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P.2 

|0*Kfl~rtiV-5-<?7-" 

GCA-TR-83-56-G 

Prepared for 

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

Environmental Standards Branch 

Criteri a and Standards Divisio n 

Offic e o f Radiation Programs 

Washington, DC 20460 

EPA Projec t Officer s 

James M. Hardin 

Thomas Reavey 

Contract No. 68-02-316 8 

Assignment No. 89-(3 ) 

SURVEY OF FIVE 

UTILITY BOILERS FOR 

RADIONUCLIDE EMISSIONS 

Final Report 

December 1983 

Prepared by 

Douglas R. Roeck 

Michael 0. White 

Andrea M. Kiddie 

Charles W. Young 

GCA CORPORATION 

GCA/TECHNOLOGY DIVISION 

Bedford, Massachusetts 

i 
P.3 

DISCLAIMER 

This Final Report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by 

ttBae GCA Corporation, GCA/Technology Division, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, in 

fiolfillment of Contract No. 68-02-3168, Assignment No. 89-(3). The opinions, 

findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the authors and not 

necessaril y those of the Environmental Protection Agency or the cooperating 

agencies. Mention of company or product names is not to be considered as an 

endorsement by the Environmental Protection Agency. 

1 1 

I 
P.4 

CONTENTS 

Figures v 

Tables vi 

Acknowledgments viii 

1. Summary 1 

2. Introduction 4 

3. Sample Collection and Analysis 7 

Overview 7 

Sampling Procedures 9 

Procedures for Sample Dispatching 11 

Complete Sampling Programs 12 

Abbreviated Sampling Programs 12 

4. Site M-l 14 

Plant Description 14 

Samples Collected 14 

Results 17 

5. Site M-15 24 

Plant Description . . 24 

Samples Collected 24 

Results 27 

6. Site M-33 34 

Plant Description 34 

Samples Collected 34 

Results 37 

7. Site M-34 44 

Plant Description 44 

Samples Collected 44 

Results 47 

8. Site M-99 55 

Plant Description 55 

Samples Collected 55 

Results 58 

9. Discussion of Results 65 

References 73 

Appendices 

A. Apple III Output and Sample Results Corrected for Blank Radioactivity, Site M-l 74 

B. Apple III Output and Sample Results Corrected for Blank Radioactivity, Site M-15 84 

m 
P.5 

CONTENTS (continued) 

C. Apple III Output and Sample Results Corrected for Blank Radioactivity, Site M-33 94 

D. Apple III Output and Sample Results Corrected for Blank Radioactivity, Site M-34 104 

E. Apple III Output and Sample Results Corrected for Blank Radioactivity, Site M-99 114 

F. Data Summary for Five Plants Where Grab Sampling (Only) was 

Conducted 123 

G. Summary of Radioassay results for Two Fluidized Bed Boilers -

The Georgetown University FBB and the Exxon Miniplant 126 

iv 
P.6 

FIGURES 

Number Page 

1 Plant flow diagram, Site M-l 15 

2 Radionuclide and ash distribution summary, Site M-l 22 

3 Plant flow diagram, Site M-15 25 

4 Radionuclide and ash distribution summary, Site M-15 32 

5 Plant flow diagram, Site M-33 35 

6 Radionuclide and ash distribution summary, Site M-33 42 

7 Plant flow diagram, Site M-34 45 

8 Radionuclide and ash distribution summary, Site M-34 53 

9 Plant flow diagram, Site M-99 56 

10 Radionuclide and ash distribution summary, Site M-99 64 
P.7 

TABLES 

Number Page 

1 Summary of Radionuclide Emissions to Air from Five Coal-Fired 

Electric Generating Stations. ...... . 2 

2 Summary of Sampling Conducted at Sites where Complete Program 

was Implemented 8 

3 Sampling Data Summary 13 

4 Design Characteristics, Site M-l 16 

5 Distribution of Ash Particulate, Site M-l 18 

6 Distribution of Radionuclides in Ash, Site M-l 19 

7 Distribution of Radionuclides in Stack Fly Ash, Site M-l .. . 20 

8 Closure Data for Radionuclide Balances, Site M-l 21 

9 Design Characteristics, Site M-15 . 26 

10 Distribution of Ash Particulate, Site M-15 28 

11 Distribution of Radionuclides in Ash, Site M-15 29 

12 Distribution of Radionuclides in Stack Fly Ash, Site M-15 .. . 30 

13 Closure Data for Radionuclide Balances, Site M-15 31 

14 Design Characteristics, Site M-33 36 

15 Distribution of Ash Particulate, Site M-33 38 

16 Distribution of Radionuclides in Ash, Site M-33 39 

17 Distribution of Radionuclides in Stack Fly Ash, Site M-33 .. . 40 

18 Closure Data for Radionuclide Balances, Site M-33 41 

19 Design Characteristics, Site M-34 46 

vi 
P.8 

TABLES (continued) 

Number page 

20 Distribution of Ash Particulate, Site M-34 48 

21 Distribution of Radionuclides in Ash, Site M-34 50 

22 Distribution of Radionuclides.in Stack Fly Ash, Site M-34 .. . 51 

23 Closure Data for Radionuclide Balances, Site M-34 52 

24 Design Characteristics, Site M-99 57 

25 Distribution of Ash Particulate, Site M-99 59 

26 Distribution of Radionuclides in Ash, Site M-99 60 

27 Distribution of Radionuclides in Stack Fly Ash, Site M-99 .. . 61 

28 Closure Data for Radionuclide Balances, Site M-99 62 

29 Radionuclide Stack Emissions for all Plants as a Function of 

Coal Input 66 

30 Summary of Estimated Annual Radionuclide Stack Emission Rates 

for Five Plants 67 

31 Impinger Sampling Results for Five Plants 69 

32 Reported Coal Activitie s for Nine Sampling Site s 71 

v n 
P.9 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The authors express their appreciation to several key people at EPA's 

Office of Radiation Programs who provided valuable guidance and assistance in 

the preparation of this report. They include the Project Officer, Mr. James 

Hardin and our technical contact, Mr. Thomas Reavey. We also extend our 

appreciation to Mr. Charles Amato who was responsible for project direction at. 

EPA during conductance of the sampling program and to Mr. Samuel Windham of 

EPA's Eastern Environmental Research Facility in Montgomery, Alabama, who 

helped in radioassay data interpretation. We also acknowledge the exhaustive 

efforts of our Environmental Measurements Department personnel (Howard Schiff, 

Richard Graziano, Mark McCabe, and John Fitzgerald) who gained access to the 

various plants, conducted the pretest surveys, and carried out the overall 

sampling program. We are also grateful for the diligent assistance provided 

by the staff of our Technical Publications Department. 

Vlll 
P.10 

SECTION 1 

SUMMARY 

This report presents the results of an in-depth sampling program for 

radionuclides conducted by GCA in mid-1981 at ten coal-fired electri c utilit y 

generating stations. This program assisted EPA's Office of Radiation Programs 

(ORP) in developing standards for radionuclides following thei r listin g as 

hazardous ai r pollutants under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act (FR 44, 

p. 76738, November 8, 1979).! 

Extensive sampling of flue gas emissions and other waste and process 

streams was performed at five coal-fired power plants. These plants 

represented the following variables: 

• large and small units (56 to 874 MW), 

• pulverized coal, traveling grate stoker , and cyclone furnace designs, 

• subbituminous and lignit e coal, and 

• a variety of particulat e control devices including mechanical 

collectors, wet scrubbers, and electrostati c precipitators. 

Abbreviated sampling programs were conducted at five additional facilitie s for 

comparative purposes. Grab samples of solid and liquid waste and process 

streams were collected but there was no testin g of flue gas emissions. It is 

important to note that this sampling program was a research effor t and 

procedures that would be followed in a compliance investigation were not 

always followed. 

For those plants where extensive sampling was conducted, the 

concentrations of five radionuclides in the uranium decay serie s (uranium-238, 

thorium-230, radium-226, lead-210, and polonium-210) and thorium-232 were 

measured. Results are shown in Table 1. Percentage closures and enrichment 

factors were computed for each radionuclide at each facilit y as a function of 

both measured and calculated plant parameters. Closure is defined as the 

rati o of material detected in the various plant effluent streams to the amount 

measured in al l input streams. In most cases, percent closures less than 

100 percent were obtained implying that not al l material was accounted for in 

the plant effluent (due to sampling or analytical errors) or that measured 

coal activitie s were too high. Enrichment factors refer to the rati o of the 

tota l radionuclide concentration in the stack fly ash stream to the 

radionuclide concentration in the coal ash. Values greater than unity 

indicate that the radionuclide is enriched in the fly ash emitted to 

atmosphere. 

1 
N> 

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF RADIONUCLIDE EMISSIONS TO AIR FROM FIVE COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC 

GENERATING STATIONS 

M-99 

Station 

M-l 

M-15 

M-33 

M-34 

Coal 

Feed rate, 

(short ton/hr) 

340 

34 

433 

646 

Ash 

content 

(percent) 

24.2 

9.1 

15.1 

23.1 

Estimated 

particulate 

removal 

efficiency 

(percent) 

97.99 

99.5 

97.16 

99.97 

Stack 

Emission 

rate 

(g/hr) 

5.6 x 105 

7.2 x IO3 

5.7 x IO5 

2.8 x 10* 

fly ash 

Percent of 

emissions 

<1 um 

(percent) 

79 

27 

2 

15 

Estimated annual radionuclide 

stack emission rate, mCi/yr8 

(percent of total radionuclide Input from 

U-238 

120 

(2.9) 

2.3 

(6.5) 

14 

(0.5) 

1.3 

(<0.1) 

Ra-226 

63 

(1.5) 

0.5 

(1.3) 

13 

(0.5) 

2.9 

(<0.1) 

Po-210 

1000 

(24) 

0.6 

(1.6) 

22 

(0.9) 

2.9 

(<0.1) 

Pb-210 

340 

(8.3) 

NC 

30 

(1.2) 

24 

(0.4) 

Th-230 

17 

(0.5)-

0.3 

(1.0) 

12 

(0.5) 

1.2 

(<0.1) 

coal) 

Th-232 

8.5 

(1.8) 

0.1 

(0.4) 

8 

(0.3) 

1.1 

(<0.1) 

49 9.0 98.75 2.0 x 10* 17 0.06 0.1 2.8 

(<0.1) (0.2) (1.5) 

"Calculated by assuming the plant operates 5,694 hr/yr (65 percent load factor). 

NC - Not Counted. 

NC 0.06 0.06 ; 

(<0.1) (<0.1) | 
P.12 

Most of the radionuclides enter each plant in the coal except for 

Site M-l (which employed a limestone scrubber for S0X control) where 

limestone accounted for about 10 percent of tota l radionuclide input. In 

general, the largest amounts of radionuclides detected in the plant effluent 

were found in the hopper ash from the first particulat e collecto r afte r the 

boiler . 

Emissions of the various radionuclides were generally quite small and 

with few exceptions were less than 3 percent of total input from coal. The 

most notable exception was stack emissions of polonium at Site M-l which were 

175 uCi/hr and represented 24 percent of total polonium input from the coal. 

The only other exceptions were lead emissions at Site M-l (60 uCi/hr and 

8.3 percent of total input) and uranium emissions at Site M-15 (0. 4 uCi/hr and 

6.5 percent of tota l input). For al l si x radionuclides, stack emissions were 

highest for Site M-l followed by Site M-33. These latte r two site s also had 

the lowest overall particulat e removal efficiencie s of the five plants. 

Additional factors contributing to the relativel y high emissions at Site M-l 

were: highest coal activit y for all measured radionuclides, highest ash 

content coal, and highest percent of stack particulat e emissions less than 

1 um in diameter. Polonium and lead consistentl y showed the highest levels of 

atmospheric emissions and, thus, their calculated enrichment factors were much 

higher than those for the other four radionuclides. In general, however, 

enrichment factors were quit e variabl e and highly site-specific . 

There is firm evidence that only very small amounts of radionuclides, i f 

any, are released to the ai r in the gaseous state . Results of specifi c 

sampling performed to test the hypothesis that some radionuclides, 

particularly polonium-210 and lead-210, might be in the gaseous stat e in stack 

gases released to the air , showed negligibl e gas phase radionuclide emissions. 

Radionuclide stack emissions were associated with the small particl e 

fraction (<1 um in diameter) in almost every case studied regardless of that 

fraction's percentage of the total fly ash collected. Uranium, polonium, and 

thorium-232 were most exemplary of this phenomenon. 

The results can be judged on the basis of percent closures for each 

radionuclide. Low percent closures indicate sampling or analytical errors, 

inaccurate assumptions concerning plant parameters, or innaccurate 

measurements of radionuclide concentrations in coal. Closure is sensitiv e to 

errors in the radionuclide analyses of coal samples since coal accounts for 

essentiall y al l of the radionuclide input at each plant. Coal analyses for 

two of the site s (M-15 and M-99) were quit e variabl e and thus the results for 

these plants are uncertain. In general, lead measurements were quite variabl e 

apparently because of the difficult y with the analytical chemical procedure. 

Radionuclide emissions from those coal-fired power plants investigated 

for this report are low compared to radionuclide input to the plant within the 

coal and are dependent upon the type of coal and the overall particulat e 

removal efficienc y of the plant. 
P.13 

SEOT0S1SJ 2 

INTRQaBCCTTON 

The Environmental Protection Agency Liissted radionuclides as a hazardous 

air pollutant on November 8, 1979 (44* ERS. 76:73.8)1 under the provisions of 

Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. In aup^ioc-t of standards development, the 

Agency is assessing the public health impact- of radionuclide emissions from a 

variety of emission source categories, including coal-fired power plants. 

Large emissions of radionuclides from coal-fired boilers are not expected 

because the amount of radionuclides potentially emitted is limited by the 

naturally occurring levels of uranium and thorium in the coal. To 

experimentally measure the amount of radionuclides emitted from coal-fired 

boilers and to determine how radionuclides move through the process streams of 

the typical coal-fired boiler, GCA conducted- an extensive research emission 

testing program for EPA in 1981 at five coal-fired electric utility plants: 

La Cygne Station, La Cygne, Kansas (Site M-l) 

Lewis and Clark Station, Sidney, Montana (Site M-15) 

Big Brown Station, Fairfield, Texas (Site M-33) 

Monticello Station, Mt. Pleasant, Texas (Site M-34) 

R. M. Heskett Station, Mandan, North Dakota (Site M-99). 

The boiler designs represented at these facilities included pulverized coal, 

dry bottom (Sites M-15, M-33, and M-34), cyclone (Site M-l), and traveling 

grate stoker (Site M-99), while coal types burned included subbituminous (Site 

M-l) and lignite (all others). 

The test programs were designed to measure radionuclide concentrations in 

all major process streams associated with these five plants. The resulting 

data are used in combination with plant operating data (nominal and measured)-

to conduct a radionuclide mass balance for each facility. The accuracy of 

these balances (in terms of total activity measured in all effluent streams 

versus total incoming activity) is important in assessing radionuclide 

emission measurements. 

Emission testing was conducted at control device inlet and outlet 

locations (wherever feasible) using the Source Assessment Sampling System 

(SASS train), the Andersen High Capacity Sampling System (HCSS train), and the 

EPA Method 5 train. Emission sample aliquots were shipped along with samples 
P.14 

collected from solid and liquid streams to the EPA's radiological test 

facilities in Montgomery, Alabama and Las Vegas, Nevada. Sample aliquots were 

also shipped to GCA for measurement of fly ash weights. Solid samples such as 

coal, limestone, and hopper ash were shipped to Gilbert Associates, Inc., 

Reading, Pennsylvania, for further analysis (elemental, proximate, and 

ultimate). The full details of the sampling program are outlined in Section 3. 

Our engineering evaluation of the radionuclide emission data is presented 

in Sections 4 through 8 for each of the five plants, with an overall 

discussion provided in Section 9. We provide a description of plant operating 

conditions and discuss the method of calculating emission rates and conducting 

overall plant radionuclide mass balances. The results of these calculations 

are presented in each section and the influence of mass balance closure on 

emission estimate accuracy is described. Supporting data for each of the five 

plants are presented in Appendices A through E. 

To provide backup data for the current evaluation, various solid and 

liquid stream samples were also collected from the following facilities: 

Nucla Station, Nucla, Colorado (Site M-4) 

Harrington Station, Amarillo, Texas (Site M-16) 

Shawnee Station, Paducah, Kentucky (Site M-l8) 

Brunner Island Station, York Haven, Pennsylvania (Site M-19) 

Coal Creek Station, Underwood, North Dakota (Site M-98) 

Analytical data for these plants are presented in Appendix F. 

To provide further comparative data on the influence of boiler design on 

radionuclide emissions, we present in Appendix G a summary of radioassay 

testing which GCA conducted under EPA sponsorship at the Georgetown University 

fluidized-bed boiler and at the Exxon Miniplant. The Georgetown unit is an 

industrial size boiler which operates at atmospheric pressure and the Exxon 

miniplant is a bench-scale pressurized unit. 

Since radionuclides are not distributed equally between bottom ash and 

fly ash, enrichment factors were determined for each radionuclide at each 

facility. The enrichment factor is defined as the ratio of the concentration 

of the radionuclide in fly ash to its concentration in coal ash (total ash). 

The concentration in coal ash is obtained by dividing the measured 

radionuclide concentration in the coal (pCi/g) by the fractional ash content 

of the coal. 

Mass balances have been determined for each plant for five radionuclides 

in the uranium decay series (uranium-238, thorium-230, radium-226, lead-210, 

and polonium-210) and for thorium-232. Half-lives for each of these 

radionuclides are as follows:2 
U-238 -- 4.5 x 109 years 

Th-230 — 7.7 x 104 years 

Ra-226 — 1.6 x 103 years 

Pb-210 — 22.3 years 

Po-210 — 138 days 

Th-232 — 1.4 x 1010 years 

Since each of the decay products in the uranium series has a half-life 

significantly less than the parent, secular equilibrium is assumed to exist 

and for any samples of coal and limestone where one of the daughters was not 

counted, its activity was assumed equal to that measured for uranium. Due to 

the extremely short half-life for polonium, corrections were made to the 

reported activity data to account for the time between date of sampling and 

date of radionuclide counting (polonium separation).3 First, an adjustment 

was made to account for the amount of polonium ingrown from lead, and second, 

the polonium activity was adjusted back to its activity on the day of sampling. 

Other corrections were made to adjust coal activity for the as-received 

coal moisture content and to correct any fly ash samples reported as 

pCi/sample back to the original sample weight. In a few cases, sealed fly ash 

sample packages came apart during shipment and had to be reweighed by the EPA 

laboratory. In these cases, the new sample weight was used to determine the 

activity concentration in pCi/g but the original sample weight was retained 

for calculation of the appropriate mass flow rate. 

To manipulate the large volume of data for the five plants, an Apple III 

microcomputer system together with VisiCalc III software was used. Two major 

reasons for using the Apple Ill/VisiCalc program are to ensure a high level of 

quality control with respect to the numerous, repetetive calculations and to 

allow for instant recalculation of results when any of several input variables 

are changed. Since the data are permanently stored on a diskette, further 

changes in the program as may be requested by EPA, can be easily accommodated. 
SECTION 3 

SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 

P.16 

OVERVIEW 

Multimedia samples were collected from ten coal-fired steam generators 

for radionuclide analyses. At five sites, a very intensive program was 

performed including; flue gas testing, process monitoring and influent and 

effluent sampling. Sampling at the remaining sites was intentionally brief to 

provide backup information and only consisted of grab sampling for coal and 

fly ash. The extensive sampling program was conducted at Sites M-l, M-15, 

M-33, M-34, and M-99, while abbreviated sampling was carried out at Sites M-4, 

M-16, M-18, M-19, and M-98. Table 2 provides a summary of the types of 

samples, the collection method, and analyses performed for the five sites 

where the extensive program was performed. 

The sites were selected based upon the following criteria: 

Utility willingness, 

Previously sampled station, 

Capacity >100 MW, 

Dedicated coal supply, 

Base load unit perferred, 

Dedicated stack; avoid split ducts, 

All ranks of coal (except anthracite) to be represented, 

Particulate control devices limited to ESPs and fabric filters, 

All types of S0X scrubbers to be represented, 

All forms of fuel feed and bedding to be represented, 

Mature unit if possible, and 

Conventional designs. 
P.17 

TABLE 2 . SUMMARY OF SAMPLING CONDUCTED AT SITES WHERE COMPLETE PROGRAM 

WAS IMPLEMENTED 

Sample type Collection method Analyses performed 

Coal 

Bottom Ash 

Makeup Waters 

Hopper Ash 

Scrubber Reactants 

Filters 

Thimbles 

Impinger Solutions 

Grab Composite8 

Grab Composite 

Grab Composite 

Grab Composite 

Grab Composite 

SASS/Method 5 

HCSS 

SASS/HCSS 

Radionuclide, Proximate,b Ultimate0 

Mesh Size, Elemental** 

Radionuclide, Elemental 

Radionuclide 

Radionuclide, Elemental 

Radionuclide, Elemental 

Gravimetric, Radionuclide 

Gravimetric, Radionuclide 

Radionuclide 

aGrab composite refers to hourly grab samples that are composited at the 

end of the test period. 

bproximate analysis: total moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and 

ash content. 

cUltimate analysis: heating value, sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and 

oxygen content. 

^Elemental analysis: aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, 

potassium, silicon, sodium, sulfur, and titanium. 
It was originally intended that sampling sites be chosen from a list supplied 

by EPA that represented all of the above criteria. Additional program 

requirements called for completion of sampling efforts at each unit in a 

single day and, Where possible, sampling at control device inlet and outlet 

locations simultaneously with collection of solid grab samples. During the 

initial plant contacting phase of the program, it became evident that many 

sites did not wish to participate in the research program and ultimately, site 

selection was mostly based on willingness of the utility to allow access to 

the facility. Thus, the types of sources included in the program do not 

necessarily represent a reasonable cross-section of the coal-fired utility 

industry. 

SAMPLING PROCEDURES 

Stack Sampling 

Wherever possible, flue gas sampling was conducted at the inlet and 

outlet of any pollution control device. The purpose of the flue gas testing 

was to provide size fractionated particulate and condensate for radionuclide 

analyses. Sampling was conducted using the Source Assessment Sampling System 

(SASS), the Andersen High Capacity Sampling System (HCSS), and the EPA 

Method 5 train. Each of these trains is described briefly below. Sample 

volumes required to be collected were calculated by the EPA Task Officer based 

on information provided by GCA from the pretest site visit. 

Source Assessment Sampling System— 

The SASS train features a heated 316SS probe which leads to a cyclone 

system with cut points of >10 um, 10 um to 3 ura, and 3 um to 1 ura. A 142 mm 

glass fiber backup filter collects the particles that are less than 1 um in 

diameter. The filter assembly is followed by an impinger system for the 

collection of volatile radionuclides. The first impinger contained 500 ml 

deionized water, the second impinger contained 500 ml 0.1 N HN03, the third 

was empty, and the final impinger contained 750g of silica gel. The impingers 

were added to the sample train to determine if any radionuclides were still in 

the vapor state at the temperature of the sampling location just before the 

gases were released to the atmosphere. 

Physical parameters of the flue gas were measured during the SASS runs 

with an attached S-type pitot tube and a type K thermocouple. Readings of all 

SASS train operations and flue gas parameters were recorded every fifteen 

minutes. Sampling was conducted from a single point of average velocity at a 

constant flowrate of 4 dry standard cubic feet per minute. 

At the end of each run, the sampling train was leak-checked and removed 

to the GCA truck for sample recovery. Each dry cyclone catch was retained in 

separate containers. The back up filter was stored in a sealed petri dish. 

The probe, cyclones and filter assembly were brushed and rinsed with acetone. 

At outlet locations, Where there were minimal amounts of particulate 

collected, the cyclone rinses were kept separate. Impinger volumes were 

measured and weight gain was noted prior to transfer to precleaned (nitric 

acid wash, deionized water rinse) linear polyethylene containers. The 
P.19 

impingers were rinsed with deionized water. All flue gas samples were 

returned to GCA for gravimetric (front half particulate samples) analyses, 

then dispatched to the appropriate EPA laboratory. 

Andersen High Capacity Sampling System— 

An HCSS was used for sampling at control device inlet locations. The 

HCSS is an in-stack, multistage, cascade impactor which adapts to the standard 

EPA type probe. The HCSS offers three cut sizes between 1.5 and 12 microns. 

A backup thimble collects particles less than 1.5 micron. The backup thimble 

was followed by a series of impingers containing: first, 100 ml deionized 

water; second, 100 ml 0.1 N HN03; third, empty; fourth, 250g silica gel. 

At the end of the sample run, each of the three impactor stages were 

rinsed separately with acetone. Impinger volumes were measured, weight gain 

noted, and the contents were transferred to precleaned linear polyethylene 

containers. The impingers were then rinsed with deionized water. 

EPA Method 5 — 

The Method 5 train features a stainless steel buttonhook nozzle attached 

to a heat traced stainless steel probe. At the probe exit, a heated glass 

fiber filter collects fly ash particulate. The filter is followed by an 

impinger system containing: first, 100 ml deionized water; second, 100 ml 

0.1 N HN03; third, empty; final, 250g silica gel. The train was operated in 

conformance with requirements delineated in 40 CFR 60, Appendix A, Method 5. 

EPA Method 3 ~ 

Integrated gas samples of flue gas were collected during all SASS and 

HCSS runs for analysis of O2, CO2, and CO with an orsat gas analyzer as 

per EPA Method 3, 40 CFR 60, Appendix A. 

Liquid, Solid and Slurry Sampling 

Grab samples of the liquid, solid, and slurry streams were collected and 

composited on an hourly basis during the flue gas testing. Certain cycling 

processes did not permit sample collection on a regular hourly basis; in such 

cases samples were collected as often as cycling would allow. Upon completion 

of the sample run, composited samples were split into six subsamples. Grab 

samples were collected in equal volumes and composited to yield a total of 

approximatey 5 gallons of liquid slurry and 10 pounds of solid at the end of 

the flue gas testing. In some cases, smeller volumes were collected due to 

limited availability stemming from the cyclic nature of the process. 

Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) 

QA/QC checks were performed on the sampling and analytical portions of 

the program (where GCA was directly involved) to ensure collection of valid 

data. These checks were performed by project participants under the guidance 

of the QA Manager and Project Manager. GCA's QC program for the sampling 

aspects of this program included the following: 

10 
Equipment Calibration— 

All sampling equipment (dry gas meters, pito t tubes, and sample nozzles) 

were calibrated to specifications outlined in 40 CFR 60, Appendix A. 

Use of Designated Sampling Forms— 

Standardized data sheets were used for all methods and completed by 

personnel collectin g the samples to ensure that al l pertinent information was 

recorded. 

GCA's QC program for laboratory analysis makes use of a number of 

different types of QC samples such as blanks, duplicates and known and unknown 

true value QC samples to document the validit y of the generated data. The 

actual QC samples used during this program included: 

1. Blank Samples 

a) Field Bias Blanks—Blanks of the filte r media and sampling 

reagents were collected for subsequent analysis. 

b) Method Blanks—Blanks of the filte r media were submitted to the 

EPA laboratories to determine background values of the radio -

nuclides in the filter . (Because the fraction of particulat e 

matter collected on the filte r was small in al l cases and since 

the blank correction was also small, data adjusted for the 

blanks are presented separately from the overall mass balances 

for each plant in each of the appropriate appendices). 

2. QC Samples 

a) QC samples of unknown concentration from the National Bureau of 

Standards (NBS) were submitted with the coal and fly ash 

samples sent out for ultimate , proximate and elemental analyses. 

Weighings for gravimetric determination of particulat e samples were 

performed on a Mettler balance, Model H 54. The balance was checked with 

Class S NBS standard weights. Weighing material was dessicated for 24 hours 

prior to weighing and for at least 6 hours prior to audit (second) weights. 

PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLE DISPATCHING 

Samples collected during the program were dispatched to various 

laboratories for analyses. At the conclusion of a sampling period, each 

sample (with exception of the flue gas samples) was split into si x subsets. 

