NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_______________

No. 21-2800

_______________

PHARMACY CORPORATION OF AMERICA

v.

KAVEH ASKARI; ONCO360 HOLDINGS 1, INC.; ONCO360 HOLDINGS 2, INC.; 

ONCO360 HOLDINGS 3, INC.,

Appellants

_______________

On Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the District of Delaware

(D.C. No. 1:16-cv-01123)

U.S. District Judge: Honorable Richard G. Andrews

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Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) 

on June 24, 2022

Before: McKEE, RESTREPO, and BIBAS, Circuit Judges

(Filed August 26, 2022)

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OPINION*

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BIBAS, Circuit Judge. 

When someone starts a company, it can be painful to sell it. But without more, seller’s 

remorse does not amount to a breach of contract. Kaveh Askari has nothing else here. He 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding 

precedent.
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sold his company in a complex deal and now wishes that he had made more money. But 

he cannot show that the buyer broke any part of the deal. So we will affirm his loss at trial. 

I. BACKGROUND

A. The deal

Askari started a small cancer pharmacy, OncoMed Pharmaceutical Services. He 

dreamed of expanding it but lacked the know-how and cash. So he started looking for 

someone who could both buy the company and take it nationwide. PharMerica fit the bill: 

it was a public company with money and experience. So Askari agreed to sell it OncoMed

in a three-step deal.

The first step set the stage for PharMerica to run the business. PharMerica would buy a 

minority stake in OncoMed. It would also give OncoMed a $10 million line of credit for 

“Working Capital,” which OncoMed would draw down as needed. App. 1688. In return, 

PharMerica would get to install new leaders to run OncoMed. Askari would no longer get 

a say, except for a vote on a list of “Major Decisions.”

The next two steps took care of the rest of the sale. Three years down the road, 

PharMerica would have an option to buy a bigger stake in OncoMed at a price set by an 

agreed-upon formula. That formula would be based on the money OncoMed had made (its 

earnings) minus the money it owed (its debt). Two years after that, the third step kicked in, 

and PharMerica was required to buy the rest of OncoMed according to the same price 

formula.

In PharMerica’s eyes, things went as planned. Its cash injections worked and OncoMed 

grew. Pleased, the new leaders wanted to follow a business strategy that required more 
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cash. So PharMerica increased the Working Capital line of credit twice, from $10 million 

to $30 million, then again to $64 million. Around rolled the window for PharMerica’s 

option to buy more of the company, and it took the leap. It got a great deal: OncoMed still 

had more debt than income, so the formula yielded a token price of $1. But Askari’s payday 

still came. At the third step, as agreed, PharMerica bought the rest of OncoMed. By then, 

the company was thriving, and Askari cashed out for almost $20 million.

But Askari wanted more. He suspected that PharMerica had gotten its math wrong and 

underpaid him. So he sued PharMerica for breach of contract.

B. The lawsuit

To understand Askari’s suit, we start with OncoMed’s price formula. In financial 

jargon, the parties agreed that PharMerica would pay Askari: 

an amount equal to (A)(i) the product of (x) the trailing twelve (12) months of 

EBITDA and (y) the Valuation Multiplier, less (ii) the Net Debt of the Company, 

less (iii) the purchase price for any acquisition of assets, business or Person by the 

Company, unless such amount is included in the calculation of Net Debt, multiplied 

by (B) the Percentage Interests of the Company being purchased.

App. 1610 §9.2(a). In essence, PharMerica promised to pay Askari his share of an amount 

based on OncoMed’s last year of earnings minus its debt. Askari’s share would be based 

on how much of OncoMed he owned.

Now consider Askari’s grievance. At trial, he claimed that PharMerica had fudged its 

math on both sides of the equation and thus underpaid him. He said that PharMerica had 

downplayed part of OncoMed’s earnings. And he thought that PharMerica had inflated 

OncoMed’s debt by wrongfully increasing its line of credit twice. Those credit changes, he 
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argued, were “Major Decision[s]” that required his consent. And because he never 

consented, they were supposedly void and should not have reduced the price.

Both theories fell flat at a bench trial, and PharMerica won. Now Askari appeals. We 

review the trial court’s fact findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. 

Covertech Fabricating, Inc. v. TVM Bldg. Prods., Inc., 855 F.3d 163, 169–70 (3d Cir. 

2017).

II. ASKARI RIGHTLY BORE THE BURDEN OF PROOF

Askari tries to overturn his loss in a few ways. First, he attacks the burden of proof. The 

District Court should have put it on PharMerica, he says, not on him.

Normally, the plaintiff bears the burden of proof. Bohler-Uddeholm Am., Inc. v. 

