FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

OCTOBER 30, 2006

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 04-14595

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 03-00028-CV

JACK E. ALDERMAN, 

Petitioner-Appellant, 

versus 

WILLIAM TERRY, Warden, 

Respondent-Appellee. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Georgia

_________________________

(October 30. 2006)

Before TJOFLAT, ANDERSON, and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:

The petitioner, Jack E. Alderman, is a Georgia prisoner on death row, having
 The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees a criminal 1

defendant in federal court the right to the effective assistance of counsel. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304

U.S. 458, 462, 58 S. Ct. 1019, 1022, 82 L. Ed. 1461 (1938). This right is guaranteed a defendant

in a state court criminal prosecution by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 

Gideon v. Wainright, 372 U.S. 335, 342, 83 S. Ct. 792, 795, 9 L. Ed. 2d 799 (1963). 

2

been convicted of the 1974 murder of his wife, Barbara J. Alderman, in the

Superior Court of Chatham County, Georgia. On July 16, 2004, the United States

District Court for the Southern District of Georgia denied his petition for a writ of

habeas corpus, and he appealed. We granted his application for a certificate of

appealability as to one issue: whether Alderman’s trial attorneys denied him the

effective assistance of counsel in the penalty phase of his sentencing proceedings

by failing to investigate and present to the jury his social-history background. 

1

From the time of the murder to the present appeal, this case has extended

over thirty-two years. Needless to say, the procedural history of this case is

extensive and complex. For the sake of clarity, we organize the opinion as follows:

part I provides the factual background and procedural history of the case; part II

focuses on Alderman’s 1984 re-sentencing trial; part III outlines Alderman’s

ineffective assistance claim, the evidence presented to the Superior Court of Butts

County, Georgia at the evidentiary hearing it held on the claim, and that court’s

findings of fact and conclusions of law; part IV spells out Alderman’s challenge to

those findings and conclusions and explains why we cannot overturn them and,
 In Alderman v. Zant, we affirmed the district court’s denial of a writ of habeas corpus 2

on claims that are not implicated in this appeal.

3

therefore, must deny the relief that Alderman seeks.

I.

A. 

The following statement of facts is an excerpt from Alderman v. Zant, 22

F.3d 1541,1544–1546 (11th Cir. 1994).2

The Petitioner, Jack E. Alderman (“Alderman”), and his wife,

Barbara Alderman (“Mrs. Alderman”), lived in an apartment in

Chatham County [,] Georgia. Alderman was employed as an assistant

manager at the local Piggly Wiggly supermarket. Mrs. Alderman was

employed in the Tax Assessor’s office for the City of Savannah. In

conjunction with her employment, Mrs. Alderman maintained a

$10,000.00 life insurance policy that paid double benefits in the event

of accidental death. Mrs. Alderman also had another life insurance

policy in the amount of $25,000.00 which named her mother as

beneficiary.

Alderman met John Arthur Brown (“Brown”), later convicted

as an accessory to Mrs. Alderman’s murder, when both Alderman and

Brown were employed in the vehicle maintenance department for the

City of Savannah. Brown testified that on September 19, 1974,

Alderman phoned Brown and asked him to meet him at the Piggly

Wiggly supermarket. Brown stated that during this meeting Alderman

asked Brown to kill Mrs. Alderman in exchange for half the insurance

proceeds. Brown, although claiming not to take Alderman seriously,

accepted the proposition.

On Saturday, September 21, 1974, Alderman asked Brown to

come to his apartment. When Brown arrived, Alderman handed

Brown a twelve-inch crescent wrench and instructed Brown to go into

the bedroom and kill Mrs. Alderman. Testimony indicates that Brown

was initially reluctant, but agreed to strike Mrs. Alderman when

persuaded by the gun wielding Alderman. Brown entered the dining
4

room and struck Mrs. Alderman in the head with the wrench. Mrs.

Alderman cried out and ran into the living room where she confronted

her husband. Alderman tackled Mrs. Alderman, then assisted by

Brown, placed his hands over Mrs. Alderman's nose and mouth until

she was unconscious.

Alderman and Brown carried Mrs. Alderman’s limp body to the

bathroom and placed it in the bathtub. Alderman started to fill the tub

while Brown cleaned the blood stains from both the living and dining

rooms. Alderman and Brown changed clothes and left the apartment

for several hours. The two men went to the Piggly Wiggly

supermarket where Alderman borrowed $100.00. Alderman and

Brown then went to two local Savannah bars. At some time during the

evening Alderman gave Brown the $100.00.

Alderman and Brown returned to the apartment around 10:00

p.m., removed Mrs. Alderman’s body from the bathtub and wrapped it

in a green quilt. The two men carried the body to Alderman’s 1974

Pontiac and placed it in the trunk. Brown drove Alderman’s car as

Alderman followed on his motorcycle. Alongside a creek in Rincon,

Georgia, Brown and Alderman removed the body from the trunk and

placed it in the driver's seat. At Alderman's direction, Brown reached

in the driver's window and released the emergency brake allowing the

car to roll into the creek. The car stopped halfway into the creek.

Again at Alderman’s direction, Brown opened the car door, pulled

Mrs. Alderman’s body halfway out and allowed her face to fall into

the creek. The two men removed the green quilt and the rubber trunk

mat from the car and fled the scene on Alderman’s motorcycle.

Later that evening, on September 21, 1974, Randy Hodges

(“Hodges”) and Terry Callahan (“Callahan”) were driving home on

Baker Hill Road and Highway 131. As they turned onto Highway 131

and approached Dasher’s Creek, they noticed a car in the creek.

Hodges jumped out, saw that there was a woman in the car and sent

Callahan to Lamar Rahn’s house to call for help. Effingham County

Sheriff Lloyd Fulcher (“Fulcher”) responded to the call. Upon his

arrival at the scene, Fulcher found the victim’s car in the water

adjacent to the bridge. Fulcher noticed no apparent physical damage to

the car. He ordered Mrs. Alderman’s body to be removed from the car

and taken to the hospital. Fulcher observed that there were no skid

marks from the car but that motorcycle tracks were apparent in the
5

area. Fulcher also noticed blood stains on the seat of the car and that

the trunk mat was missing.

At the direction of Fulcher, Garden City police officer J.D.

Crosby (“Crosby”) went to Alderman’s apartment only to find it

locked. Crosby later returned to the apartment at approximately 2:30

a.m. and found Alderman there with a woman. Crosby informed

Alderman that his wife had been involved in a traffic accident, and

asked him to accompany Effingham County authorities to the hospital.

Georgia Bureau of Investigation Agent H.H. Keadle (“Keadle”) was

present at the Effingham County hospital. Keadle and Fulcher noticed

red/brown stains in the seat and crotch of Alderman’s pants and on his

belt. At that time, Alderman’s clothes were taken from him.

Keadle’s investigation confirmed Crosby’s findings at the

accident scene. Keadle also recovered a stained portion of a green rug

and Alderman’s motorcycle helmet, which had been removed from

the Alderman’s apartment by Mrs. Alderman’s mother. Alderman’s

father, Jack Alderman, Sr., also gave the police the twelve inch

crescent wrench that he had removed from Alderman’s apartment.

