Filed 1/26/16

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

VIOREL BUCUR et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

MIRZA SHAMIM AHMAD,

Defendant and Respondent.

 D068689

 (Super. Ct. No. CIVDS1400473)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Bernardino County, 

Michael A. Sachs, Judge. Affirmed. Motion for sanctions on appeal granted.

George A. Saba, for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

Littler Mendelson and Margaret H. Gillespie, for Defendant and Respondent.

Viorel Bucur (Bucur) and Lacramiora Bucur, husband and wife (together, 

Appellants), owned two long distance trucking companies that contracted with Fedex 
2

Ground Package System, Inc. (FedEx) to provide linehaul (long distance trucking) 

services. Mirza Shamim Ahmad was employed by FedEx as a senior linehaul manager.1

This case represents Appellants' fifth unsuccessful attempt to recoup damages 

arising out of FedEx's termination of their linehaul contracts. They appeal from a 

superior court judgment granting judgment on the pleadings and awarding sanctions 

under Code of Civil Procedure section 128.72 against them and their attorney. We affirm 

and grant Ahmad's motion for additional section 128.7 sanctions on appeal against 

Appellants and their trial counsel. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND3

I. Prelitigation Events

In 2001 and 2005, Bucur entered into two linehaul contracts with FedEx; the 

contracts had a fair market value of $1.8 million. In 2010, FedEx decided to terminate 

the contracts with Bucur because of his poor safety performance, but in July 2010, Bucur 

 

1 Respondent's motion to take judicial notice of certain specified documents 

pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.252 and California Evidence Code sections 

452 and 459 is granted.

2 All statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise stated.

3 To provide context for the issues before us, we first discuss Appellants' prior cases 

and their related appellate and arbitral proceedings, which we call Bucur I, II, III and IV. 

The history of Bucur I and Bucur III is taken largely from the unpublished opinion in

Bucur v. Ujkaj (June 11, 2015, EO60451) [nonpub. opn.] (Bucur III). California Rules of 

Court, rule 8.1115(a) and (b)(1), allow citation to an unpublished opinion "[w]hen the 

opinion is relevant under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata or collateral 

estoppel." 
3

agreed to sell the FedEx contracts to Wasarhelyi for $500,000. Wasarhelyi later sold one 

of the contracts to Aldi Ujkaj for $800,000. 

II. Bucur I

In April 2011, Wasarhelyi filed a complaint for breach of contract against Bucur 

and his related companies, alleging that they had refused to tender various assets to him 

as required by his purchase of the linehaul contracts, had interfered with his operation of 

the linehaul contracts, and had wrongfully diverted payments from FedEx that were owed 

to him. Appellants in their first amended cross complaint (FACC) sued Wasarhelyi, 

Ujkaj, Rodriguez Transport (Rodriguez) and others for breach of oral contract, fraud, 

conversion, rescission of all of the linehaul contract sales agreements, and declaratory 

relief, alleging that Bucur and Wasarhelyi had orally agreed that Bucur would pay 

Wasarhelyi two cents per mile to pose as the holder of the hauling contracts to satisfy 

FedEx's safety concerns and that Ujkaj and Rodriguez bought the hauling contracts from 

Wasarhelyi with full knowledge of the litigation between him and Bucur. Bucur did not 

allege that FedEx was responsible for Wasarhelyi's diversion of its revenue, and 

Appellants admitted in their first amended complaint that they "are not seeking relief 

from FedEx" but only named FedEx as a necessary party to their rescission claim. 

The parties ultimately stipulated to bifurcate the cross-claims against Ujkaj and, 

after Wasarhelyi attained a judgment confirming his interest in the FedEx linehaul 

contracts, Bucur purported to dismiss the cross-complaint against Ujkaj and Rodriguez 

without prejudice. 
4

III. Bucur II

While Bucur I was ongoing, Appellants initiated a second lawsuit in Riverside 

County Superior Court against FedEx, Ahmad, and Wasarhelyi, alleging that FedEx and 

Ahmad wrongfully terminated the linehaul contracts and forced Appellants to sell the 

linehaul contracts to Wasarhelyi. FedEx moved to compel arbitration under the terms of 

the linehaul contracts. Upon Appellants' stipulation, the court granted the motion. In 

October 2013, Appellants initiated arbitration proceedings on the claims in their operative 

complaint. On April 14, 2015, the arbitrator granted a motion to dismiss brought by 

FedEx and Ahmad. 

IV. Bucur III

The same day final judgment was entered in Bucur I and while Bucur II was still 

pending in Riverside County Superior Court, Bucur filed a complaint, in propria persona, 

against Ujkaj and Rodriguez, asserting causes of action for intentional and negligent 

interference with contract, intentional and negligent interference with prospective 

economic advantage and conversion based on allegations that those defendants knew 

about and participated in the fraud perpetrated by Wasarhelyi relating to the FedEx 

linehaul contracts. Appellants did not name FedEx or Ahmad as defendants.

