FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

June 25, 2013

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

ALAN LEWIS,

Petitioner - Appellant, No. 13-1125

v. D. Colorado

RICK THALER, Custodian: Director

of Texas Department of Criminal

Justice; and THE ATTORNEY

GENERAL OF THE STATE OF

COLORADO,

Respondents - Appellees.

(D.C. No. 1:11-CV-02552-RBJ)

ORDER DENYING

CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*

Before TYMKOVICH, ANDERSON, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination

of this matter. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

*

This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of

the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be

cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Petitioner Alan Lewis, proceeding pro se, seeks a certificate of

appealability (”COA”) to enable him to appeal the dismissal of his 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254 petition asserting that he had been denied due process regarding his rights

under the Interstate Agreement on Detainers (“IADA”), and that his trial counsel

had been ineffective. Finding that he has failed to meet the standard for the

issuance of a COA, we deny Mr. Lewis a COA and dismiss this matter.

BACKGROUND

Mr. Lewis is currently incarcerated in Texas on charges unrelated to the

convictions whose validity he challenges in the instant habeas proceeding. In

particular, Mr. Lewis challenges his Morgan County, Colorado, convictions which

relate to an incident in October 1999, when Mr. Lewis entered the home of an

eighty-two-year-old woman on the pretense of wanting to purchase her home. 

While there, he attempted to sexually assault her, and he physically assaulted her

when she resisted. On January 28, 2000, Mr. Lewis was charged in Morgan

County with three charges of assault. At the time those charges were filed,

Mr. Lewis was in fact in custody in Texas on different and unrelated charges, for

which he was convicted in July 2002. He was also charged with crimes in an

unrelated case in Mesa County, Colorado.

There began a series of communications and exchanges of information

between Mr. Lewis and authorities in Morgan County, Mesa County and in Texas. 

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In September 2002, Mr. Lewis (while in Texas) wrote a letter to the Morgan

County District Attorney inquiring about any charges pending against him in

Morgan County. In October 2002, Mesa County authorities lodged a detainer

against Mr. Lewis with prison authorities in Texas. Because of that detainer,

Mr. Lewis was transported from Texas to Mesa County. Before he was returned

to Texas, Mr. Lewis was taken to Morgan County in January 2003 and advised of

the charges against him there. In connection with this transfer from Mesa to

Morgan County, the Morgan County Sheriff wrote a letter to the Morgan County

prosecutor referencing a “detainer” dating from January 2000. As explained more

fully below, the Colorado state courts determined that no such “detainer” existed

at that time. Subsequently, in September 2003, after Mr. Lewis had been returned

to Texas, Morgan County authorities lodged an actual detainer against him with

the prison authorities in Texas. 

Mr. Lewis then filed a request for disposition of the September 2003

detainer filed by Morgan County and he was returned to Morgan County in

November 2003, where he remained until his trial there in September 2004. The

delay between the issuance of the detainer in September 2003 and Mr. Lewis’s

trial in September 2004 was occasioned by a number of defense motions to

continue the proceedings. Thus, as explained infra, there is no IADA problem

with that time period.

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Following a jury trial, Mr. Lewis was convicted in the Morgan County case

of attempted first degree sexual assault of an at-risk adult by use of force, third

degree sexual assault of an at-risk adult, and third degree assault of an at-risk

adult. On direct appeal, the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of

conviction but remanded for resentencing on the third degree sexual assault

conviction. See People v. Lewis, No. 05CA0976 (Colo. Ct. App. Feb. 22, 2007)

(unpublished) (“Lewis I”). The trial court then sentenced Mr. Lewis to

concurrent prison terms of twenty years to life on the attempted first degree

sexual assault conviction, twenty-four years to life on the third degree sexual

assault conviction, and two years on the third degree assault convictions.

Following his direct appeal, Mr. Lewis filed two motions seeking postconviction relief pursuant to Colo. R. Crim. P. 35(c) in the Morgan County case. 

On October 30, 2008, the trial court denied those motions without a hearing. That

order was affirmed on appeal. People v. Lewis, No. 08CA2523 (Colo. Ct. App.

Feb. 17, 2011) (unpublished) (“Lewis II”). On June 6, 2011, the Colorado

Supreme Court denied Mr. Lewis’s petition for a writ of certiorari.

