#### Lloyd STRICKLAND and Linda Strickland v. KAFKO MANUFACTURING, INC.

84-968.

Supreme Court of Alabama.

May 22, 1987.

Rehearing Denied July 31, 1987.

Richard W. Whittaker and Joe S. Pittman of Pittman, Whittaker & Pittman, Enterprise, for appellants.

James D. Farmer of Farmer, Baxley, Ramsey, Farmer & McDougle, Dothan, for appellee.

ALMON, Justice.

This is an appeal from a judgment for defendant, Kafko Manufacturing Company, notwithstanding the verdict for plaintiffs, Lloyd and Linda Strickland, on their conversion claim, and from a directed verdict for Kafko on the Stricklands’ claim for violation of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act, Code 1975, § 8-19-1, et seq.

Lloyd Strickland attempted to purchase a swimming pool kit from Morgan & Son Pool Company, which was allegedly a partnership between John R. Morgan, Sr., and John R. (Roger) Morgan, Jr. Strickland, a brick mason, was familiar with pool installations by Morgan & Son, having done masonry work for the partnership. On July 29, 1983, Strickland obtained a cashier’s *715check in the amount of $4,228.44, payable to Kafko, and including the words, “for Pool Kit to be delivered to Rt. 1, Box 225, Enterprise, Alabama.” Strickland testified that several checks Morgan & Son had given him in payment for masonry work had not cleared Morgan & Son’s account on first presentment. His testimony continued:

> “Q. So you knew at that point, from that, you knew there were some problems with his [Roger Morgan’s] cash flow, didn’t you?

> “A. Yes, sir.

> “Q. And is that why you had this check here made out to Kafko Manufacturing because you wanted to make sure that your pool got paid for?

> “A. Well, that is one of the reasons. I wanted to make sure who it was ordered from.”

Strickland had not had any communication with Kafko, but had only been told by Roger Morgan that his pool would be purchased from Kafko. He gave the check to Roger Morgan, who said he would take it directly to Kafko’s office near Atlanta, Georgia, so the pool could be delivered sooner. Although Strickland had discussed the pool with Roger Morgan and apparently had an oral agreement as to the type of pool he wanted, there was no written contract.

On or about August 7, 1983, Roger Morgan took the check to Kafko’s office in Georgia and gave it to a secretary, who referred him to Jan DeRegt, the general manager. DeRegt testified that Morgan & Son had last purchased pool kits from Kaf-ko in June 1982 but still owed $1007.60 on that purchase. He testified that he had been trying to collect this amount, but Roger Morgan had told him that Morgan & Son had not been paid for one of the pools and would not be able to pay Kafko until their customer paid them. DeRegt continued,

> “So a week before he dropped this check off into our office he called me and said he had finally settled the account that he was waiting for, he now had the money to pay me off, but due to the fact that the customer knew that he still owed me money on the particular pool they made the check out to Kafko Manufacturing, and would it be possible to bring the check to my office and to receive the difference that was left over after the account was cleared. I told him that was okay with me as long as it was certified funds. When he dropped in the office the check went to my bookkeeper, I asked her to check it, she said it was a certified check, nothing wrong with the cashier’s check, and at that time I proceeded to write Mr. Morgan and Son a check back for $3200, the difference between the check he delivered [and] what he owed me.”

The Stricklands presented nothing to dispute this account of the delivery and negotiation of the check.

When Strickland asked Roger Morgan where his pool was, Morgan responded that it had been ordered and gave excuses for delays. In early September 1983 Strickland went to his bank and learned that the cashier’s check had been cashed. From the endorsement he obtained Kafko’s address and thereby its telephone number. He called and spoke to DeRegt, who initially professed not to know about a pool for the Stricklands. When Strickland mentioned that he had given the cashier’s check to Morgan, DeRegt responded, according to Strickland’s testimony, “that he had received a check from Roger on payment for some money that Roger had owed him.” Strickland demanded delivery of the pool, but apparently did not ask for a return of the proceeds of the check.

Strickland testified that DeRegt said he would talk to Morgan and asked him (Strickland) not to communicate with Morgan. DeRegt said he asked Strickland to send him a current telephone number for Morgan. In any event, the two had no further communication, other than Strickland’s sending a copy of the cancelled check. Strickland consulted an attorney and this suit was filed. The complaint also named Morgan & Son as a defendant, but Roger Morgan declared bankruptcy. The case proceeded to trial against John R. Morgan, Sr., but he denied being a partner *716or principal in Morgan & Son Pool Company. The trial court directed a verdict in his favor and the Stricklands do not appeal from that portion of the judgment.

