DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 

# BART Analysis for

Fort Churchill Unit 1

Prepared For: 

# NV Energy

6100 Neil Road Reno, NV 89520-0024



### Revised Report October 2008

Prepared By:

2285 Corporate Circle Henderson, NV 89074DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC ES-1 

# Executive Summary

Background
In response to the Regional Haze Rule and Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) regulations and guidelines, CH2M HILL was requested to perform a BART analysis for NV Energy (NVE) Fort Churchill Unit 1 (hereafter referred to as Fort Churchill 1). A BART analysis has been conducted for the following criteria poll utants: oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and particulate matter less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diamete r (PM 10 ). The Fort Churchill Station consists of two nominal 113 BART eli gible megawatt (MW) units with a total nominal generating capacity of 226 MW . The fuel currently utilized in Fort Churchill Unit 1 is Pipeline Quality Natural Gas (PNG) or a blen ded fuel oil. BART must be implemented within 5 years after the State Implementation Plan ( SIP) is approved by the EPA, and a compliance date of 2015 was assumed for this analysis. In completing the BART analysis, technology alternatives were i nvestigated and potential reductions in NO x , SO 2 , and PM 10 emissions rates were identified for when the unit is burning 1) 100 percent PNG, 2) 100 percent No. 6 fuel oil, and 3) 100 percent No. 2 fuel oil. The following technology alternatives were investigated for the PNG and both fuel oil alternatives and are listed below by pollutant:
NO x emission controls:

• Low NO x Burners (LNB)

• Low NO x Burners (LNB) with Flue Gas Recirculation (FGR)

• Low NO x Burners (LNB) with selective non-catalytic reduction syst em (SNCR)

• Rotating opposed fire air (ROFA) with Rotamix

• LNB with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system
SO 2 emission controls:

• Use of low-sulfur fuel

• Spray Dryer Absorber (SDA)
PM 10 emission controls:

• Use of low sulfur fuel oil (No. 2 fuel oil) and LNB

• Dry Electrostatic Precipitator

• Wet Electrostatic Precipitator

• Fabric filter 

# BART Engineering Analysis
The specific steps in a BART engineering analysis are identifie d in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) at 40 CFR 51 Appendix Y, Section IV. The evaluation must include the following:EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC ES-2 1. The identification of available, technically feasible, retrofit control options
2. Consideration of any pollution control equipment in use at the source (which affects the availability of options and their impacts)
3. The costs of compliance with the control options
4. The remaining useful life of the facility
5. The energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of com pliance
6. The degree of visibility improvement which may reasonably b e anticipated from the use of BART These steps are incorporated into the BART analysis as follows : Step 1 – Identify All Available Retrofit Control Technologies Step 2 – Eliminate Technically Infeasible Options

• The identification of available, technically feasible, retrofit c ontrol options

• Consideration of any pollution control equipment in use at the source (which affects the applicability of options and their impacts) Step 3 – Evaluate Control Effectiveness of Remaining Control Technol ogies

• Costs associated with control technologies are summarized in the economic analysis presented in Appendix A. For clarity, Appendix A also inclu des sample economic analysis spreadsheet calculations and explanation of assumption s used. Step 4 – Evaluate Energy and Non-Air Quality Impacts

• The costs of compliance with the control options

• The remaining useful life of the facility

• The energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of com pliance Step 5 – Evaluate Visibility Impacts

• The degree of visibility improvement which may reasonably b e anticipated from the use of BART Separate analyses have been conducted for NO x , SO 2 , and PM 10 emissions. All costs included in the BART analyses are in 2007 dollars, and costs have not be en escalated to the assumed 2015 BART implementation date. 

## Establishing Emission Reduction Levels from BART An alysis Results As an integral part of the BART analysis process, cost and expect ed emission information was developed for NO x , SO 2 , and PM 10 . This information is assembled from various sources including emission reduction equipment vendors, NV Energy o perating and engineering data, and internal CH2M HILL historical information. The level of accuracy of the cost estimate can be broadly classifi ed as American Association of Cost Engineers (AACE) Class V or “Order of Magnitude,” which c an be categorized as +50 percent/-30 percent. There are several reasons for selecting t his range of cost estimatesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC ES-3 to be included in the BART analysis. They are primarily a result of t he difficulty in receiving detailed and accurate information from equipment vendors base d on limited available data provided to the vendors. Because of the active power industr y marketplace, obtaining engineering and construction information is restricted du e to vendor workload. Material and construction labor costs also change rapidly in today’s activ e economy. However, this level of cost estimate precision is adequate for comparison of c ontrol technology alternatives. The accuracy of expected emissions may also be ques tionable, and is also attributable to the inability to gain timely and accurate vendor in formation. This is exemplified by the difficulty in obtaining background info rmation, and the vendor time required to develop accurate emission projections for study purposes in comparison to their response to actual project request for proposals. Also, varianc e in expected emissions can be dependent upon the pollutant under consideration (i.e., particul ate emissions can generally be more accurately predicted than NO x emissions). Therefore, when establishing emission limitations in permits, consideration of variability in cost an d expected emissions information must be considered. 

# Fuel Characteristics
From the Title V Operating Permit, the primary fuel burned at Fort Churchill 1 will be PNG. The secondary fuel source is blended fuel oil (blended fuel o il is defined as the blending of No. 6 residual oil and No. 2 distillate fuel oil), and a third fuel opt ion is co-fired PNG and blended fuel oil. Only the 100 percent PNG and 100 percent fuel oil o ptions will be examined, and no co-firing or blended fuel alternatives will be reviewed. The capability to exclusively burn No. 2 fuel oil does not currently exist, and capital expenditures would be required to allow this fuel option. This BART analysis has co nsidered the higher nitrogen content and different combustion characteristics of fuel oil as compared to PNG used at Fort. Churchill 1. This BART analysis has evaluated the effect of th ese qualities on NO x formation and achievable emission rates.
The Nevada Public Utilities Commission has mandated that Fort C hurchill Unit 1 maintain the capability to use both PNG and fuel oil. However, as a first step in the BART implementation plan, NV Energy has committed to use only low-s ulfur No. 2 fuel oil. Thus, the listing of No. 6 fuel oil in the BART engineering analysis is for historical and comparison purposes only. 

# Recommendations

NO x 

## Emission Control LNB has been selected as the NO x reduction technology with a NV Energy BART Limit (NVEBL) of 0.28 lb/MMBtu averaged on an annual basis. There is signif icant uncertainty involved in obtaining vendor emission guarantees and associat ed equipment/construction costs at this stage of analysis when retrofitting older boile r units. Site specific engineering is required on a “unit by unit” basis to determine the most effec tive control technology.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC ES-4 

## SO 2 

## Emission Control The utilization of PNG and/or low-sulfur No. 2 fuel oil is BART fo r Fort Churchill 1 with an NVEBL of 0.05 lb/MMBtu averaged on a 24-hour basis. No additional SO 2 emission control is required. No. 6 fuel oil will no longer be burned at the facil ity.


## PM 10 

## Emission Control The utilization of PNG and/or low-sulfur No. 2 fuel oil is BART fo r Fort Churchill 1 with an NVEBL of 0.03 lb/MMBtu averaged on a 3-hour basis. No additional PM 10 emission control is required. No. 6 fuel oil will no longer be burned at the facil ity.


## Control Recommendation The BART selections include the utilization of new LNB with P NG and/or low-sulfur No. 2 fuel oil, and are supported by cost and visibility analyses. 

# BART Modeling Analysis
CH2M HILL is using the CALPUFF modeling system to assess the v isibility impacts of emissions from Fort Churchill 1 at Class I areas. The Class I areas potent ially affected are located more than 50 kilometers, but less than 300 kilometers, from the Fort Churchill Plant. The Class I areas include the following wilderness areas (WA) and N ational Parks (NP):

• Mokelumne WA

• Desolation WA

• Hoover WA

• Emigrant WA

• Yosemite NP

• Ansel Adams WA

• John Muir WA

• Kaiser WA

• Kings Canyon NP

• Caribou WA

• Lasson Volcanic NP

• South Warner WA

• Thousand Lakes WA

• Sequoia NP Visibility impacts were determined for the 1) WRAP baseli ne, 2) the current Title V emission permit limits, and 3) the proposed NVEBL.DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC ii 

# Contents

Section Page Executive Summary......................................................................................................................ES-1 Background ....................................................................................................................... ES-1 BART Engineering Analysis ........................................................................................... ES-1 Establishing Emission Reduction Levels from BART Analysis R esults ...... ES-2 Fuel Characteristics .......................................................................................................... ES-3 Recommendations............................................................................................................ ES-3 NO x Emission Control ........................................................................................ ES-3 SO 2 Emission Control.......................................................................................... ES-4 PM 10 Emission Control ....................................................................................... ES-4 Control Recommendation .................................................................................. ES-4 BART Modeling Analysis................................................................................................ ES-4 Contents ..................................................................................................................................... ii Acronyms and Abbreviations .........................................................................................................iv 1.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................................1-1 2.0 Present Unit Operation......................................................................................................2-1 3.0 BART Engineering Analysis ............................................................................................3-1 3.1 Applicability............................................................................................................3-1 3.2 BART Process..........................................................................................................3-1 3.2.1 BART NO x Analysis ..................................................................................3-3 3.2.2 BART SO 2 Analysis .................................................................................3-11 3.2.3 BART PM 10 Analysis ...............................................................................3-13 3.3 Summary................................................................................................................3-16 4.0 BART Modeling Analysis.................................................................................................4-1 4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................4-1 4.2 Model Selection.......................................................................................................4-1 4.3 CALMET Methodology.........................................................................................4-2 4.3.1 Dimensions of the Modeling Domain ....................................................4-2 4.3.2 CALMET Input Data.................................................................................4-4 4.3.3 Validation of CALMET Wind Field........................................................4-5 4.4 CALPUFF Methodology........................................................................................4-5 4.4.1 CALPUFF Modeling .................................................................................4-5 4.4.2 Receptor Grids and Coordinate Conversion .........................................4-7 4.5 Visibility Post-processing......................................................................................4-7 4.5.1 CALPOST ...................................................................................................4-7 4.6 Results......................................................................................................................4-8 4.6.1 WRAP Verification Runs Results............................................................4-8 4.6.2 BART Modeling Analysis.......................................................................4-10 5.0 BART Analysis and Recommendations.........................................................................5-1 5.1 Recommended BART Controls ............................................................................5-1 5.2 Dispersion Modeling Results................................................................................5-2 5.2.1 NO x Control Scenario Visibility Modeling ............................................5-6CONTENTS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC iii 5.3 Recommendations..................................................................................................5-7 5.3.1 NO x Emission Control ..............................................................................5-7 5.3.2 SO 2 Emission Control................................................................................5-7 5.3.3 PM 10 Emission Control..............................................................................5-7 5.4 Just-Noticeable Differences in Atmospheric Haze ............................................5-7 6.0 References............................................................................................................................6-1 