On demurrer, the trial court determined Appellants' complaint was barred by 

collateral estoppel. 

On Bucur's appeal, Division Two of our court concluded that the issues raised in 

Bucur's complaint were identical to those asserted (unsuccessfully) in Bucur I, to wit, that 

he was the rightful owner of the linehaul contracts and that the rejection of that claim by 
5

the court and the jury in Bucur I operated to collaterally estop Bucur's claims in Bucur III

because he would have had to establish that he had a recognized interest in the FedEx 

contracts to prevail against Ujkaj and Rodriguez on his claims for intentional interference 

with contract, intentional and negligent interference with prospective economic 

advantage, and conversion. 

V. Bucur IV

In April 2013, while Bucur I and Bucur II were pending and days before the filing 

of the lawsuit in Bucur III, Bucur filed another lawsuit in Riverside County Superior 

Court related to the linehaul contracts, Bucur IV. Bucur sued Wasarhelyi, his attorneys, 

and Bucur's former attorney in Bucur I, for damages based on the loss of the linehaul 

contracts. Wasarhelyi and his attorneys moved to strike the complaint as barred by Bucur 

I, and the court granted their motions. At trial on Bucur's remaining claims against his 

former attorney, Bucur repeatedly testified inconsistently with his previous trial 

testimony in Bucur I and was admonished several times by the judge on the possible 

penalties for perjury. Bucur testified inconsistently on what he sold Wasarhelyi, linehaul 

contracts or trucks. Bucur attempted to explain the inconsistencies by testifying in Bucur 

IV that he testified falsely in Bucur I on advice of his former counsel. After Bucur lost at 

trial, the court imposed section 128.7 sanctions of $2,120 against his attorney, George 

Saba. 

VI. This Case

In January 2014, Appellants filed the current action in San Bernardino County 

Superior Court, claiming that Wasarhelyi (with the help of his wife) and FedEx (through 
6

Ahmad) committed fraud and breach of contract and that FedEx (through Ahmad)

wrongfully converted the linehaul contracts, and wrongfully allowed Wasarhelyi to sell 

the linehaul contracts to Ujkaj and Rodriguez. After receiving the complaint Ahmad's 

counsel wrote to Appellants' counsel, George Saba, requesting that he withdraw it. 

Although Ahmad served Appellants with a motion for sanctions pursuant to section 128.7 

and arranged to have a motion for judgment on the pleadings filed the next day, Saba 

entered Ahmad's default and later refused to stipulate to set it aside. The court thereafter 

granted Ahmad's request to set aside the default and unbeknownst to Ahmad, Appellants 

filed a first amended complaint adding a new cause of action for breach of written 

contract against him, alleging that he had entered into a written agreement allowing 

Appellants to sell their linehaul contracts to a third party of their choosing, and a new 

cause of action for defamation, as well as other causes of action arising out of the loss of 

the linehaul contracts. 

Ahmad filed a supplemental motion for sanctions pursuant to section 128.7 to 

address the filing of the first amended complaint. 

Ahmad moved for judgment on the pleadings on Appellants' first amended 

complaint. The court granted the motion on the grounds that (1) the claims in the first 

amended complaint arose out of the same facts as Bucur I and were based on the same 

primary right, and (2) Appellants' claims were barred by principles of res judicata and 

collateral estoppel, the applicable statutes of limitation and judicial estoppel because their 

verified pleadings and testimony in Bucur I were inconsistent with their pleadings in this 

case, rendering them a sham intended to avoid the judgment on the pleadings. 
7

The court found good cause to award section 128.7 sanctions of $16,648.75 

against Appellants because their pleadings were not factually supported, were presented 

for an improper purpose, and were not withdrawn during the safe harbor periods.4

In November 2014 the trial court entered its final order, which included specific 

findings that Appellants' complaint and first amended complaint were not legally 

supported and were presented for an improper purpose, and granted monetary sanctions 

of $16,648.75 against Appellants and their attorney Saba. In December 2014 the court 

entered judgment of dismissal. 

DISCUSSION

I. Judgment on the Pleadings

Appellants contend that the doctrine of judicial admissions does not apply because 

of the incompetence and fraud of Bucur's former attorney, that the doctrine of res judicata 

does not apply to issues which were not litigated but might have been litigated, and 

applies only to causes of action actually litigated to judgment in Bucur I, breach of oral 

contract and conversion. We reject these contentions.

