# Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Volume 2Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### C ONTENTS 

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Acknowledgements

Preface

Overview of the IPCC Guidelines

Introduction to the Workbook



# M ODULES 

# & W ORKSHEETS
1 Energy 1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................1-1 **Fuel Combustion - Tier 1** .......................................................................................................1-1 1.2 CO 2 

### Emissions...............................................................................................................................1-1 1.3 Non-CO 2 

### Emissions from Fuel Combustion by Source Categories.....................1-15 **Fuel Combustion - Tier 2** ....................................................................................................1-20 1.4 Emissions from Aircraft...........................................................................................................1-20 **Fugitive Sources** .......................................................................................................................1-24 1.5 Methane Emissions from Coal Mining and Handling....................................................1-24 1.6 Methane Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Activities...........................................1-27 1.7 Ozone Precursors and SO 2 

### Emissions from Oil Refining..........................................1-31



## 2 Industrial Processes 2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................2-1 2.2 General Methodology.................................................................................................................2-2

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### .2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.3 Cement Production....................................................................................................................2-3 2.4 Lime Production...........................................................................................................................2-5 2.5 Limestone and Dolomite Use.................................................................................................2-6 2.6 Soda Ash Production and Use................................................................................................2-7 2.7 Production and Use of Miscellaneous Mineral Products ..............................................2-8 2.8 Ammonia Production...............................................................................................................2-12 2.9 Nitric Acid Production.............................................................................................................2-15 2.10 Adipic Acid Production............................................................................................................2-17 2.11 Carbide Production...................................................................................................................2-18 2.12 Production of Other Chemicals...........................................................................................2-21 2.13 Metal Production........................................................................................................................2-25 2.14 Pulp and Paper Industries........................................................................................................2-38 2.15 Food and Drink..........................................................................................................................2-41 2.16 Production of Halocarbons and Sulphur Hexafluoride................................................2-43 2.17 Consumption of Halocarbons and Sulphur Hexafluoride..........................................2-45



## 3 Solvent and Other Product Use 4 Agriculture 4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................4-1 4.2 Domestic Livestock.....................................................................................................................4-1 4.3 Rice Cultivation...........................................................................................................................4-14 4.4 Prescribed Burning of Savannas............................................................................................4-23 4.5 Field Burning of Agricultural Residues...............................................................................4-28 4.6 Agricultural Soils.........................................................................................................................4-32 Appendix Data Underlying N 2 

### O Emissions from Agricultural Soils...........................................4-43 

## 5 Land-Use Change & Forestry 5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................5-1 5.2 Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks................................................5-3 5.3 CO 2 

### Emissions from Forest and Grassland Conversion..............................................5-7 5.4 On-Site Burning of Forests: Emissions of Non-CO 2 

### Trace Gases........................5-17 5.5 Abandonment of Managed Lands........................................................................................5-19 5.6 CO 2 

### Emissions or Uptake by Soil from Land-Use Change and Management....5-23 Appendix Default Definitions of Land-Use/Management Systems..............................................5-31

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## 6 Waste 6.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................6-1 6.2 Land Disposal of Solid Waste..................................................................................................6-1 6.3 Methane Emissions from Wastewater Handling...........................................................6-11 6.4 Methane Emissions from Industrial Wastewater and Sludge Streams..................6-21 6.5 Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Human Sewage............................................................6-23Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook ACKNOW.1 

# A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Revised Guidelines) were accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) at its Twelfth Session (Mexico City, 11-13 September 1996). Earlier, Working Group 1 of the IPCC at its Sixth Session (Mexico City, 10 September 1996) had accepted and then forwarded the Revised Guidelines to the IPCC. The IPCC-XII recommended that the Revised Guidelines “are ready for use by Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in the preparation of their National Communications with regard to inventories, at a time to be agreed by the Parties of the Convention.” It is, therefore, extremely gratifying that the consensus effort of nearly one hundred and forty scientists and national experts from more than thirty countries has resulted in the publication of the Revised Guidelines

. At the Fourth Session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA-4, Geneva, 16-18 December 1996), Parties to the Convention decided how, and when, the Revised Guidelines are to be applied. To assist Parties in meeting their commitments and targets, and to monitor progress, it is essential that national GHG emission inventories contain the best possible information for all major GHG sources and sinks. As such, inventories must be consistent, comparable, complete, and transparent. The Revised Guidelines provide such a methodology for the estimation and periodic update of national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, and thus comply with the requirements of Articles 4 and 12 of the UNFCCC. The Revised Guidelines were developed over a two-year period and draw extensively upon the previous Guidelines . Where possible, the Revised Guidelines improved upon the early 1995 Guidelines by the synthesis and assessment of relevant new data. These improved data are critical for regions of the world where baseline information is still sparse. In areas of scientific advancement, existing methodologies were revised, and additional methodologies were developed and assessed. A Summary of the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories can be found in Annex 3 of the Reporting Instructions

. We are indebted to the Co-chairs of the IPCC Expert Groups and the Experts who generously supported this work. Their dedication to quality and timeliness was truly remarkable. Core funding for the IPCC Unit for GHG Inventories is provided through the IPCC Trust Fund. Other contributions, financial and otherwise, have been received from numerous governments (Canada, European Union, Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom, United States) and several institutions, organisations and programmes (European Environment Agency, Institute of Environmental Studies, United Nations Environment Programme Country Studies, United States Country Studies Programme). We are most grateful to the governments of Brazil, Switzerland, Thailand and the United

# A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A CKNOW 

### .2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### Kingdom for kindly hosting the meetings of the IPCC Expert Groups and the Greenhouse Gas Liaison Group (GILG) . We warmly thank the Co-chairmen and the members of the Technical Support Unit of Working Group I, and the staff of the IPCC/OECD/IEA GHG inventory programme. In this context, we particularly express our gratitude to Bo Lim and Karen Tréanton in their capacity as Co-editors of the Revised Guidelines , and Audrey Glynn-Garnier and Sharon Michel for formatting the Guidelines . Finally, we express our sincere appreciation to our Visiting Scientists, Yamil Bonduki, Alexey Kokorin, Isabelle Mamaty and Katrina Marekova for their invaluable input to this effort.

Professor B. Bolin Dr. N. Sundararaman Chairman of the IPCC Secretary of the IPCC

Contributors to the **Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories** 

Chapter 1: Energy
**Co-Chairs of Expert Group on Fuel Combustion** Simon Eggleston (United Kingdom). Jean-Yves Garnier (IEA). David Mobley (USA). **Expert/Author for Non-CO 2**  

### Tier 1 Approach K. Mareckova (Slovak Republic). **Experts/Authors for Harmonisation Between IPCC and CORINAIR Inventories** J. P. Fontelle (France), K. E. Joerss (Germany), T. Simmons (United Kingdom), K. Tréanton (IEA). **Experts/Authors for Emissions from Aircraft** N. A. Kilde (Denmark), and J. Olivier (The Netherlands). **Experts/Contributors** W. Barbour (USA), L. Beck (USA), P.L. Canegallo (Italy), F. Carnovale (Australia), M. Emmott (United Kingdom), G. McInnes (Denmark) J. Meijer (IEA), R. Montgomery (Luxembourg), H.S. Mukunda (India), T. Pulles (The Netherlands), E. Radwanski (Poland), S. Richardson (United Kingdom), M. Ritter (Austria), H. Saddler (Australia), Z. Samaras (Greece), and T. Simmons (United Kingdom).

# A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook ACKNOW.3 

### Chapter 2: Industrial Processes
**Co-Chairs of Expert Group on Industrial Processes and ‘New Gases’** Art Jaques (Canada). Audun Rosland (Norway). **Secretary of the Expert Group** F. Weidemann (Norway). **Experts/Authors** H.T. Haukås (Norway), A. Jaques (Canada), F. Neitzert (Canada), A. Rosland (Norway), K. Rypdal (Norway), and F. Weidemann (Norway). **Experts/Contributors** F. Carnovale (Australia), M. T. Duarte Neves Anacleto (Portugal), C. Ebert (USA), T. Fukushima (Japan), E. Kvist (Sweden) J. Lupinacci (USA), K. Mareckova (Slovak Republic), A. McCulloch (United Kingdom), J.G.J. Olivier (The Netherlands), H. Oonk (The Netherlands), K.l Øren (Norway), G. Salway (United Kingdom), T. Simmons (United Kingdom), and V. Simpson (United Kingdom).

Chapter 4: Agriculture
**Co-Chairs of Expert Group on Nitrous Oxide from Agricultural Soils** Carolien Kroeze (The Netherlands). Arvin Mosier (USA). **Experts/Authors** C. Kroeze (The Netherlands), A. Mosier (USA), C. Nevison (USA), O. Oenema (The Netherlands), S. Seitzinger (USA), and O. van Cleemput (Belgium). **Experts/Contributors** L. Bakken (Norway), P. Bielek (Slovak Republic), S. Bogdanov (Bulgaria), Y. Bonduki (Venezuela), A. F. Bouwman (The Netherlands), R.A. Delmas (France), F.J. Dentener (The Netherlands), R. Francisco (Philippines), J. Freney (Australia), S. Frolking (USA), P. Groffman (USA), O. Heinemeyer (Germany), R. Karaban (Russian Federation), L. Klemedtsson (Sweden), P.A. Leffelaar (The Netherlands), E. Lin (China), K Minami (Japan), W.J. Parton (USA), D.C. Parashar (India), R. Scholes (South Africa), R. Sherlock (New Zealand) K. Smith (United Kingdom), H.G. van Faassen (The Netherlands), E. Veldkamp (USA), G.L. Velthof (The Netherlands), and G.X. Xing (China).

**Chair of Expert Group on Methane Emissions from Rice Cultivation** Dieter H. Ehhalt (Germany). **Experts/Authors** R. Conrad (Germany), A. P. Mitra (India), H.U. Neue (Philippines), and R. Sass (USA).

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### .4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### Experts/Contributors S. Bhattacharya (India), K. Boonpragob (Thailand), O.T. Denmead (Australia), Y.A. Husin (Indonesia), M.C. Jain (India), P. Jermsawatdipong (Thailand), N. Krairapanond (Thailand), K. Minami (Japan), D.C. Parashar (India), D. Phantumvanit, S. Piamphongsant (Thailand), G.Y. Shi (China), O. Siriratpiriya (Thailand), S. Towprayoon (Thailand), G.X. Xing (China), L. Xu (China), and S.H. Yun (Republic of Korea).

Chapter 5: Land-use Change and Forestry
**Co-Chairs of Expert Group on Land-use Change and Forestry**  Sandra Brown (USA). Youba Sokona (Senegal). **Convening Experts/Authors** S. Brown (USA) and J. Winjum (USA). **Experts/Authors** A. Kokorin (Russian Federation) and M. Lorenzini (Italy). **Experts/Contributors** S. Amous (Tunisia), S. Calman (New Zealand), P. Cheng (Australia), H. Eriksson (Sweden), P. Frost (Zimbabwe), T. Karjalainen (Finland), J. Mindas (Slovak Republic), N.H. Ravindranath (India) and Y. Sokona (Senegal).

**Co-chairs of Expert Group on Emissions and Uptake of CO 2**  

### from Soils Arvin Mosier (USA). Keith Paustian (USA). **Convening Expert/Author** K. Paustian (USA). **Experts/Authors** H. Janzen (Canada), H. Tiessen (Canada), and M. van Noordwijk (Indonesia). **Experts/Contributors** O. Andrén (Sweden), E. Davidson (USA), H. Eswaran (USA), E. Fernandes (USA), P. Grace (Australia), R. Houghton (USA), J. Kimble (USA), T. Kolchingina (Russian Federation), R. Lal (USA), M. Scholes (South Africa), P. Smith (United Kingdom), G. Tian (Nigeria), P. Woomer (Kenya), and L. Zhong (China).

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook ACKNOW.5 

### Chapter 6: Waste
**Co-Chairs of Expert Group on Waste** Elisabeth Aitchison (United Kingdom). Chris Franklin (United Kingdom). Tom Kerr (USA). Cindy Jacobs (USA). **Experts/Authors** E. Aitchison (United Kingdom), C. Franklin (United Kingdom), C. Jacobs (USA) and J. Woodbury (USA). **Experts/Contributors** D. Augenstein (USA), A.D. Bhide (India), D. Becker (The Netherlands), J. Bogner (USA), K. Butterback-Bahl (Germany), T. Beer (Australia), P. Czepiel (USA), L. de Rome (United Kingdom), D. Gaudioso (Italy), B. Hamelers (The Netherlands), K. Hogan (USA), N. A. Kilde (Denmark), A. Lifshits (Russian Federation), E. Matthews (USA), M. Meadows (United Kingdom), M. Milton (United Kingdom), P. Manczarski (Poland), H. Oonk (The Netherlands), F. Otieno (South Africa), R. Pipatti (Finland), S. Thorneloe (USA), A. van Amstel (The Netherlands), and I. Grietje Zeeman (The Netherlands).

**IPCC/OECD/IEA Secretariats** C. Allen (OECD), Y. Bonduki (IPCC/OECD), B.A. Callander (IPCC), J.C. Corfee-Morlot (OECD), J.Y. Garnier (IEA), A. Glynn-Garnier (IPCC/OECD), D.J. Griggs (IPCC), J. Lakeman (IPCC), B. Lim (IPCC/OECD), I. Mamaty (IPCC/OECD), J. Meijer (IEA), S. Michel (IEA), B. Nyenzi (IPCC), T. Simmons (IEA), J. Stein (IPCC/OECD), and K. Tréanton (IEA).

The **Revised 1996 IPPC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Inventories** contain material from the **1995 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Inventories (1995 Guidelines).**  The Co-Chairs of the previous Expert Groups are given in the **1995 Guidelines**
.Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### P REFACE 

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# P REFACE

Signature of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by around 150 countries in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 indicated widespread recognition that climate change is potentially a major threat to the world's environment and economic development. The ultimate objective of the Convention is the stabilisation of greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Convention also calls for all Parties to commit themselves to the following objectives:

• to develop, update periodically, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties (COP) their national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks, of all GHG not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.

• to use comparable methodologies for inventories of GHG emissions and removals, to be agreed upon by the COP. The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Guidelines ( Revised Guidelines ) are intended to assist all Parties in implementing these objectives. Since 1991, development of the Revised Guidelines has been undertaken by the Working Group 1 of the IPCC under the IPCC/OECD/IEA Programme on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories . The objectives of the programme are:

• to develop and refine an internationally-agreed methodology and software for calculation and reporting of national GHG emissions;

• to encourage widespread use of the methodology by countries participating in the IPCC and Parties to the UNFCCC;

• to establish a data management system for collection, review and reporting of national data. The Revised Guidelines are approved internationally and developed through an international process which has included:

• wide dissemination of drafts and collection of comments from national experts;

• testing of methods through development of preliminary inventories;

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P REFACE 

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### • country studies which ensure that methods are tested in a wide variety of national contexts;

• technical and regional workshops held in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Central Europe and Western Europe;

• informal expert groups convened to recommend improvements on specific aspects of the methodology. The 1995 Guidelines were approved in November 1994. In March 1995, the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted the Guidelines for the preparation of National Communications by Annex I Parties of the Convention. These Guidelines were more recently recommended for use by non-Annex I Parties at COP 2, July 1996. Recognising that the Guidelines are a living document, the IPCC approved a second phase of activity in 1994. The Revised Guidelines now include revised methodologies and default data for Fuel Combustion, Industrial Processes, Agricultural Soils, Land-Use Change and Forestry, Waste and Methane from Rice Fields. Several additional methodologies for the estimation of halofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorinated hydrocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 

### ), ozone and aerosol precursors, and direct GHG (CO 2 

### , CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O) are in the Revised Guidelines

. Over the coming year, the Programme will continue to work on methods development, including assessment, monitoring, and validation of the Revised Guidelines . Unlike earlier programmes, products will no longer focus on revisions of the Revised Guidelines , as no major changes to the methods areanticipated for three to five years, with the possible exception of the landuse change and forestry sector. The new mode of operation places emphasis on the following areas:

• evaluation of the quality of national greenhouse gas inventory data;

• comparative scientific and technical analysis of alternative greenhouse gas inventory methodologies and their implication for policy;

• further methodological work in the area of land-use change and forestry;

• continued harmonisation with other international and national greenhouse gas inventory methodologies;

• updating emission factors and default data in all source/sink sectors of the Revised Guidelines

. Another area of general activity will be field testing of the IPCC Methodology. The object of this activity is to ensure that country experience gained through the implementation of the Revised Guidelines is incorporated into methods development and into future reiterations of the Revised Guidelines

.Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### O VERVIEW 

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# O VERVIEW OF THE 

# IPCC G UIDELINES

This document is one volume of the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

. The series consists of three books:

• T HE 

### G REENHOUSE 

### G AS 

### I NVENTORY 

### R EPORTING 

### I NSTRUCTIONS



### • T HE 

### G REENHOUSE 

### G AS 

### I NVENTORY 

### W ORKBOOK



### • T HE 

### G REENHOUSE 

### G AS 

### I NVENTORY 

### R EFERENCE 

### M ANUAL 

### These books together provide the range of information needed to plan, carry out and report results of a national inventory using the IPCC system. The Reporting Instructions (Volume 1) provides step-by-step directions for assembling, documenting and transmitting completed national inventory data consistently, regardless of the method used to produce the estimates. These instructions are intended for all users of the IPCC Guidelines and provide the primary means of ensuring that all reports are consistent and comparable. The Workbook(Volume 2) contains suggestions about planning and getting started on a national inventory for participants who do not have a national inventory available already and are not experienced in producing such inventories. It also contains step-by-step instructions for calculating emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 

### ) methane (CH 4 

### ), nitrous oxide (N 2 

### O), halocarbons (HFCs, PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 

### ), ozone and aerosol precursors, from six major emission source categories. It is intended to help experts in as many countries as possible to start developing inventories and become active participants in the inventories programme. The Reference Manual (Volume 3) provides a compendium of information on methods for estimation of emissions for a broader range of greenhouse gases and a complete list of source types for each. It summarises a range of possible methods for many source types. It also provides summaries of the scientific basis for the inventory methods recommended and gives extensive references to the technical literature. It is intended to help participants at all levels of experience to understand the processes which cause greenhouse gas emissions and removals to occur and the estimation methods used in compiling inventories.