The complaint as amended contained a count for breach of contract, a count for conversion, and a count for violation of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act. Kafko filed a counterclaim for $25,000, alleging abuse of process, but dismissed the counterclaim before trial commenced. The trial court granted directed verdicts on the breach of contract and Deceptive Trade Practices counts and submitted the conversion count to the jury, which returned a verdict against Kafko for $25,000. Upon Kafko’s motion, the trial court granted a judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The Stricklands do not argue that the directed verdict on the contract count was improper.

Because the alleged conversion was of a check, which is ordinarily a negotiable instrument, we look first to the Alabama enactment of the Uniform Commercial Code. Code 1975, § 7-3-419, states in pertinent part: “(1) An instrument is converted when: ... (b) Any person to whom it is delivered for payment refuses on demand either to pay or to return it.” Kafko did not convert the check within the meaning of this statute because, as the word is used in the U.C.C., “payment” is made only by a promisor on a note or a drawee on a draft. See generally Articles 3 and 4; 6 R. Anderson, *Uniform Commercial Code,*§ 3-419:5 (3d ed. 1984); and R. Braucher and R. Riegert, *Introduction to Commercial Transactions,*ch. II—2 (1977). Kafko merely negotiated or cashed the check, see § 7-3-202, so its handling of the check does not come within the terms of § 7-3-419. Even if § 7-3-419 may apply in some circumstances to one to whom an instrument is transferred for negotiation, Kafko did not convert the check within the meaning of this statute because it gave full value for it.

A negotiable instrument may be subject to conversion outside the provisions of § 7-3-419. Cf. *Citibanc of Alabama/Fultondale v. Tricor Energies, Inc.,*493 So.2d 1344 (Ala.1986); 1 R. Anderson, *op. cit.,*§ 1-103:25 (1981). A common law action for conversion will lie for (1) a wrongful taking, (2) an illegal assumption of ownership, (3) an illegal use or misuse, or (4) a wrongful detention. *Raley v. Royal Ins. Co.,*386 So.2d 742 (Ala.1980); *Ott v. Fox,*362 So.2d 836 (Ala.1978).

The question of whether Kafko acted wrongfully or illegally in taking, assuming ownership of, or using the check will turn on the question of whether the check was a negotiable instrument. A check is a negotiable instrument if it is signed by the maker or drawer, contains “an unconditional promise or order to pay a sum certain,” is payable on demand or at a definite time, and is payable to order or to bearer. Code 1975, § 7-3-104. This check was signed by the maker (the bank), and was payable to order of Kafko. It is not argued that the language “for pool to be delivered” prevents the cheek from being payable on demand; if that language has any effect on negotiability, it is to make the promise conditional upon those terms.

Code 1975, § 7-3-105, provides in pertinent part:

> “(1) A promise or order otherwise unconditional is not made conditional by the fact that the instrument:

> 

> “(b) States its consideration, *whether performed or promised,*or the transaction which gave rise to the instrument, or that the promise or order is made or the instrument matures in accordance with or ‘as per’ such transaction.”

(Emphasis added.) This Code provision prevents the language printed on the cashier’s check, “for pool to be delivered,” from conditioning the promise to pay upon the delivery of a pool kit. Delivery of the pool was the consideration for the check, or the transaction which gave rise to it, and the statute explicitly provides that payment of the check is not conditioned upon performance of the stated consideration. Thus, Kafko was not bound to inquire of its dealer whether he had delivered the pool purchased with the money represented by the *717check. See generally 5 R. Anderson, *Uniform Commercial Code,*§ 3-105:4 et seq. (3d ed. 1984).

That such is the appropriate interpretation of the language is illustrated by the manner in which the check would be handled after it was cashed by Kafko. Kaf-ko’s bank would be fully justified in taking the check for deposit, and the Stricklands’ bank would be fully justified in paying Kafko’s bank, without any inquiry into whether the pool had been delivered.

