## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### JUL 9 2002 

### PATRICK FISHER Clerk PUBLISH UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

JOHN M. RICKS, Plaintiff - Appellant,

v. MARVIN L. NICKELS, Commandant USDB Ft. Leavenworth; FRED W. BUCHER, S-3 Operations Officer, Assistant Chief of Staff; (NFN) ROBINSON, S-3 Operations Officer, Major; MARK P. SPEERE, Air Force Detachment Commander; (NFN) STIEGER, NCOIC/ANCOIC of S-3 Operations, USDB Ft. Leavenworth; (NFN) MINTON, NCOIC/ANCOIC of S-3 Operations, USDB Ft. Leavenworth; (NFN) WILLIAMS; (NFN) COOK; (NFN) RUDNICKI; (NFN) ARTHUR; (NFN) MITCHELL; (NFN) (NMI) MARTIN, all in various command/supervisory/administrative positions; JOHN AND JANE DOES, 1-700 are correctional, administrative, or supervisory officials on USDB policies, Defendants - Appellees. No. 00-3176

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Kansas (D.C. No. 97-CV-3280-JTM)-2-

Alison Ruttenberg, Boulder, Colorado, for Plaintiff -Appellant. Major James Roger Agar II, Of Counsel, U.S. Army Li tigation Division, (Lieutenant Colonel Tara A. Osborn, Of Counsel, U.S . Army Litigation Division; James E. Flory, United States Attorney, Topeka, Kan sas; D. Brad Bailey, Assistant United States Attorney, Topeka, Kansas; w ith him on the brief), for Defendants-Appellees.

Before HENRY , BALDOCK , and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION Plaintiff-Appellant John M. Ricks appeals an order dismissing his claims brought under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Burea u of
Narcotics against Defendants-Appellees for alleged constitut ional violations incurred while incarcerated at the United States Di sciplinary Barracks (USDB).
See Bivens , 403 U.S. 388 (1971). The issue presented is whether the Feres doctrine bars a military prisoner’s Bivens claims for damages arising from alleged injuries sustained after the prisoner has received a complete punitive discharge from service. See Feres v. United States , 340 U.S. 135 (1950). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Because Ricks ’ Bivens claims arise from events incident to his military service, this court affirms

.1 The government contends in its initial answer brief that Ricks was “not served with his discharge until September 15, 1998, when he was transferred to the Bureau of Federal Prisons.” Ricks attached to his initial reply brief documentation that he was served with a DD Form 214 , which memorializes the punitive discharge, on April 3, 1996. The governme nt does not challenge Ricks’ assertion in its supplemental briefing. As such, this court accepts as true Ricks’ assertion that his discharge from military service was executed prior to the unconstitutional acts alleged in his complaint. -3- II. BACKGROUND Ricks originally enlisted in the United States Air Force. After a trial and conviction for violations of Articles 85 and 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), a general court-martial sentenced R icks to fifteen years imprisonment. Ricks received a dishonorable discharge on March 28, 1996, which was executed on April 3, 1996. 1 At the time he filed the original complaint, Ricks was serving his sentence at the USDB in Forth Leavenworth, Kansas. The USDB is the Army Corrections System maximum custody facility and provides long-t erm incarceration for enlisted and officer personnel of the armed forces. No civilians are confined at the USDB. The USDB is run by the Commandant, a Uni ted States Army military police officer. Military police serve as correctio nal officers at the USDB, which does not employ civilian guards. At the time of th e complaint, all named Defendants were active duty members of the United S tates Army, serving in their2 The district court dismissed Ricks’ claim for compe nsatory damages with

respect to his retaliation claim, citing Perkins v. Kansas Department of Corrections , 165 F.3d 803 (10th Cir. 1999). Ricks does not ap peal this decision. -4- official capacities as Commandant, noncommissioned officers, guards, and administrative support for the USDB. Ricks filed a complaint pro se , later amended, in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas seeking injunctive , mandamus, and monetary relief, as well as administrative sentence credit f or alleged violations of his First, Fifth, and Eighth Amendment rights. Ricks alleged, inter alia , that the Defendants’ various violations of his First Amendme nt rights included retaliation for filing litigation against the Defendants. Rick s also claims that he was sexually assaulted by prison guards during frisk se arches on November 8, 1997 and January 13, 1998 and that his administrative co mplaints were ignored or summarily rejected. The district court initially dismissed all claims e xcept Ricks’ First Amendment retaliation claim for punitive and nomina l damages 2and his sexual assault claims for compensatory and punitive damage s. Ricks does not appeal the district court’s dismissal of his other claims. Al though the Defendants argued that all claims were barred by the Feres doctrine, the district court stated that it was unable to determine whether Feres applied because Ricks had not indicated when he had been discharged. Thereafter, the Defen dants brought another motion3 Ricks initially filed his appeal pro se . After briefing, this court appointed

