IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION THREE

LEANNE LEVNO, an individual,

Appellant,

v.

ADDUS HEALTHCARE, INC., an 

Illinois corporation,

Respondent.

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No. 36735-5-III

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

PENNELL, C.J. — Leanne Levno appeals an order of summary judgment, 

dismissing her claims of wrongful employment termination against Addus Healthcare, 

Inc. We affirm.

FACTS

Ms. Levno worked at Addus Healthcare as a home caregiver for vulnerable adults. 

From 2012 to 2016, Ms. Levno provided caregiver services for one client, L.J.D. On 

August 29, 2016, Ms. Levno filed an incident report with Adult Protective Services 

(APS), alleging neglect and abuse of L.J.D. by other Addus employees. She followed up 

with a report to Addus the next day.

FILED

JUNE 2, 2020

In the Office of the Clerk of Court

WA State Court of Appeals Division III
No. 36735-5-III

Levno v. Addus Healthcare, Inc.

2

Shortly after the APS report, Ms. Levno was contacted by L.J.D.’s husband. He 

advised he received a letter from Addus dated September 2, 2016, indicating Ms. Levno

had been removed from L.J.D.’s care. The letter stated: 

Please accept this as formal notice that Addus HomeCare will no longer be 

able to provide you with services per our voicemail. We normally give two 

week[s’] notice before stopping services which means the last day of 

services will be 9/16/16. Unfortunately, we will no longer be able to send 

Leanne Levno to care for you, which means that we may not have enough 

staff to guarantee full coverage until the 16th. Therefore, it is our hope that 

you can work with your case manager . . . to select another provider before 

the 16th.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 413.

Addus did not provide Ms. Levno a copy of the aforementioned letter. However, 

Ms. Levno was informed that she could not return to work for L.J.D. until after meeting 

with her supervisors.

The supervisor meeting took place on September 8, 2016. At that time, Ms. Levno 

was informed she had been removed from L.J.D.’s case for performance reasons, 

including failure to maintain professional boundaries. Ms. Levno was provided various 

paperwork, including Addus’s written policy on maintaining client boundaries and a 

document entitled “Disciplinary Warning Notice and Action Taken.” Id. at 47 (some 

capitalization omitted).
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The disciplinary warning document indicated Ms. Levno was provided a “written 

warning” for “disregard of known rule” and “insubordination.” Id. Included was the 

following explanation:

Not following the plan of care for client, not reporting client changes in 

condition and client needs to the supervisor. Having other HCA report to 

her instead of supervisor if they have questions or concerns about client 

crossing professional boundaries, providing care for people other than the 

client, preforming nursing tasks without delegation.

Id. The bottom of the disciplinary warning bears the following statement: “IMMEDIATE 

SATISFACTORY IMPROVEMENT MUST BE SHOWN OR FURTHER 

DISCIPLINARY ACTION WILL BE TAKEN, INCLUDING POSSIBLE SUSPENSION 

FROM DUTY OR DISCHARGE.” Id. Below this further action options are listed, 

including “Warned Verbally, “Warning in Writing,” “Suspended,” and “Discharged.” Id. 

None of the boxes next to these action items are marked. In the comments section, Ms. 

Levno wrote, “I don’t agree—I refuse to sign.” Id. at 47, 348.

Addus maintains that after September 8, efforts were made to contact Ms. Levno 

and offer her new assignments. However, Ms. Levno never agreed to alternate 

arrangements. Ms. Levno denies that she was ever contacted after the meeting on 

September 8.
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In January 2017, Addus claims it terminated Ms. Levno’s employment due to 

abandonment.

PROCEDURE

Ms. Levno sued Addus Healthcare for wrongful termination. The crux of her 

complaint was that she had been terminated on September 8, 2016, in retaliation for the 

APS report and in violation of public policy. Ms. Levno’s termination claim was specific 

to September 8 and she did not allege any other form of adverse employment action.

Addus moved for summary judgment, claiming Ms. Levno lacked proof of 

termination. Ms. Levno filed two responsive declarations. One was from L.J.D.’s 

daughter, H.D. It stated an unnamed “Addus supervisor” called H.D. in late August 2016 

and stated that Addus had terminated Ms. Levno. Id. at 294. The second declaration was 

from Ms. Levno. Ms. Levno’s declaration stated she had been terminated on September 8

and that Addus’s terminology to the contrary was “irrelevant because [she] was given 

zero hours, zero clients, and zero income.” Id. at 289. Ms. Levno’s declaration did not 

state she had been orally terminated during the September 8 meeting.

