Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines  

Volume 1
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions C ONTENTS .1

C ONTENTS

Acknowledgements

Preface

Overview of the IPCC Guidelines

Introduction to the Reporting Instructions

C HAPTERS

1 Understanding the Common Reporting Framework

1.1 Source/Sink Categories..............................................................................................................1-2

1.2 Fuel Categories...........................................................................................................................1-19

1.3 Reporting Major Sources at Differing Levels of Detail: Sectoral and Summary

Report Tables..............................................................................................................................1-21

1.4 Worksheets ...............................................................................................................................1-22

2 Reporting The National Inventory

How To Report Your Inventory...........................................................................................2-1

TABLES

Sectoral Report Tables

Table 1 Sectoral Report for Energy..................................................................................TABLES-5

Table 2 Sectoral Report for Industrial Processes.......................................................TABLES-11
CONTENTS

C ONTENTS .2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Table 3 Sectoral Report for Solvent and Other Product Use..............................TABLES-15

Table 4 Sectoral Report for Agriculture.......................................................................TABLES-17

Table 5 Sectoral Report for Land-Use Change & Forestry...................................TABLES-21

Table 6 Sectoral Report for Waste ................................................................................TABLES-23

Sumary Report Tables

Table 7A Summary Report for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories............TABLES-25

Table 7B Short Summary Report for National Greenhouse

Gas Inventories...................................................................................................TABLES-29

Overview Table

Table 8A Overview Table for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories..............TABLES-31

Table 8B Explanation of Disaggregation Key for Overview Table......................TABLES-39

A NNEXES

Annex 1

Managing Uncertainties

A1.1 Sources of Uncertainty...........................................................................................................A1-1

A1.2 Procedures for Quantifying Uncertainty..........................................................................A1-4

A1.3 Implications..................................................................................................................................A1-6

A1.4 References...................................................................................................................................A1-6

Annex 2

IPCC and CORINAIR Source Categories

A2.1 Origins...........................................................................................................................................A2-1

A2.2 CORINAIR Methodology and its Applications..............................................................A2-2

A2.3 Correspondences between IPCC and CORINAIR....................................................A2-2

A2.4 Harmonisation between IPCC Source Categories and

CORINAIR Source Categories...........................................................................................A2-5

A2.5 How to transform a CORINAIR Inventory into an IPCC Inventory .................A2-5

A2.6 Looking Forward.......................................................................................................................A2-5
CONTENTS

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions C ONTENTS .3

Annex 3

Summary of the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National

Greenhouse Gas Inventories

A3.1 Background..................................................................................................................................A3-1

A3.2 Energy............................................................................................................................................A3-1

A3.3 Industrial Processes..................................................................................................................A3-2

A3.4 Land-Use Change and Forestry...........................................................................................A3-2

A3.5 Agriculture...................................................................................................................................A3-3

A3.6 Waste............................................................................................................................................A3-5

A3.7 Harmonisation of International Emission Estimation Methodologies....................A3-6

A3.8 References...................................................................................................................................A3-6

GLOSSARY

Glossary
CONTENTS

C ONTENTS .4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

TO RECEIVE THE UPDATES

TO THE

IPCC GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL

GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORIES

The development of the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas

Inventories is an ongoing process and the first phase has now been

completed. The Guidelines will need to be updated periodically as better

data and scientific understanding support better estimation methods. For

this reason, the Guidelines have been published in loose-leaf form to allow

for the insertion of periodical updates. If you wish to receive information

concerning future updates please fill in and return, by mail or fax, the

coupon below. This will result in your registration as a Guidelines user and

you will be notified of subsequent updates and their price.

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Hadley Centre, Meteorological Office, London Road, Bracknell, RG12 2SY,

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Fax: (44 1344) 856912

Please send me information concerning future updates of the IPCC Guidelines

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A CKNOW.1

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Revised Guidelines)

were accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) at its Twelfth

Session (Mexico City, 11-13 September 1996). Earlier, Working Group 1 of the IPCC at

its Sixth Session (Mexico City, 10 September 1996) had accepted and then forwarded the

Revised Guidelines to the IPCC. The IPCC-XII recommended that the Revised Guidelines

“are ready for use by Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) in the preparation of their National Communications with regard to

inventories, at a time to be agreed by the Parties of the Convention.” It is, therefore,

extremely gratifying that the consensus effort of nearly one hundred and forty scientists

and national experts from more than thirty countries has resulted in the publication of

the Revised Guidelines.

At the Fourth Session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice

(SBSTA-4, Geneva, 16-18 December 1996), Parties to the Convention decided how, and

when, the Revised Guidelines are to be applied. To assist Parties in meeting their

commitments and targets, and to monitor progress, it is essential that national GHG

emission inventories contain the best possible information for all major GHG sources and

sinks. As such, inventories must be consistent, comparable, complete, and transparent.

The Revised Guidelines provide such a methodology for the estimation and periodic update

of national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, and thus comply with the requirements of

Articles 4 and 12 of the UNFCCC.

The Revised Guidelines were developed over a two-year period and draw extensively upon

the previous Guidelines. Where possible, the Revised Guidelines improved upon the early

1995 Guidelines by the synthesis and assessment of relevant new data. These improved

data are critical for regions of the world where baseline information is still sparse. In

areas of scientific advancement, existing methodologies were revised, and additional

methodologies were developed and assessed. A Summary of the Revised 1996 IPCC

Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories can be found in Annex 3 of the Reporting

Instructions.

We are indebted to the Co-chairs of the IPCC Expert Groups and the Experts who

generously supported this work. Their dedication to quality and timeliness was truly

remarkable. Core funding for the IPCC Unit for GHG Inventories is provided through

the IPCC Trust Fund. Other contributions, financial and otherwise, have been received

from numerous governments (Canada, European Union, Netherlands, Norway, United

Kingdom, United States) and several institutions, organisations and programmes

(European Environment Agency, Institute of Environmental Studies, United Nations

Environment Programme Country Studies, United States Country Studies Programme).

We are most grateful to the governments of Brazil, Switzerland, Thailand and the United
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A CKNOW.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Kingdom for kindly hosting the meetings of the IPCC Expert Groups and the Greenhouse

Gas Liaison Group (GILG). We warmly thank the Co-chairmen and the members of the

Technical Support Unit of Working Group I, and the staff of the IPCC/OECD/IEA GHG

inventory programme. In this context, we particularly express our gratitude to Bo Lim

and Karen Tréanton in their capacity as Co-editors of the Revised Guidelines, and

Audrey Glynn-Garnier and Sharon Michel for formatting the Guidelines. Finally, we

express our sincere appreciation to our Visiting Scientists, Yamil Bonduki, Alexey

Kokorin, Isabelle Mamaty and Katrina Marekova for their invaluable input to this effort.

Professor B. Bolin Dr. N. Sundararaman

Chairman of the IPCC Secretary of the IPCC

Contributors to the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas

Inventories

Chapter 1: Energy

Co-Chairs of Expert Group on Fuel Combustion

Simon Eggleston (United Kingdom).

Jean-Yves Garnier (IEA).

David Mobley (USA).

Expert/Author for Non-CO2 Tier 1 Approach

K. Mareckova (Slovak Republic).

Experts/Authors for Harmonisation Between IPCC and CORINAIR Inventories

J. P. Fontelle (France), K. E. Joerss (Germany), T. Simmons (United Kingdom),

K. Tréanton (IEA).

Experts/Authors for Emissions from Aircraft

N. A. Kilde (Denmark), and J. Olivier (The Netherlands).

Experts/Contributors

W. Barbour (USA), L. Beck (USA), P.L. Canegallo (Italy), F. Carnovale (Australia),

M. Emmott (United Kingdom), G. McInnes (Denmark) J. Meijer (IEA), R. Montgomery

(Luxembourg), H.S. Mukunda (India), T. Pulles (The Netherlands), E. Radwanski (Poland),

S. Richardson (United Kingdom), M. Ritter (Austria), H. Saddler (Australia), Z. Samaras

(Greece), and T. Simmons (United Kingdom).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A CKNOW.3

Chapter 2: Industrial Processes

Co-Chairs of Expert Group on Industrial Processes and ‘New Gases’

Art Jaques (Canada).

Audun Rosland (Norway).

Secretary of the Expert Group

F. Weidemann (Norway).

Experts/Authors

H.T. Haukås (Norway), A. Jaques (Canada), F. Neitzert (Canada), A. Rosland (Norway),

K. Rypdal (Norway), and F. Weidemann (Norway).

Experts/Contributors

F. Carnovale (Australia), M. T. Duarte Neves Anacleto (Portugal), C. Ebert (USA),

T. Fukushima (Japan), E. Kvist (Sweden), J. Lupinacci (USA), K. Mareckova (Slovak

Republic), A. McCulloch (United Kingdom), J.G.J. Olivier (The Netherlands), H. Oonk

(The Netherlands), K.l Øren (Norway), G. Salway (United Kingdom), T. Simmons (United

Kingdom), and V. Simpson (United Kingdom).

Chapter 4: Agriculture

Co-Chairs of Expert Group on Nitrous Oxide from Agricultural Soils

Carolien Kroeze (The Netherlands).

Arvin Mosier (USA).

Experts/Authors

C. Kroeze (The Netherlands), A. Mosier (USA), C. Nevison (USA), O. Oenema (The

Netherlands), S. Seitzinger (USA), and O. van Cleemput (Belgium).

Experts/Contributors

L. Bakken (Norway), P. Bielek (Slovak Republic), S. Bogdanov (Bulgaria), Y. Bonduki

(Venezuela), A. F. Bouwman (The Netherlands), R.A. Delmas (France), F.J. Dentener

(The Netherlands), R. Francisco (Philippines), J. Freney (Australia), S. Frolking (USA),

P. Groffman (USA), O. Heinemeyer (Germany), R. Karaban (Russian Federation),

L. Klemedtsson (Sweden), P.A. Leffelaar (The Netherlands), E. Lin (China), K. Minami

(Japan), W.J. Parton (USA), D.C. Parashar (India), R. Scholes (South Africa), R. Sherlock

(New Zealand) K. Smith (United Kingdom), H.G. van Faassen (The Netherlands),

E. Veldkamp (USA), G.L. Velthof (The Netherlands), and G.X. Xing (China).

Chair of Expert Group on Methane Emissions from Rice Cultivation

Dieter H. Ehhalt (Germany).

Experts/Authors

R. Conrad (Germany), A. P. Mitra (India), H.U. Neue (Philippines), and R. Sass (USA).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A CKNOW.4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Experts/Contributors

S. Bhattacharya (India), K. Boonpragob (Thailand), O.T. Denmead (Australia), Y.A. Husin

(Indonesia), M.C. Jain (India), P. Jermsawatdipong (Thailand), N. Krairapanond (Thailand),

K. Minami (Japan), D.C. Parashar (India), D. Phantumvanit, S. Piamphongsant (Thailand),

G.Y. Shi (China), O. Siriratpiriya (Thailand), S. Towprayoon (Thailand), G.X. Xing (China),

L. Xu (China), and S.H. Yun (Republic of Korea).

Chapter 5: Land-use Change and Forestry

Co-Chairs of Expert Group on Land-use Change and Forestry

Sandra Brown (USA).

Youba Sokona (Senegal).

Convening Experts/Authors

S. Brown (USA) and J. Winjum (USA).

Experts/Authors

A. Kokorin (Russian Federation) and M. Lorenzini (Italy).

Experts/Contributors

S. Amous (Tunisia), S. Calman (New Zealand), P. Cheng (Australia), H. Eriksson

(Sweden), P. Frost (Zimbabwe), T. Karjalainen (Finland), J. Mindas (Slovak Republic),

N.H. Ravindranath (India) and Y. Sokona (Senegal).

Co-chairs of Expert Group on Emissions and Uptake of CO2 from Soils

Arvin Mosier (USA).

Keith Paustian (USA).

Convening Expert/Author

K. Paustian (USA).

Experts/Authors

H. Janzen (Canada), H. Tiessen (Canada), and M. van Noordwijk (Indonesia).

Experts/Contributors

O. Andrén (Sweden), E. Davidson (USA), H. Eswaran (USA), E. Fernandes (USA),

P. Grace (Australia), R. Houghton (USA), J. Kimble (USA), T. Kolchingina (Russian

Federation), R. Lal (USA), M. Scholes (South Africa), P. Smith (United Kingdom), G. Tian

(Nigeria), P. Woomer (Kenya), and L. Zhong (China).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A CKNOW.5

Chapter 6: Waste

Co-Chairs of Expert Group on Waste

Elisabeth Aitchison (United Kingdom).

Chris Franklin (United Kingdom).

Tom Kerr (USA).

Cindy Jacobs (USA).

Experts/Authors

E. Aitchison (United Kingdom), C. Franklin (United Kingdom), C. Jacobs (USA) and

J. Woodbury (USA).

Experts/Contributors

D. Augenstein (USA), A.D. Bhide (India), D. Becker (The Netherlands), J. Bogner (USA),

K. Butterback-Bahl (Germany), T. Beer (Australia), P. Czepiel (USA), L. de Rome (United

Kingdom), D. Gaudioso (Italy), B. Hamelers (The Netherlands), K. Hogan (USA),

N. A. Kilde (Denmark), A. Lifshits (Russian Federation), E. Matthews (USA), M. Meadows

(United Kingdom), M. Milton (United Kingdom), P. Manczarski (Poland), H. Oonk (The

Netherlands), F. Otieno (South Africa), R. Pipatti (Finland), S. Thorneloe (USA),

A. van Amstel (The Netherlands), and I. Grietje Zeeman (The Netherlands).

IPCC/OECD/IEA Secretariats

C. Allen (OECD), Y. Bonduki (IPCC/OECD), B.A. Callander (IPCC), J.C. Corfee-Morlot

(OECD), J.Y. Garnier (IEA), A. Glynn-Garnier (IPCC/OECD), D.J. Griggs (IPCC),

J. Lakeman (IPCC), B. Lim (IPCC/OECD), I. Mamaty (IPCC/OECD), J. Meijer (IEA),

S. Michel (IEA), B. Nyenzi (IPCC), T. Simmons (IEA), J. Stein (IPCC/OECD), and

K. Tréanton (IEA).

The Revised 1996 IPPC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Inventories contain

material from the 1995 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Inventories

(1995 Guidelines). The Co-Chairs of the previous Expert Groups are given in

the 1995 Guidelines.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions PREFACE .1

P REFACE

Signature of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) by around 150 countries in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992

indicated widespread recognition that climate change is potentially a major

threat to the world's environment and economic development.

The ultimate objective of the Convention is the stabilisation of greenhouse

gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent

dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The

Convention also calls for all Parties to commit themselves to the following

objectives:

• to develop, update periodically, publish and make available to the

Conference of the Parties (COP) their national inventories of

anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks, of all GHG

not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.

• to use comparable methodologies for inventories of GHG emissions and

removals, to be agreed upon by the COP.

The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Guidelines (Revised Guidelines) are intended to assist all Parties in

implementing these objectives.

Since 1991, development of the Revised Guidelines has been undertaken by

the Working Group 1 of the IPCC under the IPCC/OECD/IEA Programme on

National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The objectives of the programme are:

• to develop and refine an internationally-agreed methodology and

software for calculation and reporting of national GHG emissions;

• to encourage widespread use of the methodology by countries

participating in the IPCC and Parties to the UNFCCC;

• to establish a data management system for collection, review and

reporting of national data.

The Revised Guidelines are approved internationally and developed through

an international process which has included:

• wide dissemination of drafts and collection of comments from national

experts;

• testing of methods through development of preliminary inventories;
PREFACE

PREFACE .2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

• country studies which ensure that methods are tested in a wide variety

of national contexts;

• technical and regional workshops held in Africa, Asia, Latin America,

Central Europe and Western Europe;

• informal expert groups convened to recommend improvements on

specific aspects of the methodology.

The 1995 Guidelines were approved in November 1994. In March 1995, the

Conference of the Parties (COP) of the Framework Convention on

Climate Change adopted the Guidelines for the preparation of National

Communications by Annex I Parties of the Convention. These Guidelines

were more recently recommended for use by non-Annex I Parties at COP

2, July 1996.

Recognising that the Guidelines are a living document, the IPCC approved a

second phase of activity in 1994. The Revised Guidelines now include revised

methodologies and default data for Fuel Combustion, Industrial Processes,

Agricultural Soils, Land-Use Change and Forestry, Waste and Methane from

Rice Fields. Several additional methodologies for the estimation of

halofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorinated hydrocarbons (PFCs), sulphur

hexafluoride (SF6), ozone and aerosol precursors, and direct GHG (CO2,

CH4, N2O) are in the Revised Guidelines.

Over the coming year, the Programme will continue to work on methods

development, including assessment, monitoring, and validation of the Revised

Guidelines. Unlike earlier programmes, products will no longer focus on

revisions of the Revised Guidelines, as no major changes to the methods are

anticipated for three to five years, with the possible exception of the landuse change and forestry sector. The new mode of operation places

emphasis on the following areas:

• evaluation of the quality of national greenhouse gas inventory data;

• comparative scientific and technical analysis of alternative greenhouse

gas inventory methodologies and their implication for policy;

• further methodological work in the area of land-use change and

forestry;

• continued harmonisation with other international and national

greenhouse gas inventory methodologies;

• updating emission factors and default data in all source/sink sectors of

the Revised Guidelines.

Another area of general activity will be field testing of the IPCC

Methodology. The object of this activity is to ensure that country

experience gained through the implementation of the Revised Guidelines is

incorporated into methods development and into future reiterations of the

Revised Guidelines.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions OVERVIEW.1

O VERVIEW OF THE IPCC

G UIDELINES

This document is one volume of the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for

National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

The series consists of three books:

• THE GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS

• THE GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY WORKBOOK

• THE GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY REFERENCE MANUAL

These books together provide the range of information needed to plan,

carry out and report results of a national inventory using the IPCC system.

The Reporting Instructions (Volume 1) provides step-by-step directions for

assembling, documenting and transmitting completed national inventory data

consistently, regardless of the method used to produce the estimates.

These instructions are intended for all users of the IPCC Guidelines and

provide the primary means of ensuring that all reports are consistent and

comparable.

The Workbook (Volume 2) contains suggestions about planning and getting

started on a national inventory for participants who do not have a national

inventory available already and are not experienced in producing such

inventories. It also contains step-by-step instructions for calculating

emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),

halocarbons (HFCs, PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), ozone and aerosol

precursors, from six major emission source categories. It is intended to

help experts in as many countries as possible to start developing inventories

and become active participants in the inventories programme.

The Reference Manual (Volume 3) provides a compendium of information on

methods for estimation of emissions for a broader range of greenhouse

gases and a complete list of source types for each. It summarises a range of

possible methods for many source types. It also provides summaries of the

scientific basis for the inventory methods recommended and gives extensive

references to the technical literature. It is intended to help participants at

all levels of experience to understand the processes which cause

greenhouse gas emissions and removals to occur and the estimation

methods used in compiling inventories.
OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Contents of the IPCC Guidelines

All three volumes begin with the following sections:

Acknowledgements

Preface

Overview of the IPCC Guidelines

The contents of each volume are as follows:

Volume 1: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting Instructions

Introduction to the Reporting Instructions

Chapter 1: Understanding the Common Reporting Framework

Chapter 2: Reporting the National Inventory

Tables: Sectoral Report Tables

 Summary Report Tables

Overview Table

Annex 1: Managing Uncertainties

Annex 2: IPCC and CORINAIR Source Categories

Annex 3: Summary of the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National 

Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Glosary

Volume 2: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Workbook

Introduction to the Workbook

Module 1: Energy

Module 2: Industrial Processes

Module 3: Solvent and Other Product Use

Module 4: Agriculture

Module 5: Land-Use Change and Forestry

Module 6: Waste

Volume 3: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual

Introduction to the Reference Manual

Chapter 1: Energy

Chapter 2: Industrial Processes

Chapter 3: Solvent and Other Product Use

Chapter 4: Agriculture

Chapter 5: Land-Use Change & Forestry

Chapter 6: Waste
OVERVIEW

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions OVERVIEW.3

Before you start...

This diagram explains the stages needed to make a national inventory which

meets IPCC standards.

Aggregate/transform 

data and put into 

standard format as 

outlined in the Reporting 

Instructions

Use software and 

Workbook

Use manual work

sheets in Workbook

Plan inventory

Assemble data

Reporting recommendations

- documentation

- verification

- uncertainty

Use Reporting Instructions

Final National Inventory

Do you want to use

IPCC Computer Software

Do you have a detailed

National Inventory?