counsel to represent Ricks and permitted supplement al briefing. Ricks subsequently filed a notice with this court, which was construed as a motion to withdraw and substitute counsel. The order grantin g the motion was not entered until after both Ricks’ appointed and retained coun sel filed supplemental briefs. Because both briefs are properly before this court, we have considered them in the disposition of this appeal. -5- to dismiss, renewing their Feres doctrine argument. After additional briefing and further consideration, the district court dismissedRicks’ remaining claims as barred by Feres

. During the pendency of the lawsuit in district court, Ricks was transferred to the custody of the United States Bureau of Priso ns. Because Ricks seeks only monetary damages on appeal, his transfer does not m oot his claims. The only issue before this court is whether the district court properly dismissed Ricks’
Bivens claims for damages pursuant to the Feres doctrine. 3
III. DISCUSSION A. Standard of Review Although not specifically stated in its order, this court assumes that the district court dismissed Ricks’ claims under the Feres doctrine pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). See Dreier v. United States , 106 F.3d 844, 847 (9th Cir. 1997) (explaining that motion to dismiss pursuant to Feres doctrine is properly treated as a Rule 12(b)(1) mot ion to dismiss). Accordingly, this court reviews the district court’s dismissal f or lack of subject matter-6-

jurisdiction de novo

. Quintana v. United States , 997 F.2d 711, 712 (10th Cir. 1993). Because the Defendants challenge the suffic iency of Ricks’ complaint to satisfy subject matter jurisdiction, and not Ricks’ factual allegations, this court must accept the allegations in the complaint as tru e. See Holt v. United States , 46 F.3d 1000, 1002-03 (10th Cir. 1995). Allegations i n a pro se complaint are construed liberally. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972) (per curiam).
B. Incident to Service Test
In Feres , the Supreme Court created a judicial exception to the broad waiver of sovereign immunity in the Federal Tort Cl aims Act (FTCA). See 340 U.S. at 146. The federal government cannot be liab le under the FTCA “for injuries to servicemen where the injuries arise outof or are in the course of activity incident to service.” Id. The Supreme Court subsequently applied the exception created in Feres to damage actions under Bivens

. See Chappell v. Wallace , 462 U.S. 296, 305 (1983). Relying on language in Feres , courts have applied the “incident to service” test. Originally, this test was cast in narrow terms, barring enlisted military personnel from bringing FTCA claims against a super ior officer. See id. at 305. In subsequent cases, the federal courts have expanded the reach of the Feres doctrine. See, e.g. , United States v. Stanley , 483 U.S. 669 (1987) (applying Feres-7-

to bar Bivens claims for damages against military and civilian o fficials for injuries resulting from the military’s intentional administration of LSD to unwitting volunteer); United States v. Johnson , 481 U.S. 681 (1987) (applying
Feres to bar an FTCA claim against the United States all eging negligence by civilian employees of the Federal Aviation Administration); United States v. Shearer , 473 U.S. 52 (1985) (applying Feres to FTCA claim arising from the decedent servicemember’s murder committed by a fell ow servicemember which occurred off-duty and off-base); Stencel Aero Eng’g Corp. v. United States , 431 U.S. 666 (1977) (applying Feres to bar defendant corporation’s cross-claim against United States for indemnification of servic emember’s injuries arising from military activities); Pringle v. United States , 208 F.3d 1220 (10th Cir. 2000) (per curiam) (applying Feres to a FTCA claim for injuries sustained from a beating after plaintiff servicemember was ejected f rom a military club); Quintana , 977 F.2d 711 (applying Feres to reserve servicemember’s medical malpractice FTCA claim for injuries sustained from military training). Courts have broadened the scope of the incident to service test to encompass injuries that are attenuated from the servicemember’s duty status. In Pringle , this court stated:

In recent years, the Supreme Court has broadened Feres , to the point where it now encompasses, at a minimum, allinjuries suffered by military personnel that are even remotely relate d to the individual’s status as a member of the military. Courts applying the-8-

Feres doctrine have given a broad reach to Feres ’ “incident to service” test and have barred recovery by members o f the armed services for injuries that at first blush may not h ave appeared to be closely related to their military service or status

. Practically any suit that implicates the military’s judgments and decisions runs the risk of colliding with Feres

. 208 F.3d at 1223-24 (quotations, citations, and alt erations omitted). As a result of the broad application of the incident to service test, “the Feres doctrine has been applied consistently to bar allsuits on behalf of service members against the Government based upon service-related injuries.” See Johnson , 481 U.S. at 687- 88 (emphasis added); see also Quintana , 997 F.2d at 712 (reasoning that Feres should bar plaintiff’s FTCA injuries “precisely bec ause of” her relationship to the military). The Supreme Court has emphasized that it has never deviated from the incident to service test. See Johnson , 481 U.S. at 686 (citing cases). C. “Special Factors” Analysis Federal courts have employed a second test which ex amines whether applying Feres would further its underlying purposes in a particu lar case. The Supreme Court in Feres gave several justifications for the doctrine, but courts have subsequently emphasized three purposes when determining Feres ’ applicability: “(1) the distinctly federal nature o f the relationship between the government and members of its armed forces; (2) the availability of alternative compensation systems; and (3) the fear of damaging the military disciplinary
structure.” Walden v. Bartlett , 840 F.2d 771, 773 (10th Cir. 1988) (quotation and-9-

alteration omitted); see also Chappell , 462 U.S. at 299; Stencel , 431 U.S. at 671. The Supreme Court has stated that these three factors comprise the “special factors” analysis. See Chappell, 462 U.S. at 298-99 (citing Bivens , 403 U.S. at 396). While the incident to service test has been reaffirmed and broadened in
recent Feres cases, the reasoning and application of the “speci al factors” analysis have been criticized. See Johnson , 481 U.S. at 692-703 (Scalia, J., dissenting) (criticizing the rationale of each factor); Stencel, 431 U.S. at 674-77 (Marshall, J., dissenting) (disagreeing with the application of Feres ’ special factors analysis to a defendant corporation’s indemnity claim against the government). In applying the “special factors” analysis, several courts have discussed the test without adducing how the underlying purposes o f Feres are actually furthered in a particular case. In Johnson , for example, the Supreme Court recited the “special factors” analysis but did not actually examine how the purposes were furthered by applying the Feres doctrine. See Johnson , 481 U.S. at 688-92; see also Walden , 840 F.2d at 773-74 (same). As for the viability of the three special factors, the Supreme Court has stated that the first two rationales, the distinctl y federal nature of the governmentmilitary relationship and the availability of alternative compensation systems, are4 Indeed, the Supreme Court explained that whether a servicemember has

adequate federal remedies for his injuries is “irre levant.” United States v. Stanley , 483 U.S. 669, 683 (1987) (“The special factor that counsels hesitation is not the fact that Congress has chosen to afford som e manner of relief in the particular case, but the fact that congressionally uninvited intrusion into military affairs by the judiciary is inappropriate.” (alterations omitted)). -10- “no longer controlling.” See Shearer , 473 U.S. at 58 n.4. 4Concomitant with the diminishing importance of the first two special fac tors, however, is the increasing emphasis on the third, the importance of the military disciplinary structure. This rationale has been labeled the “best expla[nation]” for Feres

. See Chappell, 462 U.S. at 299; see also Pringle , 208 F.3d at 1227 (calling the military discipline rationale the “most important”). Within this ratio nale, there are apparently two interrelated strains of reasoning: (1) the general policy to limit litigation that could undermine the unique hierarchical and discipl inary structure of the military; and (2) separation of powers concerns that the judi ciary should not delve into the internal affairs of the military. See Stanley , 483 U.S. at 679; Shearer , 473 U.S. at 57; Chappell, 462 U.S. at 300-02. With respect to the latter, courts have emphasized that governance and oversight of the mil itary have been constitutionally committed to Congress and the exec utive branch. See Chappell, 462 U.S. at 301. There is a judicial concern that any “trial would . . . involve second-guessing military orders, and would often re quire members of the Armed5 In the context of civilian court review of servicem embers’ habeas claims,