Forensic Serologist Elizabeth Quarles, of the Georgia State

Crime Laboratory, examined the blood found on Alderman’s clothes.

The blood type was consistent with Mrs. Alderman’s blood. An

examination of the vehicle revealed one palm print and four

fingerprints which were stipulated as Alderman’s. Brown’s

fingerprints, however, were not found on the car.

Dr. Charles Sullinger (“Dr. Sullinger”) performed the autopsy

upon Mrs. Alderman’s body. Dr. Sullinger concluded that the

laceration on the back of Mrs. Alderman’s head was inflicted by a

blunt instrument. Dr. Sullinger also concluded that because there

existed only a small amount of blood in the car, the blow to Mrs.

Alderman’s head did not occur as a result of the accident. Dr.

Sullinger found no evidence of any abnormalities in the heart, no

scratches on the forearms and no evidence of strangulation. Dr.

Sullinger concluded that the liquid in Mrs. Alderman’s lungs revealed

that Mrs. Alderman died as a result of asphyxia due to drowning.

Keadle’s investigation led him to Brown. Brown eventually

gave a statement incriminating himself and Alderman. At trial,

Alderman testified on his own behalf and denied that he killed his

wife. Alderman testified that on the night of September 21, 1974, he
6

and his wife had an argument and that he left the apartment alone. He

allegedly took a bus to Savannah where he spent some time at two

local bars. Alderman testified that he returned home at approximately

10:00 p.m. but his wife was not at home. Alderman decided to go to

Rincon, Georgia to see if Mrs. Alderman was at her grandparent’s

home. A more complete version of Alderman’s defense may be found

in Alderman v. State, 241 Ga. 496, 246 S.E.2d 642, 644–45, cert.

denied, 439 U.S. 991, 99 S.Ct. 593, 58 L.Ed.2d 666 (1978), reh’g

denied, 439 U.S. 1122, 99 S.Ct. 1036, 59 L.Ed.2d 84 (1979).

Alderman testified that on his way to Rincon, he observed his

car on the side of the bridge at Dasher's Creek. Alderman stopped his

motorcycle and went to the car where he discovered his wife’s body.

Alderman stated that he picked up Mrs. Alderman’s head and placed it

in his lap. Upon hearing a noise, Alderman fled the scene in shock and

fear. Alderman allegedly forgot about his wife’s body, drove to

Savannah and returned to a local bar. Alderman then went to Johnny

Ganem’s for breakfast with friends. While at breakfast, Alderman

offered Gerlina Carmack (the female present in the Alderman’s

apartment when Officer J.D. Crosby arrived) a ride home. Alderman

had allegedly stopped at his apartment to pick up a jacket when the

police arrived and took him to the hospital where he identified his

wife’s body.

Alderman testified that he did not know why he had left his

wife’s body in the creek; that he recalled nothing of his trip back to

Savannah; and, the fact that his wife was dead had completely left his

mind. Appellant testified that he first realized the full facts

surrounding his wife’s death after being treated by a psychiatrist who

was able to refresh his memory as to the events surrounding her death.

He further testified that after being treated by the psychiatrist he

realized that fear had caused him to leave his wife’s body in the creek

because he knew her family would blame him for her death.
7

B. 

As noted supra, on July 16, 2004, the district court denied Alderman’s

application for a writ of habeas corpus. Alderman v. Schofield, No. CV403-028 at

5–9 (S.D. Ga. July 16, 2004). In its dispositive order, the court recounted the

procedural history of this case – the prosecution in the Chatham County Superior

Court, the appeals to the Georgia Supreme Court, the collateral attacks in the Butts

County Superior Court, and the habeas proceedings in federal court. 

On June 14, 1975, Petitioner was convicted in the Superior

Court of Chatham County for killing his wife, and then he was

sentenced to death. Following his conviction, he appealed to the

Georgia Supreme Court, which denied his appeal on June 27, 1978. 

Certiorari was later denied by the United States Supreme Court on

November 27, 1978. He then filed for state habeas relief in the

Superior Court of Chatham County, Georgia. In June 1979, the

Georgia Supreme Court denied Petitioner a certificate of probable

cause to appeal. The United States Supreme Court denied certiorari

on February 19, 1980, and denied a rehearing on March 19, 1980.

Petitioner then filed an application for habeas relief in federal

district court on June 27, 1980. This first round of federal habeas

appeals culminated in 1983 when the Fifth Circuit, Unit B, acting en

banc, granted a new sentencing trial, which began in March 1984. 

After his re-sentencing trial, Petitioner was again sentenced to death

on April 1, 1984. He then filed a motion for new trial and an

amendment thereto, which were denied in an order filed on August 27,

1984. Petitioner directly appealed his death sentence to the Georgia

Supreme Court, which affirmed his new death sentence on February

28, 1985. On October 15, 1985, the United States Supreme Court

denied certiorari and later denied a rehearing on November 18, 1985.

Petitioner then began a second round of habeas appeals in the

state and federal courts with the same attorneys who represented him

at the re-sentencing trial. He filed a state habeas petition in the
8

Superior Court of Butts County on February 6, 1986. An amended

habeas petition was filed June 16, 1987, and a second amended habeas

petition was filed June 25, 1987. Following an evidentiary hearing on

June 29, 1987, the state habeas court dismissed the petition on

September 10, 1987, holding that all of Petitioner’s claims were

barred from review because of procedural default. On October 28,

1987, the Georgia Supreme Court denied the application for a

certificate of probable cause to appeal. The United States Supreme

Court subsequently denied certiorari on March 7, 1988, and denied a

rehearing on April 25, 1988. 

Petitioner then filed a petition for habeas relief in federal

district court on June 23, 1988. The federal petition was denied at the

trial level on June 6, 1989, without an evidentiary hearing. Subsequent

to the entry of judgment, both Petitioner and the State filed motions to

alter and amend. On June 22, 1989, the District Court entered an

order denying Petitioner’s motion, but did not rule on the State’s

motion. During the pendency of the State’s motion, Petitioner filed a

notice of appeal. On August 10, 1990, the Eleventh Circuit dismissed

the appeal of Petitioner for lack of jurisdiction. On remand, the

District Court entered an order on September 20, 1990, granting the

State’s motion to alter and amend in part and denying the motion in

part.

Petitioner then filed an appeal challenging the decision of the

District Court, while at the same time challenging the court’s

jurisdiction to consider his own appeal due to the failure to rule on an

issue. On December 27, 1991, the Eleventh Circuit dismissed the

appeal for lack of jurisdiction because the District Court failed to rule

on Petitioner’s claim regarding the guilt-phase jury, but the Eleventh

Circuit did find that the District Court had jurisdiction to hold an

evidentiary hearing on Petitioner’s . . . claims [Giglio v. United States,

405 U.S. 150 (1972); Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963)], and

ordered the District Court to hold such a hearing. After an evidentiary

hearing on May 18, 1992, the District Court found the Bradv/Giglio

claims to be procedurally barred, and thereby dismissed the petition

on June 23, 1992. The Eleventh Circuit affirmed the ruling on April

14, 1994, and denied a rehearing en bane on July 12, 1994. The

United States Supreme Court again denied certiorari on December 12,

1994, and denied a rehearing on February 21, 1995.
In addition to the claim before us, Alderman asserted that he was denied effective 3

assistance of counsel on his direct appeal from his 1984 re-sentencing trial in violation of the

9

Petitioner began a third round of habeas action in the Superior

Court of Butts County on December 22, 1994, challenging his new

death sentence on two grounds: ineffective assistance of counsel

during the re-sentencing trial and ineffective assistance of counsel

during the appeal from the re-sentencing trial. The State filed its

answer on January 13, 1995. For reasons unknown to the Court, no

action apparently occurred in Petitioner’s case in the state court

system until 1999.