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### .2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# Contents of the IPCC Guidelines All three volumes begin with the following sections: Acknowledgements Preface Overview of the IPCC Guidelines The contents of each volume are as follows: Volume 1: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting Instructions Introduction to the Reporting Instructions Chapter 1: Understanding the Common Reporting Framework Chapter 2: Reporting the National Inventory Tables: Sectoral Report Tables Summary Report Tables Overview Table Annex 1: Managing Uncertainties Annex 2: IPCC and CORINAIR Source Categories Glossary Volume 2: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Workbook Introduction to the Workbook Module 1: Energy Module 2: Industrial Processes Module 3: Solvent and Other Product Use Module 4: Agriculture Module 5: Land-Use Change and Forestry Module 6: Waste Volume 3: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual Introduction to the Reference Manual Chapter 1: Energy Chapter 2: Industrial Processes Chapter 3: Solvent and Other Product Use Chapter 4: Agriculture Chapter 5: Land-Use Change & Forestry Chapter 6: Waste

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### .3 

# Before you start... This diagram explains the stages needed to make a national inventory which meets IPCC standards.

Aggregate/transform data and put into standard format as outlined in the Reporting Instructions

Use software and

Workbook Use manual work sheets in Workbook Plan inventory Assemble data

Reporting recommendations - documentation - verification - uncertainty Use Reporting Instructions

Final National Inventory

Do you want to use IPCC Computer Software Do you have a detailed

National Inventory? Yes

Yes No No

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### .4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### The flow diagram above illustrates how the different types of users (working at different levels of inventory detail) can use the various volumes of the Guidelines . You should recognise that reality is more complex than this simple explanatory chart. Many countries may have some parts of the inventory complete at a high level of detail but may only be getting started on other parts. It is quite likely that some users will need to do several iterations of the thinking process reflected in the diagram with regard to different parts of their inventory. The stages outlined in the flow diagram are: Question 1 Do you have a detailed national inventory? Answer: Yes If your country already has a complete national inventory, you should transform the data it contains into a form suitable for use by IPCC. This means transforming it into a standard format. In order to do this, use Volume 1 of the IPCC Guidelines , Reporting Instructions. This gives details of the way in which data should be reported and documented. Answer: No You should start to plan your inventory and assemble the data you will need to complete the Worksheets in this book. Refer to the Getting Started section of the Workbook

. Question 2 Do you want to use the IPCC computer software? Answer: Yes If you want to use the IPCC software, you will still follow the instructions included in the Workbookto assemble the data you have collected into an inventory (see margin box). You will use the software instead of the printed worksheets to enter data. Answer: No If you do not use the IPCC software, use the Workbook and the Worksheets it contains to assemble the data you have collected into an inventory. Finally... Inventory data should be returned to IPCC in the form recommended in the Reporting Instructions . It is important that, where you have used a methodology other than the IPCC Default Methodology, it is properly documented. This will ensure that national inventories can be aggregated and compared in a systematic way in order to produce a coherent regional and global picture.



# General Notes on the Guidelines Scope:

• The IPCC Guidelines are designed to estimate and report on national inventories of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals. A VAILABILITY /U SE OF C OMPUTER S OFTWARE IPCC computer software is available with the IPCC Guidelines. The software includes the same simple default methods as presented in the Workbookand the Sectoral and Summary Tables for reporting inventories, as presented in the Reporting Instructions . It is available in English only. This version of the software is being produced in Excel 5.0. If you would like to receive a copy of the software, send a letter or fax to: IPCC UNIT FOR GHG INVENTORIES Pollution Prevention and Control Division OECD, Environment Directorate 2, rue André-Pascal 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16 FRANCE FAX: (33-1) 45 24 78 76

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### .5 In general terms “anthropogenic” refers to greenhouse gas emissions and removals that are a direct result of human activities or are the result of natural processes that have been affected by human activities. Users may include any human-induced emissions and removals in their inventory as long as they can be clearly documented and quantified.

• National inventories should include greenhouse gas emissions and removals taking place within national (including administered) territories and offshore areas over which the country has jurisdiction. There are, however, four qualifications of this principle in the Guidelines : (a) Emissions based upon fuel sold to ships or aircraft engaged in international transport should not be included in national totals but reported separately. (b) Emissions from road vehicles should be attributed to the country where the fuel is loaded into the vehicle. The error in national emissions introduced in the case of road transport is expected to be small. (c) Emissions from the combustion or decay of wood and wood products are assumed to take place in the country in which the wood was harvested and within a year of harvesting. This is because it has been determined that the most workable approach to estimating CO 2 

### emissions and removals from forests is to account for changes in stocks of standing biomass in forests and other locations. The simple assumption is that wood removed from stocks releases CO 2 

### emissions in the year and in the country where the wood was removed. While the IPCC method allows for accounting of exports and carbon stored in products, it does not yet provide a methodology, which is a priority for future work. (d) In line with the principle of national emissions, the IPCC methodology accounts for the bulk of greenhouse gas emissions related to fuel combustion in the country in which those emissions are released. The IPCC methodology for carbon stored in nonfuel products manufactured from fuels as raw materials takes into account emissions released from those products during their use or destruction. Emissions are attributed to the country where the conversion to non-energy products takes place, even when the products are traded internationally. This is believed to be a relatively small net error, but it is also a priority for future work. Data Quality and Time Frame:

• The data available to estimate anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions resulting from fuel combustion are generally of a better quality than the data available to estimate greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the areas of agriculture and land use change/forestry. Accordingly, while the IPCC Guidelines request an emission figure for a single year in most source/sink sectors, three-year averages (with the base year in the middle) are preferred in the areas of agriculture and land use change/forestry. In addition, the IPCC Guidelines recognise that greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the area of land use change/forestry can occur over an extended period of time once the activity has been completed. For example, when estimating emissions

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### from the abandonment of forests and grasslands, users are requested to estimate emissions related to two time periods of previous activity: (a) 0 - 20 years ago, and (b) 20 - 100 years ago. Default Method:

• The IPCC Guidelines contain “default” methodologies for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. Users are encouraged to go beyond these minimum default methods where possible, and report the results. The IPCC Guidelines also include a number of “default” assumptions and data for use in the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. This default information is included primarily to provide users with a starting point from which they can develop their own national assumptions and data. Indeed, national assumptions and data are always preferred because the default assumptions and data may not always be appropriate for specific national contexts. In general, therefore, default assumptions and data should be used only when national assumptions and data are not available. Section 2 of the Introduction to the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Workbook provides information on the quality of the default data available in different greenhouse gas source/sink categories. When it is indicated that the data available are of low quality, users should recognise that the default data do not provide a basis for the development of a definitive inventory of that source/sink category.

• Many of the categories of greenhouse gas emissions and removals can be estimated only with large ranges of uncertainty. Quite naturally, some national experts have developed methods which are designed to produce ranges of estimates rather than point estimates for highly uncertain categories. The IPCC Guidelines , however, require that users provide a single point estimate for each gas and emissions/removal category. This is simply to make the task of compilation, comparison and evaluation of national reports manageable. Users are encouraged to provide uncertainty ranges or other statements of confidence or quality along with the point estimates. The procedures for reporting uncertainty information are discussed in the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting Instructions

. Double Counting of Emissions: The methods proposed for the estimation of emissions sometimes simplify the inventory construction in order to use data which are more readily available than those needed for a detailed and more precise approach. In certain cases this may cause or increase the risk of double counting emissions. There are two areas where this may occur in the Guidelines

. 1) All countries preparing CO 2 

### inventories using the IPCC Guidelines are asked to estimate the emissions from fuel combustion using the IPCC Reference Approach either as the primary means of preparing the inventory or as a verification stage following the preparation of an inventory using national methods. The Reference Approach is a simple procedure which demands relatively little data and lends itself to wide-spread application as a "common denominator".

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### .7 The Reference Approach provides an upper bound to CO 2 

### emissions inferred from the country's supply of fossil fuels by identifying the carbon content, subtracting from it the carbon stored in non-energy products and products made from fuels used as raw material, adjusting for carbon which remains unburnt and multiplying by 44/12. It is an upper bound 1 

### because some of the carbon will be emitted in forms other than CO 2 

### , in part because fuel combustion is not always complete but also because fuels may leak or evaporate. Consequently the CO 2 

### emissions figure obtained from the Reference Approach will include carbon emitted as CH 4 , CO or NMVOC. At the same time the Guidelines encourage countries to estimate separate inventories for these gases and when this is done these gases are reported twice, in their emitted form and as CO 2 

### . It is in this sense that they are "double counted". Use of the Reference Approach carries with it two consequences which should be carefully noted. Because the Reference Approach uses fossil fuel supply statistics as a basis for determining the carbon supply

• Not all carbon based emissions from fossil fuel are reported twice. The Reference Approach CO 2 

### estimate will not include emissions from combustion or release of fossil fuels for which the corresponding quantities (activity data) are not included in national production or import figures. Notable examples of activities which lead to emissions not included are the venting of natural gases from coal mining and handling and oil and gas production. Emissions from the flaring of natural gases are also excluded. As a result, when emissions from these activities are included in the relevant inventories using the fugitive emissions methodologies recommended in the Guidelines no "double counting" occurs.

• CO 2 

### emissions from biomass used as fuels are excluded from the total CO 2 

### emissions figure. The restriction of the Reference Approach to fossil fuels results from the sustainable nature of biofuels. The CO 2 

### emissions are, however, reported for information purposes. Note that non-CO 2 

### emissions from biofuels are included in their respective inventories. 2) Double counting may also occur when calculated emissions from the manufacture of products from fuels used as raw materials or from the use of fuels for their physical properties (e.g. lubricants) include emissions produced from the later destruction of these products. The double count will be with any separate reporting within the Waste module of the Guidelines of emissions from destruction. 3) When a national CO 2 

### inventory is constructed from emissions estimated for each source category using emission factors derived from measurements on combustion plant, care should be taken to include the CO 2 

### equivalent of other fossil carbon based emissions from the source

1 

### In practice, because of inaccuracies in the supply statistics and/or emission factors, CO 2 

### estimates from the Reference Approach may be less than those obtained by summing all CO 2 

### emissions from the combustion of fuel.

# O VERVIEW

O VERVIEW 

### .8 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### category. In this manner, the resulting total CO 2 

### emissions can be compared with the result of the CO 2 

### Reference Approach as part of the inventory verification stage. If, however, CO 2 

### emission factors, derived from the carbon content of the fuel, are used then no addition of the CO 2 

### equivalent of carbon gases is required.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### I NTRODUCTION 

### .1 

# I NTRODUCTION TO THE 

# W ORKBOOK

1. Getting Started The gases covered in the Guidelines are the direct greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO 2 

### ), methane (CH 4 

### ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 

### O), the indirect greenhouse gases carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO x

### ) nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), halocarbons (HFCs, PFCs) sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 

### ), and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 

### ). Halogenated species (i.e. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydro-chlorofluorocarbon 22 (HCFC-22), the halons, methyl chloroform and carbon tetrachloride) are not included because of parallel reporting requirements of countries in compliance with commitments under the Montreal Protocol. Although estimation methods are not provided, countries are encouraged to report any emissions or removals for which they have data and which they consider significant to climate change. Procedures for reporting other gases are discussed in Volume 1 of the Guidelines , Reporting Instructions

. To estimate greenhouse gas emissions and removals you should begin by developing a plan or strategy. The first step is to identify the range of possible source and sink activities that exist in your country. Second, you will need to establish priorities for inventory work based on several considerations. One consideration is the priorities among various greenhouse gases. The IPCC has recommended the direct greenhouse gases CO 2 

### , CH 4 

### , and N 2 

### O as having highest priority. A second consideration is the relative importance of source and sink activities within the country and the availability of relevant information. Finally, once initial priorities have been developed, the analyst must identify and allocate resources to develop the inventory. A description of greenhouse gas source and sink activities is provided in Volume I. The IPCC Scientific Assessments of 1990, 1995 and the 1992 Supplement presents the current understanding of the contributions of various source and sink activities in the global atmospheric balances of CO 2 

### , CH 4 

### and N 2 

### O. This information may be used by national experts in prioritising national inventory efforts. However, the relative importance of source and sink categories for a specific country may be substantially different than at a global level.

# I NTRODUCTION

I NTRODUCTION 

### .2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### The stages are:


### S TEP 

### 1 P LANNING THE 

### I NVENTORY


### 1 Review Reporting Instructions Review the Reporting Instructions (Volume 1 of IPCC Guidelines ) so you know what data are required. Look in detail at Chapter 1: Understanding the Common Reporting Framework . This discusses standard definitions of pollutants, units, source/sink categories and time periods. 2 Identify priority sources/sinks and priority greenhouse gases. Ultimately, each country should report all important sources and sinks of all greenhouse gases. However, in practice, countries with little prior experience, which are getting started on national inventories, may wish to prioritise the possible gases and sources in terms of relative importance to global and national totals. Proceeding with highest priority sources first will reduce the initial burden on national experts and allow key results to be reported more quickly in international fora. General priorities for countries preparing inventories are (listed in order of highest to lowest priority):

• CO 2 

### from Energy sources

• CO 2 

### from Land-Use Change

• CH 4 

### from major source categories: Rice Production; Coal Mining; Oil and Natural Gas; Enteric Fermentation and Animal Waste; Landfills and Other Waste, and Biomass Burning

• N 2 

### O from Agriculture

• Other greenhouse gases This Workbookprovides simple methods for all of the CO 2 , 

### CH 4 

### and N 2 

### O, categories listed above to help national experts in the high priority areas. Countries can modify the suggested priorities based on the importance of these source and sink activities in their own national context.



### S TEP 

### 2 U SING THE 

### IPCC D EFAULT 

### M ETHODS 

### / D ATA


### The Workbookcontains default methods for the estimation of each of the main source categories for CO 2 

### , CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O, halocarbons (HFCs, PFCs) sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 

### ), and ozone and aerosol precursors. The Reference Manual contains background information on these methods and more detailed options. These methods are in various stages of testing and therefore are associated with different levels of confidence or "quality." IPCC's default methodology aims to provide the simplest realistic procedures for countries to use when making greenhouse gas emissions inventories. Default values are provided for emission factors and (some) activity data. Because default information is frequently general, and applicable to all countries of the world, it may not capture the variations in activities at the regional and national level that may significantly influence

# I NTRODUCTION

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### I NTRODUCTION 

### .3 emission levels. The Workbook is nevertheless a starting point for many countries that are preparing GHG inventories for the first time. Countries may use more detailed methodologies, emission factors or activity data where these are compatible with IPCC source categories, and can be shown to give consistent and accurate results. Default emission factors and activity data also provide useful points of comparison for national assumptions. If a country's data vary significantly from the default data, the IPCC asks that the difference be explained.



### S TEP 

### 3 U SING THE 

### W ORKBOOK


### The Workbook The Workbookis designed to be a working document. You use it as an integral part of making an inventory of your country's greenhouse gas emissions and removals. It is divided into six modules, each with its own icon:

• Energy

• Industrial Processes

• Solvent and Other Product Use [Solvent and Other Product Use is included in this version of the Workbookas a placeholder only. No simple estimation methods are provided for this category.]

• Agriculture

• Land-Use Change and Forestry

• Waste Within each module a series of emission sources are identified. Each emission source contains one (or more) Worksheets. These are blank forms for making the inventory which you fill in and return to IPCC. To help you to use the Worksheets, each emission source section also contains:

• a brief introduction

• a survey of data sources

• an overview of the methodology recommended for the source

• instructions for completing the Worksheet If you want to know more about a particular emission source, refer to the IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual

.

# I NTRODUCTION

I NTRODUCTION 

### .4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### S TEP 

### 4 P ROVIDING 

### D OCUMENTATION 

### In every case written documentation should be provided along with inventory results explaining the sources of any input data which were not taken from the default data included in the Workbook . For example, energy related GHG input data includes energy data, conversion factors, emission factors, production data for products which store carbon and any other information which might affect the results in the inventory. Preferably your documentation should cite published reports as the source of data. Government ministries, institutes or private firms that have provided data should be identified by a mailing address and a contact person. See Volume 1: Reporting Instructions for details of documentation requirements.



### S TEP 

### 5 R EPORTING 

### F INER 

### L EVELS OF 

### D ETAIL IN THE 

### W ORKSHEETS 

### For simplicity and clarity, the Workbookdeals with calculation of emissions at a national level, with source categories broken down into relatively few subcategories. The level of detail in the subcategories is designed to match the available sources of default input data, carbon contents and other assumptions. However, as a user of the emissions methodology Guidelines, you are encouraged to carry out your national inventory at as fine a level of detail as possible. If your country has more detailed information on any of the source categories than that used in constructing the default values in this Workbook , you are encouraged to use it. There are two ways in which this is possible:

• Finer geographic detail Experts may find that it is necessary to divide a country into different regions to capture differences between ecosystems and biomass densities, agricultural practices, rates of burning etc.

• Finer detail by subcategory Where data are available, experts may subdivide the categories of activity to reflect important differences in economic activity, ecology or species, land use or agricultural practices, rate of burning, etc. Working at a finer level of disaggregation does not change the nature of the calculations although more locally developed data and assumptions will generally be required. Use multiple copies of the Worksheets for these calculations. If you have calculated greenhouse gas emissions at a finer level of detail, you should also aggregate results up to the most detailed level of information requested by the IPCC Methodology in order to report them. This allows comparisons to be made among the results from countries participating in the inventory. You are also encouraged to report at the underlying level of detail if it is manageable. Make sure that you report data and assumptions to the IPCC in order to ensure transparency and replicability of methods. Reporting Instructions (Volume 1 of the Guidelines ) discusses these issues in more detail.

# I NTRODUCTION

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### I NTRODUCTION 

### .5 

# 2 Basic Information to Help Work with the IPCC Guidelines Prefixes and multiplication factors The following multiplication factors are used throughout the Guidelines : Multiplication Factor Abbreviation Prefix Symbol

1 000 000 000 000 000 10 15 

### peta P 1 000 000 000 000 10 12 

### tera T 1 000 000 000 10 9 

### giga G 1 000 000 10 6 

### mega M 1 000 10 3 

### kilo k

100 10 2 

### hecto h

10 10 1 

### deca da 0.1 10 - 1 

### deci d 0.01 10 - 2 

### centi c 0.001 10 - 3 

### milli m 0.000 001 10 - 6 

### micro μ 

## Abbreviations for chemical compounds The following abbreviations are used in the Guidelines : CH 4 

### Methane N 2 

### O Nitrous Oxide CO 2 

### Carbon Dioxide CO Carbon Monoxide NO x 

### Nitrogen Oxides NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound NH 3 

### Ammonia CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons PFCs Perfluorocarbons

SF 6 

### Sulphur hexafluoride CCL 4 

### Carbon tetrachloride C 2 

### F 6 

### Hexafluoroethane SO 2 

### Sulphur Dioxide

# I NTRODUCTION

I NTRODUCTION 

### .6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

## Standard equivalents

1 tonne of oil equivalent (toe) 1 x 10 1 0 

### calories 10 3 

### toe 41.868 TJ 1 short ton 0.9072 tonne 1 tonne 1.1023 short tons 1 tonne 1 megagram 1 kilotonne 1 gigagram 1 megatonne 1 teragram 1 kilogram 2.2046 lbs 1 hectare 10 4 

### m 2 

### 1 calorie IT 

### 4.1868 Joules 1 atmosphere 101.325 kPa



## Units 1 

## and abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in the Guidelines : cubic metre m 3 

### hectare ha gram g tonne t joule J degree Celsius ° C calorie cal year yr capita cap gallon gal dry matter dm

1 

### For decimal prefixes see previous page.Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# MODULE 

# 1 

# E NERGY

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.1 

# 1 E NERGY



# 1.1 Introduction This module gives instructions for estimating the emissions of SO 2 

### and greenhouse gases from energy activities. It is divided into two main categories, fuel combustion and fugitive emissions. Within these categories the divisions are made pragmatically using methodological criteria:

• Fuel Combustion Tier 1 Methods - CO 2 

### emissions Reference Approach By main source categories - Non-CO 2 

### from fuel combustion by source categories Tier 2 Methods - Emissions from aircraft

• Fugitive - Methane Emissions from Coal Mining and Handling - Methane Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Activities - Ozone Precursors and SO 2 

### from Oil Refining Estimation of emissions for the activity/source categories used in the following methodologies must be done using the definitions for these categories given in the Reporting Instructions , Volume 1. These definitions have been carefully drafted to provide the maximum conformity with other international reporting systems and to minimise the risks of double counting.



