EPA REGISTRATION DIVISION COMPANY NOTICE OF FILING FOR 

PESTICIDE PETITIONS PUBLISHED IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER 

EPA Registration Division contact: [P.V. Shah, 703-308-1846]

INSTRUCTIONS: Please utilize this outline in preparing the pesticide petition. In 

cases where the outline element does not apply, please insert “NA-Remove” and 

maintain the outline. Please do not change the margins, font, or format in your 

pesticide petition. Simply replace the instructions that appear in green, i.e., “[insert 

company name],” with the information specific to your action.

TEMPLATE:

[ Lighthouse Product Services on behalf of Winfield Solutions, LLC]

[Insert petition number]

EPA has received a pesticide petition ([insert petition number]) from 

Lighthouse Product Services, 3937 Cedarwood Lane, Johnstown, Colorado 80534 on 

behalf of Winfield Solutions, LLC, 1080 County Road F West, Shoreview, Minnesota 

55126-2910 proposing, pursuant to section 408(d) of the Federal Food, Drug, and 

Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 346a(d), to amend 40 CFR part 180.920 to establish 

an exemption from the requirement of a tolerance for Kerosene/Fuel Oil #1, CAS 

#8008-20-6 or 64742-81-0.

EPA has determined that the petition contains data or information regarding the elements 

set forth in section 408 (d)(2) of FDDCA; however, EPA has not fully evaluated the 

sufficiency of the submitted data at this time or whether the data supports granting of the 

petition. Additional data may be needed before EPA rules on the petition.

A. Residue Chemistry

1. Plant metabolism. [NA-Remove]

2. Analytical method. Because this petition is a request for an exemption from 

the requirement of a tolerance without numerical limitations, no analytical method 

is required.

3. Magnitude of residues. No specific crop residue information has been 

located for Kerosene/Fuel Oil #1 and this information is typically not available or 

required for the establishment of a tolerance exemption for inert ingredients.

B. Toxicological Profile

a. Acute toxicity. Kerosene is a Toxicity Category III substance for acute 

oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity and eye irritation.
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2. Genotoxicty.

In the only in vivo animal study located regarding genotoxic effects using 

inhalation as the route of exposure, male CD-l mice (12/group) exposed to 

100 or 400 ppm diesel fuel vapor (6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 8 weeks) 

showed no adverse effects with respect to the frequency of dominant lethal 

mutations.

3. Reproductive and developmental toxicity.

Oral

Significant decreases in fetal body weight compared to controls were found 

after pregnant rats were treated orally during gestational days 6-15.

Dermal

No dermal developmental or reproductive studies on kerosene were identified. 

There were no pathological changes in the reproductive organs of mice 

following chronic and/or intermediate dermal exposures to JP-5.

4. Subchronic toxicity.

Oral

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0, 750, 1,500 and 3,000 

mg/kg/day of neat JP-8 by gavage for 90 days. A no-observed-adverse-effect 

level (NOAEL) was not established with stomach irritation and decreased 

lymphocytes noted at doses of 750 mg/kg/day.

Dermal

A 28-day dermal toxicity study was conducted with New Zealand white 

rabbits in which undiluted kerosene was applied dermally at 0, 200, 1000, and 

2000 mg/kg/day. The LOAEL was 200 mg/kg/day based on skin irritation in 

males and females, decreased red blood cell count in males and increased 

absolute and relative spleen weight in females. A NOAEL was not 

established.

A 90-day dermal toxicity study was conducted in which kerosene was 

dermally applied to Sprague-Dawley rats In concentrations of 20%, 40% or 

60% v/v at a rate of 1 mL/kg/day which is equivalent to doses of 0, 165, 330, 

and 465 mg/kg/day. There were no test substance-related effects on survival, 

clinical observations (apart from skin Irritation), neurobehavioral signs, or 

ophthalmological findings. The only clinical observations were related to skin 

irritation at the application site. There was a dose- related increase in the 

incidence and severity of erythema, edema, epidermal scaling, scab formation, 

thickening of the skin, and ulceration at the treated site. At necropsy, the only 

substance-related observations made were the suggestion of a possible 

treatment-related effect consisting of skin crusts or ulceration at the site of 

application of the test material. Hematological, serum clinical parameters, and 

organ weights were unaffected by treatment. There were no treatment-related 

microscopic changes In the tissues except for the skin findings.
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Inhalation

Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a nominal concentration of 25 mg/rn3 

kerosene by inhalation for 28 days. There were no treatment-related effects on 

clinical condition, growth rate, organ weights, organ-body weight ratios, or on 

any of the hematological or clinical chemistry determinations. No treatmentrelated microscopic changes were observed in any of the examined organs or 

in the respiratory tract.

Hepatocellular fatty changes and vacuolization were observed in mice 

exposed to JP-5 vapor at 150 mg/rn3 continuously for 90 days. Similar effects 

on the liver were also observed In mice at 750 mg/rn3. A NOEAL was not 

reported.

5. Chronic toxicity.

Dermal

A two-year study was conducted by administering JP-5 by dermal application 

to groups of 49 or 50 male and 50 female B6C3F mice at doses of 0, 250, or 

500 mg/kg in an acetone vehicle with a dose volume of 0.1 mL. There was a 

marked increase in the incidence of chronic dermatitis in both the low and 

high dose groups.

Neurotoxicity

No histopathological changes were noted in the nervous system of mice 

following dermal application of 2,000 to 8,000 mg/kg/day of JP-5 for 13 

weeks or of dermal application of 250 and 500 mg/kg day of JP-5 for 103 

weeks.

Mutagenecity

Standard Ames assays on two kerosene samples produced negative results 

with and without activation. Modified Ames assays on four kerosene(s) 

produced negative results (with and without activation) except for one positive 

assay that occurred with activation. A number of mouse lymphoma assays 

produced a mixture of negative and positive results. A sister chromatid 

exchange assay on hydrodesulfurized kerosene was negative with and without 

activation.

Bone marrow cytogenetic tests on kerosene with Sprague-Dawley rats were 

negative. A sister chromatid exchange assay on kerosene produced negative 

results in female mice and a positive response in male mice. A dominant lethal 

assay of kerosene produced negative results.

Carcinogenicity

Dermal

A two-year study of the administration of JP-5 navy fuel by dermal 

application to groups of 49 or 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice at doses 

of 0,250. or 500 mg/kg in an acetone vehicle with a dose volume of 0.1 ml. 

Under the conditions of this 2-year dermal study, JP-5 at doses of 250 and 500 

mg/kg provided no evidence of carcinogenicity for male and female B6C3F 

mice. Other studies of dermal carcinogenicity for kerosene and related 

materials have shown some positive results but studies indicate that kerosene 

is a mouse skin tumor promoter rather than initiator and that this promotion 
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required prolonged dermal irritation. The National Academy of Science 

(NAS) toxicological assessment of JP-8 concluded that “The carcinogenicity 

data available on mixtures similar to JP-8 (such as other jet fuels and middle 

distillates) indicate that most of these materials induce skin tumors in mice 

when topically applied in excessive amounts and under conditions of 

excessive skin irritation”.

6. Animal metabolism.

In one animal study, fuel oil no. 2 applied to the skin of rats induced 

cutaneous aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in rat skin microsomal 

preparations by causing a three-fold induction of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) 3-

hydroxylase activity. In addition, BaP 3-hydroxylase activity was selectively 

inhibited by a-naphthoflavone, but not by metyrapone, suggesting that 

cytochrome P-448 enzymes are induced and may participate in the 

metabolism of this fuel oil

Very limited animal data indicate that kerosene is absorbed and distributed to 

various tissues. Kerosene, labeled with 3H-toluene or 14C-hexadecane, was 

given to tracheotomized baboons (15 mL/kg) by nasogastric tube. 

Radioactivity was recovered from the brain, lung, liver, spleen, heart, and 

kidney after 6 hours. 3H-Toluene was absorbed and taken up by most tissues 

to a greater extent than was 14C-hexadecane; however, the amounts absorbed 

and distributed were very small .