## Appendices A Economic Analysis B BART ProtocolDEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC iv 

# Acronyms and Abbreviations

BACT Best Available Control Technology BAQP Bureau of Air Quality Planning BART Best Available Retrofit Technology Btu British thermal unit CALDESK Program to display data and results CALMET Meteorological data preprocessing program for CALPU FF CALPOST Post-processing program for calculating visibility impacts CALPUFF Gaussian puff dispersion model CFR Code of Federal Regulations COHPAC Compact Hybrid Particulate Collector dV deciview EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency ESP electrostatic precipitator f (RH) relative humidity factors FD forced draft FGC flue gas conditioning FGD flue gas desulfurization FGR flue gas recirculation Fuel NO x oxidation of fuel bound nitrogen H2S hydrogen sulfide hp horsepower ID internal diameter IFGR induced flue gas recirculation kW kilowatts kW -Hr kilowatt-hour LAER lowest achievable emission rate lb/MMBtu pounds per million British Thermal Units LNB low-NO x burner LOI loss on ignition MM5 Mesoscale Meteorological Model, Version 5 MMBtu Million British Thermal Units MW megawattsACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC v N 2 nitrogen NDEP Nevada Department of Environmental Protection NO nitric oxide
NO x oxides of nitrogen NP National Park NVE NV Energy NWS National Weather Service
OFA over-fire air PM 10 particulate matter less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter PNG Pipeline Quality Natural Gas Ppm part per million RACT Reasonably Achievable Control Technology RBLC RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse ROFA Rotating Opposed Fire Air NVEBL NV Energy BART Limit scf standard cubic foot SCR selective catalytic reduction system SDA spray dryer absorber SIP State Implementation Plan SNCR selective non-catalytic reduction system SO 2 sulfur dioxide SO 3 sulfur trioxide Thermal NO x high temperature fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in combust ion air USGS U.S. Geological Survey WA Wilderness Area ∆dV delta deciview, change in deciviewDEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 1-1 

# 1.0 Introduction

Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) guidelines wer e established as a result of United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations i ntended to reduce the occurrence of regional haze in national parks and other Class I p rotected air quality areas in the United States 1 . These guidelines provide guidance for states when determ ining which facilities must install additional controls, and the type of cont rols that must be used. Facilities eligible for BART installation were built between 1962 and 1977, and have the potential to emit more than 250 tons/year of visibility-impair ing pollutants. The State of Nevada has identified those eligible in-state f acilities that are required to reduce emissions under BART and will set BART emissions limits for those facilities. This information will be included in the State of Nevada State Impleme ntation Plan (SIP), which the State has estimated will be formally submitted to the EPA b y December 1, 2008. The EPA BART guidelines also state that the BART emission limits mus t be fully implemented within 5 years of EPA’s approval of the SIP. There are five basic elements related to BART when addressing th e issue of emissions for the identified facilities:

• Any existing pollution control technology in use at the sou rce

• The cost of the controls

• The remaining useful life of the source

• The energy and non-air environmental impacts of compliance

• The degree of improvement in visibility which may reasonably be anticipated from the use of such technology This report documents the BART analysis that was performed on F ort Churchill 1 by CH2M HILL for NV Energy. The analysis was performed for nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and particulate matter less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diam eter (PM 10 ), because they are the primary criteria pollutants that affect visib ility for unit operation while burning both natural gas and fuel oil. Section 2.0 of this report provides a description of the present unit operation, including a discussion of fuel sources and analysis. The BART Engineering Analysis is provided in Section 3.0, by pollutant type. Section 4.0 provides the BART model ing methodology and Section 5.0 discusses the BART analysis and recommendations. R eferences are provided in Section 6.0. Appendices A and B provide supporting informati on on the Economic Analysis and BART modeling protocol.

1 40 CFR Part 51: Regional Haze Regulations and Guid elines for Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART ) Determinations; Final Rule. 70 Federal Register, 39103-39172, July 6, 2005.DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 2-1 

# 2.0 Present Unit Operation

Fort Churchill 1 is a nominal 113 megawatts (MW) unit located appro ximately 12 miles north of Yerington in Lyon County, Nevada. The unit is equipped with a front wall-fired boiler manufactured by Babcock and Wilcox. Per the Title V Op erating Permit, the unit can currently be fired using 1) pipeline quality natural gas (PNG) , 2) blended fuel oil (blended fuel oil is defined as the blending of No. 6 residual oil and No. 2 di stillate fuel oil), or 3) cofired PNG and blended fuel oil. Fort Churchill 1 began operation in 1968. This analysis is based on a 23-year life for BART control technologies. Assuming a BART implementation date of 2015, this will result in an approximate remaining useful life for Fort Churchill 1 of 23 years from the installation date of any BART-related equipment. This report does not attempt to q uantify any additional life extension costs needed to allow the unit at Fort Churchill 1 t o operate until 2038. Determining current operating NO x levels before any potential emissions control equipment installation is difficult, especially because higher NO x emissions can be expected at higher unit operating loads. Therefore, PNG current NO x level is approximated by averaging the highest 75 percent load 24-hour NO x emission levels for the year 2006 EPA Acid Rain Database. As a simplifying assumption, No. 2 fuel oil NO x emissions are assumed to be equal to PNG. The No. 6 fuel oil NO x emissions were estimated by averaging the 24-hour NO x values for the year 2001 EPA Acid Rain Database. Fort Churchill Unit 1 burned No. 6 fuel oil for a few months during the Western energy crisis i n 2001. The SO 2 emissions were also estimated from the EPA Acid Rain Database. PM 10 values were determined either by test results or AP-42 calculations. The BART regulations state that the baseline emissions utilized for visibility modeling be established by identifying the highest 24-hour average actual e mission rate from the period modeled for the pre-control scenario. Modeling would then co nsider the expected emissions rate after the installation of BART controls to establish the l evel of visibility improvement. For the pre-control scenario, modeling was conducted at the WRA P 24-hour maximum values and at the Title V permit limits for the unit. The post-con trol scenario was modeled at the proposed NV Energy BART Limits (discussed in Sections 3, 4, and 5), with the exception of the NOx emission rate which is higher than the NVEBL. Table 2-1 lists unit information and emission rates for this analys is.2.0 PRESENT UNIT OPERATION

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 2-2 TABLE 2-1 Unit Operation and Study Assumptions Fort Churchill Unit 1

General Plant Data Site Elevation (feet above MSL) 4,308 Stack Height (feet) 162 Stack Exit ID (feet) /Exit Area (sq. ft.) 11.2 /98. 5 Stack Exit Temperature (°F) 268 Stack Exit Velocity (ft/sec) 69.9 Stack Flow (ACFM) 413,914 Annual Unit Capacity Factor (%) 51 Net Unit Output (Nominal MW) 113 Net Unit Heat Rate (Btu/kW-Hr)(100% load) 10,683 Boiler Heat Input (MMBtu/Hr)(100% load) 1,319.8 Type of Boiler Front Wall fired Boiler Fuel PNG, Blended Fuel Oil NO x Emissions Data (24-hour Average Maximum) Current NO x Controls None: Good combustion practices Title V NO x Permit Limit (lb/MMBtu) 0.8 WRAP NO x Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) 0.434 NO x Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) (PNG) c 0.404 NO x Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) (No.6 Fuel Oil) a 0.554 NO x Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) (No.2 Fuel Oil) c 0.404 SO 2 Emissions Data (24-hour Average Maximum) Current SO 2 Controls None Title V SO 2 Permit Limit (lb/MMBtu) (3-hr average) 0.8 WRAP SO 2 Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) 0.582 SO 2 Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) (PNG) c 0.0006 SO 2 Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) (No.6 Fuel Oil) a 0.370 SO 2 Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) (No.2 Fuel Oil) b 0.051 PM 10 Emissions Data (24-hour Average Maximum) Current PM 10 Controls None Title V PM 10 Permit Limit (lb/MMBtu) (1-hr average) 0.194 WRAP PM 10 Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) 0.019 PM 10 Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) (PNG) a 0.001 PM 10 Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) (No.6 Fuel Oil) a 0.028 PM 10 Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) (No.2 Fuel Oil) b 0.014

a - Highest 24-hr averages from 2001 CEM data/emissi ons test data. b - Calculated from EPA AP-42 Table 1.3-1 assuming N o. 2 fuel oil sulfur content of 0.05 percent and heating value of 140,000 Btu/gal c – Highest 24-hr averages from 2006 CEM data. d – Calculated from EPA AP-42 Table 1-4.22.0 PRESENT UNIT OPERATION

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 2-3 EPA did not establish a NO x presumptive limit for oil and gas-fired units, but indicates t hat the states should consider the installation of combustion cont rol technology on these units. Similarly, EPA also did not establish a presumptive BART limit fo r SO 2 from gas and oilfired units. The EPA guidelines suggest that a cost-effective SO 2 control option for oil-fired units is to consider switching to a low-sulfur fuel oil (No.2 f uel oil—0.05 percent low sulfur diesel). EPA also stated that it was unable to find a flue gas desulfu rization (FGD) application in the U.S. electric industry on an oil-fired unit. According to 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Parts 72 & 75, in or der for a gaseous fuel to qualify as “natural gas,” the fuel must be either greater than or equal to 70 percent methane by volume, or must have a gross calorific value between 950 and 1,100 Btu/standard cubic foot (scf). For PNG, the hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) content must be less than or equal to 0.3 grain/100 scf, and H 2 S must constitute at least 50 percent (by weight) of the total sulfur in the fuel. No fuel specification was provided for No. 2 fuel oil, therefore a heating value of 140,000 Btu/gal and a sulfur limit of 0.05 percent were assumed. Specification values for No. 6 fuel oil are listed below:

• 6.1 to 6.45 million British thermal units (MMBtu)/barrel heating valu e

• 0.39 lb of sulfur/MMBtu

• Less than 0.1 percent ash by weight

• Less than 50 parts per million (ppm) vanadium

• Less than 50 ppm sodium

• Less than 9.7 percent carbon residue by weight The BART analysis for Fort Churchill Unit 1 includes a review of PNG, No. 2 fuel oil, and No. 6 fuel oil operation. The WRAP baseline modeling included 2001 op eration when No. 6 fuel oil was burned. Therefore, this fuel option is shown in t he analysis.
The Nevada Public Utilities Commission has mandated that Fort C hurchill Unit 1 maintain the capability to use both PNG and fuel oil. However, as a first step in the BART implementation plan, NV Energy has committed to use only low-s ulfur No. 2 fuel oil. Thus, the listing of No. 6 fuel oil in the BART engineering analysis is for historical and comparison purposes only.DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-1 

# 3.0 BART Engineering Analysis

This section presents the required BART engineering analys is. 

