodologies. Mobile source emissions are based on latest 

CARB-approved motor vehicle emissions model and planning assumptions. Future 

growth is based on the latest projections and planning assumptions. Future year 

baseline and controlled emissions are presented for 2006 (attainment year), as well as 

2003 (reasonable further progress milestone year). The chapter also includes 

emission budgets for use in transportation conformity determinations. 

Chapter 3: Attainment Demonstration Update

This chapter contains the modeling attainment demonstration, based on the 2002 

CVSIP control strategy. 

Chapter 4: 2002 CVSIP Implementation Summary and 2003 CVSIP Approval 

Request

This chapter provides a summary of the implementation of the 2002 CVSIP and 

checklist of 2003 CVSIP elements to be forwarded to CARB and U.S. EPA for 

review and approval. 
CHAPTER 1 

 

BACKGROUND INFORMATION 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 1: Background Information

1 - 1 August 2003

INTRODUCTION 

This chapter discusses the following: 

 The purpose and regulatory background of this plan;

 The Coachella Valley area; 

 2002 PM10 measurements 

 Previous Coachella Valley SIPs, plans and dust regulations; and 

 2002 CVSIP implementation. 

PURPOSE AND REGULATORY BACKGROUND 

The Coachella Valley is currently designated as a serious non-attainment area for 

PM10. The AQMD is the air agency responsible for air quality planning and 

regulations in the Coachella Valley (Health and Safety Code §§ 40410, 40413). 

Since it was designated as a PM10 non-attainment area, Coachella Valley 

governments, agencies, private and public stakeholders, along with the AQMD, have 

proactively worked to reduce unhealthful levels of PM10 dust. These efforts are 

detailed in the 1990 SIP for PM10 in the Coachella Valley (1990 CVSIP), the 1994 

BACM Revision of the 1990 CVSIP (1994 BACM CVSIP), and the 1996 Coachella 

Valley PM10 Attainment Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan (1996 CV 

Plan). As noted in the 1996 CV Plan, local and AQMD dust control efforts were so 

successful that Coachella Valley became the first serious non-attainment area in the 

nation to request redesignation. The local dust control ordinances and AQMD’s 

fugitive dust rules 403 and 403.1 were SIP-approved by U.S. EPA on January 8, 1999 

(cf. 63 FR 67784-67787, dated December 9, 1998). The AQMD has invoked the U.S. 

EPA’s Natural Events Policy (NEP) to identify high PM10 days that resulted from 

high-wind natural events. These days are not used in determining the 24-hour or 

annual average PM10 levels. Based on monitoring data and the NEP, the Coachella 

Valley demonstrated attainment of the annual average PM10 NAAQS (expected 

annual average mean for past three years) for each year from 1995 through 1999. It 

has demonstrated attainment of the 24-hour PM10 NAAQS from 1993 through 2002. 

In 1999, annual average PM10 levels jumped up to 52.7 μg/m3

, significantly above 

levels seen in previous years. (PM10 levels all reflect removal of natural events, if 

any.) An improving economy had resulted in greater development, particularly of 

large resorts and recreational areas, and the area had suffered a number of dry years. 

After a series of AQMD enforcement actions at these large developments, the AQMD 

began a program of greater enforcement and outreach to developers and builders, and 

local government dust plan review and enforcement staff. The expected annual 

average mean for 1999-2001 was 51.7 μg/m3

. 

In response to this situation, the 2002 CVSIP was developed, including a Most 

Stringent Measures analysis and additional control measures. It was adopted by the 

AQMD Governing Board on June 21, 2002. It was adopted by CVAG’s Executive 

Committee on June 25, 2002. After comments by U.S. EPA, the AQMD Governing 

Board adopted the 2002 CVSIP Addendum on September 12, 2002, which detailed 

the 2003 milestone year target and emission budgets. U.S. EPA approved the 2002 

CVSIP on April 18, 2003 (67 FR 77206-77211). AQMD and CVAG staff are 

currently working on implementing the 2002 CVSIP. 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 1: Background Information

1 - 2 August 2003

At the time of the 2002 CVSIP, CARB had not completed its update of its motor 

vehicle emissions model. As part of the June 21, 2002 adopting resolution, AQMD 

Governing Board directed the Executive Officer to update the 2002 CVSIP, including 

emissions budgets in 2003, using the latest approved motor vehicle emissions model 

and planning assumptions. It also requested that the U.S. EPA approve the emissions 

budgets based on the 2002 CVSIP for use only until the U.S. EPA finds adequate the 

revised budgets for the same years submitted as part of the 2003 revision to the 2002 

CVSIP. 

THE COACHELLA VALLEY AREA 

The Coachella Valley PM10 non-attainment area consists of an approximately 2,500 

square mile portion of central Riverside County (see Figures 1-1 and 1-2). The 

Valley itself is within the newly created Salton Sea Air Basin (formerly Southeast 

Desert Air Basin) and is aligned in a northwest-southeast orientation stretching from 

Banning Pass to the Salton Sea. Geographically, the Valley is bounded by the San 

Jacinto Mountains to the west, and the Little San Bernardino Mountains to the east. 

Elevation ranges from approximately 500 feet above sea level in the northern part of 

the Valley to about 150 feet below sea level near the Salton Sea. 

South Coast

Air Quality Management District

SCAQMD Jurisdiction

Mojave Desert

Air Basin

Salton Sea

Air Basin

San Diego

Air Basin

South

 Central

 Coast Air Basin

South Coast

 Air Basin

San Diego County

Imperial County

Riverside County

Los Angeles

 County

Kern County San Bernardino County

Orange

 County

Santa

 Barbara

 County

Ventura

 County

San Joaquin

 Valley

 Air Basin

COACHELLA

 VALLEY

San Bernardino County

FIGURE 1-1 

District, Air Basins, and Coachella Valley Area 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 1: Background Information

1 - 3 August 2003

 

FIGURE 1-2 

Coachella Valley Communities 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 1: Background Information

1 - 4 August 2003

LATEST PM10 AIR QUALITY 

A more detailed description of the Valley’s meteorology, climate, winds, and 

blowsand can be found in the first chapter of the 1990 CVSIP, 1994 CVSIP and the 

1996 CV Plan, which are included by reference. PM10 continues to be sampled by 

means of size selective inlet high volume (SSI) samplers that collect airborne 

particles with diameter smaller than approximately 10 micrometers over a 24-hour 

period. The 2002 CVSIP describes the Coachella Valley’s PM10 air quality from the 

early 1990s through 2001. Tables 1-1 through 1-3 summarize PM10 air quality 

metrics for the past years. Coachella Valley monitoring station 1 is in the Palm 

Springs area, which is more sheltered from high winds and is generally upwind of 

most valley fugitive dust sources. Coachella Valley monitoring station 2 is in the 

Indio area, in the eastern portion of the valley. 

