UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

JO-AN JENKINS EVANS; ELIZABETH 

JENKINS DEHARDIT; WENLLIAN JENKINS

STALLINGS; MARY JENKINS DANIELS,

Heirs of the Estate of William F.

Jenkins,  No. 00-1487 Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

PARAMOUNT PICTURES CORPORATION,

Defendant-Appellee. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.

T. S. Ellis, III, District Judge.

(CA-99-1766-A)

Argued: February 28, 2001

Decided: April 20, 2001

Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, KING, Circuit Judge, and

Cynthia Holcomb HALL, Senior Circuit Judge of the

United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit,

sitting by designation.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion. 

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Stanley Clinton Spooner, NIXON & VANDERHYE,

P.C., Arlington, Virginia, for Appellants. Marcia B. Paul, KAY,
COLLYER & BOOSE, L.L.P., New York, New York, for Appellee.

ON BRIEF: Robert W. Adams, Robert A. Rowan, NIXON &

VANDERHYE, P.C., Arlington, Virginia, for Appellants. Catherine

A. McHale, KAY, COLLYER & BOOSE, L.L.P., New York, New

York; John F. Anderson, RICHARDS, MCGETTIGAN, REILLY &

WEST, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee. 

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See

Local Rule 36(c). 

OPINION

PER CURIAM: 

Plaintiffs sued Paramount Pictures Corp. for trademark infringement pursuant to section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125.

The district court dismissed their claims on summary judgment. See

Heirs of Estate of Jenkins v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 90 F.

Supp.2d 706 (E.D. Va. 2000). Finding no error, we affirm. 

Plaintiffs are the heirs of William F. Jenkins, a science fiction

writer. Among Jenkins’ works is the short story "First Contact,"

which was published in 1945 in the magazine Astounding ScienceFiction. The story is the tale of humankind’s first encounter with alien

life. Although there are many such stories, Jenkins’ tale is widely

considered to be the archetype of this plot. 

Defendant Paramount Pictures owns all of the Star Trek properties.

Included in the Star Trek franchise are numerous motion pictures,

several television series, and a vast array of merchandise. In 1996

Paramount released the eighth Star Trek motion picture, entitled:

"Star Trek: First Contact." As did Jenkins’ short story, the movie

recounts Earth’s first contact with alien life. Paramount applied for

and received various trademark registrations for the phrase "Star

Trek: First Contact." It has used these marks to sell a wide variety of

goods associated with its movie. 

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Plaintiffs filed suit, alleging that Paramount’s use of the phrase

"First Contact" violated their trademark rights. The suit sought injunctive relief, damages, and cancellation of Paramount’s mark. As the

district court noted, however, the title of a single expressive work is

entitled to trademark protection only upon a showing that it is not

generic and that it has taken on a secondary meaning. Id. at 710 n.12,

711. The district court granted summary judgment to Paramount on

all claims because "First Contact" is generic and because, as the title

of Jenkins’ story, "First Contact" has failed to take on any secondary

meaning. 

With respect to genericness, the district court noted that "a generic

term is one that refers to the genus of which the particular product is

a species." Id. at 711 (quoting Park ’n Fly, Inc. v. Dollar Park and

Fly, Inc., 469 U.S. 189, 194 (1985)). Based on this principle, the district court concluded that "the title of a single expressive work is

generic if that title is the name of a subcategory of which the work

in question is a member." Jenkins, 90 F. Supp.2d at 711. Here, it is

undisputed that the phrase "first contact" describes the genre of stories

recounting Earth’s first encounter with extraterrestrial life. See id. at

711-12 n.18. Accordingly, the district court held that "First Contact"

must be generic because it has come to describe an entire genre of science fiction stories of which Jenkins’ work is merely one, albeit the

seminal, example. 

Moreover, the district court held that even if "First Contact" were

descriptive rather than generic, it still would not be entitled to trademark protection because plaintiffs failed to adduce any evidence of

secondary meaning. "Marks that are merely descriptive are accorded

protection only if they have acquired a secondary meaning, that is, if

in the minds of the public, the primary significance of a product feature or term is to identify the source of the product rather than the

product itself." Sara Lee Corp. v. Kayser-Roth Corp., 81 F.3d 455,

464 (4th Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). A "title of a

single expressive work has secondary meaning when ‘the title is sufficiently well known that consumers associate it with a particular

author’s work.’" Jenkins, 90 F. Supp.2d at 713 (quoting Rogers v.

Grimaldi, 875 F.2d 994, 998 (2d Cir. 1989)). 

We have held that the following seven factors are relevant to the

question of secondary meaning: (1) advertising expenditures; (2) conEVANS v. PARAMOUNT PICTURES 3
sumer studies linking the mark to the source; (3) sales success; (4)

unsolicited media coverage of the work; (5) attempts to plagiarize the

mark; (6) the length and exclusivity of the mark’s use; and (7) evidence of actual confusion. Perini Corp. v. Perini Constr., Inc., 915

F.2d 121, 125 (4th Cir. 1990); Lone Star Steakhouse & Saloon v.

Alpha of Va., 43 F.3d 922, 936 n.16 (4th Cir. 1995). Evaluating the

evidence in the light most favorable to Jenkins’ heirs, the district

court found that "none of the relevant factors operate in plaintiffs’

favor." Jenkins, 90 F. Supp.2d at 713. For example, there was no evidence of any effort to advertise the mark, no evidence from contemporaneous consumer studies, no evidence of attempts to plagiarize the

mark, and no evidence of exclusive use. See id. at 713-14. Thus the

court held that even if "First Contact" were descriptive, summary

judgment would still be proper because of the absence of any evidence of secondary meaning.

Having had the benefit of oral argument and the parties’ briefs, we

conclude that the district court correctly granted summary judgment

to Paramount. Accordingly, we affirm on the thorough opinion of the

district court. 

AFFIRMED

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