Yes

No Yes

No
OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW.4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

The flow diagram above illustrates how the different types of users

(working at different levels of inventory detail) can use the various volumes

of the Guidelines. You should recognise that reality is more complex than

this simple explanatory chart. Many countries may have some parts of the

inventory complete at a high level of detail but may only be getting started

on other parts. It is quite likely that some users will need to do several

iterations of the thinking process reflected in the diagram with regard to

different parts of their inventory.

The stages outlined in the flow diagram are:

Question 1

Do you have a detailed national inventory?

Answer: Yes

If your country already has a complete national inventory, you should

transform the data it contains into a form suitable for use by IPCC. This

means transforming it into a standard format. In order to do this, use

Volume 1 of the IPCC Guidelines, Reporting Instructions. This gives details of

the way in which data should be reported and documented.

Answer: No

You should start to plan your inventory and assemble the data you will

need to complete the Worksheets in this book. Refer to the Getting Started

section of the Workbook.

Question 2

Do you want to use the IPCC computer software?

Answer: Yes

If you want to use the IPCC software, you will still follow the instructions

included in the Workbook to assemble the data you have collected into an

inventory (see margin box). You will use the software instead of the printed

worksheets to enter data.

Answer: No

If you do not use the IPCC software, use the Workbook and the

Worksheets it contains to assemble the data you have collected into an

inventory.

Finally...

Inventory data should be returned to IPCC in the form recommended in

the Reporting Instructions. It is important that, where you have used a

methodology other than the IPCC Default Methodology, it is properly

documented. This will ensure that national inventories can be aggregated

and compared in a systematic way in order to produce a coherent regional

and global picture.

General Notes on the Guidelines

Scope:

• The IPCC Guidelines are designed to estimate and report on national

inventories of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals.

AVAILABILITY/USE OF COMPUTER

SOFTWARE

IPCC computer software is available

with the IPCC Guidelines. The

software includes the same simple

default methods as presented in the

Workbook and the Sectoral and

Summary Tables for reporting

inventories, as presented in the

Reporting Instructions. It is available

in English only.

This version of the software is being

produced in Excel 5.0.

If you would like to receive a copy

of the software, send a letter or fax

to:

IPCC UNIT FOR GHG

INVENTORIES

Pollution Prevention and Control

Division

OECD, Environment Directorate

2, rue André-Pascal

75775 PARIS CEDEX 16

FRANCE

FAX: (33-1) 45 24 78 76
OVERVIEW

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions OVERVIEW.5

In general terms “anthropogenic” refers to greenhouse gas emissions

and removals that are a direct result of human activities or are the

result of natural processes that have been affected by human activities.

Users may include any human-induced emissions and removals in their

inventory as long as they can be clearly documented and quantified.

• National inventories should include greenhouse gas emissions and

removals taking place within national (including administered)

territories and offshore areas over which the country has jurisdiction.

There are, however, four qualifications of this principle in the

Guidelines:

(a) Emissions based upon fuel sold to ships or aircraft engaged in

international transport should not be included in national totals

but reported separately.

(b) Emissions from road vehicles should be attributed to the country

where the fuel is loaded into the vehicle. The error in national

emissions introduced in the case of road transport is expected to

be small.

(c) Emissions from the combustion or decay of wood and wood

products are assumed to take place in the country in which the

wood was harvested and within a year of harvesting. This is

because it has been determined that the most workable approach

to estimating CO2 emissions and removals from forests is to

account for changes in stocks of standing biomass in forests and

other locations. The simple assumption is that wood removed

from stocks releases CO2 emissions in the year and in the country

where the wood was removed. While the IPCC method allows

for accounting of exports and carbon stored in products, it does

not yet provide a methodology, which is a priority for future work.

(d) In line with the principle of national emissions, the IPCC

methodology accounts for the bulk of greenhouse gas emissions

related to fuel combustion in the country in which those emissions

are released. The IPCC methodology for carbon stored in nonfuel products manufactured from fuels as raw materials takes into

account emissions released from those products during their use

or destruction. Emissions are attributed to the country where the

conversion to non-energy products takes place, even when the

products are traded internationally. This is believed to be a

relatively small net error, but it is also a priority for future work.

Data Quality and Time Frame:

• The data available to estimate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions

resulting from fuel combustion are generally of a better quality than the

data available to estimate greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the

areas of agriculture and land use change/forestry. Accordingly, while

the IPCC Guidelines request an emission figure for a single year in most

source/sink sectors, three-year averages (with the base year in the

middle) are preferred in the areas of agriculture and land use

change/forestry. In addition, the IPCC Guidelines recognise that

greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the area of land use

change/forestry can occur over an extended period of time once the

activity has been completed. For example, when estimating emissions
OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW.6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

from the abandonment of forests and grasslands, users are requested

to estimate emissions related to two time periods of previous activity:

(a) 0 - 20 years ago, and (b) 20 - 100 years ago.

Default Method:

• The IPCC Guidelines contain “default” methodologies for the estimation

of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. Users are encouraged to

go beyond these minimum default methods where possible, and report

the results.

The IPCC Guidelines also include a number of “default” assumptions and

data for use in the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions and

removals. This default information is included primarily to provide

users with a starting point from which they can develop their own

national assumptions and data. Indeed, national assumptions and data

are always preferred because the default assumptions and data may not

always be appropriate for specific national contexts.

In general, therefore, default assumptions and data should be used only

when national assumptions and data are not available. Section 2 of the

Introduction to the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Workbook

provides information on the quality of the default data available in

different greenhouse gas source/sink categories. When it is indicated

that the data available are of low quality, users should recognise that

the default data do not provide a basis for the development of a

definitive inventory of that source/sink category.

• Many of the categories of greenhouse gas emissions and removals can

be estimated only with large ranges of uncertainty. Quite naturally,

some national experts have developed methods which are designed to

produce ranges of estimates rather than point estimates for highly

uncertain categories. The IPCC Guidelines, however, require that users

provide a single point estimate for each gas and emissions/removal

category. This is simply to make the task of compilation, comparison

and evaluation of national reports manageable. Users are encouraged

to provide uncertainty ranges or other statements of confidence or

quality along with the point estimates. The procedures for reporting

uncertainty information are discussed in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Reporting Instructions.

Double Counting of Emissions:

The methods proposed for the estimation of emissions sometimes simplify

the inventory construction in order to use data which are more readily

available than those needed for a detailed and more precise approach. In

certain cases this may cause or increase the risk of double counting

emissions. There are two areas where this may occur in the Guidelines.

1) All countries preparing CO2 inventories using the IPCC Guidelines

are asked to estimate the emissions from fuel combustion using the IPCC

Reference Approach either as the primary means of preparing the

inventory or as a verification stage following the preparation of an inventory

using national methods. The Reference Approach is a simple procedure

which demands relatively little data and lends itself to wide-spread

application as a "common denominator".
OVERVIEW

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions OVERVIEW.7

The Reference Approach provides an upper bound to CO2 emissions

inferred from the country's supply of fossil fuels by identifying the carbon

content, subtracting from it the carbon stored in non-energy products and

products made from fuels used as raw material, adjusting for carbon which

remains unburnt and multiplying by 44/12. It is an upper bound1 because

some of the carbon will be emitted in forms other than CO2, in part

because fuel combustion is not always complete but also because fuels may

leak or evaporate. Consequently the CO2 emissions figure obtained from

the Reference Approach will include carbon emitted as CH4, CO or

NMVOC. At the same time the Guidelines encourage countries to estimate

separate inventories for these gases and when this is done these gases are

reported twice, in their emitted form and as CO2. It is in this sense that

they are "double counted".

Use of the Reference Approach carries with it two consequences which

should be carefully noted.

Because the Reference Approach uses fossil fuel supply statistics as a basis

for determining the carbon supply

• Not all carbon based emissions from fossil fuel are reported twice.

The Reference Approach CO2 estimate will not include emissions

from combustion or release of fossil fuels for which the corresponding

quantities (activity data) are not included in national production or

import figures. Notable examples of activities which lead to emissions

not included are the venting of natural gases from coal mining and

handling and oil and gas production. Emissions from the flaring of

natural gases are also excluded. As a result, when emissions from

these activities are included in the relevant inventories using the

fugitive emissions methodologies recommended in the Guidelines no

"double counting" occurs.

• CO2 emissions from biomass used as fuels are excluded from the total

CO2 emissions figure. The restriction of the Reference Approach to

fossil fuels results from the sustainable nature of biofuels. The CO2

emissions are, however, reported for information purposes. Note

that non-CO2 emissions from biofuels are included in their respective

inventories.

2) Double counting may also occur when calculated emissions from

the manufacture of products from fuels used as raw materials or from the

use of fuels for their physical properties (e.g. lubricants) include emissions

produced from the later destruction of these products. The double count

will be with any separate reporting within the Waste module of the

Guidelines of emissions from destruction.

3) When a national CO2 inventory is constructed from emissions

estimated for each source category using emission factors derived from

measurements on combustion plant, care should be taken to include the

CO2 equivalent of other fossil carbon based emissions from the source

 

 1 In practice, because of inaccuracies in the supply statistics and/or

emission factors, CO2 estimates from the Reference Approach may be less

than those obtained by summing all CO2 emissions from the combustion of

fuel.
OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW.8 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

category. In this manner, the resulting total CO2 emissions can be

compared with the result of the CO2 Reference Approach as part of the

inventory verification stage. If, however, CO2 emission factors, derived

from the carbon content of the fuel, are used then no addition of the CO2

equivalent of carbon gases is required.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions I NTROD .1

I NTRODUCTION TO THE

REPORTING I NSTRUCTIONS

1 Using the Reporting Instructions

If you are engaged in preparing a national inventory you should read the

Reporting Instructions. Even if you have already made an inventory, or have

started to do so, and are simply reporting existing data to IPCC, you should

still read them. These instructions provide the primary means of ensuring

that all reports are consistent, transparent and comparable. The remaining

chapters in this book are as follows:

Chapter 1: Understanding the Common Reporting Framework contains a listing

of the categories you should use when reporting emissions and removals.

Each of the categories is further broken down into sub-categories and given

a definition if necessary. It also contains a listing of the basic fuel categories,

some standard equivalents and unit definitions, and descriptions of the

Sectoral Report Tables and Summary Report Tables used for reporting an

inventory in IPCC format.

Chapter 2: Reporting the National Inventory contains step-by-step instructions

for completing the Sectoral Report Tables and Summary Report Tables that

are used to bring together and make a record of the estimates which have

been made in your own inventory.

Tables: You will use these tables to assemble data from your national

greenhouse gas inventory and present them in the IPCC reporting format.

Finally, having completed the Sectoral Report Tables and the Summary

Report Tables, you can assess the quality and completeness of the inventory

by completing the Overview Table which provides a synoptic view of the

results of the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory.

Annex 1: Managing Uncertainties provides guidance on the theoretical

considerations involved in taking account of uncertainties in creating an

inventory.
INTRODUCTION

I NTROD .2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Annex 2: IPCC and CORINAIR Source Categories looks at the ways in which

data assembled for the CORINAIR inventory conducted by the European

Union (EU) member countries as well as by the United Nations Economic

Commission for Europe (UNECE) and IPCC data relate to each other.

Glossary: A glossary containing definitions of terms used in the Guidelines

can be found at the end of this book.

2 Underlying Principles

The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines allow for the use of a range of methods at

different levels of detail, including methods which are appropriate to

national conditions. Default methods and assumptions are provided for

calculating the major emissions and removals of greenhouse gases at the

minimum acceptable level of detail. The IPCC default methods have been

developed with efficiency in mind. They build on data that are readily

available and should be easily applicable to all countries of the world. More

detailed methods are also discussed in the Guidelines and national experts

are encouraged to use them wherever this is possible and likely to produce

more accurate national estimates. In some cases, national experts may

choose to use an entirely different methodology if they believe this better

reflects their national situation. Common reporting instructions are

therefore needed to accommodate inventories developed at different levels

of detail and (potentially) with different methods. The objective of the

instructions is to establish minimum requirements for reporting data which

allow for comparison and identification of differences in inventory

construction (transparency). For this reason the IPCC recommends that all

users of the Guidelines follow the Reporting Instructions explicitly when they

communicate their national inventories to the IPCC or other international

bodies.

Several main principles underlie the Revised 1996 IPCC Reporting Instructions:

• Common Reporting Framework

The core of the reporting system is the establishment and use of a

standard table format using common source/sink categories and

common fuel categories. Common definitions of pollutants, units, and

time intervals are necessary. Ultimately, all countries should be

working toward complete greenhouse gas inventories within each, and

across all, greenhouse gases.

Emission inventory results should be transmitted using the Sectoral

and Summary Report Tables . Use of these reporting conventions will

not only enhance the comparability of data, it will facilitate the speed

with which inventories can be processed, made available in summary

form, aggregated and reviewed internationally.

• Documentation Standards

Documentation standards are necessary to ensure transparency of

national inventories and hence to allow the inventory to be reviewed.

By providing the necessary documentation, the comparability of

national inventories can also be evaluated. Therefore, along with

Sectoral and Summary Report Tables, countries should provide the

worksheets used to develop the national inventory, containing at least
INTRODUCTION

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions I NTROD .3

all major assumptions activity data and emission factors. The IPCC also

recommends that, countries submit a description of the method used,

any definitions, as well as other relevant assumptions that cannot be

summarised in table form. Enough data should be provided to allow a

third party to reconstruct the inventory from national activity data and

assumptions (the working definition of transparency).

To limit the volume of data to be provided, written documentation

should focus on describing fully any differences in method and

assumptions from the IPCC default methods.

• Verification and Uncertainty Assessment

To improve the quality of inventory data and to help assess the

uncertainty surrounding estimates, the Revised 1996 IPCC Reporting

Instructions recommend that inventories be verified through the use of

a set of simple checks for completeness and accuracy of submissions.

These checks can be performed centrally, although it is preferable for

the countries to do as much as possible themselves. Finally, an

uncertainty assessment should also be conducted as far as possible and

summarised for each major part of the inventory. Conceptual guidance

for the assessment of the uncertainty of emission estimates are

provided in Annex 1 Managing Uncertainties. Other approaches to

describing uncertainty associated with point estimates of emissions and

removals are also possible. Whether you use one of the approaches

provided by the IPCC or another approach, you should include an

uncertainty discussion in your inventory submission.

Each of these three principles is addressed in more detail in the following

chapters.
INTRODUCTION

I NTROD .4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

3 Basic Information to Help Work with

the IPCC Guidelines

Prefixes and multiplication factors

The following multiplication factors are used throughout the Guidelines:

Multiplication

Factor

Abbreviation Prefix Symbol

1 000 000 000 000 000 1015 peta P

1 000 000 000 000 1012 tera T

1 000 000 000 109 giga G

1 000 000 106 mega M

1 000 103 kilo k

100 102 hecto h

10 101 deca da

0.1 10-1 deci d

0.01 10-2 centi c

0.001 10-3 milli m

0.000 001 10-6 micro μ

Abbreviations for chemical compounds

The following abbreviations are used in the Guidelines:

CH4 Methane

N2O Nitrous Oxide

CO2 Carbon Dioxide

CO Carbon Monoxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound

NH3 Ammonia

CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons

HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons

PFCs Perfluorocarbons

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride

CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride

C2F6 Hexafluoroethane
INTRODUCTION

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions I NTROD .5

Standard equivalents

1 tonne of oil equivalent (toe) 1 x 1010 calories

103 toe 41.868 TJ

1 short ton 0.9072 tonne

1 tonne 1.1023 short tons

1 tonne 1 megagram

1 kilotonne 1 gigagram

1 megatonne 1 teragram

1 kilogram 2.2046 lbs

1 hectare 104 m2

1 calorie IT 4.1868 Joules

1 atmosphere 101.325 kPa

Units 1 and abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in the Guidelines:

cubic metre m3

hectare ha

gram g

tonne t

joule J

degree Celsius °C

calorie cal

year yr

capita cap

gallon gal

dry matter dm

 

 1 For decimal prefixes see previous page.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 1.1

1 UNDERSTANDING THE COMMON

REPORTING FRAMEWORK

This chapter contains a listing, with definitions, of the categories you

should use when reporting emissions and removals. The source/sink

categories have been grouped into sectors as follows:

• Energy

• Industrial Processes

• Solvent and Other Product Use

• Agriculture

• Land-Use Change and Forestry

• Waste

The sectors and their source/sink categories are described and

discussed in the chapters of the Reference Manual and the modules of

the Workbook. This chapter also contains a brief explanation of the

principles underlying the Sectoral Tables and Summary Report Tables

for reporting national inventories.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

1.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

1.1 Source/sink categories

• Users of the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines are requested to estimate

and report all anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse

gases. The numerous sources and sinks are categorised and described

on the following pages. The source/sink categories are grouped into

the major sectors shown overleaf. The proposed categories should

cover most activities emitting or removing greenhouse gases.

However, some countries may need to add activities to the “Other”

sector in order to cover their particular circumstances. If so, then the

nature of the activities should be carefully described so that the list of

sectors and their source/sink categories can be updated by the IPCC at

a later date.

• All activities are limited to anthropogenic activities and related emissions

and removals.

• Recognising that the IPCC needs to accommodate other existing

inventory programmes, Annex 2 IPCC and CORINAIR Source Categories

provides details of correspondences with CORINAIR, a programme

developed by the Commission of European Communities for use in

Europe.

SECTORS DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES INCLUDED

1 ENERGY Total emission of all greenhouse gases from

stationary and mobile energy activities (fuel

combustion as well as fugitive fuel emissions).

2 INDUSTRIAL

PROCESSES

Emissions within this sector comprise by-product or

fugitive emissions of greenhouse gases from industrial

processes. Emissions from fuel combustion in

industry should be reported under Energy.

Emissions should, wherever possible, be reported

according to the ISIC Group or Class within which

they occur.

3 SOLVENT AND

OTHER PRODUCT

USE

This category pertains mainly to NMVOC emissions

resulting from the use of solvents and other products

containing volatile compounds.

4 AGRICULTURE Describes all anthropogenic emissions from this

sector, except for fuel combustion emissions and

sewage emissions, which are covered in Energy and

Waste modules.

5 LAND-USE

CHANGE &

FORESTRY

Total emissions and removals from forest and landuse change activities.

6 WASTE Total emissions from waste management.

7 OTHER Any other anthropogenic source or sink not referred

to above (must be appropriately documented).
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 1.3

1 ENERGY Total emission of all greenhouse gases from stationary and mobile energy

activities (fuel combustion as well as fugitive fuel emissions).

Sum of categories I A & B.

1 A FUEL COMBUSTION

ACTIVITIES

Total emissions of all greenhouse gases from all fuel combustion activities as

described further below. CO2 emissions from combustion of biomass fuels

are not included in totals for the energy sector. They may not be net

emissions if the biomass is sustainably produced. If biomass is harvested at an

unsustainable rate (that is, faster than annual regrowth), net CO2 emissions

will appear as a loss of biomass stocks in the Land-Use Change and Forestry

module. Other greenhouse gases from biomass fuel combustion are

considered net emissions and are reported under Energy. (Sum of I A 1 to

I A 5). Incineration of waste for waste-to-energy facilities should be reported

here and not under Section 6C. Emissions based upon fuel for use on ships

or aircraft engaged in international transport (1 A 3 a i and 1 A 3 d i) should,

as far as possible, not be included in national totals but reported separately.

1 A 1 ENERGY

INDUSTRIES

Comprises emissions from fuels combusted by the fuel extraction or energyproducing industries.

1 A 1 a Public Electricity

and Heat

Production

Sum of emissions from public electricity generation, public combined heat and

power generation, and public heat plants. Public utilities are defined as those

undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be in

public or private ownership. Emissions from own on-site use of fuel should

be included. Emissions from autoproducers (undertakings which generate

electricity/heat wholly or partly for their own use, as an activity which

supports their primary activity) should be assigned to the sector where they

were generated and not under 1 A 1 a. Autoproducers may be in public or

private ownership.

i Public Electricity

Generation

Comprises emissions from all fuel use for electricity generation except those

from combined heat and power plants.

ii Public

Combined

Heat and

Power

Generation

(CHP)

Emissions from production of both heat and electrical power for sale to the

public, at a single facility; co-generation plant.

iii Public Heat

Plants

Production of heat for sale by pipe network.

1 A 1 b Petroleum

Refining

All combustion activities supporting the refining of petroleum products.

Does not include evaporative emissions, which should be reported separately

under 1 A 3 b v or 1 B 2 a below.

1 A 1 c Manufacture of

Solid Fuels and

Other Energy

Industries

Combustion emissions from fuel use during the manufacture of secondary

and tertiary products from solid fuels including production of charcoal.