# F UEL 

# C OMBUSTION 

# - T IER 

# 1

1.2 CO 2 

# Emissions
The calculation of CO 2 

### emissions from fuel combustion may be done at three different levels referred to as Tiers 1, 2 and 3 in the IPCC Guidelines. Tier 1 methods, described here, concentrate on estimating the emissions from the carbon content of fuels supplied to the country as a whole (the Reference Approach) or to the main fuel combustion activities (source categories). This last method has been recently developed in parallel with its counterpart for estimating non-CO 2 

### emissions from fuel combustion and responds to the need for emissions figures by sector for monitoring and abatement policy formulation.

# E NERGY

1.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

## 1.2.1 Reference Approach

Introduction Carbon dioxide emissions are produced when carbon-based fuels are burned. National emissions estimates are made based on amounts of fuels used and the carbon content of fuels. Fuel combustion is widely dispersed throughout most activities in national economies and a complete record of the quantities of each fuel type consumed in each "end use" activity is a considerable task, which some countries have not undertaken. Fortunately, it is possible to obtain an accurate estimate of national CO 2 

### emissions by accounting for the carbon in fuels supplied to the economy. The supply of fuels is simple to record and the statistics are more likely to be available in many countries. In accounting for fuels supplied it is important to distinguish between primary fuels (i.e. fuels which are found in nature such as coal, crude oil, natural gas), and secondary fuels or fuel products, such as gasoline and lubricants, which are derived from primary fuels. Accounting for carbon is based mainly on the supply of primary fuels and the net quantities of secondary fuels brought into the country. To calculate supply of fuels to the country you require the following data for each fuel and year chosen:

• the amounts of primary fuels produced (production of secondary fuels is excluded)

• the amounts of primary and secondary fuels imported

• the amounts of primary and secondary fuels exported

• the amounts of fuel used for international marine and aviation bunkers

• the net increases or decreases in stocks of the fuels For each fuel, the production (where appropriate) and imports are added together and the exports, bunkers, and stock changes are subtracted to calculate the apparent consumption of the fuels. The manufacture of secondary fuels should be ignored in the main calculation, as the carbon in these fuels has already been accounted for in the supply of primary fuels from which they are derived. However, information on production of some secondary fuel products is required to adjust for carbon stored in these products. The procedure calculates the supply of primary fuels to the economy with adjustments for net imports (imports - exports), bunkers and stock changes in secondary fuels. It is important to note that, in cases where exports of secondary fuels exceed imports or stock increases exceed net imports, negative numbers will result. This is correct, and should not give rise to
concern.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.3 Three other important points influence the accounting methodology:

• Stored carbon Not all fuel supplied to an economy is burned for heat energy. Some is used as a raw material (or feedstock) for manufacture of products such as plastics or in a non-energy use (e.g. bitumen for road construction), without oxidation (emissions) of the carbon. This is called s tored carbon , and is deducted from the carbon emissions calculation. Estimation of the stored carbon requires data for fuel use by activities using the fuel as raw material. These requirements are explained later.

• International Bunker fuels The procedures given for calculating emissions ensure that emissions from the use of fuels for international marine and air transport are excluded from national emissions totals. However, for information purposes, the quantities and types of fuels delivered for international marine and aviation bunkers and the emissions should be separately reported.

• Biomass fuels Biomass fuels are included in the national energy and CO 2 

### emissions accounts for information only. Within the energy module biomass consumption is assumed to equal its regrowth. Any departures from this hypothesis are counted within the Land Use Change and Forestry module.



## Data Sources Locally available data should be used wherever possible. Energy data for a large number of countries are also published by the International Energy Agency and the United Nations Statistical Division. See Reference Manual Chapter 1, Section 1-2. In addition to energy data, default emissions factors and other input assumptions are provided in the Workbookwhere available. In calculating national emissions, users of this method are free to override any of these assumptions or recommendations if other information is preferred. Wherever information is used other than the values recommended in the **Workbook** , this should be noted and documentation should be provided on the sources of the information.


## Methodology The IPCC methodology breaks the calculation of carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion into 6 steps: Step 1: Estimate Apparent Fuel Consumption in Original Units Step 2: Convert to a Common Energy Unit Step 3: Multiply by Emission Factors to Compute the Carbon Content Step 4: Compute Carbon Stored

# E NERGY

1.4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### Step 5: Correct for Carbon Unoxidised Step 6: Convert Carbon Oxidised to CO 2 

### Emissions


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 1-1: CO 2 FROM 

### E NERGY 

### S OURCES 

### (R EFERENCE 

### A PPROACH 

### ) and A UXILIARY 

### W ORKSHEET 

### 1-1: E STIMATING 

### C ARBON 

### S TORED IN 

### P RODUCTS 

### at the end of this module to enter the data for this submodule. This section provides step-by-step instructions for calculating emissions at the detailed fuels and fuel products level. Note that the main worksheet allows CO 2 

### emissions from biomass fuels to be calculated but it does not include them in the national total.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### A PPARENT 

### F UEL 

### C ONSUMPTION 

### 1 Apparent consumption is the basis for calculating the carbon supply to the country. To calculate apparent consumption (or total fuel supplied) for each fuel, enter the following data for primary fuels.

• Production (Column A)

• Imports (Column B)

• Exports (Column C)

• International Bunkers (Column D)

• Stock Change (Column E) For secondary fuels and products, the only figures to be entered are:

• Imports (Column B)

• Exports (Column C)

• International Bunkers (Column D)

• Stock Change (Column E) These allow the overall calculation to account for all consumption. Amounts of all fuels can be expressed in joules (J), megajoules (MJ), gigajoules (GJ), terajoules (TJ), thousands of tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe). Solid or liquid fuels can be expressed as thousands of tonnes (kt) and dry natural gas can be expressed as teracalories (Tcal) or cubic metres. Note that the figure for production of natural gas, used in the Worksheet 1-1, must not include quantities of gas vented, flared or reinjected into the well. If you report quantities of fuel expressed in energy units (terajoules, toe, etc.), you should ensure that the quantities have been calculated using the net calorific values (NCV) of the fuels concerned. NCV is sometimes referred to as the lower heating value (LHV). NCVs are approximately 95 per cent of the gross calorific value (GCV) for liquid fossil, solid fossil and biomass fuels, and 90 per cent of the GCV for natural gas. For other fuels, you should determine if the figures have been derived using the net or gross calorific values and make the conversion to NCV if necessary. U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

E XPORT DATA In some data sources, Exports are shown as a negative number. For this method, all Export data should be entered as positive.

B UNKER F UEL Where indicated in Worksheet 1-1, (Sheet 1), enter the amount of a particular fuel consumed as international bunker fuel (fuel used in international marine and aviation transportation). The calculation ofApparent Consumption automatically excludes these quantities. Bunker consumption data and related emissions are listed separately in Worksheet 1-1, Sheets 4 and 5, and follow the main steps as in the main Worksheet.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.5 2 When you have entered data in Columns A to E, calculate Apparent Consumption for each fuel using this formula: Apparent Consumption = Production + Imports - Exports - International Bunkers - Stock Change Enter the result in Column F. Particular attention should be given to the algebraic sign of “stock change” as it is entered in Column E. When more fuel is added to stock than is taken from it during the year there is a net stock build and the quantity is entered in Column E with a plus sign. In the converse case (a stock draw) the quantity should be entered in Column E with a minus sign. When calculating Apparent Consumption using the above formula the usual algebraic rules for combining signs should be used.



### S TEP 

### 2 C ONVERTING 

### T O 

### A C OMMON 

### E NERGY 

### U NIT 

### (TJ)

T ABLE 1-1 C ONVERSION F ACTORS U NIT C ONVERSION FACTOR J, MJ or GJ Divide by the appropriate factor, 10 12 , 10 6 or 10 3 respectively, to convert to TJ. 10 6 toe units Multiply by the conversion factor, 41868 TJ/10 6 toe, to convert to TJ Tcal units Multiply by the conversion factor, 4.1868 TJ/Tcal. 10 3 t The Net Calorific Value of each fuel should be used. See box entitled “Net Calorific Values”. NOTE: When converting from 10 3 t, for Anthracite, Coking Coal, other Bituminous Coal, Subbituminous Coal and Lignite, separately shown Country Specific Net Calorific Values in the Reference Manual provide different conversion values for Production (Column A), Imports (Column B), and Exports (Column C). For these fuels, the user should calculate Apparent Consumption by converting Production, Imports, Exports, and Stock Changes to TJ first. For International Bunkers (Column D) and Stock Change (Column E), use either a weighted average net calorific value or select a factor appropriate to the dominant source of supply. 

### 1 Enter the conversion factor used for each fuel in Column G. Table 1-3 included here and other tables provided in the Reference Manual show net calorific values. 2 Multiply the Apparent Consumption by the relevant Conversion Factor (NCV or scaling factor) to give Apparent Consumption in terajoules. Enter the result in Column H. S TOCK C HANGE DATA An increase in stock is a positive stock change and, since it is subtracted, will decrease Apparent Consumption; a stock reduction (use of fuel from existing stocks) is a negative value and will increase Apparent Consumption.

N ET C ALORIFIC V ALUES (NCV) The calorific value of a fuel is a measure of its value for heating purposes. If NCVs are available for the fuels in your country, they should be used. Default NCVs for oil and coal products for many countries are provided in the Reference Manual (Volume 3). If NCVs for your country are not provided, select NCVs for a country that uses fuels similar to those used in your country. NCVs for Refined Petroleum Products and some other products are shown in WorkbookTable 1-3. In all cases, you should report the net calorific values which you have used in Column G. If you use values other than those provided, please include a note explaining the source of the factors.

# E NERGY

1.6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 1-3 S ELECTED N ET C ALORIFIC V ALUES

Factors (TJ/10 3 tonnes) Refined Petroleum Products Gasoline 44.80 Jet Kerosene 44.59 Other Kerosene 44.75 Shale Oil 36.00 Gas/Diesel Oil 43.33 Residual Fuel Oil 40.19 LPG 47.31 Ethane 47.49 Naphtha 45.01 Bitumen 40.19 Lubricants 40.19 Petroleum Coke 31.00 Refinery Feedstocks 44.80 Refinery Gas 48.15 Other Oil Products 40.19 Other Products Coal Oils and Tars derived from Coking Coals 28.00 Oil Shale 9.40 Orimulsion 27.50 See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.



### S TEP 

### 3 M ULTIPLYING 

### B Y 

### C ARBON 

### E MISSION 

### F ACTORS


### 1 Enter the Carbon Emission Factor (CEF) which you are using to convert Apparent Consumption into Carbon Content in Column I. Table 1-2 shows default values which you can use if there are no locally available data. 2 Multiply the Apparent Consumption in TJ (in Column H) by the Carbon Emission Factor (in Column I) to give the Carbon Content in tonnes of C. Enter the result in Column J. 4 Divide Carbon Content in tonnes C by 10 3 

### to give gigagrams of Carbon. Enter the result in Column K. T ABLE 1-2 C ARBON E MISSION F ACTORS (CEF) Fuel Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) L IQUID F OSSIL Primary fuels Crude oil 20.0 Orimulsion 22.0 Natural Gas Liquids 17.2 Secondary fuels/products Gasoline 18.9 Jet Kerosene 19.5 Other Kerosene 19.6 Shale Oil 20.0 Gas/Diesel Oil 20.2 Residual Fuel Oil 21.1 LPG 17.2 Ethane 16.8 Naphtha (20.0) (a ) Bitumen 22.0 Lubricants (20.0) (a) Petroleum Coke 27.5 Refinery Feedstocks (20.0) (a) Refinery Gas 18.2 (b) Other Oil (20.0) (a) S OLID F OSSIL Primary Fuels Anthracite 26.8 Coking Coal 25.8 Other Bituminous Coal 25.8 Sub-bituminous Coal 26.2 Lignite 27.6 Oil Shale 29.1 Peat 28.9 Secondary Fuels/Products BKB & Patent Fuel (25.8) (a) Coke Oven / Gas Coke 29.5 Coke Oven Gas 13.0 (b) Blast Furnace Gas 66.0 (b) G ASEOUS F OSSIL Natural Gas (Dry) 15.3 B IOMASS Solid Biomass 29.9 Liquid Biomass (20.0) (a) Gas Biomass (30.6) (a) (a) This value is a default value until a fuel specific CEF is determined. For Gas biomass, the CEF is based on the assumption that 50% of the carbon in the biomass is converted to methane and 50% is emitted as CO 2 . The CO 2 emissions from biogas should not be included in national inventories. If biogas is released and not combusted 50% of the carbon content should be included as methane. (b) For use in the sectoral calculations.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.7 5 Calculate subtotals for Liquid, Solid, Gaseous, and Biomass Fuel categories, then add the subtotals for Solid Fossil, Liquid Fossil, and Gaseous Fossil Fuels to give the Total figure (Column K). This is for information purposes only.



### S TEP 

### 4 C ALCULATING 

### C ARBON 

### S TORED 

### Data, additional to those needed for calculating Apparent Consumption, are needed for this step (see box). Use A UXILIARY 

### W ORKSHEET 

### 1-1: E STIMATING 

### C ARBON 

### S TORED IN 

### P RODUCTS



### . 1 Estimating Fuel Quantities Bitumen and lubricants Add Domestic Production for Bitumen and Lubricants to the Apparent Consumption (shown in Column F of the main Worksheet 1-1) for these products and enter the sum in Column A of the Auxiliary Worksheet 1-1. Coal oils and tars For coking coal, the default assumption is that 6 per cent of the carbon in coking coal consumed is converted to oils and tars. Multiply the Apparent Consumption for coking coal (from Worksheet 1-1, Column F) by 0.06. If better information on production of coal oils and tars is locally available, this should be used and the source of the data noted. Enter the result in Column A. Natural gas, LPG, Ethane, Naphtha and Gas/Diesel oilEstimate the amount of these fuels that is used as a feedstock for nonenergy purposes and enter it in Column A. 2 Converting to TJ Insert the appropriate Conversion Factors in Column B. Multiply Estimated Fuel Quantities (Column A) by the relevant Conversion Factor to give the Estimated Fuel Quantities in TJ. Enter the result in Column C of the Auxiliary Worksheet 1-1. 3 Calculating Carbon Content Multiply the Estimated Fuel Quantities in TJ (Column C) by the Emission Factor (in tonnes of carbon per terajoule) (Column D) to give the Carbon Content in tonnes C (Column E). Divide the figures by 10 3 

### to express the amount as gigagrams of carbon. Enter the results in Column F of the Auxiliary Worksheet 1-1. 4 Calculating Actual Carbon Stored Multiply the Carbon Content (Column F) by the Fraction of Carbon Stored (Column G) to give the Carbon Stored. Enter the result in Column H of the Auxiliary Worksheet 1-1. When you have completed the Auxiliary Worksheet 1-1 5 Enter values for Carbon Stored for the relevant fuels/products in Column L of the main Worksheet 1-1. C ALCULATING C ARBON S TORED To calculate carbon stored, it is necessary to work at a more detailed fuel product level. In order to carry out this calculation, the user will have to provide some additional information. If this information is not available or considered credible, you may choose not to calculate stored carbon. This should be noted in the documentation of the submitted results. Use the Auxiliary Worksheet 1-1 at the end of this section for your calculations. The majority of stored carbon is accounted for using this list of fuels, but countries are encouraged to report carbon stored for any other fuels for which they have data.

I F Y OU D O N OT W ISH TO C ALCULATE S TORED C ARBON Skip Step 4, enter the values from Column K in Column M of Worksheet 1-1, and continue with Step 5.

# E NERGY

1.8 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6 Subtract the values for Carbon Stored (Column L) from Carbon Content (Column K) to give Net Carbon Emissions. Enter the results in Column M.



### S TEP 

### 5 C ORRECTING FOR 

### C ARBON 

### U NOXIDISED


### 1 Enter values for Fraction of Carbon Oxidised in Column N of the Worksheet 1-1. Table 1-4 provides information on typical values measured from coal facilities and suggests global default values for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. If more specific information is locally available, this should be used and documented. 2 Multiply Net Carbon Emissions (Column M) by Fraction of Carbon Oxidised (Column N) and enter the result in Column O, Actual Carbon Emissions.



### S TEP 

### 6 C ONVERTING TO 

### C O 2 

### E MISSIONS 

### 1 Multiply Actual Carbon Emissions (Column O) by 44/12 to find Total Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 

### ) emitted from fuel combustion. Enter the results in Column P. 2 The sum is total national emissions of carbon dioxide from fuel combustion. T ABLE 1-4 F RACTION OF C ARBON O XIDISED
Coal 1 0.98 Oil and Oil products 0.99

Gas 0.995 Peat for electricity generation 2 0.99

1 This figure is a global average but varies for different types of coal, and can be as low as 0.91. 2 The fraction for peat used in households may be much lower.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.9 

## 1.2.2 CO 2 

## Emissions by Source Categories

Introduction A sectoral breakdown of national CO 2 

### emissions using the defined IPCC source categories is needed for monitoring and abatement policy discussions. The IPCC Reference Approach provides a rapid estimate of the total CO 2 

### emissions from fuels supplied to the country but it does not break down the emissions by sector. The development of a Tier 1 method giving non-CO 2 

### emissions from fuel combustion by sector (Worksheets 1-3 and 1-4) has been extended to CO 2 

### so that sectoral information can be obtained simply for this gas. However, the simplicity of CO 2 

### estimation and the special consideration given to CO 2 

### emissions from biofuels means that the methodology for CO 2 

### differs in a number of respects from that used for the non-CO 2 

### gases. The more detailed calculations used for this approach are essentially similar in content to those used for the Reference Approach.


## Completing the Worksheets Use W ORKSHEET 

### 1-2: S TEP 

### B Y 

### S TEP 

### C ALCULATIONS 

### , A UXILIARY 

### W ORKSHEET 

### 1-2: E STIMATING 

### C ARBON 

### S TORED IN 

### P RODUCTS AND 

### W ORKSHEET 

### 1-2: O VERVIEW 

### at the end of this module to enter the data for this submodule. This section provides step-by-step instructions for calculating emissions by fuels and for each of the main source categories. Furthermore, it provides instructions for the compilation of overview sheets. For each source category a list of the most common fuels consumed is provided in the work sheets. Extra fuels can be added on the blank lines at the bottom of the list and at the end of the Overview sheets, if necessary.