Addus filed excerpts of Ms. Levno’s deposition in support of its summary 

judgment motion. Throughout the deposition, Ms. Levno repeatedly equated being 

removed from L.J.D.’s case with termination. For example:
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Q, So on September 8th, you were taken off of the [L.J.D.] assignment?

A. I was wrongfully terminated, yes.

Id. at 79, 347.

Q. Were you taken off of the [L.J.D.] assignment on September 8th?

[Objection to form]

A. Yes, I was wrongfully terminated on—

Q. [By counsel for Addus] I didn’t ask you whether or not you were terminated. 

I just asked whether or not you were taken off of the [L.J.D.] assignment.

Were you taken off of the [L.J.D.] assignment?

A. I was taken off the [L.J.D.] assignment and wrongfully terminated.

. . . .

Q. Respectfully, Ms. Levno, I understand that you have your beliefs. I’m 

not asking you that. 

All I’m asking you is whether or not when you sat down with your 

supervisor, were you told that you were being taken off of the [L.J.D.] 

assignment for crossing professional boundaries.

[Objection to form]

A. I was told I was being taken off the client. But it was a wrongful 

termination. I was wrongfully terminated.

Id. at 79-81, 347-48.

In discussing the paperwork generated by Addus, Ms. Levno claimed the 

disciplinary notice provided to her during the September 8 meeting “explicitly” stated she 

was being terminated and the September 2 letter to L.J.D.’s husband “specifically” stated 

she was terminated.

1

Id. at 84-85, 320-21, 352. Apparently recognizing that neither the

disciplinary notice nor the September 2 letter mention termination, counsel for Addus 

 

1

In the deposition, the disciplinary warning notice was referred to as Exhibit 9.
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asked Ms. Levno if she understood the difference between termination and reassignment. 

She answered, “[y]es . . . But I was wrongfully terminated. . . . And they did not offer me 

any employment.” Id. at 86, 322, 353.

The trial court issued a letter ruling, concluding Ms. Levno failed to meet her 

burden of establishing material issues of fact as to termination. The court refused to 

consider H.D.’s declaration as hearsay attributed to an unidentified speaker. The court 

was also unimpressed with Ms. Levno’s deposition testimony because it was purely 

conclusory. Noting that Ms. Levno had not alleged constructive discharge, the trial court 

granted summary judgment to Addus on the basis that Ms. Levno lacked admissible 

evidence indicating she had been terminated on September 8, 2016.

The day prior to presentment, Ms. Levno filed a motion for reconsideration. In her 

motion, Ms. Levno again relied on the declaration of H.D. For the first time, Levno 

alleged constructive discharge. The trial court denied Ms. Levno’s motion. Noting that 

Ms. Levno’s response to Addus’s motion for summary judgment had been untimely, the 

court refused to consider her postdecision claim of constructive discharge.

Ms. Levno appeals.
No. 36735-5-III

Levno v. Addus Healthcare, Inc.

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ANALYSIS

A case is appropriate for resolution on summary judgment if competent evidence

shows no genuine issue of material fact for trial. CR 56. “We review summary judgment 

orders de novo,” with the evidence and all reasonable inferences construed in the “light 

most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Keck v. Collins, 184 Wn.2d 358, 370, 357 P.3d 

1080 (2015). The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of 

establishing the absence of an issue of material fact. Young v. Key Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 

112 Wn.2d 216, 225, 770 P.2d 182 (1989). If this showing is met, then the burden “shifts 

to the party with the burden of proof at trial, the plaintiff.” Id.

The contested material fact relevant to Ms. Levno’s retaliation and public policy 

claims is termination. Addus asserts that Ms. Levno was not terminated; she instead 

abandoned her job. Ms. Levno contends she was terminated during the September 8 

meeting with her supervisors.