TABLE 1-1 

Expected Annual Arithmetic Mean 

Site/Year Arithmetic Mean PM10 Concentration μg/m3 Expected

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 AAMQM AAM 

Coachella Valley 1 

99 27.1 28.8 35.6 23.9 28.9 

00 16.9 25.0 28.6 26.9 24.4 

01 22.3 29.6 69.1 22.0 35.8 

01* 22.3 29.6 32.8 22.0 26.7 26.7* 

02 22.3 31.2 30.6 24.5 27.2 25.6* 

Coachella Valley 2 

99 54.6 48.9 59.5 47.7 52.7 

00 47.9 63.3 60.7 49.8 55.4 

00* 47.9 53.1* 56.6* 49.8 51.9* 

01 35.7 63.5 91.9 44.8 59.0 

01* 35.7 52.7* 67.9* 44.8 50.2* 51.6* 

02 41.5 57.2 59.3 56.2 53.5 

02* 41.5 52.6* 59.3 48.9* 50.6* 51.0* 

* Values after deletion of high-wind natural events. 

Qn = arithmetic mean PM10 for nth calendar quarter.

AAMQM = annual arithmetic mean of quarterly means. 

Expected AAM = expected annual arithmetic mean = average of three years 

AAMQM. 

In summary, Tables 1-2 and 1-3 show the annual average mean and 3-year expected 

annual average mean PM10 for Coachella Valley 1 and 2, respectively, from 1995 

through 2002. In Tables 1-2 and 1-3, an asterisk (*) denotes that at least one highwind event has been excluded from the data according to the Natural Events Policy. 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 1: Background Information

1 - 5 August 2003

TABLE 1-2 

Coachella Valley 1 Annual Average Mean (AAM) and Lagging 3-Year AAM PM10 

in μg/m3 

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001* 2002*

AAM 27.4 29.3 26.4 26.4 28.9 24.4 26.7 27.2 

3-Year Average 27.4 28.1 27.7 27.4 27.2 26.5 26.7 25.6 

TABLE 1-3 

Coachella Valley 2 AAM and Lagging 3-Year AAM PM10 in μg/m3 

1995* 1996* 1997* 1998* 1999 2000* 2001* 2002*

AAM 49.6 50.7 49.7 47.2 52.7 51.9 50.2 50.6 

3-Year Average 48.2 49.7 50.0 49.2 49.9 50.6 51.6 51.0 

PREVIOUS COACHELLA VALLEY SIPS AND PLANS 

Since adoption of the 1990 CVSIP, the local Coachella Valley jurisdictions, CVAG, 

and the AQMD have worked closely to implement the various 1990 CVSIP control 

measures. This team approach has resulted in what was the most comprehensive dust 

control program in the nation at that time. The 1996 CVSIP describes the 

implementation status of these control measures in detail. In the 1994 CVSIP, 

additional BACM measures were identified. However, by 1996, the Coachella Valley 

had achieved the PM10 NAAQS and the AQMD requested its redesignation to 

attainment. At that time, the 1994 CVSIP BACM measures were incorporated as 

contingency measures in the 1996 CV Plan. In response to elevated PM10 levels 

from 1999 through 2001, the AQMD prepared and adopted the 2002 CVSIP, which 

included a most stringent measures analysis and enhanced control strategy. The 2002 

CVSIP demonstrated attainment of the federal PM10 standards by 2006. The 2002 

CVSIP described the previous dust control measures, including the original local dust 

control ordinances and AQMD Rules 403 and 403.1, all of which were adopted in 

1992 and 1993 and have been SIP-approved by U.S. EPA, and the Clean Streets 

Management Program. 

LATEST DUST CONTROL EFFORTS 

The 2002 CVSIP summarizes the dust control efforts that arose in response to 

significant dust control problems and nuisance situations at large construction sites in 

Spring 1999 and the rise in local PM10 levels above the annual average standard from 

1999 through 2001. These programs, that are described in the 2002 CVSIP and 

summarized below, are continuing, including the expedited implementation of 

CMAQ-funded PM10 control projects, CVAG- and AQMD- sponsored Compliance 

Promotion Classes, “dust czars” for each jurisdiction, and a full-time AQMD 

inspector to coordinate AQMD and local enforcement activities. 

In May 2001, AQMD assigned a full-time inspector to the Coachella Valley to 

improve outreach and compliance with existing dust control regulations. This was in 

addition to AQMD inspectors who had been responding to potential AQMD rule 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 1: Background Information

1 - 6 August 2003

violations. In addition, each Coachella Valley jurisdiction has assigned a “dust czar” 

to coordinate dust control for that jurisdiction (e.g. dust plan review, ordinance 

enforcement, public and industry outreach, AQMD liaison). All “dust czars” have 

taken the Compliance Promotion Class and have worked with the AQMD inspector to 

address dust sources within their individual jurisdictions. 

On October 4, 2002, the Board approved the FY 2002-03 AB 2766 MSRC 

Discretionary Fund Work Program in Concept totaling $14.95 million. This included 

the Coachella Valley PM10 Reduction Program; the total amount of Discretionary 

Funds allocated to this category was $1,000,000. The Coachella Valley Program 

offers to co-fund qualifying particulate matter reduction projects, focusing on the 

early implementation of Most Stringent Measures (MSMs) as defined by the South 

Coast AQMD in the new Coachella Valley State Implementation Plan. The goal of 

the MSRC Program is to assist CVAG jurisdictions in effectively and expeditiously 

implementing MSMs prior to the imposition of mandatory PM10 Reduction Rules by 

the AQMD. The MSRC Program provides qualifying CMAQ projects an 11.47% 

match against federal CMAQ (TEA-21) funds, a 75% match against AB 2766 

Subvention Funds, and a 50% match when other sources of funds are applied. The 

solicitation mechanism is a Program Announcement and Application, with a proposal 

receipt period beginning on November 5, 2002 and ending on April 8, 2003. The 

funding was available on a first-come, first-serve basis and twelve projects were 

approved for a total of $1,000,000. Leveraged with CMAQ, AB2766 subvention, and 

other funds, this program resulted in over $5,000,000 of PM10 mitigation and control 

projects being initiated in the Coachella Valley. Details can be found in the 2003 

February and March AQMD Governing Board agendas. 