A. Applicable Legal Principles

Judgment on the pleadings is similar to a demurrer and is properly granted when 

the "complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against [the] 

defendant." (§ 438, subd. (c)(1)(B)(ii); Shea Homes Limited Partnership v. County of 

 

4 Appellants filed a motion for reconsideration, necessitating a response from 

Ahmad. However, after Ahmad responded and before the scheduled hearing date, 

Appellants took the motion off calendar. 
8

Alameda (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 1246, 1254.) We independently review the superior 

court's ruling on a motion for judgment on the pleadings to determine whether the 

complaint states a cause of action. In so doing, we must accept the factual allegations of 

the pleadings as true and construe them liberally. (Rolfe v. California Transportation 

Com. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 239, 242-243.) If a judgment on the pleadings is correct on 

any theory of law applicable to the case, we will affirm it regardless of the considerations 

used by the superior court to reach its conclusion. (Schabarum v. California Legislature 

(1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1205, 1216.)

"Res judicata prohibits the relitigation of claims and issues which have already 

been adjudicated in an earlier proceeding. The doctrine has two components. ' "In its 

primary aspect the doctrine of res judicata [or 'claim preclusion'] operates as a bar to the 

maintenance of a second suit between the same parties on the same cause of action.' . . . 

The secondary aspect is "collateral estoppel" or "issue preclusion," which does not bar a 

second action but "precludes a party to an action from relitigating in a second proceeding 

matters litigated and determined in a prior proceeding." ' " (Kelly v. Vons Companies,

Inc. (1998) 67 Cal.App.4th 1329, 1335.) "The doctrine of res judicata, whether applied 

as a total bar to further litigation or as to collateral estoppel, 'rests upon the sound policy 

of limiting litigation by preventing a party who has had one fair adversary hearing on an 

issue from again drawing it into controversy and subjecting the other party to further 

expense in its reexamination.' " (Vella v. Hudgins (1977) 20 Cal.3d 251, 257; Bernhard 

v. Bank of America National Trust & Savings Assoc. (1942) 19 Cal.2d 807, 811.)
9

The prerequisite elements of res judicata in its claim preclusion form are (1) the 

claim in the present action must be identical to a claim litigated or that could have been 

litigated in a prior proceeding; (2) the prior proceeding resulted in a final judgment on the 

merits; and (3) the party against whom the doctrine is being asserted was a party or in 

privity with a party to the prior proceeding. (Bernhard v. Bank of America, supra,

19 Cal.2d at p. 813; Thibodeau v. Crum (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 749, 755 (Thibodeau)). 

Although res judicata is usually applied to judicial decisions, a prior judgment confirming 

an arbitration award may also bar a subsequent lawsuit based on the same cause of action. 

(§ 1287.4; Thibodeau, supra, at p.755; Brinton v. Bankers Pension Services (1999) 

76 Cal.App.4th 550, 556-558; Sartor v. Superior Court (1982) 136 Cal.App.3d 322, 328.) 

"But the rule goes further. If the matter was within the scope of the action, related to the 

subject-matter and relevant to the issues, so that it could have been raised, the judgment 

is conclusive on it despite the fact that it was not in fact expressly pleaded or otherwise 

urged. The reason for this is manifest. A party cannot by negligence or design withhold 

issues and litigate them in consecutive actions. Hence the rule is that the prior judgment 

is res judicata on matters which were raised or could have been raised, on matters 

litigated or litigable." (Thibodeau, supra, at p. 755.) For purposes of res judicata, even 

an unconfirmed arbitral award is the equivalent to a final judgment. (Id. at p. 759; 

Trollope v. Jeffries (1976) 55 Cal.App.3d 816, 822.)

B. Analysis

The trial court properly granted judgment on the pleadings on the bases of res 

judicata, judicial admissions and judicial estoppel. In their FACC in Bucur I, Wasarhelyi
10

sued Appellants for fraud and breach of contract, claiming that Appellants sold the 

linehaul contracts to him but did not tender the assets, interfered with the operations of 

the linehaul contracts, and wrongfully diverted payments made by FedEx. Appellants'

FACC alleged that Wasarhelyi breached his contract with them by not tendering the full 

purchase price and diverting the revenue stream to his companies.

Appellants admitted that they had no substantive claims against FedEx, that their 

dispute was only with Wasarhelyi, and that they included FedEx merely to facilitate 

rescission of the Wasarhelyi/FedEx purchase agreement. Appellants also alleged that 

Wasarhelyi seized Bucur's trucks, collected the revenue from FedEx, and illegally sold 

the linehaul contracts to Ujkaj and Rodriguez. In sworn statements, Bucur admitted that 

his companies had breached their linehaul contracts by violating safety obligations and 

that he conspired with Wasarhelyi to defraud FedEx into believing that the linehaul 

contracts had been sold to Wasarhelyi when in fact Appellants only intended to use 

Wasarhelyi as a front to continue to perform the linehaul agreements themselves. The 

jury decided in Wasarhelyi's favor, i.e., that Appellants breached the contract to convey 

the linehaul contracts and trucks to Wasarhelyi. The jury also rejected Appellants'

conversion claims. The court granted a nonsuit in favor of Wasarhelyi on Appellants'

claim for fraud. 