the Supreme Court has explained that Congress creat ed the military courts to provide a separate system of justice for servicemembers which must be respected by the civilian courts. See Schlesinger v. Councilman , 420 U.S. 738, 758 (1975) (“[I]t must be assumed that the military court syst em will vindicate servicemen’s constitutional rights.”); Burns v. Wilson , 346 U.S. 137, 140-42 (1953) (plurality opinion). -11- Services to testify in court as to each other’s dec isions and actions.” Stencel, 431
U.S. at 673. 5 Formalistic application of the “special factors” an alysis and the increasing emphasis on only the military discipline factor wer e addressed in Stanley , the Supreme Court’s most recent exposition on the reachof Feres . In Stanley , the Supreme Court considered a former servicemember’s Bivens claims for damages against military and civilian officials for injurie s originating from the Army’s secret administration of LSD to unsuspecting active -duty volunteers. See 483 U.S. at 671-72. After stating that Feres established an incident to service test, the Court shifted its discussion to the “special factor s” analysis. See id. at 681-82. Importantly, however, Stanleydid not mention the first two factors. The Stanley Court then candidly admitted that “there are varyin g levels of generality at which one may apply ‘special factors’ analysis.” Id. at 681. The appropriate level of generality “depends upon how prophylactic one think s the prohibition should be ( i.e. , how much occasional, unintended impairment of mil itary discipline one is-12-

willing to tolerate), which in turn depends upon ho w harmful and inappropriate judicial intrusion upon military discipline is thou ght to be.” Id. The Court explicitly rejected a special factors ana lysis which would consider how miliary discipline would actually be a ffected in a particular case. See id. Instead, the appropriate level of generality is to “disallow Bivens actions whenever the injury arises out of activity ‘incident to service.’” Id. Stanleythus effectively merged the “special factors” analysis w ith the incident to service test. Discussing the effect a suit could have on militarydiscipline, the Court concluded: A test for liability that depends on the extent to which particular suits would call into question military discipline and de cisionmaking would itself require judicial inquiry into, and hen ce intrusion upon, military matters. Whether a case implicates those concerns would often be problematic, raising the prospect of compe lled depositions and trial testimony by military officers concerning the details of their military commands. Even putting aside the risk of erroneous judicial conclusions (which would becloud military decisionm aking), the mere process of arriving at correct conclusions wou ld disrupt the military regime. The “incident to service” test, by contrast, provides a line that is relatively clear and that can be dis cerned with less extensive inquiry into military matters. Id. at 682-83 (emphasis added). Stanleymade clear that the incident to service test rests squarely on the third “special factor” o f preserving the military’s disciplinary structure and Congress’ prerogative inregulating intramilitary affairs. See id. at 683. The Court concluded that the plaintiff’s claims were barred by
Feres because they were incident to service. Id. at 684.6Ricks acknowledges that the incident to service tes t governs our Feres

doctrine analysis. -13- In applying Stanleyand rejecting the argument that inquiry should be made to determine how military discipline and command wo uld actually be affected in a particular case, this court stated that the Supreme Court has “rejected a case-bycase review of service members’ damage[s] actions b ecause it would involve judicial inquiry into, and intrusion upon, militarymatters.” Walden , 840 F.2d at 774 (citing Johnson and Stanley ). “[I]n the last analysis, Feres seems best explained by the peculiar and special relationship of the soldier to his superiors, and the effects on the maintenance of such suits ondiscipline . . . .” Chappell, 462 U.S. at 299 (quotation omitted). In accordance with Stanleyand Walden , we apply the incident to service test. 6
D. Effect of Ricks’ Fully Executed Dishonorable Discha rge “[N]o Bivens remedy is available for injuries that arise out of or are in the course of activity incident to service.” Stanley , 483 U.S. at 684 (quotation omitted). Ricks argues that because he was fully discharged at the time of the alleged injuries, his claims are not incident to se rvice. A complete discharge, however, does not automatically transform a service member into a civilian for purposes of Feres analysis. The paramount inquiry is whether the al leged constitutional violations are incident to the plaintiff’s military service. See Wake v. United States , 89 F.3d 53, 60 (2d Cir. 1996) (“The dispositive i nquiry . . . is-14-