Mr. Lewis subsequently filed the instant 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition in

district court, arguing two claims in connection with his Morgan County

conviction: (1) he was denied due process and his rights under Article IV(c) and

(e) of the IADA were violated; and (2) one of his trial attorneys, Stuart Crespin,

was ineffective. Applying the appropriate standards under the Antiterrorism and

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Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), the district court denied Mr.

Lewis relief on either claim and dismissed his case with prejudice. It also denied

Mr. Lewis a COA because he had not made a substantial showing of the denial of

a constitutional right. Mr. Lewis seeks a COA from our court to enable him to

appeal that denial and dismissal.

DISCUSSION

“A COA is a prerequisite to appellate jurisdiction in a habeas action.” 

Lockett v. Trammel, 711 F.3d 1218, 1230 (10th Cir. 2013). It may issue “only if

the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional

right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). “Where a district court has rejected . . .

constitutional claims on the[ir] merits,” the applicant “must demonstrate that

reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of the constitutional

claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).

Where a district court’s ruling rests on procedural grounds, the applicant must

show both “that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition

states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason

would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural

ruling.” Id.; Woodward v. Cline, 693 F.3d 1289, 1292 (10th Cir. 2012).

 AEDPA provides that when a claim has been adjudicated on the merits in a

state court (as Mr. Lewis’s Morgan County claims have been here), a federal

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court can grant habeas relief only if the applicant establishes that the state-court

decision was “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly

established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United

States,” or “was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of

the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1),

(2). “AEDPA’s deferential treatment of state court decisions must be

incorporated into our consideration of a habeas petitioner’s request for [a] COA.” 

Dockins v. Hines, 374 F.3d 935, 938 (10th Cir. 2004).

I. IADA

Mr. Lewis first claims his rights under the IADA were violated and he was

subjected to a due process deprivation because, after being brought in January

2003 to Colorado from Texas and appearing in the Morgan County District Court

to be advised of the charges against him, he was not brought to trial in a timely

manner and was returned to Texas before the Morgan County charges were

resolved.

The IADA is an interstate compact entered into by the compacting states

with the consent of Congress. See Cuyler v. Adams, 449 U.S. 433, 438-42

(1981). It “creates uniform procedures for lodging and executing a detainer, i.e.,

a legal order that requires a State in which an individual is currently imprisoned

to hold that individual when he has finished serving his sentence so that he may

be tried by a different State for a different crime.” Alabama v. Bozeman, 533

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U.S. 146, 148 (2001). The IADA is codified in Colorado at Colo. Rev. Stat.

§ 24-60-501.

Mr. Lewis claims two provisions in Article IV of the IADA were

violated—specifically, the speedy trial and the anti-shuffling provisions. The

relevant speedy trial provision of the IADA (Article IV(c)) provides that:

(c) in respect of any proceeding made possible by this article, trial

shall be commenced within one hundred twenty days of the arrival of

the prisoner in the receiving state, but for good cause shown in open

court, the prisoner or his counsel being present, the court having

jurisdiction of the matter may grant any necessary or reasonable

continuance.

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-60-501 Article IV(c). The anti-shuttling provision of

Article IV(e) provides that:

(e) if trial is not had on any indictment, information, or complaint

contemplated hereby prior to the prisoner’s being returned to the

original place of imprisonment pursuant to article V(e) hereof, such

indictment, information, or complaint shall not be of any further

force or effect, and the court shall enter an order dismissing the same

with prejudice.

Id.

Mr. Lewis argues that his right to a speedy trial under Article IV(c) was

triggered with respect to all Colorado charges, including the Morgan County

charges, when he was brought to Colorado by Mesa County authorities in

November 2002, or, at the very latest, when he appeared in the Morgan County

District Court in January 2003 to be advised of the Morgan County charges. He

avers that the anti-shuttling provisions of Article IV(e) were violated because he

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(Mr. Lewis) was returned to Texas prior to the resolution of the Morgan County

charges in 2004. In support of this argument, Mr. Lewis asserts that authorities in

Morgan County had issued a detainer under the IADA with respect to the Morgan

County charges before he was brought to Colorado by Mesa County authorities in

November 2002.