In this case Appellants contend that Wasarhelyi, Ahmad and others conspired to 

terminate the linehaul contracts, wrongfully forced Appellants to sell to Wasarhelyi, and 

diverted the revenue from the linehaul contracts. Appellants allege that Wasarhelyi 

promised to pay them $500,000 for the linehaul contracts but failed to do so. Appellants 
11

also allege that Wasarhelyi and Ahmad defrauded Bucur by leading Bucur to believe he 

was assigning trucks to Wasarhelyi when in fact Bucur signed a document assigning 

linehaul contracts. 

Appellants claim in this case that they were injured because Wasarhelyi, acting in 

concert with others, converted Appellants' linehaul contracts and trucks. However, in 

Bucur I the jury and the court found that it was Bucur who breached his promise to 

provide the contracts and trucks to Wasarhelyi. Further the court and jury rejected 

Bucur's claims of fraud in connection with this transaction. This case constitutes 

Appellants' fifth attempt to revisit the same basic claims that were, or could have been, 

raised in Bucur I and were thus barred from subsequent litigation. (Thibodeau, supra,

4 Cal.App.4th at pp.754-755.)

As to the newly added causes of action, including those for defamation and 

Business and Professions Code section 17200, the judgment in Bucur I is also conclusive 

because the new causes of action, although not expressly pleaded in Bucur I, were within 

the original scope of that action and were related to the same subject matter. (Thibodeau,

supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at p.755.) Appellants cannot, by negligence or design, withhold 

issues and litigate them in consecutive actions. (Ibid.)

Here, each cause of action seeks redress for the same injury, Appellants' loss of the 

linehaul contracts and trucks. Since these claims all relate to the same primary right 

alleged in the FACC in Bucur I and the complaint in Bucur II—damages Appellants 

allegedly sustained in connection with the alleged wrongful taking of the linehaul 

contracts and trucks—the doctrine of res judicata bars the claims in this case. 
12

The trial court here articulated yet another independent basis for dismissal. 

Appellants made judicial admissions in their pleadings in Bucur I that FedEx did nothing 

wrong in connection with termination of the linehaul contracts, but Appellants merely 

named FedEx as a party to facilitate proper rescission of the Wasarhelyi/FedEx contract. 

"The admission of fact in a pleading is a 'judicial admission.' " (Valerio v. Andrew 

Youngquist Construction (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 1264, 1271.) A judicial admission in a 

pleading is not merely evidence of a fact; it is a conclusive concession of the truth of the 

matter. (Addy v. Bliss & Glennon (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 205, 218.) "Well pleaded 

allegations in the complaint are binding on the plaintiff at trial." (4 Witkin, Cal.

Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Pleading § 455, p. 587.) "The trial court may not ignore a 

judicial admission in a pleading, but must conclusively deem it true as against the 

pleader." (Thurman v. Bayshore Transit Management, Inc. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 

1112, 1155.) Because Appellants alleged in Bucur I that FedEx did nothing wrong in 

connection with the loss they incurred, the doctrine of judicial admissions bars them from 

taking an inconsistent position in their attempt to relitigate the same case.

Application of the principle of judicial estoppel also supported granting judgment 

on the pleadings. "The doctrine of judicial estoppel precludes a party from taking 

inconsistent positions in judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings." (Claxton v. Waters 

(2004) 34 Cal.4th 367, 379, fn.3.) " 'Judicial estoppel is applied with caution to avoid 

impinging on the truth-seeking function of the court . . . .' " (Jogani v. Jogani (2006) 

141 Cal.App.4th 158, 175, quoting Teledyne Industries, Inc. v. N.L.R.B. (6th Cir. 1990) 

911 F.2d 1214, 1218.) "Because of its harsh consequences, the doctrine should be 
13

applied with caution and limited to egregious circumstances." (Gottlieb v. Kest (2006) 

141 Cal.App.4th 110, 132.) 

"The doctrine applies when '(1) the same party has taken two positions; (2) the 

positions were taken in judicial or quasi-judicial administrative proceedings; (3) the party 

was successful in asserting the first position (i.e., the tribunal adopted the position or 

accepted it as true); (4) the two positions are totally inconsistent; and (5) the first position 

was not taken as a result of ignorance, fraud, or mistake.' " (Aguilar v. Lerner (2004) 

32 Cal.4th 974, 986-987, quoting Jackson v. County of Los Angeles (1997) 

60 Cal.App.4th 171, 183.)

Appellants took inconsistent positions in Bucur II and this case. They agreed to 

arbitrate their claims against Ahmad and FedEx in Bucur II but later refiled virtually the 

same case for litigation in this case. Both cases made essentially the same allegations 

against Ahmad, i.e., that the defendants wrongfully terminated the linehaul contracts, 

forced Appellants to sell to Wasarhelyi and acted in concert with Wasarhelyi to divert 

revenue from Appellants' linehaul contracts. 