On March 29, 1999, an amended habeas petition was filed in

the state court. An evidentiary hearing was conducted in the state

habeas court on May 5 and 6, 1999, and Petitioner’s claims were

denied on December 29, 1999. Petitioner’s application for a

certificate of probable cause to appeal was denied by the Georgia

Supreme Court on January 10, 2002. On October 21, 2002, the United

States Supreme Court denied certiorari.

In February 2003, after exhausting these remedies, Alderman once again

returned to the district court for habeas corpus relief. In a new petition, he claimed

that he was denied constitutionally effective assistance of counsel at his 1984 resentencing trial and in his direct appeal from the death sentence he received. The

district court, relying on the record compiled by the Superior Court of Butts

County on Alderman’s March 29, 1999 habeas petition and the court’s order

denying relief, denied Alderman’s petition and his subsequent motion to alter and

amend the judgment. In June 2005, we granted Alderman’s application for a

certificate of appealability on the ineffective assistance of counsel issue set out in

the opening paragraph of this opinion.3
Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. Specifically,

Alderman alleged that his counsel failed to include in his brief to the Georgia Supreme Court a

claim presented to the trial court, that the State violated his rights under Brady v. Maryland, 373

U.S. 83 (1963), and Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972), by withholding evidence that it

had promised John Brown leniency in exchange for his testimony against Alderman. In

Alderman v. Schofield, No. CV403-028 at 26–27 (S.D. Ga. July 16, 2004), the district court

found that Alderman’s appellate counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise the Brady/Giglio

claim on appeal.

 The Georgia statutes listed murder committed for oneself or another for the purpose of 4

receiving money or any other thing of monetary value as a circumstance that, upon a jury’s

finding, authorized the jury to return a verdict of death. GA. CODE ANN. § 17-10-30(b)(4) (1984).

10

II.

In subpart A, we outline the case that the State presented against Alderman

at his 1984 re-sentencing trial (“RST”). In subpart B, we outline the case

Alderman presented. 

A.

At Alderman’s RST, the State sought the death penalty on the grounds that

the motive and manner in which Alderman murdered his wife constituted two

aggravating circumstances, each of which independently warranted the death

penalty: (1) he murdered his wife to obtain insurance money, and (2) he committed

the murder in an “outrageously vile” or “inhuman” way. 

Addressing the first aggravating circumstance, the prosecutor told the jury

that Alderman deserved the death penalty because he murdered Mrs. Alderman

“for . . . the purpose of receiving [insurance] money.” The prosecutor established 4

this motive by presenting the testimony of City of Savannah employee, Sandra
Brown testified at Alderman’s 1975 trial while under indictment for Mrs. Alderman’s 5

murder and awaiting his own trial. Brown was convicted less than six months after Alderman’s

conviction. Sentence of the Court, State v. Brown, No. 23499 (Super. Ct. of Chatham Co. Dec.

4, 1975). The jury convicted Brown of murder, and their verdict called for the death penalty. Id. 

While the court sentenced Brown to death in 1975, it granted a new trial on the sentencing phase

and re-sentenced Brown to life imprisonment on December 4, 1978. Order of the Court, State v.

Brown, No. 23499 (Super. Ct. of Chatham Co. Dec. 4, 1978). He was serving that sentence of

life imprisonment when he testified at Alderman’s RST. 

11

Sullivan. Sullivan, the City’s personnel technician who handled employee benefits

and records in September 1974, testified that Mrs. Alderman was employed by the

City at the time of her death and explained that, as a City employee, Mrs.

Alderman participated in the City’s group life insurance policy. The prosecutor

produced a copy of the City’s group policy, which provided for a death benefit

commensurate with salary—up to $10,000—with double indemnity upon

accidental death. He also offered a copy of Mrs. Alderman’s enrollment card for

the City’s group policy, which listed Alderman as the sole beneficiary. Sullivan

also testified that at the time of Mrs. Alderman’s death, her salary qualified her for

the maximum $10,000 death benefit, which would double to $20,000 in the event

of accidental death. 

The prosecutor used John Brown to cement his theory that Alderman killed

his wife for the insurance benefits. Brown testified that in the days preceding 5

Mrs. Alderman’s death, Alderman enlisted him in a plot to kill her. Brown said

that Alderman promised him half of the insurance money for his role in the
 John Brown also testified that Alderman wanted to kill his wife because she “was 6

wanting a divorce from him and . . . was going to take him through the mill,” which Brown

explained to mean “that she was going to take everything he had.” In addressing the jury,

however, the prosecutor did not argue that Alderman killed his wife because she was planning to

divorce him.

 Under Georgia law, this aggravating circumstance also authorized the imposition of the 7

death penalty. GA. CODE ANN. § 17-10-30(b)(7) (1984). 

12

murder.6

Regarding the second aggravating circumstance, the prosecutor urged the

jury to invoke the death penalty because the “offense of murder . . . was

outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible, or inhuman in that it involved torture,

depravity of mind, or an aggravated battery to the victim.” Brown provided the 7

State’s only evidence on this point. His testimony painted a picture of what the

prosecutor termed an “[e]xecution type [sic] killing.”

Brown recounted the events of the night of Mrs. Alderman’s death. Brown

said that when he came over to Alderman’s apartment that evening, Alderman had

him follow Mrs. Alderman around the apartment with a wrench in his hand. 

Brown struck Mrs. Alderman in the back of her head with the wrench. Alderman

then got Mrs. Alderman on the floor and held his hand over her nose and mouth so

that she could not breathe. The two men then took Mrs. Alderman to the bathroom

tub and filled it with water. Alderman held her head under water. The two men

then left her there and headed to the local bar for a few drinks. Upon their return to
 Alderman’s lawyers explained their strategy in considerable detail at the May 5-6, 1999 8

evidentiary hearing the Butts County Superior Court held on Alderman’s petition for a writ of

habeas corpus. 

13

the apartment two hours later, Brown and Alderman put Mrs. Alderman’s body in

the trunk of the Aldermans’ car and drove the car to a creek that was on the way to

Mrs. Alderman’s grandmother’s house. They then put Mrs. Alderman’s body in

the driver’s seat, rolled down the windows, put the gear in neutral, and sent the car

into the creek to make it look like an accident.

B.

Alderman countered the State’s case by showing that Brown had a better

motive for killing Mrs. Alderman than he did, and that Brown had confessed to a

fellow jail inmate that he had, in fact, committed the murder. Put another way, 

Alderman’s attorneys pursued a lingering or residual doubt theory as to whether

Alderman murdered his wife and, in doing so, gave the jury a basis for returning a

verdict of life imprisonment instead of the death penalty. Counsel felt that the

lingering doubt theory was the appropriate strategy because a new jury had been

empaneled for the RST, the jury that convicted Alderman in 1975 having been

discharged. If successful, the lingering doubt strategy would yield a sentence of

life imprisonment instead of death. 