Contrary to Ms. Levno’s deposition statements, the parties now agree that none of 

the paperwork generated by Addus at the time of the September 8 meeting specified 

termination. Instead, Ms. Levno claims she was orally terminated.2 Although Ms. Levno 

 

2 Ms. Levno’s reply brief acknowledges this core issue, stating “the disputed fact 

of whether [management] orally terminated Levno on September 8, 2016 . . . is the crux 

of the case at bar.” Reply Br. of Appellant at 11.
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Levno v. Addus Healthcare, Inc.

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did not mention oral termination in her declaration filed in response to Addus’s motion 

for summary judgment, Ms. Levno points to excerpts of her deposition testimony where 

she discusses oral termination:

 When asked if she had received a termination letter from Addus, Ms. 

Levno stated, “No. But it was all right in here that—and during the 

meeting, Dawn [Ms. Levno’s manager] told me that I was being 

terminated from—from Addus.” CP at 83, 351.

 Regarding what happened during the September 8 meeting, Ms. 

Levno stated, “I was told that I was being terminated.” Id. at 352. In 

immediate follow-up, Ms. Levno was asked if she had any 

documentation to reflect termination from employment. She

referenced the disciplinary notice and the letter to L.J.D.’s husband.

 When asked where Addus’s paperwork stated Ms. Levno was being

fired, Ms. Levno stated, “Right in here. It’s not following the care 

plan, not—right here are these comments. Right here. And what was 

said between Dawn [and two other managers]. They all three—the 

verbal.” Id. at 84, 352.
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 In describing her September 8 conversation with supervisors, Ms. 

Levno stated, “They told me I was wrongfully terminated from my 

job.” Id. at 351. When asked to clarify that “[i]n fact, they 

specifically told you that you were wrongfully terminated from your 

job?” Ms. Levno answered, “[y]es, they did.” Id.

Viewing the matter de novo, we agree with the trial judge that Ms. Levno’s claims 

of oral termination are too conclusory to overcome summary judgment. Throughout her 

deposition, Ms. Levno explicitly and repeatedly refused to disentangle her opinion about 

what happened to her (“wrongful termination”) from what was actually stated (she was 

removed from L.J.D.’s care). See, e.g., id. at 81, 348 (“I was told I was being taken off 

the client. But it was a wrongful termination.”). Id. By so doing, Ms. Levno stripped her 

use of the word “termination” from any probative, factual value. No reasonable reading of 

Ms. Levno’s deposition suggests that she was told words to the effect of “you are 

terminated” or “you are fired.” Rather, it is abundantly clear that Ms. Levno was told she 

was being removed from Ms. Levno’s case and she subjectively equated that 

communication to being told she was wrongfully terminated from her job. Given this 

circumstance, Ms. Levno’s deposition fails to raise a material issue of fact as to whether 

termination took place on September 8, 2016.
No. 36735-5-III

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Ms. Levno claims that H.D.’s declaration should be considered to support her 

claim of termination. However, we agree with the trial court; the letter is inadmissible. 

H.D.’s declaration fails to specify who it was that claimed to be an Addus supervisor. 

Without specific attribution, the out-of-court statement cannot qualify as an admission of 

a party opponent. ER 801(d)(2). Nor can it qualify for admission as state of mind 

evidence. ER 803(a)(3). After all, not just anyone’s state of mind is relevant. Only the 

state of mind of a person authorized to terminate Ms. Levno would be relevant to proving 

Ms. Levno was, in fact, terminated. H.D.’s declaration was properly excluded as 

inadmissible hearsay. ER 801(c), 802.

The last argument raised by Ms. Levno is that the trial court failed to consider her 

claim of constructive discharge. The problem here is that Ms. Levno did not argue 

constructive discharge until her motion for reconsideration. Unlike a summary judgment 

motion, a motion for reconsideration is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Wilcox v. 

Lexington Eye Inst., 130 Wn. App. 234, 241, 122 P.3d 729 (2005). Regardless of whether 

Ms. Levno’s complaint was sufficient to allege a claim of constructive discharge, she did 

not argue facts in support of constructive discharge until her motion for reconsideration.

Constructive discharge involves a legal theory distinct from express discharge. See Hill v. 

GTE Directories Sales Corp., 71 Wn. App. 132, 143, 856 P.2d 746 (1993). As such, it 
No. 36735-5-III

Levno v. Addus Healthcare, Inc.