## Worksheet 1-2: Step by Step calculations

S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### S ECTORAL 

### F UEL 

### C ONSUMPTION


### Enter the amount of each fuel consumed by sector in Column A. If you report quantities of fuel expressed in energy units (terajoules, toe, etc.), you should ensure that the quantities have been calculated using the net calorific values (NCV) of the fuels concerned. NCV is sometimes referred to as the lower heating value (LHV). NCVs are approximately 95 per cent of the gross calorific value (GCV) for liquid fossil, solid fossil and biomass fuels, and 90 per cent of the GCV for natural gas. For other fuels, you should determine if the figures have been derived using the net or gross calorific values and make the conversion to NCV if necessary.

# E NERGY

1.10 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### Units Amounts of all fuels can be expressed in joules (J), megajoules (MJ), gigajoules (GJ), terajoules (TJ), thousands of tonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe). Solid or liquid fuels can be expressed as thousands of tonnes (kt) and dry natural gas can be expressed as teracalories (Tcal) or cubic metres (m 3 

### ). Energy and Transformation Sector Special care needs to be taken when considering the fuel use of the Energy and Transformation sector so that double counting is avoided. Fuel use in the Energy and Transformation Sector can be divided into three groups: Transformation Sector 1. Fuels transformed into secondary fuels by physical or chemical processes not involving combustion (e.g. crude oil to petroleum products in refineries, coal to coke and coke oven gas in coke ovens) 2. Fuels combusted to generate electricity and/or heat (excluding fuels used for autoproduction of electricity and heat, which are reported in the sector where they are used) Energy Sector 3. Fuels combusted by the energy (energy extraction and transformation) industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes (e.g. refinery gas for heating distillation columns, use of colliery methane at mines for heating purposes). In this worksheet only fuel use by Groups 2 and 3 (fuels that are combusted) are reported. However, see Step 4 for the reporting of lubricants used by the energy industries. For emissions resulting from fuel use by Group 1 no worksheets are available. They should be reported under the source/sink category 1B: Fugitive Emissions from Fuels. It is most important that this distinction be appreciated. The quantities of primary fuels reported in Column A will understate the quantities used for Group 1 activities. The reported quantities will cover only the combustion needs of these industries.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.11 S TEP 

### 2 C ONVERTING 

### T O 

### A C OMMON 

### E NERGY 

### U NIT 

### (TJ)
1 Enter the conversion factor to convert to terajoules in Column B. Workbook Table 1-3 and Reference Manual Table 1-2 show conversion factors. 2 Multiply the Consumption by the relevant Conversion Factor (NCV or scaling factor) to give Consumption in terajoules. Enter the result in Column C.


### S TEP 

### 3 M ULTIPLYING 

### B Y 

### C ARBON 

### E MISSION 

### F ACTORS 

### 1 Enter the Carbon Emission Factor which you are using to convert Consumption into Carbon Content in Column D. WorkbookTable 1-2 shows default values which you can use if there are no locally available data. 2 Multiply the Consumption in TJ (in Column C) by the Carbon Emission Factor (in Column D) to give the Carbon Content in tonnes of Carbon. Enter the result in Column E. 4 Divide Carbon Content in tonnes of Carbon by 10 3 

### to express as gigagrams of Carbon. Enter the result in Column F.



### S TEP 

### 4 C ALCULATING 

### C ARBON 

### S TORED 

### For the calculation of carbon stored, fuels are distinguished into four groups.

• Fuels used as feedstocks, such as naphtha, natural gas, gas/diesel oil, LPG or ethane

• Lubricants

• Bitumen and Coal Tars

• Fuels for which no carbon is stored 

## Fuels used as feedstocks, such as naphtha, natural gas, gas/diesel oil, LPG or ethane: This subsection on feedstocks applies only to the Industry Source Category. Additional data are needed for this step. Use A UXILIARY 

### W ORKSHEET 

### 1-2: E STIMATING 

### C ARBON 

### S TORED IN 

### P RODUCTS



### . 1 Estimating Fuel Quantities Estimate the amount of fuel that is used as a feedstock for non-energy purposes and enter it in Column A of the Auxiliary Worksheet 1-2. 2 Converting to TJ Insert the appropriate Conversion Factors in Column B. Multiply Feedstock Use (Column A) by the relevant Conversion Factor to give N ET C ALORIFIC V ALUES (NCV) The calorific value of a fuel is a measure of its value for heating purposes. If NCVs are available for the fuels in your country, they should be used. Default NCVs for oil and coal products for many countries are provided in the Reference Manual (Volume 3). If NCVs for your country are not provided, select NCVs for a country that uses fuels similar to those used in your country. NCVs for Refined Petroleum Products and some other products are shown in WorkbookTable 1-3. In all cases, you should report the conversion factors which you have used in Column B. If you use values other than those provided, please include a note explaining the source of the factors.

I F Y OU D O N OT W ISH TO C ALCULATE S TORED C ARBON Skip Step 4, enter the values from Column F of Worksheet 1-2, in Column I and continue with Step 5.

# E NERGY

1.12 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### the Feedstock Use in TJ. Enter the result in Column C of the Auxiliary Worksheet 1-2. 3 Calculating Carbon Content Multiply the Feedstock Use in TJ (Column C) by the Emission Factor (in tonnes of carbon per terajoule) (Column D) to give the Carbon Content in tonnes C (Column E). Divide the figures by 10 3 

### to express the amount as gigagrams of carbon. Enter the results in Column F of the Auxiliary Worksheet 1-2. 4 Calculating Actual Carbon Stored Multiply the Carbon Content (Column F) by the Fraction of Carbon Stored (Column G) to give the Carbon Stored. Enter the result in Column H of the Auxiliary Worksheet 1-2. When you have completed the Auxiliary Worksheet 1-2 5 Do not fill in Column G of main Worksheet 1-2. Enter the amount of Carbon Stored for the relevant fuel/product in Column H of Worksheet 1-2 for the Industry Source Category, in the cells marked with (b). Fill in any other cells in Column H for products for which you have information on carbon storage. 6 Subtract the amount of Carbon Stored (Column H) from the Carbon Content (Column F) to give Net Carbon Emissions. Enter the results in Column I. 

## Lubricants: It has been estimated that during the first use, recycling and final disappearance of lubricants, approximately half of the production is oxidised as CO 2 

### . 1 For each sector where lubricants are used, enter the Fraction of Carbon Stored for lubricants in Column G. If better information is not available use 0.5 as a default value. 2 Multiply the Carbon Content (Column F) by the Fraction of Carbon Stored (Column G) to obtain the amount of Carbon Stored. Enter the result in Column H. 3 Subtract the amount of Carbon Stored (Column H) from the Carbon Content (Column F) to obtain the Net Carbon Emissions. Enter the result in Column I. 

## Bitumen and Coal Tars: Bitumen and coal tars are usually not combusted but used in a manner that stores almost all of the carbon. Therefore, in contrast to the IPCC Reference Approach, bitumen and coal tars do not figure in the list of CO 2 

### emitting fuels. Emissions of NMVOCs from the use of bitumen for road paving are estimated in the Industrial Processes Chapter.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.13 

## Fuels for which no carbon is stored: Skip Step 4, enter the values from Column F in Column I, and continue with Step 5.



### S TEP 

### 5 C ORRECTING FOR 

### C ARBON 

### U NOXIDISED 

### 1 Enter values for Fraction of Carbon Oxidised in Column J of the Worksheet 1-2. WorkbookTable 1-4 provides information on typical values measured from coal facilities and suggests global default values for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. If more specific information is locally available, this should be used and documented. 2 Multiply Net Carbon Emissions (Column I) by Fraction of Carbon Oxidised (Column J) and enter the result in Column K, Actual Carbon Emissions.



### S TEP 

### 6 C ONVERTING TO 

### C O 2 

### E MISSIONS 

### 1 Multiply Actual Carbon Emissions (Column K) by 44/12 to find Actual Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 

### ) Emissions. Enter the results in Column L.



## Worksheet 1-2: Overview 1 For each fuel for which you estimated sectoral CO 2 

### emissions, copy the Fuel Consumption in terajoules (from Column C in Worksheet 1-2: Step By Step Calculations) and the Actual CO 2 

### emissions (from Column L in Worksheet 1-2: Step By Step Calculations) into the corresponding column and row of Worksheet 1-2: Overview. 2 Calculate the total Fuel Consumption and CO 2 

### Emissions of Liquid Fossil Fuels by adding horizontally the numbers from Column A: Crude Oil to Column O: Refinery Gas in Worksheet 1-2: Overview. If you supplied any additional Liquid Fossil Fuels to Worksheet 1-2: Overview in any of the Columns AG to AK, add these as well. Enter the result in Column AL. 3 Calculate the total Fuel Consumption and CO 2 

### Emissions of Solid Fossil Fuels (or from fuels derived from solid fuels) by adding horizontally the numbers from Column P: Anthracite to Column AC: Blast Furnace Gas in Worksheet 1-2: Overview. If you supplied any additional Solid Fossil Fuels to Worksheet 1-2: Overview in any of the Columns AG to AK, add these as well. Enter the result in Column AM. 4 Calculate the total Fuel Consumption and CO 2 

### Emissions of Gaseous Fossil Fuels by copying the numbers from Column AD: Natural Gas in Worksheet 1-2: Overview. Enter the result in Column AN. 5 Calculate the total Fuel Consumption and CO 2 

### Emissions of Other Fuels by adding horizontally the numbers from Column AE: Municipal Solid Waste and from Column AF: Industrial Waste in Worksheet 1-2: Overview. Enter the result in Column AO.

# E NERGY

1.14 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6 Calculate the total Fuel Consumption and CO 2 

### Emissions of Fuels by adding horizontally the numbers from Column AL: Total Liquid Fossil to Column AO: Total Other Fuels in Worksheet 1-2: Overview. Enter the result in Column AP. 7. Calculate the total Fuel Consumption and CO 2 

### Emissions of Biomass by adding horizontally the numbers from Column AQ: Wood/Wood Waste to Column AU: Gaseous Biomass. Enter the result in Column AV: Total Biomass.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.15 

# 1.3 Non-CO 2 

# from Fuel Combustion by Source Categories

Introduction The purpose of a Tier 1 approach is to assist countries that can not access detailed fuel use and technology data in developing emission inventories. Consequently, the Tier 1 approach should enable at least rough emission estimations of CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O, NO x 

### , CO and NMVOC using energy statistics, and of SO 2 

### by using additional assumptions on the sulphur content of the fuels. The Tier 1 methodology for non-CO 2 

### gases estimates emissions by applying emission factors to fuel statistics which are organised by sector. In reality, emissions of these gases depend on the fuel type used, combustion technology, operating conditions, control technology, and on maintenance and age of the equipment. However, since it is unlikely that many countries will have this detailed data, the Tier 1 methodology ignores these refinements. Countries wishing to make more detailed emission estimations may use the Tier 2 method described in Section 1.4.2 of the Reference Manual . A third option which may be used (Tier 3) is the CORINAIR 94 methodology which is described in the EEA TF Emission Inventory Guidebook and is available on CD-ROM 1



### .



## Data sources Locally available data should be used wherever possible. Energy data for a large number of countries are published by the International Energy Agency and the United Nations Statistical Division. See Section 1.2 of the Reference Manual

. However, users of international statistics should bear in mind that the recent changes to the definitions of the manufacturing sector and energy transformation sector mean that the figures given within the international compendia no longer correspond to the activities covered in these sectors according to the IPCC and CORINAIR definitions. See Reference Manual Section 1.1.1. Section 1.4.2 provides average non-CO 2 

### emission factors for the agreed IPCC source categories together with additional information on the range of these factors and their use. The proposed values are based on emission factors included in Radian Corporation (1990), US EPA (1995), the EDGAR database 2 

### , the CORINAIR 1990 database and scientific reports from

1 

### The CD-ROM may be obtained by contacting the European Environment Agency, Kongens Nytorv 6, 1050 Copenhagen, Denmark.
2 

### EDGAR Version 2.0 was developed by TNO and RIVM and is a set of global emission inventories of greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances for all anthropogenic and most natural sources on a per country basis and on 1 ° x 

### 1 ° 

### grid (Olivier et al., 1995). In the Tier 1 method for non-CO 2 gases, the fuels are aggregated into the following main groups:

• coal

• natural gas

• oil gasoline for transport diesel oil for transport other oil products

• biomass wood/wood waste charcoal other biomass and wastes* Note: Refer to Section 1.2 Common Reporting Framework in the Reporting Instructions for details on which products are included in each of the main groups. * Includes dung, agricultural, municipal and

industrial wastes, bagasse and agricultural residues.

# E NERGY

1.16 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### different countries. SO 2 

### emission factors are estimated using a formula based on sulphur content in the fuel. The compilation of default factors for biomass fuels in the “Other Sectors” has been based on measurement data reported by Smith and Ramakrishna (1990), Berdowski et al. (1993), Delmas (1993), Smith et al. (1993), Delmas et al. (1995), Veldt and Berdowski (1995) and Brocard et al. (1996). For aircraft, the emission factors for the Tier 1 approach are based on the fleet average values of NO X 

### , CO and NMVOC of the global inventories compiled by NASA, ECAC/ANCAT, WSL and NLR [Wuebbles et al. (1993); Olivier (1995); Brok (1995)]. The default emission factors are internally consistent and it is essential to preserve this consistency when replacing the default by local values so that total emissions of carbon (for example) do not exceed the carbon available in the fuel. When information is used that differs from values recommended in the Workbook/Reference Manual , this should be noted and documentation should be provided on the sources of the information.


## 1.3.1 Methodology for CH 4 , N 2 O, NO x , CO, NMVOC The calculation of non-CO 2 

### Greenhouse gases (CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O, NO x 

### , CO, NMVOC) is broken into 3 steps: Step 1: Estimate annual fuel consumption per sector in energy units Step 2: Estimate emission factors for each fuel per sector Step 3: Estimate the emissions Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for each gas (CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O, NO x 

### , CO and NMVOC).


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 1-3: N ON 

### -CO 2 FROM 

### F UEL 

### C OMBUSTION BY 

### S OURCE 

### C ATEGORIES 

### (T IER 

### 1) to enter the data for CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O, NO x 

### , CO and NMVOC.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATE 

### A NNUAL 

### F UEL 

### C ONSUMPTION 

### P ER 

### S ECTOR IN ENERGY UNITS 

### 1 Enter the fuel consumption (in TJ) in Columns A 1 

### to A 6 

### . All fuels combusted in the country should be included in the calculation. As far as possible, the fuels used for international aviation bunkers and international marine bunkers are to be reported separately as memo items. In national statistics, annual consumption of fuels can be expressed in energy units or mass units. Gaseous fuels may be expressed in volume units. The fuel consumption should be converted to energy units using the net calorific value (or lower heating value). These

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.17 conversions are described in Section 1.2.1 Reference Approach in the Workbook

. It is highly recommended that fuel consumption be split by main activities (see box) because emissions of non-CO 2 

### GHGs vary strongly with combustion technology and operating conditions. 2 Calculate total fuel consumption for each fuel by summing the sectors in Column A. International bunkers should not be included in the totals.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATE 

### E MISSION 

### F ACTORS FOR 

### E ACH 

### F UEL PER 

### S ECTOR 

### Photocopy the worksheet with Step 2 five times and fill it out for each of the gases (CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O, NO x 

### , CO and NMVOC). 1 Enter the emission factors (in kg/TJ) for each fuel and activity in the Columns B 1 

### to B 6 

### . Default values have been provided in Section 1.4.2 of the Reference Manual

. The default values for international bunkers are the emission factors that are proposed for Aviation and Navigation. For activities in “Other (not elsewhere specified)”, use emission factors according to the type of activity.



### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATE THE 

### E MISSIONS FOR 

### E ACH 

### G A S 

### Photocopy the worksheet with Step 3 five times and fill it out for each of the gases (CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O, NO x 

### , CO and NMVOC). 1 Multiply fuel consumption (Column A, Sheet 1) by the emission factors (Column B, Sheet 2). Enter the results in Column C, Sheet 3. The calculation is C i 

### = A i 

### x B i 

### . 2 Calculate total emissions for each fuel by summing the sectors in Column C. Emissions from international bunkers should not be included in the totals. 3 Calculate the total emissions (Column D) as the sum of Columns C 1 

### to C 6 

### . 

## 1.3.2 Methodology for SO 2 

### SO 2 

### emissions are related to the composition of fuels, not to combustion technologies. The IPCC Tier 1 methodology proposes to split the fuels according to the sulphur content of the fuels and breaks the calculation down into 3 steps: Step 1: Estimate annual fuel consumption in energy units Step 2: Estimate the SO 2 

### emission factors Step 3: Estimate the emissions E NERGY I NDUSTRIES Manufacturing Industries and Construction

• Transport Domestic Aviation Road Railways National Navigation

• Other Sectors Commercial/Institutional Residential Agriculture/ Forestry/ Fishing Stationary Mobile

# E NERGY

1.18 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### This method can be applied once for total fuel consumption or can be repeated for each sector. Photocopy the sheets as many times as there are sectors to be calculated. If the calculations are done by sector, care must be taken to account for all national fuel consumption.



## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 1-4: SO 2 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### F UEL 

### C OMBUSTION BY 

### S OURCE 

### C ATEGORIES 

### (T IER 

### 1) to enter the data for SO 2 

### .


### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATE 

### A NNUAL 

### F UEL 

### C ONSUMPTION IN 

### E NERGY 

### U NITS 

### 1 Enter the fuel consumption by fuel type (in TJ) in Column A. All fuels combusted in the country should be included in the calculation. The fuels used for international aviation bunkers and international marine bunkers are to be reported separately as memo items. 2 Calculate total fuel consumption by summing the fuel types in Column A. International bunkers should not be included in the totals.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATE THE 

### S O 2 

### E MISSION 

### F ACTORS 

### Default values for the following items are available in Section 1.4.2.6 of the Reference Manual

. 1 Estimate the sulphur content of each fuel (expressed as a percentage for all fuels except natural gas) in Column B. The sulphur content of natural gas should be expressed in g/m 3 

### and not in per cent. 2 Estimate the sulphur retention in ash (in %) in Column C. 3 Estimate the abatement efficiency (in %) in Column D. 4 Estimate the net calorific value (expressed in TJ/kt for all fuels except natural gas) in Column E. The net calorific value of natural gas should be expressed in kJ/m3. 5 For all fuels except natural gas, calculate the SO 2 

### emission factor as: 2 times [% sulphur content (Column B) / 100] times [1 / net calorific value (Column E)] times 10 6 

### times [[100 - % sulphur retention in ash (Column C)] / 100] times [[100 - % abatement efficiency (Column D)] / 100]. Enter the results in Column F. Since the sulphur content of natural gas is expressed in g/m 3 

### and not in per cent, calculate the SO 2 

### emission factor as: 2 times % sulphur content (Column B) times [1 / net calorific value (Column E)] times 10 6 

### times [[100 - % sulphur retention in ash (Column C)] / 100] times [[100 - % abatement efficiency (Column D)] / 100].

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.19 S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATE THE 

### E MISSIONS 

### 1 For each fuel, multiply the fuel consumption (Column A) by the calculated SO 2 

### emission factor (Column F). Enter the results in Column G. 2 Calculate the total emissions by summing the fuel types in Column G. Emissions from international bunkers should not be included in the totals.