Ellwood Grp., Inc., 247 F.3d 79, 102 (3d Cir. 2001). Yet Askari thinks he can escape that 

rule. Because PharMerica managed OncoMed, he says, it “was on both sides” of the 

transactions to buy OncoMed and lend it money. Appellant’s Br. 44. So under Delaware 

law, PharMerica should have borne the burden of proving the deal’s “entire fairness.” 

Summa Corp. v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 540 A.2d 403, 406 (Del. 1988).

We disagree. For one thing, Askari forfeited this argument. Though he raised it in an 

evidentiary motion, the court dismissed it as “premature,” and he did not flag it again at 

trial. App. 377, 431:14-22. So he did not preserve the issue. Lightning Lube, Inc. v. Witco 

Corp., 4 F.3d 1153, 1174 (3d Cir. 1993).

Besides, even if his argument had been timely, he would still lose. The entire-fairness 

doctrine seems to cover only claims involving fiduciaries. See, e.g., Summa, 540 A.2d at 

406; cf. Bohler-Uddeholm, 247 F.3d at 102 (“[I]t is hornbook law that (when no fiduciary 
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relationship exists) the party alleging a breach of contract bears the burden of proving” it). 

Askari’s contract with PharMerica expressly disclaimed all fiduciary duties. He does not 

identify any case law applying entire fairness to claims like his, nor can we find any. So he 

cannot shake the default rule and rightly bore the burden of proof.

III. THE DISTRICT COURT DID NOT CLEARLY ERR IN ANALYZING THE DEAL

On the merits, Askari presses two issues. First, he challenges PharMerica’s debt 

calculations. He says that when the District Court found no breach, it overlooked facts in 

the record. Next, he quibbles with how PharMerica exercised its option at step two of the 

deal. The District Court did not address this issue, which he says was a reversible error. 

Neither tack pays off.

A. Askari cannot show that PharMerica inflated OncoMed’s debt 

OncoMed was priced by its earnings minus its debt. On appeal, Askari trains his fire 

only on the debt. He thinks PharMerica inflated that debt with invalid loans: the two creditline increases. They were invalid, he says, because both were “Major Decision[s]” that

required but never got his approval. Appellant’s Br. 30. The District Court was not 

convinced. Nor are we.

We start with the text of the contract. The parties agreed that Askari “shall have no right 

to participate in the management of [OncoMed]” except for a vote on any of five

enumerated “Major Decisions.” App. 1652 §5.8. He alleges that the credit-line increases 

fell within the second category of Major Decisions: those that “caus[e] ... the granting or 

incurrence of any lien, mortgage, charge, pledge, security interest or other similar 
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encumbrance on all or any substantial portion of [OncoMed’s] assets ... except as 

contemplated by the [first Working-Capital agreement].” Id. §5.8(b).

But the credit-line increases did not create a lien. Askari got a say only on the “granting 

or incurrence” of a security interest—creating a new encumbrance, not changing an 

existing one. Id. Yet neither of the two line-of-credit increases created a new claim against 

OncoMed’s assets. Plus, PharMerica already had a “security interest in and lien upon all 

of [OncoMed’s] existing and after-acquired personal and real property” from the first 

$10 million line of credit. App. 1686 (emphases added). Both times when it increased the 

credit limit, it otherwise left that first contract alone.

Still, Askari argues, increasing the credit limit must have increased the value of that 

original lien. Maybe so. But mere changes in the amount of a lien do not sound like the 

“granting or incurrence” of a lien. App. 1652 § 5.8(b)(B); see also Mann v. Chase 

Manhattan Mortg. Corp., 316 F.3d 1, 4 (3d Cir. 2003). 

Besides, even if the increases had granted a new lien, Askari still could not have voted 

on them. They were carved out of the list of Major Decisions because they were 

“contemplated by the [first line of credit].” App. 1652 §5.8(b)(B). That is because the first 

line of credit anticipated later changes. See, e.g., App. 1686 (discussing “[t]his Loan 

agreement (as amended ... supplemented or otherwise modified)”); App. 1693 §2.8(c) 

(letting PharMerica “change the terms relating to the [o]bligations” “with the written 

agreement of [OncoMed],” not Askari). Those changes could include the credit limit.

At most, that language is ambiguous, so we could look beyond the text. MBIA Ins. Corp. 

v. Royal Indem. Co., 426 A.3d 204, 210 (3d Cir. 2005). Still, the parties’ conduct confirms 
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this reading. Both times, when PharMerica mentioned increasing the line of credit, Askari 

criticized that plan, but never called the increases Major Decisions or invoked that 

provision. So all Askari has is his own word at trial. Yet the court did not believe his efforts 

to reframe those criticisms as an “object[ion]” under the Major Decisions provision. App. 