7. Metabolite toxicology. [NA-Remove]

8. Endocrine disruption. Specific studies pertaining to endocrine disruption from 

kerosene exposure have not been located.

C. Aggregate Exposure

1. Dietary exposure. Based on the volatility of kerosene, dietary exposures to 

kerosene are unlikely to occur as the result of the use of kerosene as an inert ingredient in 

pesticide formulations applied to growing crops. In general, environmental releases of 

kerosene will predominantly result in partitioning to air, given the volatility of the 

individual hydrocarbon compounds that make up kerosene. In the air phase, 

photodegradation will be rapid.

i. Food. Based on the volatility of kerosene, exposures to kerosene on or in food 

are unlikely to occur as the result of the use of kerosene as an inert ingredient in pesticide 

formulations which were applied to growing crops. In general, environmental releases of 

kerosene will predominantly result in partitioning to air, given the volatility of the 

individual hydrocarbon compounds that make up kerosene. In the air phase, 

photodegradation will be rapid.

ii. Drinking water. The minor fractions of kerosene that may partition to soil and 

water would likely undergo biodegradation. The API HPV Test Plan submission for the 
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Kerosene/Jet Fuel Category Included biodegradation data (judged to be adequate by 

EPA) which concluded that kerosene(s) are inherently biodegradable, with a generally 

high degree of complete biodegradation”.

2. Non-dietary exposure. Kerosene is a complex mixture of various hydrocarbon 

fractions, and as such its transport and transformation in the environment is dependent on 

the environmental fate of the individual hydrocarbons that comprise it. In general, 

environmental releases of kerosene will predominantly result in partitioning to air, given 

the volatility of the individual hydrocarbon compounds that make up kerosene. In the air 

phase, photodegradation will be rapid.

D. Cumulative Effects For the purposes of this tolerance action, it is not assumed that 

kerosene has common mechanism of toxicity with other substances.

E. Safety Determination

1. U.S. population. Kerosene is a Toxicity Category Ill substance for acute oral, 

dermal, and Inhalation toxicity and eye irritation and a Toxicity Category II substance for 

skin Irritation. Kerosene is not a skin sensitizer. Repeat dosing studies (oral, dermal) 

typically resulted in irritation and compensating responses to the Irritation (oral NOAEL 

750 mg/kg/day. dermal NOAEL >165 mg/kg/day. A 28-day rat inhalation toxicity study 

with kerosene resulted in no treatment-related effects to rats exposed to a nominal 

concentration of 25mg/rn3 kerosene. A 90 day mouse inhalation study with JP-5 resulted 

in hepatocellular fatty changes and vacuolization being observed at dose levels of 150 

mg/M3 a NOAEL was not reported. In vivo and in vitro genotoxicity studies with 

kerosene resulted in primarily negative results. A dermal carcinogenicity study (2-year) 

of JP-5 at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day provided no evidence of carcinogenicity for 

male and female B6C3F1 mice.

No quantitative or qualitative effects were observed in the fetuses from an oral 

developmental rat toxicity study. Decreases in fetal body weight were observed at 1,500 

mg/kg/day JP-8 whereas decreases in maternal body weight gain were observed at 1.000 

mg/kg/day. The NOAEL for maternal and developmental effects was 500 mg/kg.

In general, environmental releases of kerosene will predominantly result in partitioning to 

air, given the volatility of the individual hydrocarbon compounds that make up kerosene. 

In the air phase, photodegradation will be rapid, and for those fractions of kerosene that 

will partition to soil and water, biodegradation will occur.

2. Infants and children. The database for kerosene is sufficient for assessing the 

potential developmental effects from exposure to this substance. In a developmental 

toxicity study with mice, there was no incidence of developmental toxicity in the absence 

of maternal toxicity. No quantitative or qualitative susceptibility was observed from the 

available developmental toxicity study in mice. 

F. International Tolerances

International tolerances for kerosene have not been located. As it is used as an 

inert ingredient, tolerances are not typically assigned.