One subset was made availabl e to the participating utility . On four of the 

subsets, sample chain of custody was transferred from GCA to four EPA 

designated laboratories. Those laboratories were: 

Los Alamos Scientifi c laboratory 

Los Alamos, New Mexico 

11 
P.21 

Mound Laboratory 

Monsanto Research Corporation 

Miamisburg, Ohio 

U.S. EPA 

Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility (EERF) 

Montgomery, Alabama 

U.S. EPA 

Las Vegas Facility (LVF) 

Las Vegas, Nevada 

These subsamples of the solids, liquid and slurry streams were dispatched 

to the nearest Federal Express office for overnight delivery within twenty 

four hours of sample collection. All samples were labeled, identified as a 

subsample, sealed, accounted for on a packing list, and shipped to the 

designated laboratories. The remaining subsample and all of the flue gas 

samples were returned to GCA. From GCA, aliquots of the coal, fly ash, bottom 

ash and scrubber reactants (when applicable) were submitted to Gilbert 

Commonwealth in Reading, Pennsylvania for elemental, proximate, and ultimate 

analysis. Particulate samples were weighed at GCA and dispatched to EERF or 

LVF for radionuclide analysis. 

COMPLETE SAMPLING PROGRAMS 

Complete sampling programs were conducted at Sites M-l, M-15, M-33, M-34, 

and M-99. Specific problems encountered at any of these sites are discussed 

in Sections 4 through 8 of this report. A summary of sampling locations, 

sampling equipment, and sample volumes for each facility is presented in 

Table 3. The impact of actual sample volumes obtained on plant results is 

discussed in each appropriate section. 

ABBREVIATED SAMPLING PROGRAMS 

Grab samples of various coal and ash streams were collected as part of 

abbreviated sampling programs conducted at five additional facilities 

(Sites M-4, M-16, M-18, M-19, and M-98). The results of the analyses 

conducted on these samples are presented in Appendix F along with a discussion 

of how they compare with other program results. 

12 
P.22 

TABLE 3. SAMPLING DATA SUMMARY 

Site 

M-l 

M-15 

M-33 

M-34 

M-99 

Sampling location 

Scrubber Inlet 

Scrubber Inlet 

Scrubber Outlet 

Scrubber Outlet 

Cyclone Inlet 

Cyclone Outlet 

Scrubber Inlet 

Scrubber Outlet 

ESP Inlet (N) 

ESP Inlet (S) 

ESP Outlet 

Scrubber Inlet 

(N) 

(S) 

(N) 

(S) 

(one of four ducts) 

Scrubber Outlet 

Cyclone Inlet 

ESP Inlet (W) 

ESP Inlet (E) 

ESP Outlet 

Sampling 

train 

used 

HCSS 

HCSS 

SASS 

SASS 

SASS 

SASS 

SASS 

SASS 

HCSS 

SASS 

SASS 

SASS & 

HCSS 

SASS & 

Method 5 

-

SASS 

HCSS 

SASS 

Required 

sample 

volume8 

(ft3) 

177 

177 

1413 

1413 

706 

706 

706 

883 

35 

-

353 

1766 

-

1766 

— 

-

883 

177 

1766 

Actual 

sample 

volume 

(ft3) 

195 

153 

742 

738 

55 

383 

799 

867 

62 

351 

909 

475 

51 

1014 

163 

-

411 

116 

1843 

Actual 

sample 

time 

(min) 

491 

404 

210 

205 

15 

100 

200 

255 

240 

141 

250 

180 

135 

311 

232 

-

200 

150 

500 

aAn estimation of the required sample volume was made by considering 

the following site-specific factors: 

• specified activity for minimum detection 

• stack flow rate 

• coal feed rate 

• specific element concentration 

• partition coefficient 

• control device efficiency 

• isotopic abundance 

• isotopic specific activity 

• sample collector efficiency 

• differential particle size fraction 

13 
SECTION 4 

SITE M-l 

PLANT DESCRIPTION 

Site M-l is Unit No. 1 at LaCygne Generating Station in LaCygne, Kansas. 

The station is operated by Kansas City Power and Light Company. Plant 

contacts during the sampling program were Jim Wishart who had completed the 

ORP presurvey forms and Phil Franchett, Results Foreman in the Air Quality 

Control Section. 

Unit No. 1 generates 874 MW (gross) using a Babcock and Wilcox cyclonefired boiler burning eastern subbituminous coal with high ash and sulfur 

content. Bottom ash is sluiced out of the wet bottom of the boiler and is 

sold commercially. Flue gas cleaning is accomplished with a Venturi/Absorber 

Scrubber system consisting of eight scrubber modules. Flue gas exits the air 

heaters in two ducts which feed a common inlet plenum before distribution to 

each of the eight scrubber module inlets. Flue gases discharging from the 

scrubber system pass through four steam coil reheaters, an outlet plenum, and 

six induced draft fans before exiting through two ducts to the stack. 

A schematic diagram of the plant configuration, including location of 

sampling points, is provided in Figure 1. A summary of plant design 

characteristics is given in Table 4. 

SAMPLES COLLECTED 

Both north and south ducts were sampled at the inlet and outlet of the 

scrubber system on March 27, 1981. An Andersen High Capacity Sampling System 

(HCSS) was used at the scrubber inlet while a Source Assessment Sampling 

System (SASS) was used at the scrubber outlet. Outlet sampling at this site 

presented an unexpected difficulty; the gas stream was mainly comprised of 

particles in the one micron and less diameter range. This necessitated filter 

changes every 30 minutes which quadrupled the time required to collect the 

necessary sample volume. Unit No. 1 operated at an average load of 688 MW 

(gross) and a coal feed rate of 304 long ton/hr during the test period. 

A composite sample of the incoming coal was collected during the test 

period. Analysis of this sample gave the following results: 

Moisture content, percent 9.52 

Ash content, percent 24.2 

14 
VENTURI /ABSORBER 

SCRUBBER MODULES 

(8) 

STEAM COIL 

REHEATERS 

W 

INDUCED DRAFT 

FANS (6) 

AIR HEATERS. (2) 

COAL 

•? 

CYCLONE 

BOILER 

^ 

BOTTOM 

t 

J 1 

t 

(\SH 

SAMPLING POINTS 

(A) HCSS (3/27/81) 

(?) HCSS (3/27/81) 

0 SASS (3/27/81) 

(5) SASS (3/27/81) 

FORCED DRAFT 

FANS (3) 1 SLURRY TO 8 

RECIRCULATION TANKS 

2--LIMEST0NE SLURRY STORAGE TANKS 

| 2--LIMEST0NE BUNKERS/FEEDERS 

J 2—HYDROCLONE CLASSIFIERS 

RAW 

LIMESTONE 

| 2--WET BALL MILLS 

LIMESTONE WET SCRUBBING SYSTEM 

EXHAUST 

> GASES 

Figure 1. Plant flow diagram, Site M-l, 
P.25 

TABLE 4. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS, SITE M-l 

Boiler type 

Firing mode 

Age 

Manufacturer 

Coal type 

Design coal feed rate 

Steam rate 

Excess air 

Base load 

Cyclone, wet bottom 

Commercial operation - May 1973 

Babcock and Wilcox 

Bituminous 

380 ton/hr 

5,757,633 lb/hr 

15 percent 

Electric generating capacity 874 mw (gross) 

740 mw (net) 

Particulate control 

Design efficiency 

Venturi scrubber 

99 percent 

Flue gas desulfurization system 

Design efficiency 

Reactant feed 

Recirculation rate 

Make up rate 

Discharge rate 

Reactant concentration 

Wet throwaway limestone 

80 percent 

0.2353 lb limestone/lb coal 

6,500 gpm 

200 gpm 

200 gpm 

46 g/1 

Stack height 

Stack diameter 

Design temperature 

Stack velocity 

Air flow rate 

700 ft. 

26 ft. 

190°F 

90 ft/sec 

2,760,000 acfm 

16 
Sulfur content, percent 4.66 

Heating value, Btu/lb 9,550 

Grab samples were taken at al l incoming and outgoing streams and 

composited and fly ash sampling was conducted in both inle t and outle t ducts 

of the scrubber system. The sampling performed at the scrubber inle t allowed 

for an accurate estimation of the boile r bottom ash rate . In addition, data 

made availabl e by plant personnel pertaining to the flue gas desulfurization 

system enabled accurate quantification of mass flow rates for scrubber inle t 

and outle t streams (limestone, makeup water, and sludge discharge). 

RESULTS 

For Site M-l, activit y measurements were reported for all samples by EERF 

along with two-sigraa error values. In a few cases, sealed fly ash sample 

packages sent to EERF came apart during shipment and had to be reweighed by 

the EPA laboratory. In these cases, the new sample weight was used to 

determine the activit y concentration in pCi/g but the original sample weight 

was retained for calculation of the appropriate mass flow rate . 

All data and results for Site M-l are presented in Appendix A. The 

various measured and calculated values for mass flow rates, fly ash weights, 

sample volumes, etc . are shown in Table A-1. Values determined by calculation 

(such as limestone and sludge discharge rates) are indicated by an asterisk 

(*); al l other values are either directl y or indirectly determined by 

measurement. Tables A-2 and A-3 show the activit y values reported for the si x 

radionuclides for al l samples; Table A-2 shows the actual data obtained by 

EERF (i.e. , which samples were less than background or not counted) and 

Table A-3 shows the values used in the calculations. The individual 

radionuclide balances are shown in Table A-4 with results obtained by using 

activit y measurements without their corresponding error bands. (There was 

littl e difference between results obtained with and without the two-sigma 

error values.) Table A-5 shows the results obtained by doing a balance around 

the venturi/absorber scrubber only. This was done to determine approximate 

activit y values for Ra-226, Po-210, and Pb-210, because no data were reported 

for these radionuclides in the scrubber sludge. Finally, Table A-6 presents 

filte r and thimble (<1 um) sample results corrected for blank radioactivity . 

The data presented in Appendix A are summarized in various tables and 

discussed in the following paragraphs. 

As a result of an extensive sampling program, rates for al l ash streams 

were determined with reasonable confidence in their accuracy. Ash flow rate s 

at the various points in the plant including ash input from the coal, bottom 

ash from the boiler , ash input to the scrubber, and ash discharged from the 

scrubber to the settlin g pond and to the atmosphere, are shown in Table 5. 

The value determined for the bottom ash stream would appear to be somewhat low 

when compared to a theoretical value of about 80 percent of ash input for a 

cyclone-fired boiler . Based on the inle t and outle t sampling, the efficienc y 

of the scrubber for fly ash removal is about 98 percent. 

17 
P.27 

TABLE 5. DISTRIBUTION OF ASH PARTICULATE, SITE M-l 

Mass flow rate, g/hr 

Ash stream (percent of total input) 

Input from coal 7.5 x 107 

Bottom ash 4.7 x 107 

(63) 

Scrubber inle t ash 2.8 x 107 

(37) 

Scrubber ash 2.7 x 107 

(36) 

Fly ash 5.6 x 105 

(0.8 ) 

The distribution of the various radionuclides in these ash streams and 

trfee percentage of tota l input or output is shown in Table 6. For each of the 

iradlionuclides, coal is responsible for about 90 percent and limestone about 

MJ percent of the tota l input. Most of the radionuclides leave the plant in 

ttSie boile r bottom ash and the ash discharged by the scrubber. Polonium and 

lead show the highest percentages in the scrubber ash and fly ash streams. 

Bto-210 shows the highest percentage (23) being emitted to the atmosphere while 

ttifae others range from 0.5 to 6 percent of input. Lead and polonium show the 

ftulgjiest levels in the scrubber ash (88 and 77 percent respectively), while 

ttduMrium-232 and radium show the highest levels in the bottom ash (52 and 

tk& percent respectively). 

To give an idea as to how the radionuclides are distributed in the fly 

ash leaving the stack, Table 7 shows the distribution as a function of 

jpaorticle size . Whereas most of the fly ash collected was less than 1 Um in 

diameter (79 percent), most of the radionuclide emissions were also found in 

tt&is fraction of the fly ash. 

As part of the overall balance analysis, percent closures were computed 

fror each radionuclide and a summary of these results is presented in Table 8. 

Ian general, the closure s obtained were quite satisfactory given al l of the 

potentia l errors with respect to sampling, analysis, and computation of 

various plant parameters. The closures determined with and without the two 

eiigoia error values were very similar , thus indicating that the activit y 

analyses were quite accurate. Ra-226 had the lowest percent closure with only 

aafcout. half being accounted for in the plant effluent. Pb-210 yielded the 

Ih ign est results with about one and one-third times as much shown leaving the 

18 
TABLE 6. DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN ASH, SITE M-l 

P.28 

Radionuclide 

Uranium-238 

Radium-226 

Polonium-210 

Lead-210 

Thorium-230 

Thorium-232 

Radionuclide 

input from 

coal, UCi/hr 

(percent of 

total input) 

720 

(87) 

720 

(87) 

720 

(87) 

720 

(87) 

662 

(89) 

82 

(93) 

Radionuclide distribut 

UCi/hr 

Bottom ash 

293 

(40) 

176 

(46) 

0 

(0) 

66 

(6) 

261 

(42) 

51 

(52) 

ion in ash. 

(percent of total output) 

Ash removed 

by scrubber 

415 

(57) 

197 

(51) 

600 

(77) 

950 

(88) 

356 

(57) 

45 

(46) 

Fly ash released 

to atmosphere 

21 

(3) 

11 

(3) 

175 

(23) 

60 

(6) 

3 

(0.5) 

1.5 

(1.5) 

19 
TABLE 7. DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN STACK FLY ASH, SITE M-l 

Stack fly ash 

Radionuclide emission rate, wCi/hr (percent of total emission) 

Percent 

Size Weight, of total 

fraction, (um) (mg) weight U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

ro 

o 

>10 

3-10 

1-3 

<1 

N 

S 

N 

S 

N 

S 

N 

S 

474 

845 

0.4 

14 

31 

39 

2600 

2500 

20 

0.2 

1.0 

79 

2.2 

(10.6) 

0.02 

(0.1) 

0.18 

(0.9) 

18.5 

(89) 

1.8 

(16) 

0.03 

(0.3) 

0.18 

(1.6) 

8.7 

(79) 

26 

(15) 

0 

(0) 

0.9 

(0.5) 

150 

(85) 

13 

(22) 

1.1 

(1.8)) 

0.62 

(1.0) 

45 

(75) 

0.7 

(24) 

0.01 

(0.3) 

0.07 

(2.4) 

2.2 

(74) 

0.08 

(5.3) 

0.002 

(0.1) 

0.01 

(0.7) 

1.4 

(93) 

Total 6514 21 11 175 60 3.0 1.5 

Percent of total plant 

radionuclide output (2.9) (2.8) (23) (5.6) (0.5) (1.5) 
plant as entering. The remaining four radionuclides al l showed excellent 

closure s ranging from 83 to 111 percent. Since, in al l cases, the incoming 

coal accounts for about nine-tenths of the total radioactivity coming into the 

plant, i t is obvious that the measured coal activitie s are critica l to the 

closur e analysis. (Because of the similarit y between closure percentages with 

and without the two-sigma error data, only the results using actual activit y 

data are presented in Appendix A, Table A-4). 

TABLE 8. CLOSURE DATA FOR RADIONUCLIDE BALANCES, SITE M-l 

Radionuclide balance 

Percent closure—(pCi/hr out*pCi/hr in)x(100) 

U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

1 . Measured activitie s used 

without 2-sigma error 

value s 

88.5 46.6 94.3 130.5 83.0 111.4 

Measured activities used 

with maximum positive 

2-sigma error 

88.3 42.4 87.6 123.6 85.6 112.5 

3. Measured activities used 

with maximum negative 

2-sigma error 

88.7 51.8 102.8 139.1 80.1 109.7 

To provide a perspective as to the fate of each of the si x radionuclides, 

a summary is presented in Figure 2. A separate balance was conducted around 

the scrubber because no activitie s were reported in the scrubber sludge for 

radium, polonium, and lead. First, a balance was done on Th-230 and in 

conjunction with its measured activity , a sludge rate was determined. Using 

this new sludge rate , balances were done on radium, polonium, and lead and 

activit y concentrations were computed. These computed activitie s as well as 

the new sludge discharge rate were then used to repeat al l calculations. It 

is interesting to note that the sludge rate determined by doing a balance 

around the scrubber on Th-230 was exactly equal to the design rate provided by 

the plant. This design rate had been reduced by three-fourths (assuming that 

s i x of eight scrubber modules would be operating) to coincide with the plant's 

operating load factor of 77 percent during the sampling period. The data 

provided in Figure 2 show that most of the material, especiall y radium, is 

"lost" in the boile r area. 

21 
LIMESTONE, 7.3 x IO7 g/hr 

_ RAD I.QNUCJ.I.PES [»t I /hr) ... 

U-238 -

RA-226 -

PO-210 -

PB-210 -

TH-230 -

TH-232 -

104 

104 

104 

104 

86 

6 

COAL, 3.1 x 10° g/hr 

ASH, 7.5 x 107 g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES ((iCI/hr) 

ro 

ro 

U-238 

RA-226 

PO-210 

PB-210 

TH-230 

TH-232 

720 

720 

720 

720 

662 

82 

BOILER 

ASH. 2.8 x 10/ g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (pCl/hr) 

U-238 

RA-226 

PO-210 

PB-210 

TH-230 

TH-232 

BOTTOM ASH, 4.7 x <07 g/hr 

330 

104 

672 

904 

273 

36 

WATER, i.k x IO*1 1/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCI/hr) 

U-238 - 0.08 

RA-226 

PO-210 

PB-210 

TH-230 

TH-232' 

0.02 

0 

0 

0.004 

0.0006 

VENTURI/ABSORBER 

SCRUBBER 

FLY ASH TO ATMOSPHERE, 

5.6 x IO5 g/hr 

RADI0NUCIIDE5 (pCi/hr) 

U-238 -

RA-226 -

PO-210 -

PB-210 -

TH-230 -

TH-232 -

21 

11 

175 

60 

3 

1.5 

SCRUBBER ASH, 2.736 x IO7 g/hr 

SCRUBBER SLUDGE (LIQUID), SCRUBBER SLUDGE (SOLID), 

1.0 x IO6 1/hr 1.3 x IO8 g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (wCI/hr) 

U-238 -

RA-226 -

PO-210 -

PB-210 -

TH-230 -

TH-232 -

293 

176 

0 

66 

261 

51 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCI/hr) RADIONUCLIDES (pCI/hr) 

U-238 - 2.7 

RA-226 - 0 

PO-210 - 0 

PB-210 - 0 

TH-230 - 0.16 

TH-232 - 0.04 

U-238 - 412 

RA-226 - 197 

PO-210 - 602 

PB-210 - 950 

TH-230 - 356 

TH-232 - 45 

Figure 2. Radionuclide and Ash Distribution Summary, Site M-l. 

CO 
P.32 

Enrichment factors have also been calculated for each of the radionuclides. The enrichment factor is defined as the ratio of the radionuclide 

concentration in the fly ash to its concentration in the coal ash. . Computed 

enrichment factors are as follows: 

U-238 

Ra-226 

Po-210 

Pb-210 

Th-230 

Th-232 

3.9 

2.0 

32 

11 

0.6 

2.4 

Results from analysis of the impinger contents at the scrubber inle t and 

outle t sampling locations are given below and indicate that little , i f any, of 

the radionuclides exit to atmosphere in the vapor state . These results are 

discussed more fully in Section 9. 

Emission Rate, Ci/hr 

Scrubber 

Inlet Outlet 

U-238 

Ra-226 

Po-210 

Pb-210 

Th-230 

Th-232 

4 

1 

3 

20 

0.3 

0.08 

0.0 8 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND = Not detectable . 

23 
P.33 

SECT1QM 5 

SITE tt-1,5 

PLANT DESCRIPTION 

Site M-15 is Unit No. 1 at the Lewis and Clark Station in Sidney, Montana 

which is operated by Montana and Dakota Utilities Company. 

Unit No. 1 generates 56 MW (gross) using a tangentially-fired pulverized 

coal boiler burning Montana lignite with medium ash and low sulfur content. 

Particulate matter is removed from the flue gas with a multitube cyclone 

followed by a wet venturi scrubber. 

A diagram of the overall plant configuration, including location of 

sampling points, is provided in Figure 3. A summary of plant design 

characteristics is given in Table 9. 

SAMPLES COLLECTED 

Sampling was performed at the inlet and outlet of both collection devices 

using the Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS). Sampling was conducted 

around the multitube cyclone on May 1, 1981,. and around the venturi scrubber 

on April 30, 1981. Unit No. 1 operated at a average load of 38 MW (gross) and 

a coal feed rate of 34.2 short ton/hr during the sampling period. 

A composite sample of the incoming coal was collected during the test 

period. Analysis of this sample gave the following results: 

Moisture content, percent 20.5 

Ash content, percent 9.14 

Sulfur content, percent 0.33 

Heating value, Btu/lb 8,071 

Grab samples were taken of all incoming and outgoing streams on both 

sampling dates and composited and these and all fly ash samples were sent to 

the EPA Laboratory in Las Vegas for radionuclide analysis. Sampling at the 

multitube cyclone inlet allowed for good approximation of the boiler bottom 

ash rate while additional data provided by plant personnel enabled accurate 

quantification of mass flow rates for scrubber inlet and outlet streams. 

24 
UATER 

ro • 

COAL 

BOILER 

pc-da 

BOTTOr 1 ASH 

COMBUSTION 

AIR 

1 

AIR 

FLUE GAS 

AIR 

HEATER <3 

MULTITUBE 

CYCLONE 

1 

ASH 

-<$(mQ- o X 

-X I N SLURRY 

V^®s RECIRCULAT 

1 ' 

VENTURI 

SCRUBBER 

ASH S LURRY 

• 

EXHAUST GAS 

I T 

^J- . 

^ ( \ (FJ" I STACK J 

^ y 

SAMPLING POINTS 

@ SASS (5/1/81) 

(5) SASS (5/1/81) 

© SASS (4/30/81) 

(D) SASS (4/30/81) 

Figure 3. Plant Flow Diagram - Sit e M-15. 
P.35 

TABLE 9. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS, SITE M-15 

Boiler type 

Firing mode 

Age 

Manufacturer 

Coal type 

Design coal feed rate 

Electric generating capacity 

Particulate control 

Design efficiency 

Stack height 

Stack diameter 

Design temperature 

Stack velocity 

Air flow rate 

Cycling 

Pulverized coal, dry bottom, 

tangentially-fired 

Commercial operation - October 1, 1958 

Combustion Engineering 

Lignite 

51 ton/hr 

56 mw (gross) 

Multitube cyclone and venturi scrubber 

NA 

250 ft. 

14.5 ft. 

150°F 

27 ft/sec 

270,000 acfm 

NA = Data not available. 

26 
RESULTS 

Radionuclide balances were determined around the plant for each of the 

radionuclides except lead. The Las Vegas laboratory analyzed these samples 

but did not have the capability for Pb-210 analysis and, therefore , no values 

were reported for any of the samples. 

All data and results for Site M-15 are presented in Appendix B. The 

various measured and calculated values for mass flow rates, fly ash weights, 

sample volumes, etc . are shown in Table B-l. Values determined by calculation 

(scrubber water and sludge discharge rates) are indicated by an asterisk (*); 

a l l other values are eithe r directly or indirectly determined by measurement. 

Tables B-2 and B-3 show the activit y values reported for the radionuclides for 

a l l samples. Table B-2 shows the actual data obtained by the EPA Laboratory 

(i.e. , which samples were less than background or not counted) and Table B-3 

shows the values used in the calculations. The individual radionuclide 

balances are shown in Table B-4 with results obtained by using activit y 

measurements without thei r corresponding error bands. Table B-5 shows 

radionuclide rate s at the mechanical collecto r inle t and outle t and the 

scrubber inlet. Finally, Table B-6 presents filte r and thimble (<1 um) sample 

results corrected for blank radioactivity . The data presented in Appendix B 

are summarized in various tables and discussed in the following paragraphs. 

As a result of an extensive sampling program, rates for al l ash streams 

were determined with reasonable confidence in their accuracy. Ash flow rates 

at the various points in the plant along with the associated percentage of the 

total ash input are shown in Table 10. The value determined for the boile r 

bottom ash stream (28 percent) is not unreasonably different from the 

theoretical value (20 percent of ash input) that would be expected for a 

pulverized coal-fired boiler . Based on the inle t and outle t sampling, the 

efficienc y (for fly ash removal) for the multitube cyclone is determined to be 

about 67 percent while that for the venturi scrubber is 98.6 percent; 

The distribution of the various radionuclides in the effluent ash streams 

and the percentage of total input or output is shown in Table 11. For each of 

the radionuclides, coal is responsible for essentiall y al l of the input. Most 

of the radionuclides leave the plant in the mechanical collecto r ash. 

Polonium shows the highest fractions in the scrubber hopper ash and fly ash 

streams. U-238 shows the highest percentage in the cyclone ash (72) while 

thorium-230 shows the highest percentage in the boile r bottom ash (42). 

Tne distribution of the various radionuclides in the fly ash leaving the 

stack is given in Table 12 as a function of particl e size . The largest 

fraction of material collected was >10 ym and, except for U-238 and Th-232, 

most of the radioactivit y shows up in this fraction. For U-238 and Th-232, 

most is present in the <1 ym siz e fraction. As expected, polonium shows the 

highest overall fraction of any radionuclide exiting in the fly ash stream 

(4.2 percent). 

27 
TABLE 10. DISTRIBUTION OF ASH PARTICULATE, SITE M-15 

Ash stream 

Mass flow rate, g/hr 

(percent of total input) 

Input from coal 

Bottom ash 

Cyclone inlet ash 

Cyclone hopper ash 

Cyclone outlet ash 

Scrubber inlet ash 

Scrubber hopper ash 

Fly ash 

2.8 x 106 

7.3 x 105 

(26) 

2.1 x 106 

(74) 

1.4 x 106 

(49) 

7.0 x 105 

(25) 

5.3 x 105 

(19) 

5.3 x 105 

(18.5) 

7,209 

(0.25) 

28 
TABLE 11. DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN ASH, SITE M-15 

Radionuclide 

Uranium-238 

Radium-226 

to i 

Polonium-210 

Lead-210 

Thorium-230 

Thorium-232 

Radionuclide 

input from 

coal, UCi/hr 

(percent of 

total input) 

6.2 

(99.6) 

6.2 

(100.0) 

6.2 

(99.9) 

Not counted in 

6.2 

(100.0) 

5.4 

(100.0) 

Bottom 

ash 

1.2 

(26) 

1.2 

(20) 

0.5 

(17) 

any samples 

1.8 

(42) 

0.59 

(15) 

Radionuclide distribution 

uCi/hr (percent of total 

Ash removed 

by cyclone 

3.4 

(72) 

3.2 

(56) 

1.3 

(41) 

2.3 

(53) 

2.6 

(65) 

Ash removed 

by scrubber 

0.05 

(1.2) 

1.3 

(22) 

1.2 

(38) 

0.15 

(3.5) 

0.8 

(20) 

in ash, 

output) 

Fly 

to 

ash released 

atmosphere 

0.4 

(0.8) 

0.08 

(1.4) 

0.1 

(4.2) 

0.06 

(1.3) 

0.02 

(0.6) 
TABLE 12. DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN STACK FLY ASH, SITE M-15 

Stack fly ash 

Radionuclide emission rate, uCi/hr (percent of total emission) 

Percent 

Size Weight, of total 

fraction, (ym) (mg) weight U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

u> 

o 

>10 

3-10 

1-3 

<1 

389 

11 

174 

210 

50 

1.4 

22 

27 

0.01 

(32) 

0.0003 

(0.8) 

0.007 

(20) 

0.02 

(47) 

0.05 

(63) 

0.0007 

(0.9) 

0.009 

(11) 

0.02 

(25) 

0.06 

(48) 

0.0008 

(0.6) 

0.02 

(14) 

0.05 

(37) 

0.04 

(62) 

0.0004 

(0.7) 

0.0055 

(9.5) 

0.02 

(28) 

0.005 

(20) 

0.0003 

(1.2) 

0.003 

(13) 

0.02 

(66) 

Total 784 0.04 0.08 0.13 0.06 0.02 

Percent of total plant 

radionuclide output (0.8) (1.4) (4.2) (1.3) (0.6) 
P.40 

As part of the overall balance analysis, percent closures were computed 

for each radionuclide; a summary of these results is presented in Table 13. 

The best results were obtained for radium (~93 percent) while the.poorest 

closure was evident for polonium (—52 percent). For each of the other 

radionuclides, about three-fourths of the material was detected in the 

output. (Because of the similarity between closure percentages with and 

without the two-sigma error data, results obtained by using activity 

measurements without their corresponding error bands are presented in 

Appendix B, Table B-4). 