680:12. Because there is no other evidence to the contrary, we defer to that credibility 

finding. Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 575 (1985). Resisting this 

outcome, Askari then challenges the District Court’s supposed finding that he “consented 

to the amendments.” Appellant’s Br. 34. But the court never made that finding. App. 8 n.2.

So Askari pivots, offering yet another theory. The changes were “Major Decisions,” he 

says, because they contradict a key purpose elsewhere in the parties’ deal. Askari says that 

the $10 million credit limit “was an important provision intended to protect [him]—not 

[PharMerica].” Appellant’s Br. 29. That credit limit was not a floor but a ceiling to keep 

PharMerica from “load[ing] debt on [OncoMed]” to artificially depress its price. Id.

Yet the deal’s language belies his claim. Even if the credit limit protected Askari, that 

general purpose does not bear on the specific Major Decisions provision. That provision 

expressly lists the five events on which he can vote. It does not mention a $10 million cap, 

let alone the line of credit. Plus, the definition of the debt variable in OncoMed’s price 

formula had no cap either. If that limit had been so central to the deal, then the parties 

would have negotiated it outright.

Askari does not show that these loans were “Major Decisions” under any other theory. 

The provision’s text is clear and unambiguous, requiring his consent only for the five listed
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events. Raising the credit limit is not one of them. His efforts to expand that list are 

unavailing.

B. Nor was there clear error in the payment procedure 

Askari turns next to procedure. If PharMerica opted to buy more of OncoMed midway 

through the project, the parties agreed that “[Askari] shall execute and deliver to 

[PharMerica] such instruments as may be necessary to transfer title.” App. 1663. Askari 

never did that. So, he says, PharMerica’s option was procedurally void, meaning it still had 

to pay for those shares at the end of the deal.

But this theory fails too. PharMerica had a call option: “the right” to buy part of 

OncoMed midway through its three-step purchase of the company. App. 1662 § 9.1. An 

option means that Askari had made “a continuing offer to sell” that PharMerica could 

accept by giving “notice of the election to purchase.” Glenn v. Tide Water Assoc. Oil Co., 

101 A.2d 339, 343 (Del. Ch. 1953). Once PharMerica gave notice, the contract was formed, 

and both parties were bound. See 1 Williston on Contracts §5:16 (4th ed. 1993); Walsh v. 

White House Post Prods., LLC, 2020 WL 1492543, at *6 (Del. Ch. Mar. 25, 2020). Askari 

could not change that by refusing to do his part.

Pushing back, Askari insists that a valid option requires “[p]recise compliance with the 

terms” of the option. Appellant’s Br. 38. True enough. But this “strict adherence” applies 

to PharMerica’s accepting the continuing offer, not Askari’s conduct afterward. See 

Simon-Mills II, LLC v. Kan Am USA XVI Ltd. P’ship, 2017 WL 1191061, at *28, 30–31 

(Del. Ch. Mar. 30, 2017) (“[C]ourts ... construe the attempt to accept the terms offered 

under the option strictly.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). And PharMerica accepted
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the offer. Askari’s failure to follow through afterward cannot change that. Nor do his 

overtures to doctrines against self-help apply here.

Besides, Askari forfeited this theory. He never pleaded it in his complaint, raising it for 

the first time at the close of trial. So the District Court did not address it and did not have 

to. See Ely v. Reading Co., 424 F.2d 758, 763 (3d Cir. 1970) (scope of pretrial order is 

“binding” on the parties).

III. NEITHER EVIDENTIARY RULING WAS AN ABUSE OF DISCRETION

Last, Askari claims that the District Court got two evidentiary rulings wrong: granting 

a motion in limine and admitting PharMerica’s expert testimony. Yet neither was an abuse 

of discretion. 

A. Granting PharMerica’s motion in limine was reasonable

Askari’s complaint alleged two breach-of-contract theories: PharMerica had made a 

mistake on the earnings side of its price formula and another mistake on the debt side. But 

in his pretrial briefing, he tried to tack on new theories. PharMerica moved in limine to 

exclude them, objecting that they were not in the complaint. The District Court granted that 

motion. Upset, Askari says this ruling unduly limited the scope of trial. Not so.

We review such evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. United States v. Starnes, 

583 F.3d 196, 213–14 (3d Cir. 2009). So we will affirm unless the ruling is “arbitrary, 

fanciful or clearly unreasonable.” Id. at 214 (internal quotation marks omitted).