8

In carrying out this strategy, counsel focused on the inconsistencies in the
 Defense counsel presented the testimony of 30 witnesses, including Alderman. The 9

testimony of six of them came in the form of transcripts of testimony they had given at

Alderman’s 1975 trial. These transcripts were read to the jury. As for the live witnesses, they

did not testify in the precise order implied in the text following this footnote. For convenience,

however, we discuss each witness’s testimony in relation to the purpose for which it was

introduced, irrespective of the actual order of the testimony at the RST. 

 The State challenged the credibility of Alderman’s testimony at the 1975 trial and at 10

the RST. The 1975 testimony was before the RST jury via the State’s impeachment of some of

14

State’s case, asking in their opening statement (after the State rested its case) and

again in closing argument that the jury not sentence Alderman to death because

there was considerable doubt as to whether he had committed the crime. They

supported this strategy with an alternative theory of how the murder occurred:

Brown acted alone and killed Mrs. Alderman for drug money. 

Defense counsel proceeded with Alderman’s defense as follows (each

category to be discussed in greater detail, infra). First, they planted the seeds of 9

their lingering doubt theory by impeaching Brown’s credibility – his story about

what motivated Mrs. Alderman’s murder and how it occurred. They accomplished

this principally through their cross-examination of Brown while he was on the

witness stand in the State’s case. Then, they put on witnesses who said that

Alderman’s reputation (in 1974) for being a law-abiding citizen was good – such

that it would have been completely out of character for Alderman to have

murdered his wife – and that his reputation for truthfulness (in 1974 or at the time

of the RST) was beyond reproach. Counsel elicited testimony of Alderman’s 10
the testimony Alderman gave from the witness stand at the RST. 

15

reputation for telling the truth because he would be their final witness, and the jury

would have to believe him if they were to have a lingering doubt as to his guilt. 

After calling these “reputation” witnesses, counsel presented evidence –

mainly through the testimony of Alderman’s father – about Alderman’s upbringing

and the struggles Alderman had to overcome to become a productive member of

society. Counsel added to this the testimony of those monitoring Alderman’s

prison behavior; they said that Alderman was a model prisoner who posed no

threat to the safety of fellow inmates or prison personnel, thus implying that the

jury need not sentence him to death to protect those in prison. With all of this

testimony before the jury, counsel called Alderman to the stand. 

1.

Because the State’s case hinged principally on Brown’s testimony, defense

counsel went all out in an effort to destroy Brown’s credibility. To that end,

counsel portrayed Brown as a lying drug addict. Counsel questioned Brown at

great length about his heavy use of alcohol and illegal drugs. Brown conceded that

he went through about four fifths of whiskey per week and smoked as much as an

ounce of marijuana per day. He also admitted to taking barbiturates by the handful

and using speed, LSD, opium, and qualudes. 
 Walters took the stand “out of order,” after most of Alderman’s character witnesses

11

had testified. We relate what he said here, in this part of the opinion, because his testimony bore

solely on Brown’s credibility. See supra note 9. 

16

While presenting Alderman’s case, counsel read to the jury a transcript of an

interview that an agent of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation conducted with

Brown wherein Brown admitted that he was intoxicated at the time he helped

Alderman kill his wife. Brown also admitted that he experienced sporadic

flashbacks on account of his LSD use. During these flashbacks, he would

blackout, hallucinate, and generally have no recollection of what he did during the

flashback. Brown acknowledged, moreover, that during his trip back to the United

States from military service in Vietnam, he removed from his medical records,

which had been entrusted to him, references to his frequent blackouts, inability to

control himself, and inability to remember his actions during blackouts.

In addition to portraying Brown as having extreme difficulty remembering

critical events, Alderman’s defense counsel countered Brown’s description of how

the murder occurred. First, they presented the testimony of a man, Robert S.

Walters, who occupied the same cell block that Brown did in December 1974,

while Brown was under indictment and awaiting trial for the Alderman murder.11

Walters testified that Brown gave him three different versions of how Mrs.

Alderman died. In the first version, Alderman forced Brown to kill her by
17

threatening him with a knife. In the second version, Alderman threatened Brown

with a gun. In the final version, Brown recounted how he alone killed Mrs.

Alderman – without reference to any involvement on the part of Alderman. In that

account, Brown told Walters that he and Mrs. Alderman had been “having an affair

and that he needed money for dope and that him and her [sic] got into an argument

and from that argument he picked up a wrench and hit her and then put her in the

trunk of the car and drove her out to the creek.” 

The second way in which defense counsel countered Brown’s description of

the murder was to present the testimony of Dr. Sandra Conradi, a forensic

pathologist. In his testimony in the State’s case, Brown said that Alderman put his

wife on the floor and held his hand over her mouth and nose so she could not

breathe. She became unconscious. He then helped Alderman take her to the

bathroom where she was placed in the tub and drowned. Dr. Conradi testified that

her examination of Mrs. Alderman’s autopsy report, the transcript of the 1975 trial

testimony of the Director of the Chatham County Branch of the State Crime Lab,

and various other documents indicated that there was no strangling, choking,

squeezing of the nose, or any other sign of struggle with Mrs. Alderman prior to

her death. 
 These witnesses testified as to Alderman’s reputation for truthfulness at the time of his 12

1975 trial. Such reputation was relevant because Alderman testified at that trial and portions of

the transcript of his testimony were used by the prosecutor at the RST to impeach him. 

 When he subsequently took the witness stand, Alderman repeated much of what his

13

father had said about his upbringing and the problems he encountered and overcame following

the damage to his left eye. 

18

2.

Several witnesses portrayed Alderman as a man incapable of the act John

Brown and the State accused him of committing and as a person with

unimpeachable veracity. The pastor of the Aldermans’ church, members of that

church, neighbors, and former co-workers testified that Alderman had a reputation

in the community for being law-abiding and truthful. They described him as a 12

hard-working man of good character. Alderman’s pastor, Rev. Jesse W. Hilton, a

Baptist minister who baptized Alderman, also told of the Aldermans involvement

in his church; they were active in not just one, but in all of the church’s ministries. 

A Catholic chaplain, Father Richard Paul Wise, who had considerable interaction

with Alderman in the prison setting, echoed the pastor’s sentiments, adding that

Alderman was one of the most honest people he had ever met in prison work. 

3.

 Alderman’s father described his son’s childhood and upbringing. He and 13

his wife divorced when Alderman was three years old. Following the divorce, he

took Alderman and his younger sister to live with their paternal grandmother and
 A psychiatrist, Dr. Herbert Smith, who examined Alderman following his indictment 14

for Mrs. Alderman’s murder and testified at Alderman’s 1975 trial, described what thereafter

occurred in these words: “[A]fter several operations he was released from the hospital and as fate

would have it, a . . . mentally retarded child . . . stuck a hacksaw blade in the same eye that very

day and ripped out most of the cornea, iris, and pupil, leaving him totally blind in that eye.” A

transcript of the psychiatrist’s entire testimony was read to the jury as part of Alderman’s case at

the RST. 

