# Patent

## Title
Preparation of an artificial transcription factor comprising zinc finger protein and transcription factor of prokaryote, and a use thereof

## Abstract

The present invention relates to an artificial transcription factor which can artificially regulate gene expression of an E. coli, wherein the transcription factor comprising zinc finger proteins and transcription factors of prokaryote, and to be engineered E. coli using the same. Specifically, the artificial transcription factors comprising zinc finger domains and transcription factors in E. coli as effector domains are prepared and said artificial transcription library is introduced to E. coli to effectively and artificially regulate gene expression regardless of an activity of endogenous transcription factors in the E. coli and to induce E. coli having various desired phenotypes. Thus, only E. coli having the desired phenotypes useful for industries can be selected and used.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is the national phase of PCT application PCT/KR2006/005493 having an international filing date of 15 Dec. 2006, which claims benefit of Korean patent application No. 10-2006-0103675 filed 24 Oct. 2006. The contents of the above patent applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED VIA EFS-WEB
The entire content of the following electronic submission of the sequence listing via the USPTO EFS-WEB server, as authorized and set forth in MPEP §1730 II.B.2(a)(C), is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. The sequence listing is identified on the electronically filed text file as follows:












File Name
Date of Creation
Size (bytes)







300602006100Seqlist.txt
22 Jan. 2010
37,773 bytes









BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to artificial transcription factors capable of artificially regulating gene expression of Escherichia coli by using zinc finger proteins and transcription factors of prokaryote, and engineered E. coli using the same.
2. Background Art
With the advent of post-genome age, researches and analyses are being actively ongoing based on gene information of living things (i.e., organisms). Development and the necessity of a system that may artificially regulate the gene expression draw much attention and are one of fields that are being studied most actively. Up- or down-regulating the expression of specific genes in an organism or a cell and analyzing biological results to be obtained therefrom could allow to discover a function of the specific gene or biological role of the gene. In addition, if the expression of a target gene is properly controlled, this can be utilized as a means for a gene therapy. Furthermore, because the phenotypes of the organism are determined by whether the specific gene is expression or the level of the gene expression in the nature, it can be utilized in development of a desired industry microorganism to prepare an organism expressing with desired phenotypes by regulating the gene expression thereof.
It has been recently reported that it is possible that the gene expression is regulated by using zinc finger proteins. The zinc fingers are known as a DNA binding motif of a DNA binding proteins that are most frequently discovered in eukaryote. The zinc fingers are an active domain that can recognize sequence-specifically a target sequence and can work as transcription repressor by themselves. Furthermore, a new transcription factor can be prepared by fusing the zinc finger proteins with a transcription activating (or suppressing) domain, wherein the zinc finger proteins is used as a DNA binding domain.
It has been recently reported that the target gene expression is able to be up- or down-regulated when a sequence-specific zinc finger DNA binding domain are fused with various types of appropriate effector domains (activating domains or suppressing domains) and expressed in the form of the transcription factor in cells (Liu, Q., Segal, D. J., Ghiara, J. B., and Barb as, C. F., III, 1997 Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. U.S.A. 94. 5525-5530; Beerli, R. R., Segal, D. J., Dreier, B., and Barbas C. F., III, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 14628-14633; Beerli R. R., Dreier B. Barbas C.F. 3rd, Positive and negative regulation of endogeneous genes by designed transcription factor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000 Feb. 15: 97(4), 1495-500).
However, in the current research for the procaryotic cells, because only the zinc finger domains are used as the transcription factors without the effector domain, only the effect that the gene expression is suppressed can be obtained, which is, however, very weak. Namely, in order to effectively obtain various phenotypes, it is not only necessary to suppress the gene expression but also to activate the expression of various genes.
Therefore, the inventors of the present disclosure has developed novel artificial transcription factors which can up-regulate the gene expression of E. coli as well as down-regulate it by fusing transcription factors of Escherichia coli, which is industrially a useful prokaryote, as the effector domain to a zinc finger domain library, and has discovered that gene expression of E. coli can be artificially regulated by introducing the novel artificial transcription factors in Escherichia coli, and thus engineered E. coli having various phenotypes is able to be prepared through experimentations, thus completing the present invention.
DISCLOSURE
Technical Problem
Therefore, in order to address the above matters, the various features described herein have been conceived.
An object of the present invention is to provide a preparation for artificial transcription factors that can artificially up- or down-regulate the gene expression by fusing zinc finger domains to transcription factors of prokaryotes as an effector domain, and also provide an engineered E. coli having various phenotype specificities.
Technical Solution
To achieve the above object, there is provided artificial transcription factors which is able to artificially up- or down-regulate the gene expression, wherein the artificial transcription factors comprising one to three zinc finger domains and a transcription factor of prokaryotes as an effector domain. Said transcription factor of prokaryotes used as an effector domain may be CRPs (Catabolite regulatory proteins) (or cyclic AMP receptor proteins) or its derivatives, such as a wild type CRP (CRP W, residue 1-209), CRP Del 137 (residue 137-190), or CRP Del 180 (residue 1-180).
