Filed 10/10/19 Certifed for Publication 10/11/19 (order attached)

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

 Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

CESAR MENESES,

 Defendant and Appellant.

 G055942

 (Super. Ct. No. 15CF1683)

 O P I N I O N

Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Denise 

de Bellefeuille, Judge. (Retired Judge of the Santa Barbara Super. Ct. assigned by the 

Chief Justice pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed.

Patricia L. Brisbois, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for 

Defendant and Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant 

Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Seth M. Friedman and 

Michael Pulos, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

* * *
2

INTRODUCTION

Defendant Cesar Meneses appeals from the judgment of conviction entered 

after a jury found him guilty of four counts of committing a lewd act upon a child under 

14 years of age and found true, as to each count, the multiple victim sentencing 

enhancement allegation. Meneses argues (1) the trial court erred by instructing the jury 

regarding consideration of evidence of charged sex offenses with CALCRIM No. 1191B 

and (2) the prosecutor committed error1in her closing and rebuttal arguments. Meneses 

further argues that to the extent his trial counsel’s failure to object on these grounds 

results in forfeiture of these arguments on appeal, he received ineffective assistance of 

counsel.

We affirm. We follow People v. Villatoro (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1152, 1159 

(Villatoro) in concluding the trial court properly instructed the jury with CALCRIM 

No. 1191B. Although one statement in the prosecution’s rebuttal argument, when viewed 

in isolation, did misstate the law, we conclude there was no prosecutorial error because, 

in the context of the entire argument and jury instructions, it was not reasonably likely the 

jury understood or applied the statement in an improper or erroneous manner.

FACTS

D.V. regularly visited and attended family gatherings at a house where her 

great aunt and her great aunt’s husband, Meneses, lived. When D.V. was six or seven 

years old, Meneses began touching her in her vaginal area when D.V. visited the house. 

Meneses touched D.V. a total of 10 times before she stopped going to that house when 

she was 11 or 12 years old. 

 

1

 We use the term prosecutorial error rather than prosecutorial misconduct because 

prosecutorial misconduct “‘is somewhat of a misnomer to the extent that it suggests a 

prosecutor must act with a culpable state of mind.’” (People v. Centeno (2014) 60 

Cal.4th 659, 666-667 (Centeno).) “‘A more apt description of the transgression is 

prosecutorial error.’” (Id. at p. 667.)
3

D.V.’s cousin, J.T., also attended family gatherings at the house. Meneses 

touched J.T.’s vaginal area a total of 10 times from the time J.T. was seven years old until 

she was nine years old. D.V. and J.T. testified that on occasion Meneses called them out 

to the garage that he used as his bedroom and touched them both on the same occasion. 

He told them not to tell anyone about what he was doing or “something bad would 

happen.” 

Another cousin, C.C., testified that when she was eight or nine years old, 

she would sit on Meneses’s lap and he would tickle her; on one occasion, he tickled her 

close to her breast and on another occasion, he touched her thigh. 

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Meneses was charged in an information with 10 counts of committing a 

lewd act upon a child under 14 years of age in violation of Penal Code section 288, 

subdivision (a). Counts 1 through 3 were alleged to have been committed against D.V., 

counts 4 through 6 were alleged to have been committed against J.T., and counts 7 

through 10 were alleged to have been committed against C.C. As to each count, the 

information alleged, pursuant to Penal Code section 667.61, subdivisions (b) and (e), that 

Meneses committed an offense specified in section 667.61, subdivision (c) against more 

than one victim. 

The jury found Meneses guilty on counts 1, 2, 4, and 5, and found true the 

multiple victim sentencing enhancement alleged as to each of those counts. The trial 

court imposed a total prison sentence of 15 years to life. Meneses appealed. 
4

DISCUSSION

I.

CALCRIM NO. 1191B

Meneses argues the trial court erred by instructing the jury with CALCRIM 

No. 1191B because it “allowed the jury to rely on currently charged offenses to find that 

[Meneses] had committed other currently charged offenses” and thus “violated his 

Fourteenth Amendment right to due process of law.” Meneses’s argument is without 

merit.