Because Askari’s last-minute theories were not in his complaint, the trial court 

reasonably excluded them. First, Askari lobbed a new charge of miscalculation. For 

instance, he said that PharMerica had impermissibly included intercompany liabilities in 
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its debt calculations. Then, he said it had fudged its math by using “conflicting numbers” 

for those liabilities. Appellant’s Br. 49. These alleged errors were different from the ones 

in his complaint.

Askari then alleged that the credit-limit increases were invalid because they violated 

another part of the parties’ contract, the “Related-Party Transaction” provision. Appellant’s 

Br. 32–33. Yet that was not in the complaint either. The complaint’s only reference to this 

concept is a block quotation including that provision as part of an unrelated discussion. See 

Krouse v. Am. Sterilizer Co., 126 F.3d 494, 499 n.1 (3d Cir. 1997) (declining to read in 

another cause of action despite “a brief reference” in “the complaint’s background 

section”). So the District Court acted well within its discretion by excluding Askari’s new 

theories from trial.

Maybe so, Askari says, but the District Court should have let him add these theories to 

his complaint. Yet that denial was not an abuse of discretion either. Krantz v. Prudential 

Invs. Fund Mgmt. LLC, 305 F.3d 140, 144 (3d Cir. 2002). For one, Askari never formally 

moved to amend his complaint, as required by the local rules. See D. Del. Local Rule 15.1.

That oversight alone can bar amendment. See Fletcher-Harlee Corp. v. Pote Concrete 

Contractors, Inc., 482 F.3d 247, 252 (3d Cir. 2007). And even if we were to treat Askari’s 

belated request, tucked into a motion to reargue a motion in limine, as a formal motion to 

amend, he gave no good cause for his delay. See Premier Comp. Sols., LLC v. UPMC, 970 

F.3d 316, 319 (3d Cir. 2020).
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B. Admitting PharMerica’s expert testimony was reasonable too

The District Court admitted expert testimony from PharMerica’s Dr. Richard Mortimer. 

Askari objected to its relevance and reliability. Though he framed it as a motion in limine, 

it read much like a Daubert motion. Either way, the District Court did not abuse its 

discretion by admitting the testimony. Abrams v. Lightolier Inc., 50 F.3d 1204, 1213 (3d 

Cir. 1995).

First, Askari forfeited any relevance objection to the testimony. He lost his motion in 

limine and did not object again until after trial. An objection raised before trial is preserved 

without further objection only if the trial court denies the motion “with no suggestion that 

it would reconsider [it] at trial.” United States v. Polishan, 336 F.3d 234, 244 (3d Cir. 2003) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Yet when the District Court denied Askari’s pretrial 

motion, it said he could try again later. He did not, so he forfeited his objection.

Askari also forfeited any Daubert objection to the expert’s qualifications. See, e.g., 

Questar Pipeline Co. v. Grynberg, 201 F.3d 1277, 1289–90 (10th Cir. 2000). The court set 

a deadline for Daubert motions, but he missed it. So if it was a Daubert motion, the District 

Court reasonably denied it as too late.

Besides, Dr. Mortimer’s relevant and reliable testimony would have survived a timely 

objection. It directly refuted one of Askari’s key allegations. Askari charged that 

PharMerica had increased its line of credit to OncoMed “without any legitimate business 

purpose [only to] driv[e] up [its debt]” and “dr[i]ve down the purchase price” for OncoMed. 

App. 83. But Dr. Mortimer’s report showed otherwise: It found that the cash had enabled 
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a new business strategy that led to even higher revenue and thus a higher price for Askari. 

And it also rebutted Askari’s argument that PharMerica had acted in bad faith. 

Pushing back, Askari objects that not all the line of credit went to that business strategy, 

so Dr. Mortimer’s testimony was unfounded. No matter. Dr. Mortimer testified that the 

line of credit “help[ed] fund [that] strategy,” not that every penny went towards it. App. 

1196. Askari cites no other evidence that Dr. Mortimer’s testimony is unsupported by the 

record.

Nor does Askari make any other plausible argument that Dr. Mortimer’s testimony was 

unreliable. To the contrary, the record corroborated his testimony. So we defer to the 

District Court’s decision to admit it. See United States v. Mitchell, 365 F.3d 215, 233-34 

(3d Cir. 2004) (affording liberal deference to “evidentiary rulings [even if] made on-thefly and without written findings of fact”).

* * * * *

What once seemed like a good deal may sour with time. But regret alone does not a 

viable claim make. Because Askari showed no breach of contract, the District Court 

properly ruled against him. So we will affirm.