Once a case is in arbitration, litigation of a second case arising out of the same 

transactional nucleus of facts cannot be permitted. Subject to narrow exceptions not 

applicable here, once a dispute has been sent to arbitration, the courts may not act on that 

dispute absent an agreement to withdraw the controversy from arbitration. (SWAB 

Financial, LLC v. E*Trade Securities, LLC (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 1181, 1200 (SWAB 

Financial); McRae v. Superior Court (1963) 221 Cal.App.2d 166, 171.) In such cases, 

the arbitrator, not the court, must resolve all questions relating to the controversy. 
14

(SWAB Financial, supra, at p. 1200.) This is particularly true when, as here, the parties 

stipulated to arbitration. (Severtson v. Williams Construction Co. (1985) 173 Cal.App.3d 

86, 90-91.) Sending a case to arbitration suspends all judicial proceedings until the 

completion of arbitration, and trial courts lack any authority to institute proceedings 

which interfere with the completion of the arbitration process. (McRae, supra, at p. 171.) 

Finally Appellants made no showing that their stipulation to arbitrate, with the 

knowledge and consent of their former attorney, was the result of fraud, ignorance, or 

mistake. 

Because all four requirements for its application were established, judicial 

estoppel barred litigation of this case in the superior court, irrespective of the fact that the 

superior court did not articulate this as a reason for granting judgment on the pleadings in 

Ahmad's favor. (Schbarum v. California Legislature, supra, 60 Cal.App.4th at p. 1216.)

Moreover, while this case was pending in the San Bernardino County Superior 

Court, the arbitrator granted Ahmad's motion to dismiss Bucur II.5 For purposes of res 

judicata, an unconfirmed arbitration award is equivalent to a final judgment. (Thibodeau,

supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at p. 759; Trollope v. Jeffries, supra, 55 Cal.App.3d at p. 822.) The 

arbitrator's dismissal of Bucur II in a separate case based on the same transactional 

nucleus of facts asserted in this case operates as res judicata to bar this case and provided 

 

5 Although dismissal occurred while the appeal was pending, Appellants still had 

the opportunity to file arguments relating to the resolution of the arbitration in their reply 

brief, but did not avail themselves of that opportunity.
15

additional support for the grant of judgment on the pleadings in this case. (Schabarum v. 

California Legislature, supra, 60 Cal.App.4th at p. 1216.)

Based on res judicata, judicial admissions, and judicial estoppel, Bucur I and 

Bucur II operate to bar this action. Accordingly, we affirm the court's grant of judgment 

on the pleadings.

II. The Trial Court's Imposition of Section 128.7 Sanctions 

Appellants contend the trial court erred by imposing section 128.7 sanctions 

because there was no showing of subjective bad faith. We are not persuaded.

Under section 128.7, a court may impose sanctions if it concludes a pleading was 

filed for an improper purpose or was indisputably without merit, either legally or 

factually. (Guillemin v. Stein (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 156, 168 (Guillemin).) Here, the 

court did so based on its finding that the Appellants' claims were legally and factually 

frivolous. 

A claim is factually frivolous if it is "not well grounded in fact" and is legally 

frivolous if it is "not warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the 

extension, modification, or reversal of existing law." (Guillemin v, supra,

104 Cal.App.4th at p. 167.) In either case, to obtain sanctions, the moving party must 

show the party's conduct in asserting the claim was objectively unreasonable. (Ibid.) A 

claim is objectively unreasonable if "any reasonable attorney would agree that [it] is 

totally and completely without merit." (In re Marriage of Flaherty (1982) 31 Cal.3d 637, 

650; Guillemin, supra, at p. 168.)
16

The Legislature enacted section 128.7 based on rule 11 of the Federal Rules of 

Civil Procedure (28 U.S.C.), as amended in 1993 (rule 11). (Musaelian v. Adams (2009) 

45 Cal.4th 512, 518, fn. 2; Guillemin, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 167.) Therefore, 

federal case law construing rule 11 is persuasive authority on the meaning of section 

128.7. (Guillemin, supra, p. 167.) Under rule 11, even though an action may not be 

frivolous when it is filed, it may become so if later-acquired evidence refutes the findings 

of a prefiling investigation and the attorney continues to file papers supporting the client's 

claims. (Childs v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. (5th Cir. 1994) 29 F.3d 1018, 1025.) 

Thus, a plaintiff's attorney cannot "just cling tenaciously to the investigation he had done 

at the outset of the litigation and bury his head in the sand." (Ibid.) Instead, "to satisfy 

[the] obligation under [section 128.7] to conduct a reasonable inquiry to determine if his 

[or her] client's claim was well-grounded in fact," the attorney must "take into account 

[the adverse party's] evidence . . . ." (Ibid.) 

