NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 19a0547n.06

Case No. 18-2318

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

EDITHA MANZANO,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF 

MICHIGAN 

BEFORE: GUY, BUSH, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

MURPHY, Circuit Judge. Most home health agencies perform a valuable function. They

provide nursing or therapy services to homebound patients at their homes, thereby relieving the

patients of the burden to travel to medical facilitiesfor care. In this case, however, Editha Manzano

operated her home health agency, Anointed Care Services, for a different purpose—to defraud 

Medicare. She asserts various constitutional and evidentiary challenges to her fraud convictions. 

We affirm.

I.

The federal Medicare program pays medical providers for “home health services,” which 

include skilled nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language 

pathology services. These home health services are more labor-intensive than similar services 
No. 18-2318, United States v. Manzano

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provided in medical facilities, so the Medicare program typically reimburses them at a higher rate. 

Yet Medicare allows home health agencies to provide the services only to qualifying patients who 

have difficulty getting out of their homes. For a patient to receive the services, then, a physician 

must certify that the patient needs them and that the patient is “homebound.”

Before 2013, Editha Manzano worked as the director of nursing at a home health agency 

called Alpha. She convinced Mark Buenaflor, a physical therapist, to take a job there. Buenaflor

soon realized that Alpha was defrauding Medicare because only a few of his patients needed home 

health services and most were not homebound. Dr. Roberto Quizon acted as the physician referral 

source for Alpha. Alpha would identify potential “patients” for home health services, he would 

“refer” those patients to Alpha, and Alpha would pay him a fee for each referred patient. Quizon 

certified practically all of Alpha’s patients for home health services, but he believed that only a 

tiny fraction needed them.

In 2013, Manzano told Buenaflor that she wanted to leave Alpha because she did most of 

the work but did not receive enough of the money. She thus acquired Anointed Care Services with 

Liberty Jaramillo (her romantic partner) and Buenaflor. Manzano was the president, Jaramillo was 

the vice president, and Buenaflor managed physical-therapy services. Operations continued at 

Anointed largely as they had at Alpha. Manzano and Buenaflor brought many of their former

Alpha patients to Anointed. Many of these patients did not, in fact, need home health services. 

Manzano also convinced Dr. Quizon to take the title of “medical director” at Anointed and to refer

patients to that company, again in return for a per-patient fee.

To get patients to participate, Manzano paid them cash. Monica Simmons was a typical 

patient. She met with Manzano on several occasions to sign blank Medicare forms in exchange 

for $100. Even though Simmons signed up for home health services, she had no trouble leaving 
No. 18-2318, United States v. Manzano

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her home. So she refused services when Anointed staff came to provide them. Other patients told 

similar stories about their interactions with Anointed. They signed blank forms in exchange for 

money to obtain home health services that they did not need (and often did not receive). To help 

track down new patients, Manzano also paid patient “recruiters” a per-patient fee.

From November 2013 to April 2016, Anointed received over $1.5 million in payments

from Medicare. A citizen eventually complained about Anointed, and the FBI began an 

investigation. The FBI seized various pieces of incriminating evidence from Anointed’s offices, 

including nursing-visit notes that were pre-signed by patients but otherwise blank.

In 2016, the United States indicted Manzano. It charged her with one count of conspiracy 

to commit healthcare fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1349, one count of conspiracy to pay 

healthcare kickbacks in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, and three counts of healthcare fraud in 

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1347. Buenaflor, Quizon, Anointed staff, patients, and patient recruiters 

all testified about the fraud. A jury convicted Manzano on all counts. The court sentenced her to 

a total term of 84 months’ imprisonment. She now appeals.

II.

Manzano asserts that the government committed misconduct—so much so that it violated

the Due Process Clause—through several alleged evidentiary errors: (1) eliciting improper opinion 

testimony from lay witnesses; (2) using prior “bad acts” evidence; and (3) asking questions that 

generated irrelevant answers.

