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Salmo trutta Picture by Scarola, J.F.
Classification / Names Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Salmoniformes (Salmons) > Salmonidae(Salmonids) > Salmoninae Etymology: Salmo: Latin, salmo, Plinius = salmon (Ref. 45335 ); trutta: truttais a Latin name for trout (Re f 10294 ).

Environment / Climate / Range Marine; freshwater; brackish; pela gic-neritic; anadromous (Ref. 51243 ); depth range 0 - 28 m (Ref. 101587 ) usually 1 - 2 m (Ref. 101587 ). Subtropical; 18°C - 24°C (Ref. 12741 ); 71°N - 34°N, 25°W - 57°E

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age Maturity: L m 16.1 , range 1 - 600 cm Max length : 140 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 682 ); common length : 72.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3397 ) p ublished weight: 50.0 kg (Ref. 682 ); max. reported age: 38 years (Ref. 32682 )

Short description Dorsal spines (total): 3 - 4; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10-15; Anal spines : 3-4; Anal soft rays : 9 - 14; Vertebra e 59. Fusiform body (Ref. 51442 ). Head little and pointed (Ref. 51442 ). Mouth large, extending mostly after t and has well developed teeth (Ref. 51442 ). Teeth on shaft of vomer numerou s and strongly developed (Ref. Caudal fin with 18-19 rays (Ref. 2196 ). Caudal peduncle thick and rounded (Ref. 51442 ). Little scales (Ref. 51442 ). Body is grey-blue colored with numerous spots, also below the lateral line (Ref. 51442 ). Blackish c o on upper part of body, usually orangeon sides, surrounded by pale halo s. Adipose fin with red margin.

Distribution Europe and Asia: Atlantic, North, Wh ite and Baltic Sea basins, from Spain to Chosha Bay (Russia). Found i Iceland and northernmost rivers of Great Britain and Scandinavia. In Rhône drainage, native only to Lake G b asin, which it entered after last glaciation. Native to upper Danube and Volga drainages. Introduced widely

. Several countries report adverse ec ological impact after introduction.

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Related species Salmo trutta, Sea trout : fisheries, aquaculture, gamefi sh http://fishbase.sinica.edu. tw/summary/Salmo-trutta.html

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IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 96402 ) Least Concern (LC) CITES (Ref. 94142 ) N ot Evaluated Threat to humans Potential pest

Countries FAO areas Ecosystems Occurrences Introductions Stocks Ecology Diet Common names Synonyms Metabolism Predators Ecotoxicology Reproduction Maturity Spawning Age/Size Growth Length-weight Length-length Length-frequencies Morphometrics Morphology Larvae References Aquaculture Aquaculture profile Strains Genetics Allele frequencies Heritability Diseases Found in streams, ponds, rivers and lakes (Ref. 5951 ). Individuals spend 1 to 5 years in fresh water and 6 m o to 5 years in salt water (Ref. 51442 ). Juveniles mature in 3-4 years (Ref. 6885 ). Lacustrine populations und e migration to tributaries and lake outlets to spawn, rarely spawning on stone, wave -washed lake shores. Spa w rivers and streams with swift current, usually charac terized by downward movementof water intro gravel ( R 59043 ). Spawning takes place normally more than one time (Ref. 51442 ). They prefer cold, well-oxygenate d upland waters although their tolerance limits are lower th an those of rainbow troutand favors large streams i mountainous areas with adequate c over in the form of submerged rock s, undercut banks, and overhanging vegetation (Ref. 6465 ). Life history and spawning be havior is similar to the salmon Salmo salar (Ref. 5144 2 Each female produces about 10.000 eggs (Ref. 35388 , Ref. 51442 ). Mainly diurnal (Ref. 682 ). Sea and lake forage in pelagic and littoral habitats, while sea trouts mainly close to coast, not very far from estuary of nat (Ref. 59043 ). Juveniles feed mainly on aquatic and terrestrial insects; adu lts on mollusks, crustaceans and s m fish (Ref. 26523 , Ref. 51442 ). Marketed fresh and smoked; eaten fried, broiled, boiled, cooked in microwa v baked (Ref. 9988 ).

Life cycle and mating behavior Female covers the eggs by restirri ng the sand and fine gravel (Ref. 9696 ). After hatching at 12 mm, larval b r trout remain in the gravel for 2-3 weeks until they are about 25 mm long, when they emerge to begin feedin g water column. Brown trout are territori al and begin establishing territories as juveniles. Juvenile trout from l p opulations move from their natal inlets to lakes during the first 2 years of life (Ref. 6390 ).

Main reference Svetovidov, A.N. , 1984. Salmonidae. p. 373-385. In P.J.P. White head, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Niel s E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Medite rranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 1. (Re f

Human uses Fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes FAO(Aquaculture: production ; fisheries: production ; publication : search ) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FisheriesWiki | Sea Around Us

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Internet sources Alien/Invasive Species database| BHL| Cloffa| BOLDSystems | Websites from users | Check FishWatcher CISTI| Catalog of Fishes ( gen. , sp. ) | DiscoverLife| DORIS | Faunafri| Fishtrace| GenBank( genome , nucle GOBASE| Google Books | Google Scholar| Google | IGFA World Record | iSpecies | National databases | P aquariums | PubMed| Scirus | SeaLifeBase| Tree of Life| uBio | Wikipedia( Go , Search ) | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoobank | Zoological Record Estimates of some prop erties based on models Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805 ): PD 50= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, fro m 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high]. Bayesian length-weight: a=0.0 0851 (0.00749 - 0.00967), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07) , based on LWR estimates for t species (Ref. 93245 ). Trophic Level (Ref. 69278 ): 3.4 ±0.1 se; Based on diet studies. Resilience (Ref. 69278 ): High, minimum population doubling timeless than 15 months (rm=0.9; K=0.09-0

. tmax=8; Fec=1,000). Vulnerability (Ref. 59153 ): High vulnerability (60 of 100) . Price category (Ref. 80766 ): Very high

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