19

step-grandfather. 

The father told how Alderman lost his left eye and the impact that had on his

son’s development. At the age of four, Alderman was fishing with his

grandmother and step-grandfather when he accidentally stabbed himself in the left

eye with a fishing knife. Following surgery and his release from the hospital, a 14

child hit him in the same eye with a hacksaw blade, which left him blind in that

eye. Despite this handicap, Alderman’s father recounted that when his son was “in

the fifth grade, he had already [gone] through the sixth grade books and . . . his

teacher and the principal wanted him to skip the sixth grade.” A sympathetic

blindness, “optical neuritis,” began to develop in Alderman’s functional eye,

however, and Alderman lost so much vision that he could not see or write. As a

result, he was sent to the Georgia Academy for the Blind in Macon. He stayed

there through his junior year of high school, excelling academically. 

While at the academy, Alderman was hospitalized on three occasions for eye

surgery. The first surgery was experimental to reduce inflamation. The last

surgery was performed to remove the eye so a prosthesis could be implanted. 
20

Meanwhile, the sight in his right eye improved enough to enable him to transfer to

Savannah High School for his senior year. His performance during that year so

impressed his high school counselor that she recommended him to an employer

who was looking for a student to train in its business.

Alderman’s father concluded his direct-examination by saying that he loved

his son, that he visited him at the prison “a couple of times,” and that he “wanted to

go more, but [his] health wouldn’t permit it.”

4.

Operating under the assumption that their lingering doubt strategy might

fail, defense counsel sought to avoid the death penalty by convincing the jury that

Alderman would pose no threat to the safety of fellow prison inmates and people

working at the prison. To this end, they presented the testimony of eleven prison

guards. All said that Alderman was a model prisoner. They described him as a

committed Christian who frequently assisted them in caring for fellow inmates. 

Although they did not say so explicitly, they clearly implied that his execution was

not necessary for the protection of inmates and those working in the prison

facility. 
 The Aldermans lived in the same town as Mrs. Alderman’s grandparents before 15

moving to the Savannah apartment where they were living at the time of Mrs. Alderman’s death.

 After Dr. Smith treated Alderman in June 1975, Alderman was able to recall fragments 16

of the events that transpired between the time he discovered his wife’s body in the creek and the

moment he identified it at the hospital. 

21

5.

Counsel presented Alderman as their final witness. Their direct examination

was tailored to the lingering doubt theory they had set before the jury in their

opening statement. Alderman described his relationship with his wife and his

whereabouts on the night of her death, a description that stood in sharp contrast to

what Brown had told the jury. Alderman testified that he and Mrs. Alderman had a

fight that day regarding their inability to conceive a child. Both were considerably

upset, so he left their apartment for a while. Upon his return, he found that she was

not there. Thinking that she had gone to her grandparents’ house, he began 15

driving there. About a half a mile from their house, he saw a car partially

submerged in a creek and decided to investigate. Upon closer inspection, he

recognized the car as his own. In the car, he found his wife’s body. Alderman said

that from the time he discovered her body in the creek until he identified her body

at the hospital, he had no memory of his actions or any awareness of her death.16

To bolster this statement, Alderman’s counsel read to the jury a transcript of 

the testimony Dr. Herbert Smith, a psychiatrist, had given at his trial in June of
22

1975. Dr. Smith had examined Alderman a month or so before his trial to

determine the cause of Alderman’s lack of memory at such a critical point in time. 

He opined that Alderman suffered from a “selective amnesia [that was] probably

secondary to disassociative reaction,” and that upon seeing his wife’s body in the

creek, he “was emotionally upset, suffering from shock and disbelief, and

overwhelmed with grief.” Alderman then heard a car approaching and assumed

that because he was so close to the grandparents’ house, the car probably contained

her relatives. He reasoned that “if they saw him there they would jump to the

conclusion that he was responsible and they would hurt him physically,” as “they

had threatened to do . . . in the past.”

Dr. Smith then explained how “the mechanisms of fight or flight went into

operation and [Alderman] fled the scene to avoid what he considered almost

certain physical harm.” To keep from “feeling unmanly and cowardly” about

leaving his wife there, Alderman experienced a disassociative reaction. The part of

his consciousness that knew he had discovered his wife “was split off from the rest

of it and . . . repressed into the unconsciousness. This created a disassociative

reaction and along with it the amnesia.” This, in turn, enabled Alderman to

“subconsciously deny that he had found his wife’s body and therefore deny that

she was actually dead at all, so that he did not have to feel guilty about leaving his
 Prior to her death, Mrs. Alderman’s insurance with the City of Savannah had lapsed. 17

As the state habeas court stated in its order denying Alderman relief, defense counsel “presented

witnesses who testified that, if any life insurance policies had existed at the time of the murder,

they had lapsed prior to Mrs. Alderman’s death.” Alderman v. Head, No. 94-V-720 at 22 (Super.

Ct. of Butts County Dec. 29, 1999). The State’s insurance motivation for the murder therefore

depended solely on the testimony of John Brown.

23

wife and he would also be able to escape the terrible fear of physical harm by his

in-laws.” Dr. Smith said that Alderman’s amnesia “lasted from the time he spotted

his wife’s body in the creek until the time he identified [her] body at the hospital.”

Responding to the State’s theory that he killed his wife to collect insurance

proceeds, Alderman testified that he and Mrs. Alderman had a good marriage and

that he had no more monetary incentive to kill his wife than any other husband

whose wife had life insurance. Contrary to Brown’s story, Alderman testified 17

that his wife was not contemplating a divorce. Alderman said that he and Mrs.

Alderman had a normal, healthy marital relationship. 

Alderman’s lawyers thus impugned John Brown’s credibility, and therefore

the State’s theory of the case, by portraying Brown as a lying drug-addict, and

offering his own, exculpatory version of events.

III.

In his habeas petition to the Butts County Superior Court on December 22,

1994, Alderman claimed that his attorneys denied him the effective assistance of

counsel by failing to investigate and present to the jury his social-history
 At the habeas corpus hearing, Father Wise expressed that “Jack always impressed me. 18

. . [He] was probably the most influential person that I knew back there [at the D-house]. I

respected Jack’s wisdom.” Father Wise testified that he felt frustrated at not being able to

elaborate more on these opinions at the RST.

24

background. The heart of his claim was that his “counsel’s failure to investigate,

develop and present mitigating evidence beyond lingering doubt evidence was not

the result of a tactical or strategic decision. Rather it was the result of a complete

failure to understand the meaning, purpose and scope of mitigation evidence at a

capital sentencing trial.”

The superior court held an evidentiary hearing on the petition on May 5–6,

1999. Alderman’s habeas attorneys examined six witnesses: Father Richard Paul

Wise, Catherine Thompson, Martha Murphy Davis, Jack Boyd Deal, George Terry

Jackson, and Michael Schiavone. Father Wise was the chaplain at the Georgia

Diagnostic and Classification Center from 1980–1986, and came to know

Alderman while he was on death row there. Father Wise, who had testified as a

defense witness at the RST, complained that he “didn’t get a chance to say what

[he] wanted to say.” He remembered, however, being asked his opinion of 18

Alderman and commenting that “he was probably one of the most honest people

[he had] met in prison work.” Catherine Thompson, Alderman’s ex-wife, stated

that while she testified as a defense witness at Alderman’s 1975 trial, she was not

asked to testify at his RST. Thompson would have testified that Alderman never
 Davis testified that she would have commented on Alderman’s physical, spiritual, and 19

intellectual discipline had she been called to testify at the RST: “Jack has stood out in many

ways . . . his capacity . . . through all that he’s been through . . . to maintain a sense of focus and

an amazing level of discipline.”