TABLE 13. CLOSURE DATA FOR RADIONUCLIDE BALANCES, SITE M-15 

Percent closure—(pCi/hr outfpCi/hr in)x(100) 

Radionuclide balance U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

1. Measured activities used 75.7 93.1 52.0 - 69.8 73.4 

without 2-sigma error 

values 

2. Measured activities used 76.1 93.2 52.1 - 70.0 73.5 

with maximum positive 

2-sigma error 

3. Measured activities used 75.3 92.9 51.8 - 69.6 73.2 

with maximum negative 

2-sigma error 

An overall summary of the fate of each of the radionuclides is presented 

in Figure 4. By looking at individual balances around specific parts of the 

plant (boiler, cyclone, and scrubber) it is noted that good closures are 

obtained around the boiler and the cyclone while poorer results are seen 

around the scrubber. In the case of U-238, the scrubber slurry (spent solid) 

sample was lost and there is probably much more U-238 than indicated leaving 

the plant in the scrubber ash stream. The calculated values used for scrubber 

effluent rates (rather than measured rates) may also partly explain the 

generally low closures found around the venturi scrubber. 

Enrichment factors computed for each radionuclide are as follows: 

U-238 

Ra-226 

Po-210 

Pb-210 

Th-230 

Tn-232 

2.4 

5.2 

8.6 

NC 

3.7 

1.7 

31 
UJ 

ro 

COAL, 3.1 x IO7 g/hr 

ASH, 2.8 x 10* g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCI/hr) 

U-238 - 6.2 

RA-226- 6.2 

PO-210- 6.2 

PB-210- NC 

TH-230- 6.2 

TH-232- 5.4 

CYCLONE INLET ASH, 

RADIONUCLIDES 

U-238 -

RA-226-

PO-210-

BUILLR 

TH-230-

TH-232-

2.1 x 10° g/h 

(uCI/hr) 

4.7 

3-7 

6.6 

NC 

5.2 

2.9 

CYCLONE OUTLET ASH, 

RADIONUCLIDES 

r 

MULTITUBE 

CYCLONE 

' 

U-238 -

RA-226-

P0-2I0-

PB-210-

TH-230-

TH-232-

/ 

/ 

7.0 x IO5 g/hr 

(vCI/hr) 

2.0 

1.0 

3.5 

NC 

1.6 

1.0 

VENTURI SCRUBBER 

INLET ASH, 5.3 x IO' g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

U-238 - 1.7 

RA-226- 1.8 

PO-210- 2.4 

PB-210- NC 

TH-230- 1.1 

TH-232- 1.3 

" 

VENTURI 

SCRUBBER 

1 

WATER RATE, 16,380 1/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCI/hr) 

U-238 - 0.03 

RA-226- 0.003 

PO-210- 0.009 

PB-210- NC 

TH-230- <0.0006 

TH-232- 0.001 

riY ASH RATE, 7209 g/hr 

. RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

U-233 - 0.04 

RA-226- 0.08 

PO-210- 0.13 

PB-210- NC 

TH-230- 0.06 

TH-232- 0.02 

BOTTOM ASH, 7.3 x 105 g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCI/hr) 

U-238 - 1.2 

RA-226- 1.2 

PO-2100 0.5 

PB-210- NC 

TH-230- 1.8 

TH-232- 0.6 

CYCLONE ASH, 1.4 x 10* g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCI/hr) 

U-238 - 3.4 

RA-226- 3.2 

P0^210- 1.3 

PB-210- NC 

TH-230- 2.3 

TH-232- 2.6 

SCRUBBER ASH RATE, 5.3 x 10s g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

U-238 -

RA 

PO 

P6 

TH 

TH 

•226-

•210-

-210-

2J0-

232-

0.05 

1.3 

1.2 

NC 

0.15 

0.8 

Figure 4. Radionuclide and ash distribution summary, sit e M-15. 

_J 
P.42 

Results from analysis of the impinger contents at the mechanical 

collector inlet and scrubber outlet sampling locations are given below and 

indicate that little, if any, of the radionuclides exit to atmosphere in the 

vapor state. These results are discussed more fully in Section 9. 

Emission Rate, UCi/hr 

U-238 

Ra-226 

Po-210 

Pb-210 

Th-230 

Th-232 

Mechanical 

Collector 

Inlet 

ND 

ND 

ND 

NA 

0.02 

ND 

Scrubber 

Outlet 

ND 

ND 

ND 

NA 

0.01 

ND 

ND = Not detectable. 

NA = No analysis. 

33 
SECTION 6 

SITE M-33 

PLANT DESCRIPTION 

Site M-33 is Unit No. 2 at the Big grown Station in Fairfield, Texas, 

which is operated by Texas Utilities Company. 

Unit No. 2 generates 593 MW (gross) using a pulverized coal, dry bottom 

boiler burning Texas lignite with high ash and low sulfur content. 

Particulate matter is removed from the flue gas with a cold-side electrostatic 

precipitator (ESP) designed for 89+ percent removal efficiency. 

A diagram of the overall plant configuration, including location of 

sampling points, is provided in Figure 5. A summary of plant design 

characteristics is given in Table 14. 

SAMPLES COLLECTED 

The north and south ducts at the ESP inlet and the ESP outlet were 

sampled on May 28, 1981. The south inlet duct and the outlet were sampled 

with a Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS) while an Andersen High 

Capacity Sampling System (HCSS) was used at the north inlet duct. A minor 

operational problem was encountered with the SASS train at the south inlet 

duct; due to high negative pressure and grain loading there was difficulty in 

sampling at the proper flow rate (4.0 cfm). To ensure isokinetic sampling, 

the nozzle was changed and the flow rate lowered thus raising the cut sizes in 

the SASS cyclones. During the test period, Unit No. 2 operated at an average 

load of 553 MW (gross) and a coal feed rate of 433 short ton/hr. A composite 

sample of the incoming coal was collected during the test period. Analysis of 

this sample gave the following results: 

Moisture content, percent 20.6 

Ash content, percent 15.1 

Sulfur content, percent 0.6 

Heating value, Btu/lb 7,957 

Grab samples were taken at all incoming and outgoing streams and 

composited and fly ash sampling was conducted in both ESP inlet ducts and the 

outlet duct. The sampling performed at the ESP inlet allowed for an accurate 

estimation of the boiler bottom ash rate. Although samples were taken of the 

bottom ash sluice water, accurate data pertaining to the sluice water rate 

34 
COMBUSTION 

AIR 

I 

COAL 

t 

BOTTOM ASH 

ESP 

ADDITIVE 

BOILER 

pc-da 

AIR 

FLUE 

GAS 

AIR 

HEATER 

s 

® 

N 

* 

A SIDE 

B SIDE 

ESP 

A SIDE 

B SIDE 

I 

EXHAUST GAS 

ASH 

WATER 

ASH 

SLUICING 

SYSTEM 

BOTTOM ASH 

•*- AND WATER 

SAMPLING POINTS 

(A) SASS (5/28/81) 

(§) HCSS t5/28/8T) 

© SASS (5/28/81) 

Figure 5. Plant Flow Diagram - Site M-33. 
P.45. 

TABLE 14. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS, SITE M-33 

Boiler type 

Firing mode 

Age 

Manufacturer 

Coal type 

Design coal feed rate 

Electric generating capacity 

Particulate control 

Design efficiency 

Stack height 

Stack diameter 

Design temperature 

Stack velocity 

Air flow rate 

Base load 

Pulverized coal, dry bottom, tangentially-fired 

10 years 

Combustion Engineering 

Lignite 

530 ton/hr 

593 MW (gross) 

575 MW (net) 

Electrostatic precipitator 

98* percent 

400 ft 

24.25 to 21 ft 

350°F 

90 ft/sec 

2,200,000 acfra 

36 
were not available . As a means of estimating the bottom ash sluic e water 

rate , a balance was performed around the boile r on Th-230 and a water rate was 

determined using the reported Th-230 activitie s in the bottom ash stream. 

RESULTS 

Radionuclide balances were determined for each of the si x radionuclides 

based on activitie s reported by EPA's EERF. 

All data and results for Site M-33 are presented in Appendix C. The 

various measured and calculated values for mass flow rates, fly ash weights, 

sample volumes, etc . are shown in Table C-l. Values determined by 

calculation, such as bottom ash water sluic e rate , are indicated by an 

asterisk (*); al l other values are either directl y or indirectly determined by 

measurement. Tables C-2 and C-3 show the activit y values reported for the 

radionuclides for al l samples; Table C-2 shows the actual data obtained by 

EERF (i.e. , which samples were less than background or not counted) and 

Table C-3 shows the values used in the calculations. The individual 

radionuclide balances are shown in Table C-4 with results obtained by using 

activit y measurements without their corresponding error bands. Table C-5 

presents radionuclide data for the ESP inle t and the results of the Th-230 

balance around the boiler . Lastly, Table C-6 presents filte r and thimble 

(<1 ura) sample results corrected for blank radioactivity . The data presented 

in Appendix C are summarized in various tables and discussed in the following 

paragraphs. 

Extensive sampling enabled determination of al l ash stream mass flow 

rates with reasonable confidence in their accuracy. Ash flow rate s at the 

various points in the plant along with the associated percentage of the total 

ash input are shown in Table 15. The boile r bottom ash rate is significantl y 

higher than the theoretical value (20 percent of the ash input) that would be 

expected for a pulverized coal-fired boiler . Based on the inle t and outle t 

sampling, the efficienc y (for fly ash removal) for the ESP is about 97 percent. 

The distribution of the various radionuclides in the effluent ash streams 

is shown in Table 16. Coal accounts for essentiall y al l of the input for each 

radionuclide. Most of the radionuclides leave the plant in the boile r bottom 

ash stream. For radium and (especially ) lead, much more is shown leaving in 

the bottom ash than entering with the coal. Polonium shows the highest 

fractions in the ESP hopper ash and fly ash streams (97 and 2.9 percent of 

total output, respectively). 

The distribution of the various radionuclides in the stack fly ash is 

given in Table 17 as a function of particl e size . Most of the fly ash 

collected was >10 um (49 percent) and in the range of 3-10 um (36 percent). 

Except for polonium, most of the radioactivity was found in these fractions. 

Most of the polonium detected in the fly ash was found in the 1-3 pm range. 

As part of the overall balance analysis, percent closures were computed 

for each radionuclide; a summary of these results is presented in Table 18. 

The best results were obtained for thorium-230 (99 percent) while the poorest 

37 
TABLE 15. DISTRIBUTION OF ASH PARTICULATE, SITE M-33 

Mass flow rate, g/hr 

Ash stream (percent of total input) 

Input from coal 5.9 x 107 

Bottom ash 3.9 x 107 

(66) 

ESP inlet ash 2.0 x 107 

(34) 

ESP hopper ash 1.9 x 107 

(32.8) 

Fly ash 5.7 x 105 

(1.0) 

38 
TABLE 16 . DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN ASH, SITE M-33 

Radionuclide 

input from 

coal, yCi/hr 

(percent of 

Radionuclide tota l input) 

Radionuclide distributio n in ash, 

uCi/hr (percent of tota l output) 

Bottom Ash 

Ash removed Ash released 

by ESP to atmosphere 

Uranium-238 

Radium-226 

Polonium-210 

Lead-210 

Thorium-230 

Thorium-232 

440 

(100) 

440 

(100) 

440 

(100) 

440 

(100) 

393 

(100) 

283 

(100) 

294 

(81) 

585 

(88) 

0 

(0) 

1,054 

(90) 

328 

(84) 

221 

(84) 

68 

(19) 

78 

(12) 

131 

(97) 

108 

(9.3) 

61 

(16) 

41 

(16) 

2.4 

(0.7) 

2.3 

(0.4) 

3.9 

(2.9) 

5.2 

(0.4) 

2.1 

(0.5) 

1.4 

(0.5) 

39 
o 

TABLE 17. DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN STACK FLY ASH, SITE M-33 

Stack fly ash 

Radionuclide emission rate, uCi/hr (percent of total emission) 

Percent 

Size Weight, of total 

fraction, (um) (mg) weight U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

>10 3,224 49 

3-10 2,400 36 

1-3 869 13 

<1 130 2 

Total 6,622 

Percent of total plant 

radionuclide output 

0.7 

(32) 

0.9 

(40) 

0.5 

(21) 

0.2 

(7.4) 

2.4 

(0.7) 

1.2 

(51) 

0.8 

(34) 

0.3 

(12) 

0.09 

(3.7) 

2.3 

(0.4) 

0.03 

(0.9) 

1.1 

(27) 

1.7 

(43) 

1.1 

(29) 

3.9 

(2.9) 

2.3 

(44) 

2.2 

(43) 

0.7 

(13) 

0 

(0) 

5.2 

(0.4) 

0.9 

(45) 

0.7 

(36) 

0.3 

(13) 

0.1 

(5.6) 

2.1 

(0.5) 

0.6 

(42) 

0.5 

(37) 

0.2 

(14) 

0.1 

(7.0 ) 

1.4 

(0.5 ) 
P.50 

results were obtained for lead (265 percent) and radium (150 percent). The 

primary reason for the high closures on lead and radium were the high 

acttiwitti.es which were reported for the bottom ash stream. Percent closures 

for tt&e ©tther three radionuclides were 83, 31, and 93 percent for uranium, 

polomininn, and thorium-232, respectively . Closure data presented in 

Appemdlix C, Table C-4, are for results using actual activit y measurements 

witt&uwnt the error data. 

TABLE 18. CLOSURE DATA FOR RADIONUCLIDE BALANCES, SITE M-33 

Percent closure—(pCi/hr out-s-pCi/hr in)x(100) 

Kadionuclide balance U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

1 . Measured activitie s used 82.8 151 30.6 265 99.4 93.2 

without 2-sigma error 

value s 

2 . Measured activitie s used 92.9 145 32.4 431 111.4 106.5 

with maximum positive 

2-sigma error 

3 . Measured activitie s used 70.3 158 28.4 60.7 85.6 77.7 

with Maximum negative 

2-sigpa error 

An overall summary of the fate of each of the radionuclides is presented 

in Figure 6. In general, closures around the ESP were quite good although 

soae polonium is unaccounted for. Closures around the boile r are rather poor 

and i t would appear that levels reported in the bottom ash are probably the 

most inaccurate. 

Enrichment factors determined from the reported data are as follows: 

U-238 

Ra-226 

Po-210 

Pb-210 

Th-230 

Th-232 

0.6 

0.6 

0.9 

1.2 

0.5 

0.5 

41 
COAL, 3-9 x 10° g/h 

ASH, 5-9 x 10' g/hr 

8 g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

U-238 - IxIxO 

RA-226 - 440 

PO-210 - 440 

PB-210 - 440 

TH-230 - 393 

TH-232 - 283 

BOILER 

ASH, 2.0 x 10' g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

U-238 

RA-226 

PO-210 

PB-210 

TH-230 

TH-232 

66 

71 

85 

106 

65 

44 

ELECTROSTATIC 

PRECIPITATOR 

FLY ASH, 5.7 x 10^ g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCu/hr) 

U-238 - 2.4 

RA-226 - 2.3 

PO-210 - 3.9 

PB-210 - 5.2 

TH-230 - 2.1 

TH-232 - 1.<» 

BOTTOM ASH, 3-9 x 10' g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

U-238 -

RA-226 -

PO-210 -

PB-210 -

TH-230 -

TH-232 -

' 294 

585 

0 

1,054 

328 

221 

ESP ASH, 1.9 

RADIONUCLIDES 

U-238 -

RA-226 -

PO-210 -

PB-210 -

TH-230 -

TH-232 -

x 10' g/hr 

(wCI/hr) 

68 

78 

131 

108 

61 

41 

Figure 6. Radionuclide and Ash Distribution Summary, Site M-33, 
P.52 

Results from analysis of the impinger contents at the ESP inlet and 

outle t sampling locations are given below and indicate that little , if any, of 

the radionuclides exit to atmosphere in the vapor state . These results are 

discussed more fully in Section 9. 

Emission Rate, Ci/hr 

U-238 

Ra-226 

Po-210 

Pb-210 

Th-230 

Th-232 

ESP 

Inle t 

0 . 1 

ND 

0 . 3 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ESP 

Outlet 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND = Not detectable. 

43 
SECTIOK ? 

SITE M-34: 

PLANT DESCRIPTION 

Site M-34 is Unit No. 3 at Monticello Generating Station in Mt. Pleasant, 

Texas, which is operated by Texas Utilities Company. 

Unit No. 3 generates 800 MW (gross) using a Babcock and Wilcox, 

tangentially-fired, pulverized coal, dry-bottom boiler burning Texas lignite 

with high ash and low sulfur content. Flue gas cleaning is accomplished with 

an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and a wet limestone scrubber. Flue gas 

exiting the boiler passes through an air heater before entering the ESP 

through two ducts. Tne gas stream exits the ESP through four ducts and enters 

the limestone scrubber before discharging through one duct to the stack. 

A schematic diagram of the plant configuration, including location of 

sampling points, is provided in Figure 7. A summary of plant design 

characteristics is given in Table 19. 

SAMPLES COLLECTED 

Sampling was conducted in the outlet duct to the stack and in one of the 

four scrubber inlet ducts on June 4, 1981. A Source Assessment Sampling 

System (SASS) followed by an Andersen High Capacity Sampling System (HCSS) 

were used at the scrubber inlet duct while a SASS train followed by a Method 5 

train were used at the scrubber outlet. A great deal of difficulty was 

encountered while sampling at this site. The requirement that GCA personnel 

be eff the site by 6 p.m., frequent thunderstorms, losses of power, and 

equipment problems all adversely affected the overall sampling program. At 

the scrubber inlet, problems with the dry gas meter were encountered and the 

SASS run was terminated and continued with the Andersen HCSS. Loss of 

electrical power at the 300-ft level of the-stack also forced a termination of 

the outlet SASS run necessitating completion with the Method 5 train. 

Consequently, the required sample volumes were not collected at either 

location. Unit No. 3 operated at an average load of 722 MW (gross) and a coal 

feed rate of 646 short ton/hr during the test period. 

A composite sample of the incoming coal was collected during the test 

period. Analysis of this sample gave the following results: 

44 
COAL. 

BOILER 

p"c-da 

BOTTOM 

ASH 

COMBUSTION 

AIR 

-mt- AIR 

FLUE GAS. 

-*^ 

1 

AIR 

HEATER ESP 

LIMESTONE 

WATER 

t 

ESP ASH 

& 

1 

WET 

LIMESTONE 

SCRUBBER 

SPENT 

SLUDGE 

EXHAUST 

GAS 

Figure 7. Plant Flow Diagram - Site M-34. 

SAMPLING POINTS 

( A ) SASS FOLLOWED BY HCSS (6/4/81) 

( ?) SASS and Method 5 (6/4/81) 
P.55 

TABLE 19. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS, SITE M-34 

Boiler type 

Firing mode 

Age 

Manufacturer 

Coal type 

Design coal feed rate 

Excess air 

Electric generating capacity 

Particulate control 

Design efficiency 

Flue gas desulfurization system 

Design efficiency 

Recirculation rate 

Make up rate 

Discharge rate 

Reactant concentration 

Stack height 

Stack diameter 

Temperature 

Velocity 

Air flow rate 

Base Load 

Pulverized coal, dry bottom, tangentiallyfired 

1978 

Babcock and Wilcox 

Texas lignite 

716 ton/hr 

3 percent 

800 MW (gross) 

750 MW (net) 

Cold side ESP 

Unknown 

wet limestone 

74 percent 

16,000 gpm/pump, 12 pumps 

5,585 gpm total slurry 

5,585 gpm total slurry 

8 percent 

600 ft 

28 ft, 5" to 25 ft 

215°F 

88 ft/sec 

3.3 x 106 acfm 

46 
Moisture content, percent 21.1 

Ash content, percent 23.1 

Sulfur content, percent 0.49 

Beating value , Btu/lb 6,738 

Grab samples were taken and composited a t al l incoming and outgoing 

with the exception of the ESP hopper ash stream. (In the absence of 

radionuclid e data for the ESP hopper ash stream, activitie s reported for the 

GPS ash from Sit e M-33 were used since the plant configurations up to the ESP, 

tine boile r type , and the fuel burned ar e al l similar). Since no sampling was 

performed a t the ESP inlet , the boile r bottom ash rate , the ESP ash inle t 

ratte , and the ESP hopper ash rat e were al l estimated by assuming th e bottom 

asln rat e was 20 percent of tota l ash input. In addition , sinc e only one of 

Sour scrubber inle t ducts was sampled, the tota l -fly ash rat e a t the scrubber 

imle t was estimated by multiplying the ash rat e measured in the sampled duct 

by tb e rati o of tota l flow in the outle t duct to tota l flow in the sampled 

imle t duct. No information was availabl e from the plant to aid in furthe r 

definin g any of thes e fly ash streams. 

RESULTS 

Mass balance s were determined for each of th e si x radionuclide s based on 

activitie s reporte d by EPA's EERF. 

All dat a and results for Sit e M-34 ar e presented in Appendix D. The 

variou s measured and calculate d values for mass flow rates, fly ash weights, 

sample volumes, etc . ar e shown in Table D-l. Values determined by calculatio n 

a r e indicate d by an asterisk(*) ; al l othe r value s ar e eithe r directl y or 

indirectl y determined by measurement. Tables D-2 and D-3 show the activit y 

Measurements reporte d by the EPA laboratory (i.e. , which samples were less 

tban background or not counted) and the value s used in the calculations, 

respectively . Individua l radionuclid e balanc e results ar e shown in Table D-4 

whil e Table D-5 presents radionuclide data for the scrubber inlet . Finally , 

Table D-6 presents filte r and thimble (<1 pm) sample results correcte d for 

blank radioactivity . The data presented in Appendix D ar e summarized in 

variou s table s and discussed in the following paragraphs. 

Dae to the lack of sampling in al l collecto r inle t ducts and the 

aforementioned sampling problems encountered, the results obtained ar e less 

accurat e than thos e for the first thre e site s discussed (M-l, M-15, and 

M-33). Ash flow rate s a t the various points in the plant along with the 

associate d percentage of th e tota l ash input ar e shown in Table 20. Based on 

the sampling conducted and the various assumptions made, the fly ash removal 

efficienc y for the ESP is 99.9 percent whil e tha t for the scrubber is 

74 percent. 

47 
TABLE 20. DISTRIBUTION OF ASH PARTICULATE, SITE M-34 

Mass flow rate, g/hr 

Ash stream (percent of total input) 

Input from coal 1.4 x 108 

Bottom ash 2.7 x 107 

(20) 

ESP inle t ash 1.084 x 108 

(80) 

ESP hopper ash 1.083 x 108 

(79.9) 

Scrubber inle t ash 1.1 x 10^ 

(0.01) 

Scrubber ash 8.1 x 10^ 

(0.06) 

Fly ash 2.8 x 10* 

(0.02) 

48 
The distribution of the various radionuclides in the effluent ash streams 

is shown in Table 21. Coal accounts for essentiall y al l of the input for each 

radionuclide with a minor amount being contributed by the limestone added to 

the scrubber. Most of the radionuclides leave the plant in the ESP and bottom 

ash streams while very minor amounts are removed by the scrubber or released 

to the atmosphere. 

The distribution of the various radionuclides in the stack fly ash is 

given in Table 22 as a function of particl e size . Because of the noted stack 

sampling problems, low sample volumes and correspondingly low fly ash weights 

were collected . Accordingly, the radionuclide emissions were quite small. 

Emissions of lead and radium were the highest of the si x radionuclides. 

As part of the overall balance analysis, percent closures were computed 

for each radionuclide; a summary of these results is presented in Table 23. 

The closure percentages obtained were generally poor; for polonium and lead 

about three-fourths of the material was accounted for while for the remaining 

radionuclides, only about one-half was detected in the effluent streams. 

Closure data presented in Appendix D, Table D-4 are for results obtained by 

using activit y measurements without their corresponding error bands. 

An overall summary of the fate of each radionuclide is presented in 

Figure 8. Since no ESP inle t data were available , the rates indicated at the 

boile r outle t were determined by difference . Due to the fact that 

radionuclides were not counted in the ESP hopper ash, activitie s for the ESP 

ash were assumed to be the same as those for Site M-33. Since most of the 

radionuclides are unaccounted for around the ESP, i t is likel y that actual ESP 

hopper ash activitie s are higher than indicated. A balance around the 

scrubber also indicate s poor closure and is possibly attributed to the fact 

that only one of four inle t ducts was sampled. Although tota l air flow and 

fly ash rate for the scrubber inle t were estimated in proportion to the tota l 

flow measured in the outle t and inle t ducts, i t is likel y that the flow of ash 

(and hence, radionuclides) through the four inle t ducts is significantl y 

different. Thus, the estimated efficiencie s for both particulat e collector s 

are probably inaccurate. 

Enrichment factors determined for each of the radionuclides are as 

follows: 

U-238 

Ra-226 

Po-210 

Pb-210 

Th-230 

Th-232 

1.2 

2.5 

2.5 

22 

1.1 

1.5 

49 
TABLE 21. DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN ASH, SITE M-34 

O 

Radionuclide 

Uranium-238 

Radium-226 

Polonium-210 

Lead-210 

Thorium-230 

Thorium-232 

Radionuclide 

Input from 

coal, uCi/hr 

(percent of 

total input) 

974 

(99.6) 

974 

(99.6) 

974 

(99.6) 

974 

(99.6) 

933 

(99.6) 

651 

(99.9) 

Bottom 

ash 

73 

(16) 

100 

(19) 

0 

(0) 

124 

(17) 

69 

(17) 

54 

(19) 

Radionuclide distribution in 

MCi/hr (percent of total out 

Ash removed 

by ESP 

381 

(84) 

433 

(81) 

729 

(100) 

602 

(83) 

339 

(83) 

230 

(81) 

Ash removed 

by scrubber 

0.08 

(0.02) 

0.08 

(0.01) 

0 

(0) 

0 

(0) 

0.06 

(0.01) 

0.005 

(0) 

ash, 

put) 

Ash 

to 

released 

atmosphere 

0.2 

(0.05) 

0.5 

(0.1) 

0.5 

(0.07) 

4.3 

(0.6) 

0.2 

(0.05) 

0.2 

(0.07) 
TABLE 22. DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN STACK FLY ASH, SITE M-34 

Stack fly ash 

Radionuclide emission rate, uCi/hr (percent of total emission) 

Percent 

Size Weight, of total 

fraction, (um) (mg) weight U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

UI 

>10 

3-10 

1-3 

<1 

40 

72 

42 

26 

22 

40 

23 

15 

0.01 

(5.5) 

0.05 

(20) 

0.05 

(19) 

0.1 

(56) 

0.1 

(21) 

0.1 

(24) 

0.1 

(20) 

0.18 

(35) 

0.03 

(6.7) 

0 

(0) 

0 

(0) 

0.5 

(93) 

1.4 

(33) 

1.8 

(43) 

1.0 

(24) 

0 

(0) 

0.02 

(11) 

0.05 

(24) 

0.02 

(10) 

0.1 

(56) 

0.004 

(2.1) 

0.02 

(11) 

0.02 

(10) 

0.15 

(77) 

Total 180 0.2 0.5 0.5 4.3 0.2 0.2 

Percent of total plant 

radionuclide output (0.05) (0.1) (0.07) (0.6) (0.05) (0.07) 
P.61 

TABLE 23. CLOSURE DATA FOR RADIONUCLIDE BALANCES, SITE M-34 

Percent closure—(pCi/hr out+pCi/hr in)x(100) 

Radionuclide balance U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

1- Measured activities used 46.5 54.6 74.6 74.7 43.6 43.7 

vithout 2-sigma error 

values 

2. Measured activities used 46.9 50.5 78.9 86.3 43.5 43.6 

with maximum positive 

2—sigraa error 

3. Measured activities used 46.0 59.7 69.3 60.5 43.7 43.8 

with maximum negative 

2-sigma error 

52 
ESP IMLET ASH, 1.08 * x 10° g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES faCI/hr) 

(ESTIMATED - 6V DlFfERENCE) 

U-238 - 501 

RA-226 - 87 * 

PO-210 - 97 * 

PB-210 - 850 

TH-230 - 86* 

TH-232 - 597 

SCRUBBER 

INLET ASH, 1.1 x IO 5 g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (pCI/hr) 

U-238 -

RA-226 -

PO-210 -

PB-210 -

TH-2J0 -

TH-232 -

5.8 

28 

31 

** 6 

3.8 

WATER, 1.1 x 10s 1/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCI/hr) 

U-238 - 0.0 2 

RA-226 - 0.0 2 

PO-210 - 0 

PB-210 - 0 

TH-230 - 0.01 

TH-232 - 0.005 

LIMESTONE, 6. 8 x 10 g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCI/hr) 

1*> 

COAL, 5. 9 x 10° g/hr 

ASH, 1. * x IO 8 g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCI/hr) 

U-238 - 97 * 

RA-226 - 97 * 

PO-210 - J7 * 

PB-210 - 97 * 

TH-230 - 933 

TH-232 - 651 

FLY ASH, 2.8 x 10 g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCI/hr) 

U-238 - 0.2 

RA-226 - 0.5 

PO-210 - 0.5 

PB-210 - *.3 

TH-230 - 0.2 

TH-232 - 0.2 

BOTTOM ASH, 2.7 

RADIONUCLIDES 

U-238 -

RA-226 -

PO-210 -

PB-210 -

TH-230 -

TH-232 -

x 10' g/1 

(uCI/hr) 

73 

too 

0 

12* 

69 

5* 

ESP ASN, 1.083 x 10s g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCI/hr) 

U-2J8 - 381 

RA-226 - *3f 

PO-210 - 72: 

PB-210 - 60: 

TH-230 - 33! 