11

was not properly argued for the first time on reconsideration. See Wilcox, 130 Wn. App. 

at 241. In her motion for reconsideration, Ms. Levno failed to explain why she had not 

previously argued constructive discharge. Particularly given the tardiness of Ms. Levno’s 

summary judgment briefing, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to 

excuse Ms. Levno’s belated theory of relief.

CONCLUSION

The trial court’s order on summary judgment is affirmed. Addus’s request for 

attorney fees is denied.

A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 

2.06.040.

_________________________________

Pennell, C.J.

I CONCUR:

______________________________

Korsmo, J.
No. 36735-5-III

FEARING, J. (dissenting) — Both direct and circumstantial evidence create an issue 

of fact as to whether Addus Healthcare, Inc. fired caregiver Leanne Levno for reporting 

abuse of a vulnerable adult client of Addus Healthcare to Adult Protective Services

(APS). Therefore, I dissent.

Since the trial court dismissed Leanne Levno’s lawsuit on summary judgment, I 

draw the facts from affidavit and deposition testimony. I consider the facts in a light 

favorable to Levno.

In 2007, plaintiff Leanne Levno gained employment with defendant Addus 

Healthcare as a home caregiver. Levno cared for vulnerable adults, who suffered from 

physical or mental illnesses. As a mandated reporter, Levno possessed a duty to report 

her reasonable belief of abuse or neglect of a client to APS. RCW 74.34.020 (14); 

.035(1).

From 2012 to 2016, Leanne Levno cared for one critical care client, Lois 

Davenport, a pseudonym, who could not attend to her basic needs. Levno cared for 

Davenport from Sunday to Thursday afternoon, and another caregiver, Kelly Crawford, 

cared for Davenport Thursday to Saturday. Substitute caregivers assisted with care on 

the one Sunday a month when Levno did not work. Levno grew concerned about the 
No. 36735-5-III

Levno v. Addus Healthcare, Inc. (Dissent)

2

adequacy of care provided by one or more substitute caregivers. Substitute caregivers, at 

the request of Lois Davenport’s husband, often called Levno and asked questions about 

Davenport’s care. 

According to Leanne Levno, she reported to Addus Healthcare’s ever changing 

supervisors neglect and abuse of Lois Davenport by other caregivers ten to fifteen times 

between 2012 and 2016. She presented the reports by direct conversations, timesheets, 

phone calls, and letters. 

One weekend in November 2013, Leanne Levno reported neglect of Lois 

Davenport to Sandra Kester, an employee at Addus Healthcare’s Illinois corporate office. 

Levno called the corporate office because the local Addus office closes on the weekends 

and all calls are forwarded to the corporate office. During this call, Levno expressed her 

concern for Davenport’s lack of care on the weekends because of bedsores suffered by 

Davenport. Levno added that Lois Davenport’s husband complained that some substitute 

Addus Healthcare caregivers failed to show at the couple’s home, leaving Davenport 

stranded in soiled diapers for hours. 

As a result of her concern for abuse of Lois Davenport by substitute care, Leanne 

Levno began to provide some care for Davenport on the weekends. Levno worked as 

much as eighty hours per week in order to provide the care. On one occasion, Levno 

reported extra work to Addus Healthcare because of a failure of a substitute to appear, but 

Addus Healthcare failed to pay her for the time. 
No. 36735-5-III

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On Sunday, February 15, 2015, Lois Davenport’s daughter complained to Leanne

Levno of the failure of a caregiver to appear at Davenport’s residence to care for 

Davenport. Because of her belief that Addus Healthcare supervisors ignored her reports 

of neglect, Levno decided she needed to take additional steps. Levno then reported the 

history of neglect and abuse of Davenport to Ann Moreland at APS. Levno elaborated 

that the dire state of Davenport’s condition required her to work extra hours. Levno did 

not inform her supervisor that she reported Addus Healthcare to APS. 

After the February 2015 report to APS, Leanne Levno’s supervisor, Mike, 

informed her to report any neglect or abuse of Lois Davenport to him before reporting the 

lack of care to APS. Mike would be the one to decide whether a report should be 

forwarded to APS. Mike also warned Levno that Addus Healthcare would fire her if she 

did not obey his instruction. 