The Coachella Valley Air Quality Ad Hoc Task Force (CV Task Force), sponsored by 

CVAG, is assisting CVAG and the AQMD in implementing the 2002 CVSIP. The 

CV Task Force includes mayors and city council members of all Coachella Valley 

cities, a County Supervisor from Riverside County, tribal chairs or vice-chairs from 

all local Indian tribes, CVAG Energy and Environmental Resources subcommittee 

members (city managers), the Coachella Valley Economic Partnership, and 

representatives from the local farm bureau, building industry association, developers, 

Caltrans, as well as staff from AQMD, CARB, and U.S. EPA. Other interested 

stakeholders, including SunLine Transit Agency, Coachella Valley Water District, 

Southern California Gas Company, the Building Industry Association (BIA), local 

developers, the Construction Industry Air Quality Coalition (CIAQC), local farmers, 

and the “dust czars,” have also participated. The CV Task Force met on March 12, 

2003, to review the initial drafts of the model ordinance, dust control handbook, and 

memorandum of understanding, which taken together, will implement the local 

government portion of the 2002 CVSIP control measures. 
CHAPTER 2 

 

 

EMISSIONS INVENTORY UPDATE 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 1 August 2003 

INTRODUCTION 

This chapter discusses the following: 

 Revisions to the previous emission inventory; and 

 The 2003 CVSIP emissions inventory; 

 Transportation conformity PM10 emission budget; and

 Milestone year (2003) emission target and transportation conformity budget. 

REVISIONS TO THE 2002 CVSIP EMISSIONS INVENTORY 

The 2002 CVSIP inventory was extensively based on the 1996 CV Plan inventory 

assumptions, except that construction emissions for 2000 were updated using the 

latest Construction Industry Research Board (CIRB) activity data. The emissions 

inventory for the 2003 CVSIP has been comprehensively updated, based on the latest 

emission factors, activity levels, mobile source emission models, and population 

growth, socioeconomic and transportation system estimates. A summary of the latest 

inventory methodologies, including those that have been updated or improved, can be 

found in Chapter 1 of the 2003 AQMP, Appendix III – Base and Future Year 

Inventories. Specific Coachella Valley inventory revisions are described below. 

Mobile Sources 

CARB, U.S. EPA and SCAG have revised the mobile source emissions model 

EMFAC and the related planning assumptions to improve the mobile source 

emissions inventory. CARB’s EMFAC7G model was used in the 1996 CV Plan and 

the 2002 CVSIP. EMFAC2002 model is used in the 2003 AQMP and 2003 CVSIP. 

Between these two models, CARB released two other EMFAC models; they are 

EMFAC2001 version 2.02 and EMFAC2001 version 2.08. Major improvements from 

EMFAC7G to EMFAC2002 include updated unregistered vehicle estimates; updated 

Inspection/Maintenance benefit estimates; updated idle emission rates; extended idle 

for heavy-duty trucks; adding EVII and Tier II programs; and adding air conditioning 

correction factors, as well as updating all the existing factors from the most current 

adopted rules and available data and other technical items (see Chapter 1 of the 2003 

AQMP, Appendix III – Base and Future Year Inventories). A detailed description of 

EMFAC2002 is available at CARB’s website. (www.arb.ca.gov/msei/msei.htm) 

EMFAC2002 results indicate that EMFAC7G underestimated the emissions. It 

should be noted that in addition to methodology improvements, EMFAC2002 also 

incorporates rules adopted since the release of EMFAC7G. 

Stationary Sources 

The stationary source inventory decreased for all criteria pollutants due to the effect 

of rules adopted by SCAQMD and CARB as well as due to the improved or updated 

area source methodologies used for estimating emissions. The 2002 CVSIP were 

based on a 1993 base year, as was done in 1996 CV Plan. Subsequent to the approval 

of the 1996 CV Plan (and 1997 AQMP), CARB released updated emission factors for 

several fugitive dust sources. These emission factors and methodologies are available 

at CARB’s web site (www.arb.ca.gov/emisinv/areasrc/index7.htm). The 2003 CVSIP 

incorporates those updated emission factors and / or recent activity data for source 

categories such as entrained paved and unpaved road dust, construction, windblown 

dust, and farming operations. As in the 2003 AQMP, these emission estimates use 

1997 as the base year. The greatest change was in the estimation of windblown 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 2 August 2003 

agricultural dust; new emission factors dramatically reduced annual emission 

estimates. [Peak 24-hour windblown dust estimates have not changed and are the 

overwhelming contributor to peak 24-hour PM10 days. The estimates assume 60 

mph and higher winds and are calculated as in the 2002 CVSIP (see page 3-1).] 

Better road construction activity data have become available with the release of 

SCAG’s 2001 RTP, resulting in revised road construction emissions. Entrained 

unpaved paved road dust emission estimates are smaller in the 2003 CVSIP due to 

lower CARB emission factor. Entrained road dust remains the major source of 

fugitive primary PM10 emissions. Overall emission estimates are significantly lower 

for the 2003 CVSIP, mostly due to the sharply lower estimate of annual windblown 

dust emissions. Table 2-1 indicates the changes to the PM10 fugitive dust inventories. 

Table 2-1 

Comparison of Year 2000 Fugitive Dust PM10 Emissions (Tons/Day) 

Source Category 2002 CVSIP* Draft 2003 CVSIP* 

Paved Road Dust 7.29 6.89 

Unpaved Road Dust 5.44 4.23 

Construction 7.42 5.46 

Farming Operations 1.06 1.23 

Windblown 31.31 9.31

Total 52.52 27.12 

*1993 base year inventory used in 1997 AQMP 

** 1997 base year inventory with updated methodologies used in 2003 AQMP 

2003 CVSIP EMISSIONS INVENTORY 

As indicated in Table 2-3, about 30.5 tons of PM10 were emitted on an average day 

in the Coachella Valley in 2000. [The1995 baseline inventory is used in the modeling 

analysis and is described in Table 2-2. Note the increase in year 2000 construction 

emissions from 1995. Large–scale construction increased by a factor of thirty 

between those years (see 2002 CVSIP, page 3-4.)] Approximately 29.1 tons/day (~ 

95% of the total) were fugitive dust emissions from wind erosion of disturbed 

sources, entrained road dust, construction and demolition activity, and farming 

operations. About 0.8 tons/day of primary PM10 emissions are emitted by mobile 

sources in the study area, with about half from on-road sources and half from off-road 

sources. However, mobile sources contribute to PM10 exceedances through 

entrained paved road dust (6.9 tons per day) and entrained unpaved road dust (4.2 

tons per day). Emission estimates for peak 24-hour PM10 days reflect large amounts 

of windblown dust entrained by high winds (~60 mph). Existing control programs 

are incorporated into the 2000 base year inventory, including the Clean Streets 

Management Program. The control efficiency of previous control programs has been 

described and documented in the 1990 CVSIP, the 1994 CVSIP, the 1996 CV Plan, 

and the 2002 CVSIP, as well as staff reports for the AQMD’s fugitive dust rules. 