# 3.1 Applicability
In compliance with regional haze requirements, the State of Nevad a must prepare and submit visibility SIPs to the EPA for Class I areas. The State has estimated that the formal submittal of the SIPs to EPA will occur by December 1, 2008. The first ph ase of the regional haze program is the implementation of BART emission controls on all BART eligible units, within 5 years after EPA approval of the SIP. 

# 3.2 BART Process
The specific steps in a BART engineering analysis are identifie d in 40 CFR 51 Appendix Y, Section IV. The evaluation must include the following:
1. The identification of available, technically feasible, retrofit c ontrol options
2. Consideration of any pollution control equipment in use at the source (which affects the availability of options and their impacts)
3. The costs of compliance with the control options
4. The remaining useful life of the facility
5. The energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of com pliance
6. The degree of visibility improvement that may reasonably be ant icipated from the use of BART. These steps are incorporated into the BART analysis as follows : Step 1 – Identify All Available Retrofit Control Technologies Step 2 – Eliminate Technically Infeasible Options

• The identification of available, technically feasible, retrofit c ontrol options

• Consideration of any pollution control equipment in use at the source (which affects the applicability of options and their impacts) Step 3 – Evaluate Control Effectiveness of Remaining Control Technol ogies

• Costs associated with control technologies are summarized in the economic analysis presented in Appendix A. For clarity, Appendix A also inclu des sample economic analysis spreadsheet calculations and explanation of assumption s used.3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-2 Step 4 – Evaluate Energy and Non-Air Quality Impacts

• The costs of compliance with the control options

• The remaining useful life of the facility

• The energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of com pliance Step 5 – Evaluate Visibility Impacts

• The degree of visibility improvement that may reasonably be ant icipated from BART

use. In order to minimize costs in the BART analysis, consideration was m ade of any pollution control equipment in use at the source, the costs of complianc e associated with the control options, and the energy and non-air quality environmental imp acts of compliance using these existing control devices. In some cases, enhancing the performance of the existing control equipment was considered. Other scenarios with new c ontrol equipment were also developed. Separate analyses have been conducted for NO x , SO 2 , and PM 10 emissions. Because Fort Churchill 1 currently has the option to burn PNG, No. 2 fuel oil , or No. 6 fuel oil, a separate analysis will be completed for each case. The option to switch to low-sulfur fuel oil (No. 2) will be examined, as required by the BART regulations. For Fort Churchill 1, baseline NO x , SO 2, PM 10 emissions were examined to determine whether completion of the five-step BART process is require d for each of the three fuel alternatives (100 percent PNG, 100 percent No. 6 fuel oil, and 100 percent No. 2 fuel oil). Table 3-1 below is a summary of the baseline emissions for Fort Chu rchill 1.

TABLE 3-1 Current Fort Churchill Unit 1 Baseline Emissions Baseline Emissions (lb/MMBtu) PNG No. 6 Fuel Oil No. 2 Fuel Oil
NO x 0.404 0.554 0.404 SO 2 0.0006 0.370 0.051
PM 10 0.001 0.028 0.014

A BART NO x analysis was completed for all fuels. An SO 2 analysis and a PM 10 analysis for No. 6 fuel oil was completed for comparison purposes (as stated in S ection 2 of this report, NV Energy has made a commitment to only use low-sulfur No. 2 fuel oi l). The baseline PM 10 and SO 2 emissions when burning No. 2 fuel oil is considered BART, base d on EPA BART guidelines. All costs included in the BART analysis are in 2007 dollars, and co sts have not been escalated to the assumed 2015 BART implementation date.3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-3 

### Establishing Permit Emission Reduction Levels from BART Analysis Results As an integral part of the BART analysis process, cost and expect ed emission information was developed for NO x , SO 2 , and PM 10 . This information is assembled from various sources including emission reduction equipment vendors, NV Energy o perating and engineering data, and internal CH2M HILL historical information. The level of accuracy of the cost estimate can be broadly classifi ed as “Order of Magnitude,” which can be categorized as -30/+50 percent. There are several reaso ns for the wide range of cost estimates included in the BART analysis, however are pri marily caused by the difficulty in receiving detailed and accurate information from equipmen t vendors. Due to the extremely active power industry marketplace, obtaining enginee ring and construction is severely restricted due to vendor workload. Material and constr uction labor costs are also widely fluctuating in today’s active economy. The accuracy of expected emissions may also be questionable and is also attributable to the inability to gain timely and accurate information. This is exempl ified by the difficulty in obtaining background information, and the vendor time required to develop accurate emission projections for study purposes as opposed to their response to actual project request for proposals. Variance in expected emissions can be dependent upon the pollutant under consideration (i.e., particulate emissions can generally be more accurately predicted than NO x emissions). Therefore, when selecting emissions control technologies an d establishing emission permitting levels, consideration of variability in cost and ex pected emissions information must be considered.


## 3.2.1 BART NO x 

## Analysis
NO x formation in fuel-fired boilers is a complex process that is dependent on a number of variables, including operating conditions, equipment design, a nd fuel characteristics. A NO x BART analysis will be completed for the cases when Fort Churc hill 1 burns 100 percent PNG, 100 percent No. 6 fuel oil, and 100 percent No. 2 fuel oil.



### 3.2.1.1 Formation of NO x During combustion, NO x is formed in three different ways: thermal NO x , fuel NO x , and prompt NO x . When combusting PNG, the most dominant source of NO x is from thermal NO x , which is due to high-temperature fixation of atmospheric ni trogen in the combustion air. Because PNG generally contains small quantities of nitro gen, the overall contribution from fuel NO x is small, while a substantial amount of fuel NO x can be generated from fuel oil combustion. A very small amount of NO x is called “prompt” NO x . Prompt NO x results from an interaction of hydrocarbon radicals, nitrogen, and oxy gen. Good combustion is based on the “three Ts”: time, temperature and tu rbulence. If a performance requirement such as NO x emission limits is changed, conflicts with other performance issues can result. When adjusting air flows and distribution to lower NO x using low NO x burners (LNB), original boiler design restrictions may limit the changes th at can be made and still achieve satisfactory combustion performance.3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-4 

### 3.2.1.2 Step 1: Identify All Available Retrofit Control Tec hnologies The first step of the BART process is to evaluate NO x control technologies with practical potential for application to Fort Churchill 1, including tho se control technologies identified as BACT by permitting agencies across the United States. A broad range of information sources have been reviewed in an effort to identify potential ly applicable and demonstrated in practice emission control technologies. Fort Churchill 1 NO x emissions are currently controlled through the use of good combustion practices. The re is no BART presumptive NO x level for PNG and oil-fired units. The following potential NO x control technology options were considered:

• Low NO x Burners (LNB)

• Low NO x Burners (LNB) with Flue Gas Recirculation (FGR)

• Low NO x Burners (LNB) with Selective non-catalytic reduction syst em (SNCR)

• Rotating Opposed Fire Air (ROFA) with Rotamix

• LNB with selective catalytic reduction system (SCR)



### 3.2.1.3 Step 2: Eliminate Technically Infeasible Options For Fort Churchill 1, a front wall-fired configuration burnin g PNG and fuel oil, technical feasibility will primarily be determined by physical constrai nts, boiler configuration, and on the ability of the technology to achieve substantial NO x emissions reduction. Current NO x emissions for Fort Churchill 1 are shown in Table 3-1 while burnin g PNG, No. 6 fuel oil, and No. 2 fuel oil. For this BART analysis, information received from Coen was use d as the basis for new LNB and LNB w/FGR. Coen did not propose the installation of OFA due t o the cost of boiler water wall changes. The cost estimates for SCR and SNCR were u pdated from previous CH2M HILL file information and Fuel Tech budgetary proposal, r espectively. Also, CH2M HILL received a proposal from Mobotec for their ROFA and Ro tomix technologies. Table 3-2 summarizes the control technology options evaluated in t his BART analysis, along with projected NO x emission rates. It should be noted that estimated emissions in formation from NO x technologies presented represent design targets. With a signi ficant potential for variability in emissions due to changes in unit operation, a long er averaging period results in a higher probability in meeting the permit emissions val ue. Emissions based on a 24-hour averaging period are not directly comparable to emissions targets based on a longer averaging time.3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-5 TABLE 3-2 NO x Control Technology Emission Rate Ranking Fort Churchill Unit 1

Technology Source of Estimated Emissions Estimated

Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu (PNG) Estimated

Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) (No.6 Fuel Oil) Estimated Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu) (No.2 Fuel Oil)
Current Permit Limits (converted to lb/MMBtu for comparison) Title V 0.8 0.8 0.8

NV Energy (NVE) BART Limits NVEBL d 0.28 (Annual) N/A 0.28 (Annual)

LNB Coen 0.26 0.28 0.22
LNB w/FGR Coen 0.12 0.24 0.14
LNB w/ SNCR Coen & Fuel Tech 0.20 c 0.21 c 0.17 c
ROFA w/Rotamix Mobotec 0.15 0.19 0.15 b

LNB w/ SCR a CH2M HILL 0.07 0.07 0.07

a SCR estimated NO x emissions rate is the same for all scenarios. Oper ating cost would be affected by inlet NO x levels. b Calculated from Mobotec proposal information and N o.2 fuel oil baseline NO x c Assumed 25 percent from a reduced LNB baseline d NVEBL – Based on Coen information for LNB and FGR.