On August 19, 2016, Addus Healthcare assigned Dawn Taylor to be Leanne 

Levno’s supervisor. On August 29, 2016, Levno filed an incident report with APS 

reporting that Lois Davenport again suffered neglect. 

On September 1, 2016, at 4:00 p.m., Dawn Taylor telephoned Leanne Levno and 

informed Levno that she could not return without first speaking with Taylor. Taylor 

scheduled a meeting with Levno for the following day. Levno replied that, as a union 

member, she possessed the right to union representation at a meeting and, due to the late 

notice, she could not promise to be present the next day. Taylor and Levno postponed the 
No. 36735-5-III

Levno v. Addus Healthcare, Inc. (Dissent)

4

meeting and met on September 8. After September 1, but on an unspecified day, Leanne 

Levno received a phone call from Lois Davenport’s husband. He told Levno that he 

received a September 2 letter from Addus Healthcare that declared that Levno would no 

longer care for Davenport. Levno had been unaware that Addus Healthcare had removed 

her from the care of Davenport. The letter read:

Please accept this as formal notice that Addus HomeCare will no 

longer be able to provide you with services per our voicemail. We 

normally give two week’s [sic] notice before stopping services which 

means the last day of services will be 9/16/16. Unfortunately, we will no 

longer be able to send Leanne Levno to care for you, which means that we 

may not have enough staff to guarantee full coverage until the 16th. 

Therefore, it is our hope that you can work with your case manager 

(Patricia Breidt at Elder Services) to select another provider before the 

16th.

Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 413. The husband wanted an explanation for the removal of 

Levno from his wife’s care. In her deposition, Leanne Levno testified to her belief that 

the September 2 letter to the Davenports terminated her from employment. 

At the September 8 meeting, Leanne Levno met with Dawn Taylor, Susie Young, 

and another supervisor, Alice. Levno’s supervisors told her that Addus Healthcare was 

removing her from the care of Lois Davenport because Levno failed to follow the care 

plan for Davenport, failed to report changes in the client’s condition, failed to report the 

client needs to her supervisor, told other healthcare aides to report to her rather than their 

supervisor, crossed professional boundaries, provided health care for one other than her 

client, and performed nursing tasks without delegation from a nurse. Susie Young 
No. 36735-5-III

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5

provided Levno with a written disciplinary warning that listed the causes for the 

reassignment and listed insubordination and disregard of a known rule as the basis of the 

warning. Below the listed violations, the form language declared:

IMMEDIATE SATISFACTORY IMPROVEMENT MUST BE 

SHOWN OR FURTHER DISCIPLINARY ACTION WILL BE TAKEN, 

INCLUDING POSSIBLE SUSPENSION FROM DUTY OR 

DISCHARGE.

CP at 47. Levno refused to sign the disciplinary warning since she denied the 

truthfulness of the charges. Leanne Levno considered the disciplinary warning and 

removal from the care of Lois Davenport as retaliation. 

During her deposition, Leanne Levno impliedly conceded that she measured Lois 

Davenport’s blood sugar level and added medications to her regimen without Addus 

Healthcare’s approval. Nevertheless, Levno insisted on the need to perform these acts 

because of the lack of resources provided by Addus Healthcare. Leanne Levno agreed 

that other caregivers called her and asked questions about the care for Lois Davenport 

because of the unavailability of Addus Healthcare supervisors, but Levno denied that any 

caregiver “reported” to her. CP at 350.

In her deposition, Leanne Levno repeatedly testified, even when not asked, that, 

by the end of the September 8 meeting, Addus Healthcare wrongfully terminated her on 

September 8, 2016, for reporting neglect of Lois Davenport to APS. For example, Levno 

averred:
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Q. . . . It says that you’re receiving a written warning, correct?

A. Yes. But that—this is not correct. I was wrongfully terminated, and 

it’s also due to the retaliation of what happened on August 29th, and they 

had to come back with something to come back on me. And this is what 

they came back up and not following the care plan. 

This has nothing to do—it’s all because of retaliation. 

And so why did they take my client away from me?

CP at 350.

During the deposition of Leanne Levno, Addus Healthcare’s counsel repeatedly 

asked what Addus Healthcare representatives told her during the September 8 meeting in 

order to discover the basis on which Levno claimed termination from employment. 

Levno responded: 

A. I was told I was being taken off the client. But it was a wrongful 

termination. I was wrongfully terminated.