Future Year Emissions

Future year emissions inventories were developed for 2003 and 2006 (see Tables 2-4 

and 2-5, respectively), based on a specific set of projected growth rates for 

population, industry, and motor vehicle activity for the Coachella Valley, which are 

consistent with the methodologies and data used in the 2003 AQMP. 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 3 August 2003 

TABLE 2-2 

1995 PM10 Annual Average Emission Inventory by Major Source Category (tons/day) 

 Source Category Ann. Avg. Max. 24-hour 

STATIONARY SOURCES 

Point Sources

 Other Mfg./Industrial 0.02 0.02 

 Service and Commercial 0.01 0.01 

 Mineral Processes 0.02 0.02 

 Wood & Paper 0.01 0.01 

Total Point Sources 0.06 0.06 

Area Sources

 Residential Fuel Combustion 0.11 0.11 

 Cooking 0.25 0.25 

 Farming Operation 1.31 1.31 

 Construction & Demolition 1.34 1.34 

 Entrained Road Dust/Paved 6.95 6.95 

 Entrained Road Dust/Unpaved 4.23 4.23 

 Fires 0.01 0.01 

 Waste Burning and Disposal 0.06 0.06 

 Windblown Dust 9.34 2285.50 

 Total Area Sources 23.60 2299.76 

TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 23.66 2299.82 

MOBILE SOURCES 

On-Road Vehicles

 Light-Duty Passenger 0.13 0.13 

 Lt.- Med.- Trucks 0.09 0.09 

 Heavy-Duty Gas Trucks 0.00 0.00 

 Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks 0.16 0.16 

 School Buses 0.00 0.00 

 Total On-Road Vehicles 0.38 0.38 

Other Mobile

 Aircraft 0.00 0.00 

 Trains 0.04 0.04 

 Recreational Boats 0.03 0.03 

 Off-Road Equipment 0.23 0.23 

 Farm Equipment 0.07 0.07 

 Truck Stops 0.01 0.01 

Total Other Mobile 0.38 0.38 

TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 0.76 0.76 

TOTAL ALL SOURCES 24.42 2300.58 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 4 August 2003 

TABLE 2-3 

2000 PM10 Emission Inventory by Major Source Category (tons/day) 

 Source Category Ann. Avg. Max. 24-hour 

STATIONARY SOURCES 

Point Sources

 Other Mfg./Industrial 0.04 0.04 

 Service and Commercial 0.00 0.00 

 Mineral Processes 0.02 0.02 

 Wood & Paper 0.01 0.01 

Total Point Sources 0.07 0.07 

Area Sources

 Residential Fuel Combustion 0.12 0.12 

 Cooking 0.35 0.35 

 Farming Operation 1.23 1.23 

 Construction & Demolition 7.42 7.42 

 Entrained Road Dust/Paved 6.89 5.86 

 Entrained Road Dust/Unpaved 4.23 4.23 

 Fires 0.01 0.01 

 Waste Burning and Disposal 0.05 0.05 

 Windblown Dust 9.31 2285.50 

 Total Area Sources 29.61 2305.80 

TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 29.68 2305.87 

MOBILE SOURCES 

On-Road Vehicles

 Light-Duty Passenger 0.16 0.16 

 Lt.- Med.- Trucks 0.12 0.12 

 Heavy-Duty Gas Trucks 0.00 0.00 

 Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks 0.10 0.10 

 School Buses 0.00 0.00 

 Total On-Road Vehicles 0.38 0.38 

Other Mobile

 Aircraft 0.00 0.00 

 Trains 0.04 0.04 

 Recreational Boats 0.03 0.03 

 Off-Road Equipment 0.25 0.25 

 Farm Equipment 0.07 0.07 

 Truck Stops 0.01 0.01 

Total Other Mobile 0.40 0.40 

TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 0.78 0.78 

TOTAL ALL SOURCES 30.46 2306.65 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 5 August 2003 

TABLE 2-4 

2003 PM10 Emission Inventory by Major Source Category (tons/day) 

 Source Category Ann. Avg. Max. 24-hour 

STATIONARY SOURCES 

Point Sources

 Other Mfg./Industrial 0.04 0.04 

 Service and Commercial 0.00 0.00 

 Mineral Processes 0.02 0.02 

 Wood & Paper 0.01 0.01 

Total Point Sources 0.07 0.07 

Area Sources

 Residential Fuel Combustion 0.13 0.13 

 Cooking 0.35 0.35 

 Farming Operation 1.18 1.18 

 Construction & Demolition 8.04 8.04 

 Entrained Road Dust/Paved 7.12 7.12 

 Entrained Road Dust/Unpaved 4.23 4.23 

 Fires 0.01 0.01 

 Waste Burning and Disposal 0.05 0.05 

 Windblown Dust 9.30 2285.50 

 Total Area Sources 30.41 2306.61 

TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 30.48 2306.68 

MOBILE SOURCES 

On-Road Vehicles

 Light-Duty Passenger 0.16 0.16 

 Lt.- Med.- Trucks 0.12 0.12 

 Heavy-Duty Gas Trucks 0.00 0.00 

 Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks 0.11 0.11 

 School Buses 0.00 0.00 

 Total On-Road Vehicles 0.39 0.39 

Other Mobile

 Aircraft 0.00 0.00 

 Trains 0.04 0.04 

 Recreational Boats 0.04 0.04 

 Off-Road Equipment 0.24 0.24 

 Farm Equipment 0.06 0.06 

 Truck Stops 0.01 0.01 

Total Other Mobile 0.39 0.39 

TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 0.78 0.78 

TOTAL ALL SOURCES 31.26 2307.46 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 6 August 2003 

TABLE 2-5 

2006 PM10 Emission Inventory by Major Source Category (tons/day) 

 Source Category Ann. Avg. Max. 24-hour 

STATIONARY SOURCES 

Point Sources

 Other Mfg./Industrial 0.03 0.03 

 Service and Commercial 0.00 0.00 

 Mineral Processes 0.02 0.02 

 Wood & Paper 0.01 0.01 

Total Point Sources 0.06 0.06 

Area Sources

 Residential Fuel Combustion 0.14 0.14 

 Cooking 0.35 0.35 

 Farming Operation 1.14 1.14 

 Construction & Demolition 8.67 8.67 

 Entrained Road Dust/Paved 7.34 7.34 

 Entrained Road Dust/Unpaved 4.23 4.23 

 Fires 0.01 0.01 

 Waste Burning and Disposal 0.05 0.05 

 Windblown Dust 9.28 2285.50 

 Total Area Sources 31.21 2307.43 

TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 31.27 2307.49 

MOBILE SOURCES 

On-Road Vehicles

 Light-Duty Passenger 0.17 0.17 

 Lt.- Med.- Trucks 0.13 0.13 

 Heavy-Duty Gas Trucks 0.00 0.00 

 Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks 0.11 0.11 

 School Buses 0.01 0.01 

 Total On-Road Vehicles 0.42 0.42 

Other Mobile

 Aircraft 0.00 0.00 

 Trains 0.04 0.04 

 Recreational Boats 0.05 0.05 

 Off-Road Equipment 0.22 0.22 

 Farm Equipment 0.05 0.05 

 Truck Stops 0.01 0.01 

Total Other Mobile 0.37 0.37 

TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 0.79 0.79 

TOTAL ALL SOURCES 31.97 2308.28 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 7 August 2003 

Future Year Controlled Emissions

A future year controlled emissions inventory was developed based on implementation 

of the control measures described in Chapter 5 of the 2002 CVSIP. Table 2-6 updates 

the control measures’ emission reduction estimates. The emission reductions are 

estimated at 3.0 tons/day, compared to 3.3 tons/day estimated in the 2002 CVSIP. 

