*

 This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law

of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the citation

of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms

and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Filed 11/8/96

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

PETER I. PHILIPS,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 95-6294

(D.C. No. CR-94-83-L)

(W.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before EBEL, HOLLOWAY, and HENRY, Circuit Judges.

Defendant and five others were indicted on charges of wire fraud (18 U.S.C. § 1343),

money laundering (18 U.S.C. § 1957(a)), and conspiracy (18 U.S.C. § 371). Only one of the

other indicted individuals was apprehended. Defendant eventually pleaded guilty to one

count of a superseding indictment alleging conspiracy to commit wire fraud and money

laundering. He was sentenced to 48 months’ confinement and to three years of supervised

release thereafter. This timely direct appeal raises only sentencing issues.
1This summary of facts is taken from the Presentence Report and the transcript of the

sentencing hearing. Defendant disputed relatively few of these facts in the district court and

does not now contend that the district court erred in relying on the PSR, per se, even though

the PSR does not specify the sources of much of the information it relates. Defendant’s

material objections to the PSR were resolved in favor of the government, as were the issues

of contested fact arising from the sentencing hearing. We of course review these factual

determinations only for clear error and we state the facts as determined by the district court.

2

I

Defendant admitted participating in an international swindle which involved other

conspirators falsely representing themselves as officials of the Nigerian government or the

Central Bank of Nigeria.1

 The victim was a German citizen named Woschny who owned a

computer firm which we will refer to as H & S. In October 1993, the victim attended a trade

fair in Munich where he met one Mr. Roda, an unindicted co-conspirator of defendant. Roda

told the victim he could make contacts for him with Nigerian businessmen who would be

interested in the services of H & S. Several weeks later the victim was contacted by another

Nigerian who told him that the Nigerian government was in the market for a sophisticated

computer system to use in anti-smuggling efforts. The caller, who identified himself as

Prince Mingi XII Cookey, also said that the project was top secret and would be conducted

under the “cover” of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation.

The suggestion of a sizable government contract to be won apparently was just bait

to lure the victim into dealing with the conspirators. A couple of months after the first

contact, “Prince Cookey” wrote to the victim, representing himself to be the head of a

governmental committee, and soliciting the victim’s participation in a plan to acquire $22
3

million supposedly on deposit with the Central Bank of Nigeria. These funds supposedly had

been appropriated by the Nigerian government to pay a Yugoslavian contractor. The

contractor had over billed the government, the victim was told, and thus had no legitimate

claim to the funds. Cookey offered to pay the victim 20% of these monies (or about $4.5

million) in return for using the account of the victim’s company as a destination for a wire

transfer of the funds. Eventually the victim was told it was necessary for him to pay 3% of

the $22 million, purportedly as a transfer fee imposed by the Nigerian government for

removal of the funds from Nigeria. The victim made three separate wire transfers to a

London bank, totaling about $486,000, on the premise that these funds were going towards

the 3% transfer fee.

Then the conspirators came up with another hurdle for the victim to clear before

completion of the transfer of the $22 million. While the above machinations were occurring,

a co-conspirator named Robert Sensi and another man, whom the investigating agent and the

district judge concluded was our defendant but whom defendant claims was his identical twin

Johnny Philips Okipiri, leased an office in New York City and arranged for a telephone line

and two fax lines to be installed. The office was leased in the name of Guaranty Trust

Company, Inc., while the telephone accounts were put in the name of International Trading

and Clearing Corporation. Apparently communications from this office used yet another

name, International Credit and Finance Group (“ICFG”). Later Okipiri and Sensi used these

facilities to send faxes to the victim, which were signed in the name “Mark Devenport.”
4

Eventually the conspirators got the victim to pay another $330,000, which was purported to

be a 1.5% cable and communications fee, after which the $22 million supposedly would be

released to the victim’s account.

This wire transfer of $330,000 was made to Boatmen’s Bank in Oklahoma City

identifying as the beneficiary Loretta Riley, a bank officer, but referencing defendant’s

account number, as had been arranged between defendant and the conspirators

communicating with the victim through ICFG. Because of the discrepancy between the

account and the named payee of the wire transfer, the bank put a hold order on the funds.