The trial court made extensive factual findings, and concomitant legal

conclusions, regarding Mr. Lewis’s IADA claims in Lewis I, which the district

court below quoted in its decision. On appeal from the trial court’s decision, the

Colorado Court of Appeals in turn addressed those findings and conclusions,

reasoning as follows:

The record supports the trial court’s findings and we agree with its

conclusion. Because defendant was not serving a sentence in Texas

until July 16, 2002, a detainer could not be lodged against him before

that date. Although the sheriff’s department’s letter refers to a

January 15, 2000 detainer, it is clear from the testimony at the

hearing and the provisions of the IAD[A] that this letter was sent

simply to inform the [Texas Department of Corrections] that an

active arrest warrant existed in Morgan County and was not a

detainer as contemplated under the IAD[A]. Moreover, an

information in this case was not filed until January 28, 2000, after

the sheriff department’s notification to the Texas authorities. Thus,

the letter does not constitute a detainer for the purposes of the

IAD[A]. Since the sheriff’s department letter does not constitute a

detainer under the IAD[A], there was no detainer lodged against him

from Morgan County when he appeared in that court. Accordingly,

the anti-shuttling provisions in the IAD[A] were not violated by his

appearance in court and his subsequent return to Texas. The trial

court did not err in denying defendant’s motion to dismiss the

charges against him.

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Order at 14 (quoting Lewis I at 6-7). After noting that those factual findings are

entitled, under AEDPA, to a presumption of correctness, the district court

explained why Mr. Lewis failed to rebut those findings. It then concluded:

Because Mr. Lewis fails to overcome the presumption of

correctness that attaches to these factual findings, the Court cannot

conclude that the state court’s adjudication of his IADA claim was

“contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly

established federal law,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), or “resulted in a

decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts

in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding,” 28

U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). In short, the absence of a detainer regarding the

Morgan County charges at the time Mr. Lewis was brought to

Colorado in November 2002 and when he appeared in the Morgan

County District Court in January 2003 means the protections of the

IADA were not triggered at that time and were not violated.

Id. at 15.

The district court correctly applied the AEDPA standards of review, and

engaged in a complete and thorough analysis of Mr. Lewis’s claims before

denying his habeas petition. We cannot improve on that reasoning, and we

therefore agree with the district court that, for substantially the reasons stated by

the district court, Mr. Lewis has failed to establish that he is entitled to the

issuance of a COA.1

1

Mr. Lewis makes a vague argument that the IADA refers to “states” and,

in this case, we have two “counties” in Colorado along with the State of Texas. 

He cites no specific authority for any particular allegation about this

circumstance, so we do not address it.

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II. Ineffectiveness of Counsel

Mr. Lewis’s other claim is that one of his trial attorneys rendered him

ineffective assistance.

To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Mr. Lewis first

had the burden of overcoming “a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls

within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance,” Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689 (1984), by demonstrating that his counsel’s

performance fell below “an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. at 688. 

Second, Mr. Lewis had to demonstrate “that there is a reasonable probability that,

but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have

been different.” Id. at 694. These two prongs may be considered in any order

and the satisfaction of either one is dispositive.

The district court carefully and thoroughly examined this issue. At its

essence, the claim was that, although the attorney in question (Mr. Crespin) had

filed a motion to dismiss the Morgan County charges in April 2004 based upon

violations of the IADA and obtained a continuance to demonstrate those

violations, Mr. Crespin failed to investigate and obtain evidence to support the

IADA claim. After discussing questions of exhaustion, procedural default, law of

the case and waiver, the district court determined that the affirmative defense of

exhaustion of state remedies had not been waived with respect to the ineffective

assistance of counsel claim. The court then addressed the defendant’s argument

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that the ineffective assistance of counsel claim was unexhausted and procedurally

barred.

After carefully examining the law regarding exhaustion and the record in

this case, the district court found that “Mr. Lewis did not fairly present to the

state courts the particular ineffective assistance of counsel claim he is asserting in

this action,” and he therefore failed to exhaust his ineffectiveness claim. Order at

22. The court nonetheless concluded that the claim was procedurally defaulted. 

The court subsequently considered if Mr. Lewis had adequately demonstrated

cause and prejudice or a fundamental miscarriage of justice which could excuse

the procedural default of his ineffectiveness claim and found he had not. The

court accordingly found the ineffective assistance of counsel claim procedurally

barred and subject to dismissal.

Once again, we find the district court’s analysis to be thorough, persuasive,

and not subject to debate. Thus, for substantially the reasons stated by the district

court, we conclude that Mr. Lewis has failed to meet the standards for issuance of

a COA on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 

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CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Mr. Lewis a COA and DISMISS this

matter. We also DENY his request to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Stephen H. Anderson

Circuit Judge

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