25

abused her, and that she had “never seen him get in any kind of arguments, fights .

. . that wasn’t his nature.” Similarly, Martha Murphy Davis, a Presbyterian pastor

and director of the Southern Prison Ministry in Georgia, averred that she did not

testify at Alderman’s RST but would have been willing to do so. Alderman’s 19

lawyers at the evidentiary hearing also called Jack Boyd Deal, a retired high school

teacher who taught Alderman at Savannah High School in 1968 and 1969. Deal

said that he was not contacted to serve as a defense witness at the RST, but if given

the chance to testify he would have described Alderman as a model student

 who “got along well with his peers and his other teachers.” 

The crux of the evidentiary hearing focused on the testimony of Alderman’s

attorneys, George Terry Jackson and Michael Schiavone. In terms of experience,

Jackson had been a practicing attorney for twelve years, and had handled several

death penalty cases, some of which went to trial, by the time he was appointed to

represent Alderman. In light of his experience in capital cases, Jackson was

writing articles and speaking at seminars regarding death penalty litigation. 

Jackson occupied the first chair, and Schiavone was the second chair at

Alderman’s RST. 
26

At the RST, Jackson was primarily responsible for preparing witnesses on

the lingering doubt theory, and Schiavone mainly organized the mitigation

evidence. Jackson testified that while lingering doubt was their primary defense to

the death penalty, they also wanted “to show what kind of person Jack Alderman

was, that he was well respected in the community and trusted.” Jackson explained

that their character witnesses were questioned at the RST about Alderman’s

reputation in the community for being a truthful, law abiding citizen, and that there

was no tactical reason for not asking them about Alderman’s life and background. 

Jackson also said that he did not have a particular reason for not having

Alderman’s ex-wife testify or introducing portions of Alderman’s medical and

educational records. 

Jackson testified that he hired two investigators to locate a number of

witnesses. In particular, he was interested in determining the whereabouts of Jon

Sato. Sato and Brown were housed in the same cellblock following Brown’s

conviction in 1975. Sato gave a taped, sworn statement to his attorney describing

how Brown had confessed to committing the murder alone, without Alderman’s

involvement. Prior to the RST, Sato and the tape disappeared. Jackson described

the lengths the defense team went to in an attempt to secure Sato’s testimony. 

They discovered Sato but only after the jury had returned its verdict against
 See supra part II.B.4. 20

 It is apparent from the record that Schiavone was referring to Alderman’s friends, who 21

testified to his reputation as being a law-abiding and truthful person. See supra part II.B.2.

27

Alderman and he had been sentenced. Jackson also discussed his decision to call

Dr. Conradi as a defense witness. While Dr. Conradi was not part of the defense’s

case at the 1975 trial, Jackson wanted to emphasize the absence of the physical

findings that should have been present on Mrs. Alderman’s body had Brown been

telling the truth. 

As for mitigating evidence, Jackson and Schiavone called as character

witnesses eleven corrections officers, seven of Alderman’s friends, and five of

Alderman’s previous employers or co-workers. Schiavone testified that “[he] 20

wanted background information about Jack and about his family and things of that

nature. You know, my recollection is that even though it was a re-sentencing

hearing the main thrust of our approach was that – was to prove Jack’s innocence,

that they shouldn’t put an innocent man to death.” When asked whether he had a

strategical reason for not inquiring into the details of Alderman’s “life

experiences,” Schiavone responded that there was “no tactical or strategic reason I

can think of, just probably didn’t ask them.” Upon further inquiry, Schiavone 21

said: “we probably were thinking that [the reputation evidence] was the extent that

we could go into at the time.”
28

On December 29, 1999, the Butts County Superior Court denied Alderman’s

petition for writ of habeas corpus. After discussing Jackson and Schiavone’s

representation of Alderman, the court found that “trial counsel brought ‘to bear

such skill and knowledge as will render the trial a reliable adversarial testing

process.’” Alderman v. Head, No. 94-V-720 at 20 (Super. Ct. of Butts County Dec.

29, 1999) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984)). The court

further found that defense counsel’s “strategy to show ‘residual doubt,’ was a

reasonable, professional decision in light of the information and facts that were

available to trial counsel at the time.” Id.

As the jury at the re-sentencing trial was not the same jury who found

Alderman guilty of the crime, there was a possibility that this jury,

who heard the entire guilt/innocence evidentiary presentation, would

believe that some doubt existed as to Alderman’s guilt. It was

reasonable for Mr. Jackson to believe that presenting evidence that

Alderman’s mother had left the family when he was a child and

evidence about his vision problems would not sway a jury to impose a

life sentence instead of death. In fact, in order to effectively present a

penalty phase defense of mercy based on sad circumstances of his

childhood and adolescence, Alderman may have had to admit to

committing the crime and then ask the jury to spare him the death

penalty due to his difficult childhood. Because Alderman maintained

his innocence throughout the first trial and the re-sentencing trial,

such a strategy would have been incompatible with his testimony;

therefore, the residual doubt strategy used by Mr. Jackson was a

reasonable one based on the facts and circumstances as Mr. Jackson

knew them to be at that time. 

Alderman v. Head, No. 94-V-720 at 23 (Super. Ct. of Butts County December 29,
 A reading of the quoted portion of the superior court’s decision might convey the 22

impression that defense counsel did not present “evidence that Alderman’s mother had left the

family when he was a child and evidence about his vision problems.” As our discussion in part

II.B.3 indicates, counsel did present such evidence through the testimony of Alderman’s father

and Dr. Smith, the psychiatrist, who testified for the defense via a transcript of the testimony he

gave at Alderman’s 1975 trial. Given this reality, and as we point out in the text infra, what the

court obviously meant in the above quotation is that defense counsel did not present Alderman’s

life history to the extent habeas counsel contend they should have. 

29

1999).22

In response to the claim that his attorneys failed to conduct an adequate

pretrial investigation of Alderman’s life history, the court found that counsel

thoroughly investigated Alderman’s background with the aid of two investigators. 

The court also rejected the claim that counsel failed to understand the scope of

available mitigating evidence, and thus failed to present sufficient evidence in

mitigation. The court found that Alderman’s attorneys presented “substantial”

mitigation evidence. Id. at 25. In sum, the court concluded that “Alderman has

failed to establish that he received ineffective assistance of counsel under either

prong of the Strickland standard and relief on this claim is denied on the merits.” 

Id. at 30.

IV.

Alderman challenges the Butts County Superior Court’s findings of fact and

conclusions of law on the ground that both are unreasonable under the

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), 28 U.S.C. §
 “Section 2254, as amended by the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, 23

Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1218 (1996), establishes a more deferential standard of review of

state habeas judgments.” Fugate v. Head, 261 F.3d 1206, 1215 (11th Cir. 2001). 