Another contact with the victim was made to induce the victim to send new instructions for

the wire transfer so that defendant would have access to the funds. Defendant then began

spending and disbursing the funds. He bought an Oklahoma City nightclub for $26,000 and

two limousines for $45,000. Defendant wired $20,000 to Sensi’s account in Washington and

$155,000 to Hong Kong and London for accounts of other co-conspirators. Defendant also

purchased two cashier’s checks, one for $50,000 and one for $5,000, both payable to himself.

Defendant was on supervised release from a previous conviction but had received

permission to go to Nigeria. Ten days after receipt of the wire transfer in Oklahoma City,

defendant was arrested at the Oklahoma City Airport. He had a ticket to New York and the

two cashier’s checks with him, along with documents relating to the night club and the

automobiles he had purchased.

Some two months after defendant’s arrest, the New York offices of ICFG were
5

searched. Authorities found files on 114 “customers” believed to be actual or prospective

targets for the conspirators. One of these files dealt with a Dutch company called

Translumber. The documents showed that the same conspirators had pulled a similar fraud

on this company. In March 1994, during the time that the crimes charged were in progress,

Translumber had wired $25,000 to defendant’s account at Boatmen’s in Oklahoma City.

(Apparently the IRS had begun investigating defendant in January 1994, when Boatmen’s

Bank reported unusual activity in defendant’s accounts unrelated to either the scheme in

which defendant admitted complicity or the Translumber scheme.)

Co-defendant Sensi was the only other conspirator apprehended. The government

sought several postponements of defendant’s trial to permit additional time for investigation

and search for the other conspirators. A few days before the scheduled trial date of April 10,

1995, defendant and Sensi entered guilty pleas. Defendant made this statement in his petition

to enter a guilty plea:

In May 1994, I conspired with others to defraud a German citizen of money.

In furtherance of the conspiracy, I maintained a bank account at Boatmen’s

Bank in Oklahoma City, for the purpose of receiving funds derived from the

conspiracy. I received approximately $330,000 in that bank account. I know

my actions were wrong and I accept responsibility for those actions.

Defendant declined to provide any other information to the government. Additional facts

will be recited as necessary to discussion of the issues raised.

II

We will first consider defendant’s contention that the district court erred in refusing
6

to grant him a two point downward departure under section 3B1.2 of the Guidelines as a

“minor participant.” Section 3B1.2 vests discretion in the district court to grant an offense

level reduction if it finds that the defendant is less culpable relative to other participants in

the offense. United States v. Santistevan, 39 F.3d 250, 253-54 (10th Cir. 1994). The

reduction is four levels for a “minimal” participant, two levels for a “minor” participant, or

three levels for a defendant who falls in between those categories. Although Mr. Philips did

not request more than a two level departure, the comparative approach provided in the

authoritative commentary to this Guideline involves first defining who may be regarded as

a “minimal” participant.

A four-level reduction for minimal participation is reserved for defendants “who are

plainly among the least culpable of those involved” and should be used “infrequently.” 

USSG § 3B1.2, comment. (nn. 1-2). The two-level decrease for minor participation applies

to those who are “less culpable than most other participants, but whose role could not be

described as minimal.” Id. comment. (n. 3). See Santistevan, 39 F.3d at 254. The burden

of proof is on defendant to establish his entitlement to a reduction of his offense level. Id.

We review the district court’s factual findings under the clearly erroneous standard.

Id. at 253-54. The ultimate decision not to depart from the Guidelines is reviewed for abuse

of discretion. See Koon v. United States, 116 S.Ct. 2035, 2046-48 (1996) (abuse of

discretion standard applies to review of district court’s decision to depart from the

Guidelines).
7

In rejecting defendant’s argument for a reduction under this section, the district judge

found that defendant had been instrumental in setting up the New York offices of ICFG, had

maintained the Boatman’s Bank account, and had personally profited from the fraudulent

scheme, citing the cashier’s checks he possessed at the time of his arrest and the vehicles and

the night club that he had purchased. The judge found that a minor participant would not

have received such a large share of the proceeds, nor have been trusted with sole control over

the bank account which was used to receive the $330,000.