### 3.2.1.4 Step 3: Evaluate Control Effectiveness of Remaining Control Technologies Preliminary vendor proposals, such as those used to support por tions of this BART analysis, may be technically feasible and provide expected emission rat es; however, they include inherent uncertainties. These proposals are usually prepared i n a limited time frame, may be based on incomplete information, may contain overly optimisti c conclusions, and are nonbinding. Therefore, emission rate values obtained in such preli minary proposals must be qualified, and it must be recognized that contractual guarantees ar e established only after more detailed analysis has been completed. Also, emission rate s are typically based on a design average value (i.e., 30-day rolling average) versus a maximum 24-ho ur value. The following subsections describe the control technologies an d the control effectiveness evaluated in this BART analysis.


### Level of Confidence for Vendor Post-Control Emissio ns Estimates. In order to determine the level of NO x emissions needed to achieve compliance consistently wit h an established goal, a review of typical NO x emissions from generating units was completed. As a result of t his review, it was noted that NO x emissions can vary around an average emissions level. This variance can be attributed to many reasons, including fuel charac teristics, unit load, boiler operation including excess air, burner equipment condition, and so forth. The steps utilized for determining a level of confidence fo r the vendor expected value are as follows:
1. Establish expected NO x emissions value from vendor.3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-6 2. Evaluate vendor experience and historical basis for meeting e xpected values.
3. Review and evaluate unit physical and operational characteristic s and restrictions. The fewer variations there are in operations, fuel supply, etc., the mor e predictable and less variant the NO x emissions are.
4. For each technology expected value, there is a corresponding pot ential for actual NO x emissions to vary from this expected value. From the vendor inf ormation presented, along with anticipated unit operational data, an adjustment to th e expected value can be made. The following subsections describe the control technolog ies and the control effectiveness evaluated in this NO x BART analysis.


### New LNB. The mechanism used to lower NO x with LNB is to stage the combustion process and provide a fuel-rich condition initially; this is so oxygen needed for combustion is not diverted to combine with nitrogen and form NO x . Fuel-rich conditions favor the conversion of fuel nitrogen to N2 instead of NO x . LNB are considered to be a capital cost, combustion technology retrofit which may require water wall tube replacem ent. 

### FGR. Flue Gas Recirculation (FGR) generally extracts flue gas from dow nstream of the economizer or air heater and is mixed into the combustion air du ct. This recirculation can be achieved with a new FGR fan, or by using the existing Forced Draft (FD) fan to inject the flue gas into the combustion air (induced flue gas recirculati on). FGR adds oxygen-lean heat-absorbing mass to the combustion air, thus lowering the combustion temperature and reducing NO x emissions. 

### Neural Net Controls . Information regarding neural net controls was received from NeuCo, Inc. While NeuCo offers several neural net products, Combustio nOpt and SootOpt provide the potential for NO x reduction. NeuCo stated these products can be utilized on most control systems, and can be effective even in conjunction w ith other NOx reduction technologies. NeuCo predicts that CombustionOpt can reduce NO x by 15 percent, and SootOpt can provide an additional 5 to 10 percent. Because NeuCo doe s not offer guarantees on this projected emission reduction, a nominal reduction of 15 p ercent was assumed for evaluation purposes. The budgetary price for CombustionOpt and SootOpt were $150,000 and $175,000, respectively, with an additional $200,000 for a process link to the u nit control system. Because NeuCo does not guarantee NO x reduction, the estimated emission reduction levels provided can not be considered as reliable p rojections. Therefore, neural net should be considered as a supplementary or “polishing” technol ogy, but not on a “standalone” basis.


### ROFA. Mobotec markets ROFA as an improved second generation OFA syst em. Mobotec states that “the flue gas volume of the furnace is set in rotation by asymmetrically placed air nozzles. Rotation is reported to prevent laminar flow, so that the ent ire volume of the furnace can be used more effectively for the combustion proc ess. In addition, the swirling action reduces the maximum temperature of the flames and incre ases heat absorption. The combustion air is also mixed more effectively”. A typical ROFA installation will have a booster fan(s) to supply the high-velocity air to the ROFA bo xes, and Mobotec would propose one 420 horsepower (hp) fan for Fort Churchill 1.3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-7 Mobotec’s budgetary proposals included expected NO x emission rates for PNG and No. 2 and No. 6 fuel oils, and are presented in Table 3-2 above. While a typical installation does not require changes to the existing LNB system, , results of c omputational fluid dynamics modeling will determine the quantity and location of new R OFA ports. Although not specifically identified, Mobotec generally includes bent tube assemblies for ROFA port installation if required. Mobotec does not provide install ation services, because they believe that the owner can more cost effectively contract for these ser vices. However, they do provide one onsite construction supervisor during instal lation and startup. Due to previous experience with ROFA, NVE does not consider R OFA as a stand-alone technology option.


### ROFA with Rotamix. As described above, ROFA is marketed as an improved OFA system

. Rotamix is Mobotec’s technology for adding selective non-cat alytic reduction using an ammonia or urea based reagent.


### SNCR. Selective non-catalytic reduction is generally utilized to ach ieve modest NO x reductions on smaller units. With SNCR, an amine-based reagent suc h as ammonia – or more commonly urea – is injected into the furnace within a tem perature range of 1,600°F to 2,100°F, where it reduces NO x to nitrogen and water. NO x reductions of up to 60 percent have been achieved, although 20 to 40 percent is more realistic for most applications. Reagent utilization, which is a measure of the efficiency with w hich the reagent reduces NO x , can range from 20 to 60 percent, depending on the amount of reducti on, unit size, operating conditions, and allowable ammonia slip. With low-reagent utilization, low temperatures, or inadequate mixing, ammonia slip occurs, allowing u nreacted ammonia to create problems downstream. The ammonia may react with sulfur to fo ul heat exchange surfaces, and/or create a visible stack plume. Reagent utilizati on can have an impact on economics, with higher levels of NO x reduction generally resulting in lower reagent utilization and higher operating cost. Reductions from higher baseline concentrations (inlet NO x ) are lower in cost per ton, but result in higher operating costs, due to greater reagent consum ption. A budgetary proposal was received from Fuel Tech.


### SCR. SCR works on the same chemical principle as SNCR, but SCR uses a c atalyst to promote the chemical reaction. Ammonia is injected into the fl ue-gas stream, where it reduces NO x to nitrogen and water. Unlike the high temperatures required fo r SNCR, in SCR the reaction takes place on the surface of a vanadium/titanium- based catalyst at a temperature range between 580° F and 750° F. Due to the catalyst, the SCR process is more efficient than SNCR and results in lower NO x emissions. The most common type of SCR is the high-dust configuration, where the catalyst is located dow nstream from the boiler economizer and upstream of the air heater and any particulate con trol equipment. In this location, the SCR is exposed to the full concentration of any par ticulate in the flue gas that is leaving the boiler. In a full-scale SCR, the flue ducts are routed to a s eparate large reactor containing the catalyst. With in-duct SCR, the catalyst is locate d in the existing gas duct, which may be expanded in the area of the catalyst to reduce flue gas flow velocity and increase flue gas residence time. Due to the higher removal rate , a full-scale SCR was used as the basis for analysis at Fort Churchill 1. From previous S CR design experience, a3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-8 projected NO x emission rate of 0.07 lb/MMBtu is projected for all emissions co ntrol equipment scenarios assuming current equipment can meet retr ofit requirements.



### 3.2.1.5 Step 4: Evaluate Impacts and Document the Results This step involves the consideration of energy, environmen tal, and economic impacts associated with each control technology. The remaining usefu l life of the plant is also considered during the evaluation. 

### Energy Impacts. The installation of LNB are not expected to impact the boiler ef ficiency or forced draft fan power usage substantially. Therefore, these t echnologies will not have energy impacts. The Mobotec ROFA system requires installation and operation o f one 420 hp ROFA fan (313 kilowatt [kW ] total). Fuel Tech provided an estimated auxiliary power requi rement of 116 kW, and the same estimate was used for Rotamix. SCR retrofit impacts the existing flue gas fan systems, due t o the additional pressure drop associated with the catalyst, which is typically a 6- to 8-inch wate r gage increase. The energy impacts summarized above are included in the econom ic analysis presented in Appendix A. 

### Environmental Impacts. SNCR, Rotamix and SCR installation could potentially create a visible stack plume, which may negate other visibility improve ments. Other environmental impacts involve the storage of ammonia, especially if anhydrous ammonia is used, and the transportation of the ammonia to the power plant site. These environmental impacts have not been quantified in the ec onomic analysis presented in Appendix A. 

### Economic Impacts. Costs and emissions estimates for the LNB, LNB w/FGR, SNCR, and SCR were obtained from equipment vendors. Costs for the ROFA and Rotamix systems were obtained from Mobotec. A comparison of the technologies on the basis of costs, design co ntrol efficiencies, and tons of NO x removed is summarized in Table 3-3, and the first year control cost s are shown in Figure 3-1. The capital costs shown in Table 3-3 are applicable for all of the fuel s under consideration. For example, if LNB are installed for PNG, the burner costs incl ude the capability to burn both PNG and No. 2 and 6 fuel oils (with only minor equipment change s, atomization changes, and burner control revisions). Similarly, the cost in formation for any of the NO x reduction technologies listed in Table 3-3 will apply for the fuel alternatives under consideration. The complete Economic Analysis is contained in Appendix A.


### 3.2.1.6 Step 5: Evaluate Visibility Impacts Please see Section 4.0, BART Modeling Analysis.3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSISDEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC3-9TABLE 3-3NOxControl Cost Comparison using Fuel Oil #6Fort Churchill Unit 1Factor LNBLNB w/FGRLNBw/SNCRROFAw/RotamixLNB w/SCRTotal Installed Capital Costs $600,000 $920,000 $2,523,750b$5,250,940a$28,625,000Total Installed Capital Costs with Additional OwnerCosts$1,050,000 $1,610,000 $4,416,563 $9,189,145 $35,781,250Total First Year Fixed & Variable O&M Costs $45,200$320,219 $424,800 $695,193 $705,037Total First Year Annualized Cost $156,559 $490,970$893,203 $1,669,757 $4,499,854Power Consumption (MW)- 1.13 0.11 1.24 0.57Annual Power Usage (Million kW-Hr/Yr) - 5.0 0.5 5.62.5NOxDesign Control Efficiency 49.5% 56.7% 62.1% 65.7%87.4%Tons NOxRemoved per Year 739 847 928 982 1,305First Year Ave Control Cost ($/Ton NOxRemoved) 212 580 963 1,701 3,448Incremental Control Cost ($/Ton NOxRemoved) 212 3,100 4,972 14,399 8,746aBased on 75/25 installation cost split between ROFA and RotamixbFuel Tech equipment estimate plus 50 percent installation cost3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSISDEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC3-10FIGURE 3-1First Year Control Cost for NOXAir Pollution Control OptionsFort Churchill Unit 1First Year NOx Control Cost02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,000LNB LNB w/ FGR LNB w/SNCR ROFA w/Rotamix LNB w/SCRAir Pollution Control Option

First Year Control Cost ($/Ton NOx Removed)First Year Average Control CostFirst Year Incremental Control Cost3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-11 

## 3.2.2 BART SO 2 

## Analysis
SO 2 forms in the boiler during the combustion process and is pri marily dependent on natural gas and fuel oil sulfur content. The BART analysis for SO 2 emissions on Fort Churchill 1 is described below. The analysis completed in Sec tion 3.2 is for the case when burning No. 6 fuel oil. BART guidelines require that oil-fired units consider limit ing the sulfur content of the fuel oil burned. Because current requirements for low sulfur dies el fuel limits sulfur content to 0.05 percent, fuel switching will be analyzed as an SO 2 option for this study. Also, a flue gas desulfurization system (spray dryer absorber) with similar SO 2 reduction capability as the fuel switch option will be considered. It should be noted that t he Nevada Public Utilities Commission has mandated that the Fort Churchill units have both PNG and fuel oil capability.