CP at 348.

Leanne Levno agreed that she never received a letter of termination from 

employment from Addus Healthcare. Rather, she declared during her deposition that her 

supervisor verbally terminated her: “Dawn told me that I was being terminated from—

from Addus.” CP at 83, 351. Levno also averred that Alice and Susie, the other 

managers at the September 8 meeting, also told her she was fired. 

According to Dawn Taylor, she and other supervisors at Addus Healthcare 

attempted to contact Levno several times after September 8 to offer assignments as a 

substitute home health giver or as a permanent home health caregiver for other clients. 
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Leanne Levno denied any phone calls after September 8 from Dawn Taylor. She testified 

that Addus Healthcare offered her no hours, clients, or income after September 8, 2016.

Leanne Levno sued Addus Healthcare for wrongful termination in violation of 

public policy and retaliatory discharge based on Addus Healthcare terminating her 

employment on September 8, 2016, ten days after reporting abuse and neglect of Lois 

Davenport to APS. CP 3-8. In her amended complaint, Leanne Levno alleged:

2.24 Ms. Levno was officially terminated from Addus on September 

8, 2016. 

2.25 Ms. Levno was terminated in retaliation for her reporting abuse 

of her client. 

2.26 Ms. Levno was terminated in violation of public policy.

. . . .

3.3 It is a violation of public policy to terminate the employment of 

an employee that is required to report abuse/neglect under RCW 74.34 et 

seq. 

3.4 Under RCW 74.34.180, any employee that faces a workplace 

reprisal or retaliatory action for reporting abuse/neglect is granted the 

remedies of RCW 49.60 et seq. 

3.5 Ms. Levno was terminated ten days after reporting the 

abuse/neglect of her client. 

. . . .

3.8 Ms. Levno’s termination for reporting abuse is in violation of 

RCW 74.34 et. seq. and therefore, RCW 49.60 et seq.

CP at 12-13.

In support of its summary judgment motion, Addus Healthcare submitted excerpts 

from Levno’s deposition. Addus Healthcare emphasized the following passage in 

Levno’s deposition: 

Q. You never received a termination letter from Addus? 
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A. No.

CP at 82-83.

Leanne Levno responded by filing her own declaration. Levno testified, in part, in 

her declaration:

4. Addus did not respond to my repeated reports of abuse until they 

[sic] fired me. 

. . . .

10. After I reported the weekend caregiver, another Addus 

employee, to APS, Addus ended my employment.

. . . .

12. I do not know exactly when Addus learned of my report, but they 

knew of it when they terminated me.

13. After being removed from the care of my only client, I was never 

offered work with another client. 

14. I did not receive a letter from Addus instructing me to respond 

by September 30, 2016 or that I would be terminated. 

15. I received no phone calls from Dawn Taylor in October 2016 

regarding accommodations or work available to me.

16. Addus told my only client that I was terminated. 

17. Addus states that I was not “terminated” but my weekly hours 

went from 40-60 hours per week to zero hours per week. 

18. Whether Addus claims I was terminated or suspended is 

irrelevant because I was given zero hours, zero clients, and zero income.

CP at 287-89 (emphasis added).

On appeal, Leanne Levno challenges the trial court’s grant of summary judgment 

to Addus Healthcare. We review a trial court’s order granting summary judgment de 

novo. Briggs v. Nova Services, 166 Wn.2d 794, 801, 213 P.3d 910 (2009). Summary 

judgment is appropriate only if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and 

admissions on file and affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material 
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fact. Morris v. McNicol, 83 Wn.2d 491, 494, 519 P.2d 7 (1974). The purpose of 

summary judgment is to avoid a useless trial when there is no genuine issue of any 

material fact. Olympic Fish Products, Inc. v. Lloyd, 93 Wn.2d 596, 602, 611 P.2d 737 

(1980). Summary judgment is appropriate only when, from all the evidence, reasonable 

persons could reach but one conclusion. Ellis v. City of Seattle, 142 Wn.2d 450, 458, 

13 P.3d 1065 (2000); Clements v. Travelers Indemnity Co., 121 Wn.2d 243, 249, 850 

P.2d 1298 (1993).

Leanne Levno seeks recovery for retaliatory discharge in violation of RCW 74.34. 