not whether the plaintiff was lawfully on active duty at the time his claims arose, but whether he stood in the sort of relationship to the Air Force at the time of the incidents in question that those incidents arose ou t of activity incident to service.” (quotation and alterations omitted)).
In Quintana , this court applied Feres to bar a reserve servicemember’s FTCA claims for injuries sustained as a result of amilitary surgeon’s medical negligence. See 997 F.2d at 712. As a member of the New Mexico National Guard and the United States Army National Guard, th e plaintiff was participating in “inactive duty training” at the time of her injuries. See id. We rejected the plaintiff’s argument that Feres was inapplicable to her claims because she was on
reserve status. See id. “[W]e have previously held that active duty statu s is not necessary for the Feres ‘incident to service’ test to apply.” Id. The relevant fact was that her injuries arose from her military relat ionship, not her status as a reserve member of the national guard. In the habeas context, courts have held that a complete militarydischarge does not necessarily deprive the military of jurisdiction over the plaintiff. See Kahn v. Anderson , 255 U.S. 1, 8-9 (1920); Ragan v. Cox , 320 F.2d 815, 816-17 (10th Cir. 1963). Kahn and Ragan involved military prisoners at the USDB who, upon court-martial for crimes or UCMJ violations co mmitted during incarceration, challenged their imprisonment and ar gued that their prior-15-

discharges rendered them civilians and thus not subject to military law. See Kahn , 255 U.S. at 6-7; Ragan , 320 F.2d at 816. The courts held that each prisoner’s discharge was immaterial, since each rem ained subject to military law and trial by court-martial for offenses committed during imprisonment. See Kahn , 255 U.S. at 8 (noting that petitioner “was a mili tary prisoner though he had ceased to be a soldier”); Ragan , 320 F.2d at 817 (explaining that the plaintiff “had not returned to civilian life and was not comp letely separate from the military forces, but remained in military custody . . . and, being so confined, [] was made subject to military jurisdiction”); see also Lee v. Madigan , 248 F.2d 783 (9th Cir. 1957) (“The technical dishonorable di scharge constituted a severance from the military for certain purposes, i ncluding the deprivation of various benefits, but it is unthinkable to regard i t as a vitiation of all military authority over the petitioner.”), rev’d on other grounds , 358 U.S. 228 (1959).
In Walden , the plaintiff was an inmate at the USDB who had b een convicted by court-martial for military crimes comm itted while on active duty. See Walden , 840 F.2d at 772. He claimed that the manner in w hich the defendant military officials conducted disciplinary proceedin gs pursuant to the court-martial violated his due process rights. See id. These alleged due process violations occurred before Walden’s discharge was officially executed. See id. This court-16-

concluded that the challenged disciplinary proceedi ngs were “incident to service”: At the time of [the] challenged proceedings, Waldenwas an activeduty service member assigned to a military institut ion commanded and operated by military personnel according to mil itary policies and regulations. He remained subject to the Uniform Co de of Military Justice and could be tried by court-martial for off enses while incarcerated at the USDB. 10 U.S.C. § 802(a)(7). Walden’s incarceration at the USDB is uniquely part of this military relationship such that it is ‘incident’ to his mili tary service as established by Feres

. Id. at 774. Here, Ricks stands in a position similar to that of the plaintiff in Walden

. Ricks was convicted in a military court for offense s committed during active duty. At the time he suffered the alleged constitutional violations, Ricks was confined in a military institution commanded and op erated by military personnel, subject to the USDB’s rules and regulations. Merely because Ricks was fully discharged at the time of the alleged violations, u nlike Walden, does not alter his status as a military prisoner. As military prisone rs, both Walden and Ricks were subject to the UCMJ and could be tried by court-martial for offenses committed during incarceration. See 10 U.S.C. § 802(a)(7). Ricks’ incarceration at th e USDB, and thus his alleged injuries, stemmed from h is “military relationship such that it is ‘incident’ to his military service.” Walden , 840 F.2d at 774. We recognize that this court’s unpublished disposit ions suggest that a servicemember’s duty status affects this court’s Feres doctrine analysis. In7 In support of this proposition, we cited United States v. Brown , 348 U.S.