### 3.2.2.1 Step 1: Identify All Available Retrofit Control Tec hnologies A broad range of information sources was reviewed in an effort to identify potentially applicable emission control technologies for SO 2 at Fort Churchill 1; this included control technologies identified as BACT by permitting agencies acros s the United States. The following potential SO 2 control technology options were considered:

• Use of low sulfur distillate oil (No. 2 fuel oil)

• Spray Dryer Absorber (SDA)



### 3.2.2.2 Step 2: Eliminate Technically Infeasible Options Technical feasibility will primarily be determined by f uel storage delivery constraints, boiler configuration, and on the ability of low sulfur fuel oil to achi eve substantial SO 2 emissions reduction. Table 3-4 summarizes the control technology options e valuated in this BART analysis.

TABLE 3-4 SO 2 Control Technology Emission Rates Fort Churchill Fort Churchill Unit 1

Technology Estimated SO 2 Removal Efficiency (%) Estimated Emission Rate (lb/MMBtu)
Current Title V Permit Limitation (converted to lb/MMBtu for comparison) N/A 0.8 (3-hr average)

NVE BART Limit (Low Sulfur No. 2 Fuel Oil) 93 0.05 (24-hr average) Spray Dryer Absorber 90 0.10
PNG 99 0.0043.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-12 

### 3.2.2.3 Step 3: Evaluate Control Effectiveness of Remaining Control Technologies When evaluating the control effectiveness of SO 2 reduction technologies, each option can be compared to the proposed NVE BART Limit. With a fuel switch to low sulfur diesel, the expected SO 2 emissions are estimated at this level. While an SDA is estimate d to achieve up to an approximate 90 percent reduction in SO 2, an expected emission of 0.10 lb/MMBtu is estimated with the lower inlet SO 2 level. Because Fort Churchill 1 is not currently capable of burning 100% No. 2 fuel oil, capital improvements would be require d. The following describe the control technologies and the con trol effectiveness evaluated in this BART analysis. 

### Use of low sulfur distillate oil (No. 2 fuel oil) This alternative entails the use of a low sulfur (0.05 % sulfur) dies el in lieu of No. 6 fuel oil. 

### Spray Dryer Absorber (SDA) A spray dryer absorber typically injects lime slurry in the top of the absorber vessel with a rapidly rotating atomizer wheel. The rapid speed of the atomizer whe el causes the lime slurry to separate into very fine droplets that intermix with th e flue gas. The SO 2 in the flue gas reacts with the calcium in the lime slurry to form dry calcium sulfate particles. For Fort Churchill 1, this dry particulate matter would be captured downs tream in a baghouse which would be required in conjunction with the SDA. A lime spray dr yer system typically produces a dry waste product suitable for landfill disposal. Em issions from an SDA are estimated to meet an emissions level of 0.10 lb/MMBtu.



### 3.2.2.4 Step 4: Evaluate Impacts and Document the Results This step involves the consideration of energy, environmen tal, and economic impacts associated with each control technology. The remaining usefu l life of the plant is also considered during the evaluation. 

### Energy Impacts. There is no energy impact associated with switching to low sulfur diesel fuel, however additional system pressure drop will result fro m an installation of an SDA. No energy impact costs are included in the economic analysis p resented in Appendix A. 

### Environmental Impacts. There is no environmental impact associated with switching to low sulfur diesel fuel or installation of an SDA. No environmental impact costs have been quantified in the ec onomic analysis presented in Appendix A. 

### Economic Impacts. A summary of the costs and amount of SO 2 removed for fuel switching is provided in Table 3-5.3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-13 TABLE 3-5 SO 2 Control Cost Fort Churchill Unit 1

Factor Spray Dryer Absorber Switch to Low

Sulfur Fuel a Total Installed Capital Costs $22,000,000 $500,000 Total First Year Fixed & Variable Operations and Maintenance Costs $513,975 -

Total First Year Annualized Cost $2,847,207 - Power Consumption (MW) 0.40 - Annual Power Usage (kW-Hr/Yr) 1.8 - SO 2 Design Control Efficiency 84.8% 93% Tons SO 2 Removed per Year 1,508 - First Year Average Control Cost ($/Ton of SO 2 Removed) 1,889 - Incremental Control Cost ($/Ton of SO 2 Removed) 1,889 -

a Per unit cost based on Zachry study for fuel switc h to No. 2 fuel oil for Tracy Station. Does not include fuel cost differential. The complete Economic Analysis is contained in Appendix A


### 3.2.2.5 Step 5: Evaluate Visibility Impacts Please see Section 4.0, BART Modeling Analysis.


## 3.2.3 BART PM 10 

## Analysis Fort Churchill 1 currently is not equipped with a PM 10 control device. The BART analysis for PM 10 emissions at Fort Churchill 1 is described below. From the analy sis completed in Section 3.2, a PM 10 BART analysis will only be completed for the case when Fort Chu rchill 1 burns 100 percent No. 6 fuel oil. The current baseline PM 10 emissions, while burning PNG or No. 2 fuel oil, already meet the BACT emissions level.



### 3.2.3.1 Step 1: Identify All Available Retrofit Control Tec hnologies The following retrofit control technologies have been iden tified for additional PM 10 control:

• Use of low sulfur fuel oil (No. 2 fuel oil) and LNB

• Dry Electrostatic Precipitator

• Wet Electrostatic Precipitator

• Fabric filter



### 3.2.3.2 Step 2: Eliminate Technically Infeasible Options Low Sulfur Distillate Oil and LNB . PM 10 emissions would be reduced with the switching of fuel oil grades from No. 6 to No. 2 and the utilization of LNB. PM 10 emissions while burning No. 2 fuel oil are estimated to meet the NVE BART Limit of 0.03 lb/MMBtu

.3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-14 

### Dry Electrostatic Precipitator . A dry ESP operates by first placing a charge on the particles though a series of electrodes, and then capturing the charged par ticles on collection plates. While an ESP can be designed for high-particulate removal, oper ation is susceptible to particle resistivity, which denotes a collected particle’s abil ity to discharge ultimately to the collection plate. Low-resistivity particles can be easily char ged but may quickly lose their charge at the collection plate and tend to be re-entrained into the flue gas stream. Higher resistivity particles may form a “back corona,” which is caused by a layer of non-conductive particles being formed on the collection plate. Back corona may p revent other charged gas stream particles from migrating to the collection plate. Particl e resistivity is also influenced by flue gas temperature. ESP sizing is in large part determined by particulate size, with larger ESP size required when smaller particles are expected. In addition, the particles from an oil-fired unit tend to be small and sticky, and if an SDA is util ized for SO 2 reduction there will be a greatly increased inlet particulate loading to the ESP Because of the uncertainty in chemical and physical characteristi cs of the oil-fired particulate, and the increased loading from a SDA, a dry ESP is not a go od technological match for Fort Churchill 1. 

### Wet Electrostatic Precipitator. While wet ESP operation is similar to the dry ESP through the charging and collection of flue gas particles, the wet technolo gy has major advantages. The wet ESP is not sensitive to particulate resistivity and can ac commodate changes in particulate loading more easily than a dry ESP. Collection plates c an be fabricated from metal or fabric, and the collected particulate is washed off the plates with water. Wet ESPs have successfully been demonstrated on similar oil part iculate or chemical mist applications. However, flue gas leaving the wet ESP will be saturat ed and may result in a visual steam plume exiting the stack. The wet ESP will utilize water to collect and remove the particles, and will produce a wastewater by-product.
While the wet ESP PM 10 emission level is estimated to be similar to a fabric filter wi thout SDA operation, increased particulate loading from an SDA may not allo w a wet ESP to meet required collection efficiency. Therefore, a wet ESP is not a technically acceptable alternative when matched with an SDA.
Fabric Filter. Fabric filter technology achieves particulate reduction thr ough the filtration of the flue gas through filter bags. The collected particles are per iodically removed from the bag through a pulse jet or reverse flow mechanism. A pulse jet filtration system would likely be selected for installation on Fort Churchill 1 because this fabric filter technology results in lower capital cost and a smaller required footprint. Because of the somewhat sticky particles produced during oil f iring, appropriate fabric and/or coating bags with a suitable pre-coat material are imperativ e. If fabric bags become “blinded” due to allowing hard-to-remove particles to become em bedded in the fabric structure, total bag replacement may be necessary. Blinded bags w ill continue to provide excellent filtration efficiencies; however, the pressure dro p across the fabric may exceed system draft capability. While a fabric filter is not an acceptable alternative for PM 10 emissions control for an oilfired unit without utilization of coating material, it is antic ipated to function satisfactorily with a pre-coat and the increased particulate loading from the SD A operation.3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-15 

### 3.2.3.3 Step 3: Evaluate Control Effectiveness of Remaining Control Technologies The PM 10 control technology emission rates are summarized in Table 3-6.

TABLE 3-6 PM 10 Control Technology Emission Rates Fort Churchill Unit 1

Control Technology Expected PM 10 Emission Rate (Lb/MMBtu) Current Title V Permit Limit (converted to lb/MMBtu for comparison) 0.194 (1-hr average)
NVE BART Limit (Switch to No. 2 Fuel Oil w/LNB) 0.03 (3-hr average) Fabric Filter (only with SDA installation) 0.015



### 3.2.3.4 Step 4: Evaluate Impacts and Document the Results This step involves the consideration of energy, environmen tal, and economic impacts associated with each control technology. The remaining usefu l life of the plant is also considered during the evaluation. 