We could make short work of this claim if it were based on the Constitution alone. The 

government does not violate the Due Process Clause every time it violates a Federal Rule of 

Evidence. See, e.g., Key v. Rapelje, 634 F. App’x 141, 148 (6th Cir. 2015); Wade v. White, 

120 F. App’x 591, 594 (6th Cir. 2005). Those rules exist to provide protections greater than the 
No. 18-2318, United States v. Manzano

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constitutional floor. And it disserves defendants to highlight lofty constitutional claims at the 

expense of ordinary rules-based arguments, because the former typically require a much more 

demanding showing than the latter. As another court has said, “[l]awyers all too often invoke the 

Constitution as if it were a panacea and bypass seemingly mundane arguments based on statutes 

and regulations. Mimicking Gresham’s Law, flabby constitutional generalities drive out sound 

legal points.” United States v. Vargas, 915 F.3d 417, 420 (7th Cir. 2019) (citation omitted).

This case provides an example. A claim that prosecutorial misconduct violated the Due 

Process Clause generally requires flagrant improprieties that are extensive and intentional. 

Compare Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 84–89 (1935), and United States v. Acosta, 924 

F.3d 288, 299–309 (6th Cir. 2019), with Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 179–82 (1986). 

Even when, for example, a prosecutor made repeated inflammatory comments—such as calling

the perpetrator of the crime an “animal”—the Supreme Court held that the remarks did not rise to 

the level of a constitutional violation. Darden, 477 U.S. at 179–82, 180 n.12. In this case, 

Manzano’s alleged evidentiary errors—even when considered collectively—fall well short of this 

high bar. “Asking questions that call for answers that may be deemed inadmissible on relevancy 

grounds does not amount to prosecutorial misconduct that rises to the level of a due-process 

violation.” Simmons v. Woods, No. 16-2546, 2018 WL 618476, at *4 (6th Cir. Jan. 30, 2018).

Giving Manzano the benefit of the doubt, we assume that she also independently asserts

violations of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Where, as here, a defendant fails to object to an 

evidentiary ruling in the district court, we will review the ruling only for plain error. See United 

States v. Young, 847 F.3d 328, 349 (6th Cir. 2017). The defendant must show that “(1) an error 

occurred in the district court; (2) the error was obvious or clear; (3) the error affected defendant’s 

substantial rights; and (4) this adverse impact seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public 
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reputation of the judicial proceedings.” United States v. Henry, 545 F.3d 367, 376–77 (6th Cir. 

2008) (citation omitted). “Only in exceptional circumstances in which the error is so plain that the 

trial judge and prosecutor were derelict in countenancing it will this court reverse a conviction 

under the plain-error standard.” Id. at 377 (citation omitted).

We now turn to each of the three alleged evidentiary errors.

1. Lay Opinions. Manzano initially asserts that the government wrongly introduced lay 

opinion testimony in violation of Rule 701 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. That rule permits a

nonexpert to give an opinion if it is “rationally based on the witness’s perception”; “helpful to 

clearly understanding the witness’s testimony or to determining a fact in issue”; and “not based on 

scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.” Fed. R. Evid. 

701(a)–(c). “In applying Rule 701, the modern trend among courts favors the admission of opinion 

testimony, provided that it is well founded on personal knowledge and susceptible to specific 

cross-examination.” United States v. Harris, 786 F.3d 443, 446 (6th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). 

Unlike expert testimony, lay testimony “results from a process of reasoning familiar in everyday 

life.” United States v. White, 492 F.3d 380, 401 (6th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). Such testimony 

is “helpful within the meaning of Rule 701 when the witness has enjoyed significantly more time 

to study and compare the evidence than the jury.” Harris, 786 F.3d at 448 (citation omitted).

We see no “obvious” error in the admission of the challenged testimony. Henry, 545 F.3d 

at 376. First, Manzano criticizes the testimony of two individuals involved in Anointed’s affairs—

Buenaflor (the former owner) and Laura Garland (a physical therapist). Both witnesses described 

the differences between “legitimate” and “fraudulent” home health agencies, and indicated that 

Anointed fell on the fraudulent side because it paid patients and charged for visits that did not 

occur. The district court did not plainly err in allowing this testimony. The court could reasonably 
No. 18-2318, United States v. Manzano

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conclude that Buenaflor’s and Garland’s testimony was “rationally based on [their] perception.” 