# E NERGY

1.20 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# F UEL 

# C OMBUSTION 

# - T IER 

# 2

1.4 Emissions from Aircraft

Introduction Emissions from aircraft come from jet kerosene and aviation gasoline which are used as fuel for the aircraft. Non-CO 2 

### emissions vary significantly with operating mode and engine design. Reliable estimates of non-CO 2 

### gases from aircraft require a detailed consideration of the characteristics of the fleet, type and amount of fuel consumed and the Time-in-Modes (or TIM) of specific aircraft fleet using national airports. This Tier 2 methodology is applicable only for jet fuel used in jet engines. Aviation gasoline is used only in very small aircraft and generally represents less than 1 per cent of fuel consumption for aviation. For the purposes of the emissions inventory a distinction is made between domestic and international flights.

• Domestic aviation (1 A 3 a ii) includes all civil domestic passenger and freight traffic inside a country. All flight stages between two airports in one country are considered domestic no matter the nationality of the carrier or the subsequent destination of the aircraft. 3



### • International aviation (1 A 3 a i) includes all civil air traffic coming to or leaving a country. It is assumed that the number of out-bound flights equals the number of in-bound flights.

• LTOs take the classification (domestic or international) of the flight stage to which they belong. As most flights are regarded as return flights, fuel used during landing and take-off will be regarded as equal to a take-off and landing.

3 

### If an aircraft goes from one airport in one country to another in the same country and then leaves for a third airport in another country, the first flight stage is considered a domestic trip while the second is considered an international trip. It is not important whether the airport is a domestic or an international airport. In addition, the type of activity (LTO, cruise, domestic, international) is independent of the nationality of the carrier. This treatment of domestic and international differs from that recommended to States by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO,1994). ICAO defines as domestic all flight stages flown between domestic points by an airline registered in that State and therefore excludes flights between domestic points by foreign airlines.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.21 Operations of aircraft are divided into two parts:

• The Landing/Take-Off (LTO) cycle 4 

### which includes all activities near the airport that take place under the altitude of 914 metres (3000 feet). This includes taxi-in and out, climbing and descending.

• Cruise is defined as all activities that take place at altitudes above 914 metres (3000 feet). No upper limit is given.



## Data sources Locally available data should be used whenever possible. The fuel consumption and LTO information can be obtained from the national airports. Total number of aircraft per type and engines types can be obtained from the airline companies. Some emission factors are in the Reference Manual tables. At the Tier 2 level, emission factors are based on the specific national aircraft fleet and typical airport TIM (ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Databank, International Civil Aviation Organization). Another possibility is US EPA (1985): Compilation of air pollutant emission factors, Vol. II: Mobile sources, 4th edition, or US Office of Environment and Energy (1991) FAA Aircraft Emission Database User’s Manual.


## Methodology To use the Tier 2 method, the aircraft types used for both domestic and international flights, as well as the number of LTO’s carried out by the various aircraft types, must be known. If this information on a per aircraft type basis is not available, it is recommended that the Tier 1 method be used. The Tier 2 Approach breaks the calculation of emissions from aviation into 4 steps: Step 1: Estimate the total fuel consumption for domestic and international aviation Step 2: Estimate the fuel consumption for LTO activities by aircraft type Step 3: Estimate the fuel consumption for cruise activities by aircraft type Step 4: Estimate the emissions for each gas


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 1-5: E MISSIONS FROM 

### A IRCRAFT 

### (T IER 

### 2) to enter the data for this submodule.

4 

### Some statistics count either a landing or a take-off as one operation. However it is **both** one take-off and one landing, that together define one LTO-operation.

# E NERGY

1.22 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATE THE 

### F UEL 

### C ONSUMPTION FOR 

### D OMESTIC AND 

### I NTERNATIONAL 

### A VIATION 

### 1 Enter the total amount of fuel sold for all flights (in kt) in Column A. 2 Enter the total amount of fuel sold for domestic flights (in kt) in Column B. 3 Calculate the total amount of fuel sold for international flights by subtracting the total amount of fuel sold for domestic flights (Column B) from the total fuel sold (Column A) and enter in Column C.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATE THE 

### F UEL 

### C ONSUMPTION FOR 

### LTO C YCLES BY 

### A IRCRAFT 

### T YPE 

### Do the following calculations for domestic aviation and international aviation separately. 1 Enter the total number of LTO’s carried out per aircraft type (a 1 

### ..a n 

### ) and (b 1 

### ..b n 

### ) in Column D. 2 Enter the appropriate fuel consumption per LTO (in t/LTO) in Column E (see Reference Manual , Section 1.5.3.5 for default values). 3 Calculate the fuel consumption for LTO activity per aircraft type (a 1 

### ..a n 

### ) and (b 1 

### ..b n 

### ) in tonnes by multiplying the fuel use per LTO (Column E) by the number of LTO’s carried out for that specific aircraft type (Column D) and enter the results in Column F. 4 Calculate the total fuel use for LTO activities by summing the results of the individual aircraft type in Column F and enter the results in the Total a and Total b rows of Column F.



### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATE THE 

### F UEL 

### C ONSUMPTION FOR 

### C RUISE 

### A CTIVITIES BY 

### A IRCRAFT 

### T YPE 

### Do the following calculations for domestic aviation and international aviation separately. 5 

### 1 Enter the total amount of fuel sold for domestic flights in tonnes (Column B multiplied by 1000) and the total amount of fuel sold for international aviation in tonnes (Column C multiplied by 1000) in Column G.

5 

### This method assumes that the share in fuel consumption in the cruise mode by a type of aircraft will by and large be proportional to the number of LTO cycles of that type of aircraft. It is recognised that by using this method the contribution from larger aircraft may be underestimated. However, this simplifying assumption has been made in order to minimise the amount of aircraft specific data required for the Tier 2 method.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.23 2 Calculate the total fuel consumption for cruise by subtracting the total amount of fuel for LTO activities (total from Column F) from the total fuel sold (Column G) and enter the results in Column H. 3 Calculate the fuel consumption for cruise activities for each aircraft type as: total fuel used for cruise activities (total in Column H) x (number of LTO’s carried out by aircraft type (Column D) / total number of LTO’s (total in Column D)) and enter in Column I.



### S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATE THE 

### E MISSIONS FOR 

### E ACH 

### G A S 

### Photocopy Sheet 3 seven times and do the following calculations for each gas (CO 2 

### , CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O, NO X 

### , CO, NMVOC and SO 2 

### ). The calculations for domestic aviation and international aviation should be done separately. 1 Enter the emission factors per LTO for each aircraft type (in kg/LTO) in Column J. Default emission factors are available in Section 1.5.3.5 in the Reference Manual

. 2 Calculate the emissions from LTO’s for each aircraft type (in tonnes) by multiplying the total number of LTO’s per aircraft type (Column D) by the emission factors per LTO (Column J) and then dividing by 1000. Enter the results in Column K. 3 Enter the emission factors per fuel consumption for cruise activities for various engine types (in kg/t) in Column L. Default emission factors are available in the Reference Manual , Section 1.5.3.5. 4 Calculate the emissions from cruise activities for each aircraft type (in tonnes) by multiplying the fuel used for cruise activities (Column I) by the emission factors per fuel consumption for cruise activities (Column L) and then dividing by 1000. Enter the results in Column M. 5 Calculate the total emissions by type of aircraft (in Gigagrams) by adding the emissions from LTO activities (Column K) and the emissions from cruise activities (Column M) and dividing by 1000. Enter the results in Column N. 6 Calculate total emissions from aircraft by summing the results of the individual aircraft type in Column N and enter the results in the Total a and Total b rows of Column N.

# E NERGY

1.24 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# F UGITIVE SOURCES



# 1.5 Methane Emissions from Coal Mining and Handling

Introduction The process of coal formation, commonly called coalification, inherently generates methane and other by-products. The degree of coalification (defined by the rank of the coal) determines the quantity of methane generated and, once generated, the amount of methane stored in coal is controlled by the pressure and temperature of the coal seam and by other, less well-defined characteristics of the coal. The methane will remain stored in the coal until the pressure on the coal is reduced, which can occur through the erosion of overlying strata or the process of coal mining. Once the methane has been released, it flows through the coal toward a region of lower pressure (such as a coal mine) and into the atmosphere. The amount of CH 4 

### generated during coal mining is primarily a function of coal rank and depth, as well as other factors such as moisture. If two coal seams have the same rank, the deeper seam will hold larger amounts of CH 4 

### because the pressure is greater at lower depths, all other things being equal. As a result, most methane released to the atmosphere from coal mining is assumed to come from underground rather than surface mining. As a result, the methane emission factors for surface-mined coal are assumed to be lower than for underground mining. Methane is also emitted from post-mining activities such as coal processing, transportation, and utilisation. Methane is released mainly because the increased surface area allows more CH 4 

### to desorb from the coal. Transportation of the coal contributes to CH 4 

### emissions, because CH 4 

### desorbs directly from the coal to the atmosphere while in transit (e.g., in railroad cars). Coal may also release methane during its preparation for final use. For instance, in steel production coal is crushed to a particle size of less than 5 mm, vastly increasing the surface area of the coal and allowing more CH 4 

### to desorb.



## Data Sources The basic data necessary to perform these calculations are, at a minimum, quantity of coal mined by type of mine (underground or surface). Use locally available data where these are reliable. Country statistics on underground and surface coal production are available from the OECD/IEA (for certain OECD Member countries). Data on coal production by type (hard coal and lignite) are also available for most countries in the world.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.25 

## Methodology On the advice of an expert group (see the Section 1.7 in the Reference Manual ), calculations have been organised around a single formula which relates tonnes of coal production to total CH 4 

### emissions from mining and post-mining activities. The Workbookenables the user to operate at several different levels of detail or "tiers" (discussed in more detail in the Reference Manual ). Tier 1 is the least accurate and is based upon global average emission factors. Tier 2 is possible when a country has enough information to develop average emission factors of its own. More detailed calculations can be accommodated by making extra copies of the worksheet and breaking the calculations into sub-national components for which more specific emissions factors may be available. Tier 3 is based on mine-specific measurement of emissions from mine ventilation and degasification. This method is recommended if data are available as it should provide much more accurate country-based estimates. The equation for calculating CH 4 

### emissions from mining activities is: CH 4 

### Emissions = Coal Production x Emission Factor x Conversion Factor (Gg) (10 6 

### t) (m 3 

### CH 4 

### / tonne coal) (Gg CH 4 

### / 10 6 

### m 3 

### CH 4 

### )


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 1-6: M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### C OAL 

### M INING AND 

### H ANDLING 

### to enter your data for this submodule.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### C OAL 

### M INING AND 

### H ANDLING


### 1 Enter the amount of coal produced by each type of mining activity, in millions of tonnes, in Column A. The total amount of coal should be consistent with that used in the CO 2 

### from Energy submodule (Worksheet 1-1, Sheet 1, Column A). 2 Select an Emission Factor using Table 1-5 below. Do this for each type of mining activity involved in your inventory. Select a point within the possible range of values which is appropriate to your country. If you do not have the information to select a point, use an average value. Enter the value in Column B. A LTERNATIVE L EVELS OF D ETAIL - T IERS The information provided in this Workbook , including global default emission factors, allows for calculation at the Tier 1 level. Tier 2 calculations follow the same structure, but would use country or basin-specific emission factors if available locally. If a country is capable of Tier 3 estimates this would indicate that the emissions estimates are already available (having been directly measured) and the Workbookmethodology for calculating emissions is not needed. Countries with Tier 3 estimates can move directly to the Reporting Instructions volume of these Guidelines for guidance on reporting and documenting emissions estimates. The highest tier of estimation methodology possible should be used for each component of mining activity. It is acceptable to provide estimates using different tiers for various components, provided that the level of calculation is clearly identified in each component. For example, even if Tier 3 is used to estimate underground emissions, Tier 1 or2 can be used to estimate emissions from other components of mining activity.

U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary

# E NERGY

1.26 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 1-5 H IGH AND L OW E MISSION F ACTORS FOR M INING A CTIVITIES ( M 3 / TONNE ) Type of Mine/Activity Emission Factor Underground Surface Mining 10 - 25 0.3 - 2.0 Post-mining 0.9 - 4.0 0 - 0.2 Source: Compiled from various country studies as summarised in Reference Manual


### 3 Multiply the Amount of Coal Produced (Column A) by the Emission Factor (Column B) to give Methane Emissions (in millions of cubic metres) for each type of mining activity. Enter the result in Column C.



### S TEP 

### 2 C ONVERTING 

### M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS IN M 3 TO 

### M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS IN 

### G IGAGRAMS


### 1 Enter a Conversion Factor in Column D. The conversion factor converts volume of CH 4

### to a weight measure (gigagrams) using the density of methane at 20 o 

### C and at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. This conversion factor, expressed in a form suitable for this Workbook , is 0.67 Gg/10 6 

### m 3



### . 2 Multiply the Methane Emissions in millions of m 3 

### by the Conversion Factor to give the Methane Emissions in gigagrams. Enter the result in Column E. Sum the figures and enter the total in the Total box at the bottom of the column.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.27 

# 1.6 Methane Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Activities

Introduction Fugitive emissions of methane from oil and gas activities probably account for about 30 to 70 teragrams per year of global methane emissions. The category includes all emissions from the production, processing, transport and use of oil and natural gas, and from non-productive combustion. It excludes use of oil and gas or derived fuel products to provide energy for internal use, in energy production processing and transport. The latter are considered fuel combustion and treated in an earlier section of this chapter. Fugitive emissions do include, however, emissions which result from the combustion of natural gas during flaring operations. Sources of emissions within oil and gas systems include:

• emissions during normal operation, such as emissions associated with venting and flaring during oil and gas production, chronic leaks or discharges from process vents;
• emissions during repair and maintenance, ; and
• emissions during system upsets and accidents. To calculate methane emissions from oil and gas activities in your country, you require the following energy data: Oil Gas Number of wells drilled Quantity of gas produced Quantity of oil produced Quantity of gas consumed Quantity of oil refined In addition, emission factors will be required as discussed below.



## Data sources Locally available data should be used wherever possible. Energy data for a large number of countries are also published by the International Energy Agency and the United Nations Statistical Division. See Reference Manual Sections 1.8.2 and 1.8.3. In addition to energy data, default emissions factors and other input assumptions, are provided in the Workbookmethodology where available. In calculating national emissions, users of this method are free to override any of these assumptions or recommendations if other information is preferred. Wherever information is used other than the values recommended in the Workbook , this should be noted and documentation should be provided on the sources of the information. Users should ensure that data used in this section are consistent with those entered in the CO 2 

### from Energy calculations. Countries which have significant emissions from oil and natural gas should consult the discussion in the Reference

# E NERGY

1.28 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### Manual and look for locally available data which will allow the development of more country-specific factors.


## Methodology Three different tiers or levels of detail for calculating these emissions are presented in the Reference Manual

.

• 

### Tier 1 Production-Based Average Emission Factors Approach

• 

### Tier 2 Mass Balance Approach

• 

### Tier 3 Rigorous Source-Specific Approach Only Tier 1 is presented in this Workbook

. This requires assembling activity data (production etc.) for the country, selecting emission factors based on information in the tables of typical regional values (or from locally available data), and multiplying through to produce emissions estimates by major subcategory. Explanations of the regions used are provided below. Regional Definitions Regions have been defined recognising the limitations in data on emissions factors and activity levels, and key differences in oil and gas activities throughout the world. The following five regions have been chosen:

• 

### USA and Canada :

• 

### Former USSR and Eastern Europe : This region includes the former USSR (which is by far the largest oil and gas producer in the region), Albania, Bulgaria, Czech & Slovak Republics, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the former Yugoslav republics.

• 

### Western Europe : This region includes: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

• 

### Other Oil Exporting Countries : This region includes the world's other major oil producing countries: the 11 OPEC members (Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Venezuela, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) Gabon, Ecuador and Mexico.

• 

### Rest of the World : This region includes the remaining countries of Asia, Africa, Middle East, Oceania and Latin America.


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 1-7: M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### O IL AND 

### G AS 

### A CTIVITIES 

### (T IER 

### 1) to enter your data for this submodule.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.29 E STIMATING THE 

### A MOUNT OF 

### M ETHANE 

### E MITTED BY 

### O IL AND 

### G AS 

### A CTIVITIES 

### 1 Enter data for each type of oil and gas production activity in Column A. Data sources are discussed above. Ensure that the data you use are consistent with the activity data used to calculate CO 2 

### from Energy Sources in the first submodule of this module. 2 For each type of activity enter an Emission Factor in Column B. Use locally available data or the data in Table 1-6 below. Note that these tables provide a range of values to account for the uncertainty implicit in this method. You should use your judgement to select a single value from this range. You are also encouraged to provide an estimate of uncertainty with the values (see the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting Instructions ). 3 Multiply the amounts of oil and gas for each Activity (Column A) by the Emission Factor (Column B) to give the amount of CH 4 

### emitted in kilograms CH 4 

### . Enter the results in kilograms in Column C. 4 Divide the emissions of CH 4 

### in kilograms (Column C) by 10 6 

### to convert to gigagrams. Enter the results, in gigagrams CH 4 

### , in Column D and complete the “total” boxes. E XPLORATION AND D RILLING A category of exploration and drilling is included on the worksheet. However, no sources of activity data or default emissions are provided. If you have locally available data for these values, enter this. If you are working from default sources you should ignore this category which is only expected to be a small component of emissions.

# E NERGY

1.30 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 1-6 R EVISED R EGIONAL E MISSION F ACTORS F OR M ETHANE F ROM O IL A ND G AS A CTIVITIES S YSTEMS (kg/PJ)
Source Type Basis Western Europe USA & Canada Former USSR, Central &

Eastern Europe Other Oil Exporting Countries Rest of the World

OIL & GAS PRODUCTION Fugitive and Other Routine Maintenance Emissions from Oil Production Oil Produced 300 - 5 000 300 - 5 000 300 - 5 000 300 - 5 000 300 - 5 000

Fugitive and Other Routine Maintenance Emissions from Gas Production Gas Produced 15 000 - 27 000 46 000 - 84 000 140 000 - 314 000 46 000 - 96 000 46 000 - 96 000

Venting & Flaring from Oil and Gas Production Oil & Gas Produced (a) - 3 000 - 14 000 - - -

Oil Produced 1 000 - 3 000 - - - - Gas Produced - - 6 000 - 30 000 758 000 - 1 046 000 175 000 - 209 000
CRUDE OIL TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE AND REFINING Transportation Oil Tankered 745 745 745 745 745 Refining Oil Refined 90 - 1 400 90 - 1 400 90 - 1 400 90 - 1 400 90 - 1 400 Storage Tanks Oil Refined 20 - 250 20 - 250 20 - 250 20 - 250 20 - 250 NATURAL GAS PROCESSING, TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION Emissions from Processing, Transmission and Distribution Gas Produced - - 288 000 - 628 000 288 000 (high) (b) 288 000 (high) (b)

Gas Consumed 72 000 - 133 000 57 000 - 118 000 - 118 000 (low) (c) 118 000 (low) (c)

Leakage at industrial plants and power stations Non-residential Gas Consumed (d) - - 175 000 - 384 000 0 - 175 000 0 - 175 000
Leakage in the residential and commercial sectors Residential Gas Consumed (e) - - 87 000 - 192 000 0 - 87 000 0 - 87 000 (a) In the United States and Canada, the emissions are based on total production of both oil and gas produced. (b) The emission factor of 288 000 kg/PJ of gas produced is used only for the high emissions estimate. (c) The emission factor of 118 000 kg/PJ of gas consumed is used only for the low emissions estimate. (d) Gas consumption by utilities and industries. (e) Gas consumption by the residential and commercial sectors. Source: Constructed from the literature summarised in the Reference Manual

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.31 

# 1.7 Ozone Precursors and SO 2 

# Emissions from Oil Refining

Introduction A basic refinery converts crude petroleum into a variety of sub-products. Principal products of a refinery may include liquid fuels, coke, feedstocks and primary petrochemicals (like ethylene). This section covers basic refineries, not the synthesis of petrochemicals. Chemical production is included in Chapter 2, Industrial Processes, whether or not the actual production takes place at a refinery or in a separate plant.