The change is solely due to inventory estimate changes; the control efficiencies of 

each control measure are the same as in the 2002 CVSIP. The control strategy calls 

for adoption of the control measures as expeditiously as possible, based on the 

schedule in Table 2-6. 

Table 2-6 

Summary of 2002 CVSIP Control Measure Implementation 

Control 

Measure 

Implementation 

Schedule 

2006 Estimated 

Emission 

Reductions 

CV BCM 1 

(Construction) 

Begin no later than 10/03 

(local) or 1/04 (AQMD) 

1.96 tons/day 

CV BCM 2 

(Disturbed Lands) 

Begin no later than 10/03 TBD after survey 

CV BCM 3 

(Unpaved roads / lots) 

Begin no later than 10/03, 

phased implementation 

0.55 tons/day 

CV BCM 4 

(Paved Roads) 

Begin no later than 10/03 

(local) or 1/04 (AQMD) 

0.44 tons/day 

CV BCM 5 

(Agriculture) 

Begin no later than 1/04 

(AQMD) 

0.02 tons/day 

(farming operations) 

CV CTY 1 

(Overseeding) 

In event of RFP failure or 

non-attainment 

TBD (implemented 

voluntarily now) 

TOTAL 2.97 tons/day 

The remaining emissions in 2006 after the implementation of future controls are 

presented in Table 2-7. AQMD is still committed to expeditiously adopt and 

implement the control measures, no later than the schedule specified in Chapter 5 of 

the 2002 CVSIP. 

The 2003 AQMP outlines an overall control strategy that will ultimately achieve 

ambient air quality standards in the South Coast Air Basin. The impact of these 

controls will reduce the amount of transported particulates into the Coachella Valley 

from both direct PM10 emissions and from secondary particulate resulting from 

Basin precursor emissions such as VOCs, NOx, SOx, and ammonia. A full 

discussion of the South Coast Air Basin emissions can be found in the 2003 AQMP 

(Chapter 3 and Appendix III). As seen in attainment demonstration in Chapter 3, 

South Coast Air Basin controls reduce the level of transported PM10 to the Coachella 

Valley in future years in the control scenarios. 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 8 August 2003 

TABLE 2-7 

2006 PM10 Emission Inventory with 2002 CVSIP Controls (tons/day) 

 Source Category Ann. Avg. Max. 24-hour 

STATIONARY SOURCES 

Point Sources

 Other Mfg./Industrial 0.03 0.03 

 Service and Commercial 0.00 0.00 

 Mineral Processes 0.02 0.02 

 Wood & Paper 0.01 0.01 

Total Point Sources 0.06 0.06 

Area Sources

 Residential Fuel Combustion 0.14 0.14 

 Cooking 0.35 0.35 

 Farming Operation 1.12 1.12 

 Construction & Demolition 7.81 7.81 

 Entrained Road Dust/Paved 5.80 5.80 

 Entrained Road Dust/Unpaved 3.68 3.68 

 Fires 0.01 0.01 

 Waste Burning and Disposal 0.05 0.05 

 Windblown Dust 9.28 2285.50 

 Total Area Sources 28.24 2304.46 

TOTAL STATIONARY SOURCES 28.30 2304.52 

MOBILE SOURCES 

On-Road Vehicles

 Light-Duty Passenger 0.17 0.17 

 Lt.- Med.- Trucks 0.13 0.13 

 Heavy-Duty Gas Trucks 0.00 0.00 

 Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks 0.11 0.11 

 School Buses 0.01 0.01 

 Total On-Road Vehicles 0.42 0.42 

Other Mobile

 Aircraft 0.00 0.00 

 Trains 0.04 0.04 

 Recreational Boats 0.05 0.05 

 Off-Road Equipment 0.22 0.22 

 Farm Equipment 0.05 0.05 

 Truck Stops 0.01 0.01 

Total Other Mobile 0.37 0.38 

TOTAL MOBILE SOURCES 0.79 0.79 

TOTAL ALL SOURCES 29.09 2305.31 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 9 August 2003 

TRANSPORTATION CONFORMITY EMISSION BUDGET FOR 

COACHELLA VALLEY 

As described earlier in this chapter, the mobile source portion of the draft 2003 

CVSIP emissions inventory is based on EMFAC2002. Road construction emissions 

are based on SCAG’s 2001 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP). For on-road mobile 

sources, Section 176(c) of the CAA requires that transportation plans and programs 

do not cause or contribute to any new violation of a standard, increase the frequency 

or severity of any existing violation, or delay the timely attainment of the air quality 

standards. In other words, on-road mobile sources must "conform" to the attainment 

demonstration contained in the SIP. 

U.S. EPA's transportation conformity rule, found in 40 CFR parts 51 and 93, details 

the requirements for establishing motor vehicle emissions budgets in SIPs for the 

purpose of ensuring the conformity of transportation plans and programs with the SIP 

attainment demonstration. The on-road motor vehicle emissions budgets act as a 

"ceiling" for future on-road mobile source emissions. Exceedances of the budget 

indicate an inconsistency with the SIP, and could jeopardize the flow of federal funds 

for transportation improvements in the region. As required by the CAA, a 

comparison of regional on-road mobile source emissions to these budgets will occur 

during the periodic updates of regional transportation plans and programs. 

The on-road motor vehicle emissions estimates for the 2003 CVSIP were analyzed 

using the CARB's EMFAC2002 on-road mobile source emission factor model in 

conjunction with the most recent motor vehicle activity data from SCAG. These 

budgets reflect existing control programs and new commitments for technology and 

transportation control measures. 

AQMD staff conducted the following analysis for determining conformity budgets. 