### Energy Impacts. No additional energy impact is expected from PM 10 reduction as a result of new LNB or burning of low sulfur fuel oil. A fabric filter and d uctwork will add an estimated 6-8 inches of H 2 O pressure drop to the system and additional electrical load requirements for No. 6 fuel oil combustion. No energy impact costs are included in the economic analysis p resented in Appendix A. 

### Environmental Impacts. There are no negative environmental impacts from the utili zation of new LNB, switching to low sulfur diesel fuel, or utilizing a fabr ic filter. No environmental impact costs have been quantified in the ec onomic analysis presented in Appendix A. 

### Economic Impacts. A summary of the costs and PM 10 removed for the alternatives is recorded in Table 3-7.3.0 BART ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 3-16 TABLE 3-7 PM 10 Control Cost Comparison Fort Churchill Unit 1

Factor Fabric Filter Switch to Low Sulfur Fuel Total Installed Capital Costs $22,000,000 $500,000 Total First Year Fixed & Variable O&M Costs $332,55 2
- Total First Year Annualized Cost $2,665,784

- Power Consumption (MW) 0.40
- Annual Power Usage (Million kW-Hr/Yr) 1.8
- PM 10 Design Control Efficiency 46.0%
- Tons PM 10 Removed per Year 35
- First Year Ave Control Cost ($/Ton PM 10 Removed) 77,232

- Incremental Control Cost ($/Ton PM 10 Removed) 77,232

-
The complete Economic Analysis is contained in Appendix A.


### 3.2.3.5 Step 5: Evaluate Visibility Impacts Please see Section 4.0, BART Modeling Analysis. 

# 3.3 Summary

The most cost-effective emissions control scenario include s the utilization of LNB with PNG and/or low-sulfur No. 2 fuel oil. The Nevada Public Utilities Com mission has mandated that Fort Churchill Unit 1 maintain the capability to use both PN G and fuel oil. However, as a first step in the BART implementation plan, NV Energy has comm itted to use only lowsulfur No. 2 fuel oil.DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 4-1 

# 4.0 BART Modeling Analysis

4.1 Introduction
This section presents the dispersion modeling methods and results for estimating the degree of visibility improvement from BART control technology opt ions for NV Energy Fort Churchill 1. To a large extent, the modeling followed the methodology outl ined in the Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) protocol for performing BART analy ses (WRAP, 2006). Any proposed deviations from that methodology are documented in the modeling protocol that is included as Appendix B to this report. 

# 4.2 Model Selection
CH2M HILL used the Gaussian puff dispersion model (CALPUFF) mo deling system to assess the visibility impacts at Class I areas. Work groups that rep resent the interests of the Federal Land Managers (FLM) recommend that an analysis of Class I are a air quality and air quality related values (AQRVs) be performed for major source s located more than 50 km from these areas (EPA, 1998). The CALPUFF model is routinely recomme nded for these types of regulatory analyses. The CALPUFF modeling system includes the meteorological dat a preprocessing program for CALPUFF (CALMET) with algorithms for chemical transfor mation and deposition, and a post processor capable of calculating concentrations, visibili ty impacts, and deposition (CALPOST). The CALPUFF modeling system was applied in a full, ref ined mode. CH2M HILL used the latest version (Version 6) of the CALPUFF mod eling system preprocessors and models in lieu of the EPA-approved version s (Version 5). The FLMs and others have noted that the EPA-approved Version 5 contained err ors and that a newer version should be used. Consequently, it was decided to use t he latest (as of April 2006) version of the CALPUFF modeling system (available at www.sr c.com):

• CALMET Version 6.211 Level 060414

• CALPUFF Version 6.112 Level 060412 CALMET, CALPUFF, CALPOST, and POSTUTIL were recompiled with the Lahey/Fujitsu Fortran 95 Compiler (Release 7.10.02) to accommodate the large CALMET d omain. The recompiled processors were tested against the test case resul ts provided with the source code (TRC, 2007), and the difference between the results was 0.03 per cent.4.0 BART MODELING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 4-2 

# 4.3 CALMET Methodology

4.3.1 Dimensions of the Modeling Domain CH2M HILL defined domains for Mesoscale Meteorological Mode l, Version 5 (MM5), CALMET, and CALPUFF that were slightly different than those es tablished for the Nevada BART modeling in WRAP (2006). In addition, the CALMET and CALPUFF Lam bert Conformal Conic (LCC) map projection is based on a central meri dian of 117° W rather than 97° W. This puts the central meridian near the center of the domain. CH2M HILL used the CALMET model to generate three-dimension al wind fields and other meteorological parameters suitable for use by the CALPUFF mod el. A CALMET modeling domain has been defined to allow for at least a 50-km buffer around all Class I areas within 300 km of the Fort Churchill Power Plant. Grid resolution for thi s domain was 4 km. Figure 4-1 shows the extent of the modeling domain. The technical options recommended in WRAP (2006) were used for CA LMET. Vertical resolution of the wind field included 11 layers, with vertical cell face heights as follows (in meters):

• 0, 20, 100, 200, 350, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 Also, following WRAP (2006), ZIMAX were set to 4,500 meters based on the C olorado Department of Health and Environment (CDPHE) analyses of sound ings for summer ozone events in the Denver area (CDPHE, 2005). The CDPHE analysis sugge sts mixing heights in the Denver area are often well above the CALMET default value of 3,000 meters during the summer. For example, on some summer days, ozone levels are elevated all the way to 6,000 meters mean sea level (MSL) or beyond during some meteorologi cal regimes, including some regimes associated with high-ozone episod es. It is assumed that, as in Denver, mixing heights in excess of the 3,000 m AGL CALMET default maximum would occur in the domain used for this analysis.4.0 BART MODELING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 4-3 FIGURE 4-1 Ft. Churchill Power Plant, CALMET/CALPUFF Domain4.0 BART MODELING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 4-4 Table 4-1 lists the key user-specified options.

TABLE 4-1 User-Specified CALMET Options Fort Churchill Unit 1 Description CALMET Input Parameter Value CALMET Input Group 2 Map projection PMAP Lambert Conformal Conic (LCC) Grid spacing DGRIDKM 4 Number vertical layers NZ 11 Top of lowest layer (m) 20 Top of highest layer (m) 5000 CALMET Input Group 4
Observation mode NOOBS 1 CALMET Input Group 5 Prognostic or MM-FDDA data switch IPROG 14 Max surface over-land extrapolation radius (km) RMA X1 50 Max aloft over-land extrapolations radius (km) RMAX 2 100 Radius of influence of terrain features (km) TERRAD 10 Relative weight at surface of Step 1 field and obs R1 100 Relative weight aloft of Step 1 field and obs R2 20 0 CALMET Input Group 6 Maximum over-land mixing height (m) ZIMAX 4500



## 4.3.2 CALMET Input Data CH2M HILL ran the CALMET model to produce 3 years of analysis: 2001, 2002, an d 2003. CH2M HILL used MM5 data as the basis for the CALMET wind fields. Th e horizontal resolution of the MM5 data is 36 km. For 2001, CH2M HILL used MM5 data at 36-km resolution that were obtained f rom the contractor (Alpine Geophysics) who developed the nationwi de data for the EPA. For 2002, CH2M HILL used 36-km MM5 data obtained from Alpine Geophysics, orig inally developed for the WRAP. Data for 2003 (also from Alpine Geophysics), at 36-km r esolution, were developed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, and the Lake Michigan Air Directors Cons ortium (Midwest RPO). The MM5 data were used as input to CALMET as the “initial guess” wind field. The initial guess field was adjusted by CALMET for local terrain and lan d use effects to generate a Step 1 wind field, and then further refined using local surface ob servations to create a final Step 2 wind field.
Surface data for 2001-2003 were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). CH2M HILL processed data for all stations from the National Weather S ervice’s (NWS) Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) network that are in the domain. The surface4.0 BART MODELING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 4-5 data were obtained in abbreviated DATSAV3 format. A conversion rou tine available from the TRC website was used to convert the DATSAV3 files to CD 144 fo rmat for input to the SMERGE preprocessor and CALMET. Land use and terrain data were obtained from the U.S. Geological Sur vey (USGS). Land use data were obtained in Composite Theme Grid (CTG) format from the USGS, and the Level I USGS land use categories were mapped into the 14 primary C ALMET land use categories. Surface properties, such as albedo, Bowen ratio, roughne ss length, and leaf area index, were computed from the land use values. Terrain data were tak en from USGS 1 degree Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, which are primari ly derived from USGS 1:250,000 scale topographic maps. Missing land use data were filled wi th a value that is appropriate for the missing area. Precipitation data were ordered from the NCDC. All available data i n fixed-length, TD-3240 format were ordered for the modeling domain. The list of avai lable stations and stations that have collected complete data varies by year, but CH2M HILL processed all available stations/data within the domain for each year. Precipit ation data were prepared with the PXTRACT/PMERGE processors in preparation for use w ithin CALMET. Following the methodology recommended in WRAP (2006), no ob served upper-air meteorological observations were used as they are redundant to t he MM5 data and may introduce spurious artifacts in the wind fields. In the devel opment of the MM5 data, the twice daily upper-air meteorological observations were used as input with the MM5 model. The MM5 estimates were nudged to the upper-air observations as p art of the Four Dimensional Data Assimilation (FDDA). This results in higher temporal (hourly vs. 12 hour) and spatial (36 km vs. ~300 km) resolution for the upper-air meteorol ogy in the MM5 field. These MM5 data are more dynamically balanced than those contained in the upper-air observations. Therefore, the use of the upper-air observatio ns with CALMET is not needed, and, in fact, will upset the dynamic balance of the meteorological fields potentially producing spurious vertical velocities.


## 4.3.3 Validation of CALMET Wind Field CH2M HILL used the CalDESK (program to display data and results) dat a display and analysis system (v2.97, Enviromodeling Ltda.) to view plots of win d vectors and other meteorological parameters to evaluate the CALMET wind fields. We u sed observed weather conditions, as depicted in surface and upper-air weather maps f rom the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Central Library U.S. D aily Weather Maps Project (http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/dwm/data_rescue_daily_w eather_maps.html), to compare to the CalDESK displays. 