Fed. R. Evid. 701(a). Both were licensed physical therapists who had worked at other home health 

agencies before they pleaded guilty to conspiring to commit healthcare fraud at Anointed. The 

court also could reasonably conclude that this information would be helpful to the jury in 

determining what home health agencies may and may not do. Fed. R. Evid. 701(b); see United 

States v. Kpohanu, 377 F. App’x 519, 525–26 (6th Cir. 2010). And the court could reasonably 

conclude that this opinion testimony—that it was fraudulent to charge for services that were not,

in fact, performed—was not based on any “specialized knowledge.” Fed. R. Evid. 701(c); see 

United States v. Kerley, 784 F.3d 327, 336–40 (6th Cir. 2015).

Second, Manzano challenges the testimony of Kathleen Heuertz, who worked for a 

Medicare contractor that investigates healthcare fraud. She says that Heuertz gave improper lay 

opinions about various fraud “red flags” (such as patients who get recertified for more than one 

course of treatment) and about the meaning of legal terms (such as “homebound” or “kickback”). 

This argument presents a closer question. Compare Kerley, 784 F.3d at 336–40, with White, 492 

F.3d at 400–04. On the one hand, we have said that “[t]he Medicare program operates within a 

complex and intricate regulatory scheme and we cannot say that the average lay person, including 

any Medicare beneficiary, commands a working knowledge of Medicare reimbursement 

procedures.” White, 492 F.3d at 403. On the other, Heuertz’s testimony involved less complicated 

subjects than those discussed by the fiscal-intermediary auditors in White. See id. at 399–400. 

Regardless, the admission of this testimony did not affect Manzano’s “substantial rights.” Henry, 

545 F.3d at 376. Much of Heuertz’s testimony provided simple background facts (not opinions) 

about the Medicare program. See Young, 847 F.3d at 351. And the government presented 
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“overwhelming evidence” of Manzano’s guilt, including testimony from many of her coworkers 

at Anointed and from patients and patient recruiters. See White, 492 F.3d at 405.

Third, Manzano challenges a portion of FBI Special Agent Andrew Crump’s testimony 

about the evidence recovered from a search of Anointed. Crump described the nursing-visit notes 

that patients had pre-signed as a fraud “red flag.” The district court did not commit “obvious” 

error in allowing this testimony. Henry, 545 F.3d at 376. The “indicators of fraud” that Crump 

described were within his personal knowledge and required no specialized knowledge. See United 

States v. Variste, 625 F. App’x 458, 459–60 (6th Cir. 2015).

2. “Bad Acts” Evidence. Manzano next challenges the government’s use of evidence about 

her prior work at Alpha. Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b)(1) generally bars the government from 

introducing evidence of a defendant’s prior “bad acts” to show that it was more likely that the 

defendant committed the crime at issue. See United States v. Potter, 927 F.3d 446, 452 (6th Cir. 

2019). Yet an exception allows the government to use this evidence for other purposes—to prove 

“motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of 

accident.” Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(2). Here, even if the evidence concerning fraud at Alpha falls 

within Rule 404(b)(1)’s ban, the district court did not commit “obvious” error in finding it 

admissible under Rule 404(b)(2)’s exception. Henry, 545 F.3d at 376. We have already 

recognized that close-in-time fraud at other medical facilities may show the defendant’s intent to 

participate in the indicted healthcare fraud. See United States v. De Oleo, 697 F.3d 338, 343 (6th 

Cir. 2012). That same logic applies here.

In response, Manzano calls this Alpha evidence irrelevant. Not so. “[A]s evidence experts 

have long recognized, a prior ‘bad act’ satisfies the relevancy test’s low bar even when used to 

show a person’s propensity to commit the indicted crime,” which is “why a separate rule” (Rule 
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404(b)) regulates the use of “bad acts” evidence. Potter, 927 F.3d at 452 (citing 1 John H. 