The 2006 controlled emissions, which are based on expeditious implementation of the 

2002 CVSIP, result in modeled levels of 49.6 ug/m3

 (annual) and 141.6 ug/m3 (24-

hour average). Total transportation emissions for this case are 10.0 tpd (0.42 tpd onroad motor vehicles, 5.80 tpd reentrained paved road dust, 3.68 tpd reentrained 

unpaved road dust, and 0.06 tpd road construction emissions). Since modeled 

attainment levels can be 50.4 ug/m3 for the annual average, greater emission levels 

could still demonstrate attainment (see Table 2-8). In the conformity scenario, the 

emissions from VMT-related categories (on-road motor vehicle sources and entrained 

local and collector paved road dust) can be increased to test the maximum emissions 

allowed while meeting the federal PM10 standard of 50.4 ug/m3. The scenario 

demonstrates attainment of the federal standards (see Table 3-3). In addition, this 

2003 CVSIP sets up a budget trading mechanism (see below), that would allow nontransportation emissions to be traded for transportation emissions. Therefore, Table 

2-8 establishes the PM10 budget for 2006 and post-attainment years for transportation 

conformity analyses. 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 10 August 2003 

TABLE 2-8 

Transportation Conformity PM10 Emission Budget for 2006 

and Post-Attainment Years (tons/day) 

Emissions (tons/day) 

Motor Vehicles 0.42 

Reentrained paved road dust 5.80 

Reentrained unpaved road dust 3.68 

Road construction 0.06 

Additional margin (based on modeling) 0.97 

Total (Transportation Conformity 

PM10 Emission Budget) 

10.9 

Non-Transportation Emissions 19.1* 

* Off-road emissions are 0.37 tpd. 

Budget Trading Mechanism

The following section describes a budget trading mechanism. It is not being 

submitted as part of the 2003 CVSIP. It is included for discussion purposes only. 

The PM10 transportation conformity emissions budget PM10 is provided here for the 

attainment year 2006. However, since transportation analyses are needed beyond the 

attainment dates, the 2006 transportation budget also serves as the budget for future 

years (e.g., 2010, 2020 and 2030). There is projected long-term growth in direct 

PM10 emissions due to increased vehicle travel on paved roads. 

1. To address this increase in primary PM10 emissions from travel while 

continuing to provide for attainment after 2006, this plan describes a PM10 

transportation conformity budget trading mechanism as authorized under 

Section 93.124 (C) of the federal conformity rule. Section 93.124 (C) states 

that “A conformity demonstration shall not trade emission among budgets.... , 

unless the implementation plan establishes appropriate mechanisms for such 

trades.” The purpose of trading is to allow a different combination of PM10 

emissions from stationary and mobile sources adequate to maintain the 

attainment demonstration for future years beyond the attainment date. Thus, 

the benefits of adopted measures or enforceable commitments for any sources 

that reduce emissions of PM10 below the PM10 attainment demonstration 

targets for 2006 (as shown in Table 2-8) would be available to trade or 

compensate for the travel-based direct PM10 increases in later year 

conformity analyses. 

− This PM10 trading mechanism will only be used for conformity analyses 

after the attainment date (i.e., 2006). 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 11 August 2003 

− This mechanism will allow primary PM10 reductions from any source 

beyond those needed for attainment to be traded for motor vehicle and 

related primary PM10 emissions included in the transportation conformity 

budget, on a 1:1 basis. 

For each conformity analysis year that relies on trading, SCAG’s draft 

conformity analysis circulated for interagency consultation and public review 

will clearly document the projected emissions for PM10 from all sources 

(based on adopted measures and enforceable commitments), the excess 

primary PM10 emissions from travel, the reductions in each pollutant beyond 

the attainment target to be used for trading, the source of the emission 

reductions and mechanism to achieve them, and the trading ratio derived from 

the attainment demonstration. 

2. The amount of emissions to be traded identified through the transportation 

conformity analyses are beyond those needed for the 2006 attainment 

demonstration; therefore, it will be reassessed in each subsequent SIP revision 

based on the most recent technical information. 

3. The description herein provides the basic framework of budget trading 

allowed under the federal conformity rule. The District, SCAG or CARB may 

clarify this framework, if necessary, during the public review process on the 

plan at the local, State, and federal level. 

INTERIM MILESTONE YEAR 

Appendix E of the 2002 CVSIP provided the emission reductions, the interim 

milestone year emission target, and emission budgets (for transportation conformity) 

at the end of the interim milestone year of 2003. It was approved by the AQMD 

Governing Board as an addendum to the approved 2002 CVSIP at its September 13, 

2002 meeting. This section updates and revises the interim milestone information 

presented in Appendix E of the 2002 CVSIP. The 2003 baseline inventory is 31.26 

tons/day (see Table 2-4). The full implementation of CV BCM-1 “Construction and 

Earth-Movement Activities” would result in 1.87 tons/day of emissions reductions. 

[Additional on-site construction dust control will reduce emissions in the construction 

category (0.80 tons/day) and enhanced track-out controls will reduce entrained paved 

road dust (1.07 tons/day).] However, since the adoption date of the local ordinances 

can be as late as October 2003, and the control measure adoption by the AQMD may 

not occur until the end of the year, only 50% combined ordinance/rule penetration is 

assumed by the end of 2003 for this reasonable further progress interim milestone 

assessment. As noted in Chapter 3 of the 2002 CVSIP, no annual average emission 

reductions can be assumed for 2003, but for the purposes of a reasonable further 

progress determination in the interim milestone year, 0.94 tons/day of reductions are 

anticipated at the end of 2003 as a result of implementation of CV BCM–1 with a 

50% combined ordinance/rule penetration by that time. 

Interim Milestone Target 

The interim milestone year emission target for the Coachella Valley is based on 

expected emission reductions by the end of 2003. The 2002 CVSIP interim milestone 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 2: Emissions Inventory Update 

2- 12 August 2003 

year target is shown in Table 2-9. Emissions at the end of 2003 are less than the 2000 

baseline emissions and demonstrate progress toward the attainment levels in 2006. 

TABLE 2-9 

PM10 Interim Milestone Year Target 

(Average Day – Tons per Day) 

Pollutant 2000(Baseline) End of 2003* 

PM10 30.46 30.32* 

* Represents remaining emissions at the end of the year 2003 with implementation 

of CV BCM-1 and 50% combined ordinance/rule penetration by that time. 

Transportation Conformity Emission Budgets for the Interim Milestone Year 

40 CFR Part 93 requires that emission budgets for criteria air pollutants be specified 

in the SIP for milestone years. Table 2-10 provides the emission budgets after 

implementation of the 2002 CVSIP controls at the end of the interim milestone year 

(2003), consistent with the applicable requirements for reasonable further progress 

and attainment [40 CFR 93.118(e)(4)(iv)]. 