## Data Sources Data on crude oil throughput, required for the simplified Tier 1 approach, is usually readily available from national sources or international compendia of energy statistics. The Tier 2 methods require data on internal refinery operations which can be obtained only locally either through a national industry association including refiners or by direct contact with the refiners. These contacts also provide the opportunity to obtain local emission factors for use in place of the default factors provided below.


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 1-8 O ZONE 

### P RECURSORS AND 

### SO 2 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### O IL 

### R EFINING 

### to enter your data for this submodule.



### E STIMATING 

### E MISSIONS OF 

### CO, NO X 

### , NMVOC AND 

### S O 2 

### Tier 1 - Using Crude Oil Throughput A simple estimation method uses average default emission factors for all four pollutants based on the crude oil throughput of the refineries. Local emission factors should be used wherever possible as values, particularly for NMVOCs, can vary widely. Using Worksheet 1-8, Sheet 1 1 Enter the crude oil throughput of the refinery(ies) in Column A expressed in 1000 tonnes. 2 In Column C, overwrite the default emission factors with local values if available. 3 Multiply, in turn, the figure in Column A by each of the emission factors entered in Column C and place the results in the corresponding rows of Column D. 4 Divide the figures in Column D by 1000 to convert to gigagrams and place the results in Column E.

# E NERGY

1.32 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### Tier 2 Methods Separate methods for the estimation of the four pollutants from catalytic cracking, SO 2 

### from desulphurisation and NMVOCs from oil storage are presented below. The discussion in Section 1.8.9 of the Reference Manual makes clear that the default emission factors for SO 2 

### and NO x 

### are subject to wide ranges. Efforts should be made to use local values for these pollutants and for NMVOCs.



### E STIMATING 

### E MISSIONS OF 

### O ZONE 

### P RECURSORS AND 

### S O 2 FROM 

### C ATALYTIC 

### C RACKING 

### Using Worksheet 1-8, Sheet 2 1 Enter the oil throughput of the catalytic cracker units in Column A expressed in 1000 tonnes. 2 In Column C, overwrite the default emission factors with local values if available. 3 Multiply, in turn, the figure in Column A by each of the emission factors entered in Column C and place the results in the corresponding rows of Column D. 4 Divide the figures in Column D by 1000 to convert to gigagrams and place the results in Column E.



### E STIMATING 

### E MISSIONS OF 

### S O 2 FROM 

### D ESULPHURISATION 

### Using Worksheet 1-8, Sheet 3 1 Enter the quantity of sulphur recovered in tonnes in Column A. 2 Multiply this figure by 139 (the default emission factor in kg/t) and place the result in Column C. 3 Divide the figure in kg in Column C by 10 6 

### to convert to gigagrams and put the result in Column D.



### E STIMATING 

### E MISSIONS OF 

### NMVOC S FROM 

### O IL 

### S TORAGE 

### Using Worksheet 1-8, Sheet 4 1 For each refinery in the country, identify the major storage type. Sum the crude oil throughputs for each storage type and enter the result in Column A expressed in 1000 tonnes. 2 Multiply the emission factor by the crude oil throughput in Column A and place the result in the appropriate row in Column D. 3 Divide the figure in Column D by 1000 and put the result in gigagrams in Column E.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.33 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM E NERGY S OURCES (R EFERENCE A PPROACH ) W ORKSHEET 1-1 S HEET 1 OF 5 STEP 1 A Production B Imports C Exports D International

Bunkers E Stock Change F Apparent Consumption F UEL T YPES F=(A+B -C-D-E) Liquid Fossil Primary Fuels Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids Secondary Fuels Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil Primary Fuels Anthracite (a) Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal Sub-bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat Secondary Fuels BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil Natural Gas (Dry) Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) If anthracite is not separately available, include with Other Bituminous Coal.

# E NERGY

1.34 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM E NERGY S OURCES (R EFERENCE A PPROACH ) W ORKSHEET 1-1 S HEET 2 OF 5 STEP 2 STEP 3 G (a) Conversion

Factor (TJ/Unit) H Apparent Consumption (TJ) I Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) J Carbon Content (t C) K Carbon Content (Gg C) F UEL T YPES H=(FxG) J=(HxI) K=(Jx10 -3 ) Liquid Fossil Primary Fuels Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids Secondary Fuels Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil Primary Fuels Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal (b)
Sub-bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat Secondary Fuels BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil Natural Gas (Dry) Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) Please specify units. (b) If anthracite is not separately available, include with Other Bituminous Coal.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.35 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM E NERGY S OURCES (R EFERENCE A PPROACH ) W ORKSHEET 1-1 S HEET 3 OF 5 STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 L Carbon Stored (Gg C) M Net Carbon

Emissions

(Gg C) N Fraction of

Carbon Oxidised O Actual Carbon

Emissions

(Gg C) P Actual CO 2

Emissions (Gg CO 2 ) F UEL T YPES M=(K-L) O=(MxN) P=(Ox[44/12]) Liquid Fossil Primary Fuels Crude Oil Orimulsion Natural Gas Liquids Secondary Fuels Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Shale Oil Gas / Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Bitumen Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Feedstocks Other Oil Liquid Fossil Totals Solid Fossil Primary Fuels Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bit. Coal (a)
Sub-bit. Coal Lignite Oil Shale Peat Secondary Fuels BKB & Patent Fuel Coke Oven/Gas Coke Solid Fossil Totals Gaseous Fossil Natural Gas (Dry) Total Biomass Total Solid biomass Liquid biomass Gas biomass (a) If anthracite is not separately available, include with Other Bituminous Coal.

# E NERGY

1.36 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM E NERGY S OURCES (R EFERENCE A PPROACH ) W ORKSHEET 1-1 S HEET 4 OF 5 E MISSIONS FROM I NTERNATIONAL B UNKERS (I NTERNATIONAL M ARINE AND A IR T RANSPORT )

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 ABC D E F Quantities Delivered (a) Conversion Factor (TJ/unit) Quantities Delivered

(TJ) Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) Carbon Content

(t C) Carbon Content (Gg C)

F UEL T YPES C=(AxB) E=(CxD) F=(E x 10 - 3 ) Solid Fossil Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal Liquid Fossil Gasoline Jet Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Lubricants Total (a) Enter the quantities from Table 1-1, Sheet 1, Column D: “International Bunkers”.

M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM E NERGY S OURCES (R EFERENCE A PPROACH ) W ORKSHEET 1-1 S HEET 5 OF 5 E MISSIONS FROM I NTERNATIONAL B UNKERS (I NTERNATIONAL M ARINE AND A IR T RANSPORT ) STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 GH I JKL Fraction of

Carbon Stored Carbon Stored (Gg C) Net Carbon Emissions

(Gg C) Fraction of Carbon Oxidised Actual Carbon Emissions

(Gg C) Actual CO 2 Emissions (Gg CO 2 )

F UEL T YPES H=(FxG) I=(F-H) K=(IxJ) L=(Kx44/12) Solid Fossil Other Bituminous Coal 0 0

Sub-Bituminous Coal 0 0 Liquid Fossil Gasoline 0 0 Jet Kerosene 0 0 Gas/Diesel Oil 0 0 Residual Fuel Oil 0 0 Lubricants 0.5 Total (a) (a) The bunker emissions are not to be added to national totals.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.37 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 F ROM E NERGY W ORKSHEET A UXILIARY W ORKSHEET 1-1: E STIMATING C ARBON S TORED IN PRODUCTS S HEET 1 OF 1

A Estimated Fuel

Quantities B Conversion

Factor (TJ/Units) C Estimated Fuel

Quantities (TJ) D Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) E Carbon Content

(t C) F Carbon Content (Gg C) G Fraction of Carbon Stored H Carbon Stored (Gg C)

F UEL T YPES C=(AxB) E=(CxD) F=(Ex10 -3 ) H=(FxG) Naphtha (a) 0.80 Lubricants 0.50 Bitumen 1.0 Coal Oils and Tars (from Coking Coal) 0.75

Natural Gas (a) 0.33 Gas/Diesel Oil (a) 0.50 LPG (a) 0.80 Ethane (a) 0.80 Other fuels (b)

(a) Enter these fuels when they are used as feedstocks. (b) Use the Other fuels rows to enter any other products in which carbon may be stored

# E NERGY

1.38 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 1 OF 16 E NERGY I NDUSTRIES STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 A BCD E F Energy Industries Consumption Conversion Factor (TJ/unit) Consumption (TJ) Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) Carbon Content

(tC) Carbon Content (Gg C) C=(AxB) E=(CxD) F=(E x 10 - 3 ) Crude Oil (a) Natural Gas Liquids Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Gas Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal Lignite Peat Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Coke Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Blast Furnace Gas Natural Gas Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste

Total **Memo items** : Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass (a) Include only consumption of crude oil that is burned, not crude oil which is refined into petroleum products.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.39 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 2 OF 16 E NERGY I NDUSTRIES STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 G HI J K L Energy Industries Fraction of Carbon Stored Carbon Stored (Gg C) Net Carbon Emissions

(Gg C) Fraction of Carbon Oxidised Actual Carbon Emissions

(GgC) Actual CO 2 Emissions (Gg CO 2 ) H=(FxG) I=(F-H) K=(IxJ) L=(K x [44/12]) Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Lubricants (a) Petroleum Coke Refinery Gas Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal Lignite Peat Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Coke Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Blast Furnace Gas Natural Gas Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste

Total **Memo items:** Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass (a) Use a value of 0.5 for lubricants.

# E NERGY

1.40 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 3 OF 16 M ANUFACTURING I NDUSTRIES AND CONSTRUCTION STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 A BCD E F Manufacturing Industries and Construction Consumption Conversion Factor (TJ/unit) Consumption (TJ) Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) Carbon Content

(tC) Carbon Content (Gg C) C=(AxB) E=(CxD) F=(E x 10 - 3 ) Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Gas Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal Lignite Peat Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Coke Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Blast Furnace Gas Natural Gas Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste

Total **Memo items:** Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass Note: To separately identify emissions associated with autogeneration from those associated with process heat, photocopy sheets 3 and 4, clearly indicating the source of the emissions.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.41 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 4 OF 16 M ANUFACTURING I NDUSTRIES AND C ONSTRUCTION STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 G HI J K L Manufacturing Industries and Construction Fraction of Carbon Stored (a) Carbon Stored (Gg C) (a) Net Carbon Emissions

(Gg C) Fraction of Carbon Oxidised Actual Carbon Emissions

(GgC) Actual CO 2 Emissions (Gg CO 2 ) H=(FxG) I=(F-H) K=(IxJ) L=(K x [44/12]) Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil (b) Residual Fuel Oil LPG (b) Ethane (b) Naphtha (b) Lubricants (c) Petroleum Coke Refinery Gas Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal Lignite Peat Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Coke Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Blast Furnace Gas Natural Gas (b) Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste

Total **Memo items:** Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass (a) For naphtha, natural gas, gas/diesel oil, LPG and any other fuels used as feedstocks, do not fill out Column G. Complete Column H, using Auxiliary Worksheet 1- 2. (b) Use Auxiliary Worksheet 1-2 to fill out the cells for these products. (c) Use a value of 0.5 for lubricants.

# E NERGY

1.42 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 5 OF 16 T RANSPORT STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 A BCD E F Transport Consumption Conversion Factor (TJ/unit) Consumption (TJ) Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) Carbon Content (tC) Carbon Content (Gg C)
C=(AxB) E=(CxD) F=(E x 10 - 3 ) Domestic Aviation (a) Gasoline Jet Kerosene

Subtotal Road Transport Natural Gas LPG Gasoline Gas/Diesel Oil

Subtotal Rail Transport Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Anthracite Other Bituminous Coal Coke Oven Coke

Subtotal National Navigation (a) Gasoline Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Lubricants Sub-Bituminous Coal

Subtotal Pipeline Transport Natural Gas

Subtotal Total Transport (a)
**Memo items:** Liquid Biomass

Total Biomass (a) Excluding international bunkers.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.43 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 6 OF 16 T RANSPORT STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 G HI J K L Transport Fraction of Carbon Stored Carbon Stored (Gg C) Net Carbon Emissions

(Gg C) Fraction of Carbon Oxidised Actual Carbon Emissions

(GgC) Actual CO 2 Emissions (Gg CO 2 ) H=(FxG) I=(F-H) K=(IxJ) L=(K x [44/12]) Domestic Aviation Gasoline Jet Kerosene

Subtotal Road Transport Natural Gas LPG Gasoline Gas/Diesel Oil

Subtotal Rail Transport Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Anthracite Other Bituminous Coal Coke Oven Coke

Subtotal National Navigation Gasoline Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Lubricants (a) Sub-Bituminous Coal

Subtotal Pipeline Transport Natural Gas

Subtotal Total Transport **Memo items:** Liquid Biomass

Total Biomass (a) Use a value of 0.5 for lubricants.

# E NERGY

1.44 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 7 OF 16 M EMO I TEMS : I NTERNATIONAL B UNKERS STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 A BCD E F **Memo Items: International Bunkers**  Consumption Conversion Factor (TJ/unit) Consumption (TJ) Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) Carbon Content

(tC) Carbon Content (Gg C) C=(AxB) E=(CxD) F=(E x 10 - 3 ) Intl. Marine Bunkers Gasoline Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Lubricants Sub-Bituminous Coal

Total Intl. Aviation Bunkers Gasoline Jet Kerosene

Total Note: Emissions of international bunkers are excluded from national totals and are reported for informational purposes only.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.45 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 8 OF 16 M EMO I TEMS : I NTERNATIONAL B UNKERS STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 G HI J K L **Memo Items: International Bunkers**  Fraction of Carbon Stored Carbon Stored (Gg C) Net Carbon Emissions

(Gg C) Fraction of Carbon Oxidised Actual Carbon Emissions

(GgC) Actual CO 2 Emissions (Gg CO 2 ) H=(FxG) I=(F-H) K=(IxJ) L=(K x [44/12]) Intl. Marine Bunkers Gasoline Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Lubricants (a) Sub-Bituminous Coal

Total Intl. Aviation Bunkers Gasoline Jet Kerosene

Total (a) Use a value of 0.5 for lubricants.

# E NERGY

1.46 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 9 OF 16 C OMMERCIAL / INSTITUTIONAL S ECTOR STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 A BCD E F Commercial/ Institutional Sector Consumption Conversion Factor (TJ/unit) Consumption (TJ) Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) Carbon Content

(tC) Carbon Content (Gg C) C=(AxB) E=(CxD) F=(E x 10 - 3 ) Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Anthracite Other Bituminous Coal Lignite Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Natural Gas

Total **Memo items:** Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass Note: To separately identify emissions associated with autogeneration from those associated with process heat, photocopy Sheets 9 and 10, clearly indicating the source of the emissions.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.47 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 10 OF 16 C OMMERCIAL / INSTITUTIONAL S ECTOR STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 G HI J K L Commercial/ Institutional Sector Fraction of Carbon Stored Carbon Stored (Gg C) Net Carbon Emissions

(Gg C) Fraction of Carbon Oxidised Actual Carbon Emissions

(GgC) Actual CO 2 Emissions (Gg CO 2 ) H=(FxG) I=(F-H) K=(IxJ) L=(K x [44/12]) Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Anthracite Other Bituminous Coal Lignite Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Natural Gas

Total **Memo items:** Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass

# E NERGY

1.48 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 11 OF 16 R ESIDENTIAL S ECTOR STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 A BCD E F Residential Sector Consumption Conversion Factor (TJ/unit) Consumption (TJ) Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) Carbon Content

(tC) Carbon Content (Gg C) C=(AxB) E=(CxD) F=(E x 10 - 3 ) Gasoline Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Anthracite Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal Lignite Peat Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Natural Gas

Total **Memo items:** Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.49 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 12 OF 16 R ESIDENTIAL S ECTOR STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 G HI J K L Residential Sector Fraction of Carbon Stored Carbon Stored (Gg C) Net Carbon Emissions

(Gg C) Fraction of Carbon Oxidised Actual Carbon Emissions

(GgC) Actual CO 2 Emissions (Gg CO 2 ) H=(FxG) I=(F-H) K=(IxJ) L=(K x [44/12]) Gasoline Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Anthracite Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal Lignite Peat Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Natural Gas

Total **Memo items:** Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass

# E NERGY

1.50 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 13 OF 16 A GRICULTURE / F ORESTRY / F ISHING STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 A BCD E F Agriculture/Forestry/ Fishing Consumption Conversion Factor (TJ/unit) Consumption (TJ) Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) Carbon Content

(tC) Carbon Content (Gg C) C=(AxB) E=(CxD) F=(E x 10 - 3 ) Mobile Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG

Total Stationary Gasoline Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Liquefied Petroleum Gas Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Lignite Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Works Gas Natural Gas

Total **Memo items:** Mobile

Liquid Biomass Stationary

Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass Note: To separately identify emissions associated with autogeneration from those associated with process heat, photocopy Sheets 13 and 14, clearly indicating the source of the emissions.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.51 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 14 OF 16 A GRICULTURE / F ORESTRY / F ISHING STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 G HI J K L Agriculture/Forestry/ Fishing Fraction of Carbon Stored (a) Carbon Stored (Gg C) Net Carbon Emissions

(Gg C) Fraction of Carbon Oxidised Actual Carbon Emissions

(GgC) Actual CO 2 Emissions (Gg CO 2 ) H=(FxG) I=(F-H) K=(IxJ) L=(K x [44/12]) Mobile Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG

Total Stationary Gasoline Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil Liquefied Petroleum Gas Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Lignite Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Works Gas Natural Gas

Total **Memo items:** Mobile

Liquid Biomass Stationary

Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass (a) Use a value of 0.5 for lubricants.