Section 128.7 provides for a 21-day period during which a party may avoid 

sanctions by withdrawing the offending pleading or other document. (§ 128.7, subd. 

(c)(1); Li v. Majestic Industry Hills LLC (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 585, 590-591.) The 

Legislature included this safe harbor provision so that the statute would be remedial

rather than punitive. (Li, supra, at p. 591.) If a party does not take advantage of the safe 

harbor period by withdrawing a frivolous filing, a court has broad discretion to impose 

sanctions. (Kojababian v. Genuine Home Loans, Inc. (2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 408, 421.) 

However, the application of section 128.7 must not "conflict with the primary duty of an 

attorney to represent his or her client zealously," through innovative but sensible 
17

advocacy. (Guillemin, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at pp. 167-168.) Moreover, a sanction 

must be limited to an amount that is sufficient to deter repetition of the improper conduct 

or comparable conduct by others who are similarly situated. (§ 128.7, subd. (d).)

We review a section 128.7 sanctions award under the abuse of discretion standard. 

(Guillemin, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 167.) We presume the trial court's order is 

correct and do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. (Shelton v. Rancho 

Mortgage & Investment Corp. (2002) 94 Cal.App.4th 1337, 1345.) To be entitled to 

relief on appeal, the court's action must be sufficiently grave to amount to a manifest 

miscarriage of justice. (Kurinij v. Hanna & Morton (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 853, 867.) 

Regarding section 128.7's 21-day safe harbor provision, the court determined the 

original motion was served on April 1, 2014, 27 days before the April 28, 2014 hearing 

date. The supplemental motion was served by mail on May 6, 2014, well in advance of 

the hearing date of June 25, 2014. 

The record shows Ahmad complied with the statutory safe harbor provision. He 

waited until 27 days after serving a copy of the motion on Appellants to file the motion 

and similarly held his supplemental sanctions motion before filing it. Moreover, the 

court correctly concluded that Ahmad provided more than 21 days' notice as to 

Appellants' failure to withdraw the complaint and the first amended complaint during the 

safe harbor period. Further, Appellants' filing of the first amended complaint after 

expiration of the safe harbor period, and following full briefing on Ahmad's first motion 

for sanctions did not absolve Appellants of section 128.7 sanctions relating to the filing 

of the original complaint. (Eichenbaum v. Alon (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 967, 975-976.)
18

Appellants nonetheless contend that the court improperly awarded section 128.7 

sanctions based on their failure to voluntarily set aside the default, because Ahmad did 

provide the requisite 21 days notice before the ex parte hearing resulting in the setting 

aside of the default. However, the court acknowledged the lack of safe harbor notice for 

the ex parte hearing and did not award section 128.7 sanctions on that basis. 

Further, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing sanctions. As 

discussed above, there were ample bases on which it could have concluded that 

Appellants' assertion of claims so clearly barred by res judicata, judicial admissions and 

judicial estoppel was objectively unreasonable. Filing a new complaint based on the 

same facts to evade a ruling made in a previous litigation constitutes sanctionable 

conduct under section 128.7. (Pollock v. University of Southern California (2003) 

112 Cal.App.4th 1416, 1431-1432.)

Based on the record before us, the court did not abuse its discretion in awarding 

sanctions. 

III. Request for Sanctions on Appeal

Ahmad seeks an award of $31,311, jointly and severally from Appellants and their 

counsel, as sanctions for filing a frivolous appeal (§ 907; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 

8.2766). We notified Appellants and their counsel pursuant to rule 8.276 that we were 

considering imposing sanctions and gave them an opportunity to oppose the motion. 

Neither Appellants nor their counsel did so. Respondent submitted a letter brief together 

 

6 All unspecified references are to the California Rules of Court.
19

with a declaration and supplemental declaration of Respondent's counsel in support of 

Respondent's letter brief. 

Section 907 authorizes an award of monetary sanctions on appeal "[w]hen it 

appears to the reviewing court that the appeal was frivolous or taken solely for delay." 

(rule 8.276(a)(1), (4) [authorizing sanctions for "[t]aking a frivolous appeal or appealing 

solely to cause delay," or for "[c]ommitting any other unreasonable violation of these 

rules"].) An appeal that is prosecuted for an improper motive—to harass the other side or 

to delay the effect of an adverse judgment—or that any reasonable attorney would agree 

is totally and completely without merit will support an award of sanctions on appeal. (In 

re Marriage of Flaherty, supra, 31 Cal.3d at pp. 649-650.)

"In determining whether an appeal indisputably has no merit, California cases 

have applied both subjective and objective standards. The subjective standard looks to 

the motives of the appealing party and his or her attorney, while the objective standard 

looks at the merits of the appeal from a reasonable person's perspective. [Citation.] 