TH-232 - 231 

SCRUBBER ASN, 8.1 x 10' g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (llCI/hr) 

U-238 - 0.08 

RA-226 - 0.08 

PO-210 - 0 

PB-210 - 0 

TH-230 - 0.06 

TH-232 - 0.005 

Figure 8. Radionuclide and Ash Distribution Summary, Site M-34. 
P.63 

Results from analysis of the impinger contents at the scrubber inle t and 

outle t sampling locations are given below and indicate that little , if any, of 

the radionuclides exit to atmosphere in the vapor state . These results are 

discussed more fully in Section 9. 

Emission Rate, uCi/hr 

U-238 

Ra-226 

Po-210 

Pb-210 

Th-230 

Th-232 

Scrubber 

Inlet 

ND 

ND 

0.4 

ND 

ND 

ND 

Scrubber 

Outlet 

9a 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND = Not detectable . 

aValue for U-238 in scrubber 

outle t is-most likel y erroneous. 

54 
P.64 

SECTION 8 

SITE M-99 

PLANT DESCRIPTION 

Site M-99 is Unit Ito. 2 at the R. M. Heskett Station in Mandan, North 

Dakota, which is operated by Montana and Dakota Utilities Company. 

Unit No. 2 generates 75 MW (gross) using a traveling grate, stoker-fired 

boiler burning North Dakota lignite with medium ash and medium sulfur 

content. Particulate control consists of a mechanical collector followed by 

an electrostatic precipitator. 

A diagram of the overall plant configuration, including location of 

sampling points, is provided in Figure 9. A summary of plant design 

characteristics is given in Table 24. 

SAMPLES COLLECTED 

Sampling was performed at the inlet and outlet of the ESP on May 4, 1981. 

Sampling was conducted in the west inlet duct and outlet duct using the Source 

Assessment Sampling System (SASS) and in the east inlet duct using the 

Andersen High Capacity Sampling System (HCSS). Unit No. 2 operated at an 

average load of 62 MW (gross) and a coal feed rate of 48.6 short ton/hr during 

the sampling period. 

A composite sample of the incoming coal was collected during the test 

period. Analysis of this sample gave the following results: 

Moisture content, percent 27.2 

4a. 

Ash'content, percent 9.03 

Sulfur content, percent 1.04 

Heating value, Btu/lb 7,480 

Grab samples were taken at all incoming and outgoing streams and 

composited and these and all fly ash samples were sent to the EPA Laboratory 

in Las Vegas for radionuclide analysis. Since no sampling was performed at 

the mechanical collector inlet, the boiler bottom ash rate was taken to be 

60 percent of total ash input (as suggested by plant personnel). 

55 
XJX 

Ov 

I 

COAL *-

BOILER 

(T.G. 

STOKER) 

I 

BOTTOM 

ASH 

COMBUSTION AIR 

MECHANICAL 

COLLECTOR 

T 

AIR 

HEATER 

ASH 

T 

AIR 

EXHAUST GAS 

(D a 

® 

ESP 

ASH 

SAMPLING POINTS 

® HCSS (5A/81) 

(S) SASS (5A/81) 

© SASS (5/V81) 

Figure 9. Plant Flow Diagram - Site M-99. 
P.66 

TABLE 24. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS, SITE M-99 

Boiler type 

Firing mode 

Age 

Manufacturer 

Coal type 

Design coal feed rate 

NA 

Traveling grate stoker 

NA 

NA 

Lignite 

58.5 ton/hr 

Electric generating capacity 75 mw (gross) 

70 mw (net) 

Particulate control 

Design efficiency 

Mechanical collector and ESP 

MC - NA; ESP - 98.5 percent 

Stack height 

Stack diameter 

Temperature 

Stack velocity 

Air flow rate 

• • • — ill • — w~-m — P • • i —»—-•••"*•• ' 

NA = Data not available. 

300 ft. 

13.5 ft. 

320°F 

42 ft/sec 

360,260 acfm 

57 
ttES©05 

Radionuclide balances were determined around the plant for each of the 

radionuclides except lead. The Las Vegas laboratory does not have the 

capability for Pb-210 analysis and, therefore, no values were reported for any 

©f ttflse samples. 

M l data and results for Site M-99 are presented in Appendix E. The 

various measured and calculated values for mass flow rates, fly ash weights, 

sample volumes, etc. are shown in Table E-l. Values determined by calculation 

(bottom ash rate, cyclone inlet ash rate and hopper discharge rate, and 

cyclone efficiency) are indicated by an asterisk (*); all other values are 

either directly or indirectly determined by measurement. Tables E-2 and E-3 

show the activity values as reported by the EPA laboratory (i.e., which 

samples were less than background or not counted) and as used in the 

calculations, respectively. Table E-4 shows the individual radionuclide 

balance results while Table E-5 shows radionuclide rates as measured at the 

ESP inlet. Finally, Table E-6 presents filter and thimble (<1 pm) sample 

results corrected for blank radioactivity. The data presented in Appendix E 

arc summarized in various tables and discussed in the following paragraphs. 

Ash flow rates at the various points in the plant along with the 

associated percentage of the total ash input are shown in Table 25. As stated 

earlier, the boiler bottom ash rate was estimated at 60 percent of total ash 

input to allow for determination of cyclone inlet and cyclone hopper ash 

rates. Based on this assumption and the sampling conducted at the ESP inlet 

aad outlet, the efficiency (for fly ash removal) for the mechanical collector 

is about 71 percent while that for the ESP is about 96 percent. 

The distribution of the various radionuclides in the effluent ash streams 

and the percentage of total input or output is shown in Table 26. Coal is the 

only source of incoming material for each of the radionuclides. Most of the 

radionuclides are removed in the boiler bottom ash and ash removed by the 

cyclone, although most of the polonium was found in the ash discharged into 

the ESP hopper. Polonium also shows the highest fraction of any radionuclide 

in the fly ash released to atmosphere (5.2 percent). Most of the radium found 

in the output was detected in the cyclone: hopper ash. 

The distribution of the various radionuclides in the stack fly ash is 

given in Table 27 as a function of particle size. Except for polonium (most 

of which was found in the >10 pm fraction) most of each of the radionuclides 

wes found in the <1 ym particle size fraction- even though this fraction 

accounted for only 17 percent of the total fly ash collected. All 

radionuclides are emitted at rates less than 1 uCi/hr. 

Percent closures computed for each radionuclide as part of the overall 

analysis are shown in Table 28. In general, the closure results are poor due 

to the highly variable results reported for coal activities. Whereas secular 

equilibrium would normally be assumed for all of the radionuclides except 

Th-232, the activities measured by the Las Vegas laboratory for the coal sample 

ranged from 0.25 to 1.5 pCi/g. The best closure was obtained for uranium 

(46 percent) while the worst results were found for thorium-230 (~13 percent). 

58 
P.68 

TABLE 25. DISTRIBUTION OF ASH PARTICULATE, SITE M-99 

Mass flow rate, g/hr 

Ash stream (percent of total input) 

Input from coa 1 4.0 x 106 

Bottom ash 2.4 x 10& 

(60) 

Cyclone in let ash 1.6 x 10& 

(40) 

Cyclone hopper ash 1.1 x 10^ 

(28) 

ESP inlet ash 4.5 x 103 

(12) 

ESP hopper ash 4.3 x 105 

(11) 

Fly ash 0.2 x 105 

(1.0) 

59 
TABLE 26. DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN ASH, SITE M-99 

o» 

o 

Radionuclide 

Uranium-238 

Radium-226 

Polonium-210 

Lead-210 

Thorium-230 

Thorium-232 

Radionuclide 

input from 

coal, yCi/hr 

(percent of 

total input) 

15 

(100) 

11 

(100) 

34 

(100) 

Not counted in 

65 

(100) 

18 

(100) 

Bottom 

ash 

3.1 

(46) 

Not 

counted 

2.1 

(21) 

any samples 

4.8 

(55) 

1.6 

(40) 

Radionuclide distribution 

UCi/hr (percent of total 

Ash removed 

by cyclone 

3.0 

(43) 

3.6 

(84) 

1.4 

(14) 

3.1 

(36) 

2.0 

(49) 

Ash removed 

by ESP 

0.8 

(11) 

0.7 

(15) 

6.0 

(60) 

0.8 

(8.9) 

0.4 

(10) 

in ash, 

output) 

Fly 

to 

ash released 

atmosphere 

0.01 

(0.2) 

0.02 

(0.6) 

0.5 

(5.2) 

0.01 

(0.2) 

0.01 

(0.3) 
TABLE 27. DISTRIBUTION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN STACK FLY ASH, SITE M-99 

Stack fly ash 

Radionuclide emission rate, uCi/hr (percent of total emission) 

Percent 

Size Weight, of total 

fraction, (pm) (mg) weight U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

>10 

3-10 

1-3 

<1 

1,447 

441 

312 

450 

55 

17 

12 

17 

0.003 

(21) 

0.0007 

(5.7) 

0.0007 

(5.3) 

0.008 

(68) 

0.009 

(38) 

0.002 

(7.9) 

0.003 

(12) 

0.01 

(41) 

0.3 

(54) 

0.09 

(18) 

0.06 

(12) 

0.08 

(16) 

0.002 

(15) 

0.001 

(11) 

0.001 

(8.6) 

0.008 

(66) 

0.002 

(18) 

0.0006 

(5.2) 

0.0004 

(3.8) 

0.008 

(73) 

Total 2,650 0.01 0.02 0.5 0.01 0.01 

Percent of total plant 

radionuclide output (0.2) (0.6) (5.2) (0.2) (0.3) 
P.71 

TABLE 28. CLOSURE DATA FOR RADIONUCLIDE BALANCES, SITE M-99 

Percent closure—(pCi/hr out -V pCi/hr in)x(100) 

Radionuclide balance U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

1. Measured activities used 45.6 39.3 28.9 — 13.2 22.5 

without 2-sigma error 

values 

2. Measured activities used 45.6 39.4 29.2 — 13.1 22.6 

with maximum positive 

2-sigma error 

3. Measured activities used 45.5 39.2 28.7 — 13.2 22.5 

with maximum negative 

2-sigma error 

62 
P.72 

An overall summary of the fate of each of the radionuclides is presented 

in Figure 10. In general, good closures are shown around the ESP, thus, 

indicating that the particulate sampling and radionuclide analysis was 

accurate. Much of the material is unaccounted for in the cyclone catch 

possibly due to the fact that the cyclone inlet data was determined by 

difference. Based on the good closures around the ESP, it is believed that 

the poor overall closures are due to the excessively high values reported for 

coal activity. 

Enrichment factors computed for each radionuclide are as follows: 

U-238 - 0.2 

Ra-226 - 0.4 

Po-210 - 3.0 

Th-230 - 0.04 

Th-232 - 0.1 

Results from analysis of the impinger contents at the ESP inlet and 

outlet sampling locations are given below and indicate that little, if any, of 

the radionuclides exit to atmosphere in the vapor state. These results are 

discussed more fully in Section 9. 

Emission Rate, PCi/hr 

U-238 

Ra-226 

Po-210 

Pb-210 

Th-230 

Th-232 

ESP 

Inlet 

0.03 

0.02 

<0.06 

NA 

0.004 

0.008 

ESP 

Outlet 

ND 

ND 

ND 

NA 

ND 

ND 

ND = Not detectable. 

NA = No analysis. 

63 
CYCLONE INLET ASH, 1.6 x 10 g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

(ESTIMATED BY DIFFERENCE) 

ESP INLET ASH, 4.5 x 10' g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

U-2J8 

RA-226 

PO-210 

PB-210 

TH-230 

TH-232 

32 

NC 

60 

16 

COAL, *.* x IO7 g/hr 

ASH, *.0 x 10° g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

o> 

U-238 - 15 

RA-226 - 11 

PO-210 - 3* 

P8-210 - NC 

TH-230 - 65 

TH-232 - <I8 

URAPOPB238 -

226 -

210 -

210 -

TH-230 -

RH- 232 " 

•0.5 

0.8 

4.5 

NC 

0.6 

0.5 

CYCLONE 

• 

ESP 

" 

BOTTOM ASH. 2.'I x 10° g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

U-238 - 3.1 

RA-226 - NC 

PO-210 - <2.1 

PB-210 - NC 

TH-230 - *. 8 

TH-232 - 1.6 

CYCLONE ASH, l. l x 10 g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

U-238 - 3.0 

RA-226 - 3.6 

PO-210 - 1.4 

PB-210 - NC 

TH-230 - 3.1 

TH-232 - 2.0 

ESP ASH, 4.3 x IO5 g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (uCi/hr) 

U-238 - 0.8 

RA-226 - 0.7 

PO-210 - 6. 0 

PB-210 - NC 

TH-230 - 0.8 

TH-232 - 0.4 

FtY ASH, 0.2 x 10 ' g/hr 

RADIONUCLIDES (pCi/hr) 

U-238 -

RA-226 -

. PO-210 -

PB-210 -

TM-230 -

TH-232 -

<0.OI 

0.02 

0.5 

NC 

<0.0I 

<0.0I 

Figure 10. Radionuclide and Ash Distribution Summary, Sit e M-99. 

^i 
P.74 

'Vrt' A -;«•',-» 

SECTION 9 

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 

The results of this sampling program have provided documentation of 

levels of radionuclide emissions to ai r from five coal-fired utilit y boilers. 

In general, stack emissions of the si x radionuclides for which detailed 

assessments have been made (U-238, Ra-226, Po-210, Pb-210, Th-230, and Th-232) 

were small compared to the tota l input from the coal. On a weight basis, 

these emissions tended to be concentrated in the fine particl e fraction 

(<1 pm) when compared to the weight of fly ash collected in that siz e range. 

Those radionuclides most exemplary of this phenomenon were uranium, polonium, 

and thorium-232 as noted below: 

Sit e Radionuclides Concentrated in Fine Ash 

M-l U-238, Po-210, Th-232 

M-15 U-238, Po-210, Th-232 

M-33 All (especially Po-210) 

M-34 All (except Pb-210-not measured) 

M-99 All (except Po-210) 

The majority of the incoming ash and radionuclides were detected in the hopper 

ash of the first particulat e control device following the boiler . 

Radionuclide emissions expressed as a percentage of tota l input from the 

coal are shown in Table 29. With three exceptions, emissions are less than 

3 percent of coal input. The exceptions are Po-210 (24 percent) and Pb-210 

(8.3 percent) for Site M-l and U-238 (6.5 percent) for Site M-15. With the 

exception of Site M-15, polonium represents a higher stack emission fraction 

than any of the other radionuclides. This is probably attributabl e to 

polonium's volatilit y although the exact mechanisms involved are unknown. 

Annual emissions were estimated for each facilit y based on the hourly 

emission results and the assumption that the plant operates 5,694 hr/yr 

(65 percent load factor). These data are shown in Table 30 and indicate that 

Sit e M-l would have the highest emissions of each of the radionuclides. This 

is supported by the fact that this plant burns the highest ash coal 

(24 percent) and had one of the lowest overall particulat e removal 

efficiencie s (98 percent). The only particulat e control device at Site M-l 

was a venturi scrubber (usually inefficient for collection of fine-siz e 

particles) and 80 percent of measured stack emissions were less than 1 pm. 

These factors coupled with the tendency of the radionuclides to condense on 

fine-siz e ash particle s resulted in relativel y high emissions for 

65 
TABLE 29. RADIONUCLIDE STACK EMISSIONS FOR ALL PLANTS AS A FUNCTION OF COAL INPUT 

Overall 

particulate 

control Stack emissions expressed as percent of radionuclide Input from coal 

o> 

a. 

Plant 

M-l 

M-15 

M-33 

M-34 

M-99 

errici ency 

(percent) 

97.99 

99.54 

97.16 

99.97 

98.75 

U-238 

2.9 

6.5 

0.5 

<0.1 

<0.1 

Ra-226 

1.5 

1.3 

0.5 

<0.1 

0.2 

Po-210 

24 

1.6 

0.9 

<0.1 

1.5 

Pb-210 

8.3 

NC 

1.2 

0.4 

NC 

Th-230 

0.5 

1.0 

0.5 

<0,1 

<0.1 

Th-232 

1.8 

0.4 

0.5 

<0.1 

<0.1 
TABLE 30. SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED ANNUAL RADIONUCLIDE STACK EMISSION RATES FOR FIVE PLANTS 

Radionuclide emission rate, mCi/yra 

Coal feed Particulate (Enrichment Factor)0 

rate, control device0 

Facility (short ton/hr) (collection efficiency) U-238 RA-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

M-l 

M-15 

M-33 

M-34 

M-99 

340 

34 

433 

646 

49 

V S— 

M C — 

V S— 

ESPESPV S— 

M C — 

ESP-

(98.0) 

(67.0) 

(98.6) 

-(97.2) 

-(99.9) 

(74.4) 

(71.5) 

"(95.6) 

120 

(3.9) 

2.3 

(2.4) 

14 

(0.6) 

1.3 

(1.2) 

0.06 

(0.2) 

63 

(2.0) 

0.5 

(5.2) 

13 

(0.6) 

2.9 

(2.5) 

0.1 

(0.4) 

996 

(32.4) 

0.6 

(8.6) 

22 

(0.9) 

2.9 

(2.5) 

2.8 

(3.0) 

342 

(11.2) 

NC 

30 

(1.2) 

24 

(22) 

NC 

17 

(0.6) 

0.3 

(3.7) 

12 

(0.5) 

1.2 

(1.1) 

0.06 

(0.04) 

8.5 

(2.4) 

0.1 

(1.7) 

8 

(0.5) 

1.1 

(1.5) 

0.06 

(0.1) 

aCalculated by assuming the plant operates 5,694 hr/yr (65 percent load factor). 

DVS • venturi scrubber; MC = mechanical collector; ESP • electrostatic precipitator. 

cEnrichment factor » pCi/g in fly ash + pCi/g In coal ash. 

^i 
Sit e M-l. Site M-l was also the oaly/ gSan\e: sampled which used a cyclone-fired 

boiler , although i t is unknown what impact, tfciis, would have on radionuclide 

emissions. 

At a load factor of 65 percent, tfr.e; second-highest annual radionuclide 

emissions would occur at Site M-33 wfeichi had! ehe lowest overall particulat e 

control efficiency (97 percent). ffaweweff,, om a percentage basis these 

emissions were generally less than 1 percastt of tota l input from the coal . 

Emissions at this plant vould probably have been higher were it not for the 

fact that emissions less than 1 at represented! only 2 percent of tota l stack 

emissions (the lowest of any or the fiv e s,ites). 

The lowest estimated annual emissions' were found for Site s M-99 and 

M-15. These two site s had the lowest coal feed rates and lowest ash content 

coals. In addition, they had high particulat e collection efficiencie s and low 

(compared to Site M-l) emissions of particulat e matter less than 1 m in 

diameter. 

The concentration of radionuclides in fl y ash (pCi/g) as a function of 

particl e siz e was investigated. Radionuclide, concentration generally 

increases as the particl e siz e decreases! as an examination of Tables A-3, B-3, 

C-3, D-3, and E-3 in the appendices shows. Not al l radionuclides exhibit this 

to the same degree, however. Polonium-210- and lead-210 show the greatest 

increase followed by uranium-238, radium-226, and thorium-230, 232 in 

decreasing order. This trend was not th e same at al l five boilers. It is 

probably influenced by boile r design and perhaps by the type of control 

device . At least 50 percent of the radionuclide emissions were concentrated 

on particle s of less than 10 urn for al l of the site s which were studied. 

Enrichment factors (the rati o of radionuclide concentration in fly ash to 

i ts concentration in coal ash) which were: computed from the measurement data 

are als o shown in Table 30. Although these data are quite variable , they do 

consistentl y show that polonium and lead are enriched in the stack fly ash 

much more so than any of the other radionuclides. Some degree of enrichment 

vas noted for practicall y al l radionuclides measured at Site s M-l &nd M-15. 

However, this was not the case for Th-230 at: sit e M-l. Further, no conclusion 

can be drawn for lead at sit e M-15 because i t was not measured. The remaining 

site s showed littl e or no enrichment for radionuclides other than polonium and 

lead. 

The results of the impinger sampling conducted at al l site s are shown in 

Table 31. Particulat e control devices at the M-15 unit consist of a 

mechanical collecto r followed by a scrubber. The results shown for the inle t 

of this unit is that for the mechanical collecto r since this is the sampling 

location closest to the furnace and therefore the sampling point most likel y 

co have radionuclides in the impinger samples. The M-34 unit has an ESP 

followed by a scrubber, but only inle t and outle t of the scrubber were sampled. 

Inle t impinger samples contain some radionuclides; this is especiall y 

evident for Site M-l. It is somewhat surprising that thorium was found in 

these samples sinc e i t is considered to be nonvolatile . Perhaps some fine 

_68 
TABLE 31 . IMPINGER SAMPLING RESULTS FOR FIVE PLANTS 

Site/Sampling Location 

Radionuclide Emission Rate , VCi/hra 

U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

M-l 

Scrubber inlets 

Scrubber outlet 

M-15 

4 

0.08b ND ND 

20 

ND 

0.3 

ND 

0.08 

ND 

Mech. Coll. inlet 

Scrubber outlet 

M-33 

ESP inlets 

ESP outlet 

M-34 

Scrubber inlet 

Scrubber outlet 

M-99 

ESP inlets 

ESP outlet 

ND 

ND 

0.1 

ND 

ND 

9d 

0.03 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

0.02 

ND 

ND 

ND 

0.3 

ND 

0.4 

ND 

<0.06 

ND 

NA 

NA 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

NA 

NA 

0.02 

0.01c 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

0.004 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

ND 

0.0 

ND 

aND = not detectable. 

NA = no analysis. 

^This value is based on an analytical result of a sample having a 50 percent 

counting error. This, in addition to the absence of other radionuclides in 

the impingers, makes this value suspect. 

cThis result is based on the analysis of the sample collected in the second 

impinger. Since no Th-230 was found in the first impinger, through which 

the sampled stack gases flow before passing through the second impinger, 

the value is very doubtful. 

dSince this result is higher than the total amount of U-238 measured in the 

entire scrubber inlet by a factor of about 6.0, it is obviously incorrect. 

It is based on an analytical result which is very high and is probably due 

to some contamination. No U-238 would be expected to be in the impinger 

since none was found in the inlet impinger samples. 

69 
particles were carried over from the sample train filter. The outlet impinger 

samples contain no detectable radionuclides except for a few samples where the 

results are highly suspect for the reasons stated in the table footnotes. It 

would be reasonable to conclude, therefore, that no radionuclides are present 

in the impinger samples collected at the outlet of the control devices of any 

of the boilers. 

The impinger results show that at the inlets to control devices closest 

to the furnace a small fraction of the radionuclide output is either in the 

gaseous state or associated with very fine particles. There is firm evidence, 

however, that only very small amounts of the radionuclides will be in the 

gaseous state at the outlet of the control devices located farthest from the 

furnace. If the radioactivity in the impinger blank is used as the minimum 

detectable concentration, then this represents the maximum amount that could 

be in the gaseous state. Based on this assumption, the data below show the 

microcuries per hour of polonium-210 that could be in the gaseous state and 

released to the atmosphere from the five boilers: 

Unit H^l M-33 M-15 M-34 M-99 

uCi210 P o / h <0 .2 <0.2 <0.02 <0.3 <0.01 

% of input <0.03 <0.05 <0.3 <0.03 <0.02 

These values represent only a very small percent of the polonium-210 availabl e 

as a result of burning the coal. 

Several additional points are worth noting. Measured coal activiti y data 

are most important with respect to determining percent closure for a given 

radionuclide. Since results should be judged (in part) on the basis of 

percent closure , coal measurements are extremely important because the coal 

accounts for 90 percent or more of the tota l radionuclide input to each 

plant. This is al l the more important considering that the fly ash rates are 

so small in comparison and that the activit y in the fly ash emission stream is 

the issue of interest in this study. Coal activit y data reported for nine of 

the sampled facilitie s are shown in Table 32. Coal samples from Site s M-15 

and M-99 (both analyzed at EPA's Las Vegas Facility ) showed the most 

variabilit y with regard to radionuclide activitie s in the uranium and thorium 

decay series. For example, coal activitie s for Site M-99 ranged from 0.25 to 

1.5 pCi/g for uranium serie s radionuclides whereas the values would normally 

be expected to be similar because of secular equilibrium. Accordingly, 

closure data for Site M-99 (indicated previously in Table 28) were extremely 

low (13 to 46 percent). Site M-15, for which three sets of coal activit y data, 

were available , showed both low and variabl e results. As noted previously in 

Section 5, an average of these data for Sit e M-15 was used in computing the 

results. 

Also, actual sample volumes obtained were not always as large as 

desirabl e (shown previously in Table 3). For each site , a calculation was 

made prior to sampling to determine the approximate sample volume that would 

be required to yield enough ash particulat e for reliabl e determination of 

radionuclide concentration. As indicated in Table 3, actual sample volumes at 

70 
TABLE 32. REPORTED COAL ACTIVITIES FOR NINE SAMPLING SITES 

Site 

M-l 

M-15 

M-33 

M-34 

M-99 

M-16 

M-18 

M-19 

M-98 

Coal type 

Subbituminous 

Lignite 

Lignite 

Lignite 

Lignite 

Subbituminous 

Bituminous 

Bituminous 

Lignite 

III I II I IIII I 

EPA Laba 

performing 

analysis 

EERF 

LVF 

EERF 

EERF 

LVF 

EERF 

EERF 

EERF 

LVF 

U-238 

2.325 

0.110 

<0.118 

0.078 

1.12 

1.66 

0.342 

0.65 

0.52 

B 

0.27 

Reported coal 

Ra-226 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

0.249 

0.85 

1.80 

0.98 

NC 

Po-210 

NC 

0.438 

0.127 

0.084 

NC 

NC 

0.779 

B 

0.68 

0.70 

0.33 

activity, 

Pb-210 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

pCi/gb 

Th-230 

2.14 

0.711 

0.072 

0.055 

1.0 

1.59 

1.48 

0.32 

0.60 

0.75 

0.34 

Th-232 

0.265 

0.427 

0.055 

0.046 

0.719 

1.11 

0.399 

0.15 

0.40 

0.40 

0.18 

aU.S. EPA, Office of Radiation Programs 

Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility (EERF), Montgomery, Alabama 

Las Vegas Facility (LVF), Las Vegas, Nevada 

B = less than background, NC = not counted. 
P.81 

outlet sampling locations were much lower than desired at Sites M-l and M-34. 

Since a relatively large amount of fly ash was collected at Site M-l, the data 

for this site are believed to be valid. The results for Site M-34, however, 

are subject to question because of the low sample volume and the numerous 

sampling, equipment, and weather problems encountered. 

72 
P.82 

REFERENCES 

1. Federal Register, Volume 44, Thursday, November 8, 1979, p. 76738. 

2. Kocher, D. C. Nuclear Decay Data for Radionuclides Occurring in Routine 

Releases From Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities. Prepared for the Nuclear 

Regulatory Commission by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, August 1977, 

pp. 13-15. 