The Court of Civil Appeals has decided two cases closely on point since the enactment of the Uniform Commercial Code. In *Holsonback v. First State Bank of Albertville,*394 So.2d 381 (Ala.Civ.App.1980), cert. denied, 394 So.2d 384 (Ala.1981), the Court of Civil Appeals held that language on the face of a note or draft did not make the promise or order to pay a conditional one, citing § 7-3-105(l)(a), which regards implied or constructive conditions.

In contrast, the same court held in *Participating Parts Associates, Inc. v. Py-lant,*460 So.2d 1299, 1301 (Ala.Civ.App. 1984), that the trial court was “authorized to consider evidence other than the check in determining whether the check was an unconditional [order] to pay a certain sum of money,” because the payee plaintiff had not objected to the drawer defendant’s testimony “concerning the circumstances under which the check was issued.” Thus, that case is distinguishable as turning on a failure to object, which amounted to a waiver of a defense to the claim of conditionality. Furthermore, *Participating Parts*involved a dispute between the immediate parties to the check, and the Court of Civil Appeals considered the payee as a holder not having the rights of a holder in due course, citing § 7-3-306. That analysis fits the facts of that case because the payee took the check with notice of the drawer’s claim and arguably attempted to cash it not in good faith; furthermore, the evidence indicated that the payee did not take the check for value. A parallel situation in the instant case would exist if Strickland had made the check out to Morgan & Son and Roger Morgan had attempted to cash it. Although Kafko was the payee, Morgan served as an intermediary and his misrepresentations prevent Kafko from having notice of Strickland’s claim or defense.

A holder in due course takes a negotiable instrument free from all claims and defenses, with exceptions not pertinent here. Code 1975, § 7-3-305. Section 7-3-302 defines “holder in due course”:

> “(1) A holder in due course is a holder who takes the instrument:

> “(a) For value; and

> “(b) In good faith; and

> “(c) Without notice that it is overdue or has been dishonored or of any defense against or claim to it on the part of any person.

> “(2) A payee may be a holder in due course.”

Because § 7-3-105 answers the question of notice of a claim to the check, and because Kafko gave full value for the check, the only question is whether Kafko took it in good faith. There was no evidence of any actual knowledge on Kafko’s part that the Stricklands’ pool had not been delivered. Neither is there any evidence of constructive knowledge that would justify a finding of lack of good faith. The invoices for the pools Kafko sold to Morgan & Son in June 1982 did not give the names of the customers to whom Morgan & Son was selling the pools, so there is no indication in the record that DeRegt had any way of verifying or disproving Roger Morgan’s explanation of the check.

Therefore, Kafko did not wrongfully take the check, illegally assume ownership of it, or illegally use or misuse it. The Stricklands appear to argue that Kafko illegally retained the money which was the proceeds of the check but, aside from the facts that Kafko paid part of the proceeds to Roger Morgan and that an action in conversion will not lie for unidentified money, see *Lewis v. Fowler,*479 So.2d 725 (Ala.1985), Strickland never demanded return of the money.

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err in holding that the Stricklands did not prove a conversion.

*718Neither can the Stricklands prevail on their Deceptive Trade Practices count. Section 8-19-5 sets forth a list of activities that it declares to be unlawful. The Strick-lands cite subsection (17), which makes it unlawful to fail to ship goods after receipt of payment for them, and subsection (22), which makes it unlawful to engage “in any other unconscionable, false, misleading or deceptive act or practice in the conduct of trade or commerce.” Kafko cites § 8-19-13, however, which provides a defense to actions brought under the Deceptive Trade Practices Act:

> “Any person against whom any civil action or proceeding is brought pursuant to this chapter shall have a defense to such action or proceeding upon a showing by a preponderance of the evidence presented that such person did not knowingly commit any act or knowingly engage in any activity which constitutes a violation of any provision of this chapter.”

Not only was there no evidence that Kafko knew it was failing to ship goods for which it had been paid, but the evidence does not even support a finding that Kafko was paid for a pool. Therefore, subsection (17) does not support a holding that the trial court erred in granting a directed verdict on this count. The Stricklands argue that DeR-egt’s failure to ship the pool after he was notified of the true situation constituted a knowing violation at least of subsection (22), but the evidence indicates at most that both Strickland and Kafko were defrauded by Roger Morgan. The trial court did not err in granting Kafko a directed verdict on the Deceptive Trade Practices count.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.

TORBERT, C.J., and MADDOX, SHORES, ADAMS and HOUSTON, JJ., concur.

