Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER. 

Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts, 

303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email 

corrections@appellate.courts.state.ak.us. 

THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA 

OLIVE KATHRYN PURCELLA, 

Appellant, 

v. 

OLIVE KATHRYN PURCELLA 

TRUST, 

Appellee. 

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) Supreme Court No. S-14770 

Superior Court No. 3AN-10-12346 CI 

O P I N I O N 

No. 6894 – April 18, 2014 

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) 

) 

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) 

) 

Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third 

Judicial District, Anchorage, Mark Rindner, Judge. 

Appearances: Ted Stepovich, Law Office of Ted Stepovich, 

Anchorage, for Appellant. Jonathon A. Katcher, Pope & 

Katcher, Anchorage, for Appellee. 

Before: Fabe, Chief Justice, Winfree, Stowers, and Bolger, 

Justices. [Maassen, Justice, not participating.] 

BOLGER, Justice. 

I. INTRODUCTION 

Olive Kathryn Purcella (Kathryn) filed a petition in the Anchorage superior 

court to reform or terminate the Olive Kathryn Purcella Trust (the trust). The superior 

court held, after trial, that Kathryn had not shown by clear and convincing evidence that 

she did not intend to execute an irrevocable trust or that the trust was the product of undue 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

influence. It accordingly denied her petition. Kathryn appeals, arguing that the factual 

findings on which the superior court predicated its ruling were clearly erroneous. We 

affirm the judgment of the superior court because Kathryn has not established that the key 

factual findings on which the superior court based its conclusion were clearly erroneous. 

II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS 

A. Facts 

Kathryn is the widow of Tony Purcella. She has five sons: Danny, Rick, 

Gorden, Steve, and Mark. 

Before Tony Purcella’s death in 2000, he and Kathryn owned 52% of the 

stock in Anchorage Roofing and Contracting, Inc. (Anchorage Roofing), a closely held 

family corporation. Although Kathryn was the devisee of Tony’s shares, Rick, acting as 

the personal representative of Tony’s estate, transferred those shares back to the 

corporation without informing Kathryn or obtaining her consent. Kathryn sued Rick and 

Anchorage Roofing, claiming breach of fiduciary duties and conversion. The parties 

submitted their dispute to binding arbitration. In an April 15, 2008 decision, the arbitrator 

found for Kathryn and ordered Rick, among other things, to pay Kathryn $3,500 per 

month and to quitclaim certain real property to her. A substantial portion of these 

obligations have not been met. 

Sometime in 2007, Donna, Steve’s wife and Kathryn’s daughter-in-law, 

began helping Kathryn pay her bills. At first, Donna helped Kathryn organize the bills 

and mail the checks. When Kathryn began to have difficulty writing and signing the 

checks because of a hand tremor, however, she set up a joint account with Donna so that 

Donna could write and sign the checks herself. Once the joint account was in place, at 

Kathryn’s request all of her bills were sent directly to Donna’s home. 

Donna testified that she discovered that Mark was “going through vast 

sums” of Kathryn’s money; she testified that he spent “about a hundred thousand dollars 

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in one year.” Mark made “constant, aggressive, and unreasonable demands for money” 

from Kathryn and, later, from Donna. Witnesses testified that Mark even orchestrated 

elaborate cons to convince Kathryn and Donna to give him money. 

At some point in 2008, Bill Ingaldson, Kathryn’s attorney in the Anchorage 

Roofing litigation, began discussing with Kathryn the possibility of creating a trust. 

Ingaldson testified that the trust came up in the context of a discussion about the money 

Kathryn was to receive through the Anchorage Roofing arbitration decision, Kathryn’s 

future medical expenses, and Mark’s frequent requests for money. But it was disputed 

whether Ingaldson or Donna first suggested a trust to Kathryn. The record suggests that 

Donna wrote an email to Ingaldson in August 2008, raising similar concerns about Mark 

and about Kathryn’s medical care. There was also testimony that Donna had several oneon-one conversations with Ingaldson about Mark’s demands for money. 

As a result of his conversations with Kathryn, Ingaldson recommended that 

she meet with John Colver, who had done estate planning work for Kathryn and Tony in 

the past. On August 10, 2008, Kathryn, Ingaldson, Donna, and Danny met with Colver. 

The group talked about “the Mark problem extensively.” Colver testified that, during this 

meeting, he “mentioned that probably an irrevocable trust was a good idea,” both as a 

means to protect Kathryn from Mark and as a Medicaid planning device. He also testified 

that he explained to Kathryn what an irrevocable trust was and how the trust would 

operate. Ingaldson confirmed that the group talked about the “general idea of a trust, 

whether [Kathryn] wanted to set up a trust, what we’d put in the trust, [and] how a trust 

would work.” Colver testified that, at the end of the meeting, Kathryn told him that an 

irrevocable trust “looked good to her.” So, after the meeting, Colver wrote up a draft trust 

for Kathryn. 

The family met with Colver again in December 2008 to talk about the draft 

trust. Colver testified that, during that meeting, he “went through the express provisions” 

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of the trust instrument. There was testimony that Ingaldson asked Colver questions about 

the draft and helped translate some of its provisions into layman’s terms to make sure that 

Kathryn understood their legal effect. Both Ingaldson and Colver testified that they 

explained to Kathryn that the trust was irrevocable and that the trustee would have 

complete discretion over the distribution of trust funds. 

Kathryn executed the trust in February 2009. Before she signed the 

instrument, she met privately with Colver. Colver testified that he explained to Kathryn 

at that meeting that “when you put all your money into this irrevocable trust, you can’t 

get it back. It’s gone.” He asked her whether she “really want[ed] to” create a trust and 

told her that she was not obligated to sign the trust instrument. According to his 

testimony, Kathryn confirmed that she wanted to create an irrevocable trust and signed 

the document. 

Colver testified that Kathryn “listened intently” during all of these meetings 

and that she confirmed many times that she understood what an irrevocable trust is and 

that she wanted to create one. Ingaldson, Donna, and Danny all agreed that Kathryn 

actively participated in the trust discussions and spoke up when she had questions. 

However, Kathryn testified at trial that she never intended to put her 

property into a trust and that she did not know what an irrevocable trust was at the time 

the trust instrument was drafted. She testified that, had she known that once she put her 

property in the trust she could not get it back, she would never have executed the trust. 

The trust instrument states explicitly that the trust is irrevocable. Consistent 

with Colver’s recommendations, the trust appoints Donna trustee and provides that “[t]he 

Trustee shall manage [the trust] for the use and benefit of [Kathryn,] as primary lifetime 

Beneficiary of the trust.” The trustee has “sole and absolute discretion” over the amount 

and frequency of payments to Kathryn. 

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Upon Kathryn’s death, the remaining principal is to be distributed to Danny, 

Steve, and Mark. The trust provides for no distribution to Rick or Gorden. This 

arrangement is consistent with a will Kathryn drafted in 2002, which provided for a 

similar distribution of property. 

During her tenure as trustee, Donna had some conflicts with Kathryn over 

the administration of the trust. For example, although Donna paid many of Kathryn’s cell 

phone bills, there was one bill that she failed to pay. Donna testified that Mark, who was 

on the same cell phone account, continuously accrued large charges on the account, and 

that she discussed this problem with Kathryn every month. Donna tried to decrease the 

charges by changing to a different phone plan, but the bills continued to run into the 

hundreds of dollars. The last bill, which Donna refused to pay, cost, according to her 

testimony, between $500 and $800. 

Kathryn also frequently asked Donna for money while Donna was trustee. 

Donna testified that Kathryn always wanted money for Mark; she never wanted for 

money for herself. Each time Kathryn requested money, Donna would explain that there 

were not enough funds in the trust to both satisfy the request and meet Kathryn’s 

outstanding expenses. Donna testified that, whenever she had these conversations with 

Kathryn, they would discuss Donna’s role as trustee. 

Meanwhile, because of the Anchorage Roofing litigation, Kathryn was 

estranged from Rick and his wife Kathy at the beginning of 2010. However, in the spring 

of that year, Rick and Kathy started to invite Kathryn to lunch. During the summer, 

Kathryn spent time on the Kenai River with Rick and his family and, in August, Kathryn 

moved in with Rick and Kathy. There was testimony that Kathryn’s other family 

members had trouble contacting Kathryn after the move. Ingaldson testified that he tried 

to reach Kathryn in 2010 to discuss the dispute over her trust, but was told by Ted 

Stepovich, Kathryn’s attorney in this lawsuit, that Kathryn did not want to speak with 

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him. However, Rick’s wife Kathy denied that she had isolated Kathryn from the rest of 

her family. Kathryn testified on cross-examination that she was not aware that Donna, 

Danny, and Steve had tried to contact her, and said that if she had known they wanted to 

spend time with her, she would have seen them. 

Starting in June 2010, Kathryn began making demands for a copy of the 

trust from Donna and Colver. Although Donna allowed Kathryn to read the trust 

instrument, she would not give Kathryn a copy of the instrument or allow her to take the 

original home. Donna testified that she thought Mark was pressuring Kathryn to get a 

copy of the instrument, and she was afraid of what Mark would do if he obtained a copy 

of the trust. 

On July 26, 2010, Danny, Donna, and Kathryn went to Colver’s office to 

address Kathryn’s concerns about the trust. When Colver spoke with Kathryn alone, she 

told him that she was upset because Donna had not paid some bills. On Colver’s 

suggestion, Kathryn asked Donna to resign, and Danny succeeded her as trustee. Colver 

agreed that Kathryn did not indicate at that time that she felt “she had been hoodwinked 

into signing an irrevocable trust that she never understood.” 

B. Proceedings 

On November 23, 2010, Kathryn filed a petition to terminate or reform the 

trust in the Anchorage superior court. She argued that the trust should be reformed “to 

conform to her intentions due to a mistake of fact or law in the expression of the trust 

and/or inducement to create the trust.” She alleged that “[i]t was not anticipated by Mrs. 

Purcella that the circumstance would arise where she would have no control as to when 

or if her bills would be paid, or when or how her money was to be spent” and that 

“[m]isrepresentations were made by Donna Purcella, Danny Purcella, and Michael Steven 

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Purcella to Mrs. Purcella in regard to the nature and purpose of the documents she 

signed.”1 

Kathryn’s petition was tried without a jury in May and August 2011. On 

September 22, 2011, the court issued a decision denying Kathryn’s petition. It found that 

Kathryn had not shown by clear and convincing evidence that she “made mistakes in 

establishing the Trust” or “had an intention which was contrary to that which she 

manifested in the Trust documents.” The court also concluded that Kathryn had 

“presented no evidence to support a claim of undue influence.” 

Kathryn appeals. 

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

We review the superior court’s findings of fact for clear error.2 “Findings 

are clearly erroneous if a review of the entire record in the light most favorable to the 

party prevailing below leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has 

been made.”3 We “grant particular deference to the trial court’s factual findings when 

they are based primarily on oral testimony, because the trial court, not this court, performs 

the function of judging the credibility of witnesses and weighing conflicting evidence.”4 

1 The superior court construed the latter allegation as stating an undue 

influence claim. 

2 Alaska R. Civ. P. 52(a) (“Findings of fact shall not be set aside unless 

clearly erroneous . . . .”); Stewart v. Elliott, 239 P.3d 1236, 1239-40 (Alaska 2010). 

3 Thea G. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., 291 P.3d 957, 961-62 

(Alaska 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

4 Day v. Williams, 285 P.3d 256, 260 (Alaska 2012) (internal quotation 

marks omitted); see also Alaska R. Civ. P. 52(a) (“[D]ue regard shall be given to the 

opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.”). 

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However, the superior court’s application of law to fact is reviewed de 

novo.5 Therefore, we independently review the superior court’s conclusion that, based 

on its factual findings, trust reformation was not warranted under the applicable law.6 

IV. DISCUSSION 

A. Trust Reformation 

On appeal, Kathryn argues that reformation is warranted because the trust 

instrument does not conform to her original intent, because unanticipated circumstances 

have arisen since the trust was executed, and because she, as “both . . . the settlor and sole 

life beneficiary of the trust,” has the power to modify the trust by consent. We address 

each of these arguments in turn. 

1. Reformation to conform to the settlor’s intent 

Alaska Statute 13.36.350(a) provides that 

[o]n petition by a trustee, settlor, or beneficiary, a court may 

reform the terms of an irrevocable trust, even if the trust 

instrument is not ambiguous, to conform to the settlor’s 

intention if the failure to conform was due to a mistake of fact 

or law, whether in expression in the trust or inducement to 

[ ] create the trust . . . . 7

5 Reed v. Parrish, 286 P.3d 1054, 1057 (Alaska 2012); Riddell v. Edwards, 

76 P.3d 847, 852 (Alaska 2003). 

6 Cf. Diblik v. Marcy, 166 P.3d 23, 25 (Alaska 2007) (“Whether a 

misrepresentation is material is a mixed question of law and fact.”); Beavers v. State, 998 

P.2d 1040, 1044 (Alaska 2000) (“We review the trial court’s determination concerning 

the voluntariness of [a] confession as a mixed question of law and fact.”). 

7 Although Kathryn seeks to have the trust terminated, AS 13.36.350(a) only 

permits trust reformation, not termination. However, it is possible the trust could be 

reformed to make it revocable rather than irrevocable. 

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To reform a trust under this provision, the petitioner must prove the settlor’s 

intent by “clear and convincing evidence.”8 A fact is established by clear and convincing 

evidence if “the truth of the asserted fact[] is highly probable.”9 

On appeal, Kathryn argues that the trial court clearly erred when it found 

“that Kathryn intended to create an irrevocable trust, that she understood the terms of the 

trust and the fact that it was final.”10 She notes that, in her own testimony, she “clearly 

stated that she never intended to transfer all of her property into a trust,” that “nobody 

ever explained to [her] and she did not understand that once she put her property into a 

trust, she no longer owned or had control of that property,” and that, “[h]ad she been told 

that once she signed property over to the trust, she no longer owned that property, she 

would not have signed the property over or created the trust.” 

But Donna, Colver, Ingaldson, and Danny all testified that Kathryn 

understood the effect of the trust at the time it was executed and intended to transfer all 

of her property to the trust, and the superior court found their testimony more credible 

than Kathryn’s. Because we give deference to the superior court’s credibility 

8 AS 13.36.350(a). 

9 DeNuptiis v. Unocal Corp., 63 P.3d 272, 275 n.3 (Alaska 2003) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). 

10 Kathryn appears to attach some weight to the fact that the superior court 

adopted its factual findings more or less verbatim from the Trust’s proposed findings. 

However, that fact has no bearing on our review of the superior court’s findings. See 

Strack v. Miller, 645 P.2d 184, 186 n.1 (Alaska 1982) (“The ‘clearly erroneous’ standard 

is still to be applied when, as here, the trial court’s findings of fact are adopted from 

those submitted by the prevailing party.”). 

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determinations,11 the fact that Kathryn’s testimony contradicted the testimony of these 

other witnesses is not a sufficient basis for finding clear error. 

In the alternative, Kathryn argues that, although one of the trust’s primary 

purposes was to protect Kathryn’s assets from Medicare or Medicaid, it does not actually 

fulfill that purpose. She maintains that the “trust should be revokable or reformed” to 

meet her medical care planning goals. But because Kathryn raised this argument for the 

first time in her reply brief, it is waived.12 

Because Kathryn has not established that the superior court’s finding that 

the trust as written conforms to her original intent was clearly erroneous, we are 

compelled to conclude that reformation under AS 13.36.350 is not warranted. 

2. Unanticipated circumstances 

Alaska Statute 13.36.345(a) provides that 

[o]n petition by a trustee, settlor, or beneficiary, a court may 

modify the administrative or dispositive terms of an 

irrevocable trust or terminate an irrevocable trust if, because 

of circumstances not anticipated by the settlor, modification 

or termination would substantially further the settlor’s 

[ ] purposes in creating the trust. 13

11 Fyffe v. Wright, 93 P.3d 444, 450-51 (Alaska 2004) (“[I]f most of the 

evidence is oral testimony, or the superior court’s factual determinations depend largely 

on conflicting testimony, then the superior court’s greater ability to assess witness 

credibility requires deferential review by this court.”). 

12 See Alaska R. App. P. 212(c)(3); Willoya v. State, Dep’t of Corr., 53 P.3d 

1115, 1126 (Alaska 2002). 

13 In its Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, the superior court wrote 

that unanticipated circumstances must be proven by clear and convincing evidence. This 

appears to be an error. Although AS 13.36.350 explicitly provides that the settlor’s 

intent must be proven by “clear and convincing evidence,” AS 13.36.345 contains no 

analogous provision. However, because we conclude that the facts Kathryn alleges, even 

(continued...) 

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In her petition, Kathryn argued that she did not “anticipate[] that the 

circumstance would arise where she would have no control as to when or if her bills 

would be paid, or when or how her money was to be spent.” 

But a misunderstanding about the effect of a legal instrument is not an 

unanticipated circumstance. Something “anticipated” is “foresee[n],” “give[n] advance 

thought,” or “expect[ed].”14 That is, unanticipated circumstances are facts about the 

future that were not known to the settlor at the time the trust was executed and, if they had 

been known, would have caused the settlor to draft the trust provisions differently.15 That 

a settlor was mistaken about the legal effect of a trust is not an unforeseen fact about the 

future but a mistake “in expression in the trust” that might warrant reformation under 

AS 13.36.350(a). 

Therefore, as the superior court concluded, termination under AS 13.36.345 

is not warranted. 

13 (...continued) 

if true, are not “unanticipated circumstances” within the meaning of AS 13.36.345, the 

superior court’s application of a higher burden of proof was harmless. 

14 MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 50 (10th ed. 1999). 

15 See, e.g., In re Trust D Created Under Last Will & Testament of Darby, 234 

P.3d 793, 800 (Kan. 2010) (“Courts have generally been more willing to allow 

modification for unanticipated circumstances where there are truly unforeseen events 

resulting in economic hardship, the incapacity of a beneficiary, the impossibility or 

imprudence of a trust provision, or the diminution in value of a trust asset.” (emphasis 

added)); Niemann v. Vaughn Cmty. Church, 113 P.3d 463, 471 (Wash. 2005) 

(“ ‘[C]ircumstances not anticipated by the settlor’ . . . include significant congregational 

growth, limitations with the building and property, stricter development and building 

codes, . . . and finally changes in the attitudes, expectations, and needs of parishioners 

compared with the 1950s.” (citation omitted)). 

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3. Modification or termination by consent 

AS 13.36.360 provides that 

on petition by a trustee settlor or beneficiary, a court may 

modify or terminate an irrevocable trust if all of the 

beneficiaries consent and if continuation of the trust on the 

existing terms of the trust is not necessary to further a material 

purpose of the trust. However, the court, in its discretion, may 

determine that the reason for modifying or terminating the 

trust under the circumstances outweighs the interest in 

accomplishing the material purposes of the trust. 

On appeal, Kathryn argues that termination is permissible under 

AS 13.36.360 because she petitioned the court to terminate the trust as “both . . . the 

settlor and sole life beneficiary of the trust.” 

But Kathryn never argued before the superior court that AS 13.36.360 

applies to this case. Therefore, her argument that the trust may be terminated by consent 

is waived.16 

Even if this argument were not waived, because Kathryn is not the sole 

beneficiary of the trust, AS 13.36.360 does not provide a basis for termination. Kathryn 

is correct that she is the “primary lifetime [b]eneficiary” of the trust, but several of her 

children are also future beneficiaries. Therefore, Kathryn cannot terminate the trust under 

AS 13.36.360(a) without obtaining the consent of the other beneficiaries, and the record 

gives no indication that they have consented to termination. 

Maines v. Kenworth Alaska, Inc., 155 P.3d 318, 329 (Alaska 2007) (“It is 

well-established that matters that were not made issues in the trial court . . . or that were 

not tried before the court will not be considered on appeal.” (internal quotation marks 

and alterations omitted)). 

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B. Undue Influence 

Kathryn’s brief also suggests that the trust is invalid because it was the 

product of Donna’s undue influence. The superior court concluded that “Kathryn 

presented no evidence to support a claim of undue influence.” 

“A transfer in trust or declaration of trust can be set aside, or the terms of 

a trust can be reformed, upon the same grounds as those upon which a transfer of 

property not in trust can be set aside or reformed.”17 For example, a trust may be set 

aside if “its creation was induced by fraud, duress, or undue influence.”18 

Undue influence is the exercise of such control over a person that the person 

is unable to exercise “free and deliberate judgment” or is coerced “into doing something 

that would not have been done absent the influence.”19 In order to prove that a trust was 

the product of undue influence, a party must demonstrate that 

(1) the target of the alleged undue influence was susceptible to 

influence; 

(2) another person had the opportunity to exert influence; 

(3) improper influence was, in fact, exerted; and 

(4) the trust shows signs of the improper influence.20 

Whether the influence exerted on the settlor was undue is determined using 

ubjective standard, that is, “considering [the settlor’s] physical and mental condition, 

 person by whom [the influence] was exerted, the time and place and all the 

a s

the

17 RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF TRUSTS § 12 (2003). 

18 Id. § 12 cmt. b. 

19 In re Adoption of S.K.L.H., 204 P.3d 320, 328 n.41 (Alaska 2009) (quoting 

25 AM. JUR. 2D Duress and Undue Influence § 36 (2004)) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). 

20 Id. 

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surrounding circumstances.”21 Undue influence must be proven by clear and convincing 

evidence.22 

Kathryn suggests that Donna’s improper influence on Kathryn is evidenced 

by the fact that, contrary to the superior court’s finding, Donna, not Ingaldson, was the 

primary proponent of the trust. 

But the superior court’s finding that Ingaldson “encouraged Kathryn to 

consult with attorney John Colver about establishing a trust” was not clearly erroneous. 

Ingaldson testified that he spoke with Kathryn about estate planning “many times,” 

“literally when we first met on up,” and that they discussed “some general issues dealing 

with setting up a trust and . . . putting assets into a trust and the pros and cons about doing 

that.” And although Donna’s testimony suggests she was concerned about estate 

planning and may have encouraged Kathryn to put her property in a trust, that evidence 

is not inconsistent with a finding that Ingaldson also recommended Kathryn execute a 

trust. 

Moreover, even if the superior court did clearly err in finding that Ingaldson 

proposed creating the trust, that error would not require reversal. That the trust was 

Donna’s idea does not by itself constitute clear and convincing evidence that Donna 

exerted improper influence on Kathryn. There are many benign explanations for Donna’s 

decision to propose and advocate for the trust. 

Kathryn also suggests that Donna had ample opportunity to exert improper 

influence on Kathryn because Kathryn placed significant trust in her. It is true that, at the 

21 Crittell v. Bingo, 36 P.3d 634, 639 (Alaska 2001) (quoting 1 WILLIAM J. 

BOWE & DOUGLAS H. PARKER, PAGE ON THE LAW OF WILLS § 15.2, at 715 (rev. 

ed.1960)) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted) . 

22 Laliberte v. Mead, 628 A.2d 1050, 1052 (Me. 1993); Wright v. Roberts, 797 

So. 2d 992, 998 (Miss. 2001); Peterson v. Peterson, 432 N.W.2d 231, 236 (Neb. 1988). 

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time the trust was executed, Kathryn relied on Donna to manage her finances. 

Eventually, Kathryn created a joint bank account with Donna so that Donna could pay 

Kathryn’s bills directly. Kathryn also depended on Donna and Danny for transportation 

to and from her meetings with Ingaldson and Colver because she has an eye condition that 

prevents her from driving. 

But Kathryn’s relationship with Donna was not a confidential relationship 

such as would trigger a presumption of undue influence. 23 A confidential relationship 

does not necessarily arise from a family relationship.24 Nor does the fact that Donna 

helped Kathryn manage her affairs convert their relationship into a confidential one.25 

At trial, Kathryn’s attorney implied that undue influence is evident from the 

fact that the trust instrument only provides for distribution to three of her sons — Danny, 

Steve, and Mark — and excludes Rick and Gorden. Kathryn’s testimony suggested that 

23 See Paskvan v. Mesich, 455 P.2d 229, 233 (Alaska 1969) (“[W]hen the 

principal or sole beneficiary under a will, who had a confidential relationship with the 

testator, participated in the drafting of the will, then a presumption of undue influence 

arises.”). 

24 Ware v. Ware, 161 P.3d 1188, 1194-95 (Alaska 2007) (confidential 

relationship cannot be proven by “[t]he mere fact of a parent-child relationship”). 

25 Compare Ware, 161 P.3d at 1195 (“While the record shows evidence of 

Brandie helping Margaret by checking her oil, cutting wood, and purchasing a new 

washing machine for her, these activities . . . do not change the relationship from parentchild to that of a fiduciary.”), with Paskvan, 455 P.2d at 232 (concluding that a finding 

that a confidential relationship existed was not erroneous where “Mesich’s actions in 

making Paskvan the managing partner in the Arctic Hotel enterprise, in giving Paskvan 

his power of attorney so that Paskvan could act and speak for Mesich, in executing his 

will in favor of Paskvan so that there would be a basis for their partnership venture, and 

in conveying to Paskvan a one-half interest in the Elbow Room property shows quite 

clearly that Mesich trusted Paskvan and reposed confidence in him — that he relied upon 

Paskvan to act in Mesich’s best interests in handling his affairs.”). 

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this was contrary to her intent. However, it was undisputed that a will Kathryn executed 

in 2002 provided for a similar distribution of property. Ingaldson explained this 

arrangement at trial: “Rick and Gord[e]n had received their inheritance in the form of the 

[Anchorage Roofing] business . . . from Day One, that was what they were to get.” 

Therefore, as the superior court concluded, the “character and provisions of the trust were 

not such that it would have been unnatural for a person in Kathryn’s position to create it.” 

Although it is true that Kathryn was in her early 80s when the trust was 

drafted, there is ample evidence in the record that she participated actively in the trust 

drafting process and was fully capable of protecting her interests. And, as the superior 

court found, “[t]he strongest evidence against undue influence is that Kathryn had 

independent legal advice from two experienced, highly respected lawyers (Ingaldson and 

Colver), both of whom recommended Kathryn establish the Trust.” 

Given the superior court’s findings — none of which is clearly erroneous 

— we are compelled to agree that Kathryn has not established by clear and convincing 

evidence that the trust was the product of undue influence. 

V. CONCLUSION 

The judgment of the superior court is AFFIRMED. 

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