In one embodiment, the zinc finger domains may be identified from human genes and selected from the group consisting of nucleic acid sequences having SEQ ID NOs. 13 to 64.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a reporter plasmid in which the gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was used as a reporter to select the most potent effector domains. Two different reporter plasmids were constructed by inserting the target DNA sequences for the artificial transcription factors into two different parts of the reporter gene. Specifically, the resulting plasmids were pEGFP-A, which contained the artificial transcription factor target sequence upstream of the reporter promoter (−67 to −50), and pEGFP-R, which contained the artificial transcription factor target sequence downstream of the promoter (+24 to +41).
In further embodiment, the present invention provides an engineered E. coli having various phenotypes by introducing the artificial transcription factor thereto, such as E. coli having the resistance to heat or cold shock, E. coli having the improvement of growth, and E. coli having the resistance to osmotic pressure. The present invention will now be described in detail.
DNA Binding Domain—Zinc Finger Domain
A zinc finger domain is a DNA binding motif of DNA binding proteins that are most frequently discovered in eukaryotes, which is discovered in various species from yeast to higher plant life and human beings. The zinc finger domain has been known to function as a transcription repressor that down-regulate the gene expression by itself. Therefore, if fusing the zinc finger domain with the effector domain (up- or down-regulation), the resulted fusing protein, which is a novel transcription factor, may up- or down-regulate the expression of a target gene that is recognized by the zinc finger.
In the present disclosure, the zinc finger domain may be a Cys2-His2 type, which three or more zinc finger domains are arranged in parallel to constitute a zing finger protein. Because a single zinc finger domain can recognize a target sequence comprising three or four bases, it can prepare a sequence-specific zinc finger that can selectively recognize target sequences of 9-10 bases by properly re-arranging and linking several zinc finger domains each other.
In the present disclosure, one to three zinc finger domains of human genome are arranged to be used as a DNA binding domain of newly developed transcription factors of the present invention. Preferably, the zinc finger domains of the present invention are identified from the human genome. In order to confirm the function of the effector domain of the novel transcription factors, in the present disclosure, it is prepared and used an experimental zinc finger protein that can recognize 5′-GCG GCG GGG-3′ sequence on a reporter plasmid as a target. Preferably, experimental transcription factors comprising effector domain and three zinc finger proteins (ZFP2, ZFP1, and ZFP1, ordered in the N- to C-terminal direction) were prepared by using ZFP1 recognizing 5′-GCG-3′ and ZFP2 recognizing 5′-GGG-3′ as zinc fingers, and used.
An Effector Domain
In general, the transcription factors of prokaryotes simultaneously have two functions of activating and repressing transcription. It depends on a position on a genomic sequence in which transcription factors are bound whether transcription is activated or repressed. In general, it is known that when the transcription factors are bound to a portion in range of −80 to −30 starting from a transcription start point, the gene expression is activated, and when the transcription factors are bound to a portion lower than −30 starting from a transcription start point, the gene expression is repressed.
The present invention is directed to development of transcription factors to be operable in Escherichia coli, the prokaryote. While in case of the eukaryotes different domains are needed for each of transcription activation and repression, in case of the transcription factors of the present invention it may be simultaneously accomplished two functions of activating and repressing transcription by using a single effector domain with good activity.
In addition, only a transcription activating domain within the transcription factors that substantially repress or activate the gene expression as well as the wild type transcription factors can be used as the effector domain.
In the present disclosure, the transcription factors of the procaryotic cell may be used as the effector domain. Preferably, the CRP (catabolite regulatory protein, cyclic AMP receptor protein), which is a typical transcription factor of the Escherichia coli, and its derivative may be used as the effector domain. The CRP is widely known as a transcription factor that regulates gene expression at over 100 promoters in the Escherichia coli. The CRP comprises 209 amino acids and consists of two domains. Namely, the CRP includes an N-terminal domain that is responsible for interaction between dimerization of the CRP and c-AMP and a C-terminal domain that is responsible for interaction with DNA. Furthermore, the CRP includes three types of activating domains for transcription activation, such as AR1 (residue 156-164), AR2 (residue 19, 21, 96 and 101), and AR3 (residue 52, 53, 54, 55, 58). Especially, AR1 is the most favored activating domain in the transcription activation (Busby, S., Ebright, R. H., J Mol Biol, 293, 1999, 199-213; Rhodius, V. A., West, D. M., Webster, C. L., Busby, S. J., Savery N., J. Nucleic Acids Res., 25, 326-332, 1997; Rhodius, V. A., Busby, S. J., J. Mol. Biol., 299, 295-310, 2000; Wagner, R., Transcription regulation in prokaryotes., 199-207 and 211-217. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000).
In the present invention, because the zinc finger domain is used as the
DNA binding domain and the CRP is needed only to work as the effector domain. Namely, the DNA binding domain of the CRP is not needed. Thus, the CRP derivatives may be used as the effector domain, wherein the CRP derivatives including the CRP being removed the DNA binding domain or comprising the AR1 region. Preferably, the three following types can be used as the effector domain: CRP W (residue 1-209) as the wild-type CRP, CRP Del 137 (residue 137-190), and CRP Del 180 (residue 1-180) as the CRP derivative.
A Peptide Linker
Various linkers may be used to link the DNA binding domains to each other or link the DNA binding domains with the effector domain. In the present disclosure, it may use a linker that links the zinc finger domains in naturally occurring zinc finger proteins. A typically naturally occurring linker is Thr-Gly-(Glu-Gln)-(Lys-Arg)-Pro-(Tyr-Phe) (SEQ ID NO:65). In the present invention, Thr-Gly-Glu-Lys-Pro-Tyr (SEQ ID NO:66) can be used to link the zinc finger domains to each other or link the zinc finger domains to the effector domain.