TABLE 2-10 

Coachella Valley Emission Budgets for Transportation Conformity at the End of the 2003 

Interim Milestone Year (tons/day) 

 2003* PM10 

Motor Vehicles 0.39 

Reentrained paved 

road dust 

7.64 

Reentrained 

unpaved road dust 

4.23 

Road construction 0.06 

Total 12.3* 

* Represents remaining emissions at the end of the year 2003 with implementation 

of CV BCM-1 and 50% combined ordinance/rule penetration by that time. 
CHAPTER 3 

 

ATTAINMENT DEMONSTRATION 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 3:Attainment Demonstration Update 

3 - 1 August 2003 

INTRODUCTION 

This chapter discusses the following: 

 A summary of previous Coachella Valley PM10 modeling; and 

 The modeling attainment demonstration. 

PREVIOUS COACHELLA VALLEY PM10 MODELING 

PM10 is a multicomponent pollutant including directly emitted primary particles and 

secondary particles resulting from the chemical transformations of the precursor 

emissions, such as hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides. The receptor 

model used for source apportionment in the Coachella Valley is known as the 

Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) Model. This U.S. EPA-approved method matches 

the measured chemical components of the PM10 samples with known chemical 

profiles, or signatures, of individual sources of PM10 particles. AQMD staff has 

collected a library of chemical profiles for more than 170 sources of PM10 emissions. 

AQMD staff also conducted special 1989 field studies to obtain the chemical 

speciation of ambient PM10 data at two receptor sites in the Coachella Valley: Palm 

Springs and Indio. The CMB receptor model has been applied to Coachella Valley 

PM10 concentrations measured at Palm Springs and Indio 

Receptor modeling is a technique for determining the emission sources and the 

accompanying contributions to ambient PM10 air quality at specific receptor sites. 

Unlike complex mathematical models that require detailed simulations of physics, 

chemistry, meteorology, and other processes, receptor models are relatively simple 

statistical models that require only the availability of measurement data. Using 

receptor models, emission sources can be identified and quantified. With this 

information, future-year PM10 air quality can be estimated from the emission 

rollback methodology. The CMB analysis has been corroborated and augmented by a 

Principal Component Analysis. 

As described and justified in previously submitted Coachella Valley SIPs and Plans, 

the modeling attainment demonstration for future years is based on the CMB model 

with rollback based on emission changes. The impact of transport is estimated using 

modeled PM10 levels in the Basin. The UAMAERO-LT, a simplified version of 

three-dimensional full photochemical/aerosol model UAM-AERO, was used in the 

1997 AQMP for projecting annual average PM10 levels (including secondary 

particulates) in the Basin. The import of transported secondary particulates into the 

Coachella Valley from the Basin is estimated using UAMAERO-LT model results. 

A more complete description of the source apportionment and modeling for 

Coachella Valley can be found in the approved 2002 CVSIP and the 1996 CV Plan 

(Chapter 4). 

1995 Design Value

The design values for the 1996 CV Plan were selected from the 1995 ambient PM10 

concentrations. The design values determined for this analysis were 49.5 μg/m3

 for 

an annual average and 133 μg/m3

 for the maximum 24-hour average PM10 

concentration. As in previous plans, the year 1995 remains the modeling base year; 

however, 1989 PM10 data is the only chemically speciated PM10 data base available 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 3:Attainment Demonstration Update 

3 - 2 August 2003 

at this time. Therefore, the 1995 source contributions were estimated using a 

proportionality approach that involves multiplying the fractions of the 1989 source 

contributions, as estimated by the CMB model, to the 1995 annual and 24-hour 

design values. (For more details, see the previous CVSIPs and plans.) As noted in 

the 2002 CVSIP, construction activity dramatically increased from 1999 on. The 

1995 modeling base year contribution estimates, as well as the model results for the 

year 2000, are summarized in Table 3-1. 

TABLE 3-1 

Modeling Base-Year (1995) and Modeled Year 2000 PM10 Concentrations (μg/m3) 

in the Coachella Valley 

1995 Base Year 2000 Base Year

Design Values Modeled Values

Annual 24-Hour Annual 24-Hour

Background 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

Transport 8.8 14.2 6.4 14.2

Mobile 1.3 3.6 1.3 3.7

Fugitive Dust:

 Construction 0.8 2.7 4.3 15.8

 Paved Roads 4.4 15.8 4.3 15.7

 Unpaved Roads 3.2 11.6 3.2 11.6

 Agriculture 0.6 2.2 0.6 2.0

 Windblown 18.3 67.7 18.3 66.7

Veg. Burning 5.9 10.4 4.9 8.7

Others 3.4 2.8 4.2 3.5

Totals 49.7 134.0 50.5 144.9 

MODELING ATTAINMENT DEMONSTRATION 

Future-year PM10 concentrations were estimated using a linear rollback approach for 

each primary source (such as mobile, fugitive dust, vegetative burning, and other 

sources). This involves multiplying the ratio of future year (2006) to base-year 

(1995) emissions to the 1995 base-year source contributions. In the linear rollback 

approach, it is presumed that future-year PM10 contributions from each source 

category are a linear function of emission rates for each source category. 

Source contribution from the transport source category is the amount of PM10 

transported from the Basin. For the purposes of this analysis, it was presumed that all 

secondary particles (such as ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate) were a result of transport 

from the Basin. In addition, a portion of the motor vehicle contribution was assumed 

to be a result of transport from the Basin. Since the emissions inventory indicates that 

motor vehicle sources in the Coachella Valley account for 3.1 percent of the PM10 

emissions, the motor vehicle contribution above the 3.1 percent level is attributed to 

transport. 

Future-year annual average transported secondary PM10 levels were estimated by an 

annual PM10 model (UAMAERO-LT). The transported motor vehicle source 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 3:Attainment Demonstration Update 

3 - 3 August 2003 

contribution was estimated by a linear rollback using Basin motor vehicle PM10 

emissions. Details of the UAMAERO-LT model and results can be found in 

Appendix V of the 2003 AQMP. 

Since the UAMAERO-LT is an annual PM10 model, it cannot be used to estimate the 

future-year 24-hour average transported secondary PM10 concentrations. For the 

purposes of this analysis, a worst-case assumption that the future-year transported 

secondary PM10 concentration is the same as the 1995 base-year transported 

secondary PM10 concentration was made. (As noted above, transported PM10 will 

decrease due to the Basin control programs described in the 2003 AQMP.) 

Therefore, one would be confident that the 24-hour average standard will continue to 

be met in the future years, since the modeling assumes worst-case transport 

conditions. 

Table 3-2 details the modeling results for 2006. With the implementation of the 2002 

CVSIP control strategy (additional controls on construction/earthmoving, vacant 

lands, agriculture, paved road dust, and on-going control of the remaining unpaved 

surfaces), PM10 levels in 2006 are below the annual average PM10 standard. As in 

the 2002 CVSIP, modeling demonstrates attainment of the annual average PM10 

standard by the year 2006. 