JONES, and BEATTY, JJ., dissent in part but concur in the result, with opinion by BEATTY, J.

BEATTY, Justice

(dissenting in part but concurring in the result).

It appears to me that the majority has reached the right result in this case, but for the wrong reasons. The majority summarily concludes that “[bjecause the alleged conversion was of a check, which is ordinarily a negotiable instrument,” the provisions of Alabama’s Commercial Code pertaining to negotiable instruments apply in this case. Applying those provisions pertinent to the conversion claim, the majority affirms the judgment notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”) granted in favor of Kafko on that claim. I agree that the JNOV was proper in this case but not because plaintiffs *failed to prove*a scintilla of evidence on their claim for conversion. Rather, JNOV was proper because at issue in this case is the conversion of a *cashier’s check,*and the overwhelming majority of courts have held that cashier’s checks are substitutes for cash. See *National Newark & Essex Bank v. Giordano,*111 N.J. Super. 347, 268 A.2d 327 (1970); Lawrence, *Making Cashier’s Checks and Other Bank Checks Cost-Effective: A Plea for Revision of Articles 3 and 1⁄8 of the Uniform Commercial Code,*64 Minn.L.Rev. 275, 285 (1980); 4 Hawkland, Alderman & Schneider, U.C.C. Series, § 3-104:16, “Cashier’s Checks” (1984).

I.

There is no explicit reference to cashier’s checks in Article 3. In fact, the Code’s only reference to cashier’s checks is in § 4-211(1), which merely enumerates the types of payment that collecting banks may take in settlement of an instrument for the payment of money. This omission from Article 3, as well as the common belief that cashier’s checks are cash equivalents, has led courts to conclude that, even when the instrument is held by one who is not a holder in due course, neither the purchaser of the cashier’s check (the plaintiffs in this case) nor the issuing bank can assert an adverse claim to the instrument, such as the claim that the instrument’s holder is in wrongful possession of the instrument or its proceeds. See Lawrence, *supra,*64 Minn.L.Rev. 275 at 306-07. The *commen**719*tators,*however, generally take the position that, in this situation, the provisions of the Code governing ordinary negotiable instruments should also govern the respective rights of the parties to a cashier’s check. 64 Minn.L.Rev. at 305.

The majority, apparently without realizing it, has followed the view of the commentators, evaluating (albeit erroneously, see discussion *infra)*the parties’ respective rights by reference to the pertinent provisions of Article 3. This approach, however, has not been followed by the various courts which have heretofore been called upon to decide the issue. Almost uniformly, the courts have ignored the Code and have subordinated the interests of the issuing bank and the check’s purchaser to the holder’s (including a holder not in due course) expectation that he has received a true cash equivalent, thereby preserving the societal interest in having cashier’s checks serve as cash substitutes. 64 Minn.L.Rev. at 280, 305. Indeed, this Court has held that the purpose of a cashier’s check is “to enable the holder to use the check as money.” *Walker v. Sellers,*201 Ala. 189, 77 So. 715 (1918). Moreover, “[a] cashier’s check is accepted in advance by the act of its issuance and is not subject to a stop payment order.” *Wood v. Central Bank of the South,*435 So.2d 1287, 1290 (Ala.Civ.App.1982). Such rules are necessary “to insure the public’s confidence in and reliance upon our banking system.” 435 So.2d at 1290.

II.

If this Court adopts the majority view, then the plaintiffs’ claim for conversion must fail. Having chosen to use a cashier’s check, a cash substitute, as the means of payment, plaintiff bears the burden of loss by conversion, for no action for conversion will lie as to *unidentifiable*funds or cash. See *Lewis v. Fowler,*479 So.2d 725 (Ala.1985), where this Court discussed at length the circumstances under which an action for conversion will lie to recover a sum of money. Specifically, we said:

> “Now, in conversion cases, the courts are not confronted so much with a particular piece of money, i.e., a coin or a bill, *but with identified or segregated sources from which money has come or types of accounts into which money has been deposited.*

> “Money paid by an insurance company to a hospital which had been assigned to the hospital by the plaintiff has been determined as a matter of law not to be specific property which would support an action of conversion. *Humana of Alabama, Inc. v. Rice,*[380 So.2d 862 (Ala.Civ.App.1979), cer*t. denied,*380 So.2d 865 (Ala.1980) ]. Shares in a ‘Ready Assets Trust Account’ which must be redeemed for cash and on which checks can be written have been held to be sufficiently identifiable to support an action in conversion. *Limbaugh v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc.,*732 F.2d 859 (11th Cir.1984) (citing Alabama law).