3. Shapiro, J. Radiation Protection. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 

Massachusetts. 1972. p. 115 

73 
APPENDIX A 

APPLE III OUTPUT AND SAMPLE 

RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY, SITE M-l 

74 
TABLE A-1. SITE H-l INPUT DATA (MEASURED AND CALCULATED) 

P.84 

DCR.G/HR DESIGN COAL FEED BATE 

LF.f LOAD FACTOB, FBACTION 

ACB.G/HB ACTUAL COAL FEED BATE 

CAC.f COAL ASH CONTENT. FBACTION 

AIN.G/HR ASH INPUT 

LFB.G/HB* LIMESTONE FEED RATE 

SMH.L/HR* SCBUBBEB MAKEUP UATER 

SSB.L/HB SCRUBBEB SLUDGE BATE/LIQUID 

SSR.G/HR* SCRUBBER SLUDGE RATE/SOLID 

FA.G FLY ASH SCRUBBEB INLET NOBTH TOTAL 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBER INLET SOUTH TOTAL 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH TOTAL 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET SOUTH TOTAL 

TVS.DSCF TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED SCBUBBEB INLET N 

TVS.DSCF TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED SCBUBBER INLET S 

TVS.DSCF TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED SCBUBBEB OUTLET N 

TVS.DSCF TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED SCBUBBEB OUTLET S 

TF.DSCFM TOTAL FLOW SCBUBBEB INLET N 

TF.DSCFM TOTAL FLOW SCBUBBEB INLET S 

TF.DSCFM TOTAL FLOW SCBUBBER OUTLET N 

TF.DSCFM TOTAL FLON SCBUBBEB OUTLET S 

CONSTANT SCBUBBEB INLET NORTH 

CONSTANT SCRUBBER INLET SOUTH 

CONSTANT SCRUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH 

CONSTANT SCRUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH 

FAB.G/HB FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBEB INLET NOBTH 

FAB.G/HR FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBEB INLET SOUTH 

FAB.G/HB FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH 

FAB.G/HB FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBEB OUTLET SOUTH 

FAB.G/HB TOTAL FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBEB INLET 

FAB.G/HB TOTAL FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBEB OUTLET 

SAB.G/HB SCBUBBEB ASH BATE 

VSEFF, t VENTUBI SCBUBBER EFFICIENCY (PABTICULATE) 

BAR.G/HR BOTTOM ASH BATE 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH. 3-10 U 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH. 1-3 U 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBER OUTLET NORTH, LT 1 U 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U PROBE BINSE 

3.9534E8 

.782 

3.0916E8 

.242 

74815713 

72742551 

34068 

1021220 

1.3308E8 

27.06752 

24.40419 

3.10279 

3.41096 

181.06 

149.074 

729.968 

724.4 

1429545 • 

1537016 

790483 

1274247 

473725.3 

618625.4 

64974.05 

105542.3 

12822569 

15097051 

201600.8 

360000.5 

27919620 

561601.3 

27358019 

97.98851 

46896094 

.32854 

.14541 

.00038 

.03087 

2.59759 

75 
TABLE A-1. (CONT'D) 

P.85 

U 

GT 

GT 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET SOUTH. GT 10 U 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBER OUTLET SOUTH, GT 10 U 

FA.G FLY ASK SCBUBBEB OUTLET SOUTH. 3-10 U 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET SOUTH, 1-3 U 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET SOUTH, LT 1 

FAR, G/HR FLY ASH RATE SCBUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH. 

FAR,G/HR FLY ASH BATE SCRUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH, 

FAR.G/HR FLY ASH RATE SCRUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH, 

FAR,G/HR FLY ASH RATE SCBUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH, 

FAH, G/HR FLY ASH RATE SCRUBBEB OUTLET NOBTH, 

FAR,G/HR FLY ASH RATE SCRUBBER OUTLET SOUTH, 

FAR,G/HR FLY ASH RATE SCRUBBER OUTLET SOUTH, 

FAR. G/HR FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBEB OUTLET SOUTH. 

FAR. G/HR FLY ASH RATE SCBUBBEB OUTLET SOUTH, 

FAB,G/HR FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBEB OUTLET SOUTH, 

PBOBE BINSE 

10 U 

10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

PBOBE BINSE 

PBOBE BINSE 

.81128 

.03419 

.01414 

.03886 

2.51249 

21346.58 

9447.877 

24.69014 

2005.749 

168776.0 

85624.33 

3608.490 

1492.368 

4101.373 

265173.9 

FA.G 

FA,G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA,G 

FA,G 

FA,G 

FA.G 

FAR.G/HB 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

FLY 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

ASH 

INLET 

INLET 

INLET 

INLET 

INLET 

INLET 

INLET 

INLET 

INLET 

INLET 

BATE 

BATE 

BATE 

RATE 

BATE 

BATE 

BATE 

BATE 

BATE 

RATE 

N & S 

N & S 

N & S 

N & S 

N & S 

NORTH 

NOBTH 

SOUTH 

SOUTH 

SOUTH 

INLET N & 

INLET N & 

INLET N & 

INLET N & 

INLET N & 

INLET NOBTH 

INLET NOBTH 

INLET SOUTH 

INLET SOUTH 

INLET SOUTH 

PBECUTTEB GT 10 U 

1ST STAGE GT 10 U 

2ND STAGE 3-10 U 

3BD STAGE 1-3 U 

THIMBLES LT 1 U 

IMP. BINSE GT 10 U 

PBB. BINSE GT 1 

IMP. BINSE GT 1 

PBB. BINSE GT 1 

UMB. BINSE GT 1 

& S PBECUTTEB 

& S 1ST STAGE 

& S 2ND STAGE 

S 3RD STAGE 

S THIMBLES 

IMP. RINSE 

PRB. BINSE 

IMP. BINSE 

PBB. BINSE 

UMB. RINSE 

U 

U 

U 

U 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

GT 10 U 

10 U 

10 U 

10 U 

GT 

GT 

GT 

GT 10 

43.40216 

.42654 

2.03872 

2.3316 

2.61053 

.16608 

.30331 

.10174 

.02261 

.06842 

23603548 

235098.6 

1083575. 

1261173. 

1394611. 

78676.30 

143685.6 

62938.95 

13987.12 

42326.35 

76 
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TABLE A-3. ACTIVITY DATA AS USED IN CALCULATIONS 

SAMPLE 1 

COAL 

E 

DESCBIPTI0N--

v 

LIMESTONE 

£ 

8CS HATER(D) pCi/L 

£ 

SCH UATEB(U) PCX/ L 

E 

BOTTOM 

E 

SSL/D 

E 

S6L/U 

E 

sss 

• E 

F&ON 

E 

FAOC 

E 

FAOC 

E 

FAOC 

E 

PADS 

E 

FAOS 

E 

FAON 

E 

FAIC 

! E 

FAIC 

E 

FAIC 

E 

FAIC 

E 

FAIC 

E 

FAIN 

E 

FAIN 

E 

FAIS 

E 

FAIS 

E 

FAIS 

E 

CT 

GT 

ASH 

pCi/L 

rCi/L 

10 U PS 

10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

OT 

LT 

LT 

GT 

GT 

10 U PB 

1 U 

1 U 

10 U FS 

10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 

GT 

GT 

GT 

GT 

GT 

1 U 

10 U IB 

10 U FB 

10 U IB 

10 U PB 

10 U UR 

--EADIONUCLIDES/ACTIVITIES( 

U-238 

2.325 

.1082 

1.433 

.1211 

2.178 

.1249 

.1299 

.2735 

4.24 

.1147 

2.42 

.1411 

.2228 

.2253 

3.096 

.1024 

14.27 

.1228 

18.79 

.1176 

16.05 

.4163 

29.66 

.1544 

20.92 

.0993 

40.68 

.0986 

45.77 

.1113 

9.707 

.1122 

17.53 

.1227 

19.35 

.0958 

24.1 

.1026 

31.07 

.1142 

16.66 

.1609 

6.05 

.1831 

2.9 

.3442 

3.6 

.7129 

2.74 

.4777 

RA-226 

2.325 

.1082 

1.433 

.1211 

.36 

.06 

.11 

.14 

3.75 

.02 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1.48 

0 

0 

0 

16.59 

.04 

22.04 

.17 

. 29.26 

.05 

0 

0 

20.26 

.02 

19.71 

.02 

.06 

.1! 

13.46 

.02 

16.9 

.01 

16.22 

.01 

43.5 

.006 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

PO-210 

2.325 

.1082 

1.433 

.1211 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.3537 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4.52 

0 

9.98 

.2653 

238.7 

.1241 

0 

.2637 

144 

.1695 

147 

.1384 

370.2 

.1344 

294.1 

.1355 

11.21 

.1491 

191 .8 

.1727 

0 

0 

58.8 

.1664 

195.4 

.1104 

. 93.8 

.1738 

29.8 

.1975 

29.7 

.2651 

54.3 

.3618 

24.4 

.3538 

pCi/-. or 

PB-210 

2.325 

.1082 

1.433 

.1211 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1.414 

.6025 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7.12 

0 

0 

0 

122.8 

.4102 

72*. 3 

3.58 

iei.4 

.822 

0 

0 

155.5 

.1072 

25.27 

.1441 

25.608 

.1303 

159 

.&519 

54.86 

.1499 

77.2 

.1324 

75.4 

.1565 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

pCi/G)/2-S ERROR 

TH-230 

2.14 

.0694 

1.176 

.1417 

.0303 

.8589 

.09472 

.3154 

5.57 

.1033 

.02594 

.8188 

.1325 

.2823 

2.675 

.1158 

2.3 

.2207 

6.25 

.1825 

7.62 

.7045 

12.04 

.2106 

2.75 

.1208 

5.08 

.1164 

4.93 

.1187 

9.304 

.0372 

14.6 

.1116 

11 

.0578 

24.1 

.0563 

4.15 

.0804 

16.2 

.1193 

4.85 

.1455 

2.65 

.3799 

4.91 

.5783 

1.39 

.7932 

TH-232 

.265 

.1881 

.08066 

.4648 

0 

.1249 

.01684 

.7922 

1.093 

.181 

.0173 

1.226 

.01718 

.8591 

.3381 

.2626 

.343 

.0341 

.727 

.6401 

1.38 

2 

1.96 

.5819 

.369 

.3177 

3.65 

.1359 

2.54 

.1628 

1.278 

.0621 

1.22 

.0498 

1.08 

.1147 

2.37 

.0914 

.72 

.1818 

1.61 

.3723 

.426 

.5221 

1.04 

.6568 

0 

0 

.38 

1.491 

78 
TABLE A-4. RADIONUCLIDE BALANCE RESULTS 

INFLUENT OR EFFLUENT STREAM DESCRIPTION 

Percent 

of total 

pCi/hr in/out 

U-238 IN COAL 

U-238 IN LIMESTONE 

U-238 IN SCRUBBER WATER 

U-238 IN TOTAL 

7.1879E8 

1.0424E8 

78625.54 

8.2311E8 

87.33 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-238 OUT 

U-233 

BOTTOM ASH 

SCRUBBER SLUDGE (LIQUID) 

SCBUBBER SLUDGE (SOLID) 

FLY ASH NORTH OUTLET GT 10 U PB 

FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET GT 10 U PB 

FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE GT 10 U 

FLY ASH OUTLET GT 10 U TOTAL 

FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 3-10 U 

FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 1-3 U 

FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET LT 1 

FLY ASH NORTH OUTLET LT 1 

FLY ASH OUTLET LT I U 

FLY ASH TOTAL 

OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN. % 

2.9263E8 

2698880. 

4.1202E8 

134821.2 

75489.61 

2009983. 

2220294. 

24348.78 

181137.2 

10787274 

7724875. 

18512149 

20937930 

7.2828E8 

88.48 

40.18 

0.37 

56.57 

0.30 

0.00 

0.02 

2.54 

2.87 

1A226 IN COAL 

EA226 IN LIMESTONE 

1A226 IN SCRUBBER UATER 

EA226 IN TOTAL 

KA226 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

EA226 OUT SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (LIQUID) 

EA226 OUT SCRUBEER SLUDGE (SOLID) 

1A226 OUT FLY ASH NORTH OUTLET G7 10 U PR 

1A226 OUT FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET GT 10 U PR 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE GT 10 U 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET GT 10 U TOTAL 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 3-10 U 

KA226 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 1-3 U 

1A226 OUT FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET LT 1 U 

SA226 OUT FLY ASH NORTH OUTLET LT 1 U 

1A226 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET LT 1 U 

1A226 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

EA226 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN. % 

7.1879E8 

1.0424E8 

16011.96 

8.2304E8 

1.7586E8 

0 

1.9696E8 

0 

0 

1774647. 

1774647. 

33435.95 

178694.4 

5372423. 

3326574. 

8698997. 

10685775 

3.8350E8 

46.60 

8/. 33 

45.86 

0.00 

51.36 

0.46 

0.01 

0.05 

2.27 

2.79 

79 
TABLE A-4. (CONT'D) 

INFLUENT OB EFFLUENT STREAM DESCRIPTION pCi/hr 

7.1879E8 

1.0424E8 

0 

8.2303E8 

0 

0 

6.0152E8 

94289.81 

530448.1 

25533956 

26158694 

0 

879425.5 

98167377 

49637007 

1.4780E8 

1.7484E8 

7.7636E8 

94.33 

7.1879E8 

1.0424E8 

0 

8.2303E8 

66311076 

0 

9.4753E8 

0 

0 

13136027 

13136027 

1106390. 

619262.1 

41234541 

4264968. 

45499509 

60361189 

1.0742E9 

130.52 

Percent 

of total 

in/out 

87.33 

0.00 

0.00 

77.48 

3.37 

0.00 

0.11 

19.04 

22.52 

87.33 

6.17 

0.00 

88.21 

1.22 

0.10 

0.06 

4.24 

5.62 

FO210 IN COAL 

PO210 IN LIMESTONE 

PO210 IN SCRUBBEB WATER 

P0210 IN TOTAL 

PO210 

P0210 

PO210 

PO210 

PO210 

PO210 

PO210 

P0210 

BO210 

PO210 

PO210 

PO210 

PO210 

PO210 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

BOTTOM ASH 

SCBUBBER SLUDGE (LIQUID) 

SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (SOLID) 

FLY ASH NOBTH OUTLET GT 10 U PB 

FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET GT 10 U PS 

FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE GT 10 U 

FLY ASH OUTLET GT 10 U TOTAL 

FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 3-10 U 

FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 1-3 U 

FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET LT 1 U 

FLY ASH NOBTH OUTLET LT 1 

FLY ASH OUTLET LT 1 U 

FLY ASH TOTAL 

TOTAL 

U 

OUT/IN. X 

PB210 IN COAL 

PB210 IN LIMESTONE 

PB210 IN SCBUBBER HATER 

PB210 IN TOTAL 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB? 10 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

BOTTOM ASH 

SCRUBBER SLUDGE (LIQUID) 

SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (SOLID) 

FLY ASH NORTH OUTLET GT 10 U PR 

FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET GT 10 U PR 

FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE GT 10 U 

FLY ASH OUTLET GT 10 U TOTAL 

FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 3-10 U 

FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 1-3 U 

FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET LT 1 

FLY ASH NORTH OUTLET LT 1 

FLY ASH OUTLET LT 1 U 

FLY ASH TOTAL 

TOTAL 

OUT/IN. X 

80 
TABLE A-4. (CONT'D) 

P.90 

INFLUENT OB EFFLUENT STREAM DESCBIPTION pCi/hr 

6.6159E8 

85545240 

4259.181 

7.4714E8 

2.6121E8 

161802.1 

3.5599E8 

21730.12 

9923.348 

668568.2 

700221.6 

11559.98 

73529.74 

1347083. 

832065.4 

2179149. 

2964460. 

6.2033E8 

83.03 

81926298 

5867414. 

573.7051 

87794286 

51257430 

35211.67 

44994348 

3240.622 

1331.533 

77767.85 

82340.00 

2093.540 

11969.96 

967884.7 

428690.9 

1396576. 

1492979. 

97779969 

111.37 

Percent 

of total 

in/out 

88.55 

42.11 

0.03 

57.39 

0.11 

0.00 

0.01 

0.35 

0.48 

93.32 

52.42 

0.04 

46.02 

.0.08 

0.00 

0.01 

1.43 

1.53 

TH230 IN COAL 

TH230 IN LIMESTONE 

TH230 IN SCRUBBER HATES 

TH230 IN TOTAL 

TH230 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

TH230 OUT SCRUBBER SLUDGE (LIQUID) 

TH230 OUT SCBUBBER SLUDGE (SOLID) 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH NORTH OUTLET GT 10 U PR 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET GT 10 U PB 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE GT 10 U 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET GT 10 U TOTAL 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 3-10 U 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 1-3 U 

TK230 OUT FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET LT 1 U 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH NORTH OUTLET LT 1 U 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET LT 1 U 

TX230 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

TH230 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN. % 

TH232 IN COAL 

TH232 IN LIMESTONE 

TK232 IN SCRUBBEB MATES 

TH232 IN TOTAL 

TH232 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

TH232 OUT SCBUBBER SLUDGE (LIQUID) 

TH232 OUT SCRUBBER SLUDGE (SOLID) 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH NORTH OUTLET GT 10 U PR 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET GT 10 U PB 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE GT 10 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET GT 10 U TOTAL 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 3-10 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET COMPOSITE 1-3 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH SOUTH OUTLET LT 1 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH NOBTH OUTLET LT I U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH OUTLET LT 1 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

TH232 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN. X 

81 
TABLE A-5. RESULTS OF TH-230 BALANCE AROUND SCRUBBER 

P.91 

SADIONUCLIDE/STREAH DESCRIPTION 

pCi/hr 

or 

pCi/G 

TH-230 SCRUBBER INLET 

TH-230 SCRUBBER SLUDGE 

SCRUBBER SLUDGE RATE. G/HR 

2.7341E8 

3.5599E8 

1.3308E8 

SA-226 SCRUBBER INLET 

E&-226 SCRUBBER SLUDGE 

1A-226 SCBUBBER SLUDGE ACTIVITY pCi/G 

1.0401E8 

1.9759E8 

1.484710 

PO-210 SCRUBBER INLET 

PO-210 SCRUBBER SLUDGE 

PO-210 SCRUBBER SLUDGE ACTIVITY pCi/G 

6.7167E8 

6.0107E8 

4.516625 

PB-210 SCRUBBER INLET 

Fl-210 SCRUBBER SLUDGE 

PB-210 SCRUBBER SLUDGE ACTIVITY pCi/G 

9.0378E8 

9.4766E8 

7.120983 

0-238 SCRUBBER INLET 

U-238 SCRUBBER SLUDGE 

3.3046E8 

4.1384E8 

7H-232 SCRUBBER INLET 

TH-232 SCRUBBER SLUDGE 

35884936 

40259944 

82 
TABLE A-6. ANALYTICAL DATA AND SAMPLE RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY 

(1) ANALYTICAL DATA— 

HCSS thimbles 

pCi/2 thimbles 

SASS filters 

pCi/2 filters 

0.1 HN03, pci/l 

Water (DDI), 

PCi/l 

U-238 

0.3+ 

36% 

1.4+ 

18% 

0.4+ 

672 

0.2+ 

112% 

Ra-226 

0.6+ 

17% 

2.1 + 

5%-

5.8+ 

111 

1.5+ 

19l 

Po-210 

1.1 + 

46% 

1.1 + 

30% 

0.5+ 

961 

0.4+ 

85l 

Pb-210 

4.0+ 

233% 

7.0+ 

77% 

36+ 

361 

8+ 

1611 

Th-230 

0.3+ 

32% 

1.6+ 

14% 

0.7+ 

701 

2+ 

39l 

Th-232 

0.5+ 

25% 

1.9+ 

13% 

-0.05+ 

200% 

0.6+ 

67%" 

(2) FILTER AND THIMBLE (<1 um) SAMPLE RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY, VCi/hr— 

North and South inlets 41 63 280 110 5.8 0.3 

(5 thimbles) 

North outlet 7.4 2.8 50 2.7 0.5 ND 

(4 filters) 

South outlet 10 4.5 98 38 0.7 0.2 

(8 filters) 

ND = Not detectable. 

83 
P.93 

APPENDIX B 

APPLE III OUTPUT AND SAMPLE 

RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY, SITE M-15 

84 
TABLE B-l. SITE M-15 INPUT DATA (MEASURED AND CALCULATED) 

DCR,G/HR 

LF, f 

ACR,G/HR 

CAC, f 

AIN,G/HR 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA,G 

TVS,DSCF 

TVS.DSCF 

TVS.DSCF 

TVS,DSCF 

TF.DSCFM 

TF.DSCFM 

TF.DSCFM 

TF.DSCFM 

CONSTANT 

CONSTANT 

CONSTANT 

CONSTANT 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

BAR,G/HR 

MCAR,G/HR 

MCEFF, % 

VSAR,G/HR 

VSEFF, \ 

SHR, L/HR* 

SSLR,L/HR* 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA,G 

FA,G 

DESIGN COAL FEED RATE 

LOAD FACTOR, FRACTION 

ACTUAL COAL FEED RATE 

COAL ASH CONTENT, FRACTION 

ASH INPUT 

MC INLET TOTAL 

MC OUTLET TOTAL 

VS INLET TOTAL 

VS OUTLET TOTAL 

TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED MC INLET 

TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED MC OUTLET 

TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED VS INLET 

TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED VS OUTLET 

TOTAL FLOH MC INLET 

TOTAL FLOH MC OUTLET 

TOTAL FLOH VS INLET 

TOTAL FLOH VS OUTLET 

MC INLET 

MC OUTLET 

VS INLET 

VS OUTLET 

FLY ASH RATE MC INLET 

FLY ASH RATE MC OUTLET 

FLY ASH RATE VS INLET 

FLY ASH RATE VS OUTLET 

BOTTOM ASH RATE 

MC ASH RATE 

MC EFFICIENCY 

VS ASH RATE 

VS EFFICIENCY 

SCRUBBER HATER RATE 

SCRUBBER SPENT LIQUID RATE 

OUTLET > 10 U 

OUTLET 3-10 U 

OUTLET 1-3 U 

OUTLET < 1 U - FILTER 

OUTLET >10 U - PROBE RINSE 

46105540 

.674 

31075134 

.0914 

2840267. 

14.38116 

31.11474 

54.72437 

.78404 

55.296 

377.588 

776.62 

866.763 

135403 

141031 

126003 

132830 

146921.7 

22410.30 

9734.722 

9194.901 

2112904. 

697290.6 

532726.5 

7209. 170 

727363.4 

1415613. 

66.99847 

525517.4 

98.64674 

16380 

3820 

.04836 

.01101 

.17358 

.21001 

.34108 

85 
TABLE B-l . (CONT'D) 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA,G 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

OU' TLET GT 10 u 

OUTLET > 10 U - PROBE RINSE 

OUTLET 3-10 U 

OUTLET 1-3 U 

OUTLET < 1 U - FILTER 

MC 

HC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

VS 

VS 

VS 

VS 

VS 

VS 

VS 

VS 

VS 

VS 

INLET GT 10 U 

INLET GT 10 U - PROBE RINSE 

INLET 3-10 U 

INLET 1-3 U 

INLET LT 1 U 

INLET GT 10 U 

INLET GT 10 U - PROBE RINSE 

INLET 3-10 U 

INLET 1-3 U 

INLET LT 1 U 

OUTLET GT 10 U 

OUTLET GT 10 U - PROBE RINSE 

OUTLET 3-10 U 

OUTLET 1-3 U 

OUTLET LT 1 U 

OUTLET GT 10 U 

OUTLET GT 10 U - PROBE RINSE 

OUTLET 3-10 U 

OUTLET 1-3 U 

OUTLET LT 1 U 

INLET GT 10 U 

INLET GT 10 U - PROBE RINSE 

INLET 3-10 U 

INLET 1-3 U 

INLET LT 1 U 

INLET GT 10 U 

INLET GT 10 U - PROBE RINSE 

INLET 3-10 U 

INLET 1-3 U 

INLET LT 1 U 

444.6654 

3136.197 

101.2359 

1596.051 

1931.021 

6.9429 

2.47289 

4.52346 

.40932 

.03259 

1020062. 

363321.1 

664594.2 

60137.97 

4788.177 

12.35476 

.9418 

15.38807 

2.24465 

.18546 

276873.9 

21106.02 

344851.3 

50303.28 

4156.214 

21.1595 

2.04262 

24. 17904 

7.01535 

.32786 

205981.9 

19884.34 

235376.2 

68292.48 

3191.626 

86 
TABLE B-2. ACTIVITY DATA AS BEPOBTED BY EPA LABOBATORY 

SAMPLE DESCBIPTION BADION 

COAL 

E 

SCB WATER PCi/L 

E 

BOTTOM 

E 

HC ASH 

E 

VS SPENT 

E 

VS SPENT 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

NC INLET 

NC INLET 

HC INLET 

MC INLET 

MC INLET 

ASH 

SOLID 

LIQ PCi/L 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U- F 

GT 10U-PB 

U-238 

.198 

.00104 

1.53 

.00151 

1.69 

.00322 

2.37 

.0072 

LOST 

14.2 

.0131 

5.49 

.0113 

3.01 

.0112 

4.66 

.00687 

9.19 

.00281 

3.02 

.00887 

THE FOLLOUING DATA 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U P 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

KC OUTLET GT 10 U 

MC OUTLETGT 10 U P 

MC OUTLET 3-10 U 

MC OUTLET 1-3 U 

MC OUTLET LT 1 U 

VS INLET 

VS INLET 

VS INLET 

VS INLET 

VS INLET 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U P 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

2.1 

2.03 

2.23 

4.04 

28.32 

2.52 

5.67 

2.84 

4.24 

8.68 

2.52 

2.66 

3.59 

3.4 

LOST 

UCLIDES/A 

RA-226 

NC 

.204 

.00154 

1.59 

.00218 

2.28 

.0023 

2.4 

.0043 

.671 

.0023 

23.4 

.0475 

6.86 

.0469 

5.74 

.0153' 

10.38 

.00375 

12.9 

.0251 

SETS USED 

1.55 

1.83 

1.1 

7.78 

59.22 

3.45 

3.03 

NC 

NC 

NC 

3.1 

3.66 

2.94 

5.56 

LOST 

CTIVITIES 

PO-210 

.198 

.00137 

.572 

.00131 

.738 

.00298 

.924 

.0058 

2.32 

.00246 

1.42 

0 

19.56 

.0236 

7.84 

.0193 

11.86 

.0108 

25.86 

.00601 

17.58 

.0282 

HITHOUT 

1.53 

5.34 

3.93 

5.2 

45.73 

5.07 

7.78 

3.56 

10.86 

30.49 

2.78 

5.52 

5.11 

7.38 

LOST 

(pCi/L or 

PB-210 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

pCi/G)/2-

TH-230 

.198 

.000957 

.036 

0 

2.48 

.00571 

1.61 

.0027 

.284 

.000649 

.724 

.00255 

2.35 

.00714 

3.81 

.0124 

3.44 

.00547 

8.43 

.00257 

11 

.0178 

E3B0B VALUES 1 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

LOST 

2.64 

1.53 

2.51 

2.7 

28.17 

2.7 

4.11 

1.68 

3.25 

4.23 

1.85 

2.05 

2.12 

3.26 

LOST 

S ERROR 

TH-232 

.175 

.000721 

.0586 

.000287 

.807 

.00329 

1.83 

.0029 

1.5 

.00155 

.322 

.00174 

1.34 

.00537 

2.7 

.0105 

1.93 

.00405 

8.09 

.00251 

1.33 

.00621 

1.04 

2.09 

1.24 

2.28 

33.45 

1.11 

1.29 

1.75 

1.73 

6.69 

2.37 

1.62 

2.63 

2.72 

LOST 

NOTE S NC = NOT COUNTED 

LOST = SAMPLE LOST 

87 
TABLE B- 3. ACTIVITY 

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION--

COAL 

E 

SCR HATER PCi/L 

E 

BOTTOM 

E 

MC ASH 

E 

VS SPENT 

E 

VS SPENT 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

HC INLET 

MC INLET 

MC INLET 

MC INLET 

MC INLET 

ASH 

SOLID 

LIQ PCi/L 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U- F 

GT 10U-PB 

DATA AS USED IS CALCULATIONS 

—-BADIONUCLIDES/ACTIVITIES(pCi/L or 

U-238 

.198 

.00104 

1 .53 

.00151 

1.69 

.00322 

2.37 

.0072 

0 

0 

14.2 

.0131 

5.49 

.0113 

3.01 

.0112 

4.66 

.0068? 