110, 112-13 (1954). In Brown , the Supreme Court held that Feres did not bar a discharged veteran’s FTCA claim arising from treatm ent received at a Veterans Administration Hospital. See id. The Court emphasized, however, that “[t]he injury for which suit was brought was not incurred while respondent was on active duty or subject to military discipline .” Id. at 112 (emphasis added). It is undisputed that Ricks was subject to military disci pline at the time of the alleged constitutional violations. We note that Brown , decided in 1954, was the last Supreme Court case in which a plaintiff’s claims we re not barred by the Feres doctrine. In the nearly fifty years since Brown was decided, the Supreme Court has consistently broadened the reach of the Feres doctrine. See Part III.B., supra .

-17- Paalan v. Nickels , this court stated that “a person’s military duty st atus affects the applicability of the Feres doctrine. The Feres doctrine does not bar recovery of damages where the injured party was completely disc harged from military service prior to the injury.” No. 99-3283, 2000 WL 177416, **1 (10th Cir. Feb. 16, 2000) (citations omitted). Paalan, a military pris oner incarcerated at the USDB, brought a Bivens action based on the denial of prescribed heart med ication during his confinement. See id. This court remanded the case for further proceed ings to determine whether Paalan’s injuries occurred after discharge. See id. Although this court affirmed the district court’s dismissal of Paalan’s Bivens claim on remand, it reiterated that “Feres is inapplicable . . . to injuries sustained after the completion of an individual’s military service.” Paalan v. Nickels , No. 00-3367, 2001 WL 997938, at **1 (10th Cir. Aug. 31, 2001). 7 This court agrees that a person’s military status may affect the applicability of the Feres doctrine. Nothing in the Supreme Court’s jurispru dence, however,-18-

suggests that a person’s complete discharge creates a per se rule that Feres is inapplicable. Indeed, the Supreme Court has cautioned that the Feres doctrine “cannot be reduced to a few bright-line rules.” Shearer , 473 U.S. at 57; see also Pringle , 208 F.3d at 1224. Moreover, as unpublished dispositions, the Paalan orders and judgments are nonbinding dispositions. See 10th Cir. R. 36.3(A). Thus, if a servicemember’s claims are incident to s ervice, it is immaterial whether the plaintiff has been fully discharged from the mi litary. Ricks argues that the military discipline rationale is not implicated in this case because his claims “do[] not involve the ‘demands of discipline and duty [that] becomes [ sic ] imperative in combat,’ which necessitates protect ing the special relationship between the enlisted military personnel and their superior officers.” He argues that his status as a discharg ed military prisoner renders him more like a federal prisoner than an active duty servicemember. In United States
v. Muniz , he notes, the Supreme Court permitted federal pri soners to bring FTCA suits for injuries sustained during incarceration. See 374 U.S. 150, 158-59 (1963) (distinguishing Feres ).
Feres caselaw does not support Ricks’ contention. In re jecting a similar argument in Stanley , the Supreme Court explained that “ Feres did not consider the officer-subordinate relationship crucial, but e stablished instead an ‘incident to service’ test.” Stanley , 483 U.S. at 680-81. Moreover, it is clear that Feres-19-

applies to claims that arise outside of combat and military activities. In Shearer , for example, the decedent’s administratix brought an FTCA claim on behalf of her son, who was off-duty and off-base when he was kidnaped and murdered by a fellow servicemember. See Shearer , 473 U.S. at 53. The plaintiffs asserted that the military negligently failed to exert control ov er the servicemember and failed to warn others about his dangerousness. See id. at 58. As in Shearer , Ricks’ claims “go[] directly to the ‘management’ of the mi litary; it calls into question basic choices about the discipline, supervision, and control of a serviceman.” Id. ; see also Pringle , 208 F.3d at 1227 (explaining that permitting the plaintiff’s FTCA claims arising from the ejection from a military club would call into question the military’s management of the club, the adequacy of security measures, Army staffing decisions, and whether club regulations were followed by club employees). The inquiry into military stru cture and command that adjudication of Ricks’ claims would necessitate andits resulting effects are precisely the sort that Feres intended to circumscribe. See Stanley , 483 U.S. at
682-83.
IV. CONCLUSION This court concludes that Ricks’ complete discharge does not place him beyond the ambit of the Feres doctrine. Because Ricks was incarcerated at a military prison and subject to the UCMJ, the allege d constitutional violations-20-

were incident to his military service. Accordingly , the district court’s dismissal of Ricks’ Bivens claims is AFFIRMED

.