> “Section 7 of the Annotation, ‘Nature of property or rights other than tangible chattels which may be subject to conversion,’ 44 A.L.R.2d 927 (1926), lists numerous cases in which attempts have been made to recover for the conversion of money.

> “In this case, the Court is being asked to determine whether money which was withheld from wages of an employee by an employer in response to a garnishment filed against the employer by a creditor of the employee is specific property which will support an action in conversion. Clearly, there is no identifiable coin or bill, and nothing that has been sealed up in a particular letter, ‘wrapped up to itself,’ or placed in a bag or chest. *There is no evidence that this money was placed in a special account.*It is merely money which was not paid to an employee or to the creditor of an employee, but was withheld from an employee's wages in response to a garnishment.” (Emphasis added.) 479 So.2d at 726-27.

Plaintiffs in this case cite *Lewis v. Fowler, supra;*however, they fail to point to any evidence of record establishing the identifiability of the sum represented by the cashier’s check. They argue that the special account at the issuing bank, into *720which their money was deposited at the time they purchased the cashier’s check from the bank, would be a specific or special type of account into which the money had been deposited. This argument, however, overlooks the fact that the funds in this account are comingled; that is, the monies deposited as payment for a particular cashier’s check are comingled with funds to cover other cashier’s checks, and, according to the evidence, these funds are indistinguishable.

Plaintiffs also cite this Court to *Limbaugh v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith,*732 F.2d 859 (11th Cir.1984), cited in this Court’s opinion in *Fowler, supra.*In *Limbaugh,*the court, citing Alabama law, held that funds contained in a “Ready Assets Trust Account” *belonging to the plaintiff*were sufficiently identifiable to support plaintiff’s conversion claim. In that case, the plaintiff, Charles Limbaugh, failed to deliver 182 shares of stock to cover a sale made for him by Merrill Lynch. So, Merrill Lynch liquidated a portion of his Ready Assets Trust Account to buy shares for delivery to the purchaser.

*Limbaugh*is distinguishable from the present case because, in *Limbaugh, all*of the funds in the account in question belonged to the plaintiff. Here, the funds paid by plaintiffs for the cashier’s check were placed by the bank into a comingled account containing funds paid by other individuals for cashier’s checks. Under these facts, plaintiffs have failed to prove “specific money capable of identification.” *Hunnicutt v. Higginbotham,*138 Ala. 472, 35 So. 469 (1903). For these reasons, I would affirm the JNOY for Kafko.

However, under the approach taken by the majority, I do not think the granting of a JNOY was proper under the evidence adduced in this case. The standard of review applicable in this case is not stated in the majority opinion, but because it is essential to a proper review to bear it in mind, that standard of review is set out here: When reviewing the propriety of a trial court’s order granting a JNOV, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party who secured the jury verdict; a JNOV carries no presumption of correctness. *Warren v. Ousley,*440 So.2d 1034 (Ala.1983). Rather, “a jury’s verdict is presumed correct and will not be set aside unless it is so contrary to the evidence ‘as to convince this Court that it is wrong and unjust.’ *Dixie Electric Co. v. Maggio,*294 Ala. 411, 318 So.2d 274 (1975).” *Kent v. Singleton,*457 So.2d 356, 359 (Ala.1984).

The majority evaluates plaintiff’s conversion claim based on its conclusion that the alleged conversion was of a negotiable instrument. To defeat plaintiffs’ claim, the majority, relying on Code of 1975, §§ 7-3-104, -105, -304, and -305, holds *as a matter of law,*that Kafko, the payee of the cashier’s check, was a holder in due course, and that it, therefore, “did not wrongfully take the check, illegally assume ownership of it, or illegally use or misuse it.” I would agree that if there was *no evidence*in this case from which a jury could conclude that Kafko was *not*a holder in due course, then plaintiffs could not recover in conversion. In other words, if the evidence was such that we could hold, as a matter of law, that Kafko was a holder in due course, it could not be liable for conversion. The majority’s analysis, however, seems to overlook the principle that the question of holder-indue-course status is one of *fact,*not law. Indeed, every element of holder-in-due-course status presents a question of fact, and there is at least a scintilla of evidence presented in this case from which the jury could have found that Kafko was not a holder in due course.