Defendant contends that he was entitled to a finding that he was a minor participant

because he did not have any contacts with the victim and had nothing to do with obtaining

the money. He contends that he was not shown to have had knowledge of the extent of this

broad, international conspiracy; that his role did not begin until he was informed that the

money would be coming to his account; and that he was directed to disburse the money to

other conspirators. Defendant cites the fact that his name was found in only two of the 114

files seized from the office of ICFG in New York. He also relies on the fact that the

indictment originally had alleged that his twin brother, Johnny Philips Okipiri, was the one

who set up the ICFG office.

We first note that defendant produced no evidence to support his contention that he

disbursed the fraudulently obtained funds only as directed by others. The district judge found

that defendant was the one who set up the ICFG office, and we cannot conclude that this

finding was clearly erroneous because it is supported by substantial evidence. Agent Duane
8

Shriver, the IRS case agent assigned to the case, testified that the New York office was

leased in the name of William Norman, using Norman’s social security number.

Investigation revealed that this William Norman had been a student at the University of

Central Oklahoma and had taken a class with defendant Philips. (There apparently was no

evidence that Norman was aware that his name had been used.) Defendant Philips was on

supervised release from a prior conviction. He had obtained permission from his probation

officer to travel to Tampa on the date the office was leased. He had canceled his Tampa

ticket, however. Calls from defendant’s cellular phone were made from New York on

January 25, 1994, the day the office was leased, and hotel charges had been paid with a credit

card which was found in defendant’s possession at the time of his arrest. Investigation

revealed that Johnny Philips Okipiri had been traveling abroad using defendant’s passport,

and passport records indicated that he had been in London on January 21, 1994, and had left

England for Germany in February. Co-defendant Sensi had identified defendant as the one

who was with him in New York and leased the office. In light of this evidence, we see no

error in the district court’s finding that defendant participated in the conspiracy by setting up

the New York office.

Defendant’s involvement in setting up the New York office, which became an

important part of the scheme as we have described, and his role as sole custodian of a

substantial portion of the fraudulently obtained proceeds were, we think, ample basis for the

district judge’s finding that defendant was not a minor participant. We also note that the
9

evidence was that defendant was in very frequent telephone contact with other conspirators

during the time that the fraud was being perpetrated. 

In sum, defendant failed to carry his burden to show that he was entitled to a reduction

in his offense level. The district court’s findings pertinent to this issue are not clearly

erroneous, and we see no abuse of discretion.

III

As we have noted, defendant’s guilty plea was to Count One, which charged

conspiracy to commit both wire fraud and money laundering. Under USSG § 1B1.2(d),

which is discussed more specifically in Part V, infra, a conviction on a count charging a

conspiracy to commit more than one offense is treated as if defendant had been convicted on

a separate count of conspiracy for each offense. Accordingly, the offense level calculation

in the PSR began by separately determining the offense level for money laundering and wire

fraud. For both of those crimes, the amount of loss caused or intended to be caused is a

“specific offense characteristic” which results in an increase in the offense level according

to a graduated scale. USSG §§ 2F1.1(b) (wire fraud), 2S1.2(b)(2) (money laundering). The

calculation of loss was thus a factor in the sentence ultimately imposed on defendant.

In setting the amount of loss the PSR included, without objection from the defendant,

the $330,000 received by defendant from the victim in the transaction charged in Count One.

The PSR also included in the amount of loss the $25,000 wired to defendant’s account by

Translumber. Defendant contends that his receipt and disbursement of this money should
10

not have been considered “relevant conduct” under USSG § 1B1.3.

The district court’s factual findings, including its decision to include this transaction

as relevant conduct in determining defendant’s offense level, are reviewed under the clearly

erroneous standard. See United States v. Richards, 27 F.3d 465, 468 (10th Cir. 1994). We

are to accord due deference to the district judge’s application of the Guidelines to the facts.

18 U.S.C. § 3742(e). The burden of proof is on the government to establish by a

preponderance of the evidence the factual predicate for increasing the defendant’s offense

level by taking relevant conduct into consideration. See Richards, 27 F.3d at 468 (in drug

case, burden is on the prosecution to prove the existence of additional quantities by a

preponderance of the evidence for those quantities to be considered as relevant conduct).