A Reporter Plasmid
In the present invention, it is prepared for two types of reporter plasmids in order to test the gene expression capability of the artificial transcription factor, wherein the two types of reporter plasmids are pEGFP-A for testing the activation of the gene expression and pEGFP-R for testing the repression of gene expression. Each of reporter plasmid were modified by using tac promoter controlled by lacl which is endogenous transcription factor in E. coli in order to test whether or not the transcription factors of the present invention affect. Said modification of tac promoter was introduced by inserting a sequence of 5′-GCG GCG GGG-3,′ which the transcription factor of the present invention may target and bind, into adjacent region of tac promoter in each of reporter plasmid. Namely, said reporter plasmids were prepared by inserting binding sequence of the test transcription factor into proper region starting from the transcription start point because as aforementioned, it depends on binding position starting from the transcription start point whether the prokaryotic transcription factor activates or represses the gene expression.
In one embodiment, in order to demonstrate the gene expression activation capability of test transcription factor, the reporter plasmid is prepared by means of inserting two copies of 5′-GCG GCG GGG-3′ into a region in range of −67 to −50 starting from the transcription start point. In order to demonstrate the gene expression repression capability of test transcription factor, the reporter plasmid is prepared by means of inserting two copies of 5′-GCG GCG GGG-3′ into a region in range of +24 to +50 starting from the transcription start point as shown in FIG. 3.
GFP derivatives (Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Calif.) may be used as the reporter gene, because they have improved green fluorescent characteristics that facilitate identification and quantitativeness of the gene expression. The expression of the GFP derivatives can be detected by measuring fluorescent emission upon being excited with confocal microscopy or spectrofluorometer.
Advantageous Effects
The present invention relates to artificial transcription factors comprising zinc finger domain and catabolite regulatory proteins derived from the prokaryote used as the effector domain. Although the zinc finger domain of the present invention derives from the eukaryote, it can be also activated in the prokaryote. Furthermore, the artificial transcription factors of the present invention can regulate activation of various prokaryotes because it has the catabolite regulatory proteins derived from various prokaryotes as an effector domain. In detail, if the transcription factors of the present invention are introduced, the gene expression can be activated or repressed regardless operation of the endogenous transcription factors in E. coli. Such fact can be used for inducing various E. coli having phenotypes desired by the user, or for analyzing the currently unknown function of gene, or for inducing the E. coli having desired useful characteristics, such as the resistance heat or cold shock, or osmotic pressure or the improvement of growth. Therefore, the present invention can be used in various industries.
The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a scheme showing phenotypic engineering of E. coli by using an artificial transcription factor, in which circles represent zing finger domains and squares represent effector domains;
FIG. 2 is a scheme showing zing finger proteins used for test transcription factors which are prepared for demonstrating a function of catabolite regulatory protein (or cyclic AMP receptor protein (CRP)) of E. coli and their sequence, in which sequences recognized by the respective zinc finger proteins are shown below the zinc fingers.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate fragments of reporter plasmids which are prepared by inserting specific sequence recognized by zinc finger protein of test transcription factor in FIG. 2 into up or down stream of tac promoter in order to demonstrate the function of the CRP as the effector domains of the artificial transcription factor, wherein FIG. 3 shows a reporter plasmid pEGPF-A for demonstrating gene expression activation capability of the artificial transcription factors and FIG. 4 shows a reporter plasmid pEGFP-R for demonstrating gene expression repression capability of the artificial transcription factors;
FIG. 5 shows photos illustrating that the test transcription factor activates the transcription of GFP derivatives (EGFP) reporter gene having improved green fluorescent characteristics of the pEGFP-A, as obtained by a confocal microscopy;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing numerically activation degrees of the activated reporter gene expression by the test transcription factors in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing numerically activation degrees of the repressed reporter gene by the experimental transcription factors in FIG. 5;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing numerical repression degrees of the activated reporter gene, by the test transcription factors;
FIG. 9 shows photos of E. coli having the resistance to heat shock, which is selected by the artificial transcription factors prepared by using CRP Del 180 as an effector domain;
FIG. 10 is a graph showing a growth curve of T2, which is an E. coli having the highest resistance to heat shock, at 50° C.;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing a growth curve of Escherichia coli, which grows better through the artificial transcription factors prepared by using CRP Del 180 as the effector domain, at 37° C. and LB medium;
FIG. 12 is a graph showing a growth curve of Escherichia coli, which grows better through the artificial transcription factors prepared by using CRP Del 180 as the effector domain, at 37° C. and M9 medium;
FIG. 13 shows photos of E. coli having the resistance to cold shock, which is selected by the artificial transcription factors prepared by using CRIP Del 180 as the effector domain;
FIG. 14 is a graph showing a growth curve of CTI, the E. coli having the highest resistance to cold shock, and that of a control;
FIG. 15 show photos of E. coli having the resistance to osmotic pressure, which is selected by the artificial transcription factors prepared by using CRP Del 180 as the effector domain;
FIG. 16 shows a cleavage map of pACYC184 plasmid; and
FIG. 17 shows a cleavage map of pUC19 plasmid.