Relying on § 7-3-105(l)(b), the majority concludes that the language appearing on the check, “For pool kit to be delivered to Rt. 1, Box 22,” does not prevent the check from being an *unconditional*promise to pay within the § 7-3-104 definition of a negotiable instrument. While this conclusion is probably correct (see *Holsonback v. First State Bank of Albertville,*394 So.2d 381 (Ala.Civ.App.1980), *cert. denied,*394 So.2d 384 (1981); *Strand Amusement Co. v. Fox,*205 Ala. 183, 87 So. 332 (1921); *Anderson v. Consolidated Auto Wholesalers, Inc.,*4 U.C.C.Rep.Serv. 205 (N.Y.Sup. Ct.1967)), the majority’s further conclusion, *721that this notice could not, *as a matter of law,*serve as “notice” to Kafko of a claim by the plaintiffs (listed as remitters on the check), is erroneous.

Under the former Uniform Negotiable Instruments Law, most courts held that a payee, not having taken the instrument by negotiation, could not be a holder in due course. Now, under §§ 7-3-302 and 7-1-201(20), a *payee*who can meet the requirements of holder-in-due-course status may qualify as a holder in due course; that is, he must take for value, in good faith, and without notice of any defense against or claim to the instrument by *any person.*This is often difficult to prove, because, in most cases, the payee of an instrument is a party to the underlying transaction and is, therefore, charged with notice of any claims or defenses arising therefrom. See 4 Hawkland, *supra,*§§ 3-302:03 and :04. Nevertheless, a payee who has not dealt with the person asserting the claim must meet the requirements of holder-in-due-course status. See 4 Hawkland, § 3-302, Official Comment 2, Example (a).

In this case, Kafko was the payee named on the cashier’s check, not Morgan, Kaf-ko’s dealer. Yet, notwithstanding the fact that Kafko was the named payee on a cashier’s check remitted from a *consumer,*with whom it was its practice not to deal, and that the check was for an amount $3,200 in excess of the year-old overdue debt owed by Morgan, the majority holds, *as a matter of law,*that “Kafko was not bound to inquire of its dealer whether he [Morgan] had delivered the pool purchased with the money represented by the check.” While this conclusion would be correct if Morgan, as payee, had negotiated the check to Kafko in payment of Morgan’s debt, it is not a correct conclusion to draw on these facts. Morgan merely *delivered*the check to Kafko, the named payee. Morgan did not endorse the check to Kaf-ko, and thus it was for the jury to decide whether Kafko, as payee under these circumstances, was justified in relying on Morgan’s misrepresentations as to the purpose of the check, and wrongfully applying the proceeds. Yet, the majority purports to weigh these facts itself and concludes that “Morgan served as an intermediary and his misrepresentations prevent Kafko from having notice of Strickland’s claim.” The jury, however, obviously believed that, under these circumstances, Kafko should have made further inquiries, and that its failure to do so made its application of the check to Morgan’s benefit “wrongful” and, therefore, a conversion.

Section 7-3-304 lists several situations in which notice of certain facts will be deemed to give a purchaser or payee of an instrument notice of a claim or defense. However, § 7-3-304 “does not contain an exhaustive list of when a holder has notice of a claim or defense. Whenever a particular situation is not specifically covered by § 3-304, the general admonition found in § 3-302(l)(c) that a holder must be without notice of any defense against or claim to the instrument on the part of any party controls.” 4 Hawkland, *supra,*§ 3-304:2 at 414. The standard applicable to § 7-3-302(l)(e) is found in the definition of “notice” contained in § 7-1-201(25). That section provides that a payee has “notice” of a claim when:

> “(a) He has actual knowledge of it; or

> “(b) He has received a notice or notification of it; or

> “(c) From all the facts and circumstances known to him at the time in question he has reason to know that it exists.”