Section 1B1.3 of the Guidelines provides the controlling principles. As applicable

here, this section provides that the “specific offense characteristics” used in setting the

offense level 

shall be determined on the basis of the following:

(1)(A) all acts and omissions committed, aided, abetted, counseled,

commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused by the defendant; and

(B) in the case of a jointly undertaken criminal activity (a criminal plan,

scheme, endeavor, or enterprise undertaken by the defendant in concert with

others, whether or not charged as a conspiracy), all reasonably foreseeable acts

and omissions of others in furtherance of the jointly undertaken criminal

activity,

that occurred during the commission of the offense of conviction, in

preparation for that offense, or in the course of attempting to avoid detection

or responsibility for that offense[.]
11

USSG § 1B1.3(a)(1).

The limiting language of the last clause of this subsection would not permit the use

of the Translumber scheme as relevant conduct since that transaction had nothing to do with

the “offense of conviction,” but that limiting language does not apply here. Instead, the next

paragraph of subsection 1B1.3(a) provides that “all acts and omissions described in

subdivisions (1)(A) and (1)(B) above that were part of the same course of conduct or

common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction” are to be considered in certain cases,

those being “offenses of a character for which § 3D1.2(d) would require grouping of multiple

counts.” USSG § 1B1.3(a)(2). Wire fraud (USSG § 2F1.1) and money laundering (§ 2S1.2)

are offenses for which grouping of multiple counts is required under § 3D1.2(d).

Thus, for the Translumber scheme to have been properly included as relevant conduct,

that scheme must have been part of a “common scheme or plan” with the offense of

conviction, and defendant must have been accountable under one of the subdivisions of §

1B1.3(a)(1), quoted supra. Commentary to this provision supplies this clarification of what

is meant by a common scheme or plan: “For two or more offenses to constitute part of a

common scheme or plan, they must be substantially connected to each other by at least one

common factor, such as common victims, common accomplices, common purpose, or similar

modus operandi.” USSG § 1B1.3, comment. (n. 9).

The district court found that the Translumber scheme constituted a jointly undertaken

common scheme or plan as defined by § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B), supra, based on findings that the
12

Translumber scheme and the scheme to defraud the German citizen, to which defendant had

pleaded guilty, involved a common bank account, common accomplices, a common purpose,

and a similar modus operandi. We see no error in these findings, which were based on the

testimony of Agent Shriver. Agent Shriver testified that the documents from the files of the

office of ICFG reflected that the Translumber scheme was conducted in “basically exactly”

the same manner as the scheme with the German victim. VI R. at 14. A letter from ICFG,

signed by “Mark Devenport” (a name which Shriver testified was used by co-defendant

Sensi) to Translumber purporting to verify a contract in the amount of $18,500,000 and

requesting payment of cable and communications charges, used language “almost exact[ly]”

the same as that used in a letter to Mr. Woschny as part of the charged scheme. Id. at 17-18.

Not only was the $25,000 received by defendant at the same Boatmen’s account as was used

in the charged offense, but defendant immediately wired a portion of this sum, $11,500, to

London for the account of Mr. Roda, which corresponded to one of the wire transfers he

made of the funds from the German victim. Shriver also testified, as discussed supra,

regarding defendant’s role in setting up the office of ICFG.

Defendant does not specifically dispute any of these findings, except that concerning

defendant’s role in setting up the ICFG office, and we have already concluded that the

district judge’s resolution of that issue adversely to him was not clearly erroneous. Instead,

defendant’s argument on this issue relies heavily, almost exclusively, on United States v.

Custodio, 39 F.3d 1121 (10th Cir. 1994). That case concerned a physician who had been
13

convicted of making false claims to the government. The convictions were for claims made

for services that the doctor had not performed. At sentencing, the government argued that

other claims, involving a procedure called “unbundling,” should be included as relevant

conduct. “Unbundling” referred to a practice in which an entire procedure was billed as a

unit, and subsidiary procedures which were included in the general unit were also billed

separately, resulting in double billing for those procedures. For example, a charge for

services performed for delivery of a baby might include a charge for performing a physical

examination; if the examination was also billed separately, double billing would result. 39

F.3d at 1123 n. 5. The district court rejected the government’s argument and found that the

unbundling was not the same type of conduct and not the same scheme or plan as the charged

conduct. We affirmed. Id. at 1126. We echoed the district court’s concern that defenses

could have been presented had the unbundling been charged.

Defendant contends his case is similar in that the government did not prove that the

Translumber transaction was part of the same scheme or plan and that there “were certainly

defenses which could have been presented” to rebut the allegations against him regarding the

Translumber matter. We are not persuaded. We hold that the district court’s findings of

common accomplices, common purpose, and a common modus operandi are not clearly

erroneous.