TABLE 3-2 

Base-Year and 2006 Modeled PM10 Concentrations (μg/m

3

)in the Coachella Valley 

1995 Base Year 2006 PM10 Levels 2006 PM10 Levels

Design Values Baseline With CVSIP Control

Annual 24-Hour Annual 24-Hour Annual 24-Hour

Background 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

Transport 8.8 14.2 6.4 14.2 6.3 14.2

Mobile 1.3 3.6 1.3 3.8 1.3 3.8

Fugitive Dust:

 Construction 0.8 2.7 5.0 18.4 4.5 16.6

 Paved Roads 4.4 15.8 4.6 16.7 3.6 13.2

 Unpaved Roads 3.2 11.6 3.2 11.6 2.8 10.1

 Agriculture 0.6 2.2 0.5 1.9 0.5 1.9

 Windblown 18.3 67.7 18.2 66.7 18.2 66.7

Veg. Burning 5.9 10.4 4.9 8.7 4.9 8.7

Others 3.4 2.8 4.4 3.6 4.4 3.6

Totals 49.7 134.0 51.5 148.5 49.6 141.6 

CONFORMITY MODELING DEMONSTRATION 

Table 3-3 details the modeling results for the conformity scenario. In the conformity 

scenario, VMT-related categories (on-road motor sources and entrained local and 

collector paved road dust) are increased as shown in Table 2-8 to reach a predicted 

concentration of 50.4 ug/m3, the maximum level for attainment demonstration. The 

conformity scenario demonstrates attainment of the federal standards. See Chapter 2, 

“Transportation Conformity Emission Budgets for Coachella Valley for more details. 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 3:Attainment Demonstration Update 

3 - 4 August 2003 

TABLE 3-3 

Base-Year and 2006 Conformity Modeled PM10 Concentrations (μg/m3) 

1995 Base Year Conformity

Design Values Scenario

Annual 24-Hour Annual 24-Hour

Background 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

Transport 8.8 14.2 6.3 14.2

Mobile 1.3 3.6 1.6 4.8

Fugitive Dust:

 Construction 0.8 2.7 4.5 16.6

 Paved Roads 4.4 15.8 4.1 14.9

 Unpaved Roads 3.2 11.6 2.8 10.1

 Agriculture 0.6 2.2 0.5 1.9

 Windblown 18.3 67.7 18.2 66.7

Veg. Burning 5.9 10.4 4.9 8.7

Others 3.4 2.8 4.4 3.6

Totals 49.7 134.0 50.4 144.3 
CHAPTER 4 

 

2002 CVSIP IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY AND 

2003 CVSIP APRROVAL REQUEST 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 4: 2003 CVSIP Checklist 

4 - 1 August 2003 

INTRODUCTION 

This chapter contains the following: 

 A summary of the implementation of the 2002 CVSIP to date; and 

 The formal request for approval of 2003 CVSIP elements. 

2002 CVSIP IMPLEMENTATION SUMMARY 

As described in Chapter 1, the AQMD, CVAG, MSRC, individual Coachella Valley 

cities, and the County of Riverside have moved expeditiously to implement the 2002 

CVSIP. A summary of the major implementation efforts includes: 

• Continuation of monthly dust control classes by AQMD staff 

• Early implementation of 2002 CVSIP control measure elements by local 

jurisdictions (e.g., construction signage requirements, track-out control 

improvements, increased enforcement activities, dust plan review using the 

criteria specified in the latest Coachella Valley Dust Control Plan Review 

Guidance) 

• Release of preliminary draft Memorandum of Understanding among the local 

jurisdictions and AQMD concerning enforcement standards and protocols 

• Expedited funding of CMAQ-funded PM10 mitigation and control projects, under 

the Clean Streets management Program 

• MSRC adoption of a $1,000,000 Coachella Valley PM10 Reduction Program, as 

part of their FY2002-03 AB2766 Discretionary Fund Work Program 

• Initiation of PM10 reduction projects totaling over $5,000,000 though the MSRC 

Coachella Valley PM10 Reduction Program (MSRC funds had to be matched by 

other funds (e.g., CMAQ) to be approved) 

• Release of preliminary draft documents (e.g., model ordinance, CV Dust Control 

Handbook, Memorandum of Understanding) necessary for local jurisdiction 

implementation of the 2002 CVSIP control measures (CVBCM 1 though 5) at the 

March 12, 2003 Coachella Valley Ad Hoc Air Quality Task Force meeting 

FORMAL REQUEST FOR APPROVAL OF 2003 CVSIP ELEMENTS 

The 2003 CVSIP updates the 2002 CVSIP emissions inventories, transportation 

mobile source budgets, and attainment demonstration with the latest approved motor 

vehicle emissions model and planning assumptions. At the time of the 2002 CVSIP, 

CARB had not completed its update of its motor vehicle emissions model. As part of 

the June 21, 2002 adopting resolution, AQMD Governing Board directed the 

Executive Officer to update the 2002 CVSIP, including emissions budgets in 2003, 

using the latest approved motor vehicle emissions model and planning assumptions. 

It also requested that the U.S. EPA approve the emissions budgets based on the 2002 

CVSIP for use only until the U.S. EPA finds adequate the revised budgets for the 

same years submitted as part of the 2003 revision to the 2002 CVSIP. Other elements 

of the 2002 CVSIP remain the same, e.g., the Most Stringent Measures analysis, the 

Coachella Valley control and contingency measures, and the Natural Event Action 

Plan. 
Final 2003 CVSIP Chapter 4: 2003 CVSIP Checklist 

4 - 2 August 2003 

AQMD requests approval of the following 2003 CVSIP elements by CARB and U.S. 

EPA, replacing the previously approved 2002 CVSIP elements: 

• Base year (1995 and 2000) and future baseline (years 2003, 2006) PM10 

emissions inventories (c.f. Tables 2-2 through 2-5)

• Emission reduction commitment for the attainment year 2006 (c.f. Table 2-6) 

• Future controlled PM10 emissions inventories for 2006 (c.f. Table 2-7) 

• Transportation conformity emission budget for 2006 and post-attainment years 

(c.f. Table 2-8) 

• Interim milestone year targets and transportation conformity emission budget for 

the end of year 2003 (c.f. Tables 2-9 and 2-10, respectively) 

• Attainment demonstration for 2006 (c.f. Table 3-2) 

• Attainment modeling for conformity (c.f. Table 3-3)

AQMD requests that U.S. EPA terminate approval of the 2002 CVSIP budgets when 

they determine that the budgets submitted as part of this 2003 CVSIP are adequate, in 

accordance with U.S. EPA’s rule published on 11/15/02 (67 FR 69139). AQMD is 

not requesting that U.S. EPA approve the budget trading mechanism in the 2003 

CVSIP.