Wigmore, Evidence in Trials at Common Law § 55, at 122–23 (1st ed. 1904)). Manzano next says 

that the probative value of this evidence was outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice under 

Rule 403. But the evidence was highly probative in that it was “both similar to, and close in time 

with, the indicted conduct.” Id. Indeed, Manzano brought many of the same fraudulent patients 

and patient recruiters from Alpha to Anointed. And given the relatively infrequent attention that 

the government paid to Alpha during the trial, we cannot say that the risk of unfair prejudice was 

“clear.” Henry, 545 F.3d at 376.

3. Improper Bolstering. Manzano lastly argues that the prosecutor improperly asked 

Special Agent Crump to describe the process for seeking the warrant used to search Anointed

because it led the agent to discuss irrelevant matters—the need for probable cause and for a judge’s 

approval to obtain a warrant. That discussion, Manzano adds, would have improperly bolstered

the jury’s perception of the government’s case.

We again see no “obvious” error from this short exchange between the prosecutor and 

Agent Crump. Henry, 545 F.3d at 376. Under the relevancy rules, “[e]vidence which is essentially 

background in nature . . . is universally offered and administered as an aid to understanding.” Fed. 

R. Evid. 401 advisory committee’s note to 1972 proposed rules. And courts have found that a 

witness’s discussion of the “investigative process” falls within this general principle. United States 

v. Littlewind, 680 F. App’x, 496, 498 (8th Cir. 2017) (per curiam); see also Young, 847 F.3d at

351–52; United States v. Allen, 403 F. App’x 800, 802 (4th Cir. 2010) (per curiam). Here, the 

district court could reasonably conclude that Crump’s testimony described relevant background 

facts (under Rules 401 and 402) and did not unduly prejudice Manzano (under Rule 403).
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To support her contrary claim, Manzano cites a single case: Fair v. Franklin County, No. 

98-4237, 2000 WL 659418 (6th Cir. May 11, 2000). There, an officer testified about the meaning

of probable cause (not the need for probable cause) during a civil-rights trial in which the presence 

or absence of probable cause was the critical question (not a background fact). Id. at *1–2. 

Ultimately, the court did not even opine on whether the district court had properly allowed this 

officer testimony because it found the testimony harmless in any event. Id. at *4.

III.

Alternatively, Manzano argues that her trial counsel provided ineffective assistance in 

violation of the Sixth Amendment. She alleges that her counsel had a conflict of interest because 

he represented her while under investigation by the State Bar of Michigan for another matter. She 

also contends that her counsel wrongly failed to raise the evidentiary objections that she now 

asserts on appeal. To support these claims, Manzano asks us to take judicial notice of her counsel’s

90-day suspension and of her daughter’s affidavit describing his allegedly improper representation.

“[A]s a general rule, ineffective-assistance claims ‘are best brought by a defendant in a 

post-conviction proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 so that the parties can develop an adequate 

record on the issue.’” United States v. Buchanan, 933 F.3d 501, 513 (6th Cir. 2019) (citation 

omitted). We review these claims on direct appeal only in “rare circumstances,” United States v. 

Sypher, 684 F.3d 622, 626 (6th Cir. 2012), because the record is typically not “adequately 

developed,” United States v. Hall, 200 F.3d 962, 965 (6th Cir. 2000). When an ineffectiveassistance claim hinges on evidence outside the record, a § 2255 motion allows the defendant to 

introduce the evidence in the district court “in the first instance.” Sypher, 684 F.3d at 626. 

A defendant, by contrast, takes a big risk by raising an ineffective-assistance claim on direct appeal

that requires further factual development to have any chance of success. If we were to reject the 
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claim on the merits based on the inadequate record, the defendant generally cannot relitigate the 

claim again in a later § 2255 motion. See Jones v. United States, 178 F.3d 790, 796 (6th Cir. 

1999); cf. United States v. Flores, 739 F.3d 337, 341–42 (7th Cir. 2014).

Our general rule—reserving ineffective-assistance claims for a § 2255 motion—is the 

proper course here. Manzano’s attempt to introduce new evidence on appeal confirms that her 

claims require further factual development. So we decline to consider the claims now. That

decision keeps the door open for Manzano to pursue them “through the more traditional method 

of a collateral proceeding.” United States v. Walden, 625 F.3d 961, 967 (6th Cir. 2010).

We affirm the district court’s judgment and deny Manzano’s motion to take judicial notice.