 In addition to section 2254(d), 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1) provides that “In a proceeding 24

instituted by an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the

judgment of a State court, a determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be

presumed to be correct. The applicant shall have the burden of rebutting the presumption of

correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” This section refers to the petitioner’s burden in

federal district court to overcome the state court’s fact finding by “clear and convincing

evidence.” Since we ultimately conclude that Alderman does not satisfy the conditions set forth

in either § 2254(d)(1) or §2254(d)(2), we need not address the application of § 2254(e) in this

case.

30

2254(d). Because the state court adjudicated his habeas corpus claim on the

merits, we can grant his application for a writ of habeas corpus only if that court’s

adjudication:

(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an

unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as

determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or 

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable

determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the

State court proceeding. 

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Accordingly, for Alderman to secure federal habeas corpus 23

relief, he must demonstrate that his case satisfies the conditions set forth in either

§ 2254(d)(1) or §2254(d)(2).24

Specifically, the Supreme Court provided guidance about how to interpret 

§ 2254(d) in Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 120 S. Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389

(2000). Under section 2254(d)(1), the “contrary to” and “unreasonable

application” clauses are interpreted as independent statutory modes of analysis. 
31

See Williams, 529 U.S. at 405–407, 120 S. Ct. at 1519–1520. Williams held that

there are two ways in which a state-court decision may be “contrary to” Federal

law: 

“First, a state-court decision is contrary to this Court’s precedent if

the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by this

Court on a question of law. Second, a state-court decision is also

contrary to this Court’s precedent if the state court confronts facts

that are materially indistinguishable from a relevant Supreme Court

precedent and arrives at a result opposite to ours.” 

529 U.S. at 405, 120 S. Ct. at 1519 (O’Connor, J., for majority). However,

Williams does not limit the construction of “contrary to” to the two examples set

forth above. Section 2254(d)(1)’s “contrary to” simply implies that “the state

court’s decision must be substantially different from the relevant precedent of this

Court.” Id. 

Alternatively, when the federal court is faced with a “run-of-the-mill statecourt decision applying the correct legal rule,” the companion “unreasonable

application” provision of § 2254(d)(1) is the proper statutory lens. 529 U.S. at

406, 120 S. Ct. at 1520. In other words, if the state court identified the correct

legal principle but unreasonably applied it to the facts of a petitioner’s case, then

the federal court should look to § 2254(d)(1)’s “unreasonable application” clause

for guidance. “A federal habeas court making the ‘unreasonable application’

inquiry should ask whether the state court’s application of clearly established
32

federal law was objectively unreasonable.” 529 U.S. at 409, 120 S. Ct. at 1521

(emphasis added). 

In addition to § 2254(d)(1), § 2254(d)(2) regulates federal court review of

state court findings of fact; the section limits the availability of relief to

“decision[s] that w[ere] based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in

light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” § 2254(d)(2). 

Finally, § 2254(d) provides the framework for granting habeas corpus relief in

situations where the federal court has found constitutional error. See, e.g.,

Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 528, 123 S. Ct. 2527, 2539, 156 L.Ed.2d 471

(2003); Taylor v. Maddox, 366 F.3d 992, 999–1001 (9th Cir. 2004), cert. denied,

543 U.S. 1038, 125 S. Ct. 809, 160 L.E.2d 605 (2004). 

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674

(1984), establishes the test that governs claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel, i.e., the “clearly established Federal law” relevant to this case under 28

U.S.C. § 2254(d). The petitioner must satisfy Strickland’s two-part test to mount

successfully an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.

Ct. at 2064. In other words, the petitioner must show both 1) deficient

performance of counsel and 2) prejudicial impact stemming from counsel’s

deficient performance. Id. Under the first prong, the petitioner must show “that
33

counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’

guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. The hallmark of the

second prong is reliability: “This requires showing that counsel’s errors were so

serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.”

Id. 

When assessing whether counsel fulfilled their obligations under Strickland,

the Supreme Court has “focus[ed] on whether the investigation supporting

counsel’s decision not to introduce mitigating evidence of [petitioner’s]

background was itself reasonable.” See, e.g., Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510,

523, 123 S. Ct. 2527, 2536, 156 L.Ed.2d 471 (2003) (concluding that counsel’s

decision not to expand their investigation beyond three sources fell short of the

required professional standards). Furthermore, in evaluating the reasonableness of

the investigation, “a court must consider not only the quantum of evidence already

known to counsel, but also whether the known evidence would lead a reasonable

attorney to investigate further.” Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 527, 123 S. Ct. at 2538.

This is not to suggest that there is some latent magic number of witnesses to

interview or documents or exhibits to review. On the contrary, there is “no

absolute duty to investigate particular facts or a certain line of defenses.” Fugate

v. Head, 261 F.3d 1206, 1217 (11th Cir. 2001) (noting that “a complete failure to
34

investigate may constitute deficient performance of counsel in certain

circumstances”). Rather than scrutinizing counsel’s performance through the

narrow lens of hindsight, the court must consider “the sum total of [counsel’s]

efforts.” Id. at 1240. Furthermore, there is not one “correct” way for counsel to

provide effective assistance. 

To uphold a lawyer’s strategy, we need not attempt to divine the

lawyer’s mental processes underlying the strategy . . . No lawyer can

be expected to have considered all of the ways. If a defense lawyer

pursued course A, it is immaterial that some other reasonable courses

of defense (that the lawyer did not think of at all) existed and that the

lawyer’s pursuit of course A was not a deliberate choice between

course A, course B, and so on . . . our inquiry is limited to whether

this strategy . . . might have been a reasonable one.

Chandler v. U.S., 218 F.3d 1305, 1316 n.16 (11th Cir. 2000).

Even if the petitioner claims that his attorney was unaware of a relevant

defense, “petitioner must prove that the approach taken by defense counsel would

not have been used by professionally competent counsel.” Harich v. Dugger, 844

F.2d 1464, 1470 (11th Cir. 1988) (abrogated on other grounds). As Strickland

emphasized, “a court must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct

falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is, the

defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the

challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’” 466 U.S. at 689

(citing Michel v. Louisiana, 350 U.S. 91, 101, 76 S. Ct. 158, 164, 100 L.Ed. 83
35

(1955)). 

Here, Alderman contends that the state habeas court unreasonably applied

Strickland’s standard as to the deficient performance prong of his ineffectiveness

claims. Alderman maintains that under Strickland, his attorneys’ failure to

investigate life-history mitigation evidence was reasonable only if counsel made

an informed strategic decision to forego such an investigation. In this regard,

Alderman questions the state habeas court’s determination that counsel’s

presentation of lingering doubt evidence effectively precluded a finding of

deficient performance. 

Alderman further claims that the state habeas court’s decision should be

disregarded because the court based its decision on unreasonable determinations

of fact in light of the evidence before the court. He contends that the record

clearly establishes that his attorneys did not make a strategic or tactical decision to

forego presenting life-history mitigation evidence, but instead misunderstood the

law regarding mitigation evidence, i.e., they believed that the only evidence the

law permitted them to present was testimony concerning his reputation in the

community for being law abiding and truthful. Alderman emphasizes Jackson’s

statement at the evidentiary hearing that the mitigation evidence Alderman’s

habeas attorneys proferred was not inconsistent with the lingering doubt theory
36

that counsel adopted at the RST.

