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Salmo trutta

Picture by Scarola, J.F.

Classification / Names

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Salmoniformes (Salmons) > Salmonidae (Salmonids) > Salmoninae

Etymology: Salmo: Latin, salmo, Plinius = salmon (Ref. 45335); trutta: trutta is a Latin name for trout (Ref

10294).

Environment / Climate / Range

Marine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic-neritic; anadromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 0 - 28 m (Ref. 101587)

usually 1 - 2 m (Ref. 101587). Subtropical; 18°C - 24°C (Ref. 12741); 71°N - 34°N, 25°W - 57°E

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: Lm 16.1, range 1 - 600 cm

Max length : 140 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 682); common length : 72.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3397)

published weight: 50.0 kg (Ref. 682); max. reported age: 38 years (Ref. 32682)

Short description

Dorsal spines (total): 3 - 4; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10-15; Anal spines: 3-4; Anal soft rays: 9 - 14; Vertebrae

59. Fusiform body (Ref. 51442). Head little and pointed (Ref. 51442). Mouth large, extending mostly after t

and has well developed teeth (Ref. 51442). Teeth on shaft of vomer numerous and strongly developed (Ref. 

Caudal fin with 18-19 rays (Ref. 2196). Caudal peduncle thick and rounded (Ref. 51442). Little scales (Ref.

51442). Body is grey-blue colored with numerous spots, also below the lateral line (Ref. 51442). Blackish co

on upper part of body, usually orange on sides, surrounded by pale halos. Adipose fin with red margin.

Distribution

Europe and Asia: Atlantic, North, White and Baltic Sea basins, from Spain to Chosha Bay (Russia). Found i

Iceland and northernmost rivers of Great Britain and Scandinavia. In Rhône drainage, native only to Lake G

basin, which it entered after last glaciation. Native to upper Danube and Volga drainages. Introduced widely.

Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.

Biology

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IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 96402)

 Least Concern (LC)

CITES (Ref. 94142)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

 Potential pest

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Ecology

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Common names

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Predators

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Reproduction

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Length-weight

Length-length

Length-frequencies

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References

Aquaculture

Aquaculture profile

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Genetics

Allele frequencies

Heritability

Diseases

Found in streams, ponds, rivers and lakes (Ref. 5951). Individuals spend 1 to 5 years in fresh water and 6 mo

to 5 years in salt water (Ref. 51442). Juveniles mature in 3-4 years (Ref. 6885). Lacustrine populations unde

migration to tributaries and lake outlets to spawn, rarely spawning on stone, wave-washed lake shores. Spaw

rivers and streams with swift current, usually characterized by downward movement of water intro gravel (R

59043). Spawning takes place normally more than one time (Ref. 51442). They prefer cold, well-oxygenated

upland waters although their tolerance limits are lower than those of rainbow trout and favors large streams i

mountainous areas with adequate cover in the form of submerged rocks, undercut banks, and overhanging

vegetation (Ref. 6465). Life history and spawning behavior is similar to the salmon Salmo salar (Ref. 51442

Each female produces about 10.000 eggs (Ref. 35388, Ref. 51442). Mainly diurnal (Ref. 682). Sea and lake 

forage in pelagic and littoral habitats, while sea trouts mainly close to coast, not very far from estuary of nat

(Ref. 59043). Juveniles feed mainly on aquatic and terrestrial insects; adults on mollusks, crustaceans and sm

fish (Ref. 26523, Ref. 51442). Marketed fresh and smoked; eaten fried, broiled, boiled, cooked in microwav

baked (Ref. 9988).

Life cycle and mating behavior

Female covers the eggs by restirring the sand and fine gravel (Ref. 9696). After hatching at 12 mm, larval br

trout remain in the gravel for 2-3 weeks until they are about 25 mm long, when they emerge to begin feeding

water column. Brown trout are territorial and begin establishing territories as juveniles. Juvenile trout from l

populations move from their natal inlets to lakes during the first 2 years of life (Ref. 6390).

Main reference

Svetovidov, A.N., 1984. Salmonidae. p. 373-385. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Niels

E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 1. (Ref

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes

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Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805): PD50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00851 (0.00749 - 0.00967), b=3.03 (2.99 - 3.07), based on LWR estimates for t

species (Ref. 93245).

Trophic Level (Ref. 69278): 3.4 ±0.1 se; Based on diet studies.

Resilience (Ref. 69278): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (rm=0.9; K=0.09-0.

tmax=8; Fec=1,000).

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100) .

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Modified by Torres, Armi G.

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