Emissions from own on-site fuel use should be included.

c i Manufacture of

Solid Fuels

Emissions arising from fuel combustion for the production of coke, brown

coal briquettes and patent fuel.

c ii Other Energy

Industries

Combustion emissions arising from the energy-producing industries own (onsite) energy use not mentioned above. This includes the emissions from

own-energy use in coal mining and oil and gas extraction. Combustion

emissions from pipeline transport should be reported under 1 A 3 e.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

1.4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

1 A 2 MANUFACTURING

INDUSTRIES AND

CONSTRUCTION

(ISIC - 3RD

REVISION)

1

Emissions from combustion of fuels in industry including combustion for the

generation of electricity and heat. Emissions from autoproducers should be

assigned to the sector where they were generated and an attempt made to

separately identify the emissions associated with autogeneration from those

associated with process heat. Emissions from fuel combustion in coke ovens

within the iron and steel industry should be reported under 1 A 1 c and not

within manufacturing industry. Emissions from the industry sector should be

specified by subsectors that correspond to the International Standard

Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC). Energy used for

transport by industry should not be reported here but under Transport

(1 A 3 below). Emissions arising from off-road and other mobile machinery in

industry should, if possible, be broken out as a separate subcategory. For

each country, the emissions from the largest fuel-consuming industrial

categories (ISIC) should be reported, as well as those from significant emitters

of pollutants. A suggested list of categories is outlined below.

1 A 2 a Iron and Steel (ISIC Group 271 and Class 2731)

1 A 2 b Non-Ferrous Metals (ISIC Group 272 and Class 2732)

1 A 2 c Chemicals (ISIC Division 24)

1 A 2 d Pulp, Paper and Print (ISIC Divisions 21 and 22)

1 A 2 e Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco (ISIC Divisions 15 and 16)

1 A 2 f Other The remaining emissions from fuel combustion in industry should be reported

here. This also includes emissions from the construction branch. Please

specify what is reported, as far as possible by ISIC categories. Care should be

taken not to double count emissions from construction by including them

also in Categories 1 A 3 e ii and/or 1 A 5.

1 A 3 TRANSPORT Emissions from the combustion and evaporation of fuel for all transport

activity, regardless of the sector, specified by subsectors as follows. Emissions

from fuel sold to any air or marine vessel engaged in international transport

(international bunker fuels) should as far as possible be excluded from the

totals and subtotals in this category and should be reported separately.

1 A 3 a Civil Aviation Emissions from international civil aviation and domestic air transport

(commercial, private, agricultural, etc.), including take-offs and landings.

Exclude use of fuel at airports for ground transport which is reported under

1 A 3 e Other Transportation (below). Also exclude fuel for stationary

combustion at airports; report this information under the appropriate

stationary combustion category.

i International

Aviation

(International

Bunkers)

Emissions which relate to fuel use for international civil aviation. Note that

these emissions are to be excluded as far as possible from national totals but

should be reported separately. (In other inventory methodologies, landing

and take-off (LTO) cycle emissions are often considered as domestic

emissions. For the purpose of greenhouse gas emissions inventories, fuel used

during landing and take-off for an international flight stage is considered to be

part of International Bunkers fuel use.)

ii Domestic Includes all civil domestic passenger and freight traffic inside a country (not

used as international bunkers) and including take-offs and landings for these

flight stages.

 

 1 International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic

Activities, Series M No. 4, Rev. 3, United Nations, New York, 1990.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 1.5

1 A 3 b Road

Transportation

All combustion and evaporative emissions arising from fuel use in road

vehicles, including the use of agricultural vehicles on highways.

i Cars Automobiles designated primarily for transport of persons and having a

capacity of 12 persons or fewer. Gross vehicle weight rating of 3900 kg or

less.

Passenger cars

with 3-way

catalysts

Passenger car emissions from vehicles with 3-way catalysts.

Passenger cars

without 3-way

catalysts

Passenger car emissions from vehicles without 3-way catalysts.

ii Light Duty

Trucks

Vehicles with a gross vehicle weight of 3900 kg or less designated primarily

for transportation of light-weight cargo or which are equipped with special

features such as four-wheel drive for off-road operation.

Light duty

trucks with 3-

way catalysts

Light Duty Truck emissions from vehicles with 3-way catalysts.

Light duty

trucks without

3-way catalysts

Light Duty Truck emissions from vehicles without 3-way catalysts.

iii Heavy Duty

Trucks and

Buses

Any vehicle rated at more than 3900 kg gross vehicle weight or designed to

carry more than 12 persons at a time.

iv Motorcycles Any motor vehicle designed to travel with not more than three wheels in

contact with the ground and weighing less than 680 kg.

v Evaporative

Emissions from

Vehicles

Evaporative emissions are included here (they are estimated with the same

activity data as are used for estimating combustion emissions).

1 A 3 c Railways Includes emissions from both freight and passenger traffic routes.

1 A 3 d Navigation Emissions from fuels used to propel water-borne vessels, including hovercraft

and hydrofoils.

i International

Marine

(Bunkers)

Comprises emissions from fuels burned by sea-going ships of all flags that are

engaged in international transport. These emissions should as far as possible

be excluded from national totals and reported separately.

ii National

Navigation

Emissions from fuel used for navigation of all vessels not engaged in

international transport, except fishing (which should be reported under

1 A 4 c iii). Note that this may include journeys of considerable length

between two ports in a country (e.g. San Francisco to Honolulu).

1 A 3 e Other

Transportation

Combustion emissions from all remaining transport activities including pipeline

transportation, ground activities in airports and harbours, and off-road

activities not otherwise reported under 1 A 4 c Agriculture or 1 A 2.

Manufacturing Industries and Construction. Military transport should be

reported under 1 A 5 (see I A 5 Other, below).

i Pipeline

Transport

ii Off -road
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

1.6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

1 A 4 OTHER SECTORS Emission from combustion activities as described below. Emissions from

autoproducers should be assigned to the sector where they were generated

and an attempt made to separately identify the emissions associated with

autogeneration from those associated with process heat.

1 A 4 a Commercial /

Institutional

Emission from fuel combustion in commercial and institutional buildings. (All

activities included in ISIC categories 4103, 42, 6, 719, 72, 8, and 91-96).

1 A 4 b Residential All emissions from fuel combustion in households.

1 A 4 c Agriculture /

Forestry / Fishing

Emissions from fuel combustion in agriculture, forestry, or domestic inland,

coastal and deep-sea fishing. This includes traction vehicles, pump fuel use,

grain drying, horticultural greenhouses and other agriculture, forestry or

fishing related fuel use. (Activities included in ISIC categories 05, 11, 12,

1302). Highway agricultural transportation is excluded.

i Stationary

ii Off-road

Vehicles and

Other

Machinery

iii Fishing

1 A 5 OTHER (Not elsewhere specified)All remaining emissions from non-specified fuel combustion. Include

emissions from military fuel use.

1 A 5 a Stationary

1 A 5 b Mobile Vehicles and Other Machinery, Marine and Aviation (not included in 1 A 4 c ii

or elsewhere).

1 B FUGITIVE EMISSIONS

FROM FUELS

Fugitive emissions are intentional or unintentional releases of gases from

anthropogenic activities. In particular, they may arise from the

production, processing, transmission, storage and use of fuels, and

include emissions from combustion only where it does not support a

productive activity (e.g., flaring of natural gases at oil and gas production

facilities). Evaporative emissions from vehicles are included under Road

Transport as Subsection 1 A 3 b v.

 Sum of 1 B 1 & 1 B 2.

1 B 1 SOLID FUELS Total release of methane during coal mining and post-mining activities.

Combustion emissions from colliery methane recovered and used should be

excluded here and reported under Fuel Combustion Emissions.

1 B 1 a Coal Mining Total emissions from underground and surface mining and post-mining

activities.

i Underground

Mines

Mining activities Emissions from underground mines, brought to the surface by ventilation

systems.

Post-mining

activities

Emissions from coal after extraction from the ground, which occur during

preparation, transportation, storage, or final crushing prior to combustion.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 1.7

ii Surface Mines Total emissions from surface mining and post-mining activities.

Mining activities Emissions primarily from the exposed coal surfaces and coal rubble, but also

emissions associated with the release of pressure on the coal.

Post-mining

ativities

Emissions from coal after extraction from the ground, during preparation,

transportation, storage, or final crushing prior to combustion.

1 B 1 b Solid Fuel

Transformation

Fugitive emissions arising during the manufacture of secondary and tertiary

products from solid fuels.

1 B 1 c Other Fugitive emissions from fuel treatment plants not elsewhere specified.

1 B 2 OIL AND NATURAL

GAS

Total fugitive emissions from oil and gas activities. Fugitive emissions may

arise from equipment exhaust (non-combustion), leakages, upsets and mishaps

at any point in the chain from production through final use. Note also that

emissions from flaring are included (the combustion is considered a nonproductive activity).

1 B 2 a Oil

i Exploration Fugitive emissions from oil exploration only.

ii Production Fugitive emissions from the production of crude oil only.

iii Transport Fugitive emissions resulting from the loading and unloading of crude oil from

tankers.

iv Refining/

Storage

Fugitive emissions from the refining of oil and from storage in tanks.

v Distribution of

Oil Products

Emissions (primarily NMVOCs) from transport and handling of oil products.

vi Other

1 B 2 b Natural Gas

i Production/

Processing

Emissions from the production of gas, gas gathering systems and gas

separation plants.

ii Transmission/

Distribution

Emissions from pipelines for long distance and local transport of methane,

compressor stations and their maintenance facilities.

iii Other leakage Release of gas at point of use, including residential, commercial, industrial and

electricity generation users.

1 B 2 c Venting and

Flaring

The release and/or combustion of excess gas at facilities for the production of

oil or gas and for the processing of gas.

i Oil

ii Gas

iii Combined (in

case oil and gas

cannot be

separated)
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

1.8 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

2 INDUSTRIAL

PROCESSES

Emissions within this sector comprise by-product or fugitive

emissions of greenhouse gases from industrial processes. Emissions

from fuel combustion in industry should be reported under Energy.

In instances where industrial process emissions result jointly from

chemical processes and fuel combustion it may be difficult to assign

the emission(s) to either sector. Where the main purpose of the

fuel combustion is to use the heat released, the resulting emissions

should be assigned to the Energy sector.

Emissions should, wherever possible, be reported according to the

ISIC Group or Class within which they occur. Certain methods in

Chapter and Module 2, however, infer final GHG emissions from

supply of the GHG, equipment containing it (for example, air

conditioning equipment) or a stock material with which emissions

are linked (for example, limestone). In these cases, assignment of

emissions to ISIC activities may be difficult or incomplete.

2 A MINERAL PRODUCTS (ISIC2 Division 26)

2 A 1 CEMENT

PRODUCTION

2 A 2 LIME PRODUCTION

2 A 3 LIMESTONE AND

DOLOMITE USE

2 A 4 SODA ASH

PRODUCTION AND

USE

2 A 5 ASPHALT ROOFING

2 A 6 ROAD PAVING WITH

ASPHALT

2 A 7 OTHER Please specify.

2 B CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (ISIC Division 24)

2 B 1 AMMONIA

PRODUCTION

2 B 2 NITRIC ACID

PRODUCTION

2 B3 ADIPIC ACID

PRODUCTION

2 B 4 CARBIDE

PRODUCTION

2 B 5 OTHER Please specify.

2 C METAL PRODUCTION (ISIC Division 27)

2 C 1 IRON AND STEEL

PRODUCTION

 

 2 International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic

Activities, Series M No. 4, Rev. 3, United Nations, New York, 1990.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 1.9

2 C 2 FERROALLOYS

PRODUCTION

2 C 3 ALUMINIUM

PRODUCTION

2 C 4 SF6 USED IN

ALUMINIUM AND

MAGNESIUM

FOUNDRIES

2 C 5 OTHER Please specify.

2 D OTHER PRODUCTION (ISIC Divisions 15 and 29)

2 D 1 PULP AND PAPER

2 D 2 FOOD AND DRINK

2 E PRODUCTION OF

HALOCARBONS AND

SULPHUR

HEXAFLUORIDE

(Possibly ISIC Class 2411 or 2429)

2 E 1 BY-PRODUCT

EMISSIONS

2 E 2 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS

2 E 3 OTHER Please specify.

2 F CONSUMPTION OF

HALOCARBONS AND

SULPHUR

HEXAFLUORIDE

2 F 1 REFRIGERATION

AND AIR

CONDITIONING

EQUIPMENT

2 F 2 FOAM BLOWING

2 F 3 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

2 F 4 AEROSOLS

2 F 5 SOLVENTS

2 F 6 OTHER Please specify.

2 G OTHER
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

1.10 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

3 SOLVENT AND

OTHER PRODUCT

USE

This category covers mainly NMVOC emissions resulting from the

use of solvents and other products containing volatile compounds.

When the solvents and other products are, or are produced from,

petroleum products, the carbon in the NMVOC emissions will be

included in the CO2 inventory if the Reference Approach for CO2

emissions from energy is used. See note on double counting in

“Overview of the IPCC Guidelines”. Emissions from the

consumption of halocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride should be

reported in the Industrial Processes Chapter under 2 F. All other

non-energy emissions not included under Industrial Processes are

reported here.

3 A PAINT APPLICATION

3 B DEGREASING & DRY

CLEANING

3 C CHEMICAL PRODUCTS,

MANUFACTURE &

PROCESSING

3 D OTHER Includes use of N2O as a carrier gas, anaesthetic, and propellant.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 1.11

4 AGRICULTURE Describes all anthropogenic emissions from this sector except for fuel

combustion and sewage emissions, which are covered in Energy 1 A and

Waste 6 B, respectively. Sum of all agriculture categories 4 A, B, C, D, E, F

& G.

4 A ENTERIC

FERMENTATION

Methane production from herbivores as a by-product of enteric

fermentation, a digestive process by which carbohydrates are broken down

by micro-organisms into simple molecules for absorption into the

bloodstream. Both ruminant (e.g. cattle, sheep) and non-ruminant animals

(e.g. pigs, horses) produce CH4, although ruminants are the largest source

(per unit of feed intake).

4 A 1 CATTLE

4 A 1 a Dairy Cattle producing milk for commercial exchange and calves and heifers

being grown for dairy purposes.

4 A 1 b Non-Dairy All non-dairy cattle including: cattle kept or grown for meat

production, draft animals, and breeding animals.

4 A 2 BUFFALO

4 A 3 SHEEP

4 A 4 GOATS

4 A 5 CAMELS AND

LLAMAS

4 A 6 HORSES

4 A 7 MULES AND ASSES

4 A 8 SWINE

4 A 9 POULTRY

4 A 10 OTHER Please specify.

4 B MANURE

MANAGEMENT

Methane and nitrous oxide are produced from the decomposition of

manure under low oxygen or anaerobic conditions. These conditions often

occur when large numbers of animals are managed in a confined area (e.g.

dairy farms, beef feedlots, and swine and poultry farms), where manure is

typically stored in large piles or disposed of in lagoons and other types of

manure management systems. Methane emissions are covered in Sections

4 B 1 to 4 B 9 and N2O emissions in Sections 4 B 10 to 4 B 12 below.

4 B 1 CATTLE

4 B 1 a Dairy

4 B 1 b Non-Dairy

4 B 2 BUFFALO

4 B 3 SHEEP

4 B 4 GOATS

4 B 5 CAMELS AND

LLAMAS

4 B 6 HORSES

4 B 7 MULES AND ASSES

4 B 8 SWINE

4 B 9 POULTRY
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

1.12 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

` 4 B

10

ANAEROBIC

4 B 11 LIQUID SYSTEMS

4 B 12 SOLID STORAGE

AND DRYLOT

4 B 13 OTHER Please specify.

4 C RICE CULTIVATION The anaerobic decomposition of organic material in flooded rice fields

produces methane, which escapes to the atmosphere by ebullition (bubbling

up) through the water column, diffusion across the water/air interface, and

transport through the rice plants. It is suggested that these CH4 emissions

be based on lowland rice ecosystems without organic amendments relating

to water regime, where lowland refers to fields flooded for a significant

period of time. Correction factors for soils with organic amendments

should be applied as necessary. Any N2O emissions from the use of

nitrogen-based fertilisers in rice cultivation should be reported under 4 D

Agricultural Soils.

4 C 1 IRRIGATED Water regime is fully controlled.

4 C 1 a Continuously flooded

4 C 1 b Intermittently flooded

i Single

aeration

Fields have a single aeration during the cropping season at any growth stage.

ii Multiple

aeration

Fields have more than one aeration period during the cropping season.

4 C 2 RAINFED Water regime depends solely on precipitation.

4 C 2 a Flood prone The water level may rise up to 50 cm during the cropping season.

4 C 2 b Drought

prone

Drought periods occur during every cropping season.

4 C 3 DEEPWATER Floodwater rises to more than 50 cm for a significant period of time during

the cropping season.

4 C 3 a Water depth

50-100 cm

Fields inundated with water depth from 50 - 100 cm.

4 C 3 b Water depth

100 cm

Fields inundated with water depth 100 cm.

4 C 4 OTHER

4 D AGRICULTURAL

SOILS

Emissions and removals of CH4 and N2O from agricultural soil/land and

NMVOCs from crops. These are influenced by irrigation practices, climatic

variables, soil temperature and humidity. Any N2O emissions from the use

of nitrogen-based fertilisers in rice cultivation should be reported here.

N2O emissions may be related to the use of both organic and inorganic

fertilisers, biological Nitrogen fixation, and return of crop residues to the

field or to animal production. Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions

associated with the use of compost and human waste as fertilisers should

also be recorded in this category. Emissions of N2O from sewage are to be

reported under Waste (6 B) and N2O emissions from animal waste

management systems other than grazing under manure management (4 B).

Emissions of N2O from manure used for fuel are reported under the

Energy Module (1 A).
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 1.13

4 E PRESCRIBED

BURNING OF

SAVANNAS

Emissions of CH4, CO, N2O, and NOx from the burning of savannas*.

Savannas are burned to control the growth of vegetation, remove pests and

weeds, promote the nutrient cycle and to encourage the growth of new

grass for animal grazing. CO2 from savanna burning is noted for information

but is not included in the inventory total since it is assumed that an

equivalent amount of CO2 is removed by regrowing vegetation in the

following year.

*Savannas are tropical and subtropical formations with continuous grass

cover, occasionally interrupted by trees and shrubs, which exist in Africa,

Latin America, Asia, and Australia.

4 F FIELD BURNING OF

AGRICULTURAL

RESIDUES

Emission of non-CO2 greenhouse gases from burning (in the field) of crop

residue and other agricultural wastes on site. These include woody crop

residues (e.g. coconut shells, jute sticks, etc.); cereal residues (e.g. rice and

wheat straw, maize stalks, etc.); green crop residues (e.g. groundnut straw,

soybean tops, etc.). The burning of agricultural waste for energy is excluded

here but included under fuel combustion activities in Section 1 A. CO2

from vegetal or biomass burning is noted for information but is not included

in the inventory total, since it is assumed that a roughly equivalent amount

of CO2 is removed by regrowth of the next crop.

4 F 1 CEREALS Emissions from the on-site burning of residue from cereal crops harvested

for dry grain, including but not limited to wheat, barley, maize, oats, rye, rice,

millet and sorghum.

4 F 2 PULSE Emissions from the on-site burning of residue from pulse crops harvested

for dry grain, including but not limited to pea, bean and soya.

4 F 3 TUBER AND ROOT Emissions from the on-site burning of residue from tuber and root crops,

including but not limited to potatoes, feedbeet, sugarbeet, girasol (Jerusalem

artichoke) and peanut.

4 F 4 SUGAR CANE Emissions from the on-site burning of sugar cane crop residue.

4 F 5 OTHER Emissions from the on-site burning of residue from crops not included

above.

4G OTHER Describe each emission source/sink in detail.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

1.14 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

5 LAND-USE CHANGE

& FORESTRY

Total emissions and removals from forest and land use change activities as

described below. These activities have an impact on three different carbon

sources/sinks: aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and soil carbon.

Sum of 5 A, B, C, D & E.

5 A CHANGES IN FOREST

AND OTHER WOODY

BIOMASS STOCKS

Emissions and removals of CO2 from decreases or increases in biomass

stocks due to forest management, logging, fuelwood collection, etc. The

category is either a net source if biomass harvest/destruction exceeds

regrowth in the inventory year, or a net sink if regrowth exceeds

harvest/destruction. Include afforestation under 5 A 5.

5 A 1 TROPICAL FORESTS .

5 A 1 a Wet/ very moist

5 A 1 b Moist, short dry season

5 A 1 c Moist, long dry season

5 A 1 d Dry

5 A 1 e Mountain moist

5 A 1 f Mountain dry

5 A 1 g Plantations

5 A 1 h Other

5 A 2 TEMPERATE FORESTS .

5 A 2 a Coniferous

5 A 2 b Broadleaf

5 A 2 c Plantations

5 A 2 d Other

5 A 3 BOREAL FORESTS .

5 A 3 a Mixed broadleaf/Coniferous

5 A 3 b Coniferous

5 A 3 c Forest tundra

5 A 4 GRASSLANDS/

TUNDRA

Emissions and removals of CO2 from grasslands including tropical savanna

and boreal tundra.