MODE FOR INVENTION
The present invention will now be described in detail through the following embodiments and experimentations. The following embodiments and experimentations are exemplary cases and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.
Embodiment 1
Preparation of Test Transcription Factors
For demonstrating the function of a transcription factor according to the present invention, test zinc finger domains that can recognize 5′-GCG GCG GGG-3′ sequence on a reporter plasmid as a target were prepared by using the following zinc finger domain: ZFP1 recognizing 5′-GCG-3′ and ZFP2 recognizing 5′-GGG-3′. CRP W (sequence No. 1), CRP derivative CRP Del 137 (residue 137-190, sequence No. 3) and CRP Del 180 (residue 1-180, sequence No. 5) were used as an effector domain. Three test transcription factors were prepared using said 3 CRP: ZFP-CRP W, ZFP-CRP Del 180 and ZFP-CRP Del 137 using CRP W, CRP Del 180 and CRP Del 137 as the effector domain, respectively. Said transcription factors comprise the effector domain-ZFP2-ZFP1-ZFP1 from N-terminal to C-terminal (see FIG. 2).
The effector domains were isolated from the E. coli and amplified using PCR, followed by cloning to an expression plasmid by using NcoI and EcoRI. Thereafter, each of the synthesized zinc finger domains was linked to the expression plasmid in which the effector domains were cut with AgeI and EcoRi by using XmaI and EcoRI orderly.
In addition, the ZFP1, the zinc fingers of the test transcription factors, were selected from human genome sequence, and encoded by human nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 9. Furthermore, ZFP2, the zinc filter of the experimental transcription factors was also selected from the human genome sequence and encoded by human nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 11.
Embodiment 2
Preparation of Reporter Plasmids
Reporter plasmids, which are used for confirmation of activating or repressing the gene expression, were prepared by modifying pACYC184 (New England Biolabs, Inc., USA as shown in FIG. 16). The reporter plasmids were prepared by amplifying GFP derivative (EGFP) gene having improved green fluorescent characteristics as a reporter gene, a tac promoter gene, and a target sequence of a test transcription regulatory factor with PCR and inserting them to pACYC184. The pEGFP-A, the reporter plasmid for observing gene expression activation, was prepared by inserting two copies of 5′-GCG GCG GGG-3′ to a region in range from −67 to −50 starting from a transcription start point (see FIG. 3). Furthermore, the promoter of pEGFP-R as the reporter plasmid for observing gene expression repression capabilities of the test transcription factors was prepared by inserting two copies of 5′-GCG GCG GGG-3′, the target sequence of the test transcription factors into a region in range from +24 to +41 starting from the transcription start point (see FIG. 4). SEQ ID NO. 7 is the nucleic acid sequence of the pEGFP-A reporter plasmid, and SEQ ID NO.8 is the nucleic acid sequence of the pEGFP-R reporter plasmid.
Experimental Example 1
Checking Function of Effector Domains
It is observed through the following experiments whether the transcription factors according to the present invention can artificially activate or repress the gene expression without being affected by lacl repressor, the endogenous transcription factors in E. coli (E. coli MG1655 K-12 Blattner laboratory).
For observing the activation of the gene expression, inserting the test transcription factors, i.e. ZFP-CRP W, ZFP-CRP Del 180 and ZFP-CRP Del 137 prepared in the embodiment 1 into the pEGFP-A reporter plasmid prepared in the embodiment 2
It was performed to insert the test transcription factors, i.e. ZFP-CRP W, ZFP-CRP Del 180 and ZFP-CRP Del 137 prepared in Embodiment 1 into the p EGFP-A reporter plasmid for observing the activation of the gene expression and into the pEGFP-R reporter plasmid for observing the repression of the gene expression, wherein said reporter plasmids were prepared in Embodiment 2, and then to observe whether the expression of the reporter gene is activated or repressed by test transcription factors when adding 1 mM IPTG (Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside) or not. Such expression of the reporter gene was detected by a level of fluorescence with the confocal microscopy. This detection of fluorescence can be due to the GFP derivative gene having the green fluorescent characteristics in the reporter plasmid.
In addition, an activation degree or a repression degree of the reporter gene expression by the test transcription factors according to the present invention was obtained. Specifically, in order to obtain the activation degree, an amount of reporter gene expression in a cell in which a plasmid that encodes the test transcription factors had been introduced was divided by an amount of reporter gene expression obtained from cell in which the control plasmid that does not encode the test transcription factors prepared in embodiment 1 were introduced. Meanwhile, in order to obtain the repression degree, an amount of reporter gene expression obtained from cell in which the control plasmid that does not encode the test transcription factors prepared in embodiment 1 were introduced was divided by an amount of reporter gene expression in a cell in which a plasmid that encodes the test transcription factors had been introduced.
The above experimental results are as shown in FIG. 5. ‘No vector’ in FIG. 5 means wild type E. coli in which the reporter plasmid and the plasmid encoding the test transcription factors have not been introduced, and ‘empty vector’ means an E. coli in which the reporter plasmid and the plasmid noncoding the test transcription factors. ZFP-CRP W refers to an E. coli in which the reporter plasmid and a plasmid encoding the test transcription factors fused with the wild type CRP as the effector domain are introduced, ZFP-CRP Del 180 refers to an E. coli in which the reporter plasmid and a plasmid encoding the test transcription factors fused with the CRP residue 1-180, one of the CRP derivatives, as the effector domain are introduced, and ZFP-CRP Del 137 refers to an E. coli in which the reporter plasmid and a plasmid encoding the test transcription factors fused with the CRP residue 137-190, one of the CRP derivatives, as the effector domain are introduced.
As shown in FIG. 5, it was demonstrated that the test transcription factors having the CRP derivatives, such as CRP Del 180 and CRP Del 137, as the effector domains better activate the expression of the reporter genes compared with the wile type CRP W. In addition, it was observed that test transcription factors enhance the activation of the expression of the reporter genes which have been already activated by IPTG, such that ZFP-CRP Del 180 and the ZFP-CRP Del 137 activates the expression of the EGFP by twice and three times, respectively (see FIGS. 5A to 5E and FIG. 6).
Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the test transcription factors according to the present invention activate the expression of the reporter genes of pEGFP-A which had been repressed by not adding IPTG, and that ZFP-CRP W, ZFP-CRP Del 180 and ZFP-CRP Del 137 activated the expression of the EGFP by twice, three and four times, respectively (see FIGS. 5F to 5J and FIG. 7).
Meanwhile, regarding repression of the reporter genes, as shown in FIG. 8, it was confirmed that the test transcription factors repress the expression of the reporter gene which have been already activated by IPTG in pEGFP-R, and that ZFP-CRP Del 180 and ZFP-CRP Del 137 repress the expression of the reporter genes by 1.5 times and twice, respectively.
Accordingly, to sum up the experimentation results, the test transcription factors according to the present invention can effectively regulate the expression of the reporter genes regardless of lacl proteins which are the endogenous transcription repressor in the Escherichia coli. 
Experimental Example 2
Preparation of Transcription Factor Library
26 types of zinc finger domains of human genomes selected from GenBank database search results were synthesized and cloned into pUC19 (New England Biolabs. Inc., USA, Refer to FIG. 17). Two different transcription factor libraries were prepared by cloning and fusing CRP Del 137 and CRP Del 180 as the effector domain into transcription factor expression plasmid, respectively. The preparation of the transcription factor libraries were made in the same manner as the method for preparation of the experimental transcription factor. This is, the expression plasmid in which the effector domains were cloned was cut with AgeI and EcoRI. pUC19 in which different zinc finger domains were cloned were mixed by the same amount and cut with XmaI and EcoRI. The expression plasmid cloning the effector domain which was cut with AgeI and EcoRI and the zinc finger domains which was cut with XmaI and EcoRI were ligated to prepare a library comprising the effector domain and a single zinc finger domain. Thereafter, in the same manner above, the expression plasmid in which the effector domain and a single zinc finger domain were cloned was cut with AgeI and EcoRI and then ligated with the zinc finger domain which was cut with XmaI and EcoRI to connect the second zinc finger domain. And finally, the transcription factor library comprising the three zinc finger domains and the effector domain were prepared in the same manner above.
Following is 26 types of zinc finger domains, Z1 to Z26, selected from the human genomes sequences resulted from searching the GenBank database:
Z1 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 13;
Z2 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 15;
Z3 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 17;
Z4 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 19;
Z5 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 21;
Z6 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 23;
Z7 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 25;
Z8 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 27;
Z9 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 29;
Z10 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 31;
Z11 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 33;
Z12 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 35;
Z13 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 37;
Z14 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 39;
Z15 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 41;
Z16 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 43;
Z17 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 45;
Z18 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 47;
Z19 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 49;
Z20 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 51;
Z21 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 53;
Z22 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 55;
Z23 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 57;
Z24 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 59;
Z25 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 61;
Z26 is encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 63.
Experimental Example 3
Induction of Various Transformed E. Coli by Using Novel Transcription Factors
E. coli having desired phenotypes under particular condition was induced and selected by introducing the transcription factor library prepared in experimental example 2 into E. coli. Transcription factors were isolated from the E. coli having the desired phenotypes, and re-transformed to the E. coli to confirm whether the same phenotypes were induced to thus confirm the induction of the particular phenotypes by the transcription factors.
3-1. Induction of E. Coil Having the Resistance to Heat Shock
A large amount of expression of heterologous proteins at a high temperature increases their solubility. Thus, understanding of heat shock response in the E. coli can be an important issue for development of an industrial microorganism. In one embodiment, after the transcription factor library was introduced into the Escherichia coli, an E. coli having artificial transcription factors comprising CRP Del 180 as the effector domain was thermally shocked during two hours at 55° C., and plated on an LB plate, and then cultivated at 37° C. After that, an E. coli having heat resistance was selected from colonies which had been grown from the cultivation.
Transcription factors were isolated from the selected E. coli and confirmed through DNA sequence analysis, which were then re-transformed into the E. coli in order to confirm whether their heat resistance was induced, thus confirming activity of the transcription factors. Observing a growth pattern of the E. coli at 100 ml LB medium at 50° C., samples of the E. coli were taken at intervals of about one hour and half minutes to measure optical density (OD) at spectrophotometer 600 nm to obtain a growth curve of the Escherichia coli. 
FIG. 9 shows the results of the experimentation. The left photo in FIG. 9 is a photo of a control of the E. coli to which heat shock was not applied, while the right photo shows a survivality of the E. coli after heat shock was applied for 2 hours at 55° C. ‘C’ in the photos indicates control E. coli having control plasmid in which artificial transcription factors were not encoded, while T1 to T3 indicate E. coli having heat resistance by different artificial transcription factors. As shown in FIG. 9, under the conditions in which no heat shock was applied, every E. coli formed colonies, while under the conditions in which the heat shock was applied, growth of the wild-type E. coli was hampered but the E. coli having the transcription factors comprising CRP Del 180 as the effector domains according to the present invention grew well even with the heat shock. The triangles at upper portions in FIG. 9 indicate a 5× diluted cell density.
Among them, the transcription factors of T2 were checked to have grown most satisfactorily, whose growth curve at 50° C. is shown in FIG. 10. The transcription factors of T2 having the highest heat resistance are as follows:

T1=CRP 1 ̃180a.a+Z23+Z11+Z19

T2=CRP 1 ̃180a.a+Z13+Z2+Z23

T3=CRP 1 ̃180a.a+Z9+Z4+Z11

3-2. Induction of Transformed E. coli with Improved Growth Speed
Because fast growth speed of a host cell increases the productivity, it is very useful in the industrial fields. Accordingly, in the present invention, CRP Del 180 is used as the effector domain, and the transcription factor library prepared in experimentation example 2 was introduced to induce E. coli having the improved growth rate at 37° C., an optimal growth temperature and be screened.
After introducing the transcription factor library to the Escherichia coli, it was subcultured (transferred 1 ml by 1 ml to a new 100 ml medium at intervals of 24 hours during seven days) at 37° C. at the LB medium and M9 medium of 100 ml, streaked or diluted, and then plated to obtain colonies. A growth pattern of each colony was checked at the LB medium and M9 medium of 100 ml at 37° C. and E. coli having improved growth rate was finally selected. Transcription factors of the selected E. coli was isolated and checked if they are transcription factors through DNA sequence analysis, which is then re-transformed into E. coli to confirm whether the growth rate has been improved, thereby confirming the improvement of the growth rate by the transcription factors.
The results of the experimentation are as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. FIG. 11 shows the results obtained by checking the growth rate at the LB medium at 37° C. and FIG. 12 shows the results obtained by checking the growth speed at M9 medium at 37° C. ‘C’ indicates control E. coli having the control plasmid in which the artificial transcription factors were not encoded, and RG#32 indicates E. coli having improved growth rate by the artificial transcription factors. As shown in FIG. 11, in case of the E. coli in which the artificial transcription factors were not encoded, its growth rate was not increased after 15 hours of its cultivation, while in case of the E. coli having the transcription factors according to the present invention, it were grown continuously until 50 hours after its cultivation. Accordingly, it have been demonstrated that the productivity of the E. coli was remarkably improved.