# E NERGY

1.52 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 15 OF 16 O THER ( NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED ) STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 A BCD E F Other (not elsewhere specified) Consumption Conversion Factor (TJ/unit) Consumption (TJ) Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) Carbon Content

(tC) Carbon Content (Gg C) C=(AxB) E=(CxD) F=(E x 10 - 3 ) Crude Oil (a) Natural Gas Liquids Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Lubricants Petroleum Coke Refinery Gas Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal Lignite Peat Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Coke Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Blast Furnace Gas Natural Gas Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste

Total **Memo items:** Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass Note: To separately identify emissions associated with autogeneration from those associated with process heat, photocopy Sheets 15 and 16, clearly indicating the source of the emissions. (a) Include only consumption of crude oil that is burned, not crude oil which is refined into petroleum products.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.53 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 S TEP BY S TEP C ALCULATIONS S HEET 16 OF 16 O THER ( NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED ) STEP 4 STEP 5 STEP 6 G HI J K L Other (not elsewhere specified) Fraction of Carbon Stored Carbon Stored (Gg C) Net Carbon Emissions

(Gg C) Fraction of Carbon Oxidised Actual Carbon Emissions

(GgC) Actual CO 2 Emissions (Gg CO 2 ) H=(FxG) I=(F-H) K=(IxJ) L=(K x [44/12]) Crude Oil Natural Gas Liquids Gasoline Jet Kerosene Other Kerosene Gas/Diesel Oil Residual Fuel Oil LPG Ethane Naphtha Lubricants (a) Petroleum Coke Refinery Gas Anthracite Coking Coal Other Bituminous Coal Sub-Bituminous Coal Lignite Peat Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coke Oven Coke Gas Coke Gas Works Gas Coke Oven Gas Blast Furnace Gas Natural Gas Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Waste

Total **Memo items:** Wood/Wood Waste Charcoal Other Solid Biomass Liquid Biomass Gaseous Biomass Total Biomass (a) Use a value of 0.5 for lubricants.

# E NERGY

1.54 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 F ROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET A UXILIARY W ORKSHEET 1-2: E STIMATING C ARBON S TORED IN PRODUCTS S HEET 1

A Feedstock Use B Conversion

Factor (TJ/Units) C Feedstock Use (TJ) D Carbon Emission Factor (t C/TJ) E Carbon Content (t C) F Carbon Content (Gg C) G Fraction of Carbon Stored H Carbon Stored (a)

(Gg C)
F UEL T YPES C=(AxB) E=(CxD) F=(Ex10 -3 ) H=(FxG) Gas/Diesel Oil 0.5 LPG 0.8 Ethane 0.8 Naphtha 0.8 Natural Gas 0.33 Other Fuels (b)

(a) Enter the result of this calculation in Worksheet 1-2 Step by Step Calculation, Sheet 4, in the cells marked with (b). (b) Please specify.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.55 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 O VERVIEW S HEET 1 OF 8

A Crude Oil B Orimulsion C Natural Gas

Liquids D Gasoline E Jet Kerosene F Other Kerosene FUEL CONSUMPTION (TJ)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

CO 2 EMISSIONS (Gg)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers (a) Excludes International Bunkers.

# E NERGY

1.56 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 O VERVIEW S HEET 2 OF 8

G Shale Oil H Gas/Diesel Oil I Residual Fuel Oil J LPG K Ethane L Naphtha FUEL CONSUMPTION (TJ)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

CO 2 EMISSIONS (Gg)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers (a) Excludes International Bunkers.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.57 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 O VERVIEW S HEET 3 OF 8

M Lubricants N Petroleum Coke O Refinery Gas P Anthracite Q Coking Coal R Other Bituminous Coal FUEL CONSUMPTION (TJ)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

CO 2 EMISSIONS (Gg)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers (a) Excludes International Bunkers.

# E NERGY

1.58 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 O VERVIEW S HEET 4 OF 8

S Sub-Bituminous Coal T Lignite U Oil Shale V Peat W Patent Fuel X Brown Coal Briquettes FUEL CONSUMPTION (TJ)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

CO 2 EMISSIONS (Gg)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers (a) Excludes International Bunkers.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.59 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 O VERVIEW S HEET 5 OF 8

Y Coke Oven

Coke Z Gas Coke AA Gas Works Gas AB Coke Oven Gas AC Blast Furnace Gas AD Natural Gas FUEL CONSUMPTION (TJ)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

CO 2 EMISSIONS (Gg)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers (a) Excludes International Bunkers.

# E NERGY

1.60 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 O VERVIEW S HEET 6 OF 8

AE Municipal Solid Waste AF Industrial Waste AG AH AI AJ

FUEL CONSUMPTION (TJ)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

CO 2 EMISSIONS (Gg)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers (a) Excludes International Bunkers.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.61 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 O VERVIEW S HEET 7 OF 8

AK AL Total Liquid Fossil AM Total Solid Fossil AN Total Gaseous Fossil AO Total Other Fuels AP Total (b)
FUEL CONSUMPTION (TJ)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

CO 2 EMISSIONS (Gg)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers (a) Excludes International Bunkers. (b) Excluding biomass.

# E NERGY

1.62 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER I) W ORKSHEET 1-2 O VERVIEW S HEET 8 OF 8

Memo Items: Biomass AQ Wood/Wood Waste AR Charcoal AS Other Solid

Biomass AT Liquid Biomass AU Gaseous Biomass AV Total Biomass FUEL CONSUMPTION (TJ)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers

CO 2 EMISSIONS (Gg)

Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Road Railways National Navigation (a) Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers (a) Excludes International Bunkers.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.63 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE N ON -CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER 1) W ORKSHEET 1-3 S HEET 1 OF 3 STEP 1 A Fuel Consumption (TJ) A 1 A 2 A 3 A4 A 5 A 6 Activity Coal Natural Gas Oil Wood/ Wood Waste Charcoal Other Biomass and Wastes Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (a) Gasoline Diesel Road Railways National Navigation (a)

Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/ Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (a)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers (a) Excludes international bunkers.

# E NERGY

1.64 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE N ON -CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER 1) W ORKSHEET 1-3 S HEET 2 OF 3 GAS (a)

__________________________________________ STEP 2 B Emission Factors (kg/TJ) B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 B 6 Activity Coal Natural Gas Oil Wood/ Wood Waste Charcoal Other Biomass and Wastes Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (b) Gasoline Diesel Road Railways National Navigation (b)

Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/ Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers (a) Make 5 photocopies of this sheet and fill it out for CH 4 , N 2 O, NO x , CO and NMVOC. (b) Excludes international bunkers.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.65 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE N ON -CO 2 FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER 1) W ORKSHEET 1-3 S HEET 3 OF 3 GAS (a)

__________________________________________ STEP 3 C D Emissions by Fuel (kg) Total Emissions (Gg) C=(AxB) D=( ∑C 1 .. 6 )/10 6 C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 Activity Coal Natural Gas Oil Wood/ Wood Waste Charcoal Other Biomass and

Wastes Energy Industries Manufacturing Industries and Construction Transport Domestic Aviation (b) Gasoline Diesel Road Railways National Navigation (b)

Other Commercial/Institutional Sectors Residential Agriculture/ Forestry/ Stationary Fishing Mobile Other (not elsewhere specified) Total (b)

Memo: International Marine Bunkers Memo: International Aviation Bunkers (a) Make 5 photocopies of this sheet and fill it out for CH 4 , N 2 O, NO x , CO and NMVOC. (b) Excludes international bunkers.

# E NERGY

1.66 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE SO 2 E MISSIONS FROM F UEL C OMBUSTION BY S OURCE C ATEGORIES (T IER 1) W ORKSHEET 1-4 S HEET 1 OF 1 SECTOR (a)

__________________________________________ STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 A Fuel Consumption (TJ) B Sulphur content of

fuel (b)

(%) C Sulphur retention in ash (%) D Abatement Efficiency

(%) E Net Calorific

Value (b) (TJ/kt) F SO 2 Emission factor (b) (kg/TJ) G Emissions (t)

F UEL T YPE F x xx x x B E C D

= - -

2 10

100 1 6 100 100 100 100 G=(AxF)/1000

Coal low medium high Heavy Fuel Oil low
medium high Light Fuel Oil/ low diesel high Diesel (road) Gasoline (road) Jet Kerosene Oil Shale Other Oil Natural Gas (b) Municipal Waste Industrial Waste Black Liquor Fuelwood Other Biomass Total

Memo: Fuels for International Marine Bunkers Memo: Fuels for International Aviation Bunkers (a) This method can be applied once for total fuel consumption or can be repeated for each sector. Photocopy the sheets as many times as there are sectors to be calculated. If the calculations are done by sector, care must be taken to account for all national fuel consumption. (b) The sulphur content of natural gas is expressed in g/m 3 and the net calorific value should be expressed in kJ/m 3 . The sulphur content for natural gas (in Column B) should not be divided by 100 when calculating the emission factor in Column F.

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.67 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE E MISSIONS FROM A IRCRAFT (T IER 2) W ORKSHEET 1-5 S HEET 1 OF 3 F UEL C ONSUMPTION FOR D OMESTIC AND I NTERNATIONAL A VIATION STEP 1 A B C Total Amount of Fuel Sold for All Aviation (kt) Total Amount of Fuel Sold for Domestic Aviation (kt) Total amount of Fuel Sold for International Aviation (kt) C=(A-B) Fuel Sold

# E NERGY

1.68 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE E MISSIONS FROM A IRCRAFT (T IER 2) W ORKSHEET 1-5 S HEET 2 OF 3 F UEL C ONSUMPTION FOR LTO AND C RUISE A CTIVITIES STEP 2 STEP 3 DE F GH I Total Number of LTO’s per Aircraft type Fuel Consumption

per LTO (t/LTO) Fuel Consumption

for LTO Activities (t) Total Fuel Sold (t) Total Fuel Consumption

for Cruise Activities (t) Fuel Consumption for Cruise Activities (t)

D OMESTIC A IRCRAFT T YPE F=DxE H=G-F I=Hx(D a/D Total a )


### a 1

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### a n G=Bx1000 Total a Total a I NTERNATIONAL A IRCRAFT T YPE I=Hx(D b /D Total b ) 

### b 1

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### b n G=Cx1000 Total b Total b

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.69 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE E MISSIONS FROM A IRCRAFT (T IER 2) W ORKSHEET 1-5 S HEET 3 OF 3 E MISSIONS FOR G AS (a)

__________________________________________ STEP 4 J K L MN Emission Factor per LTO (kg/LTO) Emissions from LTO Activities (t) Emission Factor per Fuel Cons. for Cruise Activities (kg/t) Emissions from Cruise Activities (t) Total Emissions from Aircraft (Gg)

D OMESTIC A IRCRAFT T YPE K=(DxJ)/1000 M=(IxL)/1000 N=(K+M)/1000


### a 1

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### a n Total a Total a I NTERNATIONAL A IRCRAFT T YPE 

### b 1

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### b n Total b Total b (a) Make 7 photocopies of this sheet and fill it out for CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, NO x , CO, NMVOC and SO 2 .

# E NERGY

1.70 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM C OAL M INING AND H ANDLING W ORKSHEET 1-6 S HEET 1 OF 1 

### STEP 1 STEP 2 A Amount of Coal Produced
(million t) B Emission Factor

(m 3 CH 4 /t) C Methane Emissions
(million m 3) D Conversion

Factors (0.67 Gg CH 4 /10 6 m 3 ) E Methane Emissions
(Gg CH 4 ) C=(AxB) E=(CxD) Underground Mines Mining 

### 0.67 Post-Mining 

### 0.67 Surface Mines Mining 

### 0.67 Post-Mining 

### 0.67 Total

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.71 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM O IL AND G AS A CTIVITIES (T IER 1) W ORKSHEET 1-7 S HEET 1 OF 1

Category A Activity B Emission Factor C CH 4 Emissions

(kg CH 4 ) D Emissions CH 4

(Gg CH 4 ) C=(AxB) D=(C/10 6 ) OIL Exploration (Optional if data is locally available) (a) number of wells drilled kg CH 4 /well drilled

Production (b) PJ oil produced kg CH 4 /PJ
Transport PJ oil loaded in tankers kg CH 4 /PJ
Refining PJ oil refined kg CH 4 /PJ refined
Storage PJ oil refined kg CH 4 /PJ refined

TOTAL CH 4 FROM OIL GAS Production (b) / Processing PJ gas produced kg CH 4 /PJ

Transmission and Distribution PJ gas consumed kg CH 4 /PJ
Other Leakage PJ gas consumed - non-residential gas

consumed (PJ) - Residential gas

consumed TOTAL CH 4 FROM GAS VENTING AND FLARING FROM OIL/GAS PRODUCTION (c) PJ oil and gas produced - Oil - Gas - Combined kg CH 4 /PJ

TOTAL CH 4 EMISSIONS FROM OIL AND GAS (a) Emission Factors are not provided. (b) If using default emission factors these categories will include emissions from production other than venting and flaring. (c) If using default emission factors, emissions from venting and flaring from all oil and production should be accounted for here.

# E NERGY

1.72 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE O ZONE P RECURSORS AND SO 2 FROM O IL R EFINING W ORKSHEET 1-8 O ZONE P RECURSORS AND SO 2 FROM R EFINING S HEET 1 OF 4



### A Crude Oil Throughput (kt) B Pollutant C Emission Factor (a) (kg/t) D Emissions (t) E Emissions

(Gg)

D=(AxC) E = D/1000 CO 0.09 NO x 0.06 NMVOC 0.62 SO 2 0.93 (a) Default values. Use local values where possible, particularly for NMVOCs for which emission factors vary widely. The default values shown have been derived from the values given in the Reference Manual using an average crude oil density of 860 kg/m 3 (33 ° API).

M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE O ZONE P RECURSORS AND SO 2 FROM O IL R EFINING W ORKSHEET 1-8 O ZONE P RECURSORS AND SO 2 FROM C ATALYTIC C RACKING S HEET 2 OF 4



### A Catalytic Cracker

Throughput (kt) B Pollutant C Emission Factor (a) (kg/t) D Emissions (t) E Emissions

(Gg)

D=(AxC) E = D/1000 CO 42.6 NO x 0.2 NMVOC 0.6 SO 2 1.5 (a) Default values. Use local values where possible. The default values shown have been derived from the values given in the Reference Manual using an average oil density of 920 kg/m 3 (22 ° API).

# 1 E NERGY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 1.73 M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE O ZONE P RECURSORS AND SO 2 FROM O IL R EFINING W ORKSHEET 1-8 SO 2 FROM S ULPHUR R ECOVERY P LANTS S HEET 3 OF 4



### A Quantity of Sulphur Recovered (t) B Emission Factor (kg/t) C Emissions

(kg) D Emissions

(Gg)

C=AxB D=(C/10 6 ) 139

M ODULE E NERGY S UBMODULE O ZONE P RECURSORS AND SO 2 FROM O IL R EFINING W ORKSHEET 1-8 NMVOC E MISSIONS FROM S TORAGE AND H ANDLING S HEET 4 OF 4



### A Crude Oil Throughput (kt) B Storage Type C Emission Factor (kg/t) D Emissions (t) E Emissions

(Gg) D=(AxC) E = D/1000 Secondary Seals 0.2 Primary Seals 0.7 Fixed Roof 4.9

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.1 

# 2. I NDUSTRIAL 

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# 2.1 Introduction Greenhouse gas emissions are produced from a variety of industrial activities which are not related to energy. The main emission sources are industrial production processes which chemically or physically transform materials. During these processes, many different greenhouse gases, including CO 2 

### , CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O, and PFCs, can be released. In some instances, industrial process emissions are produced in combination with fuel combustion emissions and it may be difficult to decide whether a particular emission should be reported within the energy or industrial emission sector. The criterion used to make this decision is discussed in the Section 2.1 of the Reference Manual. All emissions, including evaporative emissions, which occur in energy transformation activities are discussed in the Energy Chapter. Emissions from petrochemical processes are, however, covered in this chapter. Emissions of NMVOC from use of solvents are discussed in the chapter “Solvents and other product use” even if they originate from an industrial process. CO 2 

### from the use of biological carbon as feedstock and fermentation processes should not be reported under “Industrial Processes”, or any other sector of the IPCC Guidelines if they originate from sources of carbon that are from a closed cycle. Non-combustion industrial processes resulting in N 2 

### O emissions are recognised as important anthropogenic contributors to global N 2 

### O emissions. It is estimated that this source category represents 10 to 50 per cent of anthropogenic N 2 

### O emissions and 3 to 20 per cent of all global emissions of N 2 

### O (IPCC, 1992). HFCs, PFCs and SF 6 

### are also emitted from industrial processes, such as production of aluminium, magnesium and halocarbons (e.g., HCFC-22). In some countries PFC emissions from industrial processes could be an important contributor to national GHG emissions due to their high GWPs. Current and expected applications of these compounds include refrigeration and air-conditioning, fire extinguishing, aerosols, solvents, and foam production. Consumption of HFCs, and to some extent PFCs and SF 6 

### , is expected to grow substantially in the next decades due to their importance as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances. It is essential for a full understanding of the methodologies presented in this workbook that inventory compilers read the related sections in Chapter 2 of the Reference Manual. D OUBLE C OUNTING In situations where a country has difficulty in distinguishing whether an emission is energy, or industrial based, to avoid double counting of emissions, developers of emission inventories should take care not to include the same data in both categories.

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2.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# 2.2 General Methodology The general methodology employed to estimate emissions associated with each industrial process involves the product of activity level data, e.g., amount of material produced or consumed, and an associated emission factor per unit of consumption/production according to:

TOTAL ij = A j x EF ij

where: TOTAL ij = the process emission (tonnes) of gas i from industrial sector j A

j = the amount of activity or production of process material in industrial sector j (tonnes/yr) EF ij = the emission factor associated with gas i per unit of activity in industrial sector j (tonne/tonne)
A number of mathematical steps may be involved in reducing more complex mathematical formulae to the simplified form of the equation above. In cases where mathematical transformations are involved, justifications are presented in the reference manual. For certain industrial processes, more than one estimation methodology is presented here. The simplified approach is referred to as Tier 1 , and the more detailed methodology as Tier 2. Recognising that data availability is often the main factor in estimating GHG emissions, several options are provided for certain industrial processes under Tier 1 , as Tier 1a , 1b , 1c

. More detailed discussion is given later.



## Data Sources Often process emissions from certain industrial sectors are caused by emissions from a few plants in each country for which measurement data exist or may be collected. In these cases, emission estimates should be based on such data instead of the more generalised methodology. Even ifmeasurements are not available, it is preferable to base calculation on plantspecific data. Many of the production data needed for emission estimation methods given in this workbook are available from the United Nations (1988) and from the US Bureau of Mines (1988) data sets. There is substantial overlap between US Bureau of Mines and the UN data sets, but the former is more complete. In some countries, national data may be available from appropriate government ministries. In Canada, for example, a national data base is maintained by Statistics Canada. Similar sources of standard production statistics may be available from national statistical publications.

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### 2.3 

# 2.3 Cement Production

Introduction Carbon dioxide is produced during the production of clinker, an intermediate product from which cement is made. High temperatures in cement kilns chemically change raw materials into cement clinker. In a process called calcination or calcining , calcium carbonate is heated, forming lime and carbon dioxide. SO 2 

### emissions will originate from sulphur in the fuel and in the clay raw material. The fuel emissions are counted as energy emissions while the SO 2 

### from the clay should be counted as non-combustion emissions.



## Data Sources International cement production data are available from the United Nations (1988) and from the US Bureau of Mines (1988). A trade association, European Cement Associations (CEMBUREAU) also publishes information (see CEMBUREAU, 1990, World Cement Market in Figures and World Statistical Review). The Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) numbers for cement are 30311 and 40612 (EMEP/CORINAIR,1996). 