5 A 5 OTHER Emissions and removals of CO2 from other biomass categories, including

village and farm trees, etc.3

 

 3 These categories are organised by ecosystem. The “Other” category

is intended to account for biomass which is found in locations other than

the major ecosystem types listed. This includes dispersed trees in villages,

farms, urban areas, etc., and also includes additional ecosystem types which

may be important for biomass accounting in specific countries.

Afforestation programmes which create forests will be accounted for in the

appropriate forest ecosystem category. Afforestation which produces

dispersed trees, e.g., urban tree planting, would be accounted for in

“Other.”
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 1.15

5 B FOREST AND

GRASSLAND

CONVERSION

Time period is an important element in

estimating emissions from many of these

categories. For example, the IPCC default

method recommends time periods of 10

years for biomass decay.

This category includes conversion of existing forests and natural grasslands

to other land uses. Emissions of CO2, CH4, CO, N2O, NOx and

NMVOCs from the burning and decay of biomass.

5 B 1 TROPICAL FORESTS

5 B 1 a Wet/very moist

5 B 1 b Moist, short dry season

5 B 1 c Moist, long dry season

5 B 1 d Dry

5 B 1 e Mountain moist

5 B 1 f Mountain dry

5 B 1 g Plantations

5 B 1 h Other

5 B 2 TEMPERATE FORESTS

5 B 2 a Coniferous

5 B 2 b Broadleaf

5 B 2 c Plantations

5 B 2 d Other

5 B 3 BOREAL FORESTS

5 B 3 a Mixed broadleaf/Coniferous

5 B 3 b Coniferous

5 B 3 c Forest tundra

5 B 4 GRASSLANDS/TUNDRA Emissions of CO2 from grasslands including tropical savanna and boreal

tundra.

5 B 5 OTHER Emissions from conversion of ecosystem types (e.g. wastelands, desert,

etc.) not otherwise covered in any of the above categories.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

1.16 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

5 C ABANDONMENT OF

MANAGED LANDS

Removal of CO2 from the abandonment of formerly managed lands

(e.g. croplands and pastures). This category includes conversion of

managed to abandoned lands. The categories below are determined

by the type of biomass which regrows on the abandoned land.

5 C 1 TROPICAL FORESTS

5 C 2 TEMPERATE FORESTS

5 C 3 BOREAL FORESTS

5 C 4 GRASSLANDS/TUNDRA

5 C 5 OTHER Removals from abandoned land regrown to any biomass type other

than forests or grasslands.

5 D CO2 EMISSIONS AND

REMOVALS FROM SOIL

Emissions and removals of CO2 in soil associated with land-use

change and management. Includes CO2 emissions from liming of

agricultural soil.

5 E OTHER Emissions and removals (sources and sinks) of CO2 from land use or

land-use change activities which can not be included under the

categories provided above. Emissions of NMVOC from the living

trees in managed forests and N2O or CH4 emissions/removals from

the soil of managed forests are reported here. Managed forests

include all trees planted or managed by man for profit, pleasure, wind

or water-erosion protection etc.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 1.17

6 WASTE Total emissions from solid waste disposal on land, wastewater,

waste incineration and any other waste management activity. Any

CO2 emissions from fossil-based products (incineration or

decomposition) should be accounted for here but see note on

double counting under Section 2 “Reporting the National

Inventory.” CO2 from organic waste handling and decay should

not be included (see below).

Sum of 6 A, B, C & D.

6 A SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

ON LAND

Methane is produced from anaerobic microbial decomposition of

organic matter in solid waste disposal sites. Carbon dioxide

(CO2) is also produced but only CO2 from non-biologic or

inorganic waste sources should be reported here.

6 A 1 MANAGED WASTE

DISPOSAL ON LAND

A managed solid waste disposal site must have controlled

placement of waste (i.e. waste directed to specific deposition

areas, a degree of control of scavenging and a degree of control

fires) and will include at least one of the following: cover material;

mechanical compaction; or levelling of the waste.

6 A 2 UNMANAGED WASTE

DISPOSAL SITES

These are all other solid waste disposal sites that do not fall into

the above category.

6 A 3 OTHER Other solid waste disposal on land.

6 B WASTEWATER

HANDLING

Methane and nitrous oxide are produced from anaerobic

decomposition of organic matter by bacteria in sewage facilities

and from food processing and other industrial facilities during

wastewater handling. N2O may also be released from wastewater

handling and human waste. Methane emissions are covered in

6 B 1 and 6 B 2, nitrous oxide emissions in 6 B 2.

6 B 1 INDUSTRIAL

WASTEWATER

Handling of liquid wastes and sludge from industrial processes

such as: food processing, textiles, or pulp and paper production.

This may involve such things as wastewater collection and

treatment, ponds, or discharge into surface water.

6 B 2 DOMESTIC AND

COMMERCIAL

WASTEWATER

Handling of liquid wastes and sludge from housing and commercial

sources (including human waste) through: wastewater collection

and treatment, open pits / latrines, ponds, or discharge into

surface waters. N2O emissions from discharge of human sewage

to aquatic environments are included here.

6 B 3 OTHER

6 C WASTE INCINERATION Incineration of waste, not including waste-to-energy facilities.

Emissions from waste burnt for energy are reported under the

Energy Module, 1 A. Emissions from burning of agricultural wastes

should be reported under Section 4. All non-CO2 greenhouse

gases from incineration should be reported here as well as CO2

from non-biological waste.

6 D OTHER Release of greenhouse gases from other waste handling activities.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

1.18 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

7 OTHER Efforts should be made to fit all emission sources/sinks into the six

categories described above. If it is impossible to do so, however,

this category may be used, accompanied by a detailed explanation

of the source/sink activity.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 1.19

1.2 Fuel Categories

Common terms and definitions of fuels are necessary for countries to

describe emissions from fuel combustion activities consistently. A list of fuel

types is provided below. Definitions for each of these fuels are given in the

Glossary included in these Reporting Instructions. The list is organised into

five major fuel types: liquid, solid, gas, biomass and other. It should be

noted that “other fuels” are distinct from fuels listed in the biomass fuels

category because they represent fuels that include biomass and non-biomass

components.

BASIC FUELS HIERARCHY

(Fuel Combustion Only)

MAIN FUEL CATEGORIES

(Included in totals of greenhouse gases Sources)

CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY

LIQUID

(Crude oil and petroleum

products)

CRUDE OIL

ORIMULSION

NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS

GASOLINE Motor Gasoline

Aviation Gasoline

Jet Gasoline

(JET KEROSENE)

OTHER KEROSENE

SHALE OIL

GAS/DIESEL OIL

RESIDUAL FUEL OIL

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

ETHANE

NAPHTHA

BITUMEN

LUBRICANTS

PETROLEUM COKE

REFINERY FEEDSTOCK

OTHER OIL Refinery Gas

Paraffin Waxes

White Spirit

Other

CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY

SOLID

(Coal and coal products)

ANTHRACITE *
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

1.20 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

COKING COAL

OTHER BITUMINOUS COAL

SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL

LIGNITE

OIL SHALE

PEAT

COKE Coke Oven Coke

Gas Coke

BKB/PATENT FUEL Patent Fuel

Brown Coal Briquettes

DERIVED GASES Gas Works Gas

Coke Oven Gas

Blast Furnace Gas

GAS NATURAL GAS

OTHER FUELS MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (GARBAGE)

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

BIOMASS SOLID Wood/Wood Waste

(Excluded from CO2 emissions

totals.)

Charcoal

Other Solid Biomass

LIQUID Bio-alcohol

Sulphur Lies (Black Liquor)

GAS Landfill Gas

Sludge Gas

TOTAL

(Primary fossil fuel supply)

* If anthracite not separately identifiable, include with Other Bituminous Coal.
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 1.21

1.3 Reporting Major Sources at Differing

Levels of Detail: Sectoral and

Summary Report Tables.

The Sectoral and Summary Report Tables in this book allow the user to

report the inventory at different aggregate levels of detail. There are six

Sectoral Report Tables (Tables 1 to 6) to report emissions and removals at

a more detailed sub-category level. The two Summary Report Tables

(Tables 7A & 7B) are for aggregated emissions and removals, differing in

their level of detail.

Some of the main features of the Sectoral and Summary Report Tables are

summarised below.

Energy

• If a detailed, Sectoral Approach for energy has been used for the

estimation of CO2 from fuel combustion you are still asked to

complete and report the Worksheet 1-1 from the Reference

Approach in the Workbook for verification purposes.

• Total energy emissions from both the Reference and the Sectoral

Approaches should be reported in the Sectoral and Summary Report

Tables. Do not add up CO2 emissions calculated from both

approaches. An explanation of any significant differences between

these results should be provided.

• Countries are asked to report emissions from international aviation and

marine bunkers and CO2 from biomass for energy under Memo Items.

Emissions from International Bunkers should not be included in

national totals. CO2 emissions from the combustion of biomass fuels

are accounted for in the Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector, if the

wood has been produced unsustainably.

Industrial Processes

• HFCs, PFCs and SF6 should be reported in two ways, as potential and

actual emissions.

Notation Key

• As far as possible, countries should use the Sectoral and Summary

Report Tables outlined in this document to summarise final inventory

results. The notation shown in the key (see box) should be used to

show where countries believe the identified source is zero (0). Where

countries have opted not to estimate (NE) a particular source of each

greenhouse gas, this should be shown. Data problems may limit the

possibility of separating out each source individually; in this case it is

included elsewhere (IE) and this should also be included in the table with

a footnote indicating where the emission source/sink has been reported.

Finally, countries may report a particular category as not occurring

(NO) in their country.

Additional Gases

• To avoid duplication of effort, reporting of substances covered under

the Montreal Protocol is not required. However, countries wishing to

NOTATION KEY

0 Source is estimated to be zero

NE Not estimated

IE Estimated but included

elsewhere

NO Not occurring
COMMON REPORTING FRAMEWORK

1.22 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

report these substances and additional gases for completeness may do

so, using the spare copies of the Summary Report Tables where the

column headings have been left blank.

Overview

• The Overview Table (8A) should be used by countries to summarise

their own assessment of completeness (e.g. partial, full estimate, not

estimated) and quality (high, medium or low) of major source/sink

inventory estimates. It gives a brief overview of the categories that have

been taken into account in the emission inventory, as well as the level of

documentation and disaggregation of the categories (see the Notation

Key for a full explanation). The Disaggregation Key (8B) which follows

the Overview Table gives a detailed explanation of the key used for the

level of disaggregation for an inventory.

Data Completeness

• In all tables used by countries to summarise their inventory data,

footnotes should be added to indicate if emission estimates are

incomplete, or representative of only a part of the total activity, for any

particular source or sink category. In this way countries are expected

to report on the completeness of each individual emission estimate.

1.4 Worksheets

Worksheets are essential for transparency and reconstruction of the

inventory.

Remember to provide all worksheets, containing at least activity

data and emission factors, used to prepare the inventory for each

sector, along with Sectoral and Summary Report Tables.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 2.1

2 REPORTING THE NATIONAL

INVENTORY

This chapter contains step by step instructions for reporting a national

greenhouse gas inventory.

How To Report Your Inventory

 At the end of these reporting instructions you should have

• filled in the Sectoral Report Tables

• filled in the Summary Report and Overview Tables

• prepared an Inventory Report which contains the required numerical

and text documentation (see step 5)

Do Step 1 if you have an existing inventory and would like to report it to

the IPCC. If you are working from a completed CORINAIR inventory (see

Annex 2). If you are using the Workbook methods and you now want to

report your inventory, go directly to Step 2 to begin to fill out the Sectoral

Report Tables.

Remember that the Reference Manual (Volume 3) contains background

information and full explanations of the methodologies referred to here.

S TEP 1 R EVIEW THE IPCC C OMMON

R EPORTING F RAMEWORK

Inventory Scope

You are requested to provide a complete inventory for 1990. This should

include all anthropogenic emissions by source and removals by sink of

greenhouse gases and ozone precursors, except those covered by the

Montreal Protocol.

You have the option to add other greenhouse gases or precursors to your

inventory report. If you add other gases you should use the IPCC source

category structure as far as possible. If you add or change the definitions of

any categories to report these additional gases, you should clearly explain

these changes. Use the spare copies of Tables 7A & 7B with blank column

headings to report these emissions. Countries that wish to report Montreal

Protocol substances for completeness may do so using this procedure.

Standard Units (pollutants, activity data

and emission factors)

All estimates should be reported in gigagrams (Gg) of the pollutant.

Preferred units for activity data, emission factors and other data are

indicated in each of the worksheets of the Workbook (Volume 2).
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY

2.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Source/Sink Categories

Your emissions inventories should use the IPCC source/sink categories as

far as possible. The structure for reporting inventory information is

summarised in the preceding chapter and in the Tables in this book.

Compare the IPCC source/sink categories (Chapter 1: Understanding the

Common Reporting Framework) with the categories already used in your

national inventory. Where there are differences it may be possible to

allocate a larger category among appropriate smaller IPCC categories.

Alternatively, if there is no way to allocate the category, you could report

several of your smaller categories at a higher level of aggregation in the

IPCC structure. .

If your inventory cannot be re-structured to fit the IPCC model, or if you

must show estimates under an "other" category, you should:

• explain precisely where there are differences and what they are, and

• explain precisely what is included in "other" categories.

Time Periods

Inventories are prepared on a calendar year basis. In the Agriculture and

Land-Use Change/Forestry categories, it may be desirable to estimate

average emissions over a several year period. The Workbook methods

describe default recommendations which are summarised in the table

below.
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 2.3

TABLE 2-1

TIME PERIODS

GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND SINK

CATEGORIES

PERIOD

1 Energy

A Fuel Combustion Activities Yearly figures

B Fugitive Fuel Emission Yearly figures

2 Industrial Processes Yearly figures

Previous yearly figures

3 Solvent and Other Product Use Yearly figures

4 Agriculture

A Enteric Fermentation Three-year average

B Animal Wastes Three-year average

C Rice Cultivation Three-year average

D Agricultural Soils Three-year average

E Prescribed Burning of

Savannas

Three-year average

F Field Burning of Agricultural

Residues

Three-year average

5 Land-Use Change/Forestry

A Changes in Forest and Other

Woody Biomass Stocks

Three-year average

B Forest and Grassland

Conversion

- Immediate release from onsite burning

- Delayed release from decay

Three-year average

Previous 10 years average

C Abandonment of Managed

Lands

Cumulative figures over previous

20 years

Total figures more than 20 years

ago

 D CO2 Emissions and Removals

 from soil

Yearly figures

Previous 20 year figures

6 Waste Yearly figures

Review these assumptions and be prepared to:

• explain if, and precisely where, your inventory has different time period

assumptions, and

• explain the reasoning why the averaging periods were chosen.

S TEP 2 F ILL IN THE S ECTORAL AND

S UMMARY R EPORT T ABLES

You should fill in Sectoral and Summary Report Tables for the main

source/sink categories that you have included in your inventory. If your data

do not conform to the IPCC source/sink category structure, you should
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY

2.4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

clearly footnote on the corresponding table(s) any differences and provide

an explanation of the differences in the documentation note of the

inventory. If you have estimated ranges of uncertainty for emission or

supporting data, read Task (c) of this step before beginning.

Task a: Complete Sectoral Report Tables. 

EITHER: transfer emission estimates data from worksheets

OR convert your existing inventory data into Sectoral Report format

(Tables 1 to 6). As explained above under Step 1, this may

require transforming your data to fit the IPCC source/sink

category structure.

Task b: Complete Summary Report Tables.

This is done by transferring data from the Sectoral Report Tables into

Summary Report Tables 7A & 7B.

Task c: Report Uncertainty Ranges

An approach to estimating the uncertainty associated with point emission

estimates and emission factors is described in Annex 1.

If you have ranges of uncertainty for point emission estimates by

source/sink of greenhouse gas, as well as for emission factors or activity

data, you can report the ranges by using the same Sectoral and Summary

Report Tables. These tables should be in addition to the point estimates

that are requested in Task (a) and (b) of this Step (above).

If you have ranges that you would like to report, please:

• make copies of the Sectoral or Summary Report Tables.

• mark them clearly with a heading "UNCERTAINTY RANGES" and the

corresponding uncertainty area, e.g. EMISSION ESTIMATES, EMISSION

FACTORS and/or ACTIVITY DATA.

• for each data point fill in the ranges if available.

S TEP 3 V ERIFICATION

Task a: Checking Results

Countries are asked to carry out the following types of verification and

summarise results (in text form) in the inventory report:

• checks for arithmetic errors

• checks of country estimates against independently published estimates

• checks of national activity data with international statistics (default data)

• checks of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion calculated using national

methods with the IPCC Reference Approach (see below).

Further verification checks that may be done centrally, or assisted centrally

are:

• cross-country comparisons of estimates through use of a single set of

source categories

CONVERTING CORINAIR

INVENTORIES

CORINAIR is one type of detailed

inventory system. Guidance for

converting a CORINAIR Inventory

into an IPCC inventory is given in

Annex 2.
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 2.5

• cross-country comparisons of emission factors

A more detailed sample set of questions for countries to consider in

reviewing the quality of their own inventories is provided below.

Verification

In completing the inventory you should also make a report in which you summarise

the verification procedures you have used. This report should include an overall

assessment of the quality and completeness of each of the main source and sink

estimates for each greenhouse gas. You should ask yourself the following questions

about your inventory when attempting to provide an overall assessment of the

inventory’s quality and completeness.

Method

• Is the approach well documented and reproducible?

• Have results been checked against other methods of estimation?

• Are measurement data part of the estimate? If so, has the source activity been

summarised in part (for the remaining non-measured part of the activity) and

has it been summarised in total? Have you verified that the emissions from a

given activity are not included in several source categories?

Emission estimates

• Have any estimates been compared with measured emission and concentration

data?

• In some instances it is possible to cross-check emission estimates against

roughly comparable statistics (e.g. for NMVOC, solvent production + imports

- exports should equal total of applications). Have these checks been done

and if so how do these data compare?

• Have results been compared for reasonableness with outside or independently

published estimates? This could include comparison with estimates from a

country of similar size or economic profile.

Activity data assumptions

• Does the level of activity reported cross-check reasonably well with other

sources of information on this activity, e.g. with international statistics?

• Do units match emission factors reported?

Emission factors

• Do emission factors represent operating cycles or conditions from the region

reporting?

• Are the sources of emission factors well documented? Are the conventions

the same as those found in the activity data e.g. using net calorific value?

• Have emission factors been compared with other sources (taking into account

technologies, maintenance, operating cycles, or other conditions that may

influence emission factors)?

If you have already performed some verification, please describe what you

did and what you found.
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY

2.6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Task b: CO2 from Fuel Combustion - Standard Verification

With respect to CO2 emissions from energy, all users are asked to provide

a standard set of information that will assist the verification process. This

means that:

• Users who have estimated their CO2 emissions from energy using the

Reference Approach outlined in Volume 2 of the Guidelines should

include the worksheets used to estimate these emissions in the

documentation submitted with their inventory.

• Users who have used their own methodology or the IPCC Sectoral

Approach to estimate CO2 emissions from energy should present the

results of their work in the Sectoral Table for Energy provided in the

Reporting Instructions, along with the worksheets used for

calculations. They should also estimate their CO2 emissions from

energy using the Reference Approach provided in Volume 2 of the

Guidelines. It is recommended that users provide (in text form) an

explanation for any significant differences between these two sets of

results.

Task c: Assessing Quality

Prepare a brief self-assessment of the quality of the resulting inventory and of

the verification that has been performed. A simplified format for reporting on

the quality and completeness of the inventory is suggested in the Overview

Table and Disaggregation Key (Tables 8A and 8B) in this book. This should be

included with the other tables in the Inventory Report.
REPORTING THE NATIONAL INVENTORY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions 2.7

S TEP 4 D OCUMENTATION

Prepare text to accompany the inventory which should:

• describe any differences from IPCC source/sink category structure;

• describe any differences from IPCC default methods for the estimation

of greenhouse gases and precursors;

• clearly describe the estimation methods, as well as major assumptions

that may not have been captured in the worksheets , for all greenhouse

gases contained in the inventory;

• provide complete references to all data sources used to construct the

inventory;

• highlight any new or interesting data sources, references or research

findings used to construct the inventory;

• describe any significant changes in emission factors and other

assumptions from those used in previous inventories that have been

submitted.

You are also invited to report any difficulties you faced in developing and

reporting the inventory (e.g. lack of data, lack of resources etc.).

S TEP 5 A SSEMBLING AND T RANSMITTING

THE I NVENTORY

Assemble all elements of the National Inventory, including:

• Sectoral Report Tables

• Summary Report Tables

• Overview Table

• Uncertainty Estimates (if available)

• Written documentation

• Computer diskette containing data (if applicable)

• Any supporting documents

Mail the complete package to:

IPCC/OECD/IEA PROGRAMME FOR NATIONAL

GHG INVENTORY.

OECD, Environment Directorate

2, rue André-Pascal

75775 PARIS CEDEX 16

FRANCE

FAX: (33-1) 45 24 78 76

DOCUMENTATION STANDARDS

• National inventory reports should

provide minimum information to

enable the results to be

reconstructed, and to justify the

choice of methodology and data

used. This means, for example, that

to the extent possible, activity data

should be provided at the level of

detail at which the emissions are

estimated.

• If worksheets from Volume 2 of

the Guidelines have been used to

estimate greenhouse gas emissions

in the inventory, these worksheets

should be part of the documentation

included in the inventory

submission. Comparable worksheets

should be provided when estimation

procedures other than the IPCC

Guidelines are used.

• Documentation should contain

enough information to explain

differences between national

methods and data, and the IPCC

default methods and assumptions.

Reasons for the differences should

be explained and sources of

emission factors and other national

data should also be clearly cited.

Minimum requirements include:

emission factors, activity data, and a

list of references documenting any

differences from IPCC recommendations.

• Measurement studies containing

new values should be referenced,

and made available upon request. It

is preferable that new emission

factors be taken from published

sources.

• Any significant changes in

emission factors and other

assumptions from those used in

previous inventories that have been

submitted should be clearly

referenced and explained.

• Documentation should be kept

for future years (by the country and

by the IPCC) and countries are

encouraged to publish the

documentation of their inventories.

This extensive record keeping will

facilitate the recalculation of

historical inventory estimates when

changes in national methods or

assumptions occur.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES .1

T ABLES

Title of Inventory

Contact Name

Title

Organisation

Address

Phone

Fax

E-Mail

Is uncertainty addressed?

Related documents filed with IPCC
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES .3

ALL USERS SHOULD REPORT THEIR

INVENTORY INFORMATION IN THE

FORMAT PRESCRIBED BY THE

FOLLOWING TABLES. USERS ARE, OF

COURSE, REQUIRED TO FILL IN ONLY

THOSE SPACES ON THE TABLES THAT

RELATE TO THE GASES AND

SOURCE/SINK CATEGORIES THEY

HAVE ESTIMATED AND INCLUDED IN

THEIR INVENTORY.

REPORTING INSTRUCTIONS

Countries are urged to report data at least at the level of aggregation of

the Sectoral Tables. The tables are based on the common source/sink

categories found in Chapter 1 - Understanding the Common Reporting

Framework of Volume 1 of the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. In the event

that country inventory methods differ drastically from IPCC methods and

cannot be converted immediately, it is requested that a hard copy of the

more detailed report be included with the submission, explaining the

subsectors that were used and where differences lie.

Please provide completed copies of all

Worksheets used to calculate the inventory.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.5

TABLE 1 SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

ENERGY

(Sheet 1 of 3)

SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES CO2 CH4 N

O2 NO

x CO NMVOC SO2

Total EnergyA Fuel Combustion Activities (Sectoral Approach)

1 Energy Industries

a Public Electricity and Heat Productionb Petroleum Refining

c Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other Energy

Industries 2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction

a Iron and Steelb Non-Ferrous Metalsc Chemicalsd Pulp, Paper and Printe Food Processing, Beverages and Tobaccof Other (please specify)
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.7

TABLE 1 SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

ENERGY

(Sheet 2 of 3)

SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES CO2 CH4 N

O2 NO

x CO NMVOC SO2

3 Transport

a Civil Aviationb Road Transportationc Railwaysd Navigatione Other (please specify)

4 Other Sectors

a Commercial/Institutionalb Residentialc Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing

5 Other (please specify)

B Fugitive Emissions from Fuels

1 Solid Fuels

a Coal Miningb Solid Fuel Transformationc Other (please specify)

2 Oil and Natural Gas

a Oilb Natural Gasc Venting and Flaring
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.9

TABLE 1 SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

ENERGY

(Sheet 3 of 3)

SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES CO2 CH4 N

O2 NOx CO NMVOC SO2

Memo Items1:

International Bunkers

AviationMarine

CO2 Emissions from Biomass

1 Please do not include in energy totals.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.11

TABLE 2 SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR INDUSTRIAL 

PROCESSES

(Sheet 1 of 2)

SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES CO2 CH4 N O NO 2 x CO NMVOC SO2 HFCs PFCs SF6

P A P APA

Total Industrial ProcessesA Mineral Products

1 Cement Production2 Lime Production3 Limestone and Dolomite Use4 Soda Ash Production and Use5 Asphalt Roofing6 Road Paving with Asphalt7 Other (please specify)

B Chemical Industry

1 Ammonia Production2 Nitric Acid Production3 Adipic Acid Production4 Carbide Production5 Other (please specify)

C Metal Production

1 Iron and Steel Production2 Ferroalloys Production3 Aluminium Production4 SF6 Used in Aluminium and Magnesium Foundries5 Other (please specify)

P = Potential emissions based on Tier 1 Approach. A = Actual emissions based on Tier 2 Approach.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.13

TABLE 2 SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR INDUSTRIAL 

PROCESSES

(Sheet 2 of 2)

SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES CO2 CH4 N O NO 2 x CO NMVOC SO2 HFCs PFCs SF6

P A P APA

D Other Production

1 Pulp and Paper2 Food and Drink

E Production of Halocarbons and Sulphur Hexafluoride

1 By-product Emissions2 Fugitive Emissions3 Other (please specify)

F Consumption of Halocarbons and Sulphur Hexafluoride

1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment2 Foam Blowing3 Fire Extinguishers4 Aerosols5 Solvents6 Other (please specify)

G Other (please specify)P = Potential emissions based on Tier 1 Approach. A= Actual emissions based on Tier 2 Approach.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.15

TABLE 3 SECTORAL 

REPORT 

FOR 

SOLVENT AND 

OTHER 

PRODUCT 

USE

(Sheet 1 of 1)

SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES CO2 N

O2 NMVOC

Total Solvent and Other Product UseA Paint ApplicationB Degreasing and Dry CleaningC Chemical Products, Manufacture and ProcessingD Other (please specify)Please account for the quantity of carbon released in the form of NMVOC in both the NMVOC and the CO2 columns.

Note: The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines do not provide methodologies for the calculation of emissions of N O from solvent 2

and other product use. If you have reported such data, you should provide additional information (activity data and emissionfactors) used to make these estimates.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.17

TABLE 4 SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

AGRICULTURE

(Sheet 1 of 2)

SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES CH4 N O N 2 Ox CO NMVOC

Total AgricultureA Enteric Fermentation

1 Cattle2 Buffalo3 Sheep4 Goats5 Camels and Llamas6 Horses7 Mules and Asses8 Swine9 Poultry10 Other (please specify)

B Manure Management

1 Cattle2 Buffalo3 Sheep4 Goats5 Camels and Llamas6 Horses7 Mules and Asses8 Swine9 Poultry
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.19

TABLE 4 SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

AGRICULTURE

(Sheet 2 of 2)

SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES CH4 N O NO 2 x CO NMVOC

B Manure Management (cont...)

10 Anaerobic11 Liquid Systems12 Solid Storage and Dry Lot13 Other (please specify)

C Rice Cultivation

1 Irrigated2 Rainfed3 Deep Water4 Other (please specify)

D Agricultural SoilsE Prescribed Burning of SavannasF Field Burning of Agricultural Residues

1 Cereals2 Pulse3 Tuber and Root4 Sugar Cane5 Other (please specify)

G Other (please specify)Note: The Revised IPCC 1996 Guidelines do not provide methodologies for the calculation of CH4 emissions, and CH4 and N O removals from agricultural soils, or 2

CO2 emissions from savanna burning or agricultural residues burning. If you have reported such data, you should provide additional information (activity data and

emission factors) used to make these estimates.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.21

TABLE 5 SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

LAND-USE 

CHANGE AND 

FORESTRY

(Sheet 1 of 1)

SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES CO2 Emissions CO2 Removals CH4 N

O2 NOx CO

Total Land-Use Change and Forestry (1) (1)A Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks (1) (1)

1 Tropical Forests2 Temperate Forests3 Boreal Forests4 Grasslands/Tundra5 Other (please specify)

B Forest and Grassland Conversion (1) (1)

1 Tropical Forests2 Temperate Forests3 Boreal Forests4 Grasslands/Tundra5 Other (please specify)

C Abandonment of Managed Lands (1) (1)

1 Tropical Forests2 Temperate Forests3 Boreal Forests4 Grasslands/Tundra5 Other (please specify)

D CO2 Emissions and Removals from Soil (1) (1)E Other (please specify)(1) Please do not provide an estimate of both CO2 emissions and CO2 removals. You should estimate “net” emissions of CO2 and place a single number in either the CO2emissions or CO2 removals column, as appropriate. Please note that for the purposes of reporting, the signs for uptake are always (-) and for emissions (+).
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.23

TABLE 6 SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

WASTE

(Sheet 1 of 1)

SECTORAL 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES CO2

1 CH4 N

O2 NOx CO NMVOC

Total WasteA Solid Waste Disposal on Land

1 Managed Waste Disposal on Land2 Unmanaged Waste Disposal Sites3 Other (please specify)

B Wastewater Handling

1 Industrial Wastewater2 Domestic and Commercial Wastewater3 Other (please specify)

C Waste IncinerationD Other (please specify)1 Note that CO2 from waste disposal and incineration should only be included if it stems from non-biological or inorganic waste sources.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.25

TABLE 7A SUMMARY 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Sheet 1 of 3)

SUMMARY 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK

CATEGORIES

CO2

Emissions

CO2

Removals

CH4 N O NO 2 x CO NMVOC SO2 HFCs PFCs SF6

PAPA P

A

Total National Emissions and Removals1 Energy

A Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach)

1 Energy Industries2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction3 Transport4 Other Sectors5 Other (please specify)

B Fugitive Emissions from Fuels

1 Solid Fuels2 Oil and Natural Gas

2 Industrial Processes

A Mineral ProductsB Chemical IndustryC Metal ProductionD Other ProductionE Production of Halocarbons and Sulphur

Hexafluoride

F Consumption of Halocarbons and

Sulphur Hexafluoride

G Other (please specify)

P = Potential emissions based on Tier 1 Approach. A = Actual emissions based on Tier 2 Approach.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.27

TABLE 7A SUMMARY 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Sheet 2 of 3)

SUMMARY 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK

CATEGORIES

CO2

Emissions

CO2

Removals

CH4 N O NO 2 x CO NMVOC SO2 HFCs PFCs SF6

PAP

A P A

3 Solvent and Other Product Use4 Agriculture

A Enteric FermentationB Manure ManagementC Rice CultivationD Agricultural Soils (1) (1)E Prescribed Burning of SavannasF Field Burning of Agricultural ResiduesG Other (please specify)

5 Land-Use Change & Forestry (1) (1)

A Changes in Forest and Other Woody

Biomass Stocks

(1) (1)

B Forest and Grassland ConversionC Abandonment of Managed Lands (1) (1)D CO2 Emissions and Removals from

Soil

(1) (1)

E Other (please specify)

6 Waste

A Solid Waste Disposal on LandB Wastewater HandlingC Waste IncinerationD Other (please specify)

7 Other (please specify)
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.27A

TABLE 7A SUMMARY 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Sheet 3 of 3)

SUMMARY 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK

CATEGORIES

CO2

Emissions

CO2

Removals

CH4 N O NO 2 x CO NMVOC SO2 HFCs PFCs SF6

PAP

A P A

Memo Items:International Bunkers

AviationMarine

CO2 Emissions from Biomass

(1) Please do not provide an estimate of both CO2 emissions and CO2 removals. You should estimate “net” emissions of CO2 and place a single number in either the CO2 emissions or CO2 removals column, as appropriate.

Please note that for the purposes of reporting, the signs for uptake are always (-) and for emissions (+).
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.29

TABLE 7B SHORT 

SUMMARY 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Sheet 1 of 1)

SHORT 

SUMMARY 

REPORT FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Gg)

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES CO2

Emissions

CO2

Removals

CH4 N O NO 2 x CO NMVOC SO2 HFCs PFCs SF6

P A PAPA

Total National Emissions and Removals1 Energy Reference Approach(1)

Sectoral Approach(1)

A Fuel CombustionB Fugitive Emissions from Fuels

2 Industrial Processes3 Solvent and Other Product Use4 Agriculture5 Land-Use Change & Forestry (2) (2)6 Waste7 Other (please specify)Memo Items:International Bunkers Aviation MarineCO2 Emissions from BiomassP = Potential emissions based on Tier 1 Approach. A = Actual emissions based on Tier 2 Approach.(1) For verification purposes, countries are asked to report the results of their calculations using the Reference Approach and explain any differences with the Sectoral Approach. Do not include the

results of both the Reference Approach and the Sectoral Approach in national totals.

(2) Please do not provide an estimate of both CO2 emissions and CO2 removals. You should estimate “net” emissions of CO2 and place a single number in either the CO2 emissions or CO2 removals

column, as appropriate. Please note that for the purposes of reporting, the signs for uptake are always (-) and for emissions (+).
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.31

TABLE 8A OVERVIEW 

TABLE FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Sheet 1 of 3)

OVERVIEW 

TABLE

GREENHOUSE 

GAS SOURCE

AND SINK 

CATEGORIES

CO2 CH4 N O NO 2 x CO NMVOC SO2 HFCs PFCs SF6 Documentation Disaggrega- tion Footnotes

Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality

Total National Emissionsand Removals1 Energy

A Fuel Combustion Activities

Reference ApproachSectoral Approach

1 Energy Industries2 Manufacturing

Industries andConstruction

3 Transport4 Other Sectors5 Other (please specify)

B Fugitive Emissions from

Fuels

1 Solid Fuels2 Oil and Natural Gas

2 Industrial Processes

A Mineral ProductsB Chemical IndustryC Metal ProductionD Other ProductionE Production of Halocarbons

and Sulphur Hexafluoride
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.33

TABLE 8A OVERVIEW 

TABLE FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Sheet 2 of 3)

OVERVIEW 

TABLE

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE

AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES

CO2 CH4 N O NO 2 x CO NMVOC SO2 HFCs PFCs SF6 Documentation Disaggre- gation Footnotes

Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality

Industrial Processes (cont...)

F Consumption of

Halocarbons and SulphurHexafluoride

Potential 1Actual 2

G Other (please specify)

3 Solvent and Other

Product Use

4 Agriculture

A Enteric FermentationB Manure ManagementC Rice CultivationD Agricultural SoilsE Prescribed Burning of

Savannas

F Field Burning of

Agricultural Residues

G Other (please specify)

5 Land-Use Change &

Forestry

A Changes in Forest and

Other Woody BiomassStocks

B Forest and Grassland

Conversion

1 Potential emissions based on Tier 1 Approach.2 Actual emissions based on Tier 2 Approach.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.35

TABLE 8A OVERVIEW 

TABLE 

FOR 

NATIONAL 

GREENHOUSE 

GAS INVENTORIES

(Sheet 3 of 3)

OVERVIEW 

TABLE

GREENHOUSE 

GAS 

SOURCE

AND 

SINK 

CATEGORIES

CO2 CH4 N O NO 2 x CO NMVOC SO2 HFCs PFCs SF6 Documentation Disaggre- gation Footnotes

Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality Estimate Quality

5 Land-Use Change &

Forestry (cont....)

C Abandonment of Managed

Lands

D CO2 Emissions and

Removals from Soil

E Other (please specify)

6 Waste

A Solid Waste Disposal on

Land

B Wastewater HandlingC Waste IncinerationD Other (please specify)

7 Other (please specify)Memo Items:International Bunkers

 Aviation Marine

CO2 Emissions from

Biomass
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.37

NOTATION 

KEY FOR 

OVERVIEW 

TABLE

Estimates Quality Documentation Disaggregation *

code Meaning code Meaning code Meaning code Meaning

PART Partly estimated

H High Confidence in Estimation

H High (all background information

included)

1 Total emissions estimated

ALL Full estimate of all possible sources

M Medium Confidence in Estimation

M Medium (some background

information included)

2 Sectoral split

NE Not estimated

L Low Confidence in Estimation

L Low (only emission estimates

included)

3 Subsectoral split

IE Estimated but included elsewhere

NO Not occurring

NA Not applicable

* See following table for a complete explanation of each code.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.39

TABLE 8B EXPLANATION OF 

DISAGGREGATION 

KEY FOR 

OVERVIEW 

TABLE

(Sheet 1 of 2)

DISAGGREGATION 

KEY FOR 

OVERVIEW 

TABLE

Disaggregation 1 Disaggregation 2 Disaggregation 3

Total National Emissions and Removals1 Energy

1 A Fuel Combustion 1 A 1 to 1 A 5 Energy Industries to Other 1 A Any Subsectors of 1 A 1 to 1 A 5. For example, rail transport or industry sectors1 B Fugitive Emissions from Fuels 1 B 1 Solid Fuels 1 B Any further breakdown, for example gas venting or post-mining activities

1 B 2 Oil and Natural Gas

2 Industrial Processes 2A Mineral Product 2 Any further quantitative breakdown by industrial sector, for example, paper, nitric

2 B Chemical Industry acid, cement

2 C Metal Production2 D Other Production

2 E Production of Halocarbons and Sulphur Hexaflouride

2F Consumption of Halocarbons and Sulphur Hexaflouride

2G Other

3 Solvent and Other Product Use 3 A to 3 D 3 Any further quantitative breakdown by product4 Agriculture

4 A Enteric Fermentation 4 A 4 A Animal types e.g. cattle, goats4 B Manure Management 4 B 4 B4 C Rice Cultivation 4 C 4 C Any further quantitative breakdown4 D Agricultural Soils 4 D Breakdown by type of fertiliser or another characteristic 4 D Several characteristics taken into account, such as type of fertiliser, soil, crop or area4 E Prescribed Burning of Savannas 4 E 4 E4 F Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 4 F 4 F Any further quantitative breakdown4 G Other 4 G 4 G

5 Land-Use Change & Forestry 5 A Changes in Forests and other Woody Biomass Stocks 5 A Any further quantitative breakdown, e.g. by type of forest.

5 B Forest and Grassland Conversion 5 B

5 C Abandonment of Managed Land 5 C
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions TABLES.41

TABLE 8B EXPLANATION OF 

DISAGGREGATION 

KEY FOR 

OVERVIEW 

TABLE

(Sheet 2 of 2)

DISAGGREGATION 

KEY FOR 

OVERVIEW 

TABLE

Disaggregation 1 Disaggregation 2 Disaggregation 3

Land-Use Change & Forestry (cont....) 5 D CO2 Emissions and Removals from Soil 5 D

5 E Other 5 E

6 Waste 6 A Solid Waste Disposal on Land 6 A Any further quantitative breakdown.

6 B Wastewater Handling 6 B

6 C Waste Incineration 6 C6 D Other 6 D

7 Other 7 7
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A1.1

ANNEX 1

MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES

Uncertainties are inevitable in any estimate of national emissions or removals.

Some important causes of uncertainty are:

• differing interpretations of source and sink category or other definitions,

assumptions, units etc.

• use of simplified representations with "averaged" values, especially emission

factors and related assumptions to represent characteristics of a given

population

• uncertainty in the basic socio-economic activity data which drives the

calculations

• inherent uncertainty in the scientific understanding of the basic processes

leading to emissions and removals.

A major objective of the IPCC methodology is to help national experts reduce

uncertainty in their greenhouse gas inventories to the minimum level possible.

However, the approach also recognises that significant uncertainties will remain

despite these efforts, and that these uncertainties will vary widely:

• between different greenhouse gases

• between source categories for each gas

• between countries reporting the same gases and sources (depending on

approach, levels of detail, use of default or country specific data etc.)

It is important to provide as thorough an understanding as possible of the

uncertainties involved when estimates are provided for scientific or policy uses. A

simple method for expressing the confidence or uncertainty of point estimates

qualitatively is given elsewhere in the Reporting Instructions. However it is more

useful to express uncertainty quantitatively and systematically in the form of

well developed confidence intervals. This Annex provides some initial suggestions

for developing quantitative uncertainty information. However, at present, it is

only possible to provide a conceptual framework which relies on users to supply

statistical data or equivalent expert judgement. IPCC/OECD consider the

consistent estimation of uncertainty to be critically important, and will make it

the focus of future work. Individual experts are encouraged to estimate

uncertainty ranges as well as possible and to report results with their inventories.

This will be of assistance with the ongoing work of developing methods.

A1.1 Sources of Uncertainty

Definitions

Use of the IPCC Reporting Instructions will minimise variability or uncertainty

which would otherwise be introduced by issues of definition. The IPCC

Reporting Instructions provides common definitions of source categories and
MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES

A1.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

other terms, units, procedures, etc. The source categories are set out in

Chapter 1 Understanding the Common Reporting Framework.

Estimation Methodology

The IPCC/OECD programme has sought consensus among researchers,

sectoral interest groups and national technical experts on the best

practicable default estimation procedures for priority gases and sources.

These default methodologies are described in Volume 2 of the Guidelines,

the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Workbook. By using these methods countries

can minimise variations or uncertainties in national estimates which would

be introduced by a choice of methodology. However, it must be recognised

that default methods represent a compromise between the level of detail

which would be needed to create the most accurate estimates for each

country and the input data likely to be available or readily obtainable in

most countries. In many cases, the simplest default methods are

simplifications with general default values which introduce large

uncertainties into a national estimate. Within many of the default methods

different optional levels of detail are provided to reflect whether users have

detailed data for their national situation or have to rely strictly on general

default values. There may be considerable variation in how well the general

default values represent conditions of the actual population of source

activities in a particular country. For example, the uncertainty relating to

default carbon emission coefficients for the global population of fossil fuel

combustion sources may be characterised as quite low (5-10 per cent) in

the IPCC methodology; but national experts for a particular country may

know that the characteristics of such fuels in their country vary widely from

global average values. In such a country, use of default values would

introduce a larger uncertainty. Thus, even for the simplest application of the

default methods, it is not possible to provide general uncertainty values for

all countries.

The Reference Manual provides more options, including ways of doing

calculations at greater levels of detail and, in some cases, alternative

methodologies. Users of the IPCC Guidelines may use their own methodologies

if they believe these will provide more accurate results for their national

situation. Alternative methods should be carefully documented and results

reported in the standard IPCC source and sink categories. Documentation of

alternative methods may involve presentation of new empirical data which may

in turn provide a basis for the improvement of the default procedures and data.

However, whichever methods are used - default methods, more detailed

versions of default methods, or entirely different methods - users should

determine as far as possible the ranges of uncertainty introduced by the

emission factors and other input assumptions used, whatever their source.

Socio-economic Activity Data

The IPCC default methodologies identify activity data from international

socio-economic data series wherever possible. International compilations of

socio-economic activity data do not generally include quantitative

uncertainty estimates around country-level data summaries. Some of the

national sources that provide data to the international series may have
MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A1.3

quantified uncertainty for their own national data. As with uncertainty in

methodology and emission factors, the inventory developers must judge the

quality of activity data used in their own national inventory.

Underlying Scientific Understanding

Current scientific understanding of the various human-induced processes

which lead to emissions and removals of greenhouse gases to and from the

atmosphere is incomplete. In some cases, where substantial measurement

data exist and have been thoroughly analysed, this understanding provides a

basis for accurate calculations of global and national emissions. In many

cases, however, data and analysis have not attained this state. This variation

affects the uncertainty inherent in the various components of the default

methods, as well as the estimates using other methodologies. Table A1-1

provides an illustrative assessment of the relative uncertainties in the

scientific basis for global emission estimates for some key components of

the IPCC methodology. The overall uncertainty ranges shown here are

based on an interpretation of the uncertainty information presented by the

IPCC (1992). The allocation of overall uncertainty to the emission factor

and activity data components has been made for illustrative purposes only

on the basis of judgement by the IPCC/OECD technical staff. These values

should not be used for estimating uncertainty for a particular national

inventory. They are provided to assist users of the Guidelines to consider

relative uncertainties in the basic science underlying different components

of their inventories.
MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES

A1.4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

TABLE A1-1

UNCERTAINTIES DUE TO EMISSION FACTORS AND ACTIVITY DATA

12 3 4 5

Gas Source category Emission factor

UE

Activity data

UA

Overall uncertainty

 UT

CO2 Energy 7% 7% 10%

CO2 Industrial

Processes

7% 7% 10%

CO2 Land Use Change

and Forestry

33% 50% 60%

CH4, Biomass Burning 50% 50% 100%

CH4 Oil and Nat. Gas

Activities

55% 20% 60%

CH4 Coal Mining and

Handling Activities

55% 20% 60%

CH4 Rice Cultivation 3/4 1/4 1

CH4 Waste 2/3 1/3 1

CH4 Animals 25% 10% 25%

CH4 Animal waste 20% 10% 20%

N2O Industrial

Processes

35% 35% 50%

N2O Agricultural Soils 2 orders of magnitude

N2O Biomass Burning 100%

Note: Individual uncertainties that appear to be greater than ± 60% are not shown. Instead judgement as to the relative

importance of emission factor and activity data uncertainties are shown as fractions which sum to one.

A1.2 Procedures for Quantifying

Uncertainty

Estimating Uncertainty of Components

To estimate uncertainty by source category and gas for a national inventory,

it is necessary to develop information like that shown in Table A1-1, but

specific to the individual country, methodology and data sources used. In

scientific and process control literature the 95 per cent (± 2) confidence

limit is often regarded as appropriate for range definition. Where there is

sufficient information to define the underlying probability distribution for

conventional statistical analysis, a 95 per cent confidence interval should be

calculated as a definition of the range. Uncertainty ranges can be estimated

using classical analysis (see Robinson) or the Monte Carlo technique (in

Eggleston, 1993). Otherwise the range will have to be assessed by national

experts.
MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A1.5

If possible ranges should be developed separately for

• emission factors (and other assumptions in the estimation method)

(column 3 of Table A1-1).

• socio-economic activity data (column 4 of Table A1-1)

Combining Uncertainties

It is necessary to derive the overall uncertainty arising from the

combination of emission factor and activity data uncertainty. IPCC/OECD

suggest that emission factor and activity data ranges are regarded as

estimates of the 95 per cent confidence interval, expressed as a percentage

of the point estimate, around each of two independent components (either

from statistically based calculations or informal ex ante judgements).

On this interpretation (for quoted ranges extending not more than 60 per

cent above or below the point estimate) the appropriate measure of overall

percentage uncertainty UT for the emissions estimate would be given by the

square root of the sum of the squares of the percentage uncertainties

associated with the emission factor (UE) and the activity data (UA). That is,

for each source category:

U U U so long as U U T EA E A =± + ( ) < 2 2 ; , 60% 1

For individual uncertainties greater than 60 per cent the sum of squares

procedure is not valid. All that can be done is to combine limiting values to

define an overall range, though this leads to upper and lower limiting values

which are asymmetrical about the central estimate2.

Estimated total emission for each gas is of course the summation Σ Ci

where Ci is the central estimate of the emission of the gas in the source

category. The appropriate measure of uncertainty in total emissions in

emissions units (not percentages) is then:

E U =± ⋅ ∑ ⋅ ( ) 1 100 ( ) Ti i C 2 2 / ,

where UT,i is the overall percentage uncertainty for the source category of

the gas from Table A1-1. Source categories for which symmetrical limiting

values cannot be defined (because UE or UA exceeds 60 per cent)

cannot sensibly be treated in this way. The uncertainty might be handled by

reporting that total emissions from gas X are estimated to be Y Mt, of

which Y1 Mt had an estimated uncertainty of ± E1 Mt and Y2 Mt had a range

of uncertainty between - L Mt and + U Mt.

 

 1 The 60% limit is imposed because the rule suggested for UT requires σ

to be less than about 30% of the central estimate, and we are interpreting

the quoted range as ±2σ

 2 If uncertainties due to the emission factor and the activity data are

± E% and ± A% respectively, and the upper and the lower limits of overall

uncertainty are U% and L% respectively, then U% = (E+A+E.A/100) and

L% = (E+A-E.A/100).
MANAGING UNCERTAINTIES

A1.6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

A1.3 Implications

If the assumptions in Table A1.1 are correct then typical uncertainties in

national emissions estimates range between:

• ± 10% for CO2 from fossil fuels although this may be lower for some

countries with good data and where source categories are well defined

(IPCC, 1993; von Hippel et al., 1993)

• ± 20% and ± 100% for individual methane sources (though the overall

error might be ± 30%)

• perhaps two orders of magnitude for estimates of nitrous oxide from

agricultural soils

These uncertainties will affect the level of quantitative understanding of

atmospheric cycles of greenhouse gases that can be derived using the

summation of inventories.

The situation is less critical for monitoring emissions mitigation options,

because the profile of the emissions time series will be relatively insensitive

to revisions to the emissions estimation methodology. However very

different levels of uncertainty for different gases will be inevitable for some

time to come, and this will need to be recognised in any move towards a

comprehensive approach to greenhouse gas mitigation.

A1.4 References

(IPCC) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1992), Climate Change

1992: The Supplement to the IPCC Scientific Assessment.

The method for combining errors in a multiplicative chain are given in many

statistical textbooks, but note Jennifer Robinson's discussion (On

uncertainty in the computation of global emissions from biomass

burning, Climatic Change, 14, 243-262) about the difficulties which

arise at high coefficients of variation.

H S Eggleston (1993), “Uncertainties in the estimates of emissions of VOCs

from Motor Cars.” Paper presented at the TNO/EURASAP

Workshop on the Reliability of VOC Emission Databases, June 1993,

Delft, The Netherlands.

IPCC (1993), “Preliminary IPCC national GHG inventories: in depth

review.” Report presented at the IPCC/OECD Workshop on

National GHG Inventories, October 1993, Bracknell, UK.

von Hippel et al. (1993), “Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from fossil

fuel combustion”, Energy Policy, 691-702, June 1993.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A2.1

ANNEX 2

IPCC AND CORINAIR SOURCE

CATEGORIES

This chapter briefly explains the origins of the IPCC and CORINAIR, the

correspondences between the IPCC and CORINAIR/UNECE source categories,

and outlines how to report the results from the CORINAIR inventory system in an

IPCC format. At present, CORINAIR/UNECE is the only known inventory

programme used by many countries of which the scope and objectives

significantly overlap those of the IPCC. Many individual countries certainly have

other detailed national inventory approaches which have similar characteristics to

CORINAIR. For these countries, this example of reconciling IPCC and CORINAIR

source categories may be helpful in addressing similar conversion problems. The

IPCC/OECD/IEA Programme will work with interested countries and other

organisations as far as possible to help achieve correspondence with IPCC

categories in order to avoid duplication of effort at national and international

levels.

A2.1 Origins

The IPCC source and sink categories for the estimation and reporting of

national inventories of greenhouse gas emissions is slightly different than

categories that have been developed by the Commission of European

Communities (CEC) for use in Europe. The reasons for these differences

lie, first, in the origin of the two inventory systems and, second, in the

primary uses for the inventory data. However, for the recent inventories

(from 1994 and onwards) these systems are consistent and harmonised.

The European Union (EU) emission inventory programme (CORINAIR) was

set up by the European Council of Ministers in 1985 to assist in the

development of consistent, comparable and transparent national inventories

for “conventional” air pollutants such as SOx, NOx, and VOC. The first

CORINAIR inventories were developed for 1985. The next CORINAIR

inventories, for the year 1990, were initiated by the European Environment

Agency Task Force. For these inventories, the pollutant list was extended to

include NH3, CO, CO2 and N2O, as well as to separate CH4 from

NMVOC. Support was given to Central and Eastern European countries

resulting in emission inventories for 1990, covering 29 countries.

A further development of the CORINAIR system came in 1991, when the

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) helped define

the main CORINAIR categories as a basis for reporting under the Long

Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) Convention. The pollutants of

interest not only include those covered in specific protocols (i.e. SOx, NOx,

and VOC) but also pollutants that influence the critical loads of acidic

deposition, such as NH3. In 1992, the UNECE also established a Task Force

on Emission Inventories (TFEI) with a main objective to develop a

guidebook for emission inventories summarising the CORINAIR/UNECE

recommendations on estimation and verification methods.
IPCC AND CORINAIR SOURCE CATEGORIES

A2.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

A2.2 CORINAIR Methodology and its

Applications

The joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook

(EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook) was first published in February, 1996. It is

available as a CD-ROM and on the Internet. The UNECE/TFEI will continue

its work of improving and updating the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook in cooperation with the European Environment Agency (EEA). In 1995, the

CORINAIR project was integrated into the work programme of the EEA,

and the European Topic Centre on Air Emissions (ETC/AE) was contracted

to continue the CORINAIR project. The main task of the ETC/AE is to

assist the participation of the EU-15 countries, as well as other European

countries to report national inventories as required under international

obligations. The CORINAIR project is an annual European air emission

inventory, for which the list of pollutants has been extended to include

heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), from the reporting

year 1994 onwards.

The CORINAIR methodology requires countries to collect emission

estimates using a detailed source nomenclature (SNAP) and a detailed

spatial level (NUTS level 3). From the resulting emission inventory, the

methodology can be used to aggregate, allocate and report emission

estimates for different reporting purposes. For example:

• IPCC format (UN FCCC);

• UNECE/EMEP (LRTAP Convention);

• EU Monitoring Mechanism of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions.

Complete harmonisation between the IPCC and CORINAIR source

categories has been achieved for the reporting year 1994, and onwards.

The purpose of inventory development under UNECE is to support the

monitoring of progress of the implementation of the LRTAP protocols. One

of the principal users of the inventories are modellers who support the

implementation of the Protocols under the LRTAP. The main requirement

of the modellers is to estimate the sources of SOx, NOx, NMVOC, and

NH3 emissions on a 50 km x 50 km square grid basis across Europe. These

data are then the basis of the calculations estimating acidic deposition and

photochemical oxidants across Europe which tie back to the concepts of

"critical loads" for acidificate and “critical levels” for photochemical oxidant.

The calculations show national progress or future acquirement to meet

these critical thresholds.

A2.3 Correspondences Between IPCC and

CORINAIR Source Categories

The UNECE requirement to establish a much more detailed understanding

of the physical source and geographic distribution of emissions has led to

source categories based on the physical characteristics of the sources of

pollutants. The IPCC has proceeded on the basis that socio-economic

sources are the easiest and most appropriate groupings for describing
IPCC AND CORINAIR SOURCE CATEGORIES

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A2.3

emissions, which in turn will facilitate the use of inventories for policy

analysis.

The CORINAIR/UNECE system uses type of physical plant or vehicle, as

the fundamental basis for emission estimation. This allows high accuracy in

description of individual point or mobile sources and in use of appropriate

emission factors for conventional pollutants. From the resulting detailed

emissions inventory, the methodology can be used to aggregate, allocate and

report emission estimates for different reporting purposes. For example,

the CORINAIR methodology has been improved to include energy statistics

and to enable countries to report emissions in complete accordance with

the IPCC Guidelines.

An overview of correspondence between IPCC and CORINAIR source

categories at the highest aggregated IPCC level (Short Summary Report

Table, 7B) is presented in the following table.
IPCC AND CORINAIR SOURCE CATEGORIES

A2.4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

TABLE A2-1

CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN IPCC AND CORINAIR MAIN SOURCE CATEGORIES

IPCC CORINAIR

1 Energy

1 A Fuel Combustion Activities 01 Combustion in Energy and Transformation Industry

02 Non-industrial Combustion Plants

03 Combustion in Manufacturing Industry

07 Road Transport

08 Other Mobile Sources and Machinery

I B Fugitive Emissions from Fuels 05 Extraction and Distribution of Fossil Fuels and Geothermal

Energy

2 Industrial Processes 04 Production Processes

3 Solvent and Other Product Use 06 Solvent and Other Product Use

4 Agriculture 1001 Cultures with Fertilisers (except animal manure)

1002 Cultures without Fertilisers

1003 On-Field Burning of Stubble, Straw....

1004 Enteric Fermentation

1005 Manure Management

1006 Use of Pesticides

5 Land-Use Change & Forestry Managed Deciduous Forests

 Managed Coniferous Forests

 Changes in Forest and other Woody Biomass Stocks

 Forest and Grassland Conversion

 Abandonment of Managed Lands

 CO2 Emissions and Removals from Soil

 Others

6 Waste 09 Waste Treatment and Disposal

Memo Items

 International Aviation Bunkers 080502 International Airport Traffic

080504 International Cruise Traffic

 International Marine Bunkers 080404 International Sea Traffic

 CO2 Emissions from Biomass Biomass fuels in categories 01, 02, 03, 07, 08
IPCC AND CORINAIR SOURCE CATEGORIES

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A2.5

A2.4 Harmonisation Between IPCC and

CORINAIR Source Categories

Progress has been made in the harmonisation of the IPCC and

EMEP/CORINAIR methodologies to allow more direct comparison of the

two approaches. These changes are mainly in the Energy Chapter of the

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines:

• Biomass fuels are allocated to the various source categories.

• Emissions from fuel used for electricity and heat production by

autoproducers are included in the sector where they are generated

and not within the transformation industries.

• Treatment of evaporative emissions (NMVOCs) from road transport

in the Tier 2 method of IPCC is made consistent with CORINAIR.

Combustion and evaporative emissions are to be reported

separately. However, in the Tier I IPCC method, all emissions from

road transport are included together under fuel combustion.

Development of a Tier 2 method for estimating emissions from aircraft.

A2.5 How to Transform a CORINAIR

Inventory into an IPCC Inventory

For the IPCC Short Summary Report Table (Table 7B), which is at the most

aggregated level of reporting, Table A2-1 provides correspondence for the

CORINAIR definitions. For the Summary Report (Table 7A) and the

Sectoral Report Tables (Tables 1-6), more detailed alignment between the

IPCC source/sink categories and the CORINAIR definitions is required. The

joint UNECE/CORINAIR Guidebook and appropriate computer

programme have been revised to facilitate conversion from a CORINAIR to

an IPCC inventory at the level of detail required for the Sectoral Report

Tables.

Further information can be obtained from:

Andre Jol

European Environment Agency

Phone: (45 33) 367 144 / Fax: (45 33) 367 191

e-mail: jol@eea.dk

A2.6 Looking Forward

Both the IPCC and the UNECE/CORINAIR programmes are committed to

on-going harmonisation between the two methodologies which have

become increasingly compatible over the years. In order to ensure that the

CORINAIR methodology evolves in a completely consistently manner with

the IPCC Guidelines, there will continue to be regular contact between the

two programmes. This will both facilitate an exchange of ideas and minimise

duplication of effort.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reporting Instructions A3.1

ANNEX 3

SUMMARY OF THE REVISED 1996

IPCC GUIDELINES FOR

NATIONAL GREENHOUSE GAS

INVENTORIES

A3.1 Background

This Annex summarises additions and revisions to the 1995 IPCC Guidelines

for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (1995 IPCC Guidelines). It also

describes efforts made by the IPCC to harmonise methods with others.

The additions and revisions were accepted by the IPCC at its Twelfth

Session held in Mexico City (11-13 September 1996) after acceptance by

Working Group I at its Sixth Session held in Mexico City (10 September

1996) in accordance with IPCC procedures. They are called the Revised

1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Within this

Annex, a revision of an existing methodology or default data is referred to

as a ‘revision’, ‘revised method’ or ‘revised data’. Additional methods and

default data are defined as ‘new’ methods or ‘new data’.

A3.2 Energy

The Energy Chapter contains the following improvements and additions:

• Harmonisation of international (IPCC and CORINAIR) emission

estimation methodologies and allocating of emissions from

autoproducers1 to the sector where they are generated and not to

the transformation2 sector (revision);

• Development of a new Tier 1 method for estimating non-CO2

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) and SO2 emissions based on fuel

consumption;

• Development of a new Tier 2 method for estimating emissions from

aircraft;

• Inclusion of new default values for various types of traditional

biomass fuels;

• Clarification of the definition of National Navigation (the definition of

International Marine Bunkers remains unchanged).

 

 1 An autoproducer is defined as an entity which produces electricity

and/or heat for sale in addition to its primary activities.

 2 The transformation sector comprises the conversion of primary forms

of energy to secondary and further transformation (e.g. coking coal to coke,

heavy fuel oil to electricity)
SUMMARY

A3.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

A3.3 Industrial Processes

The Industrial Process Chapter contains a broad range of new estimation

methodologies for the so-called "new gases", that is perfluorocarbons, PFCs

(e.g. CF4 and C2F6), HFCs (e.g. HFC-125 and HFC-134a), sulphur

hexafluoride (SF6), the direct GHG (CO2, CH4, and N2O), and ozone and

aerosol precursors (SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC) from industrial, non-energy,

processes.

Direct GHG: The new methodologies cover CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions

from the production of mineral compounds, chemical industries and metal

manufacture. The estimation of CO2 emissions from cement production

remains unchanged, but the methodologies for N2O emissions from nitric

and adipic acid production have been revised.

Aerosol and ozone precursors: For SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, new

methodologies are presented, which draw upon and improve existing

international methodologies. The sectors covered are: mineral compounds

production, chemical industries and metal manufacture.

Fluorocarbons and SF6: For HFCs and PFCs, and SF6, methodologies are

provided to estimate by-product and fugitive emissions from aluminium (Al)

and magnesium (Mg) manufacturing processes, as well as emissions from

their production and consumption. Two approaches are given: Tier 1 (a, b)

for potential emissions, and Tier 2, for actual emissions. Potential emissions of

PFCs, HFCs, and SF6: are equal to the amount of a chemical consumed in a

country, minus the amount of a chemical recovered for destruction or

export in the year of consideration. Actual emissions estimates take into

account the time lag between consumption and emissions. The Tier 2

methodology is, therefore, the more accurate estimation approach.

A3.4 Land-use Change and Forestry

Several revisions to the methods for the Land-use Change and Forestry

Chapter are provided. One such revision is to the method for estimating

CO2 fluxes from soils, as described below.

The revisions to the Land-use Change and Forestry Chapter greatly extend

and improve the range and quality of default data, particularly for the

tropics, where national forestry statistics are sometimes less accessible than

in the temperate or boreal regions. The revisions can be summarised by

changes in (a) default data and in (b) methods, as follows:

Default data

Classification system for land cover types: A revised system more

consistent with sources of national, regional and international data, such as

forest conversion rates and forest inventories was developed. The revised

classification system better reflects the diversity of forest types. For the

tropics, three classes of forests have been replaced with six, based on

differences in rainfall amount, seasonality, and altitude.

Rates of forest conversion: New FAO default data are provided for each

country and forest type according to the proposed land-cover classification
SUMMARY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A3.3

system. These data have been compiled for the tropics for the 1980-90

period. Such revisions were incorporated because country-level data are

often difficult to obtain for many tropical countries; the 1995 IPCC

Guidelines contain no such data.

Aboveground biomass for native tropical forests: Emissions estimates

from land-use change and forestry can be highly sensitive to such input data

and therefore a priority was given to improving aboveground biomass data.

Since publication of the 1995 IPCC Guidelines, better datasets have become

available drawing upon larger regional studies. The revisions now include a

large database of default values for Africa, America, and Asia for the revised

land-cover classification system. Additional data based on individual forest

inventories (suitable for converting to biomass) for many tropical countries

are also included. None of the default values are separated into primary and

secondary forests (as in 1995 IPCC Guidelines) because it was felt by

experts that this was not a practical classification, given the variability of

definitions in different regions.

Rates of tropical forest regrowth: Revised default data are given for forest

regrowth; the data are related to the biomass data and are reported for the

three tropical regions by forest type, according to the revised classification

system.

Methods

Estimation of net CO2 emissions from soil carbon: In the 1995 IPCC

Guidelines, CO2 estimates are based upon the product of the rate of change

in area of a given land-use and the rate of change of soil carbon. The revised

method estimates changes in soil carbon pools associated with altered landuse or land management practices. Thus, all categories of agriculturallyimpacted lands, including conversions of forest or other vegetation to

agriculture, land abandonment, shifting cultivation and permanent

agriculture, are included in the methodology. A default stock method is

employed to estimate CO2 fluxes associated with agricultural activities for a

20-year inventory period. This area of the IPCC Methodology has been

much improved because better scientific data is now available. The revised

method is more compatible with potential policy analysis.

A3.5 Agriculture

Three sections of this Chapter have been revised, that are, (1) methane

emissions from rice cultivation, (2) nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural

soils and (3) manure management. For the estimation of N2O emissions,

the default methods and data are new.

Methane Emissions from Rice Cultivation

In the 1995 IPCC Guidelines, the estimation of CH4 emissions from wetland

rice cultivation is a function of the CH4 emission factor, area of rice

cultivated and the season length. One critical default parameter is the CH4

emission factor, which is based upon temperature. It was determined that

the relationship between CH4 emissions and soil temperature as assumed in
SUMMARY

A3.4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

the 1995 IPCC Guidelines was no longer appropriate because new data

suggest that the seasonally integrated CH4 flux depends much more on the

input of organic carbon, water regime, time and duration of drainage and

soil type than on local temperature. The revised methodology is a function

of the emission factor integrated over a cropping season for particular rice

water regime, for a given organic amendment, and of the annual harvested

area cultivated under these conditions. The latter is given by the cultivated

area times the number of cropping seasons per year.

The revisions to the method use internationally-agreed definitions for rice

eco-systems classified according to the water regime and a range of CH4

emission scaling factors relative to continuously flooded rice eco-systems

and for soils without organic amendment. A default seasonally integrated

emission factor is also provided for the continuously-flooded regime,

without-organic amendment.

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural

Soils and Manure Management

A new default method for calculating national emissions of N2O from

agriculture is provided. The new N2O method is a revision of the method in

the 1995 IPCC Guidelines. It includes more sources of N2O from agricultural

activities and makes explicit recommendations on N2O emission factors.

The new method accounts for the application of N-fertilisers to the soil and

N uptake in crops and subsequently tracks the flow of N as it moves

through the (anthropogenic) animal and human food chain. Three

categories of N2O sources are distinguished in the new methodology, (1)

direct emissions from agricultural soils, (2) emissions from animal

production, and (3) N2O emissions indirectly induced by agricultural

activities3. Because a larger number of sources and pathways are

considered, the new N2O methodology affects several source sectors.

Emissions are reported in several sections of the 1995 IPCC Guidelines,

namely, Manure Management (Section 4.2, 1995 IPCC Guidelines),

Agricultural Soils (Section 4.5, 1995 IPCC Guidelines), and Waste (Section

6.3, 1995 IPCC Guidelines). The input data required can be obtained from

FAO databases.

The new method provides a comprehensive description of N2O emissions

from agriculturally-related activities by accounting for previously omitted

N2O sources. Using this method, global N2O emission estimates imply that

atmospheric N2O input from agricultural production as a whole has

apparently been previously underestimated by at least 70%. Nitrous oxide

emissions resulting from atmospheric deposition are assigned to the NOx

or NH3 emitting country4.

 

 3 It is however recognised that there are other sources of

anthropogenic atmospheric inputs of N-compounds to soils e.g., NOx from

fuel combustion. Only compounds directly applied to agricultural soils are

considered.

 4 In some countries and regions, other conventions related to long

range transboundary air pollution are addressing the issue of atmospheric

transport and deposition in greater detail.
SUMMARY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A3.5

A3.6 Waste

The Chapter on Waste addresses various topics, including: improved waste

disposal data, evaluation of the methodologies for solid waste and

wastewater, definitions of activities and uncertainties of CH4 emission

estimates. The main improvements to the methods and default data are as

follows:

Solid Waste

Site classification: A new term - solid waste disposal site - has been

proposed to refer to all sites and to replace the terminology in 1995 IPCC

Guidelines for ‘landfills’ and ‘open dumps’. The new term was proposed

because experience suggests that the existing categories do not adequately

include the entire range of waste disposal sites that exists in all countries.

Solid waste disposal sites include all sites where waste is deposited and is

likely to generate some methane. Sites are further classified according to

the level of site management and depth.

Methane correction factor: The new site classification is used to derive a

methane correction factor (MCF) to account for the methane generation

potential of the site. The amount of methane produced depends in part

upon the available oxygen and the level of compaction of the waste. In

general, waste in managed sites potentially generates more methane than

waste in unmanaged sites. Furthermore, the deeper the site, the greater the

methane generation potential. The methane correction factor for each type

of site reflects these differences in methane generation potential. The site

classification recognises that some developing countries, or countries witheconomies-in-transition, may have a majority of less-well managed or

unmanaged sites, often with a lower methane-producing potential than well

managed sites.

Waste data: A wide range of revised and new default data on waste

generation, composition and disposal data in many additional developed and

developing countries is provided. A definition for Municipal Solid Waste and

a method for calculating the Degradable Organic Carbon content of various

waste streams are now included in the revised Chapter.

Methodology: The default methodology was evaluated and retained. The

methodology uses a zero-order equation requiring data on population,

waste landfills, and waste composition as proposed by Bingemar and

Crutzen (1987).

Wastewater

A revised method and default data for calculating emissions from wastewater

and sludge is included. The amount of CH4 produced from these systems

depends upon several factors, including the characteristics of the

wastewater and the management system, and temperature. These factors

are highly dependent upon the waste treatment system used. The revised

methodology allows countries to tailor the estimation approaches more

precisely to their wastewater management systems. This is accomplished by

the MCF that accounts for the differing CH4 generating potential of
SUMMARY

A3.6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

different wastewater management systems. In addition, the revised

methodology uses data that is commonly available from most countries, or

which can be estimated by wastewater experts.

Human sewage

A new methodology and default data are provided for the estimation of

N2O nitrous oxide emissions from human sewage disposed to land, and in

subsequent run-off to rivers and estuaries. There is no such methodology in

1995 IPCC Guidelines.

A3.7 Harmonisation of International

Emission Estimation Methodologies

Progress has been made in the harmonisation of the IPCC and

EMEP/CORINAIR methodologies to allow more direct comparison of the

two approaches. These changes are mainly in the Energy Chapter, but

harmonisation was a theme in all other chapters, including Industrial

Processes. Examples of harmonisation are given below from the Energy

Chapter:

• Biomass fuels are allocated to the various source categories (new). As

in 1995 IPCC Guidelines, CO2 from biomass will not be reported in

national totals as this is captured in the Land-use Change and

Forestry Chapter

• Emissions from fuel used for electricity and heat production by

autoproducers will be included in the sector where it is generated

and not with the transformation industries.

• Treatment of evaporative emissions (NMVOCs) from road transport

in the Tier 2 method of IPCC is made consistent with CORINAIR.

Combustion and evaporative emissions are to be reported

separately. However, in the new Tier I IPCC method, all emissions

from road transport are included together under fuel combustion.

• Development of a new Tier 2 method for estimating emissions from

aircraft.

References

Australian Methodology for the Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and

Sinks (1996).

Joint EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook (1996), 1st

Edition, European Environmental Agency.

1995 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Reporting

Instructions (Volume 1); Workbook (Volume 2); Reference Manual

(Volume 3).
SUMMARY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A3.7

Table 1. Additions/revisions to the 1995 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Sector1 Volume Chapter/Section Summary of additions/revisions2

1. Energy Reference Manual

(Volume 3)

Chapter 1, Energy Main changes are :

• assignment of GHG emissions from autoproducers to the sector where they were generated and not to the

transformation sector (revision);

• development of a Tier 1 method for estimating non- CO2 GHG and SO2 emissions based on fuel consumption

(new);

• development of a Tier 2 method for estimating emissions from aircraft (new);• inclusion of default values for various types of traditional biomass fuels (new);

• clarification of the definition of National Navigation (the definition of International Marine Bunkers remains

unchanged)

Workbook (Volume 2) Module 1, Energy

2. Industrial

Processes

Reference Manual (Volume 3) Chapter 2,

Industrial Processes

New methods and default data for the estimation of emissions of

• direct greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) and SO2 from:

 - mineral production; - chemical industries; - metal manufacture.• ozone precursors (NOx, CO, NMVOC) from : - chemical industries - metal manufacture• halocarbons (PFCs, HFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) from metal manufacture, use and production.

 - Tier 1 (a): for bulk chemicals; - Tier 1 (b): for bulk chemicals and chemicals stored in products;

 - Tier 2 : product (containing PFCs, HFCs, SF6) lifetimes are taken into account.

Workbook(Volume 2)

Module 2,Industrial Processes

1 Chapter 3, ‘’Solvents and other product use’’ has not been revised.2 A revision of an existing methodology or default data is referred to as a ‘revision’. In cases where an additional method has been developed and default data provided, this is defined as ‘new’.
SUMMARY

A3.8 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Table 1. Additions/revisions to the 1995 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (continued)

Sector1 Volume Chapter/Section Summary of additions/revisions2

4. Agriculture Reference Manual

(Volume 3)

Chapter 4: Agriculture,Methane Emissions from RiceCultivation

• Revised method and new default data for the estimation of Methane Emissions from Rice Cultivation uses:

 - internationally-agreed definitions of rice ecosystems (revision); - default data (e.g. seasonally integrated CH4 emission factors) (new);

 - scaling factors for CH4 emissions factors relative to continuously flooded fields (without-organic

amendment) (new).

Reference Manual(Volume 3)

Chapter 4: Agriculture,Agricultural Soils and ManureManagement

Additions and revisions include:• default method for the estimation of nitrous oxide emissions from Manure Management and Agricultural

soils (new);

• revised default emission factors for the estimation of direct emissions of N2O from soils (revision);

• default data (e.g. N2O emission factors for animal waste and for indirect emissions) (new).

Workbook(Volume 2)

Module 4 : AgricultureAgricultural Soils, ManureManagement, and MethaneEmissions from RiceCultivation

5. Land-use Change &

Forestry

Reference Manual(Volume 3)

Chapter 5, Land-use Change& Forestry

• Revised /new default data and classification are suggested for:

- land-cover types (revision);- rates of forest conversion (new);- aboveground biomass for native tropical forests (revision);- rates of tropical forest regrowth (revision)

• Method for the estimation of CO2 fluxes from agricultural soils (revision) and default data (new).

Workbook(Volume 2)

Module 5, Land-use Change &Forestry

1 Chapter 3, ‘’Solvents and other product use’’ has not been revised.2 A revision of an existing methodology or default data is referred to as a ‘revision’. In cases where an additional method has been developed and default data provided, this is defined as ‘new’.
SUMMARY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions A3.9

Table 1. Additions/revisions to the 1995 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (continued)

Sector1 Volume Chapter/Section Summary of additions/revisions2

6. Waste Reference Manual

(Volume 3)

Chapter 6, Waste • Solid waste disposal

Revised/new data and classification are listed below for:- solid waste disposal site classification: definition encompasses all sites classified in the current Guidelines(revision);- methane correction factor to account for the methane generation potential of the site (new);- wider range of default data for waste generation, composition and disposal data (revision).

• Wastewater

- revised approach and default data for calculating CH4 emissions (revision).

• Human sewage

- method and default data for the estimation of N2O emissions (new).

Workbook(Volume 2)

Module 6, Waste

1 Chapter 3, ‘’Solvents and other product use’’ has not been revised.2 A revision of an existing methodology or default data is referred to as a ‘revision’. In cases where an additional method has been developed and default data provided, this is defined as ‘new’.
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions GLOSSARY .1

G LOSSARY

Starred items (*) in the definitions denote headings appearing elsewhere in this Glossary.

Activity data

Data on the magnitude of human activity resulting in emissions or removals

taking place during a given period of time. In the energy sector for example,

the annual activity data for fuel combustion sources are the total amounts

of fuel burned. Annual activity data for methane emissions from enteric

fermentation are the total number of animals being raised, by species.

Adipic acid

A material primarily used in the chemical industry as an intermediate step in

the production of nylon. The process of producing adipic acid also produces

nitrous oxide (N2O) as a by-product.

Afforestation

Planting of new forests on lands which, historically, have not contained

forests. These newly created forests are included in the category Changes

in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks in the Land Use Change and

Forestry module of the emissions inventory calculations.

See also Reforestation.

Alcohol

For the purposes of the inventory preparation alcohols include methyl

alcohol (methanol), ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA)

(2-methyl propan-2-ol).

Alcohol produced from non-biomass sources for use as a blending

component in fuels should be included with refinery feedstocks figures in

the inventory.

Bio-alcohol used in fuels should be reported as a liquid biomass for

information only.

Anaerobic

Conditions in which oxygen is not readily available. These are important for

the production of methane emissions. Whenever organic material
GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY .2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

decomposes in anaerobic conditions (in landfills, flooded rice fields, etc.)

methane is likely to be formed.

Andosol

A soil developed in volcanic ash. Generally Andosols have good drainage

and are prone to fertility problems

Anthracite

A high rank coal with generally less than 10 per cent volatile matter.

Anthropogenic

Man-made, resulting from human activities. In the Guidelines, anthropogenic

emissions are distinguished from natural emissions. Many of the greenhouse

gases are emitted naturally. It is only the man-made increments over natural

emissions which may be perturbing natural balances.

API Gravity

(American Petroleum Institute Gravity). A measurement scale, related to

density, for crude oil or other liquid hydrocarbons, based on the formula

deg . rees API . specific gravity = − 141 5 131 5

where the specific gravity measurement is made at 60°F. Its application

enables a linear scale to be used on the stem of a density-measuring device

like a hydrometer.

Apparent consumption

A concept used in the calculation of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel

consumption. This concept deals with apparent rather than actual

consumption because it tracks the consumption of primary fuels to an

economy with adjustments for net imports and stock changes in secondary

fuels. While this procedure ensures that all of the carbon in fuels is

accounted for, it is important to note that it does not produce actual

consumption by specific fuel or fuel product. In cases where exports of

secondary fuels exceed imports, it will produce negative numbers. This is

clearly not an accurate estimate of the consumption of secondary fuel. It is

merely an adjustment to the primary fuel supply calculated elsewhere in the

worksheet.

Aviation Gasoline

See Gasoline.

Base year

The year for which the inventory is to be taken. This is currently 1990. In some

cases (such as estimating CH4 from rice production) the base year is simply the

middle of a three-year period over which an average must be taken.
GLOSSARY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions GLOSSARY .3

Benzole

A mixture of light hydrocarbons used as a solvent and sometimes blended

into gasoline. Benzole should be included with refinery feedstocks in the

inventory.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

The amount of oxygen consumed by the organic material in wastewater

during the decomposition of the waste materials in the wastewater. BOD

is used as a measure of the organic content of wastewater. See Section

6.3.2 of the Reference Manual.

Biomass

Non-fossilised organic material both above ground and below ground, and

both living and dead, e.g., trees, crops, grasses, tree litter, roots etc.. When

burned for energy purposes, these are referred to as biomass fuels.

Biomass fuels also include gases recovered from the decomposition of

organic material.

Bitumen

Solid, semi-solid or viscous hydrocarbon with a colloidal structure, brown

to black in colour, obtained as a residue in the distillation of crude oil by

vacuum distillation of oil residues from atmospheric distillation. It is soluble

in carbon bisulphate, non-volatile, thermoplastic (between 150°C and

200°C) with insulating and adhesive properties. Bitumen is used mainly in

road construction and is also known as asphalt.

Bituminous Coal

Includes Anthracite*, Steam coal (other than anthracite) and Coking coal*.

In the Guidelines steam coal is referred to as “Other Bituminous Coal”.

Coal with a gross calorific value greater than 23 865 kJ/kg (5 700 kcal/kg)

on an ash-free but moist basis and with a mean random reflectance of

vitrinite of at least 0.6.

BKB (Braunkohlenbriketts)

A composition fuel manufactured from brown coal. The brown coal is

crushed, dried and moulded under high pressure into an even-shaped

briquette without the addition of binders. Also includes peat briquettes.

Black Liquor

See Sulphite Lies.

Blast Furnace Gas (BFG)

Obtained as a by-product in operating blast furnaces; it is recovered on

leaving the furnaces and used partly within the plant and partly in other

steel industry processes or in power stations equipped to burn it. Any

Oxygen Steel Furnace Gas should be included in this category.
GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY .4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

BOD

See Biochemical oxygen demand.

Boreal

Northern biotic area characterised especially by dominance of coniferous

forests.

Bunker fuels (International)

Fuels consumed for international marine and air transportation.

Calcination

Chemical process in the manufacture of cement in which the raw materials

(primarily limestone – calcium carbonate) are heated in kilns producing lime

and CO2.

Calorific value

The calorific value of a fuel is a measure of its value for heating purposes. It

is expressed in terms of the heat released from a specified unit quantity

under defined conditions of complete combustion. The calorific value is

sometimes referred to as the heating value of the fuel.

Two measures of calorific value are possible and are referred to as the net

(NCV) and gross (GCV) calorific values. Also termed the lower (LHV) and

higher (HHV) heating values.

The Gross Calorific Value is the total quantity of heat released during

combustion when all water formed by the combustion reaction is returned

to the liquid state.

The Net Calorific Value is the total quantity of heat released during

combustion when all water formed by the combustion reaction remains in

the vapour state.

The Net Calorific Value is therefore less than the Gross Calorific Value.

For natural gas this difference is approximately 9-10 per cent whilst for oils

and coals the difference is approximately 5 per cent.

Throughout the Guidelines net calorific values are used and expressed in SI

units, for example TJ/kt. The term Conversion Factor has two uses. First, as

net calorific value, to convert quantities expressed in natural units to energy

units and, secondly as a scaling factor to convert one form of energy unit to

another (e.g. Btus to GJ).

CFCs

See Chlorofluorocarbons.

Charcoal

A black, amorphous form of carbon made by heating wood or other

organic matter in the absence of air.
GLOSSARY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions GLOSSARY .5

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Hydrocarbon derivatives consisting of carbon, chlorine and fluorine, in

which chlorine and fluorine partly or completely replace the hydrogen.

Chlorofluorocarbons are chemical substances which have been used in

refrigeration, foam blowing etc.. CFCs contribute to the depletion of the

earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. Although they are

greenhouse gases, they are not included in the Guidelines because they are

already being regulated under the Montreal Protocol.

Clinker

An intermediate product created during the manufacture of cement. In the

production of clinker, calcium carbonate is heated, producing lime and

carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is normally released to the atmosphere

as a waste product and is a significant global source of CO2 emissions.

Closed forest

A dense forest with closed canopy through which sunlight does not

penetrate sufficiently for grasses to grow on the forest floor. These forests

contain a significantly greater amount of biomass per hectare than do open

forests.

Coke

Coke is subdivided into:

Coke-oven coke

The solid product obtained from the carbonisation of coal, principally

coking coal, at high temperature, low in moisture and volatile matter. Coke

oven coke is used mainly in the iron and steel industry acting as energy

source and chemical agent. Semi-coke, the solid product obtained from the

carbonisation of coal at a low temperature, should be included in this

category. Semi-coke is used as a domestic fuel or by the transformation

plant itself. This heading also includes coke and semi-coke made from lignite.

Gas coke

A by-product of hard coal used for the production of town gas in gas

works. Gas coke is used for heating purposes.

Coke Oven Gas

Obtained as a by-product of solid fuel carbonisation and gasification

operations carried out by coke producers and iron and steel plants which

are not connected with gasworks and municipal gas plants.

Coking Coal

Coal of calorific value greater than 23,865 kJ/kg (5,700 kcal/kg) on an ash

free but moist basis with a mean random reflectance of vitrinite of at least

0.6.

Coal with a quality that allows the production of coke suitable to support a

blast furnace charge. The following classification codes cover coals which fall

into this category.
GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY .6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

• International classification codes: (UN Geneva 1956): 323, 333, 334,

423, 433, 434, 435, 523, 533, 534, 535, 623, 633, 634, 635, 723, 733,

823.

• USA classification codes: Class II Group 2 "Medium volatile

Bituminous".

• British classification: Classes 202, 203, 204, 301, 302, 400, 500, 600.

• Polish classification: Classes 33, 34, 35.1, 35.2, 36, 37.

Conference of the Parties (COP)

The Conference of the Parties under the UN Framework Convention on

Climate Change.

Continuously flooded (rice fields)

Fields inundated for the duration of the growing season, whether water is

provided by managed irrigation or by rain.

Conversion factor

See Calorific value.

Crude Oil

Crude oil is a mineral oil of natural origin comprising a mixture of

hydrocarbons and associated impurities, such as sulphur. It exists in the

liquid phase under normal surface temperature and pressure and its physical

characteristics (density, viscosity, etc.) are highly variable. This category

includes field or lease condensate recovered from associated and nonassociated gas where it is commingled with the commercial crude oil

stream.

Inputs other than crude oil and NGL should be included with crude oil and

footnoted. These include hydrogen, synthetic crude oil such as mineral oils

extracted from shales, bituminous sand etc. Although they are not

hydrocarbons, additives and other chemical alloys such as tetraethyl lead

should be included.

Cultivar

In horticulture, a particular strain or selected clone of a given species; a

cultivated variety or subspecies (of rice). In taxonomy, a grouping below

the subspecies level.

Dairy cattle

Cattle producing milk for commercial exchange and calves and heifers being

grown for dairy purposes.

Degradable organic carbon (DOC)

The organic carbon that is accessible to biochemical decomposition. DOC

is used in the method for the estimation of CH4 from solid waste disposal

on land. See the Reference Manual.
GLOSSARY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions GLOSSARY .7

Distillate Fuel Oil

See Gas/Diesel Oil.

DM

See Dry matter.

DOC

See Degradable organic carbon.

Dry (forest)

Generally consistent with the definition of open forests in previous documents.

Less than 1200 mm rainfall per year.

Dry (rice fields)

Upland fields which are seldom flooded during the growing season.

Dry biomass

See Dry matter.

Dry matter (DM)

In this Workbook dry matter refers to biomass which has dried to an oven

dry state. This means that all loose water has been driven off but water that

is part of the carbohydrate molecule and various volatiles still remains. By

contrast, dry matter which is only air dry may contain 15% moisture.

ECE

Economic Commission for Europe. A United Nations body.

Emission factor

A coefficient that relates the activity data to the amount of chemical

compound which is the source of later emissions. Emission factors are often

based on a sample of measurement data, averaged to develop a

representative rate of emission for a given activity level under a given set of

operating conditions.

Enteric fermentation

A process of digestion in herbivores (plant-eating animals) which produces

methane as a by-product.

Ethane

A naturally gaseous straight-chain hydrocarbon, (C2H6) extracted from

natural gas and refinery gas streams.

Evaporative emissions

Evaporative emissions fall within the class of fugitive emissions and are

released from area (rather than point) sources. These are often emissions

of Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs), and are
GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY .8 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

produced when the product is exposed to the air – for example in the use

of paints or solvents.

Excreta

The faecal and urinary excretions of livestock and poultry. They include,

but are not necessarily limited to, manure.

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

FCCC

Framework Convention on Climate Change. A United Nations convention.

Flaring

The burning of gas which cannot be contained or used productively. In

some cases, when associated natural gas is released along with oil from

production fields remote from energy users, the gas is burned off as it

escapes, primarily for safety reasons. Some flaring may also occur in the

processing of oil and gas.

The IPCC Guidelines classify emissions from venting and flaring as fugitive

emissions.

See also Venting.

Fossil Fuel

Fossil Fuel comprises combustible fuels formed from organic matter within

the earth’s crust over geological time scales and products manufactured

from them. The fuels extracted from the earth and prepared for market

are termed “Primary fuels” (e.g. coal, natural gas, crude oil, lignite) and fuel

products manufactured from them are termed “Secondary fuels” (e.g. coke,

blast furnace gas, gas/diesel oil.

Fugitive emissions

Fugitive emissions are intentional or unintentional releases of gases from

anthropogenic activities. In particular, they may arise from the production,

processing, transmission, storage and use of fuels, and include emissions

from combustion only where it does not support a productive activity

(e.g., flaring of natural gases at oil and gas production facilities).

Gas Coke

See Coke.

Gas/Diesel Oil

Gas/diesel oil is a medium distillate oil primarily distilling between 180°C

and 380°C. Several grades are available depending on uses:

- diesel oil for diesel compression ignition (cars, trucks, marine, etc.);

- light heating oil for industrial and commercial uses;
GLOSSARY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions GLOSSARY .9

- other gas oil, including heavy gas oils which distil between 380°C

and 540°C, and which are used as petrochemical feedstocks.

Gas Works Gas

Covers all types of gases including substitute natural gas produced in public

utility or private plants whose main purpose is manufacture, transport and

distribution of gas. It includes gas produced by carbonisation (including gas

produced by coke ovens and transferred to gas works gas), by total

gasification with or without enrichment with oil products (LPG, residual fuel

oil, etc.), by cracking of natural gas, and by reforming and simple mixing of

gases and/or air.

Gasoline

Gasoline includes the following products:

Aviation Gasoline

This is motor spirit prepared especially for aviation piston engines, with an

octane number suited to the engine, a freezing point of -60°C and a

distillation range usually within the limits of 30°C and 180°C.

Jet Gasoline (Naphtha type Jet Fuel or JPA)

A light hydrocarbon oil distilling between 100°C and 250°C for use in

aviation turbine power units. It is obtained by blending kerosenes and

gasoline or naphthas in such a way that the aromatic content does not

exceed 25 per cent in volume, and the vapour pressure is between 13.7 kPa

and 20.6 kPa.

Motor Gasoline

Motor Gasoline consists of a mixture of light hydrocarbons distilling

between 35°C and 215°C. It is used as a fuel for land-based spark ignition

engines. Motor gasoline may include additives, oxygenates and octane

enhancers, including lead compounds such as TEL (Tetraethyl lead) and

TML (tetramethyl lead).

GCV

See Calorific value.

Gley soil (also Gleysol)

Occur on level land, usually with a high water table (poorly drained mineral

soil).

Greenhouse gases

The current IPCC inventory includes six major greenhouse gases.

Three direct greenhouse gases are included: Carbon dioxide (CO2),

Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O) and three precursor gases are

included: Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), NonMethane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs).

Other gases which also contribute to the greenhouse effect are being

considered for inclusion in future versions of the Guidelines.
GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY .10 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Gross calorific value (GCV)

See Calorific value.

Hard Coal

Includes Coking Coal*, Anthracite* and other Bituminous Coal*.

Heavy Fuel Oil

See Residual Fuel Oil.

HFCs

See Hydrofluorocarbons.

HHV

See Calorific value.

Higher heat value (HHV)

See Calorific value.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HCFC)

Hyrocarbon derivatives consisting of one or more halogens which partly

replace the hydrogen. The abbreviation HCFC followed by a number

designates a chemical product of the chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) family.

IEA

The International Energy Agency. An autonomous body attached to the

OECD.

See also OECD.

INC

Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (for a Framework Convention

on Climate Change).

Intermittently flooded (rice fields)

Fields not inundated for the duration of the growing season, whether water

is provided by managed irrigation or by rain.

IPCC

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. A special

intergovernmental body established by UNEP and the WMO to provide

assessments of the results of climate change research to policy makers. The

Greenhouse Gas Inventory Guidelines are being developed under the auspices

of the IPCC and will be recommended for use by parties to the Framework

Convention on Climate Change (FCCC).

Jet Gasoline

See Gasoline.
GLOSSARY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions GLOSSARY .11

Jet Kerosene

This is a distillate used for aviation turbine power units. It has the same

distillation characteristics between 150°C and 300°C (generally not above

250°C) and flash point as kerosene. In addition, it has particular

specifications (such as freezing point) which are established by the

International Air Transport Association (IATA).

Kerosene (other than Jet Kerosene)

Kerosene comprises refined petroleum distillate and is used in sectors

other than aircraft transport. It distils between 150°C and 300°C.

Kilns

Equipment used in the manufacture of cement. Vessels in which the raw

materials (primarily limestone - calcium carbonate) are heated to cause a

chemical process known as calcination which produces lime and CO2.

LHV

See Calorific value.

Lignite

Non-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific value less than 17,435 kJ/kg

(4165 kcal/kg) and greater than 31 per cent volatile matter on dry mineral

matter free basis.

The distinction between Sub-bituminous Coal* and Lignite is not normally

made in Europe.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

LPGs are light saturated paraffinic hydrocarbons derived from the refinery

processes, crude oil stabilisation and natural gas processing plants. They

consist mainly of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) or a combination of

the two. They are normally liquefied under pressure for transportation and

storage.

Lower heat value (LHV)

See Calorific value.

LPG

See Liquefied Petroleum Gas.

Lubricants

Lubricants are hydrocarbons produced from distillate or residue, and they

are mainly used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces. This category

includes all finished grades of lubricating oil, from spindle oil to cylinder oil,

and those used in greases, including motor oils and all grades of lubricating

oil base stocks.
GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY .12 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Manure

Waste materials, produced by domestic livestock, which are managed for

agricultural purposes. When manure is managed in a way that involves

anaerobic decomposition, significant emissions of methane can result.

Methanol

Methanol produced from natural gas should be included with refinery

feedstock figures.

Moist (forest)

These are evergreen dense forests which receive significant rainfall evenly

throughout the year (i.e., there is not a distinct wet and dry season). Rainfall in

these forests is 2000 mm per year or more.

Montreal Protocol

The international agreement which requires signatories to control and

report emissions of CFCs and related chemical substances which deplete

the earth's ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987 in

accordance with the broad principles for protection of the ozone layer

agreed in the Vienna Convention (1985). The Protocol came into force in

1989 and established specific reporting and control requirements for ozone

depleting substances.

MSW

See Municipal solid waste.

Municipal solid waste (MSW)

Solid waste that is collected regularly by municipalities, e.g. household and

commercial trash and garbage.

Naphtha

Naphtha is a feedstock destined for either the petrochemical industry

(e.g. ethylene manufacture or aromatics production) or for gasoline

production by reforming or isomerisation within the refinery. Naphtha

comprises material in the 30°C and 210°C distillation range.

Natural Gas

Natural gas comprises gases at normal temperature and pressure occurring

in underground deposits. In its marketed state it consists mainly of

methane. It includes both “non-associated” gas coming from fields

producing hydrocarbons predominantly in gaseous form and “associated”

gas produced in association with crude oil. It also includes methane

recovered from coal mines (colliery gas).

Production is normally measured dry, i.e. after the removal of the natural

gas liquids (NGL) and impurities present in the gas at the well head. It

therefore excludes gas re-injected into the wells, gas flared and gas used at

the production and treatment plants.
GLOSSARY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions GLOSSARY .13

Natural Gas Liquids (NGL)

NGL are liquid or liquefied hydrocarbons recovered from natural gas in

separation facilities or gas processing plants. Natural gas liquids include

ethane, propane, butane (normal and iso-), (iso) pentane and pentanes plus

(sometimes referred to as natural gasoline or plant condensate).

Net calorific value (NCV)

See Calorific value

NGL

See Natural Gas Liquids.

Nitric acid

A raw material used mainly as feedstock in fertiliser production and in the

production of adipic acid. The production of nitric acid can also produce

nitrous oxide (N2O).

NMVOC

See Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds.

Non-dairy cattle

All cattle which are not dairy cattle, including cattle kept or grown for key

production, draft animals and breeding animals.

Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs)

A class of emissions which includes a wide range of specific organic chemical

substances. Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs) play a

major role in the formation of ozone in the troposphere (lower

atmosphere). Ozone in the troposphere is a greenhouse gas. It is also a

major local and regional air pollutant, causing significant health and

environmental damage. Because they contribute to ozone formation,

NMVOCs are considered "indirect" greenhouse gases.

OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. A regional

organisation of free-market democracies in North America, Europe and the

Pacific.

Open forests

Open forests are less dense than closed forests, do not have a closed

canopy, and have grasses growing on the forest floor. These forests contain

less biomass per hectare than do closed forests.

Other Products

The category “Other Products” included in the energy statistics provided by the

IEA includes Refinery gas*, White spirit*, Paraffin waxes*, and other products

not included elsewhere such as tar, grease and sulphur.
GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY .14 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Oxygen steel furnace gas

Obtained as a by-product of the production of steel in an oxygen furnace:

it is recovered on leaving the furnace. The gas is also known as converter

gas or LD gas. Data should correspond to the quantity of gas used for the

production of electricity or in cases where waste heat is recovered from

the gas and sold to third parties. Quantities of this gas should be included

with Blast Furnace Gas.

Paraffin Waxes

These are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. These waxes are residues

extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils. They have a crystalline structure

which is more-or-less fine according to the grade. Their main

characteristics are as follows: they are colourless, odourless and

translucent, with a melting point above 45°C.

Patent Fuel

A composition fuel manufactured from coal fines by shaping with the

addition of a binding agent (pitch). Note that the amount of patent fuel

produced can be slightly higher than the amount of coal consumed in the

transformation process because of the addition of pitch.

Peat

Combustible, soft, porous or compressed sedimentary deposit of plant

origin with a high water content (up to 90 per cent in its natural state),

easily cut, of light to dark brown colour.

Peat soil (also Histosol)

A typical wetland soil with a high water table and an organic layer of at least

40 cm thickness (poorly drained organic soil).

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)

Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4) and hexafluorethane (C2F6) which are

extremely potent greenhouse gases. The only known major source of

these gaseous emissions is aluminium smelting. Production and emission of

PFCs results from aluminium smelting during the occurrence of electrical

arcing or “anode effects.”

Petroleum Coke

Petroleum coke is a black solid residue, obtained mainly by cracking and

carbonising residue feedstock, tar and pitches in processes such as delayed

coking or fluid coking. It consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95 per cent) and

has a low ash content.

PFCs

See Perfluorocarbons.
GLOSSARY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions GLOSSARY .15

Process emissions

Emissions from industrial processes involving chemical transformations

other than combustion.

Refinery Feedstocks and Blending Components

Refinery feedstocks are processed oils destined for further processing in

refineries (e.g. straight run fuel oil or vacuum gas oil). For IPCC purposes

they include non-biomass alcohols as oxygenates for blending in motor

gasoline whether within or outside refineries.

Refinery Gas (not liquefied)

Refinery gas includes a mixture of non-condensable gases mainly consisting

of hydrogen, methane, ethane, and olefins obtained during distillation of

crude oil or treatment of oil products (e.g., cracking) in refineries. This also

includes gases which are returned from the petrochemical industry.

Reforestation

Planting of forests on lands which have, historically, previously contained

forests but which have been converted to some other use. Replanted

forests are included in the category "Changes in Forest and Other Woody

Biomass Stocks" in the Land Use Change and Forestry module of the

emissions inventory calculations.

See also Afforestation.

Residual Fuel Oil

This covers all residual (heavy) fuel oils (including those obtained by

blending). Kinematic viscosity is above 10 cSt at 80°C. The flash point is

always above 50°C and density is always more than 0.90 kg/l.

Ruminant animals

Herbivores (grazing animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and camels)

which have a large free stomach or rumen. Digestion in anaerobic

conditions in the rumen can create significant emissions of methane from

ruminant animals.

Savanna

Savannas are tropical and subtropical formations with continuous grass

cover, occasionally interrupted by trees and shrubs. Savannas are found in

Africa, Latin America, Asia and Australia.

Seasonal (forest)

Semi-deciduous forests with a distinct wet and dry season and rainfall

between 1200 and 2000 mm per year.

Season length (in rice agriculture)

The number of days during which rice is grown on a given field. The field is

not necessarily flooded for the entire season.
GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY .16 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

Sequestered carbon

See Stored carbon.

Sludge Gas

Sewage gas and gas from the anaerobic decomposition of animal slurries.

Steam Coal

See Bituminous Coal.

Stored carbon

Carbon retained for long periods of time within non-fuel products

manufactured from fuels.

Sulphite Lies (Black Liquor)

An alkaline spent liquor from the digesters in the production of sulphate or

soda pulp during the manufacture of paper. The energy content derives

from the lignin removed from the wood pulp.

Sub-bituminous Coal

Non-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific value between 17,435 kJ/kg

(4165 kcal/kg) and 23,865 kJ/kg (5700 cal/kg) containing more than 31 per

cent volatile matter on dry mineral matter free basis.

See also Lignite. The distinction between Sub-bituminous coal and Lignite is

not normally made in Europe.

Synthetic crude oil

Synthetic crude oil, including mineral oils extracted from shales, bituminous

sand etc. should be included with the figures for crude oil.

Temperate (Rain Forests)

Woodland of temperate but usually rather mild climate areas with heavy

rainfall, usually including numerous kinds of trees and distinguished from a

tropical rain forest by the presence of a dominant tree.

Temperate Zone

The area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle or between

the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle.

Trace gas emission ratios (Non-CO2)

Ratios for carbon compounds are mass of carbon released as CH4 or CO

(in units of C) relative to mass of total carbon released from burning (in

units of C). Those for nitrogen compounds are expressed as the ratios of

nitrogen released as N2O and NOx relative to the nitrogen content of the

fuel (in units of N).
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions GLOSSARY .17

Tropical (Rain Forests)

Tropical woodland with an annual rainfall of at least 100 inches and marked

by lofty broad leafed evergreen trees forming a continuous canopy.

UNECE

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme.

UNFCCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

US EPA

United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Vegetal Waste

Includes wood waste, straw, bagasse etc.

Venting

The release of gas to the atmosphere which cannot be contained or used

productively. In some cases, when associated natural gas is released along

with oil from production fields remote from energy users, the gas is

allowed to escape into the atmosphere.

The IPCC Guidelines classify emissions from venting and flaring as fugitive

emissions.

See also Flaring.

Volatile solids

The amount of organic material that disappears after drying.

Water management regime

A variety of practices used to classify rice production into categories for

estimating emissions of methane. The three major water management

regimes are irrigated, rainfed and deepwater. Upland (dry) rice cultivation

produces little or no methane, while the continuously flooded category is a

significant source.

White Spirit and SBP

White Spirit and SBP are defined as refined distillate intermediates with a

distillation in the naphtha/kerosene range. They are sub-divided as:

Industrial Spirit (SBP): light oils distilling between 30°C and 200°C. There

are 7 or 8 grades of industrial spirit, depending on the position of the cut in

the distillation range. The grades are defined according to the temperature

difference between the 5 per cent volume and 90 per cent volume

distillation points (which is not more than 60°C).
GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY .18 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reporting Instructions

White Spirit: Industrial spirit with a flash point above 30°C. The distillation

range of white spirit is 135°C to 200°C.

WMO

The World Meteorological Organization of the United Nations.