RG#32=CRP1-180a.a+Z26+Z7

As mentioned above, it was confirmed that the zinc finger proteins, the DNA binding domains of the artificial transcription factors in the present invention, can have activation in the prokaryote as well as in the eukaryote. In addition, because the CRP used as the effector domain of the artificial transcription factors has the same sequence with that of CRP of Shigella and its family proteins exist in various prokaryotes, it has been estimated that the artificial transcription factors according to the present invention can regulate the gene expression of various prokaryotes as well as E. coli and induce various phenotypes thereof.
3-3. Induction of E. Coli Having the Resistance to Cold Shock
Because over-expression of target proteins at a low temperature increases solubility and stability of the proteins, an E. coli having the resistance to a low temperature may be grown well, which have a high value as an industrial microorganism. Therefore, in order to induce a E. coli having resistance to cold shock, the following experimentation was performed. In this experimentation, CRP Del 180 was used as the effector domain, and the transcription factor library prepared in the experimentation example 2 was introduced to induce an E. coli that can be grown at a low temperature and be screened.
After introducing the transcription factor library obtained in Experimental Example 2 to the Escherichia coli, XL1-Blue (Sambrook and Russel, 2001), it was plated on the LB plate, and cultivated at 15° C. Thereafter, an E. coli having resistance to a low temperature (cold shock) was selected. Transcription factors were isolated from the selected E. coli and checked through the DNA sequence analysis, which was then re-transformed into E. coli to check whether its resistance to the low temperature was induced, thus confirming activity of the transcription factors.
Observing a growth pattern of the E. coli at 100 ml LB medium at 15° C., samples of the E. coli were taken at intervals of about five hours to measure optical density (OD) at spectrophotometer 600 nm to obtain a growth curve of the Escherichia coli. A growth pattern of an E. coli was observed at 37° C., the optimum growth temperature, at the 100 ml LB medium as a control.
FIG. 13 shows the results of the experimentation, in which ‘C’ in the photos indicates control E. coli having control plasmid in which artificial transcription factors were not encoded, while CT1 and CT2 indicate E. coli having the resistance to a low temperature (cold shock) inducted by different artificial transcription factors. Triangles at upper portions in FIG. 13 indicate a 5× diluted cell density. In case of the control, every E. coli forms colonies, while in case of the wild type Escherichia coli, its growth is hampered. Comparatively, in case of the E. coli having the transcription factors comprising CRP Del 180 as the effector domains, it was confirmed to have grown well at a low temperature.
Among them, it is checked that the E. coli having the transcription factors of the CT1 and CT2 grew most satisfactorily at a low temperature, and the growth curve of CT1 at 15° C. is as shown in FIG. 14. The following is transcription factors of CT1 and CT2 indicating resistance to the low temperature (cold shock).

CT1=CRP 1 ̃180a.a+Z19+Z6+Z22

CT2=CRP 1 ̃180a.a+Z15+Z4+Z2

3-4. Induction of E. coli Having Resistance to Osmotic Pressure (High Salt Concentration)
The increase in osmotic pressure together with generation of overheat at fermentation degrade the productivity in expression of target proteins of a microorganism. Thus, E. coli having the resistance to osmotic pressure may be grown well, which have a high value as an industrial microorganism.
In this experimentation, in order to select E. coli having resistance to osmotic pressure, a minimum A medium in which 0.6M NaCl of high salt concentration (K2HPO4 10.5 g/l, KH2PO4 4.5 g/l, (NH4)2SO4 1 g/l, sodium citrate 2H2O 0.5 g/l, 20% glucose 10 ml/l, 1M MgSO47H2O ml/l) was added was used. CRP Del 180 was used as the effector domain. After introducing the transcription factor library obtained in Experimental Example 2 to the Escherichia coli, XL1-Blue (Sambrook and Rusell, 2001), it was plated and cultivated at 37° C. Thereafter, E. coli having resistance to osmotic pressure was selected from the grown colonies. Transcription factors were isolated from the selected Escherichia coli, checked through the DNA sequence analysis, and re-transformed into E. coli in order to check whether resistance to the osmotic pressure was induced, thereby confirming activity of the transcription factors.
FIG. 15 shows the results of the experimentation. The left photo in FIG. 15 is a photo of a control of the E. coli grown in a minimum A medium to which osmotic pressure was not given, while the right photo shows a survivality of the E. coli in a minimum A medium to which osmotic pressure was given. ‘C’ in the photos indicates control E. coli having control plasmid in which artificial transcription factors were not encoded, while OT1, OT2, OT3 and OT4 indicate E. coli in which different artificial transcription factors were introduced, having resistance to osmotic pressure. The triangles at upper portions in FIG. 15 indicate a ×5 diluted cell density.
As shown in FIG. 15, under the optimum growth condition, every E. coli formed colonies, while under the osmotic pressure condition, growth of the wild-type E. coli was hampered but the E. coli having the transcription factors comprising the CRP Del 180 as the effector domains was grown well even under the osmotic pressure condition. Artificial transcription factors of OT1, OT2, OT3 and OT4 having resistance to osmotic pressure are as follows:

OT1=CRP 1 ̃180a.a+Z24+Z2+Z2

OT2=CRP 1 ̃180a.a+Z8+Z4+Z19

OT3=CRP 1 ̃180a.a+Z5+Z4+Z17

OT4=CRP 1 ̃180a.a+Z9+Z24+Z23

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABLE
As so far described, if various phenotypic changes are induced in the prokaryote by introducing the artificial transcription factors according to the present invention, it can be regulated to activate or repress gene expression of various prokaryotes by the introduced artificial transcription. From this, it can be induced various E. coli having the desired phenotypes by users, which is useful to provide customized E. coli for industries. In addition, it can be induced E. coli so that it can facilitate to analyze a unknown function of genes. Furthermore, E. coli having the desired characteristics can be induced, such as E. coli having the resistance to heat or cold shock, or osmotic pressure, or improvement of growth rate.
As the present invention may be embodied in several forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof, it should also be understood that the above-described embodiments are not limited by any of the details of the foregoing description, unless otherwise specified, but rather should be construed broadly within its spirit and scope as defined in the appended claims, and therefore all changes and modifications that fall within the metes and bounds of the claims, or equivalents of such metes and bounds are therefore intended to be embraced by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. An artificial transcription factor polypeptide which artificially activates or represses gene expression in prokaryotes, wherein the artificial transcription factor comprises one to three zinc finger domains fused to an effector domain comprising at least one truncated form of a catabolite regulatory protein (CRP);
wherein said truncated form of CRP is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 3 or encoded by SEQ ID NO. 5;
wherein the zinc finger domain(s) is (are) selected from the group consisting of:
Z1: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 13;
Z2: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 15;
Z3: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 17;
Z4: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 19;
Z5: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 21;
Z6: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 23;
Z7: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 25;
Z8: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 27;
Z9: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 29;
Z10: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 31;
Z11: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 33;
Z12: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 35;
Z13: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 37;
Z14: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 39;
Z15: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 41;
Z16: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 43;
Z17: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 45;
Z18: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 47;
Z19: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 49;
Z20: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 51;
Z21: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 53;
Z22: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 55;
Z23: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 57;
Z24: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 59;
Z25: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 61; and
Z26: zinc finger domain encoded by nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 63.

2. The artificial transcription factor polypeptide of claim 1,
wherein the zinc finger domains consist of Z13 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 37, Z2 encoded by SEQ ID NO.15 and Z23 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 57, and the truncated CRP is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 5; or
wherein the zinc finger domains consist of Z23 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 57, Z11 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 33 and Z19 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 49, and the truncated CRP is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 5; or
wherein the zinc finger domains consist of Z9 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 29, Z4 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 19 and Z11 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 33, and the truncated CRP is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 5; and
wherein said polypeptide, when contained in E. coli, increases resistance to heat shock.

3. The artificial transcription factor polypeptide of claim 1,
wherein the zinc finger domains consist of Z26 and encoded by SEQ ID NO. 63, and Z7 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 25, and the truncated CRP is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 5,
wherein said polypeptide, when contained in E. coli, results in improvement of growth.

4. The artificial transcription factor polypeptide of claim 1,
wherein said zinc finger domains consist of Z19 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 49, Z6 encoded by SEQ ID NO. No. 23 and Z22 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 55, and the truncated CRP is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 5; or
wherein said zinc finger domains consist of Z15 encoded by SEQ ID NO.41, Z4 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 9 and Z2 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 15, and the truncated CRP is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 5,
wherein said polypeptide, when contained in E. coli, confers increased resistance to cold.

5. The artificial transcription factor polypeptide of claim 1,
wherein said zinc finger domains consist of Z24 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 59, Z2 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 15 and Z2 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 15, and the truncated CRP is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 5; or
wherein the zinc finger domains consist of Z8 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 27, Z4 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 19 and Z19 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 49, and the truncated CRP is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 5; or
wherein the zinc finger domains consist of Z5 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 21, Z23 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 7 and Z17 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 45, and the truncated CRP is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 5; or
wherein the zinc finger domains consist of Z9 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 29, Z24 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 59 and Z23 encoded by SEQ ID NO. 57, and the truncated CRP is encoded by SEQ ID NO. 5,
wherein said polypeptide, when contained in E. coli, confers increased resistance to osmotic pressure.