## 2 . 3 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of CO 2 

### Because CO 2 

### is emitted during clinker production (rather than cement production itself), emission estimates should be based on the lime content and production of clinker. Clinker statistics, however, may not be readily available in some countries. If this is the case, cement production statistics can be used. Estimation of CO 2 

### emissions from clinker production is accomplished by applying an emission factor, in tonnes of CO 2 

### released per tonne of clinker produced, to the annual clinker output.


## 2.3.2 Methodology for Estimating Emissions of SO 2 

### Estimation of SO 2 

### emissions from cement production is accomplished by applying an emission factor, in terms of SO 2 

### released per tonne of cement produced, to the annual cement output. A non-combustion emission factor of 0.3 kg SO 2 

### /tonne cement has been calculated (see the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources).

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2.4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-1 C EMENT 

### P RODUCTION 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED 

### 1 Enter the Quantity of Clinker Produced in column A in tonnes. If it is not available, estimate Quantity of Cement Produced. 2 For clinker production enter the Emission Factor of 0.5071 tonnes of CO 2 

### per tonne of clinker produced in column B. If the fraction (f) of lime in the clinker is known to be different from 0.646 then the emission factor can be converted as follows: Emission Factor (t CO 2 

### /t clinker) = 0.5701 x (f) / 0.646 For cement production enter the Emission Factor of 0.4985 tonnes of CO 2 

### per tonne of cement produced in column B. If the fraction (f) of lime in the cement is known to be different from 0.635 then the emission factor can be converted as follows: Emission Factor (t CO 2 

### /t cement) = 0.4985 x (f) / 0.635 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO 2 

### Emitted in tonnes of CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### S O 2 

### E MITTED 

### 1 Estimate Quantity of Cement Produced and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the Emission Factor in kg SO 2 

### /tonne cement in column B. If no information on sulphur content and degree of absorption is available, enter a default of 0.3 kg SO 2 

### /tonne cement. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain SO 2 

### Emitted in kg of SO 2 

### , and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams SO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D. U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.5 

# 2.4 Lime Production

Introduction The production of lime involves a series of steps comparable to those used in the production of Portland cement clinker. These include quarrying the raw materials, crushing and sizing, calcining (i.e., high temperature heat processing ~ 1100° C) the raw materials to produce lime, hydrating the lime to calcium hydroxide followed by miscellaneous transfer, storage and handling operations.



## Data Sources International lime production data are available from the United Nations (1988) and from the US Bureau of Mines (1988). The Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) numbers for limestone and dolomite production are 30312 and 40613 (EMEP/CORINAIR, 1996).


## 2.4.1 Methodology for Estimating Emissions of CO 2 

### Estimation of CO 2 

### emissions from lime production is accomplished by applying an emission factor, in tonnes of CO 2 

### released per tonne of lime produced, to the annual lime output. The emission factors are tabulated in Table 2-1.

T ABLE 2-1 S UMMARY OF E MISSION F ACTORS FOR L IME P RODUCTION Process Component Emission Factor Lime Kiln-Calcite Feed CO 2 0.79 tonnes CO 2 /tonne quicklime produced Lime Kiln-Dolomite Feed CO 2 0.91 tonnes CO 2 /tonne dolomitic lime produced 

## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-2 L IME 

### P RODUCTION 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED 

### 1 Estimate Quantity of Lime Produced by Lime Type and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor from Table 2-1 in column B in tonnes of CO 2 

### per tonne of quicklime or dolomitic lime produced. D ATA S OURCES Note that SNAP codes and emission factors are correct at the time of publication of this Workbook

. Readers should refer to the most recent edition of the UNECE/ CORINAIR Guidebook for updated SNAP codes and emission factors.

E MISSION F ACTORS Emission factors assume pure lime, but in some cases the purity may range from 85 to 95 per cent). In these cases, the equations should be adjusted to account for the lime purity.

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2.6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO 2 

### Emitted in tonnes of CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 , 

### and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of the column to obtain the total CO 2 

### Emitted.



# 2.5 Limestone and Dolomite Use

Introduction In industrial applications involving the heating of limestone or dolomite at high temperatures, CO 2 

### is generated.


## Data Sources International Limestone and Dolomite production data are available from the United Nations (1988) and from the US Bureau of Mines (1988). Limestone and dolomite use is not included in the Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) (EMEP/CORINAIR, 1996). 

## 2.5.1 Methodology for Estimating Emissions of CO 2 

### Estimation of CO 2 

### emissions from limestone use is accomplished by applying an emission factor, in kilograms of CO 2 

### released per tonne of limestone, to the annual limestone use. Consumption of limestone or dolomite in tonnes per year is assumed to equal material mined (or dredged) plus material imported minus material exported. Limestone or dolomite used for producing cement, lime and magnesium, agricultural activities and processes where CO 2 

### is not generated should be excluded from this calculation.


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-3 L IMESTONE AND 

### D OLOMITE 

### U SE 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED 

### 1 Estimate Quantity of Limestone or Dolomite Used and enter these values in column A in tonnes. 2 For the calculation of CO 2 

### emissions from limestone use, enter the Emission Factor of 440 kg of CO 2 

### per tonne of limestone used in column B. If the fractional purity (f) of limestone in CaCO 3 

### per tonne of total raw material is known, the emission factor can be converted as follows: L IMESTONE U SE CO 2 from liming of agricultural soils should be reported in the Land-use Change and Forestry Chapter. Limestone and dolomite used in cement and lime production should be reported under that industry sector. This section covers all other uses of limestone and dolomite which produce CO 2 emissions.

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### 2.7 Emission Factor (kg CO 2 

### /t limestone) = 440 x (f ) For the calculation of CO 2 

### emissions from dolomite use, enter the emission factor of 477 kg of CO 2 

### per tonne of dolomite used in column B. If the fractional purity (f) of dolomite in CaCO 3 

###  MgCO 3 

### per tonne of total raw material is known, the emission factor can be converted as follows: Emission Factor (kg CO 2 

### /t dolomite) = 477 x (f ) 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO 2 

### Emitted in kilograms of CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total CO 2 

### emitted.



# 2.6 Soda Ash Production and Use

Introduction Carbon dioxide is emitted from the use of soda ash, and may be emitted during production, depending on the industrial process used to manufacture it. Emissions of CO 2 

### from the production of soda ash vary substantially with the manufacturing process. Four different processes may be used commercially to produce soda ash. Three of these processes, monohydrate, sesquicarbonate and direct carbonation, are referred to as natural processes. The fourth, the Solvay process, is classified as a synthetic process. During the production process, trona (the principal ore from which natural soda ash is made) is calcined in a rotary kiln and chemically transformed into a crude soda ash. Carbon dioxide and water are generated as by-products of this process.



## Data Sources International soda ash production and use data are available from the United Nations (1988) and from the US Bureau of Mines (1988). Soda ash production and use is not included in the Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) (EMEP/CORINAIR, 1996). D OUBLE C OUNTING In order to avoid double counting, CO 2 emissions associated with the use of coke in soda ash production should be accounted for separately and those emissions associated with the non-energy use of coke subtracted from the totals in the combustion section.

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2.8 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-4 S ODA 

### A SH 

### P RODUCTION AND USE 

### to enter data for this submodule. There is no methodology available to estimate CO 2 

### emission from the Solvay Process.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED FROM 

### S ODA 

### A SH 

### P RODUCTION 

### [ N ATURAL 

### P ROCESS 

### ] 1 Estimate Quantity of Trona Utilised and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the Emission Factor of 0.097 tonnes of CO 2 

### per tonne of trona in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO 2 

### Emitted in tonnes of CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED FROM 

### S ODA 

### A SH 

### U S E 

### 1 Estimate Quantity of Soda Ash Used and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the Emission Factor of 415 kilograms of CO 2 

### per tonne of soda ash used in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO 2 

### Emitted in kilograms of CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D.



# 2.7 Production and Use of Miscellaneous Mineral Products

Introduction Greenhouse gas emissions and ozone and aerosol precursor emissions resulting from asphalt roofing production, road paving with asphalt, the manufacture of other mineral products such as concrete pumice stone, and glass manufacture are addressed in this section.

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### 2.9 

## Data Sources International production data are available from the United Nations (1988) and from the US Bureau of Mines (1988). The Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) code for; asphalt roofing is 40610 (asphalt blowing is 60310); road paving is 40611; and flat and container glass are 33014 and 33015 respectively (EMEP/CORINAIR, 1996).


## 2.7.1 Asphalt Roofing Production
2.7.1.1 Methodology For Estimating Emissions of NMVOC and CO Emissions from asphalt roofing production can be estimated from the national total mass of products. The emission factors in Table 2-2, given in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook (SNAP 40610) are default factors.

T ABLE 2-2 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR A SPHALT R OOFING P RODUCTION ( KG / TONNE PRODUCT ) a
Emission Factor (Saturation with Spray) Emission Factor (Saturation without Spray) NMVOC 0.13 - 0.16 0.046 - 0.049 CO NAV 0.0095 NAV = Not Available
a There are no data available for the emission of CO from a process in which the saturation includes a spray section. It was assumed that the emission would be the same as from a process with a dip saturator only.



### Asphalt blowing is the process of polymerising and stabilising asphalt to improve its weathering characteristics. This activity leads to emissions of NMVOC. The emission factors in Table 2-3, given in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook, are default factors. It may be assumed that all of the asphalt used for non-paving use will be blown.

T ABLE 2-3 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR A SPHALT B LOWING P ROCESS ( KG / TONNE PRODUCT )
Emission Factor (with Afterburners) Emission Factor (No Control) NMVOC 0.1 2.4

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2.10 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

## 2.7.2 Road Paving with Asphalt

Introduction Asphalt road surfaces are composed of compacted aggregate and asphalt binder. NMVOC is emitted from the asphalt plant during manufacture, the road surfacing operations and the subsequent road surface. 

## 2.7.2.1 Methodology for Estimating Emissions of NMVOC The emissions of NMVOC depend on the type of asphalt (slow, medium or rapid cure) and the amount of diluent. A default emission factor of 320 kg of NMVOC per tonne of road surface is suggested (see the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources). The amount of diluent used is usually lower in warm countries than in colder ones, and hence lower emission factors may be expected in warm countries.


## 2 . 7 . 3 P r o d u c t i o n o f O t h e r M i n e r a l Products

Introduction There may be several other mineral production processes emitting pollutants. These are probably not significant sources on a global scale, but may be significant on a national or local scale. There is generally limited information on emissions available from these processes. 

## 2.7.3.1 Methodology for Estimating Emissions from Other Mineral Products (NMVOC and SO 2 

## )

Concrete Pumice Stone Production The production of concrete pumice stone is similar to cement production in that SO 2 

### emissions will originate from the fuel use and the sulphur in clay. About 45 per cent of the SO 2 

### generated in the process will be sequestered in the product. An emission factor of approximately 0.5 kilograms SO 2 

### /tonne product should be adopted where no plant specific information is available (see the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources).



## Glass Production NMVOC may be emitted from the production of glass. An emission factor of 4.5 kg per tonne of product has been derived (see the Revised 1996 IPCC C ONVERSION F ACTOR If the tonnes of asphalt paved is not known but rather the area paved, a conversion factor of 100 kg asphalt/m 2 road surface may be used.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.11 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources). 

## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-5, P RODUCTION AND USE OF 

### M ISCELLANEOUS 

### M INERAL 

### P RODUCTS 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### NMVOC E MITTED FROM 

### A SPHALT 

### R OOFING 

### P RODUCTION 

### 1 Estimate the Quantity of Asphalt Roofing Produced and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 For saturation processes, enter the corresponding Emission Factor from Table 2-2 in column B. For asphalt blowing processes, enter the corresponding Emission Factor from Table 2-3 in column B 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain NMVOC Emitted in kilograms of NMVOC, and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams NMVOC, and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total NMVOC Emitted.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### CO E MITTED FROM 

### A SPHALT 

### R OOFING 

### P RODUCTION 

### 1 Estimate the Quantity of Asphalt Roofing Produced and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor from Table 2-2 in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO Emitted in kilograms of CO, and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO, and enter this value in column D.



### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATING 

### NMVOC E MITTED FROM 

### R OAD 

### P AVING WITH 

### A SPHALT 

### 1 Estimate Quantity of Road Paving Material Used for each Emission Source in one year and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the Emission Factor of 320 kg NMVOC per tonne of asphalt paved in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain NMVOC Emitted in kilograms of NMVOC, and enter this value in column C. U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

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2.12 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams of NMVOC Emitted, and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total NMVOC.



### S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATING 

### NMVOC E MITTED 

### F ROM 

### G LASS 

### P RODUCTION

1 

### Estimate the Quantity of Glass Produced by Glass Type and enter this value in tonnes in column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor for glass production (default 4.5 kg NMVOC per tonne of product) in column B in kilograms of NMVOC per tonne of product produced. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain NMVOC Emitted in kilograms of NMVOC and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams of NMVOC, and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total NMVOC Emitted.



### S TEP 

### 5 E STIMATING 

### S O 2 

### E MITTED FROM 

### C ONCRETE 

### S TONE

1 

### Estimate the Quantity of Concrete Pumice Stone Produced and enter this value in tonnes in column A. 2 Enter the Emission Factor for concrete pumice stone production (default 0.5 kg SO 2 

### per tonne of product) in column B in kilograms of SO 2 

### per tonne of product produced. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain SO 2 

### Emitted in kilograms of SO 2 

### and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams SO 2 

### and enter this value in column D.



# 2.8 Ammonia Production

Introduction In most instances, anhydrous ammonia is produced by catalytic steam reforming of natural gas (mostly CH 4 

### ) or other fossil fuels. Natural gas is used as the feedstock in most plants, while other fuels (e.g., heavy oils) may be used with the partial oxidation process. Hydrogen is chemically separated from the fuel and combined with nitrogen to produce ammonia (NH 3 

### ). The remaining carbon is eventually emitted as CO 2 

### . Emissions of NO x 

### , NMVOC, CO and SO 2 

### may also occur during ammonia production.

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### 2.13 

## Data Sources There will usually be only a few ammonia plants in a country, and it is recommended that emissions be estimated based on plant specific data and/or point source methods. International production data are available from the United Nations (1988) and from the US Bureau of Mines (1988). The Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) number for ammonia production is 40403 (EMEP/CORINAIR, 1996). 

## 2.8.1 Methodology for Estimating Emissions of CO 2 

### Emissions of CO 2 

### will depend on the amount and composition of gas (or oil) used in the process. It is assumed that all carbon will be emitted to the atmosphere. The most accurate method of estimation will be based on the consumption of gas. The carbon content of natural gas may vary, and it is recommended that this be determined for each plant. For example, data from Canada (see the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources) provide the values 812 m 3 

### gas/tonne NH 3 

### and 0.525 kg carbon/m 3 

### gas. If the gas consumption is not available, an alternative is to calculate the emissions from the ammonia production. The recommended emission factor is 1.5 tonnes CO 2 

### per tonne NH 3 

### produced which excludes gas used as a fuel (see the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources). Gas used as a fuel must be excluded if other data are going to be used for emission factors. This figure depends on the carbon content in the feedstock. The CO 2 

### from ammonia production may also be used for producing urea or dry ice. This carbon will only be stored for a short time. Therefore, no account should consequently be taken for intermediate binding of CO 2 

### in downstream manufacturing processes and products.


## 2 . 8 . 2 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of NMVOC, CO and S O 2 

### Default emission factors for uncontrolled emissions from the plant are found in Table 2-4.

T ABLE 2-4 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR A MMONIA P RODUCTION ( KG / TONNE PRODUCT )
TOC a CO SO 2

4.7 7.9 0.03
a Total organic compounds. D OUBLE C OUNTING In order to avoid double counting, the quantities of oil or gas used must be subtracted from the quantityreported under energy and nonenergy use in the Energy Chapter

.

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2.14 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### The production of ammonia may be a source of NO x 

### . However, due to the lack of data for estimating NO x

### emissions, a method for estimating emissions is not recommended here. 

## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-6 A MMONIA 

### P RODUCTION 

### to enter data for this submodule. Two methods are presented for estimating CO 2 

### Emitted: Tier 1a - Estimation from Gas Consumption and Tier 1b - Estimation from Ammonia Production.


### Tier 1a - Based on Gas Consumption

S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED


### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Gas Consumed in m 3 

### during the production of ammonia and enter this value in column A. If these data are not available proceed to Tier 1b: Estimation from Ammonia Production. 2 Enter the Carbon Content of Gas, in units of kg carbon per m 3 

### gas, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B and the Conversion Ratio in column C (the ratio of molecular weights between CO 2 

### and carbon), to obtain CO 2 

### Emitted in kg of CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D. 4 Divide column D by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column E.



### Tier 1b - Based on Ammonia Production

S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED


### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Ammonia Produced in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor in column B in tonnes CO 2 

### per tonne of ammonia produced. The default emission factor is 1.5 t CO 2 

### /t NH 3 

### produced. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO 2 

### Emitted in tonnes of CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D.

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### 2.15 S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATING 

### NMVOC, CO AND 

### S O 2 

### E MITTED 

### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Ammonia Produced in tonnes, and enter this value in column A for each pollutant, NMVOC, CO and SO 2 

### . 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor for each pollutant NMVOC, CO and SO 2 

### as given in Table 2-4, in column B in kg per tonne of ammonia produced. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain Pollutant Emitted in kg, and enter the corresponding value for each pollutant NMVOC, CO and SO 2 

### in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams for each pollutant NMVOC, CO and SO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D.



# 2.9 Nitric Acid Production

Introduction The production of nitric acid (HNO 3 

### ) generates nitrous oxide (N 2 

### O) as a by-product of the high temperature catalytic oxidation of ammonia (NH 3 

### ).



## Data Sources There are usually only a few plants in each country producing nitric acid, so measured data on emissions are often available. These data also take into account the effect of any abatement technology installed at the specific plants. The Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) number for nitric acid production is 40402 (EMEP/CORINAIR, 1996). 

## 2.9.1 Methodology for Estimating Emissions of N 2 

## O Emissions should be calculated from production data of nitric acid within a country, and specific emission figures based on the actual technology. Table 2-5 gives examples of emissions factors from nitric acid production plants, based on measurements. Emission rates depend upon technology and operating conditions.

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2.16 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 2-5 E MISSION F ACTORS F OR N 2 O FROM N ITRIC A CID P RODUCTION Emission Factor kg N 2 O/tonne nitric acid USA 2-9 a Norway: - modern, integrated plants <2 - atmospheric pressure plants 4-5 - medium pressure plants 6-7.5 Japan 2.2-5.7
a Emission factors up to 19 kg N 2 O/tonne nitric acid have been reported for plants not equipped with non-selective catalytic reduction technology (NSCR) (see NGGI Reference in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Manual for sources). 

## 2.9.2 Methodology for Estimating Emissions of NO x 

### