PRESENT: All the Justices 

LISA MILLER-JENKINS 

v. Record No. 070933 OPINION BY 

JUSTICE BARBARA MILANO KEENAN 

 June 6, 2008 

JANET MILLER-JENKINS 

FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

 In this appeal, we consider whether the Court of Appeals 

erred in directing a circuit court to register a custody and 

visitation order rendered by a Vermont court, based on the 

Court of Appeals’ previous holding in the same custody and 

visitation dispute that the federal Parental Kidnapping 

Prevention Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1738A (2000 & Supp. V 2005), 

requires that the courts of this Commonwealth give full faith 

and credit to the Vermont order. 

 In 2000, Lisa Miller-Jenkins (Lisa) and Janet MillerJenkins (Janet) entered into a civil union (the civil union) 

in Vermont that was permitted under Vermont law.1 Lisa and 

Janet decided that Lisa would bear a child, and in April 2002, 

after successful artificial insemination, Lisa gave birth to 

IMJ2 in Virginia. Lisa, Janet, and IMJ lived together in 

Virginia until July 2002, when they moved to Vermont, where 

 1

 Because the parties have the same last name, we will 

refer to them by their first names. 

2

 Because IMJ is a minor, we refer to her by pseudonym. 
they lived until September 2003. At that time, Lisa and IMJ 

returned permanently to Virginia over Janet’s objection. 

 In November 2003, Lisa filed a petition in a Vermont 

family court (the Vermont court), seeking to dissolve the 

civil union and to gain custody of IMJ. The Vermont court 

dissolved the civil union and entered a custody and visitation 

order (the Vermont custody order) granting temporary custody 

of IMJ to Lisa and temporary visitation rights to Janet. 

After initially allowing Janet to visit IMJ in June, Lisa 

thereafter refused to permit Janet to have contact with IMJ as 

required by the terms of the Vermont custody order. 

 On July 1, 2004, Lisa filed a petition in the Frederick 

County Circuit Court (the circuit court), asking the circuit 

court to determine that Lisa was IMJ’s “sole parent” and 

seeking sole custody of IMJ. On July 7, 2004, Janet filed a 

motion in the Vermont court seeking enforcement of the Vermont 

custody order and a determination that Lisa was in contempt of 

that court for her failure to abide by the terms of the 

Vermont custody order. On July 19, 2004, the Vermont court 

entered an order holding that the Vermont court had continuing 

jurisdiction over all custody matters in the case, and that 

the Vermont court would not defer to an order entered by a 

court in another state purporting to resolve the issue of 

custody. 

2
 In August 2004, the circuit court entered an order 

temporarily awarding sole custody of IMJ to Lisa and ordered 

that IMJ not be removed from Virginia (the Virginia custody 

order). Because the Vermont custody order included a 

provision granting Janet scheduled visitation with IMJ in 

Vermont, the Virginia custody order was in direct conflict 

with the Vermont custody order. In September 2004, the 

Vermont court issued an order holding Lisa in contempt for 

violating the terms of the Vermont custody order. 

 In October 2004, the circuit court concluded that it had 

jurisdiction over the custody dispute and entered an order 

awarding sole custody to Lisa, holding that Janet did not have 

any parental rights, and that Lisa was IMJ’s “sole” parent. 

In November 2004, the Vermont court issued a contrary order 

holding that Lisa and Janet were both “parents” of IMJ. 

 In January 2005, Janet appealed the Virginia custody 

order to the Court of Appeals (the first Virginia appeal). 

See Miller-Jenkins v. Miller-Jenkins, 49 Va. App. 88, 637 

S.E.2d 330 (2006). In November 2006, the Court of Appeals 

reversed the circuit court’s judgment entering the Virginia 

custody order, holding that the circuit court did not have 

jurisdiction to enter the order because the dispute was a 

“custody and visitation determination” subject to the 

provisions of the Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act, 28 

3
U.S.C. § 1738A (2000 & Supp. V 2005) (the PKPA), which 

accorded Vermont sole jurisdiction over the custody and 

visitation dispute. Id. at 103, 637 S.E.2d 337-38. The Court 

of Appeals concluded that the provisions of the Defense of 

Marriage Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1738C (2000 & Supp. V 2005) (the 

DOMA), did not alter the applicability of the PKPA to the 

custody and visitation dispute, and that the PKPA preempted 

all state law to the contrary, including Code § 20-45.3 (the 

Marriage Affirmation Act). Id. at 102-03, 637 S.E.2d at 337. 

 The Court of Appeals further held in the first Virginia 

appeal that Vermont law governed the parties’ dispute, and 

that the courts of Virginia were bound by Vermont’s 

interpretation of its own law. Id. at 96-97, 637 S.E.2d at 

334-35. Accordingly, based on its holding that Vermont had 

sole jurisdiction over the case, the Court of Appeals declined 

to address the issue whether the civil union would have been 

recognized under Virginia law. Id. at 103, 637 S.E.2d at 337-

38. 

 Following the Court of Appeals’ entry of judgment in the 

first Virginia appeal, Lisa filed a petition for appeal to 

this Court. We dismissed Lisa’s petition because she failed 

to file a notice of appeal. Miller-Jenkins v. Miller-Jenkins, 

Record No. 070355 (May 7, 2007). 

4
 Meanwhile, in March 2005, Janet sought to register the 

Vermont custody order in the Juvenile and Domestic Relations 

District Court of Frederick County (the juvenile and domestic 

relations court). The juvenile and domestic relations court 

registered the Vermont custody order, and Lisa appealed that 

decision to the circuit court. The circuit court reversed the 

juvenile and domestic relations court’s judgment mandating 

registration of the Vermont custody order. 

 Janet appealed from the circuit court’s judgment to the 

Court of Appeals. In an unpublished opinion, the Court of 

Appeals summarily reversed the circuit court’s order and 

reinstated the registration of the Vermont custody order, 

holding that this result was mandated by the Court of Appeals’ 

decision in the first Virginia appeal. Miller-Jenkins v. 

Miller-Jenkins, Record No. 0688-06-4 (April 17, 2007). Lisa 

appeals from the Court of Appeals’ judgment. 

 Addressing the merits of her appeal, Lisa argues that the 

Court of Appeals erred in concluding that the PKPA requires 

that Virginia courts give full faith and credit to the Vermont 

custody order. Lisa maintains that the DOMA, not the PKPA, is 

applicable in determining whether Virginia must accord full 

faith and credit to Vermont’s child custody orders, and that 

the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the PKPA preempts 

the Marriage Affirmation Act and in not addressing whether the 

5
PKPA also preempts Article I, § 15-A of the Constitution of 

Virginia (the Virginia Marriage Amendment). Lisa also 

contends, among other things, that both the Court of Appeals’ 

judgment and the Vermont judgment violated her fundamental 

parental rights. 

 Janet argues, however, that this Court should not reach 

the merits of Lisa’s appeal. Janet contends that Lisa’s 

claims are barred by the “law of the case” doctrine because 

all the issues presented in this appeal were resolved by the 

Court of Appeals’ decision in the first Virginia appeal, which 

Lisa failed to timely appeal to this Court. Janet maintains 

that the first Virginia appeal and the present appeal are the 

same “case,” because the present appeal involves the same 

parties and the same issue of custody and visitation. Thus, 

Janet asserts that under the “law of the case” doctrine, the 

Court of Appeals’ holding in the first Virginia appeal that 

the PKPA requires Virginia to give full faith and credit to 

the Vermont custody order was a binding adjudication that 

resolves the issues before us in the present appeal. 

 In response, Lisa contends that the “law of the case” 

doctrine does not apply to the present appeal, because the 

present appeal is not the same “case” that was before the 

Court of Appeals in the first Virginia appeal. According to 

Lisa, the issue in the first Virginia appeal was whether the 

6
courts of Virginia had jurisdiction to entertain Lisa’s 

custody petition, while the issue in the present appeal is 

whether the courts of Virginia must give full faith and credit 

to the Vermont custody order. Lisa further maintains that the 

Court of Appeals could not have addressed in the first appeal 

whether the PKPA preempted the Virginia Marriage Amendment, 

because that amendment was not effective when the Court of 

Appeals rendered its decision in the first appeal. We 

disagree with Lisa’s arguments. 

 The “law of the case” doctrine is well established in the 

courts of this Commonwealth. Under this doctrine, 

[when] there have been two appeals in the same case, 

between the same parties, and the facts are the same, 

nothing decided on the first appeal can be re-examined on 

a second appeal. Right or wrong, it is binding on both 

the trial court and the appellate court, and is not 

subject to re-examination by either. For the purpose of 

that case, though only for that case, the decision on the 

first appeal is the law. 

Steinman v. Clinchfield Coal Corp., 121 Va. 611, 620, 93 S.E. 

684, 687 (1917); see Uninsured Employer’s Fund v. Thrush, 255 

Va. 14, 18, 496 S.E.2d 57, 59 (1998); Chappell v. White, 184 

Va. 810, 816, 36 S.E.2d 524, 526-27 (1946); Kemp v. Miller, 

160 Va. 280, 284, 168 S.E. 430, 431 (1933). 

 Pursuant to the “law of the case” doctrine, when a party 

fails to challenge a decision rendered by a court at one stage 

of litigation, that party is deemed to have waived her right 

7
to challenge that decision during later stages of the “same 

litigation.” See Kondaurov v. Kerdasha, 271 Va. 646, 658, 629 

S.E.2d 181, 188 (2006). The “law of the case” doctrine 

applies both to issues that were actually decided by the 

court, and also to issues “necessarily involved in the first 

appeal, whether actually adjudicated or not.” Kemp, 160 Va. 

at 285, 168 S.E. at 431; Searles v. Gordon, 156 Va. 289, 296, 

157 S.E. 759, 761 (1931); Norfolk & W.R. Co. v. Duke, 107 Va. 

764, 766, 60 S.E. 96, 97 (1908). 

 Our decisions applying the “law of the case” doctrine 

generally have involved litigation that has proceeded in a 

“linear” sequence to trial, appeal, trial on remand, and 

second appeal, all under the same set of pleadings. See, 

e.g., Lockheed Info. Mgmt. Sys. Co. v. Maximus, Inc., 259 Va. 

92, 108, 524 S.E.2d 420, 429 (2000) (stating that issue 

decided in first case and not appealed was not subject to 

relitigation on remand); Kemp, 160 Va. at 284, 168 S.E. at 431 

(holding that issues decided on appeal were binding law of 

case on remand). However, we have never limited the “law of 

the case” doctrine to litigation that occurs in such 

sequential fashion under one set of pleadings. 

 In our decision in Kondaurov, we explained that our 

application of the “law of the case” doctrine extends to 

“future stages of the same litigation.” 271 Va. at 658, 629 

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S.E.2d at 188. Thus, when two cases involve identical parties 

and issues, and one case has been resolved finally on appeal, 

we will not re-examine the merits of issues necessarily 

involved in the first appeal, because those issues have been 

resolved as part of the “same litigation” and have become the 

“law of the case.” 

 Under the “law of the case” doctrine, courts assume 

without deciding that there may be error in the decision of 

the court below. See Chappell, 184 Va. at 816, 36 S.E.2d at 

527; Kemp, 160 Va. at 284, 168 S.E. at 431; Peterson v. 

Haynes, 145 Va. 653, 660, 134 S.E. 675, 677 (1926); Steinman, 

121 Va. at 622, 93 S.E. at 688. As a result, a decision that 

becomes the “law of the case” is adhered to only in the case 

in which it arose and does not become binding precedent in 

other cases. See Chappell, 184 Va. at 816, 36 S.E.2d at 527; 

Kemp, 160 Va. at 284, 168 S.E. at 431; Steinman, 121 Va. at 

622, 93 S.E. at 688. 

With these principles in mind, we first decline Lisa’s 

request that we consider the effect of the Virginia Marriage 

Amendment on the arguments presented in this appeal. Lisa did 

not ask the Court of Appeals to consider the Virginia Marriage 

Amendment, despite the fact that it became effective on 

January 1, 2007, several months before the Court of Appeals 

issued its opinion in the present appeal. In addition, Lisa 

9
did not assign error in this Court to the Court of Appeals’ 

failure to consider the Virginia Marriage Amendment. 

Therefore, we conclude that this part of Lisa’s argument is 

procedurally barred. See Rule 5:17(c). 

We also observe that Lisa’s petition and brief filed in 

this Court contain the identical assignments of error that she 

presented in her petition to this Court in the first Virginia 

appeal. Because Lisa sought to appeal these same issues in 

the first Virginia appeal, we find no merit in her assertion 

that those issues were not before the Court of Appeals in the 

first Virginia appeal. 

We have compared Lisa’s arguments in the present appeal 

and the decision rendered by the Court of Appeals in the first 

Virginia appeal. We agree with the Court of Appeals’ 

conclusion that each of the issues Lisa raises in this appeal 

was addressed and resolved in the first Virginia appeal. See

Miller-Jenkins, 49 Va. App. 88, 637 S.E.2d 330 (2006); MillerJenkins v. Miller-Jenkins, Record No. 0688-06-4 (April 17, 

2007). 

The Court of Appeals’ holding in the present appeal 

merely reflects the issues actually decided in the first 

Virginia appeal, including the issues whether the PKPA applied 

to the custody and visitation dispute and whether the Vermont 

custody order was entitled to full faith and credit. See

10
Kemp, 160 Va. at 285, 168 S.E. at 431; Searles, 156 Va. at 

296, 157 S.E. at 761; Norfolk & W.R. Co., 107 Va. at 766, 60 

S.E. at 97. Thus, we conclude that the “law of the case” 

doctrine prevents Lisa from reasserting the issues she raises 

in the present appeal because each of those issues was decided 

finally by the first Virginia appeal, which Lisa failed to 

perfect in this Court. See Lockheed, 259 Va. at 108, 524 

S.E.2d at 429; Searles, 156 Va. at 295-96, 157 S.E. at 761. 

 Our conclusion is not altered by Lisa’s argument that the 

“law of the case” doctrine is inapplicable to the present 

appeal because this appeal is not the same “case” as the first 

Virginia appeal. Although Lisa and Janet separately filed the 

cases from which the two appeals arose, both cases involved 

these same parties and sought adjudication of the same issue, 

custody and visitation regarding IMJ. The two Virginia 

appeals were part of the “same litigation” seeking to resolve 

the single question which custody order, the Vermont custody 

order or the circuit court’s order, would govern the parties’ 

custody and visitation dispute. See Kondaurov, 271 Va. at 

658, 629 S.E.2d at 188. 

 Finally, we observe that the Court of Appeals’ holding in 

the first Virginia appeal is binding under the “law of the 

case” doctrine only with respect to the parties and the issues 

in the case before us. See Chappell, 184 Va. at 816, 36 

11
12

S.E.2d at 527; Steinman, 121 Va. at 620, 93 S.E. at 687. 

Thus, based on our holding that the Court of Appeals’ decision 

in the first Virginia appeal is the “law of the case,” we do 

not reach the merits of the underlying issues presented in 

this appeal. See Chappell, 184 Va. at 816, 36 S.E.2d at 527; 

Kemp, 160 Va. at 284, 168 S.E. at 431; Peterson, 145 Va. at 

660, 134 S.E. at 677; Steinman, 121 Va. at 622, 93 S.E. at 

688. 

 For these reasons, we will affirm the Court of Appeals’ 

judgment. 

Affirmed.

CHIEF JUSTICE HASSELL, concurring. 

 I join the opinion of the Court. However, I write 

separately to state that I have serious concerns about the 

Court of Appeals' opinion in the former appeal, Miller-Jenkins 

v. Miller-Jenkins, 49 Va. App. 88, 637 S.E.2d 330 (2006). I 

do not believe that this decision was correctly decided. Lisa 

Miller-Jenkins failed to perfect an appeal from that decision 

in the manner required by law, see Miller-Jenkins v. MillerJenkins, Record No. 070355 (May 7, 2007), and, therefore, this 

Court could not review that decision. As the majority 

correctly holds, the law of the case doctrine prohibits this 

Court from considering the merits of the former appeal in this 

proceeding.