9.19 

.00281 

3.02 

.00887 

THE FOLLOUING DAiA 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U P 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT I U 

HC OUTLET GT 10 U 

MC OUTLETGT 10 U P 

KC OUTLET 3-10 U 

MC OUTLET 1-3 U 

Mf. OUTLET LT 1 U 

VS INLET 

VS INLET 

VS INLET 

VS INLET 

VS INLET 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U P 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

2.1 

2.03 

2.23 

4.04 

28.32 

2.52 

5.67 

2.84 

4.24 

8:68 

2.52 

2.66 

3.59 

3.4 

0 

EA-226 

.198 

.00104 

.204 

.00154 

1.59 

.00218 

2.28 

.0023 

2.4 

.0043 

.671 

.0023 

23.4 

.0475 

6.86 

.0469 

5.74 

.0153 

10.38 

.00375 

12.9 

.0251 

SETS USED 

1.55 

1.83 

1.1 

7.78 

59.22 

3.45 

3.03 

0 

0 

0 

3.1 

3.66 

2.94 

5.56 

0 

PO-210 

.198 

.00137 

.572 

.00131 

.738 

.00298 

.924 

.0058 

2.32 

.00246 

1.42 

0 

19.56 

.0236 

7.84 

.0193 

11.86 

.0108 

25.86 

.00601 

17.58 

.0282 

HITHOUT 

1.53 

5.34 

3.93 

5.2 

45.73 

5.07 

7.78 

3.56 

10.86 

30.49 

2.78 

5.52 

5.11 

7.38 

0 

PB-210 

.198 

.00104 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

pCi/G)/2-

TH-230 

.198 

.000957 

.036 

0 

2.48 

.00571 

1.61 

.0027 

.284 

.000649 

.724 

.00255 

2.35 

.00714 

3.81 

.0124 

3.44 

.00547 

8.43 

.00257 

11 

.0178 

EBBOB VALUES 1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2.64 

1.53 

2.51 

2.7 

28.17 

2.7 

4.11 

1.68 

3.25 

4.23 

1.85 

2.05 

2.12 

3.26 

0 

-S EBBOR 

TH-232 

.175 

.000721 

.0586 

.000287 

.807 

.00329 

1.83 

.0029 

1.5 

.00155 

.322 

.00174 

1.34 

.00537 

2.7 

.0105 

1.93 

.00405 

8.09 

.00251 

1.33 

.00621 

1.04 

2.09 

1.24 

*.28 

33.45 

1.11 

1.29 

1.75 

•1.73 

6.69 

2.37 

1.62 

2.63 

2.72 

0 

88 
TABLE B-4 . BADIONUCLIDE BALANCE BESULTS 

INFLUENT OR EFFLUENT STBEAM DESCRIPTION pCi/hr 

Percent 

of total 

in/out 

U-238 IN COAL 

U-238 IN SCRUBBEB UATER 

U-238 IN TOTAL 

6152877. 

25061.4 

6177938. 

99.59 

U-238 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

U-238 OUT MC ASH 

U-238 OUT VS SPENT 

U-238 OUT VS SPENT 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

SOLID 

LIQUID 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

U-238 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN , t 

PROBE B 

TOTAL 

1229244. 

3355003. 

0 

54244 

2441.213 

9471.314 

11912.53 

304.7199 

7437.597 

17746.08 

37400.93 

4675892. 

75.69 

26.29 

71.75 

0.00 

1.16 

25 

01 

16 

38 

0.80 

RA226 IN COAL 

BA226 IN SCRUBBEB UATEB 

BA226 IN TOTAL 

RA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

EA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

RA226 OUT 

RA226 OUT 

RA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

RA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

OUT/IN, 1 

BOTTOM ASH 

MC ASH 

VS SPENT SOLID 

VS SPENT LIQUID 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH TOTAL 

TOTAL 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U PBOBE B 

GT 10 U TOTAL 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

6152877. 

3341.52 

6156218. 

1156508. 

3227598. 

1261242. 

2563.22 

10405.17 

40456.94 

50862.11 

694.4780 

9161.332 

20044.00 

80761.92 

5728673. 

99 

20 

56 

22 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

95 

19 

.34 

02 

.04 

89 

01 

16 

35 

41 

93.06 

89 
P.99 

TABLE B-4. (CONT'D) 

INFLUENT OB EFFLUENT STBEAM DESCBIPTION pCi/hr 

6152877. 

9369.36 

6162246. 

536794.2 

1308027. 

1219200. 

5424.4 

8697.655 

55134.34 

63832.00 

793.6891 

18929.16 

49936.21 

133491.1 

3202937. 

P 

of 

i 

Brcent 

total 

n/out 

99.85 

16.76 

40.84 

38.07 

0.17 

1.99 

0.02 

0.59 

1.56 

4.17 

P0210 IN COAL 

PO210 IN SCRUBBER MATES 

PO210 IN TOTAL 

P0210 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

PO210 OUT MC ASH 

PO210 OUT VS SPENT 

P0210 OUT VS SPENT 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH 

P0210 OUT FLY ASH 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH 

P02S0 OUT FLY ASH 

P0210 OUT FLY ASH 

P0210 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN. % 

SOLID 

LIQUID 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

TOTAL 

PBOBE B 

TOTAL 

51.98 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PBlxO 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

FB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

IN COAL 

IN SCRUBBER 

IN TOTAL 

HATEB 

OUT BOTTOM ASH 

OUT MC ASH 

OUT VS SPENT 

OUT VS SPENT 

OUT FLY ASH 

OUT FLY ASH 

OUT FLY ASH 

OUT FLY ASH 

OUT FLY ASH 

OUT FLY ASH 

OUT FLY ASH 

OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN, X 

SOLID 

LIQUID 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

TOTAL 

PROBE R 

TOTAL 

6152877. 

0 

6152877. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

90 
TABLE B-4. (CONT'D) 

P.1 

INFLUENT OB EFFLUENT STREAM DESCBIPTION pCi/hr 

6152877. 

589.68 

6153466. 

1803861. 

2279137. 

149246.9 

2765.68 

1044.964 

34498.17 

35543.13 

385.7086 

5490.415 

16278.51 

57697.76 

4292709. 

Percent 

of total 

in/out 

99.99 

42.02 

53.09 

3.48 

0.06 

0.83 

0.01 

0.13 

0.38 

1.34 

TH230 IN COAL 

TH230 IN SCRUBBER UATER 

TH230 IN TOTAL 

TH230 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

TH230 OUT MC ASH 

TH230 OUT VS SPENT 

TH230 OUT VS SPENT 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN, * 

SOLID 

LIQUID 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U. 

LT 1 U 

fOTAL 

PBOBE B 

TOTAL 

69.76 

TH232 IN COAL 

TH232 IN SCRUBBEB UATER 

TH232 IN TOTAL 

TH232 OUT 

TH232 OUT 

TH232 OUT 

TH232 OUT 

TH232 OUT 

TH232 OUT 

TH232 OUT 

TH232 OUT 

TH232 OUT 

TH232 OUT 

TH232 OUT 

TH232 OUT 

OUT/IN, 1 

BOTTOM ASH 

MC ASH 

VS SPENT SOLID 

VS SPENT LIQUID 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH TOTAL 

TOTAL 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U PROBE R 

GT 10 U TOTAL 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

5438148. 

959.868 

5439108. 

586982.2 

2590572. 

788276.1 

1230.04 

595.8517 

4171.142 

4766.993 

273.3368 

3080.378 

15621.96 

23742.67 

3990803. 

99 

14 

64 

19 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

98 

• 7 1 

91 

75 

.03 

12 

,01 

08 

.39 

59 

73.37 

91 
P.2 

TABLE B-5. MECHANICAL COLLECTOR (INLET AND OUTLET) AND VENTURI 

SCRUBBER (INLET) RADIOHUCLIDE DATA 

RADIONUCLIDE/STREAM DESCRIPTION pCi/hr 

U-238 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR INLET 4740277. 

U-238 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR OUTLET 2046133. 

U-238 VENTURI SCRUBBER INLET 1649162. 

RA-226 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR INLET 3728457. 

RA-226 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR OUTLET 1019166. 

RA-226 VENTURI SCRUBBER INLET 1783033. 

PO-210 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR INLET 6644366. 

PO-210 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR OUTLET 3468642. 

PO-210 VENTURI SCRUBBER INLET 2389162. 

PB-210 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR INLET 0 

PB-210 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR OUTLET 0 

PB-210 VENTURI SCRUBBER INLET 0 

TH-230 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR INLET 5214233. 

TH-230 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR OUTLET 1594722. 

TH-230 VENTURI SCRUBBER INLET 1143460. 

TH-232 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR INLET 2941582. 

TH-232 MECHANICAL COLLECTOR OUTLET 1052876. 

TH-232 VENTURI SCRUBBER INLET 1325185. 

92 
P.3 

TABLE B-6. ANALYTICAL DATA AND SAMPLE RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY 

U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

(1) ANALYTICAL DATA— 

HCSS thimble 

pCi/thimble 

HCSS thimble 

pCi/thimble 

0.1 HN03, pCi/l 

Water (DDI), 

pCi/l 

SASS filter 

pCi/filter 

SASS filter 

pCi/filter 

0.3+ 

0 . 1 

0.2+ 

0.0 9 

0 . 4 

0.4+ 

0 . 2 

1.4+ 

0 . 3 

3.0+ 

1.0 

<0. 2 

0.4+ 

0 . 2 

<2. 0 

<0.07 <0.5 <0.8 

0.8+ 

0 . 1 

0.9+ 

0 . 2 

0.9+ 

0 . 3 

1.7+ 

0 . 3 

0.7+ 

0 . 3 

0.8+ 

0 . 2 

NA 

NA 

NA 

NA 

NA 

NA 

0.46+ 

0.0 8 

0.27+ 

0.0 7 

0 . 4 

0 . 1 

0.8+ 

0 . 1 

0.5+ 

0.09"-

0.3+ 

0.0 7 

0.3+ 

0.0 8 

0.6+ 

0 . 3 

0.2+ 

0 . 2 

1.1 + 

0 . 1 

0.9+ 

0 . 1 

(2) FILTER AND THIMBLE (<1 ym) SAMPLE RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY, PCi/hr— 

MC inle t 

(1 filter ) 

MC outle t 

(1 filter ) 

Scrubbe r inle t 

(2 filters ) 

Scrubbe r outle t 

(1 filter ) 

NA = No analysis . 

ND = Not detectable . 

ND 0.09 0.0 2 

0.0 1 NA 0. 1 

0.00 5 0.0 1 NA 

0.00 8 ND 0.0 3 

NA 

NA 

NA 

NA 

0.03 

0.002 

0.02 

0.003 

0.02 

0.004 

NA 

ND 

93 
P.4 

APPENDIX C 

APPLE III OUTPUT AND SAMPLE 

RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY, SITE M-33 

94 
TABLE C-l. SITE M-33 INPUT DATA (MEASURED AND CALCULATED) 

P.5 

DCR,G/HR 

LF, f 

ACR.G/HR 

CAC.f 

AIN,G/HR 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

TVS.DSCF 

TVS.DSCF 

TVS.DSCF 

TF.DSCFM 

TF.DSCFM 

TF.DSCFM 

CONSTANT 

CONSTANT 

CONSTANT 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

BAR,G/HR 

ESPA.G/HR 

ESPEFF,% 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA,G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

DESIGN COAL FEED RATE 

LOAD FACTOR. FRACTION 

ACTUAL COAL FEED RATE 

COAL ASH CONTENT, FRACTION 

ASH INPUT RATE 

FLY ASH INLET N TOTAL 

FLY ASH INLET S TOTAL 

FLY ASH OUTLET TOTAL 

TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED INLET N 

TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED INLET S 

TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED OUTLET 

TOTAL FLOH INLET N 

TOTAL FLOH INLET S 

TOTAL FLOH OUTLET 

INLET N 

INLET S 

OUTLET 

TOTAL FLY ASH RATE INLET N 

TOTAL FLY ASH RATE INLET S 

TOTAL FLY ASH RATE OUTLET 

BOTTOM ASH RATE 

ESP HOPPER ASH RATE 

ESP EFFICIENCY 

FLY ASH INLET N GT 10 U PC 

FLY ASH INLET N GT 10 U 1st STAGE 

FLY ASH INLET N 3-10 U 2nd STAGE 

FLY ASH INLET N 1-3 U 3rd STAGE 

FLY ASH INLET N THIMBLES LT 1 U 

FLY ASH INLET N IMPACTOR RINSE LT 1 U 

S GT 10 U 

S GT 10 U PR 

S 3-10 U 

S 1-3 U 

S LT 1 U 

FLY ASH INLET 

FLY ASH INLET 

FLY ASH INLET 

FLY ASH INLET 

FLY ASH INLET 

FLY ASH OUTLET GT 10 U 

FLY ASH OUTLET GT 10 U PR 

FLY ASH OUTLET 3-10 U 

FLY ASH OUTLET 1-3 U 

FLY ASH OUTLET LT 1 U 

4.7947E8 

.82 

3.9317E8 

. 151 

59367975 

11 .87561 

69.29409 

6.62176 

56.549 

329.283 

857. 148 

791154 

795936 

1227487 

839435.5 

145030.7 

85923.57 

9968809. 

10049774 

568965.3 

39349393 

19449617 

97.15781 

8.24029 

.06076 

.58706 

1.53272 

1.04643 

.40835 

39.6098 

.31885 

.82211 

.95765 

.58568 

.96403 

.26001 

.39876 

.86937 

.12959 

23 

4 

95 
TABLE C-l. (CONT'D) 

P.6 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

BAR.L/HE 

ASR.L/HR 

BAHR.L/HR 

ESPA.L/HR 

ESPA.L/HR 

FLY ASH RATE INLET N GT 10 U PC 

FLY ASH RATE INLET N GT 10 U 1st STAGE 

FLY ASH RATE INLET N 3-10 U 2nd STAGE 

FLY ASH RATE INLET N 1-3 U 3rd STAGE 

FLY ASH RATE INLET N LT 1 U THIMBLES 

FLY ASH RATE INLET NL T 1 U IMPACTOR RINSE 

FLY ASH RATE INLET S GT 10 U 

GT 10 U PR 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

FLY ASH RATE INLET S 

FLY ASH RATE INLET S 

FLY ASH RATE INLET S 

FLY ASH RATE INLET S 

FLY ASH RATE OUTLET GT 10 U 

FLY ASH RATE OUTLET GT 10 U PR 

FLY ASH RATE OUTLET 3-10 U 

FLY ASH RATE OUTLET 1-3 U 

FLY ASH RATE OUTLET LT 1 U 

BOTTOM ASH RATE (CONVERTED TO L/HR) 

ASH SLUICE RATE, UATER AND ASH 

BOTTOM ASH HATER SLUICE RATE 

ESP ADDITIVE RATE—#5041 

ESP ADDITIVE RATE--#5003 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

BAR.L/HR « 

ASR.L/HR * 

BAHR.L/HR * 

ESPA.L/HR 

ESPA.L/HR 

6917192. 

51004. 10 

492799.0 

1286620. 

878410.5 

342783.5 

5744639. 

46243.05 

3454938. 

719011.7 

84941,61 

254680.1 

22340.99 

206110.0 

74699.38 

11134.84 

61355.58 

55157908 

55096552 

327.8 

82 

96 
P.7 

TABLE C-2. ACTIVITY DATA AS BEPOBTED BY EPA LABORATOBY 

SAMPLE DESCBIPTION 

COAL 

E 

ESPAD5041 pCi/L 

E 

ESPAD5003 pCi/L 

E 

BOTASH/D PCi/L 

E 

BOTASH/U pCi/L 

E • 

UATEB/D 

E 

NATEB/U 

E 

ESP ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

PCi/L 

pCi/L 

OUT >10u 

OUT 3-10u 

OUT 1-3 u 

OUT <lu 

OUT >10u P 

BADIONUCLIDES/ACTIVITIES( 

U-238 

1.12 

.1029 

1.326 

.4921 

5.778 

.2004 

4.946 

.2313 

.3795 

.742 

.2717 

.2632 

.03301 

1.5847 

3.517 

.1142 

2.522 

.1345 

4.578 

.1163 

6.597 

.1129 

15.6 

.1598 

4.47 

.1902 

THE FOLLOUING DATA SETS ABE 

FAIN PC 

FAIN 1st 

FAIN 2nc 

FAIN 3rc 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

FAIN THMB LT 1 U 

FAIN IB 

FAIS GT 

LT 1 U 

10 U 

FAIS 3-10 U 

FAIS 1-3 

FAIS LT 

FAIS PB 

NOTE : 

U 

1 U 

GT 10 U 

2.602 

7.08 

4.14 

5.35 

4.37 

4.17 

2.235 

4.136 

6.538 

14.18 

3.87 

NC = NOT COUNTED 

B = LESS 

BA-226 

NC 

NC 

NC 

.8 

.27 

9.8 

.05 

.14 

.2 

.34 

.09 

4 

.02 

3.6 

.03 

3.8 

.02 

3.6 

.03 

7.72 

.08 

12.3 

.04 

PO-210 

NC 

NC 

NC 

0 

.3974 

NC 

NC 

NC 

6.73 

.1671 

B 

5.18 

.1817 

'22.43 

.1549 

100.14 

.1689 

1.52 

.2647 

pCi/G or 

PB-210 

NC 

NC 

NC 

19.106 

.8463 

NC 

NC 

NC 

5.562 

.2778 

6.508 

2.3121 

10.699 

.4004 

8.836 

.5653 

B 

28.54 

.9433 

USED HITHOUT THEIB EBBOB 

3.2 

7.24 

4.43 

4.89 

2.48 

8.33 

2.5 

4.4 

6.2 

13.32 

6.9 

THAN BACKBOUND 

. B 

183.46 

.76 

10.79 

7.39 

5.37 

1.81 

4.43 

19.59 

161.1 

B 

4.073 

B 

15.91 

9.35 

16.42 

7.86 

.556 

8.33 

9.068 

13.09 

27.37 

pCi/L)/2-

TH-230 

1 

.0689 

.9688 

.4852 

3.431 

.2929 

.659 

.5358 

5.282 

.1861 

.0174 

1.4144 

.06446 

.5175 

3.132 

.0561 

3.254 

.0813 

3.622 

.0726 

3.659 

.0887 

10.22 

.1681 

4.02 

.1838 

VALUES : 

3.083 

4.81 

8.92 

1 .18 

1.79 

2.6 

3.455 

3.581 

3.666 

6.66 

2.21 

-S EBBOR 

TH-232 

.719 

.0789 

.2106 

.9036 

.225 

1.232 

.2355 

.8951 

3.766 

.2247 

.00435 

3.4652 

.03008 

.858 

2.127 

.0654 

2.145 

.0974 

2.559 

.0841 

2.607 

.103 

8.81 

.1836 

1.99 

.2585 

• 2.114 

3.25 

5.98 

.83 

1.26 

1.73 

2.243 

2.398 

2.594 

6.68 

1.58 

97 
P.8 

TABLE C-3. ACTIVITY DATA AS USED IH CALCULATIONS 

SAMPLE DESCBIPTION 

COAL 

E 

ESPAD5041 PCi/L 

E 

ESPAD5003 PCi/L 

E 

BOTASH/D 

RADIONUCLIDES/ 

U-238 RA-226 

pCi/L 

pCi/L 

pCi/L 

pCi/L 

BOTASH/U 

E 

UATEB/D 

E 

UATEB/U 

E 

ESP ASH 

E 

FLY ASH OUT >10u 

E 

FLY ASH OUT 3-10u 

E 

FLY ASH OUT 1-3 u 

E 

FLY ASH OUT <lu 

E 

FLY ASH OUT >10u P 

E 

1.12 

.1029 

1.326 

.4921 

5.778 

.2004 

4.946 

.2313 

.3795 

.742 

.2717 

.2632 

.03301 

1.5847 

3.517 

.1142 

2.522 

.1345 

4.578 

.1163 

6.597 

.1129 

15.6 

.1598 

4.47 

.1902 

1.12 

.1029 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.8 

.27 

9.8 

.05 

.14 

.2 

.34 

.09 

i 

.02 

3.6 

.03 

3.8 

.02 

3.6 

.03 

7.72 

.08 

12.3 

.04 

ACTIVITIES 

PO-210 

1 .12 

.1029 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.3974 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6.73 

.1671 

0 

0 

5.18 

.1817 

22.43 

.1549 

100.14 

.1689 

1.52 

.2647 

(pCi/G or 

PB-210 

1.12 

.1029 

0 

0 

0 

0 

19.106 

.8463 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5.562 

.2778 

6.508 

2.3121 

10.699 

.4004 

8.836 

• w653 

o 

0 

28.54 

.9433 

PC./D/2 

TH-230 

1 

.0689 

.9688 

.4852 

3.431 

.2929 

.659 

.5358 

5.282 

.1861 

.0174 

1.4144 

.06446 

.5175 

3.132 

.0561 

3.254 

.0813 

3.622 

.0726 

3.659 

.0387 

10.22 

.1681 

4.02 

.1838 

-S ERROR 

TH-232 

.719 

.0789 

.2106 

.9036 

.225 

1.232 

.2355 

.8951 

3.766 

.2247 

.00435 

3.4652 

.03008 

.858 

2.127 

.0654 

2. 145 

.0974 

2.559 

.0841 

2.607 

.103 

8.81 

.1836 

1.99 

.2585 

THE FOLLOUING DATA SETS ABE USED HITHOUT THEIB EBBOB VALUES I 

FAIN PC GT 10 U 

FAIN 1st GT 10 U 

FAIH 2nd 3-iC U 

FAIN 3rd 1-3 U 

FAIN THMB LT 1 U 

FAIN IB LT 1 U 

FAIS GT 10 U 

FAIS 3-10 U 

FAIS 1-3 U 

FAIS LT 1 U 

FAIS PE GT 10 U 

2.60 2 

7.0 8 

4.14 

5.3 5 

4.3 7 

4.1 7 

2.23 5 

4.13 6 

6.53 8 

14.1 8 

3.87 

3 . 2 

7.24 

4.4 3 

4.89 

2.48 

8.33 

2 . 5 

4.4 

6 . 2 

13.32 

6 . 9 

0 

183.4 6 

.76 

10.79 

7.39 

5.3 7 

1.81 

4.4 3 

19.5 9 

161. 1 

0 

4.07 3 

0 

15.9 1 

9.3 5 

16.4 2 

7.8 6 

.556 

8.3 3 

9.06 8 

13.0 9 

27.3 7 

3.08 3 

4.8 1 

8.9 2 

1.18 

1.79 

2 . 6 

3.455 

3.58 1 

3.666 

6.66 

2.2 1 

2.11 4 

3.2 5 

5.9 8 

.83 

1.26 

i.7 3 

2.24 3 

2.39 8 

2.59 4 

6.6 8 

1.58 

98 
TABLE C-4. RADIONUCLIDE BALANCE BESULTS 

P.9 

INFLUENT OP. EFFLUENT STBEAM DESCRIPTION pCi/hr 

4.4035E8 

3392.896 

908.4588 

4.4035E8 

2.9374E8 

68404305 

99864.22 

642303.1 

742167.3 

943571.7 

492791.8 

173703.4 

2352234. 

3.6450E8 

Percent 

of total 

in/out 

100.00 

0.00 

0.00 

80.59 

18.77 

0.20 

0.26 

0.14 

0.05 

0.65 

U-238 IN COAL 

U-238 IN BOTTOM ASH HATER 

U-238 IN ESP ADDITIVES 

U-238 IN TOTAL 

U-238 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

U-238 OUT ESP ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U PB 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U TOTAL 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 3-10 U 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 1-3 U 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

U-238 OUT TOTAL FLY ASH . 

U-238 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN,X 82.78 

BA226 IN COAL 

BA226 IN BOTTOM ASH UATEB 

BA226 IN ESF ADDITIVES 

BA226 IN TOTAL 

RA226 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

RA226 OUT ESP ASH 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U PB 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U TOTAL 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH 3-!0 U 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH 1-3 U 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

BA226 OUT TOTAL FLY ASH 

BA226 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN, X 

4.4035E8 

5344.721 

0 

4.4035E8 

5.8467E8 

77798470 

274794.2 

916848.2 

1191642. 

783218.1 

268917.8 

85960.93 

2329739. 

6.6480E8 

150.97 

100 

0 

0 

87 

11 

0 

0 

0 

0. 

0 

.00 

00 

00 

95 

70 

.18 

12 

.04 

01 

35 

99 
TABLE C-4. (CONT'D) 

P.10 

INFLUENT OB EFFLUENT STBEAM DESCBIPTION pCi/hr 

4.4035E8 

0 

0 

4.4035E8 

0 

1.3090E8 

33958.30 

0 

33958.30 

1067650. 

1675507. 

1115042. 

3892158. 

1.3479E8 

Percent 

of total 

in/out 

100.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

97.11 

0.03 

0.79 

1.24 

0.83 

2.89 

P0210 IN COAL 

P0210 IN BOTTOM ASH UATEB 

PO210 IN ESP ADDITIVES 

PO210 IN TOTAL 

PO210 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

P0210 OUT ESP ASH 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U PB 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U TOTAL 

P0210 OUT FLY ASH 3-10 U 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH 1-3 U 

P0210 OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

PO210 OUT TOTAL FLY ASH 

PO210 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN.% 30.61 

PB210 IN COAL 

PB210 IN BOTTOM ASH UATEB 

PB210 IN ESP ADDITIVES 

PB210 IN TOTAL 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

FE210 

PB210 

FB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

PB210 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

OUT 

BOTTOM ASH 

ESP ASH 

FLY ASH GT 10 U PB 

FLY ASH GT 10 U 

FLY ASH GT 10 U TOTAL 

FLY ASH 3-10 U 

FLY ASH 1-3 U 

FLY ASH LT 1 U 

TOTAL FLY ASH 

TOTAL 

OUT/IN,X 

4.4035E8 

0 

0 

4.4035E8 

1.0538E9 

1.0818E8 

637611.8 

1657458. 

2295070. 

2205171. 

660043.7 

0 

5160285. 

1.1672E9 

265.06 

100.00 

0.00 

0.00 

90.29 

9.27 

0.20 

0.19 

0.06 

0.00 

0.44 

100 
TABLE C-4. (CONT'D) 

P.11 

INFLUENT OB EFFLUENT STBEAM DESCBIPTION pCl/hr 

3.9317E8 

911.4977 

598.9146 

3.9317E8 

3.2769E8 

60916202 

89810.77 

828728.9 

918539.7 

746530.5 

273325.0 

113798.0 

2052193. 

3.9066E8 

Percent 

of total 

in/out 

100.00 

0.00 

0.00 

83.88 

15.59 

0.24 

0.19 

0.07 

0.03 

0.53 

TH230 IN COAL 

TH230 IN BOTTOM ASH UATEB 

TH230 IN ESP ADDITIVES 

TH230 IN TOTAL 

TH230 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

TH230 OUT ESP ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U PB 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U TOTAL 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 3-10 U 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 1-3 U 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

TH230 OUT TOTAL FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN,X 99.36 

TH232 IN COAL 

TH232 IN BOTTOM ASH UATEB 

TH232 IN LSP ADDITIVES 

TH232 IN TOTAL 

TH232 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

TH232 OUT ESP ASH 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U PB 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U TOTAL 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH 3-10 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH 1-3 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

TH232 OUT TOTAL FLY ASH 

TH232 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN,X 

2.8269E8 

383.3724 

87.48468 

2.8269E8 

2.2071E8 

41369336 

44458.57 

546288.7 

590747.3 

527435.6 

194741 .3 

98097.91 

1411022. 