Whether the party or attorney acted in an honest belief there were grounds for appeal 

makes no difference if any reasonable person would agree the grounds for appeal were 

totally and completely devoid of merit. [Citation.] [¶] . . . [¶] The objective and 

subjective standards 'are often used together, with one providing evidence of the other. 

Thus, the total lack of merit of an appeal is viewed as evidence that appellant must have 

intended it only for delay.' [Citation.] An unsuccessful appeal, however, ' "should not be 

penalized as frivolous if it presents a unique issue which is not indisputably without 

merit, or involves facts which are not amenable to easy analysis in terms of existing law, 
20

or makes a reasoned argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing 

law." ' " (Kleveland v. Siegel & Wolensky, LLP (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 534, 556-557 

(Kleveland).) Appellate courts can, and often do, consider the prior conduct of attorneys 

and their clients in considering whether sanctions are appropriate. (See, e.g., Papadakis 

v. Zelis (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 1146, 1148; Kim v. Walker (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 375, 

385; Bistawros v. Greenberg (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 189, 193.)

Courts frequently have imposed additional sanctions, payable to the clerk of the 

court, to compensate the state for the cost to the taxpayers of processing a frivolous 

appeal. (Singh v. Lipworth (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 813, 830.) Appellate sanctions for 

frivolous appeals have ranged from $6,000 to $25,000. (Kleveland, supra,

215 Cal.App.4th at p. 560; In re Marriage of Economou (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d, 97, 108; 

Bank of Cal. v. Varakin (1990) 216 Cal.App.3d 1630, 1640.)

Preliminarily we note that the same reasons that support the trial court's award of 

sanctions also support the imposition of sanctions on appeal. This appeal lacked merit 

from its inception. When Appellants filed their opening brief, the judge and jury in 

Bucur I had already soundly rejected the predicate allegations that supported all of 

Appellants' four subsequent cases, that Wasarhelyi had breached his contract with Bucur, 

by finding that Bucur and his related entities were the ones who breached the agreement.

Further, by the time Appellants filed this case, they had already consented to 

arbitrate their virtually identical claims in Bucur II. Because Appellants had consented to 

arbitrate their claims, they were judicially estopped from litigating a case based on the 

same transactional nucleus of facts in superior court. Further, consensual removal of this 
21

controversy to the arbitration forum effectively deprived the superior court of 

jurisdication. (SWAB Financial, supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at p. 1200.)

In addition, at the time Appellants filed this case, the Bucur III court had already 

rejected their central contention, i.e., that Wasarhelyi did not acquire the linehaul 

contracts, on collateral estoppel grounds.

Moreover, long before Appellants filed their notice of appeal in this case, the

Bucur IV court rejected another iteration of Appellants' basic theory of recovery, by 

dismissing a reinvention of essentially the same case against Wasarhelyi and his counsel. 

During trial of the remainder of the case against Bucur's former attorney, the court 

repeatedly admonished Bucur regarding possible penalties for perjury because his 

testimony repeatedly directly conflicted with earlier sworn statements. Ultimately, as 

Bucur concedes in his opening brief in this case, he lost the entire case. 

This appeal is also frivolous in light of the clear application of the doctrine of 

judicial admissions. In Bucur I, Appellants alleged that FedEx did nothing wrong but 

was merely named as a necessary party to effectuate rescission of the FedEx contract 

with Wasarhelyi. In this case, however, Appellants allege that FedEx acted illegally and 

in concert with Wasarhelyi to wrongfully deprive Appellants of the linehaul contracts. 

Appellants are bound by their judicial admission in Bucur I that FedEx did nothing 

wrong. (Addy v. Bliss & Glennon, supra, 44 Cal.App.4th at p. 218.)

Appellants attempt to avoid the judicial admissions doctrine by blaming their 

original attorney and arguing that they cannot be held accountable for the complaint he 
22

prepared on their behalf.7 However, a client is bound by allegations his counsel made in 

pleadings. (Setliff v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1525, 1534 

[on demurrer, "[p]laintiff is bound by an admission in his pleadings" and his admission 

negates any attempt to contradict the admission].) 

Given the numerous independent grounds rendering this appeal frivolous 

including, among others, res judicata, consent to arbitrate, judicial admissions, judicial 

estoppel and the rejection of various versions of the same case by four trial courts, we 

have no difficulty in concluding that Appellants and their counsel objectively and 

subjectively understood their appeal was frivolous when filed. 

Our conclusion is further supported by developments that have occurred since this

appeal was filed, which we may properly consider. (See Cohen v. General Motors Corp. 