The trial court instructed the jury on its consideration of evidence of 

charged sex offenses with CALCRIM No. 1191B as follows: “The People presented 

evidence that the defendant committed the crimes of Lewd Act Upon a Child Under 14 as 

charged in Counts 1-10. [¶] If the People have proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

defendant committed one or more of these crimes, you may, but are not required to, 

conclude from that evidence that the defendant was disposed or inclined to commit 

sexual offenses, and based on that decision, also conclude that the defendant was likely to 

commit, and did commit, the other sex offenses charged in this case. [¶] If you find that 

the defendant committed one or more of these crimes, that conclusion is only one factor 

to consider along with all the other evidence. It is not sufficient by itself to prove that the 

defendant is guilty of another crime. The People must still prove each charge beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” 

In his appellate opening brief, Meneses acknowledges that in Villatoro, 

supra, 54 Cal.4th at pages 1156 and 1167 through 1169, the California Supreme Court 

held that Evidence Code section 1108 permits the jury to draw a propensity inference 
5

from currently charged sex offenses, and “approved giving a modified version of 

CALCRIM No. 1191, similar to the instruction used in this case.”2 

In his appellate opening brief, Meneses acknowledges that “this court is 

bound to follow the precedent set in Villatoro. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court 

(1962) 57 Cal.2d 450,455.)” He explains he has raised this issue on appeal “to preserve 

his federal constitutional claim that allowing a jury to use charged offenses to infer that 

he committed the other offenses charged in the same case violates his due process right to 

a fundamentally fair trial under the Fourteenth Amendment. [Meneses] must also raise 

this issue in the Court of Appeal in order to request the California Supreme Court to 

reconsider its decision in Villatoro in light of the dissent of Justice Corrigan joined by 

Justice Werdegar and the dissent of Justice Liu.” 

Meneses is correct that we are bound to follow California Supreme Court 

precedent pursuant to Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court, supra, 57 Cal.2d at page 

455, in concluding the trial court did not err by instructing the jurors they may consider 

 

2

 In Villatoro, supra, 54 Cal.4th at page 1164, the Supreme Court held: “[W]e conclude 

nothing in the language of [Evidence Code] section 1108 restricts its application to 

uncharged offenses. Indeed, the clear purpose of section 1108 is to permit the jury’s 

consideration of evidence of a defendant’s propensity to commit sexual offenses. ‘The 

propensity to commit sexual offenses is not a common attribute among the general 

public. Therefore, evidence that a particular defendant has such a propensity is especially 

probative and should be considered by the trier of fact when determining the credibility 

of a victim’s testimony.’ [Citations.] ‘[C]ase law clearly shows that evidence that [a 

defendant] committed other sex offenses is at least circumstantially relevant to the issue 

of his disposition or propensity to commit these offenses.’ [Citations.] In light of this 

clear purpose, we perceive no reason why the Legislature would exclude charged sexual 

offenses from section 1108’s purview, and no indication that it did so in either the text of 

section 1108 or its legislative history. Whether an offense is charged or uncharged in the 

current prosecution does not affect in any way its relevance as propensity evidence. 

Indeed, section 1108’s legislative history explains that ‘“admission and consideration of 

evidence of other sexual offenses to show character or disposition would be no longer 

treated as intrinsically prejudicial or impermissible.”’”
6

proven similar charged sex offenses as evidence of Meneses’s propensity to commit other 

charged offenses. 

Because we find CALCRIM No. 1191B was properly given to the jury, we 

also reject Meneses’s argument that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object 

to that instruction at trial as such a request would have been futile given the trial court’s 

obligation to follow Villatoro, supra, 54 Cal.4th 1152.

II.

PROSECUTORIAL ERROR

Meneses argues the prosecutor erred by “misleading jurors in her closing 

arguments to believe the People’s burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt could be 

met based on a reasonable interpretation of the evidence. This error violated [Meneses]’s 

right to a fair trial under the Fourteenth Amendment and requires the judgment be 

reversed.” Meneses argues that during the closing and rebuttal arguments, the prosecutor 

misstated the burden of proof three times.

First, at the end of the closing argument, the prosecutor stated: 

“So again, this is made very simple on the verdict forms. There’s just an 

allegation at the bottom. So again, you can review things and decide things in any order 

you want. I just give my suggestions. But my suggestion is go through and decide the 

charged counts. When you find guilty on one, then like I said, you can use that 

propensity evidence. 