2.6349E8 

100 

0 

0 

83 

15. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.00 

00 

00 

76 

70 

22 

20 

.07 

04 

.54 

93.21 

101 
P.12 

TABLE C-5. ELECTBOSTATIC PRECIPITATOR INLET RADIONUCLIDE DATA 

AND ESTIMATION OF HATER SLUICE RATE(TH-230 BALANCE) 

pCi/hr 

Unless 

RADIONUCLIDE/STREAM DESCRIPTION Noted 

U-238 ESP NORTH INLET 32551307 

U-238 ESP SOUTH INLET 33213225 

U-238 TOTAL ESP INLET 65764532 

RA-226 ESP NORTH INLET 36012799 

RA-226 ESP SOUTH INLET 35471698 

RA-226 TOTAL ESP INLET 71484498 

PO-210 ESP NORTH INLET 31946567 

PO-210 ESP SOUTH INLET 53472706 

PO-210 TOTAL ESP INLET 85419273 

PB-210 ESP NORTH INLET 65161829 

PE-210 ESP SOUTH INLET 40871213 

PB-210 TOTAL ESP INLET 1.0603E8 

TH-230 ESP NORTH INLET 29948604 

TH-230 ESP SOUTH INLET 35523667 

TH-230 TOTAL ESP INLET 65472271 

TH-232 ESP NORTH INLET 20503353 

TH-232 ESP SOUTH INLET 23675758 

TH-232 TOTAL ESP INLET 44179111 

TH-230 BOTTOM ASH (EY DIFFERENCE) 3.2769E8 

TOTAL SLUICE RATE L/HR 55157908 

HATER SLUICE RATE L/HR 55096552 

102 
P.13 

TABLE C-6 . ANALYTICAL DATA AND SAMPLE RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY 

U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

( 1 ) ANALYTICAL DATA— 

HCSS thimbles 

pCi/2 thimbles 

SASS filters 

pCi/2 filters 

0.1 HHIO3, pCi/l 

Water (DDI), 

pCi/l 

(2) FILTER AND THIMBLE (< 1 um) SAMPLE RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY, uCi/hr— 

North and South inlets 7.8 7.0 70 10 2.7 2.0 

(2 thimbles, 3 filters) 

ESP outlet 0.08 ND 0.8 ND 0.03 ND 

(1 filter) 

0.3+ 

36% 

1.4+ 

18% 

0.4+ 

67l 

0.2+ 

112% 

0.6+ 

17% 

2.1 + 

5% 

5.8+ 

111 

1.5+ 

19% 

1.1 + 

46% 

1.1 + 

30% 

0.5+ 

961 

0.4+ 

85f 

4.0+ 

233% 

7.0+ 

77% 

36+ 

361 

8+ 

161%" 

0.3+ 

32% 

1.6+ 

14% 

0.7+ 

701 

2+ 

39l 

0.5+ 

25% 

1.9+ 

13% 

-0.05+ 

200% 

0.6+ 

67%* 

ND = Not detectable. 

103 
P.14 

APPENDIX D 

APPLE III OUTPUT AND SAMPLE 

RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY, SITE M-34 

104 
TABLE D-l. SITE M-34 INPUT DATA (MEASURED AND CALCULATED) 

P.15 

DCS.G/HR DESIGN COAL FEED RATE 

LF. f LOAD FACTOR. FBACTION 

ACB.G/HR ACTUAL COAL FEED RATE 

CACf COAL ASH CONTENT, FBACTION 

AIN,G/HR ASH INPUT RATE 

BAS.G/HB BOTTOM ASH BATE 

FAB.G/HB FLY ASH BATE ESP INLET 

FA,G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB INLET (1/4) 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET 

TVS.DSCF TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED SCRUBBER INLET (1/4) 

TVS.DSCF TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED SCRUBBEB OUTLET 

TF.DSCFM TOTAL FLOU SCBUBBEB INLET (1/4) 

TF.DSCFM TOTAL FLOH SCBUBBEB OUTLET 

CONSTANT SCBUBBEB INLET (1/4) 

CONSTANT SCBUBBEB OUTLET 

FAB.G/HR FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBEB INLET (1/4) 

FAB,G/HR FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBEB OUTLET 

FAR.G/HR TOTAL FLY ASH BATE SCRUBBEB INLET 

HAR.G/HB ESP ASH BATE 

ESPEFF, X ESP EFFICIENCY 

SAR,G/HR SCRUBBEB ASH BATE (PARTICULATE) 

SEFF. X SCBUBBEB EFFICIENCY (PABTICULATE) 

SSB.L/HR SCBUBBER SLUDGE BATE UD 

SSB.L/HB SCBUBBEB SLUDGE BATE D 

LFB.G/HB LIMESTONE FEED BATE 

SHB.L/HB SCBUBBEB UATEB BATE 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET GT 10 U 

FA,G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET GT 10 U PBECUTTEB 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET 3-10 U 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET 1-3 U 

FA.G FLY ASH SCBUBBEB OUTLET LT 1 U 

FAB,G/HR FLY ASH RATE SCRUBBEB OUTLET GT 10 U 

FAB.G/HB FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBER OUTLET GT 10 U PEECUTTER 

FAB,G/HR FLY ASH BATE SCBUBBEB OUTLET 3-10 U 

FAB.G/HE FLY ASH BATE SCRUBBER OUTLET 1-3 U 

FAR,G/HR FLY ASH RATE SCRUBBER OUTLET LT 1 U 

6.4994E8 

.9025 

5.8657E8 

.131 

1.3550E8 

27099442 

1.0840E8 

.03422 

.17948 

46.481 

953.093 

539656 

2458207 

696615.0 

154751.3 

23838.16 

27774.77 

108586. 1 

1.0829E8 

99.89983 

80811.33 

74.42143 

1976 

20964 

6782300 

112000 

.0165 

.0233 

.07236 

.0416 

.02572 

2553.397 

3605.706 

11197.81 

6437.656 

3980.204 

105 
P.16 

TABLE D-l. 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA, G 

FA,G 

FA.G 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

(CONT'D) 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

SCRUBBER INLET GT 10 U PC 

SCRUBBER INLET GT 10 U 1st STAGE 

SCRUBBER INLET 3-10 U 2nd STAGE 

SCRUBBER INLET 1-3 U 3rd STAGE 

SCRUBBER INLET LT 1 U 

RATE SCRUBBER INLET GT 10 U PC 

RATE SCRUBBER INLET GT 10 U 1st STAGE 

RATE SCRUBBER INLET 3-10 U 2nd STAGE 

RATE SCRUBBER INLET 1-3 U 3rd STAGE 

RATE SCRUBBER INLET LT 1 U 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

.03085 

.00016 

.00063 

.00223 

.00035 

97892.50 

507.7083 

1999.101 

7076.184 

1110.612 

106 
P.17 

TABLE D-2. ACTIVITY DATA AS REPORTED BY EPA LABOBATOBY 

SAMPLE DESCBIPTION RADIONUCLIDES/ACTIVITIES<PCi/L or pCi/G)/2-S ERROR 

COAL 

E 

LIMESTONE 

E 

SCBUBBEB UATEB 

E 

BOTTOM ASH 

E 

ESP ASH 

E 

SCRUBBEI 

E 

SCRUBBEI 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

[ SLUDGE 

t SLUDGE 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

UD 

D 

PB 

U-238 

1.66 

. 1032 

.5859 

. 1772 

.1349 

.4171 

2.708 

. 1083 

NC 

21.12 

.1711 

1.696 

.3471 

4.31 

.7614 

.57 

2.6106 

4.13 

.3648 

7.05 

.3747 

33 

.2203 

RA-226 

NC 

NC 

.16 

.17 

3.7 

.02 

NC 

5.8 

.07 

3.8 

.11 

14.55 

.22 

18.88 

.13 

11.06 

.09 

15.38 

.1 

45.1 

.07 

PO-210 

NC 

NC 

NC 

B 

NC 

NC 

HC 

B 

9.34 

.8663 

B 

B 

118.4 

.296 

PB-210 

HC 

HC 

HC 

4.562 

.2398 

HC 

HC 

HC 

558.8 

.9921 

B 

164.5 

.6173 

157.3 

.8293 

B 

TH-230 

1.59 

.0597 

.5565 

.1244 

.09548 

.4468 

2.542 

.0655 

NC 

22.91 

.1013 

.6352 

.5601 

6.72 

.7059 

1.24 

1 .4146 

4.33 

.3258 

3.28 

.6343 

28.74 

.2158 

TH-232 

1.11 

.0692 

.0769 

.3341 

.04774 

.6565 

1.995 

.0715 

NC 

2.06 

.3294 

.0397 

3.4635 

1.55 

1.4906 

B 

1 .84 

.4863 

3.09 

.5009 

37.45 

.192 

THE FOLLOUING DATA SETS ABE USED HITHOUT THEIB EBBOB VALUES 

(SCBUBBEB INLET-- HCSS BUH) 

FASI GT 10 U PC 

FAS I GT 10 U 1st 

FASI 3-10 U 2nd 

FASI 1-3 U 3rd 

FASI LT 1 U 

1.2 

74.4 

128 

54.1 

440 

5.19 

2000 

444 

143 

2400 

B 

5408 

794 

359 

HC 

93.84 

B 

205 

B 

HC 

.82 

153 

201 

B 

682 

1.1 

102 

12.5 

3.94 

551 

NOTE J NC = NOT COUNTED 

B - LESS THAN BACKROUND 

107 
TABLE D-3. ACTIVITY DATA AS USED) EM CALCULATIONS 

SAMPLE DESCBIPTION--

COAL 

E 

LIMESTONE 

in 

SCBUBBEB UATEB 

E 

BOTTOM ASH 

E 

ESP ASH (M-33) 

E 

SCBUBBEB SLUDGE 

E 

SCBUBBEB SLUDGE 

E 

FLY ASH GT 10 U 

E 

FLY ASH GT 10 U 

E 

FLY ASH 3-10 U n 

FLY ASH 1-3 U 

E 

FLY ASH LT 1 U 

E 

UD 

D 

PB 

-- -BADlOroCLlDES/ ACTI.V ITI ES ( PC i /L or 

U-238 

1.66 

. 1032 

.5859 

.177? 

.1349 

.4171 

2.708 

.1083 

3.517 

.1142 

21.12 

.1711 

1.696 

.3471 

4.31 

.7614 

.57 

2.6106 

4.13 

.3648 

7.05 

.3747 

33 

.2203 

IA-2:2:6 . 

li«&6,. 

., «0>3!2 

.,5)8!3.9> 

.liTTO 

.116. 

..£7' 

3J..7' 

.&Z 

4-

.02 

5.8 

.07 

3.8-

. 11 

14.55 

.22 

t&. 88 

.13 

U.06 

.09 

15.38 

.1 

45.1 

.07 

PO-210 

1.66 

.1032 

.5859 

.1772 

0 

0 

0 

.2235 

6.73 

.1671 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2.4915 

9.34 

.8663 

0 

.4977 

0 

.304 

118.4 

.296 

PB-210 

1.66 

.1032 

.5859 

.1772 

0 

0 

4.562 

.2398 

5.562 

.2778 

0 

0 

0 

0 

558.8 

.9921 

0 

fj 

164.5 

.6173 

157.3 

.8293 

0 

0 

pCi/G)/2-

TH-230 

1.59 

.0597 

.5565 

.1244 

.09548 

.4468 

2.542 

.0655 

3.132 

.0561 

22.91 

.1013 

.'6352 

.5601 

6.72 

.7059 

1.24 

1.4146 

4.33 

.3258 

3.28 

.6343 

28.74 

.2158 

-S EBBOR 

TH-232 

1.11 

.0692 

.0769 

.3341 

.04774 

.6565 

1.995 

.0715 

2.127 

.0654 

2.06 

.3294 

.0397 

3.4635 

1.55 

1.4906 

0 

0 

1.84 

.4863 

3.09 

.5009 

37.45 

.192 

THE FOLLOUING DATA SETS ABE USED HITHOUT THEIB EBBOB VALUES 

(SCBUBBEB INLET-- HCSS RUN) 

FASI 

FASI 

FASI 

FASI 

FASI 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

PC 

1st 

2nd 

3rd 

1.2 

74.4 

128 

54.1 

440 

5.19 

2000 

444 

143 

2400 

0 

5408 

794 

359 

0 

93 .84 

0 

205 

0 

0 

.82 

153 

201 

0 

682 

1.1 

102 

12.5 

3.94 

551 

108 
TABLE D-4. BADIOHUCLIDE BALANCE RESULTS 

P.19 

INFLUEHT OR EFFLUENT STBEAM DESCBIPTION pCi/hr 

9.7370E8 

3973750. 

15108.8 

9.7769E8 

73385288 

3.8085E8 

41733.12 

35554.94 

11005.14 

2055.253 

13060.39 

46246.94 

45385.47 

131346.7 

236039.6 

4.5455E8 

Percent 

of total 

in/out 

99.59 

0.41 

16.14 

83.79 

0.01 

0.01 

0.00 

0.01 

0.01 

0.03 

0.05 

U-238 IN COAL 

U-238 IN LIMESTONE 

U-238 IN SCBUBBEB UATEB 

U-238 IN TOTAL 

U-238 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

U-238 OUT ESP ASH 

U-238 OUT SPENT SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (UD) 

U-238 OUT SPEHT SCRUBBEB SLUDGE (D) 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U PBECUTTEB 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL GT 10 U 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 3-10 U 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 1-3 U 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

U-238 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IH, X 46.49 

BA226 IH COAL 

BA226 IH LIMESTONE 

BA226 IN SCRUBBER UATER 

BA226 IN TOTAL 

BA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

RA226 OUT 

RA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

RA226 OUT 

BA226 OUT 

OUT/IN, X 

BOTTOM ASH 

ESP ASH 

SPENT SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (UD) 

SPENT SCRUBBER SLUDGE (D) 

FLY ASH GT 10 U 

FLY ASH GT 10 U PBECUTTEB 

FLY ASH TOTAL GT 10 U 

FLY ASH 3-10 U 

FLY ASH 1-3 U 

FLY ASH LT 1 U 

FLY ASH TOTAL 

TOTAL 

9.7370E8 

3973750. 

17920 

9.7769E8 

1.0027E8 

4.3316E8 

11460.8 

79663.2 

37151.93 

68075.73 

105227.7 

123847.7 

99011.15 

179507.2 

507593.8 

5.3402E8 

99 

0 

18 

81 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.59 

41 

78 

11 

00 

.01 

02 

02 

02 

03 

10 

54.62 

109 
TABLE D-4. (COHT'D) 

IHFLUEHT OB EFFLUEHT STBEAM DESCBIPTIOH 

Percent 

of toUl 

pCi/hr in/out 

FO210 IH COAL 

P0210 IH LIMESTOHE 

PO210 IH SCBUBBEB UATEB 

PO210 IH TOTAL 

9.7370E8 

3973750. 

0 

9.7768E8 

99.59 

0.41 

PO210 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

P0210 OUT ESP ASH 

PO210 OUT SPEHT SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (UD) 

P0210 OUT SPEHT SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (D) 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U 

P0210 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U PBECUTTEB 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL GT 10 U 

P0210 OUT FLY ASH 3-10 U 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH 1-3 U 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

PO210 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

P0210 OUT TOTAL 

7.2879E8 

0 

0 

0 

33677.30 

33677.30 

0 

0 

471256.2 

504933.5 

7.2929E8 

0.00 

99.93 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.00 

0.06 

0.07 

OUT/IH, X 74.59 

PB210 IH COAL 

PB210 IH LIMESTOHE 

PB210 IH SCBUBBEB UATEB 

PB210 IH TOTAL 

PB210 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

PB210 OUT ESP ASH 

PB210 OUT SPEHT SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (UD) 

PB210 OUT SPENT SCRUBBEB SLUDGE (D) 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U PBECUTTEB 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL GT 10 U 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH 3-10 U 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH 1-3 U 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

PB210 OUT TCTAL 

OUT/IN. X 

9.7370E8 

3973750. 

0 

9.7768E8 

1.2363E8 

6.0230E8 

0 

0 

1426838. 

0 

1426838. 

1842039. 

1012643. 

0 

4281521. 

7.3021E8 

99 

0. 

16 

82 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

59 

41 

93 

48 

00 

.00 

20 

25 

14 

.00 

59 

74.69 

110 
TABLE D-4. (CONT'D) 

P.21 

INFLUEHT OB EFFLUEHT STBEAM DESCBIPTIOH 

Percent 

of total 

pCi/hr in/out 

TH230 IH COAL 

TH230 IN LIMESTONE 

TH230 IN SCRUBBEB UATER 

TH230 IN TOTAL 

TH230 

TH230 

TH230 

TH230 

TH230 

TH230 

TH230 

TH230 

TH230 

TH230 

TH230 

TH230 

OUT BOTTOM ASH 

OUT ESP ASH 

OUT SPENT SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (UD) 

OUT SPEHT SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (D) 

OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U 

OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U PBECUTTEB 

OUT FLY ASH TOTAL GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

OUT FLY ASH 

OUT FLY ASH 

OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IH, X 

9.3264E8 

3774350. 

10693.76 

9.3643E8 

68886780 

3.3916E8 

45270.16 

13316.33 

17158.83 

4471.076 

21629.90 

48486.50 

21115 ..51 

114391.1 

205623.0 

4.0831E8 

43.60 

99.60 

0.40 

16.87 

83.06 

0.01 

0.00 

01 

01 

01 

03 

0.05 

TH232 IH COAL 

TH232 IH LIMESTONE 

TH232 IN SCBUBBEB UATEB 

TH232 IN TOTAL 

TH232 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

TH232 OUT ESP ASH 

TH232 OUT SPENT SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (UD) 

TH232 OUT SPENT SCBUBBEB SLUDGE (D) 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH GT 10 U PEECUTTER 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL GT 10 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH 3-10 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH 1-3 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

TH232 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN. X 

6.5109E8 

521558.9 

5346.88 

6.5162E8 

54063386 

2.3033E8 

4070.56 

832.2708 

3957.766 

0 

3957.766 

20603.96 

19892.36 

149058.7 

193512.7 

2.8459E8 

99 

0 

19 

80 

0 

0 

0 

0. 

0 

0. 

0 

.92 

.08 

.00 

93 

.00 

00 

00 

01 

01 

05 

07 

43.67 

111 
TABLE D-5. MET LIMESTONE SCRUBBER INLET RADIONUCLIDE DATA 

RADIONUCLIDE/STREAM DESCRIPTION pCi/hr 

U-238 SCRUBBER INLET (1/4 DUCTS--MEASURED) 1282620. 

U-238 SCRUBBER INLET (TOTAL--ESTIMATED) 5842511. 

BA-226 SCRUBBER INLET (1/4 DUCTS--MEASURED) 6088442. 

HA-226 SCRUBBER INLET (TOTAL--ESTIMATED) 27733688 

PO-210 SCRUBBER INLET (1/4 DUCTS—MEASURED) 6873323. 

PO-210 SCRUBBER INLET (TOTAL—ESTIMATED) 31308926 

PB-210 SCRUBBER INLET (1/4 DUCTS—MEASURED) 9596048. 

PB-210 SCRUBBER INLET (TOTAL—ESTIMATED) 43711312 

TH-230 SCRUBBER INLET (1/4 DUCTS--MEASURED) 1317208. 

TH-230 SCRUBBER INLET (TOTAL--ESTIMATED) 6000062. 

TH-232 SCRUBBER INLET (1/4 DUCTS—MEASURED) 824284.0 

TH-232 SCRUBBER INLET (TOTAL—ESTIMATED) 3754727. 

112 
P.23 

TABLE D-6. ANALYTICAL DATA AND SAMPLE RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY 

U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

(1) ANALYTICAL DATA— 

HCSS thimbles 

pCi/2 thimbles 

SASS filters 

pCi/2 filters 

0.1 HN03> pCi/l 

Water (DDI), 

pCi/l 

(2) FILTER AND THIMBLE (<1 um) SAMPLE RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY, VCi/hr— 

Scrubber inlet ND ND NA NA ND ND 

(1 thimble) 

Scrubber outlet 0.03 0.02 0.48 ND ND ND 

(1 filter) 

0.3+ 

36% 

1.4+ 

18% 

0.4+ 

67% 

0.2+ 

112% 

0.6+ 

17% 

2.1 + 

5% 

5.8+ 

111 

1.5+ 

19% 

1.1 + 

46% 

1.1 + 

30% 

0.5+ 

96l 

0.4+ 

85% 

4.0+ 

233% 

7.0+ 

77% 

36+ 

36l 

8+ 

161% 

0.3+ 

32% 

1.6+ 

14% 

0.7+ 

70l 

2+ 

39% 

0.5+ 

25% 

1.9+ 

13% 

-0.05+ 

200% 

0.6+ 

67% 

NA = No analysis. 

ND = Not detectable. 

113 
P.24 

APPENDIX E 

APPLE III OUTPUT AND SAMPLE 

RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY, SITE M-99 

114 
TABLE E-l. SITE M-99 INPUT DATA (MEASURED AND CALCULATED) 

DCS,G/HR 

LF. f 

ACR.G/HR 

CAC, f 

AIN,G/HR 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA,G 

TVS.DSCF 

TVS.DSCF 

TVS.DSCF 

TF.DSCFM 

TF.DSCFM 

TF.DSCFM 

CONSTANT 

CONSTANT 

CONSTANT 

FAR.G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

HAR.G/HR 

ESPEFF, X 

BAR.G/HR * 

CYIN.G/HR* 

CYAB.G/HB* 

CYCEFF, X* 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA,G 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FA.G 

FA,G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA,G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FA.G 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HH 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR.G/HE 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

FAR,G/HR 

DESIGN COAL FEED BATE 

LOAD FACTOR, FRACTION 

ACTUAL COAL FEED RATE 

COAL ASH CONTENT, FRACTION 

ASH INPUT RATE 

ESP EAST INLET TOTAL 

ESP WEST INLET TOTAL 

ESP OUTLET TOTAL 

TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED ESP EAST INLET 

TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED ESP WEST INLET 

TOTAL VOLUME SAMPLED ESP OUTLET 

TOTAL FLOW ESP EAST INLET 

TOTAL FLOW ESP HEST INLET 

TOTAL FLOH ESP OUTLET 

ESP EAST INLET 

ESP WEST INLET 

ESP OUTLET 

FLY ASH RATE ES? EAST INLET 

FLY ASH RATE ESP WEST INLET 

FLY ASH RATE ESP OUTLET 

ESP HOPPER ASH RATE 

ESP EFFICIENCY 

BOTTOM ASH RATE 

CYCLONE IMLET ASH BATE 

CYCLONE HOPPEB ASH BATE 

CYCLONE EFFICIEHCY 

FLY ASH ESP OUTLET GT 10 U 

FLY ASH ESP OUTLET GT 10 U PBOBE BIHSE 

FLY ASH ESP OUTLET 3-10 U 

FLY ASH ESP OUTLET 1-3 U 

FLY ASH ESP OUTLET LT 1 U 

FLY ASH BATE ESP OUTLET GT 10 U 

FLY ASH BATE ESP OUTLET GT 10 U PBOBE BINSE 

FLY ASH BATE ESP OUTLET 3-10 U 

FLY ASH RATE ESP OUTLET 1-3 U 

FLY ASH RATE ESP OUTLET LT 1 U 

FLY ASH ESP WEST INLET GT 10 U 

FLY ASH ESP WEST INLET GT 10 U PR 

FLY ASH ESP WEST INLET 3-10 U 

FLY ASH ESP WEST INLET 1-3 U 

FLY ASH ESP WEST INLET LT 1 U 

FLY ASH ESP EAST INLET GT 10 U 

FLY ASH ESP EAST INLET GT 10 U 

FLY ASH ESP EAST INLET 3-10 U 2nd STAGE 

FLY ASH ESP EAST INLET 1-3 U 3rd STAGE 

FLY ASH ESP EAST INLET LT 1 U 

FLY ASH RATE ESP HEST INLET GT 10 U 

FLY ASH RATE ESP HEST INLET GT 10 U PR 

FLY ASH RATE ESP WEST INLET 3-10 U 

FLY ASH RATE ESP WEST INLET 1-3 U 

FLY ASH RATE ESP WEST INLET LT 1 U 

FLY ASH RATE ESP EAST INLET GT 10 U 1st STAGE 

FLY ASH RATE ESP EAST INLET GT 10 U IB 

FLY ASH RATE ESP EAST INLET 3-10 U 2nd STAGE 

FLY ASH RATE ESP EAST INLET 1-3 U 3rd STAGE 

FLY ASH RATE ESP EAST INLET LT 1 U 

1st STAGE 

IE 

53167229 

. 83 

44128800 

.0903 

3984831. 

4.46026 

16.55137 

2.64908 

110.675 

399.439 

1752.978 

91391 

94064 

219303 

49545.61 

14129.42 

7506.187 

220986.3 

233861.2 

19884.49 

434963.0 

95.62832 

2390898. 

1593932. 

1139085. 

71.463*1 

.6935 

.7538 

.44105 

.31199 

.44874 

5205.540 

5658.163 

3310.604 

2341.855 

3368.326 

5.2637 

.43597 

2.45996 

1 .5057 

6.88604 

1.94531 

.52674 

.14918 

.23108 

1.60795 

74373.01 

6160.002 

34757.80 

21274.66 

97295.73 

96381.56 

26097.65 

7391.214 

11449.00 

79666.86 

115 
TABLE E-2. ACTIVITY DATA AS BEPOBTED BY EPA LABOBATOBY 

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION--

COAL tfl 

BOTTOM ASK 

E 

MC ASH 

E 

ESP ASH n 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U P 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

—RADIONUCLIDES/ACTIVITIES( 

U-238 

.342 

.0018 

1.31 

.00278 

2.61 

.00233 

1.75 

.0032 

.359 

.00131 

.12 

0 

.213 

.00111 

.282 

.00147 

2.52 

.00394 

BA-226 

.249 

.000887 

NC 

3.19 

.00179 

1.52 

.0077 

.8 

.00424 

.917 

.003 

.582 

.00371 

1.26 

.00643 

2.99 

.00305 

PO-210 

.779 

.00421 

.88 

0 

1.2 

.0016 

13.7 

.0188 

26.4 

.0232 

25.6 

.0167 

28.1 

.0248 

25.9 

.0298 

24.5 

.0208 

pCi/L or 

PB-210 

NC 

MC 

SIC 

NC 

MC 

nc 

MC 

MC 

MC 

pCi/G)/2-

TH-230 

1.48 

.0064 

1.99 

.00457 

2.68 

.00635 

1.76 

.00373 

.241 

.00114 

.108 

0 

.405 

.00152 

.465 

.00146 

2.5 

.00238 

-S ESROR 

TH-232 

.399 

0 

.662 

.00275 

1.72 

.00479 

.954 

.00276 

.262 

.00118 

.115 

0 

.173 

0 

.178 

.000929 

2.38 

.0023 

THE FOLLOUIHG DATA SETS USED HITHOUT THEIS ERROR VALUES 

(ELECTROSTATIC PBECIPITATOR EAST AND HEST INLET DATA) 

ESP H 

ESP H 

ESP H 

ESP U 

ESP H 

ESF E 

ESP E 

ESP E 

ESF E 

ESF E 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

PR 

IR 

1.83 

1.9 

2.03 

1.19 

.07 

2.11 

1.02 

1.81 

1.4 

.36 

3.61 

4.44 

2.16 

1.39 

.084 

2.61 

1.75 

2.63 

3.59 

.38 

3.16 

14.9 

10.8 

26 

.114 

5.74 

8.94 

20.4 

16 

27.1 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

MC 

NC 

!NC 

MC 

:NC 

NC 

1.4 

1.14 

2.27 

.932 

.07 

2.03 

1.73 

6.87 

1.87 

.78 

2.21 

1.09 

1.18 

.627 

.038 

1 .41 

1.19 

1.08 

1.01 

.54 

NOTE ! NC • NOT COUNTED AND 

ALL VALUES FOR PO-210 ARE 

•LESS THAN" VALUES 

116 
TABLE E-3. ACTIVITY DATA AS USED IH CALCULATIONS 

SAMPLE DESCRIPTIONCOAL 

E 

BOTTOM ASH 

E 

MC ASH 

E 

ESP ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

FLY ASH 

E 

. 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U P 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT I U 

•--RADIONUCLIDES/ACTIVITIES( 

U-238 

.342 

.0018 

1.31 

.00278 

2.61 

.00233 

1.75 

.0032 

.359 

.00131 

.12 

0 

.213 

.00111 

.282 

.00147 

2.52 

.00394 

BA-226 

.249 

.000887 

0 

0 

3.19 

.00179 

1.52 

.0077 

.8 

.00424 

.917 

.003 

.582 

.00371 

1 .26 

.00643 

2.99 

.00305 

PO-210 

.779 

.00421 

.88 

0 

1.2 

.0016 

13.7 

.0188 

26.4 

.0232 

25.6 

.0167 

28.1 

.0248 

25.9 

.0298 

24.5 

.0208 

pCi/L or 

PB-210 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

pCi/G>/2-

TH-230 

1 .48 

.0064 

1.99 

.00457 

2.68 

.00635 

1.76 

.00373 

.241 

.00114 

.108 

0 

.405 

.00152 

.465 

.00146 

2.5 

.00238 

-S ERROR 

TH-232 

.399 

0 

.662 

.00275 

1.72 

.00479 

.954 

.00276 

.262 

.00118 

.115 

0 

.173 

0 

.178 

.000929 

2.38 

.0023 

THE FOLLOUING DATA SETS USED HITHOUT THEIR ERBOB VALUES 

(ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR EAST AND HEST INLET DATA) 

ESP H I GT 10 U 

ESP H I GT 10 U PB 

ESP H I 3-10 U 

ESP H I 1-3 U 

ESP U I LT 1 U 

ESP E I GT 10 U 

ESP E I GT 10 U IE 

ESP E I 3-10 U 

ESP E I 1-3 U 

ESP E I LT 1 U 

1.83 

1.9 

2.03 

1.19 

.07 

2.11 

1.02 

1.81 

1.4 

.36 

3.61 

4.44 

2.16 

1.39 

.084 

2.61 

1.75 

2.63 

3.59 

.38 

3.16 

14.9 

10.8 

26 

.114 

5.74 

8.94 

20.4 

16 

27.1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1.4 

1.14 

2.27 

.932 

.07 

2.03 

1.73 

6.87 

1.87 

.78 

2.21 

1.09 

1.18 

.627 

.038 

1.41 

1 . 19 

1 .08 

1 .01 

.54 

117 
TABLE E-4. RADIONUCLIDE BALANCE RESULTS 

P.28 

INFLUENT OB EFFLUENT STBEAM DESCBIPTION 

Percent 

of total 

pCi/hr in/out 

U-238 IN COAL 15092050 

U-238 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

U-238 OUT CYCLONE ASH 

U-238 OUT ESP ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH 

U-238 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

U-238 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN, X 

GT 

GT 

GT 

3-

i-: 

LT 

10 U 

10 U 

10 U 

LO U 

3 U 

1 U 

PBOBE 

TOTAL 

B 

3132077. 