# 4.4 CALPUFF Methodology

4.4.1 CALPUFF Modeling CH2M HILL ran the CALPUFF model with the meteorological outp ut from CALMET over the CALPUFF modeling domain (Figure 4-1). The CALPUFF model wa s used to predict visibility impacts for the pre-control (baseline) scenar io for comparison to the predicted impacts for post-control scenarios.4.0 BART MODELING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 4-6 

### 4.4.1.1 Background Ozone and Ammonia Hourly values of background ozone concentrations were used by CALPUFF for the calculation of SO 2 and NO X transformation with the MESOPUFF II chemical transformation scheme. CH2M HILL used the hourly ozone data generated for the WRAP BART analysis for 2001, 2002, and 2003. For periods of missing hourly ozone data, the chemical transfor mation relied on a monthly default value of 80 parts per billion (ppb). Background ammonia was set to 1 ppb as recommended in WRAP (2006).



### 4.4.1.2 Stack Parameters The baseline stack parameters for the baseline and post-control s cenarios were the same as those used the WRAP Regional Modeling Center (RMC) analyses. None of the emission controls included in this BART analysis would have a major effect on exhaust exit flows or temperatures.


### 4.4.1.3 Pre-Control Emission Rates Pre-control emission rates reflect normal maximum capacity 24- hour emissions that may occur under the source’s current permit. The emission rates reflect actual emissions under normal operating conditions. As described by the EPA in the Regional Haze Regulations and Guidelines for BART Determinations; Final Rule (40 CFR Part 51; July 6, 2005, pg. 39129): “The emissions estimates used in the models are intended to reflec t steady-state operating conditions during periods of high-capacity utilization. We do no t generally recommend that emissions reflecting periods of start-up, shutdown, and mal function be used...”
CH2M HILL selected the emissions rates used in the WRAP RMC m odeling as the Pre-control (baseline) emission rates. The WRAP PM 10 and SO 2 were speciated to determine emission rates for coarse particulate, fine particulate, eleme ntal carbon, organic aerosols, and sulfates. Emissions were modeled for the following species:

• Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 )

• Nitrogen oxides (NO x )

• Coarse particulate (PM 2.5 < diameter ≤ PM 10 )

• Fine particulate (diameter ≤ PM 2.5 )

• Elemental carbon (EC)

• Organic aerosols (SOA)

• Sulfates (SO 4 )



### 4.4.1.4 Post-control Emission Rates Post-control emission rates represent the NVE BART Limit em ission levels presented in Table 5-1, with the exception of the NO x emission rate which is in excess of the NVEBL.4.0 BART MODELING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 4-7 

### 4.4.1.5 Modeling Process The CALPUFF modeling for the control technology options followed this sequence:

• Model WRAP-RMC parameters to verify results

• Model Title V Permit Limits Model Scenario 1 (NVE BART Limit) emissions, with the excepti on of the NO x emission rate which is in excess of the NVEBL.

• Determine the degree of visibility improvement


## 4.4.2 Receptor Grids and Coordinate Conversion The TRC COORDS program was used to convert the latitude/longit ude coordinates to LCC coordinates for the meteorological stations and source locatio ns. The USGS conversion program PROJ (version 4.4.6) was used to convert the National Park Se rvice (NPS) receptor location data from latitude/longitude to LCC.
For the Class I areas that are within 300 km of the Fort Churchill Powe r Plant, discrete receptors for the CALPUFF modeling were taken from the NPS dat abase for Class I area modeling receptors. The entire area of each Class I area that is with in or intersects the 300-km circle (Figure 3-1) were included in the modeling analys is. The following Class I areas were modeled for the Fort Churchill facility:

• Ansel Adams Wilderness (Minarets Wilderness) (anad)

• Caribou Wilderness (cari)

• Desolation Wilderness (deso )

• Emigrant Wilderness (emig)

• Hoover Wilderness (hoov)

• John Muir Wilderness (jomu)

• Kaiser Wilderness (kais)

• Kings Canyon NP (kica)

• Lassen Volcanic NP (lavo)

• Mokelumne Wilderness (moke)

• Sequoia NP (sequ)

• South Warner Wilderness (sowa)

• Thousand Lakes Wilderness (thla)

• Yosemite NP (yose) 

# 4.5 Visibility Post-processing

4.5.1 CALPOST The CALPOST processor was used to determine 24-hour average vi sibility results. Output is specified in deciview (dv) units. Calculations of light extinction were made for each pollutant modeled. The sum of all extinction values was used to calculate the delta-dv (∆dv) chan ge relative to natural background. Default extinction coefficients for each specie s, as shown below, were used:4.0 BART MODELING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 4-8 • Ammonium sulfate 3.0

• Ammonium nitrate 3.0

• PM coarse (PM 10 ) 0.6

• PM fine (PM 2.5 ) 1.0

• Organic carbon 4.0

• Elemental carbon 10.0 CALPOST visibility Method 6 (MVISBK=6) was used for the deter mination of visibility impacts. Monthly average relative humidity factors [f(RH)] we re used in the light extinction calculations to account for the hygroscopic characteristic of s ulfate and nitrate particles. Monthly f(RH) values, from the WRAP_RMC BART modeling, were u sed in CALPOST for the particular Class I area being modeled. The natural background conditions used in the post-processi ng to determine the change in visual range background - or delta-deciview (∆dv) - represent the average natural background concentration for western Class I areas. Table 4-2 lists the annual average species concentrations from the E PA Guidance.

TABLE 4-2 Average Natural Levels of Aerosol Components Fort Churchill Unit 1

Aerosol Component Average Natural Concentration (μg/m3) for Western Class I Areas Ammonium Sulfate 0.12 Ammonium Nitrate 0.10 Organic Carbon 0.47 Elemental Carbon 0.02 Soil 0.50 Coarse Mass 3.0

a Taken from Table 2-1 of Guidance for Estimating Na tural Visibility Conditions Under the Regional Haze Rule. EPA-454/B-03-005, September 2003. 

# 4.6 Results
Input and output files for the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling and pos t-processing will be provided upon request.


## 4.6.1 WRAP Verification Runs Results Tables 4-3 and 4-4 present the results of WRAP-RMC model verificat ion runs. The results show good correlation in estimated maximum ∆dv. Much of the diff erence between these values is probably attributed to the different alignment of th e LCC grids (reference discussion in Section 4.3.1).4.0 BART MODELING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 4-9 TABLE 4-3 Results from WRAP-RMC CALPUFF Modeling for Fort Chu rchill Boilers 1 and 2 (WRAP 2007) Fort Churchill Unit 1

98 th Percentile ∆ dv for Each Year

Class I Area Min

Distance (km) Max

Delta ∆ dv 98 th

Percentile ∆ dv Days > 0.5

∆ dv 2001 2002 2003 98 th ∆ dv 3-year Avg
moke 78 3.77 0.94 69 0.76 1.24 0.84 0.95
deso 85 2.81 1.14 72 0.89 1.25 1.12 1.09
hoov 99 2.59 0.61 30 0.53 1.00 0.40 0.64 emig 100 2.38 0.53 25 0.40 0.68 0.36 0.48 yose 112 2.42 0.68 29 0.44 1.00 0.42 0.62
anad 132 2.37 0.56 28 0.44 0.70 0.39 0.51 jomu 169 1.79 0.53 24 0.39 0.56 0.53 0.49
kais 200 1.35 0.38 11 0.28 0.43 0.24 0.32
kica 212 2.29 0.41 12 0.35 0.43 0.40 0.39
cari 226 1.86 0.77 34 0.76 0.77 0.69 0.74
lavo 231 1.72 0.77 33 0.69 0.77 0.67 0.71
sowa 245 4.42 0.79 62 1.01 0.72 0.78 0.84
thla 265 1.27 0.50 21 0.60 0.46 0.46 0.50 sequ 274 1.84 0.37 9 0.29 0.40 0.38 0.364.0 BART MODELING ANALYSIS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 4-10 TABLE 4-4 Verification CALPUFF Modeling Results Fort Churchill Unit 1

98 th Percentile ∆ dv for Each Year

Class I Area Min

Distance (km) Max

Delta ∆ dv 98 th

Percentile ∆ dv Days > 0.5

∆ dv 2001 2002 2003 98 th ∆ dv 3-year Avg
moke 79 3.57 1.60 63 1.17 1.93 1.71 1.60
deso 86 3.80 1.62 60 1.20 1.91 1.37 1.49
hoov 99 2.07 0.94 35 0.89 1.03 0.79 0.90 emig 101 1.99 0.95 30 0.92 1.19 0.79 0.97 yose 112 2.02 0.83 31 0.79 1.04 0.66 0.83
anad 133 1.90 0.59 13 0.56 0.64 0.56 0.59 jomu 170 1.44 0.66 24 0.62 0.80 0.70 0.71
kais 200 1.29 0.43 7 0.45 0.39 0.42 0.42
kica 212 1.23 0.65 16 0.66 0.59 0.62 0.62
cari 227 1.82 0.86 20 1.28 0.80 0.86 0.98
lavo 231 1.82 0.83 19 1.19 0.79 0.87 0.95
sowa 246 2.74 1.05 28 1.26 0.93 1.00 1.07
thla 266 1.65 0.66 13 0.72 0.58 0.61 0.63 sequ 274 1.32 0.70 14 0.71 0.71 0.66 0.69



## 4.6.2 BART Modeling Analysis The results and comparisons of the CALPUFF modeling for the b aseline emission rates and those for the NVE BART Limit emission rates are provided in Sec tion 5. As previously mentioned, the NO x emission rate modeled is in excess of the NVEBL.DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 5-1 

# 5.0 BART Analysis and Recommendations

5.1 Recommended BART Controls
As a result of the completed technical and economic evaluations , and consideration of the modeling analysis for Fort Churchill 1, the recommended BAR T controls include installing LNB for NO x and utilizing PNG and/or low-sulfur No. 2 fuel oil for SO 2 and PM 10 emissions reduction. There are no presumptive limits assigned by the Un ited States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for wall-fired boilers burning PNG or fuel oil. In the absence of a specific Federal guidance, Nevada has chosen to establish the NV EBL based on the control technology that meets the BART guidelines for each specific unit. Table 5-1 compares the baseline emission control scenario with e xpected emission levels utilizing the NVE BART Limit emission levels. While the NO x emission rate modeled is in excess of the current NVEBL, modeling results represent wors t case visibility impacts. Because of the basis utilized to establish the estimated emissio ns rate for each of these cases, it is important to consider economic and dispersion modelin g results for each scenario in making the overall BART recommendation. The WRAP baseline represents a snap-shot view of emissions bas ed upon the year 2006, and does not necessarily represent worst case potential emissi on rates. The Title V permit limit offers a more representative view of maximum potential emissi on rates, since these are enforceable operating limits. Comparison of dispersion mode ling results for the three scenarios are presented below.