We also disagree with defendant’s contention that the government presented no

evidence that Mr. Philips engaged in a conspiracy to defraud Translumber. In addition to the
14

very strong similarities between the two schemes, there was evidence of defendant’s role in

setting up the New York office used to carry out both schemes and of his very frequent

telephone communications with the co-conspirators during the relevant time. As to the

possibility that he could have presented defenses to these allegations, we conclude that this

alone cannot be sufficient to compel a finding that uncharged acts are not relevant conduct

for sentencing purposes. First, defendant is not, of course, deprived of the opportunity to

present defenses to these allegations but instead has a right to present evidence at the

sentencing hearing. Second, we are convinced that the Custodio language was not intended

to be, and must not be, construed as precluding a finding that uncharged acts constitute

relevant conduct under the Guidelines whenever defenses could be raised to the allegations.

Obviously, defenses could be raised to any allegations; therefore to read Custodio as

defendant suggests would nullify an important part of the Guidelines structure. Clearly,

Custodio must be read as expressing special concern about the particular circumstances

presented there.

We find no error and no abuse of discretion in the district court’s findings regarding

relevant conduct.

IV

We turn next to defendant’s contention that his offense level should have been

decreased by three levels for acceptance of responsibility instead of the two-level reduction

which was recommended by the PSR and granted by the district judge. The issue whether
15

defendant accepted responsibility is a factual one reviewed under the clearly erroneous

standard. United States v. McCollom, 12 F.3d 968, 972 (10th Cir. 1993). The determination

of the sentencing judge is entitled to great deference on review. Id.; USSG § 3E1.1,

comment. (n. 5). The burden of proof is on the defendant to establish that he has accepted

responsibility. Id.

The district judge reduced defendant’s offense level by two pursuant to USSG §

3E1.1(a), which permits the reduction if “the defendant clearly demonstrates acceptance of

responsibility for his offense . . . .” Defendant sought a further decrease under subsection

(b) of that section, which provides:

If the defendant qualifies for a decrease under subsection (a), the offense level

determined prior to the operation of subsection (a) is level 16 or greater, and

the defendant has assisted authorities in the investigation or prosecution of his

own misconduct by taking one or more of the following steps:

(1) timely providing complete information to the government 

concerning his own involvement in the offense; or

(2) timely notifying authorities of his intention to enter a plea of guilty,

thereby permitting the government to avoid preparing for t r i a l a n d

permitting the court to allocate its resources efficiently,

decrease the offense level by 1 additional level.

USSG § 3E1.1(b). Defendant makes no claim that he was entitled to a reduction for timely

providing complete information concerning his involvement in the offense, but relies solely

on the contention that he timely notified authorities of his intention to plead guilty and

thereby permitted the government to cancel international travel arrangements it had made to
16

bring witnesses to the trial.

The district court found, however, that defendant was offered a chance to enter a

guilty plea shortly after his arrest and chose not to do so until almost a year had passed.

During this time, the court found, the government had begun trial preparations and had made

extensive travel arrangements. The court found that defendant was not entitled to the

additional one-level adjustment.

On appeal, defendant argues that he timely accepted a plea agreement which had been

offered only a few days before the scheduled trial date. This assertion in his brief provides

no basis, however, for us to conclude that the district judge erred in finding that he had the

opportunity to enter a plea shortly after his arrest. Defendant further asserts that he entered

his plea on the deadline set by the government, a deadline which apparently was set because

of the extensive travel arrangements for witnesses which were made in anticipation of trial.

Defendant points out that the government sought several postponements of the trial date to

continue its investigation and its efforts to apprehend the other co-conspirators. He contends

that the government was forced to begin trial preparations early because of the nature of the

case, not because of the timing of his plea.

We are not convinced that the district judge was in error in finding that the

defendant’s delay caused the government to expend time and resources in making travel

arrangements and other preparations. We note that the reduction Philips seeks is generally

reserved for defendants who accept responsibility “particularly early in the case.” USSG §
2Section 1B1.2(d) provides: “A conviction on a count charging a conspiracy to

commit more than one offense shall be treated as if the defendant had been convicted on a

separate count of conspiracy for each offense that the defendant conspired to commit.”

3The Guidelines analysis is as follows: Under § 1B1.2(d), the conspiracy is treated

(continued...)

17

3E1.1, comment. (n. 6). We think the judge was well within his discretion to deny the

additional one-point reduction. See United States v. Robinson, 14 F.3d 1200, 1203 (7th Cir.

1994) (defendant who entered guilty plea four to seven days before trial was not entitled to

the one-level reduction).

V

Finally, we consider Philips’ argument that the district court erred in determining his

offense level under USSG § 1B1.2(d) by considering his conviction of conspiracy to commit

wire fraud and money laundering as if he had been convicted of two separate conspiracies

involving the two object offenses.2

 The district judge found that, if he had been sitting as the

trier of fact, he would have found defendant guilty of conspiring to commit both wire fraud

and money laundering. Following our decisions in United States v. Smith, 13 F.3d 1421,

1428 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 115 S.Ct. 209 (1994), and United States v. Johnson, 971 F.2d

562, 576 (10th Cir. 1992), the district judge concluded that money laundering and wire fraud

are not offenses which can be grouped under USSG § 3D1.2, and accordingly the conspiracy

charge was properly considered as separate conspiracies to commit both offenses under

USSG § 1B1.2(d). The judge thus followed the PSR’s recommendation of increasing

defendant’s offense level by one.3
3

(...continued)

as two separate conspiracies, one to commit wire fraud and one to commit money laundering.

Consequently § 3D1.1, which sets out the procedure for determining the offense level on

multiple counts, is applicable. Subsection (a)(3) of that section directs that the rules of §

3D1.4 are to be applied to determine the combined offense level. Application of that section

resulted in a total of 11⁄2 “units,” which requires that the offense level for the “count” with

the higher offense level, in this case the money laundering “count” with an adjusted offense

level of 20, be increased by one. Philips does not challenge the calculation of his offense

level on any grounds other than those we address herein.

18

As with the previous Guidelines issues, we review the district court’s interpretation

of the guidelines de novo and its findings of fact under the clearly erroneous standard. The

issue whether these counts should have been grouped under USSG § 3D1.2 is primarily a

legal one subject to plenary review. United States v. Kunzman, 54 F.3d 1522, 1531 (10th

Cir. 1995); Johnson, 971 F.2d at 575. We find no error in the district court’s findings and

conclusions on this issue.

Defendant’s argument begins with reference to the Sentencing Commission’s caveat

regarding treating a conspiracy to commit more than one crime as separate counts of

conspiracy to commit each offense under § 1B1.2(d). The Commission advises that:

Particular care must be taken in applying subsection (d) because there

are cases in which the verdict or plea does not establish which offense(s) was

the object of the conspiracy. In such cases, subsection (d) should only be

applied with respect to an object offense alleged in the conspiracy count if the

court, were it sitting as a trier of fact, would convict the defendant of

conspiring to commit that object offense. Note, however, if the object offenses

specified in the conspiracy count would be grouped together under § 3D1.2(d)

(e.g., a conspiracy to steal three government checks) it is not necessary to

engage in the foregoing analysis, because § 1B1.3(a)(2) governs consideration

of the defendant’s conduct.
4Section 1957(a) provides:

Whoever, in any of the circumstances set forth in subsection (d),

knowingly engages or attempts to engage in a monetary transaction in

criminally derived property that is of a value greater than $10,000 and is

derived from specified unlawful activity, shall be punished as provided in

subsection (b).

There is no dispute that the circumstances of the instant case bring it within subsection (d),

which limits the territorial application of the statute. Likewise, there is no dispute that the

wire fraud scheme comes within the meaning of “specified unlawful activity,” which is

defined by cross-reference to 18 U.S.C. § 1956.

19

USSG § 1B1.2(d), comment. (n. 5). As we have already noted, however, the district judge

did specifically find that he would, if sitting as trier of fact, have found Philips guilty of

conspiracy to commit wire fraud and conspiracy to commit money laundering. Defendant

does not challenge this finding on appeal, which leaves only a legal argument that we find

unconvincing.

Defendant argues that the object of the conspiracy was the wire fraud and that the

disbursement of the proceeds, which constituted the money laundering violation under 18

U.S.C. § 1957(a),4

 “was a natural and necessary afterthought.” In essence, defendant argues

that only one crime occurred because the wire fraud and money laundering were so closely

connected as to be one “continuous” crime. This argument is simply untenable in light of our

prior holdings.

Whether the “object” offenses of this conspiracy -- wire fraud and money laundering

-- are properly considered as separate offenses for sentencing purposes is, as the above
5We are aware that other circuits have, at least in some circumstances, held otherwise.

In particular, in circumstances in which the transactions on which the money laundering

counts were based were integral to a fraudulent or dishonest scheme, in the sense that the

“laundered” funds were used to sustain an ongoing fraud, some courts have held that the

victims of the fraud and the money laundering are the same and that grouping under § 3D1.2

is proper. E.g., United States v. Mullens, 65 F.3d 1560, 1564 (11th Cir. 1995), cert. denied,

116 S.Ct. 1337 (1996); United States v. Leonard, 61 F.3d 1181, 1185-86 (5th Cir. 1995);

United States v. Cusumano, 943 F.2d 305, 312 (3d Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1036

(1992). We need not consider whether our holdings in Johnson and its progeny would

preclude such a result in our circuit under such a factual scenario, as the facts in this case are

much more closely analogous to those in our Johnson line of cases.

20

quoted comment suggests, dependent at least in large part on whether the underlying offenses

are subject to being grouped under USSG § 3D1.2. That section provides for grouping of

offenses “involving substantially the same harm.” We have held that money laundering and

fraud do not involve substantially the same harm and so are not subject to grouping because,

at least in the circumstances we have encountered, these offenses involve different victims,

the victim in money laundering being society as a whole. Johnson, 971 F.2d at 576;

Kunzman, 54 F.3d at 1531; Smith, 13 F.3d at 1428.5

 We have also found, in circumstances

similar to those presented here, that there is a temporal distinction between the offenses. See,

e.g., United States v. Kennedy, 64 F.3d 1465, 1477-78 (10th Cir. 1995). In Kennedy, we

noted our prior holding in United States v. Edgmon, 952 F.2d 1206,-1213-14 (10th Cir.

1991), cert. denied, 505 U.S. 1223 (1992), that “Congress clearly intended the money

laundering statutes to punish new conduct that occurs after the completion of certain criminal

activity, rather than simply as additional punishment for that criminal activity.” 64 F.3d at
6We have noted, however, that we “could envision scenarios where money laundering

and the underlying illegal activity occur simultaneously.” United States v. Dimeck, 24 F.3d

1239, 1246 n. 12 (10th Cir. 1994)

7Our analysis in part III, supra, involves grouping under this Guidelines provision not

of wire fraud and mail fraud, but of the wire fraud conspiracy to which defendant pleaded

guilty and the uncharged wire fraud of the Dutch company, Translumber. Similarly, the

money laundering “count” to which defendant pleaded guilty is grouped with the money

laundering in the Translumber scheme for purposes of that analysis. The issue discussed in

Part V is distinct.

21

1478.6 Accordingly, the monetary transfers in that case which were made after completion

of the fraud offense were properly regarded as subsequent and distinct transactions.

Similarly, in this case the conduct which constituted money laundering occurred after the

wire fraud had been completed and so must be regarded as distinct from the wire fraud

offense. Thus, Philips’ argument is unconvincing.

We find that this case is similar to, and controlled by United States v Johnson, 971

F.2d at 575-76, where we held that wire fraud and money laundering may not be grouped

under subsection (d) of § 3D1.2. We have reached the same conclusion in several other cases

under similar circumstances and have rejected arguments which relied on other provisions

of § 3D1.2 to distinguish Johnson In United States v Smith, 13 F.3d at 1428-29, we held that

these two offenses may not be grouped under subsection (c). And in United States v.

Kunzman, 54 F.3d 1522, 1530-31 (10th Cir. 1995), we held that these two offenses may not

be grouped under subsection (b).7 We decline defendant’s invitation to revisit Johnson in

light of the particular facts of this case. Therefore, we find no abuse of discretion in the

district court’s application of the Guidelines to increase defendant’s offense level under these
22

provisions.

VI

Having carefully reviewed all of defendant’s claims of error, and concluding that they

have no merit, we AFFIRM.

Entered for the Court

William J. Holloway, Jr.

Circuit Judge