2973011. 

761185.2 

1868.789 

678,9796 

2547.769 

705.1586 

660.4032 

8488.182 

12401.51 

6878675. 

45.58 

45.53 

43.22 

11.07 

0.04 

0.01 

0.01 

0.12 

0.18 

BA226 IN COAL 

BA226 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

BA226 OUT CYCLONE ASH 

BA226 OUT ESP ASH 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH GT 

RA226 OUT FLY ASH GT 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH GT 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH 3-10 U 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH 1-3 U 

BA226 OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

RA226 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

BA226 OUT TOTAL 

OUT/IN, X 

10 U 

10 U PBOBE R 

10 U TOTAL 

10988071 

0 

3633680. 

661143.8 

4164.432 

5188.536 

9352.968 

1926.771 

2950.7 38 

10071.30 

24301.77 

4319126. 

0.00 

84.13 

15.31 

0.22 

0.04 

0.07 

C.23 

0.56 

?9.31 

118 
TABLE E-4. (CONT'D) 

P.29 

INFLUENT OB EFFLUENT STBEAM DESCBIPTION pCi/hr 

34376335 

2103991. 

1366902. 

5958993. 

137426.3 

144849.0 

282275.3 

93027.96 

60654.05 

82523.99 

518481 .-3 

9948367. 

Percent 

of total 

in/out 

21.15 

13.74 

59.90 

2.84 

0.94 

0.61 

0.83 

5.21 

PO210 IN COAL 

PO210 OUT 

P0210 OUT 

PO210 OUT 

PO210 OUT 

PO210 OUT 

P0210 OUT 

PO210 OUT 

P0210 OUT 

PO210 OUT 

P0210 OUT 

PO210 OUT 

BOTTOM ASH 

CYCLONE ASH 

ESP ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH 

FLY ASH TOTAL 

TOTAL 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U PBOBE B 

GT 10 U TOTAL 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

OUT/IN, 28.94 

P2210 IN COAL 

PB210 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

PB210 OUT CYCLONE ASH 

PB210 OUT ESP ASH 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH 

PB210 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

PB210 OUT TOTAL 

GT 10 U 

GT 10 U PROBE R 

GT 10 U TOTAL 

3-10 U 

1-3 U 

LT 1 U 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

OUT/IN, 

119 
TABLE E-4. (CONT'D) 

INFLUENT OB EFFLUENT STBEAM DESCRIPTION PCi/hr 

65310624 

4757888. 

3052747. 

765534.9 

1254.535 

611.0817 

1865.617 

1340.794 

1088.963 

8420.815 

12716.19 

8588886. 

P 

Of 

i 

Br cent 

total 

i/out 

55.40 

35.54 

8.91 

0.02 

0.02 

0.01 

0.10 

0.15 

TH230 IN COAL 

TH230 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

TH230 OUT CYCLONE ASH 

TH230 OUT ESP ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH 

TH230 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

TH230 OUT TOTAL 

GT 

GT 

GT 

10 U 

10 U 

10 U 

3-10 U 

1-, 

LT 

1 U 

1 U 

PBOBE 

TOTAL 

B 

OUT/IN, 13.15 

TH232 IN COAL 

TH232 OUT BOTTOM ASH 

TH232 OUT CYCLONE ASH 

TH232 OUT ESP ASH 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH GT 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH GT 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH GT 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH 3-10 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH 1-3 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH LT 1 U 

TH232 OUT FLY ASH TOTAL 

TK232 OUT TOTAL 

10 U 

10 U PBOBE B 

10 U TOTAL 

17607391 

1582775. 

1959226. 

414954.7 

1363.852 

650.6888 

2014.540 

572.7344 

416.8502 

8016.616 

11020.74 

3967976. 

39 

49 

10 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

89 

.38 

46 

.05 

01 

.01 

20 

28 

OUT/IN, 22.54 

120 
P.31 

TABLE E-5. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR INLET RADIONUCLIDE DATA 

RADIONUCLIDE/STREAM DESCRIPTION pCi/hr 

U-238 ESP WEST INLET 250492.5 

U-238 ESP EAST INLET 288071.5 

U-238 ESP INLET TOTAL 538564.0 

RA-226 ESP HEST INLET 408658.4 

RA-226 ESP EAST INLET 388041.0 

RA-226 ESP INLET TOTAL 796699.4 

PO-210 ESP HEST INLET 1266420. 

PO-210 ESP EAST INLET 3279480. 

PO-210 ESP INLET TOTAL 4545900. 

TH-230 ESP HEST INLET 216683.5 

TH-230 ESP EAST INLET 375130.9 

TH-230 ESP INLET TOTAL 591814.4 

TH-232 ESP HEST INLET 229129.4 

TH-232 ESP EAST INLET 229520.3 

TH-232 ESP INLET TOTAL 458649.7 

121 
P.32 

TABLE E-6. ANALYTICAL DATA AND SAMPLE RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY 

U-238 Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

(1) ANALYTICAL DATA--

HCSS thimble 0.3+ 0.4+ <0.2 NA 

pCi/thimble 

HCSS thimble 0.2+ 1.4+ 0.4+ NA 

pCi/thimble 

0.1 HNO3, pCi/l <0.4 3.0+ <2.0 NA 

Water (DDI), <0.07 <0.5 <0.8 NA 

pCi/l 

SASS filter 0.8+ 0.9+ 0.7+ NA 

pCi/filter 

0.3+ 

0 . 1 

0.2+ 

0.09 

0 . 4 

0.4+ 

0 . 2 

1.4+ 

0.3 

3.0+ 

1.0 

<0.2 

0.4+ 

0.2 

<2.0 

0.8+ 

0.1 

0.9+ 

0.2 

0.9+ 

0.3 

1.7+ 

0.3 

0.7+ 

0.3 

0.8+ 

0.2 

0.46+ 

0.08 

0.27+ 

0.07 

0 . 4 

0 . 1 

0.8+ 

0.1 

0.5+ 

0.09 

0.3+ 

0.07 

0.3+ 

0.08 

0.6+ 

0 . 3 

0.2+ 

0 . 2 

1.1 + 

0.1 

0.9+ 

0.1 

SASS filter 0.9+ 1.7+ 0.8+ NA 

pCi/filter 

(2) FILTER AND THIMBLE (< 1 um) SAMPLE RESULTS CORRECTED FOR BLANK 

RADIOACTIVITY, MCi/hr— 

ESP East inlet ND ND <2.1 NA 0.01 ND 

(3 thimbles) 

ESP West inlet ND ND ND NA ND ND 

(4 filters) 

ESP outlet 0.002 ND <0.08 NA 0.003 0.001 

(1 filter) 

NA = No analysis. 

ND = Not detectable. 

122 
P.33 

APPENDIX F 

DATA SUMMARY FOR FIVE PLANTS 

WHERE GRAB SAMPLING (ONLY) 

WAS CONDUCTED 

As discussed in Section 3 of this report, grab sampling (only) was 

performed at five additional facilities as part of an abbreviated sampling 

program. The intent during this phase of the project was to concentrate on 

facilities employing fabric filters for particulate control since it would 

have been difficult (because of high collection efficiency) to obtain enough 

material for analysis at the collector outlets at these plants. Grab sample 

activity analyses for these five sites are given in Table F-1. The reported 

activities for fabric filter hopper ash are generally higher than activities 

measured for other collection device samples reported in Sections 4 

through 8. Despite the lack of additional confirming data, it is likely that 

these fabric filters remove much more particulate matter from the gas stream 

than any of the control devices sampled at the other sites. 

123 
TABLE F-1. REPORTED ACTIVITIES FOR FIVE SAMPLING SITES 

Site/Stream U-238 

Report ed ac t ivi ty, pCi/ga 

Ra-226 Po-210b Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

N> 

M-4 

Fabric Filter Hopper Ash 

M-16 

Coalc 

5.5 

Fabric Filter Hopper Ash 6.2 

M-19 

Coale 

As Received B 

Moisture Adjusted Value 

Fabric Filter Hopper Ash 2.4 

4.5 

As Received 

Moisture Adjusted Value 

Fabric Filter Hopper Ash 

M-18 

Coald 

As Received 

Moisture Adjusted Value 

0.65 

0.46 

2.5 

0.52 

0.51 

0.85 

0.61 

4.1 

1.8 

1.7 

6.8 

19.0 

3.3 

0.68 

0.67 

8.7 

0.98 

0.92 

1.2 

(continue .d) 

0. 

0. 

2. 

70 

66 

8 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

NC 

5.6 

0.32 

0.23 

4.0 

0.60 

0.59 

6.7 

0.75 

0.70 

3.2 

2.5 

0.15 

0.11 

2.5 

0.40 

0.39 

4.6 

0.40 

0.38 

2.6 
TABLE F-1 (continued) 

Site/Stream U-238 

Reported activity , pCi/ga 

Ra-226 Po-210b Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

M-98 

XJX 

Coalf 

As Received 

Moisture Adjusted Value 

Bottom Ash 

Lime 

Scrubber Sludge -

Liquid Portion 

Scrubber Sludge -

Solid Portion 

0.27 

0.19 

2.5 

1.3 

17.0 

NC 

-

2.9 

1.1 

0.31 

0.33 

0.23 

1.6 

0.20 

0.99 

NC 

-

NC 

NC 

NC 

0.34 

0.24 

1.5 

0.13 

0.21 

0.18 

0.12 

2.8 

1.3 

0.54 

5.3 2.6 2.8 NC 

aB = less than background, NC = not counted. 

bNo decay correction made. 

cMoisture Content - 28.6%, Ash Content - 5.81%, Sulfur Content - 0.37%, 

Heating Value - 8,575 Btu/lb. 

dMoisture Content - 1.53%, Ash Content - 8.20%, Sulfur Content - 0.77%, 

Heating Value - 13,815 Btu/lb. 

eMoisture Content - 6.24%, Ash Content - 13.6%, Sulfur Content, 1.78%, 

Heating Value - 12,370 Btu/lb. 

^Moisture Content - 30.8%, Ash Content - 9.0%, Sulfur Content - 0.79%, 

Heating Value - 7,143 Btu/lb. 

4.8 6.4 
P.36 

APPENDIX G 

SUMMARY OF RADIOASSAY RESULTS FOR 

TWO FLUIDIZED BED BOILERS - THE GEORGETOWN 

UNIVERSITY FBB AND THE EXXON MINIPLANT 

126 
GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY FLUIDIZED-BED BOILER 

RADIOASSAY RESULTS1 

PLANT DESCRIPTION 

The Georgetown University fluidized-bed boiler (FBB) is a two-bed, 

single-cell, top-suspended, balanced-draft, natural circulation boiler unit 

capable of generating saturated steam at 275 psig for delivery directly into 

the University steam header for heating and cooling of 204,000 m2 of bulding 

space. Saturated steam at 625 psig can also be produced for delivery into the 

University header through a pressure regulating valve, with provisions for 

future co-generation of electrical energy. 

The design and operation of the Georgetown University FBB is based on 

classical fluidized-bed principles; i.e., use of low superficial velocity in 

the range of 1.2 to 2.4 m/sec (4 to 8 ft/sec), and primary recirculation of 

entrained solids to the combustion chamber. Design and operating conditions 

for the FBB are summarized in Table G-1 while a schematic diagram of the plant 

configuration is provided in Figure G-1. 

SAMPLING PERFORMED 

Five stream samples were collected at the Georgetown FBB for 

radioisotopic analysis. Stream numbers refer to the sampling points indicated 

in Figure G-1. These included combustor flue gas particles (upstream of the 

baghouse), spent combustion bed solids, fly ash removed from the baghouse 

hoppers, coal feed, and limestone feed. 

The Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS train) was used to collect 

size-fractionated particles in the Georgetown FBB combustor flue gas for 

radioanalysis. SASS train sampling was conducted using a sampling port 

located on a duct between the outlet of the multiclone and inlet to the 

baghouse. This location was selected to provide sufficient particulate 

material for radioanalysis. Sampling at the baghouse outlet would not have 

yielded enough sample because of the high particulate removal efficiency of 

the baghouse. 

A total of 9.26 dscm of combustor flue gas was sampled over a 90 minute 

period on August 25, 1980. On August 26, a SASS train sampling run was 

conducted at the baghouse outlet to provide information to estimate baghouse 

efficiency. A total of 29.22 dscm were sampled at this location. 

Table G-2 shows net weight of flue gas particles collected for each 

component of the SASS train for both inlet and outlet sampling. Using these 

data and normalizing the volume of flue gas sampled, an approximate baghouse 

removal efficiency may be calculated for each particulate size fraction. It 

should be emphasized that this calculation efficiency is only an estimate 

based on SASS-train data obtained from two separate sampling runs. These 

values are used to project the radionuclide emissions at the stack based on 

the measured activities at the baghouse inlet. The estimating procedure 

should be considered as a rough approximation only. 

127 
P.38 

TABLE G-1. GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY FLUIDIZED-BED BOILER 

DESIGN/OPERATING CONDITIONS 

Steam flow 

Outlet temperature/pressure 

Bed dimensions 

Design coal 

Heating value 

Ash content 

Moisture content 

Sulfur content 

Design parameters 

Bed depth - expanded at full load 

Bed operating temperature 

Fluidizing velocity at full load 

Freeboard height 

Bed tubes 

Segment separation 

Ca/S ratio (for SO2 compliance) 

Coal feed system 

Coal size 

Coal flow rate at full load 

Limestone size 

Reinjection flow rate at full load 

Efficiency (thermal) 

Turndown capacity 

100,000 lbs/hr 

Saturated 414°F/275 or 

493°F/625 psig 

19'-4" x ll'-O (2 segments) 

Bituminous 

12,750 Btu/lb 

7.9 percent 

5.0 percent 

3.29 percent 

4-1/2 ft 

1594°F 

8 ft/sec 

8 ft 

Sloped 

Partition wall 

3/1 

Stoker (2) - side wall mount 

1-1/4" x 1/4" 

9,565 lbs/hr 

1/8" x 16 mesh (0.0469") 

7,500 lbs/hr 

83.51 percent 

4 to 1 

128 
FROM BAGHOUSE 

vo 

HOPPERS 

FROM BEO 

DRAIN COOLER 

.COAL WEIOM 

SCALE 

LIMESTONE 

BIN 

LIMESTONE 

FEEO SAMPLING 

LOCATIONS 

© 

COAL FEEO 

SAMPLING 

LOCATIONS 

AT SPREADER 

STOKERS 

© 

EEEEEE 

• EO OftAIN COOLE 

WIT H AIR LOCK 

SPENT BED 

SAMPLING 

LOCATION^ 

SB 

SPENT BED 

STORAGE 

SILO 

FLVASH SAMPLING 

LOCATION/-N 

STACKFLVASH 

STORAGE 

SiLO 

BAGHOUSE 

HOPPERS 

BAGHOUSE INLET 

SAMPLING LOCATION 

f 1 

FLUE GAS 

OUTLET 

SAMPLING 

LOCATION 

I O FAN 

-SOUD S NEINJCCTION 

PMSSUM E SLOWCR 

Figure G-1. FBB system schematic illustrating particulate control equipment and all 

sampling points. 
P.40 

TABLE G-2. NET WEIGHT OF FLUE GAS PARTICLES COLLECTED FOR 

EACH SASS-SIZE FRACTION 

SASS-size fraction 

Net weight (mg) Removal 

e f f ic ienc yc 

Inlet (8/25/80)a Outlet (8/26/80)b (%) 

3 filters (particles <1 um) 2,032.5 

1 urn cyclone 8,808.6 

3 urn cyclone 45,105.9 

10 um cyclone 56,556.8 

Total 112,503.8 

49.5 

127.5 

275.1 

197.8 

99.23 

99.54 

99.81 

99.89 

649.9 99.82 

a9.26 dscm sampled. 

b29.22 dscm sampled. 

cNormalized to equalize volume sampled. 

130 
P.41 

Grab samples of the four bulk solid streams were taken at approximately 

2-hour intervals during the inlet SASS run; samples were then composited. 

SASS-train flue gas particulate catches were analyzed for ten species 

including Ra-226, U-234, U-235, U-238, Th-227, Th-228, Th-230, Th-232, Po-210, 

and Pb-210. Baghouse ash and spent bed solids were analyzed for nine 

radionuclides with Ra-226 levels estimated by assuming secular equilibrium. 

Coal and limestone feed streams were analyzed for the three uranium and four 

thorium isotopes with Ra-226, Po-210, and Pb-210 estimated assuming secular 

equilibrium. For the sake of comparison with the preceding utility radioassay 

data, we have elected to report analytical results for the six species of 

primary concern, i.e., the five uranium series species and Th-232. 

RESULTS 

Table G-3 summarizes results of radioanalysis of several Georgetown FBB 

samples. Activity is expressed as Ci/hr (dry weight). For radionuclides not 

quantified, secular equilibrium is assumed to exist and activity is assumed 

equal to that for the parent (here, U-228). 

The baghouse ash mass flowrate is uncertain, as is the spent bed rate, 

but they are the best available estimates. Some of the total activities out 

(Pb-210 and Th-232) are greater than the total activities in and are 

attributed to radionuclide measurement inaccuracies and uncertainties in the 

solid mass flows. Projected radionuclide loadings at the stack (baghouse 

outlet) are low compared to the natural activity present in the coal and 

limestone. Since the baghouse was observed to operate at an estimated 

efficiency greater than 99 percent, the majority of radionuclides exiting the 

FBB are part of the baghouse ash. The activity of the baghouse ash was low; 

no isotope exceeded 1.5 pCi/g (dry weight). Levels of activity measured in 

spent bed material are similar to those reported for the Exxon Miniplant PFBC 

(see the following subsection of this Appendix) with the exception of Pb-210. 

It is of interest to note the higher activity for all measured isotopes 

in the finest (1 m) fraction of combustor flue gas particles relative to the 

larger particles (3 m and 10 m). Studies have shown that there is a 

tendency for certain trace elements to be preferentially concentrated on the 

smaller fly ash particles following coal combustion. Enrichment factors were 

calculated considering the coal ash activity as the baseline and are provided 

in Table G-4. 

131 
P.42 

TABLE G-3 . FATE OF INDIVIDUAL RADIONUCLIDES WITHIN THE GEORGETOWN FBB 

Sample description 

Coal feed 

Sorbent feed 

Total Activity In 

Spent bed solids 

Baghouse ash 

U-238 

0.594 

0.184 

0.778 

0.068 

0.518 

Radionuclide fl 

Ra-226 

0.594 

0.184 

0.778 

0.068 

0.454 

Po-210 

0.594 

0.184 

0.778 

0.012 

0.518 

ow rate, 

Pb-210 

0.594 

0.184 

0.778 

1.02 

0.907 

uCi/hr 

Th-230 

0.792 

0.184 

0.976 

0.068 

0.454 

Th-232 

0.140 

0.122 

0.262 

0.047 

0.421 

Projected baghouse 

outlet loadings: (Units of pCi/hr) 

1-3 pm particles 

3-10 urn particles 

10 um particles 

Total Activity Out 

Percent Closure 

360 

324 

144 

0.523 

63.5 

144 

288 

216 

0.523 

67.3 

576 

360 

144 

0.531 

68.3 

576 

576 

180 

1.93 

248.3 

360 

324 

144 

0.523 

53.6 

324 

324 

144 

0.469 

178.4 

132 
TABLE G-4 . ENRICHMENT FACTORS, GEORGETOWN FBB 

Radionuclide Enrichment factor 

U-238 1.1 

Ra-226 1.5 

Po-210 1.6 

Pb-210 1.8 

Th-230 0.85 

Th-232 4.5 

133 
EXXON MINIPLANT RADIOASSAY RESULTS2 

PLANT DESCRIPTION 

The Exxon Miniplant is an experimental pressurized fluidized-bed 

combustor (PFBC) and sorbent regeneration system with a coal firing capacity 

of 1.8 MW (6.3 x 106 Btu/hr). GCA conducted Level 1 and Level 2 

environmental assessment sampling and analysis programs at the Miniplant in 

May and June 1979. Level 1 samples were obtained with the regenerator in 

operation and with an ESP as the final particle control device. Level 2 

sampling was conducted when the unit was operating without regeneration and 

with a fabric filter for final particulate control. Table G-5 provides a 

summary of the Exxon Miniplant PFBC operating conditions. 

SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS PERFORMED 

Figure G-2 is a schematic of the Exxon Miniplant PFBC illustrating 

Level i sampling points; Figure G-3 shows the Level 2 sampling points. 

Several radioanalyses .were performed on available Level 1 and 2 Exxon 

Miniplant samples by the NUS Radiological Laboratory. 

RESULTS 

Results of the radioanalysis of Exxon Miniplant Level 1 and Level 2 

samples are summarized in Tables G-6 and G-7, respectively. 

ESP hopper ash (Level 1) and Fabric Filter catch (Level 2) were not 

available in sufficient quantity to permit analysis for thorium. The data 

show higher radionuclide emission.rates in the relatively fine particles 

collected by the final control devices (stream 1). 

Data listed in Tables G-6 and G-7 illustrate the flow of individual 

radionuclides through the systems sampled. During the Level 1 program, spent 

combustion bed material was either regenerated cr elutriated and collected by 

the cyclones so that the exit flow rate was zero. Total radionuclide input to 

the system is equal to that in the coal plus the sorbent. For radionuclides 

not quantified in the feed streams, secular equilibrium is assumed to.exist 

and activity is assumed equal to that for the parent (U-238 or Th-232) which 

was measured. Stream flow rates for final particle control devices are 

assumed equal to the flow rate for undiluted flue gas multiplied by the 

average dust loading measured for that stream (i.e., the final control devices 

operate at high collection efficiencies). 

The data in Table G-7 for level 2 show that most of the radionuclides 

leave the system in the spent combustor solids and the second cyclone catch. 

Level 1 data are similar except spent bed material leaves the system as part 

of the cyclone catch. Radionuclide emission rates following final particulate 

control were not quantified because of insufficient material for analysis. 

However, because of high particle capture efficiency, the emission rates would 

be approximately 1 to 2 orders of magnitude below the capture rate noted for 

the ESP during the Level 1 program or for the fabric filter during the Level 2 

program. 

134 
P.45 

TABLE G-5 . SUMMARY OF EXXON MINIPLANT PFBC OPERATING CONDITIONS 

Parameter 

Combustor 

Level 1 Level 2 

Regenerator 

Level 1 only 

ILeogth of run (hours) 

Pressure (kPa) 

Average bed temp. (°C) 

Expanded bed height (m) 

Ga/S molar ratio 

Goal feed rate (kg/hr) 

Sorbent feed rate (kg/hr) 

Goal type 

Oaal higher heating 

value, kJ/kg 

Sorbent type 

99 

700 

894 

3.1 

1.29 

77 

5.44 

Champion 

coal 

31,400 

Grove 

limestone 

108 

912 

872 

1.74 

1.25 

84.4 

10.60 

Champion 

coal 

31,400 

Pfizer 

dolomite 

80.7 

705 

101-103 

(reducing-oxidizing) 

1.85 

Grove 

limestone 

135 
u» 

ON 

COOLING 

WATER 

© ORIFICE 

mH—cT^^r> I- lor TO ESP 

TO 

SCRUBBER 

PRESSURIZED 

ENCLOSURE 

© 

®

COAL AND 

LIMESTONE 

TEED SUPPLY 

AUXILIARY 

AIR 

COMPRESSOR 

© 

SCRUBBER 

SLURRY 

MAIN AIR 

COMPRESSOR 

• INDICATED STREAM SAMPLED 

Figure G-2. The Exxon Miniplant - Level 1 sampling. 
LO 

COOLING 

WATER 

ORIFICE 

PRESSURIZED 

ENCLOSURE 

3rd 

N.STAGE 

\CYCLONE 

PRESSURE CONTROL) 

CYCLONE 

SEPARATOR i ?.nd 

VSTAGE 

® 

© 

®

LUAL ANU 

LIMESTONE 

FFFEED SUPP L! Y 

AUXILIARY 

AIR 

COMPRESSOR 

FABRIC 

FILTER 

.*

 T 0 

" * SCRUBBER 

• INDICATED STREAM SAMPLED 

MAIN AIR 

COMPRESSOR 

Figure G-3. The Exxon Miniplant - Level 2 sampling. 
TABLE G-6. FATE OF INDIVIDUAL RADIONUCLIDES WITHIN THE EXXON MINIPLANT PFBC DURING LEVEL 1 TE8T 

Sample description 

Solid 

flow 

rate 

(g/s) U-238 

Radionuclide flow rate , uCi/hr 

Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

UJ 

00 

Level 1 

Coal feed 

Sorbent feed 

Total activity in 

Cleaned regenerator offgas 

Regenerator cyclone solids 

Spent combustion bed solids 

Second cyclone solids 

Third cyclone solids 

ESP hopper ash 

Total activity out 

21.4 

1.5 

<0.023 

<0.002 

<0.023 

<0.002 

<0.023 

<0.002 

<0.023 

<Q.002 

0.034 

<0.002 

0.019 

-0.0007 

<0.025 <0,025 <0.025 <0.025 <0.036 <0.0197 

0.0002 

0.2 

0 

1.6 

0.4 

0.042 

0 

0.001 

0 

<0.005 

0.002 

0.0007 

<0.0087 

0 

0.001 

0 

O.OU 

0.007 

0.0007 

0.0197 

0 

<0.00004 

0 

0.001 

0.0001 

0.001 

0.0214 

0 

<0.006 

O 

<0.06 

<0.013 

0.0002 

<0.0792 

0 

<0.0004 

0 

<0.001 

0.002 

-

<0.0034 

0 

<0.0004 

0 

0.002 

0.002 

•>• 

<0.0044 
TABLE G-7. FATE OF INDIVIDUAL RADIONUCLIDES WITHIN THE EXXON MINIPLANT PFBC DURING LEVEL 2 TEST 

Sample description 

Solid 

flow 

rate 

(g/s) U-238 

Radionuclide flow rate, UCi/hr 

Ra-226 Po-210 Pb-210 Th-230 Th-232 

Level 2 

Coal feed 

Sorbent feed 

23.4 

2.9 

0.012 

0.005 

0.012 

0.005 

0.012 

0.005 

0.012 

0.005 

0.045 

0.006 

0.027 

<0.003 

UJ 

NO 

Total activity in 

Spent combustion bed solids 

Second cyclone solids 

Third cyclone solids 

Fabric filter catch 

Total activity out 

0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.051 <0.03 

3.0 

2.1 

0.3 

0.064 

0.0072 

0.018 

0.003 

0.001 

0.0292 

0.010 

0.015 

0.005 

0.002 

0.032 

0.001 

0.0004 

0.0004 

0.002 

0.0038 

<0.086 

<0.038 

<0.008 

<0.001 

<0.133 

0.006 

0.035 

0.0004 

-

0.0414 

0.002 

0.003 

0.001 

— 

0.006 
P.50 

REFERENCES 

1. Kindya, R. and C. Young. Radioisotopic Analysis of Samples from the 

Georgetown University Fluidized-Bed Boiler. Draft Final Report prepared 

by GCA/Technology Division for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory under Contract 

No. 68-02-2693, Technical Directive No. 8, February 1981. 

2. Kindya, R. and R. Hall. Radioassay of PFBC Miniplant Samples. Draft 

Final Report prepared by GCA/Technology Division for the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Environmental Research 

Laboratory under Contract No. 68-02-2693, Technical Directive No. 6, 

January 1980. 

140