TABLE 5-1 Modeled Emission Control Scenarios Fort Churchill Unit 1

Case Estimated NO x Emissions (lb/MMBtu) Estimated SO 2 Emissions (lb/MMBtu) Estimated PM 10 Emissions (lb/MMBtu)
WRAP Baseline 0.434 0.582 0.019
Title V Emission Limit Baseline 0.8 0.8 0.194
Scenario 1 – NVE BART Limit BART 0.40 a 0.05 0.03

a – NO x emission rate higher than NVEBL

The ranking of the different NO x emission control scenarios based on annual costs, from lowest to highest cost, is presented on Table 5-2.5.0 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 5-2 TABLE 5-2 Ranking of NO x Control Scenarios by Cost Fort Churchill Unit 1

Rank Scenario Total Annual Cost 1 LNB $156,559 2 LNB w/FGR $490,970 3 New LNB and SNCR $893,203 4 ROFA with Rotamix $1,669,757 5 New LNB and SCR $4,499,854



# 5.2 Dispersion Modeling Results
The results of the dispersion modeling are shown below. In th is analysis the WRAP emission rates are used as a historical baseline. Table 5-3 compares visibility impacts of the WRAP baseline, the current Title V permit limits and the NVE BA RT Limit emission rates. The NVE BART Limit emission rates for Fort Churchill Unit 1 de monstrate an improvement in visibility.5.0 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 5-3 TABLE 5-3 Comparison of Visibility Impacts by Class I Area Fort Churchill Unit 1

98 th Percentile ∆ dv Number of Days Exceeding 0.5 ∆ dv

Area Distance

(km) WRAP

Baseline Title V

Permit Limit NVE BART

Limit WRAP

Baseline Title V

Permit Limit NVE BART

Limit
moke 79 1.07 1.64 0.58 41 66 14
deso 86 1.02 1.58 0.54 29 57 15
hoov 99 0.55 0.89 0.27 13 27 1 emig 101 0.57 0.88 0.27 14 28 3 yose 112 0.48 0.75 0.24 11 27 2
anad 133 0.32 0.50 0.14 4 11 1 jomu 170 0.36 0.58 0.18 4 14 0
kais 200 0.22 0.35 0.09 1 3 0
kica 212 0.36 0.56 0.17 5 10 0
cari 227 0.48 0.78 0.25 9 15 3
lavo 231 0.48 0.77 0.25 9 15 3
sowa 246 0.62 1.00 0.35 15 23 5
thla 266 0.36 0.55 0.17 5 11 1 sequ 274 0.38 0.59 0.18 4 10 15.0 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 5-4 FIGURE 5-1 Comparison of 98 th Percentile Delta Deciview Visibility Impacts Part 1 Fort Churchill 1 Comparison of 98th Percentile Delta Deciview Visibi lity Impacts Fort Churchill Unit 1 Part 1

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Mokelumne W Desolation W Hoover W Emigrant W Yosemite N P Ansel Adams W John Muir W

Class I AreaDelta Deciview WRAP Basline Title V Permit Limit SPR BART Limit

FIGURE 5-2 Comparison of 98 th Percentile Delta Deciview Visibility Impacts Part 2 Fort Churchill 1 Comparison of 98th Percentile Delta Deciview Visibi lity Impacts Fort Churchill Unit 1 Part 2

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Kaiser W Kings Canyon NP Caribou W Lassen Volcanic NP South Warner

W Thousand

Lakes W Sequoia NP

Class I AreaDelta Deciview WRAP Baseline Title V Permit Limit SPR BART Limit5.0 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 5-5 FIGURE 5-3 Comparison of Days of Visibility Impacts Exceeding 0.5 ∆dv Part 1 Fort Churchill 1 Comparison of Days of Visibility Impacts Exceeding 0.5 ∆ dv Fort Churchill Unit 1 Part 1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Mokelumne W Desolation W Hoover W Emigrant W Yosemite N P Ansel Adams W John Muir W

Class I AreaDays WRAP Baseline Title V Permit Limit SPR BART Limit

FIGURE 5-4 Comparison of Days of Visibility Impacts Exceeding 0.5 ∆dv Part 2 Fort Churchill 1 Comparison of Days of Visibility Impacts Exceeding 0.5 ∆ dv Fort Churchill Unit 1 Part 2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Kaiser W Kings Canyon NP Caribou W Lassen Volcanic NP South Warner

W Thousand

Lakes W Sequoia NP

Class I AreaDays WRAP Baseline Title V Permit Limt SPR BART Limit5.0 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 5-6 As shown in Figures 5-1 through 5-4, there is a significant decr ease in modeled visibility impact when reducing the modeled emission levels from the WRA P and Title V Permit values, to the NVEBL emission rates.


## 5.2.1 NO x 

## Control Scenario Visibility Modeling While visibility modeling has not been completed for the com bination of NO x , SO2, and PM 10 NBEBL values, Tables 5-4 and 5-5 below compare the results for the various NO x control technologies. Results from two representative Class I areas are provided. Based on an evaluation of the cost per ∆dv reduction from Tables 5 -4 and 5-5, new LNB is selected as BART for Fort Churchill 1.

TABLE 5-4 NO x Control Scenario Results for Mokelumne Wilderness Fort Churchill Unit 1

Scenario Controls Average Number of Days Above 0.5 ∆ dV (Days) 98th

Percentile ∆ dV Reduction Total

Annualized Cost (Million$) Cost per

∆ dV Reduction (Million$/dV Reduced)
Base 27 0 0 0
1 New LNB 17 0.296 0.157 0.529
2 New LNB and FGR 12 0.332 0.491 1.479
3 New LNB and SNCR 12 0.362 0.893 2.467

4 New LNB and SCR 6 0.5 4.500 9.0005.0 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 5-7 TABLE 5-5 NO x Control Scenario Results for Yosemite NP Fort Churchill Unit 1

Scenario Controls Average Number of Days Above 0.5 ∆ dV (Days) 98th

Percentile ∆ dV Reduction Total

Annualized Cost (Million$) Cost per

∆ dV Reduction (Million$/dV Reduced)
Base 8 0 0 0
1 New LNB 2 0.129 0.157 1.214
2 New LNB and FGR 2 0.144 0.491 3.410
3 New LNB and SNCR 2 0.159 0.893 5.618

4 New LNB and SCR 0 0.218 4.500 20.642



# 5.3 Recommendations

5.3.1 NO x 

## Emission Control New LNB has been selected as the NO x reduction technology with an NVEBL of 0.28 lb/MMBtu averaged on an annual basis. NewLNB is based on utilizin g enhanced combustion to meet the proposed NVEBL. There is significant uncertainty involved in obtaining vendor emission guarantees and associated equipment/c onstruction costs at this stage of analysis when retrofitting older boiler units. Site s pecific engineering is required on a “unit by unit” basis to determine the most effective control t echnology.


## 5.3.2 SO 2 

## Emission Control The utilization of PNG and/or low-sulfur No. 2 fuel oil is BART fo r Fort Churchill 1 with an NVEBL of 0.05 lb/MMBtu averaged on a 24-hour basis. No additional SO 2 emission control is required. No. 6 fuel oil will no longer be burned at the facil ity.


## 5.3.3 PM 10 

## Emission Control The utilization of PNG and/or low-sulfur No. 2 fuel oil is BART fo r Fort Churchill 1 with an NVEBL of 0.03 lb/MMBtu averaged on a 3-hour basis. No additional PM 10 emission control is required. No. 6 fuel oil will no longer be burned at the facil ity. 

# 5.4 Just-Noticeable Differences in Atmospheric Haze

Conclusions reached in the reference document Just-Noticeable Differences in Atmospheric Haze by Dr. Ronald Henry of the University of Southern California ( Henry, 2002), state that only dV differences of approximately 1.5 to 2.0 dV, or more are perceiv able by the human eye. Deciview changes of less than 1.5 cannot be distinguished b y the average person.5.0 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 5-8 Therefore, the modeling analysis results indicate that only m inimal, if any, observable visibility improvements at the Class I areas studied would be ex pected under any of the scenarios. Thus the results indicate that even though many milli ons of dollars will be spent, only minimal, if any, noticeable visibility improvements may re sult. Finally, it should be noted that none of the data were correcte d for natural obscuration where water in various forms (fog, clouds, snow, or rain) or other naturally caused aerosols obscure the atmosphere. During the period of 2001 through 2003, the re were several megawildfires that lasted for many days and could have had a major imp act of background visibility in these Class I areas. If natural obscuration were t o reduce the reduction in visibility impacts modeled for the Fort Churchill 1 facilit y, the effect would be to increase the costs per ∆dV reduction that are presented in this report.DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 6-1 

# 6.0 References

40 CFR Part 51. 2005. Regional Haze Regulations and Guidelines for Best Availab le Retrofit Technology Determinations; Final Rule (July 6, 2005, pg 39129). United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. New Source Review Workshop Manual – Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Nonattainm ent Area Permitting. October 1990.
EPA. 1998. Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) Phase 2 Summary Report and Recommendations for Modeling Long-Range Transport Impa cts. Air Quality Modeling Group (MD-14), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; National Park Servi ce, Air Resources Division, Denver, Colorado; USDA Forest Service, Air Program, Fo rt Collins, Colorado; and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Air Quality Branch, Denver, Color ado. December 1998. Guidance for Estimating Natural Visibility Conditions Unde r the Regional Haze Rule

. Henry, Ronald C. 2002. “Just-Noticeable Differences in Atmospheri c Haze.” Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 52:1238-1243. October 2002 Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP). 2007. Summary of WRAP RMC BART Modeling for Nevada, Draft#8 . May 14, 2007.
WRAP. 2006. Draft Final Modeling Protocol, CALMET/CALPUFF Protocol f or BART Exemption Screening Analysis for Class I Areas in the Western Un ited States. Air Quality Modeling Forum. Regional Modeling Center. August 15, 2006.DEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC 

# AppendicesDEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC APPENDIX A 

# Economic AnalysisDEN/ES072007003/FORT_CHURCHILL_1_10-03-08.DOC APPENDIX B 

# BART Protocol