We conclude that the state court’s application of Strickland was not

objectively unreasonable, and that defense counsel’s life-history investigation and

presentation of mitigating evidence did not constitute ineffective assistance of

counsel under Strickland. We also conclude that defense counsel’s failure to

present the evidence habeas counsel proffered at the evidentiary hearing did not 

constitute an error so “serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial

whose result is reliable.” 

Counsel was not required to examine every possible legal strategy or

defense available. Strickland focuses on whether the investigation supporting

counsel’s decision was itself reasonable. Contrary to Alderman’s view, the state

court determined that counsel conducted a thorough background investigation

with the aid of two investigators, presented substantial evidence in mitigation, and

had a reasonable trial strategy. As the court stated, “trial counsel’s strategy to

show ‘residual doubt’ was a reasonable, professional decision in light of

information and facts that were available to trial counsel at the time.” Alderman v.

Head, No. 94-V-720 at 20 (Super. Ct. of Butts County Dec. 29, 1999).

Furthermore, Alderman’s claim that counsel needed to make a strategic

decision to forego a life-history investigation to satisfy Strickland presupposes
 “Character witnesses testifying on behalf of the accused are limited on direct 25

examination to stating that the defendant’s reputation in the community is good. The witness

may not give his personal opinion of the accused’s character, or relate specific instances of

conduct that illustrate the defendant’s good character.” Paul S. Milich, Courtroom Handbook on

Georgia Evidence § 11.4 (2006 ed.) (citations omitted). A witness may also testify as to the

accused’s reputation for truth and veracity where the accused’s credibility is at issue. Id.

37

that counsel did not in fact make such a decision. At trial, through the testimony

of Alderman, his father, and Dr. Smith, counsel elicited an account of Alderman’s

upbringing: Alderman did not remember his mother at all; the challenges he faced

due to his eye injury and subsequent blindness; and the year that he spent away

from his family while at the Georgia Academy for the Blind. In addition, defense

counsel elicited his father’s testimony of love for his son. 

Notwithstanding counsel’s presentation of such mitigating evidence,

Alderman contends that the state court’s finding that defense counsel presented

“substantial” mitigating evidence constitutes an unreasonable determination of

fact in light of the evidence before the court. Specifically, he contends that his

attorneys did not, and could not, make a strategic or tactical decision to forego

presenting life-history mitigation evidence, because they misunderstood what the

law would permit as mitigating evidence. According to Alderman, counsel

thought that the only evidence the court would permit to come before the jury in

mitigation would be what is traditionally referred to as “character” evidence.25

That is, the court would allow witnesses to testify about Alderman’s good
 As noted in Alderman v. Head, No. 94-V-720 at 20 (Super. Ct. of Butts County Dec.

26

29, 1999), Fredrick J. Head, rather than Tony Turpin, was the warden of the Georgia Diagnostic

and Classification Prison at the time of the superior court’s order denying Alderman habeas

relief, and thus was the proper respondent in the case. 

38

reputation in the community, but not his difficult childhood and the hurdles he

faced as a result of his eye injury. Alderman bases his assertion on Schiavone’s

testimony. When asked whether he had a tactical reason for not presenting the

details of Alderman’s life history, Schiavone responded that there is “no tactical

or strategic reason I can think of, just probably didn’t ask them.” Alderman v.

Turpin, No. 94-V-720, Evidentiary Hr’g at 256 (Super. Ct. of Butts County May

21, 1999). Upon further inquiry, Schiavone speculated that they “were thinking 26

that [the character evidence] was the extent that we could go into at the time.” Id.

at 257. Alderman seizes upon this statement as proof that Schiavone and Jackson

believed that they were limited in their presentation of mitigating evidence. 

These responses must be viewed, however, in light of both Schiavone’s

guidance to the character witnesses and the mitigating evidence counsel actually

presented to the jury. For example, Schiavone commented on what he told the

character witnesses in preparing them to testify: “I mean I assume I wanted

background information about Jack and about his family and things of that nature

. . . my recollection is that even though it was a re-sentencing hearing the main

thrust of our approach was that – was to prove Jack’s innocence, that they
 It is apparent to us that the court considered Schiavone’s testimony as a whole and 27

disregarded the statement Alderman seizes upon for his claim that counsel felt that the

presentation of traditional character evidence was as far as they could go in introducing

mitigating evidence. 

39

shouldn’t put an innocent man to death.” Furthermore, it would be inaccurate to

sever Schiavone’s statement from the testimony the jury actually heard regarding

Alderman’s social-history background. As related above, the jury heard about

Alderman’s childhood, eye injury, subsequent blindness, year away from the 

family, and the father’s love. Significantly, upon reviewing this testimony, the

state court, in making its credibility choices and finding the salient facts, had the

authority to discredit Schiavone’s statement – that defense counsel believed that

the law limited mitigation evidence to “character” evidence – and to find, as it did, 

that “trial counsel brought ‘to bear such skill and knowledge as will render the

trial a reliable adversarial testing process.’” Alderman v. Head, No. 94-V-720 at

20 (Super. Ct. of Butts County Dec. 29, 1999). 

27

The state habeas court was not unreasonable in deciding that Alderman’s

lawyers made a strategic decision to forego the presentation of life-history

evidence as fully as Alderman’s habeas counsel claims the Constitution requires. 

Under § 2254(d)(2), there is nothing in the record to suggest that the state court

engaged in unreasonable determinations of fact. Considering Jackson and

Schiavone’s testimony as a whole, and the over-arching “lingering-doubt” strategy
40

counsel employed, we cannot say that the state court based its decision on

unreasonable determinations of fact in light of the evidence before it. 

Often inherent in the choice to pursue one strategy is a latent decision not to

engage in a different tactic or line of defense. While Schiavone responded that he

could not think of a tactical reason for not pursuing more detailed responses from

his witnesses about Alderman’s life history, that is simply a reflection of the

cardinal emphasis on the lingering doubt strategy. Even assuming that his

attorneys were not fully aware of the scope of permissible mitigating evidence,

Alderman would need to show that the approach they ultimately took “would not

have been used by professionally competent counsel.” Harich v. Dugger, 844

F.2d 1464, 1470 (11th Cir. 1988) (abrogated on other grounds). Given the state

court’s findings regarding counsel’s skill, knowledge, and performance, coupled

with the court’s finding that “counsel performed both reasonably and effectively

in their representation of Alderman,” Alderman v. Head, No. 94-V-720 at 30

(Super. Ct. of Butts County Dec. 29, 1999), we cannot say that Alderman was

denied his constitutional right to competent representation. 

Addressing Strickland’s second prong, prejudice, the state habeas court

concluded that defense counsel’s failure to introduce life-history evidence to the

extent habeas counsel contend the Constitution requires caused Alderman no
41

prejudice. The district court, reviewing that conclusion, agreed. Assuming, for

the sake of argument, that counsel’s performance failed to meet Strickland’s first

prong, we readily conclude on the record before us that “counsel’s errors were

[not] so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is

reliable.” 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064.

The judgment of the district court is accordingly affirmed.

SO ORDERED.