Home health caregivers are mandated reporters, who must report suspected abuse of 

vulnerable adults. RCW 74.34.020(2), (14); 035. Failure to report subjects a caregiver to 

criminal and civil liability. RCW 74.34.053; Kim v. Lakeside Adult Family Home, 185 

Wn.2d 532, 544-45, 374 P.3d 121 (2016). The Washington Supreme Court compares the 

importance of reporting abuse of vulnerable adults to reporting abuse of children. Kim v. 

Lakeside Adult Family Home, 185 Wn.2d at 543-44.

In turn, RCW 74.34.180 prohibits retaliation against whistleblowers of abuse or 

neglect of vulnerable adults. The lengthy statute declares, in relevant part:

(1) An employee or contractor who is a whistleblower and who as a 

result of being a whistleblower has been subjected to workplace reprisal or 

retaliatory action, has the remedies provided under chapter 49.60 RCW. 

RCW 4.24.500 through 4.24.520, providing certain protection to persons 

who communicate to government agencies, apply to complaints made under 

this section. . . . 
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(2)(a) An attempt to expel a resident from a facility, or any type of 

discriminatory treatment of a resident who is a consumer of hospice, home 

health, home care services, or other in-home services by whom, or upon 

whose behalf, a complaint substantiated by the department or the 

department of health has been submitted to the department or the 

department of health or any proceeding instituted under or related to this 

chapter within one year of the filing of the complaint or the institution of 

the action, raises a rebuttable presumption that the action was in retaliation 

for the filing of the complaint.

(b) The presumption is rebutted by credible evidence establishing the 

alleged retaliatory action was initiated prior to the complaint.

. . . .

(3) For the purposes of this section:

(a) “Whistleblower” means a resident or a person with a mandatory 

duty to report under this chapter . . . , who in good faith reports alleged 

abandonment, abuse, financial exploitation, or neglect to the department, or 

the department of health, or to a law enforcement agency;

(b) “Workplace reprisal or retaliatory action” means, but is not 

limited to: Denial of adequate staff to perform duties; frequent staff 

changes; frequent and undesirable office changes; refusal to assign 

meaningful work . . . ; letters of reprimand or unsatisfactory performance 

evaluations; demotion; denial of employment; or a supervisor or superior 

encouraging coworkers to behave in a hostile manner toward the 

whistleblower. The protections provided to whistleblowers under this 

chapter shall not prevent a facility or an agency licensed under chapter 

70.127 RCW from: (i) Terminating, suspending, or disciplining a 

whistleblower for other lawful purposes; or (ii) for facilities licensed under 

chapter 70.128 RCW, reducing the hours of employment or terminating 

employment as a result of the demonstrated inability to meet payroll 

requirements. 

In addition to recovery for termination from employment, the statute allows damages for 

refusal to assign meaningful work and for letters of reprimand.

Washington also permits a common law cause of action for wrongful discharge 

when the discharge violates established public policy. Bennett v. Hardy, 113 Wn.2d 912, 
No. 36735-5-III

Levno v. Addus Healthcare, Inc. (Dissent)

11

922, 784 P.2d 1258 (1990). Leanne Levno asserts both a statutory claim and one at 

common law.

A claim of wrongful discharge in violation of public policy requires the plaintiff to 

show that he or she was discharged, and the discharge may have been motivated by 

reasons that “contravenes a clear mandate of public policy.” Thompson v. St. Regis 

Paper Co., 102 Wn.2d 219, 232, 685 P.2d 1081 (1984). The parties do not dispute that a 

discharge for whistleblowing would be a violation of RCW 74.34.180 as well as public 

policy.