“But then you go through at the end and when you have guilty, you look, 

do we have J[.T.] and D[.V.]? If you have two different victims—D[.V.] and C[.C.]—

whatever it is. Once there’s two different victims, then those are guilty, or true on the 

multiple victim finding.
7

“As you’re going through the evidence, don’t be afraid to ask yourself, does 

this information help me to determine the facts or is it confusing the issue or misleading 

me? And ask yourself, is this reasonable?

“Like the judge told you, I have the burden of proof so [Meneses’s counsel] 

gets the opportunity to talk to you now, and at the conclusion of rebuttal I’ll be asking 

you to find the defendant guilty of all counts.” (Italics added.) 

Second, toward the beginning of the rebuttal argument, the prosecutor 

discussed the reasonable doubt burden of proof: “It’s a very important standard. It’s not 

an impossible standard. It’s not possible or imaginary doubt. It’s not beyond a shadow 

of a doubt. It’s to the exclusion of a reasonable doubt. It’s not a time qualification.” The 

prosecutor then stated: “You must reject any unreasonable interpretation. And if there’s 

one reasonable interpretation, you must convict.” (Italics added.) 

Finally, toward the end of the rebuttal argument, the prosecutor addressed 

testimony regarding the response by D.V.’s father to being informed of Meneses’s lewd 

conduct with D.V. Specifically, the prosecutor addressed the decision by D.V.’s father to 

take D.V. along to a fundraiser at Meneses’s house designed to raise funds to pay for 

medical expenses incurred following a car accident involving D.V.’s brother. The 

prosecutor stated: “He only took D[.V.] back to the defendant’s house under one 

exceptional [sic], as I recall. This was a . . . this was a situation in which his son almost 

died. Was in a coma for three weeks. I’m sure that was a financial strain and emotional 

strain on their direct family and beyond. And so under extraordinary circumstances he 

took D[.V.] over there and said hey, stay near me. [¶] When you look at all of these facts, 

there is only one reasonable interpretation. This family has done something very 

difficult. The easy thing to do in this case would have been for the parents to get the kids 

to recant. That would have been the easy thing.” (Italics added.) 

Meneses argues, “[t]aken together, the prosecutor’s remarks, just like those 

in Centeno, show she conflated the concepts of proof beyond a reasonable doubt with 
8

rejecting an unreasonable interpretation of the evidence. In doing so, the prosecutor 

misstated the law and misled the jurors to believe that a reasonable account of the 

evidence satisfied the People’s burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

A.

Two of the Prosecutor’s Challenged Statements Constituted Permissible Argument.

“Advocates are given significant leeway in discussing the legal and factual 

merits of a case during argument. [Citation.] However, ‘it is improper for the prosecutor 

to misstate the law generally [citation], and particularly to attempt to absolve the 

prosecution from its . . . obligation to overcome reasonable doubt on all elements 

[citation].’ [Citations.] To establish such error, bad faith on the prosecutor’s part is not 

required.” (Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 666.)

“When attacking the prosecutor’s remarks to the jury, the defendant must 

show that, ‘[i]n the context of the whole argument and the instructions’ [citation], there 

was ‘a reasonable likelihood the jury understood or applied the complained-of comments 

in an improper or erroneous manner. [Citations.] In conducting this inquiry, we “do not 

lightly infer” that the jury drew the most damaging rather than the least damaging 

meaning from the prosecutor’s statements.’” (Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 667.)

A prosecutor’s conduct violates the federal constitution when the conduct 

“‘infects the trial with such unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due 

process’”; that is, when the conduct is “‘of sufficient significance to result in the denial of 

the defendant’s right to a fair trial.’” (People v. Harrison (2005) 35 Cal.4th 208, 242.) A 

prosecutor’s argument that does not render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair violates 

California law only if the conduct involves “‘“‘the use of deceptive or reprehensible 

methods to attempt to persuade either the court or the jury.’”’” (Ibid.)

Jurors may use common sense and good judgment in evaluating the weight 

of the evidence presented to them. (People v. Venegas (1998) 18 Cal.4th 47, 80.) Jurors 

may evaluate the reasonableness of witness testimony, as the jury was instructed in this 
9

case with CALCRIM Nos. 226 and 333. The prosecutor may argue “reasonably possible 

interpretations to be drawn from the evidence.” (Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 672.) 

“It is permissible to argue that the jury may reject impossible or unreasonable 

interpretations of the evidence and to so characterize a defense theory.” (Ibid.) The 

prosecutor may “urge the jury to ‘“accept the reasonable and reject the unreasonable”’ in 

evaluating the evidence before it.” (Id. at p. 673.)

Here, two of the three challenged statements by the prosecutor were 

permissible under those standards. During closing argument, the prosecutor did not err 

by urging the jurors to ask themselves whether the propensity evidence helped them to 

determine the facts or was confusing or misleading and to further ask themselves, “is this 

reasonable?” The prosecutor’s argument asked the jury to view the evidence in a 

reasonable manner; it did not refer to the prosecutor’s burden of proof. 

Furthermore, the prosecutor’s statement at the end of the rebuttal argument 

explained D.V.’s father’s decision to take D.V. back to Meneses’s house could be 

reasonably understood in light of the evidence D.V.’s brother was then in a coma and the 

family needed to attend the fundraiser at that house for medical expenses. The 

prosecutor’s comment at the end of her rebuttal argument did not relate to the 

prosecution’s burden of proof.

B.

The Prosecutor’s Challenged Statement at the Beginning of the Rebuttal Argument Did 

Not Constitute Error in the Context of the Entire Argument and Jury Instructions.

The prosecutor’s challenged statement made at the beginning of the rebuttal 

argument raises questions under Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th 659. While a prosecutor may 

appeal to the jurors to use their common sense, experience, and reason to evaluate the 

evidence and assess witness credibility, a prosecutor may not argue or even suggest the 

prosecution’s burden of proof is satisfied if the prosecution’s evidence presents a 

reasonable account. (Id. at p. 672.) A prosecutor may argue that defense interpretations 
10

of the evidence are unreasonable, but may not argue that deficiencies in the defense 

evidence can make up for shortcomings in the prosecution’s case. (Id. at p. 673.) The 

prosecutor may not “confound[] the concept of rejecting unreasonable inferences with the 

standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Ibid.)

In Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th 659, the California Supreme Court reversed 

the defendant’s convictions after finding (1) the prosecutor misstated the burden of proof 

in rebuttal argument and (2) held defense counsel was prejudicially ineffective for failing 

to object. The defendant was convicted of two counts of committing lewd acts against a 

then-seven-year-old child; the child, who was nearly 10 years old at trial, gave 

inconsistent testimony and refused to answer many questions at trial. (Id. at 

pp. 662-663.) On appeal, the defendant argued the prosecutor committed prejudicial 

misconduct by misstating the burden of proof in closing rebuttal argument. The 

defendant, conceding his attorney had failed to object, raised ineffective assistance as an 

alternative argument. (Id. at p. 674.)

The California Supreme Court in Centeno reviewed the prosecutor’s 

rebuttal argument and determined the prosecutor misstated the burden of proof in two 

separate instances. In the first instance, the prosecutor used a visual display depicting the 

outline of the State of California and gave hypothetical testimony from hypothetical 

witnesses who described various cities and landmarks. (Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th at 

p. 665.) The prosecutor argued that even though the information provided was 

incomplete, there was no reasonable doubt the evidence described the State of California. 

(Id. at pp. 665-666.) The Supreme Court held the use of the visual image misstated the 

burden of proof, misled the jury into believing its task was analogous to solving a picture 

puzzle unrelated to the evidence, and failed to accurately portray the state of the evidence 

presented at trial. (Id. at pp. 669-670.)

The second instance in which the prosecutor misstated the burden of proof 

is relevant here. The prosecutor in Centeno had argued: “‘Is it reasonable to believe that 
11

a shy, scared child who can’t even name the body parts made up an embarrassing, 

humiliating sexual abuse, came and testified to this in a room full of strangers or the 

defendant abused Jane Doe. That is what is reasonable, that he abused her. [¶] Is it 

reasonable to believe that Jane Doe is lying to set-up the defendant for no reason or is the 

defendant guilty?’ . . . ‘Is it reasonable to believe that there is an innocent explanation for 

a grown man laying on a seven year old? No, that is not reasonable. Is it reasonable to 

believe that there is an innocent explanation for the defendant taking his penis out of his 

pants when he’s on top of a seven-year-old child? No, that is not reasonable. Is it 

reasonable to believe that the defendant is being set-up in what is really a very 

unsophisticated conspiracy led by an officer who has never met the defendant or he[’s]

good for it? That is what is reasonable. He’s good for it.’” (Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th 

at pp. 671-672.)

The Supreme Court concluded the italicized parts of the prosecutor’s 

argument misstated the burden of proof because they “left the jury with the impression 

that so long as [the prosecutor’s] interpretation of the evidence was reasonable, the 

People had met their burden.” (Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 672.) The prosecutor did 

not simply urge the jury to accept the reasonable and reject the unreasonable in 

evaluating the evidence. “Rather, [the prosecutor] confounded the concept of rejecting 

unreasonable inferences with the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. She 

repeatedly suggested that the jury could find defendant guilty based on a ‘reasonable’ 

account of the evidence. These remarks clearly diluted the People’s burden.” (Id. at 

p. 673, italics omitted.)

The prosecutor’s statement at the beginning of the rebuttal argument in this 

case bears some resemblance to those found in Centeno to be error. Here, immediately 

following her statements on the reasonable doubt standard, the prosecutor argued: “You 

must reject any unreasonable interpretation. And if there’s one reasonable interpretation, 

you must convict.” That statement is somewhat similar to telling the jury “‘the defendant 
12

abused Jane Doe. That is what is reasonable, that he abused her’” and “‘[t]hat is what is 

reasonable. He’s good for it.’” (Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th at pp. 671, 672, italics 

omitted.) 

In the respondent’s brief, the Attorney General argues: “The prosecutor 

never suggested that the People could meet their burden by merely presenting a 

reasonable account of the evidence. If anything, she argued that the People’s account of 

the evidence was the only reasonable interpretation. This argument was made in 

response to [Meneses]’s argument that there were multiple reasonable interpretations of 

the circumstantial evidence—both for purposes of evaluating the victims’ credibility and 

for purposes of evaluating [Meneses]’s intent and mental state. The prosecutor urged the 

jury to reject those interpretations as unreasonable and find [Meneses] guilty. There was 

nothing improper about that.” 

While the prosecutor’s statement may have misstated the law if viewed in 

isolation, we conclude there was no prosecutorial error because in the context of the 

entire argument and jury instructions it was not reasonably likely the jury understood or 

applied the statement in an improper or erroneous manner. 

To find prosecutorial error, we must view the challenged statement in the 

context of the entire argument and the jury instructions to determine whether there was a 

reasonable likelihood the jury understood or applied the comments in an improper or 

erroneous manner. (People v. Cortez (2016) 63 Cal.4th 101, 130-131 (Cortez).) “If the 

challenged comments, viewed in context, ‘would have been taken by a juror to state or 

imply nothing harmful, [then] they obviously cannot be deemed objectionable.’” (Id. at 

p. 130.) “‘[W]e “do not lightly infer” that the jury drew the most damaging rather than 

the least damaging meaning from the prosecutor’s statements.’” (People v. Covarrubias

(2016) 1 Cal.5th 838, 894.)

In that respect, this case differs from Centeno. In Centeno, the California 

Supreme Court concluded it was reasonably likely that the prosecutor’s hypothetical 
13

about the State of California together with the “accompanying argument” misled the jury. 

(Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 674.) Here, the prosecutor did not present an 

objectionable hypothetical and, as we have explained, the potential prosecutorial error is 

limited to a single statement made at the beginning of the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument. 

The vast majority of the prosecutor’s argument was focused on evaluating 

the witnesses’ testimony and credibility. In closing argument, defense counsel argued 

about the reasonable inferences that could be drawn from the trial evidence, noting that 

when “[y]ou can draw two or more reasonable conclusions from the circumstantial 

evidence, and one of those reasonable conclusions points to innocence, the other to guilt, 

you must accept the one that points to innocence.” Given that both the prosecutor’s and 

defense counsel’s closing arguments were so heavily focused on the reasonable 

interpretation of evidence, the jurors would have understood the prosecutor’s challenged 

statement as directed to the issue of reasonable and unreasonable inferences and not to 

the reasonable doubt burden of proof which was not the focus of either counsel’s 

argument.

In determining whether the prosecutor committed error, it is significant that 

the trial court correctly defined the reasonable doubt standard in the jury instructions. 

(Cortez, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 131.) Here, the trial court instructed the jury with 

CALCRIM No. 220: “A defendant in a criminal case is presumed to be innocent. This 

presumption requires that the People prove a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Whenever I tell you the People must prove something, I mean they must prove it beyond 

a reasonable doubt unless I specifically tell you otherwise. [¶] Proof beyond a reasonable 

doubt is proof that leaves you with an abiding conviction that the charge is true. The 

evidence need not eliminate all possible doubt because everything in life is open to some 

possible or imaginary doubt. [¶] In deciding whether the People have proved their case 

beyond a reasonable doubt, you must impartially compare and consider all the evidence 

that was received throughout the entire trial. Unless the evidence proves the defendant 
14

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, he is entitled to an acquittal and you must find him not 

guilty.” As discussed ante, the jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 1191B which 

reiterated, “[t]he People must still prove each charge beyond a reasonable doubt.”

The court instructed the jury on direct and circumstantial evidence with 

CALCRIM No. 224, stating in part, “[b]efore you may rely on circumstantial evidence to 

conclude that a fact necessary to find the defendant guilty has been proved, you must be 

convinced that the People have proved each fact essential to that conclusion beyond a 

reasonable doubt,” and further stating that if the jurors could draw two or more 

reasonable conclusions from the circumstantial evidence, they had to accept the one 

pointing to innocence. The jury was also instructed with CALCRIM No. 225 reiterating: 

“Before you may rely on circumstantial evidence to conclude that a fact necessary to find 

the defendant guilty has been proved, you must be convinced that the People have proved 

each fact essential to that conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt.” The court told the 

jurors that in evaluating a witness’s testimony, they could consider the reasonableness of 

the testimony in light of all the other evidence in the case, and that as to any opinion 

given by a witness at trial, they could “disregard all or any part of an opinion that [they] 

find unbelievable, unreasonable, or unsupported by the evidence.” (See CALCRIM 

Nos. 226, 333.)

The jury instructions left no doubt about the prosecution’s burden of proof, 

the proper application of each juror’s common sense and experience, and the role of 

reasonableness in reaching a verdict. To the extent the prosecutor’s statement at the 

beginning of the rebuttal argument was inconsistent with the instructions, the jury was 

instructed to follow the latter. The trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM 

No. 200, stating in part: “You must follow the law as I explain it to you, even if you 

disagree with it. If you believe that the attorneys’ comments on the law conflict with my 

instructions, you must follow my instructions.” 
15

We presume the jury followed the court’s instructions, rather than any 

conflicting comment by counsel, in reaching a verdict. (Cortez, supra, 63 Cal.4th at 

p. 131; People v. Prince (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1179, 1295; People v. Morales (2001) 

25 Cal.4th 34, 47.) “‘[J]uries generally understand that counsel’s assertions are the 

“statements of advocates.”’” (Cortez, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 131.)

Considered “‘[i]n the context of the whole argument and the [jury] 

instructions’” (Centeno, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 667), the jury in this case was not 

reasonably likely to understand the prosecutor’s comments as diminishing the 

prosecution’s burden of proof. We therefore conclude there was no prosecutorial error.

Because we conclude there was no prosecutorial error, Meneses’s argument 

his trial counsel was ineffective for failure to object to the prosecutor’s statements 

challenged on appeal is without merit. 

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

FYBEL, J.

WE CONCUR:

O’LEARY, P. J.

BEDSWORTH, J.
Filed 10/11/19

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

 Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

CESAR MENESES,

 Defendant and Appellant.

 G055942

 (Super. Ct. No. 15CF1683)

 O R D E R

As it appears that our opinion filed on October 10, 2019 meets the 

standards set forth in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c)(2), (6), and (7), on our 

own motion, we order the opinion published in the Official Reports. 

FYBEL, J.

WE CONCUR:

O’LEARY, P. J.

BEDSWORTH, J.