(1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 893, 896; Childs v. State Farm, supra, 29 F.3d at p. 1025.) After 

Appellants filed their opening brief but before time for filing the reply brief had lapsed, 

the arbitrator in Bucur II granted the motion to dismiss. This ruling, consistent with 

previous rulings in Bucur I, III, IV and this case, provided yet another independent 

basis—res judicata—for rendering this appeal is utterly frivolous. In Bucur II, the 

arbitrator rejected Appellants' contentions that Wasarhelyi and Ahmad acted in concert to 

deprive them of the benefits of their linehaul contracts. 

 

7 In Bucur IV, Appellants, in order to avoid the adverse impact of the judicial 

admission, attempted to establish that their attorney, who drafted the pleadings containing 

the judicial admission, committed malpractice. The court granted judgment in favor of 

the attorney.
23

Also while this appeal was pending, the appellate decision in Bucur III, which 

affirmed the sustaining of a demurrer by the trial court, became final. Our colleagues in 

Division Two squarely rejected Appellants' contentions that FedEx and Wasarhelyi acted 

in concert to harm Appellants because collateral estoppel barred Bucur's claim against 

Wasarhelyi and Ujkaj. Bucur could make no claims predicated upon Wasarhelyi's breach 

of contract because the judgment in Bucur I precluded any argument based on 

Wasarhelyi's alleged breach of contract. Appellants' claims in this case were based on the 

same nucleus of facts as in Bucur III, which Division Two of this court resolved against 

Appellants. Under these circumstances, we have no trouble concluding this appeal is 

frivolous. (Pollock v. University of Southern California, supra, 112 Cal.App.4th at 

pp. 1431-1432; Weber v. Willard (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 1006, 1010 [recognizing that 

repeated litigation of matters that were previously determined by final judgment 

constitutes sanctionable harassment].)

In determining the amount of sanctions to award we may consider the amount of 

the attorney fees on appeal, the amount of the judgment against the appellant, the degree 

of objective frivolousness and delay, and the need to discourage similar conduct in the 

future. (Pierotti v. Torian (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 17, 33-34.) The declarations of 

Ahmad's counsel establish that the reasonable attorney fees for the preparation of 

opposition to this appeal and letter brief on the issue of sanctions amounts to $31,311. 

The amount of the judgment below was $20,974.95. Thus, Ahmad had to spend more in 

opposing this appeal than the amount of the judgment. The difference between the 

amount owed and the costs of defense of this appeal supports the award of sanctions 
24

against Appellants in the amount Ahmad requests. (Kleveland, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at 

pp. 558-559 [sanctions awarded where there was no monetary judgment in the underlying 

case and appellant "has been put to the trouble of defending a frivolous appeal after being 

embroiled in litigation lasting two years . . . which proved to be meritless"].)

As exhaustively outlined above, four trial judges, one arbitrator and one appellate 

court have previously concluded that Appellants' repetitive claims in five versions of 

essentially the same case underlying this appeal are meritless. Appellants' persistent but 

vacuous pursuit of the same repetitive claims that give rise to this appeal constitutes an 

egregious example of frivolousness. Previous sanctions have not discouraged Appellants 

and their counsel from maintaining their futile quest to the detriment of their opponents. 

Therefore, there is a compelling need to deter conduct of this nature in the future. 

Not only have Appellants caused Ahmad to pay expenses that he should not have 

had to incur, but they also have required this court to needlessly expend precious 

resources on their frivolous claims. "[T]he appellate system and the taxpayers of this 

state are damaged by what amounts to a waste of this court's time and resources" and thus 

the appropriate measure of sanctions should be sufficient to compensate the expense of 

processing, reviewing and deciding this appeal. (In re Marriage of Gong & Kwong 

(2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 510, 520.) Accordingly, we impose sanctions of $25,000, jointly 

and severally against Appellants and their counsel, payable to the clerk of this court. 

(Kleveland, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at p. 560; In re Marriage of Economou, supra,

223 Cal.App.3d at p. 108; Bank of Cal. v. Varakin, supra, 216 Cal.App.3d. at p.1640.)
25

This opinion shall constitute a written statement of our reasons for imposing these 

sanctions. (Bach v. County of Butte (1989) 215 Cal.App.3d 294, 313.) In compliance 

with the requirements of the Business and Professions Code section 6086.7, a copy of this 

opinion shall be forwarded to the State Bar.8

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. In addition, this court awards sanctions jointly and 

severally against Attorney George A. Saba and Appellants in the amount of $31,311 

payable to Ahmad and $25,000 payable to the clerk of this court no later than 30 days 

after the remittitur is filed. The clerk of this court is directed to deposit said sum in the 

general fund.

Prager, J.*

WE CONCUR:

McDONALD, Acting P. J.

AARON, J.

 

8 This section provides that "A court shall notify the State Bar of any of the 

following: [¶] . . . [¶] (3) The imposition of any judicial sanctions against an attorney, 

except sanctions for the failure to make discovery or monetary sanctions of less than one 

thousand dollars ($1000)."

* Judge of the San Diego Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to 

article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.