Leanne Levno must show a causal link between the filing of her incident report 

and the adverse employment action. Causation can be shown by the timing of the 

adverse action to that of the protected activity. Kahn v. Salerno, 90 Wn. App. 110, 130-

31, 951 P.2d 321 (1998). The Washington State Supreme court has stated that, in 

retaliation claims for filing a discrimination claim, the worker presents sufficient 

evidence of causality if the worker takes a protected action, the employer knows of the 

report, and the adverse action is taken against them. See Allison v. Housing Authority of 

City of Seattle, 118 Wn.2d 79, 89 n.3, 821 P.2d 34 (1991). Leanne Levno filed a report 

with APS, and, according to Levno’s evidence, Addus Healthcare terminated her 

employment within 10 days. One supervisor earlier warned Levno that, if she reported 

abuse to APS again, Addus Healthcare would fire her.
No. 36735-5-III

Levno v. Addus Healthcare, Inc. (Dissent)

12

Addus Healthcare argues that Leanne Levno presented no admissible evidence that 

the company terminated her employment. To Addus Healthcare, Levno only relied on 

speculation and argumentative assertions. She merely repeated her allegations in her 

complaint. She supplied ultimate facts and conclusions. Her declaration is self-serving, 

and her declaration contradicts her deposition testimony. Addus Healthcare emphasizes 

that the September 8, 2016, written notification to Leanne Levno disciplined her, rather 

than terminated her employment.

I agree that the September 8, 2016, written notification does not state that Addus 

Healthcare terminated Leanne Levno. The disciplinary notice that excludes mention of 

termination may harm the credibility of Leanne Levno’s claim. But we do not weigh 

evidence or resolve questions of credibility in reviewing a summary judgment order. 

Sluman v. State, 3 Wn. App. 2d 656, 699, 418 P.3d 125 (2018).

I disagree that Leanne Levno fails to cite to the record to support her contention 

that Addus Healthcare terminated her employment. In both her opening and reply briefs, 

Levno repeatedly cites to pages 183 and 287 through 289 in the clerk’s papers, on which 

she testified to her oral termination. She cites to the pages on which she testified that 

Addus Healthcare offered her no more work following the September 8, 2016 meeting.

Addus Healthcare complains that Leanne Levno’s declaration is self-serving. 

Nevertheless, the healthcare company cites no authority that precludes a litigant from 

filing self-serving declarations. All of Addus Healthcare’s declarations are self-serving. 
No. 36735-5-III

Levno v. Addus Healthcare, Inc. (Dissent)

13

Anyway, Leanne Levno’s deposition testimony provides support for Levno’s claims in 

addition to her declaration.

When contending that Leanne Levno contradicted her deposition testimony, 

Addus Healthcare contends Levno admitted in her deposition that she never received any 

termination notice from Addus. Addus Healthcare emphasizes the following passage in 

Levno’s deposition:

Q. You never received a termination letter from Addus? 

A. No.

CP at 82-83. One might be confused with the answer of Levno because of the double 

negatives. Even if Levno agreed she received no termination letter, it does not follow 

that Addus Healthcare did not terminate her employment. Levno has consistently 

testified that Dawn Taylor orally gave her notice of termination.

I do not deem Leanne Levno’s critical testimony conclusory in nature. One’s 

testimony that the other party told one something is factual in nature. Perhaps the 

testimony would be less conclusory in nature if Levno testified to the exact words uttered 

by Dawn Taylor, assuming Levno could remember the exact words. But Levno averred 

to the gist of the comments from Taylor—that she was fired. Addus Healthcare never 

asked Levno, in her deposition, as to the exact words used by Taylor or Levno’s other 

supervisors.
No. 36735-5-III

Levno v. Addus Healthcare, Inc. (Dissent)

14

In short, Leanne Levno testified that Addus Healthcare supervisors informed her 

in person on September 8, 2016, that she was fired. Levno testified that she no longer 

received any work after September 8. Addus Healthcare disagreed and provided 

countering evidence, but Levno presented evidence sufficient to allow the trier of fact to 

resolve whether Addus Healthcare terminated her employment.

The majority writes that Leanne Levno stripped her use of the word “termination” 

from any probative, factual value. Majority at 9. No summary judgment principle allows 

a court to ignore the testimony of a declarant, even a party declarant, because the 

declarant misuses or confuses the meaning of a word. The court impermissibly weighs 

the credibility of the witness when discounting testimony because of the witness’ misuse 

of words. Levno unequivocally testified that Dawn Taylor told her she was “being 

terminated from—from Addus.” CP at 83, 351. The reader should not be confused by 

concluding, based on this deposition passage, that Levno only testified that Addus 

Healthcare removed her from the care of a client. Regardless, in her declaration, Leanne 

Levno employed the word “fired,” when testifying to the action of Addus Healthcare 

toward her.

Fearing, J.