In the present case, however, resort need not be made to §§ 7-3-302(l)(c) or 7-1-201(25), because § 7-3-304(l)(a) is specifically applicable to these facts. Section 7-3-304(l)(a) provides in pertinent part that:

> “(a) The purchaser [or payee] has notice of a claim or defense if:

> “(a) *The instrument is*... *so irregular as to call into question its*validity, terms or *ownership or to create an ambiguity as to the party to pay;*

> 

(Emphasis added.) Under this section, a payee does not have notice of a claim unless the irregularity “is such as to excite suspicion in the [payee] that ... [the instrument] is not owned by the party from *722whom [it] was obtained, or ... it cannot be determined from the instrument who is entitled to payment.” 4 Hawkland, *supra,*§ 3-304:11, at 430. It appears from' the unqualified use of the phrase “call into question,” that the standard intended to apply to such situations is whether a *reasonable person*would question its validity, terms, or ownership. *Id.*

The jury in this case could have easily found that just based on what appeared on the face of the check, a reasonable person in Kafko’s position would have realized that an ambiguity existed as to Morgan’s ownership rights in the check and therefore as to the proper party to pay, and would have questioned its right to apply the check to satisfy Morgan’s overdue debt and refund him the difference.

These same facts go to the good faith element of holder-in-due-course status. However, the test for good faith is a subjective one which required Kafko to prove to the satisfaction of the jury that it had a “white heart” or was honest in fact. Thus, even the failure to inquire into what may be viewed objectively as suspicious circumstances may not amount to a lack of good faith. However, the facts may be so suspicious that a jury may not believe the holder’s assertions that he was honest in fact. 4 Hawkland, *supra,*§ 3-302:02 at 268. For example, evidence that the holder was negligent in failing to investigate suspicious circumstances may lead to a jury to conclude that the holder *wanted*to evade the knowledge that an investigation would have disclosed. *Id.*Under such circumstances, a jury’s finding of a lack of good faith could be upheld.

The majority holds that Kafko acted in good faith, blithely concluding that “there is ho indication in the record that [Kafko] had any way of verifying or disproving Roger Morgan’s explanation of the check.” With all respect, I would point out that this is a conclusion of fact, and there is at least a scintilla of evidence to the contrary. Both of the plaintiffs' names appear as remitter on the check, “Lloyd Strickland and Linda I. Strickland,” as well as their address, “Rt. 1, Box 22, Enterprise, Alabama.” A simple telephone call to the plaintiffs would have certainly “verified” Morgan’s explanation. Unquestionably, on these facts, a jury could have found Kaf-ko’s failure to investigate to be evidence of a lack of good faith. Based on the foregoing, I, therefore, cannot agree that we can hold, as a matter of law, that Kafko was a holder in due course, and thereby affirm the JNOV entered in favor of Kaf-ko.

The only question remaining is whether plaintiffs adduced a scintilla of evidence of a conversion of the instrument. “To constitute conversion, there must be a wrongful taking or a wrongful detention or interference, or an illegal assumption of ownership, or an illegal use or misuse.” *Ott v. Fox,*362 So.2d 836, 839 (Ala.1978). Plaintiffs apparently concede that, having failed to prove a demand for a return of the converted property from Kafko, they cannot prevail on a *wrongful detention*theory of conversion. *Raley v. Royal Ins. Co., Ltd,*386 So.2d 742 (Ala.1980). Nevertheless, without the necessity of repeating the evidence in this case, it is quite clear that the evidence adduced presented a jury question as to whether Kafko illegally used or misused the cashier’s check if it is viewed as an ordinary bank check. See *Ott v. Fox, supra.*Compare *Barrett v. Farmers & Merchants Bank of Piedmont,*451 So.2d 257 (Ala.1984). The alleged conversion in this case took place before the check was “paid” by the payor bank (see *Lowremore v. Berry,*19 Ala. 130 (1857)), and, therefore, whether the, plaintiffs were wronged by Kafko’s use or misuse of the check presented a fact question for the jury. *Herron Motor Co. v. Maynor,*232 Ala. 319, 167 So. 793 (1936). For these reason, I would reverse the JNOV entered in favor of Kafko if the cashier’s check is regarded as an ordinary bank check rather than as a cash substitute.

To summarize, I concur in the *result*reached by the majority upholding the JNOV on plaintiff’s conversion claim because I would hold that a cashier’s check should be treated as a cash equivalent rather than as an ordinary bank check. The majority, however, adopts the latter view; *723I dissent not only as to the adoption of that view, but also as to the majority’s analysis thereunder in holding that, as a matter of law, Kafko was a holder in due course. Because there was evidence to the contrary, the issue of holder-in-due-course status was one of fact for the jury, and, on that basis, the JNOY on the conversion count was improper.

JONES, J., concurs.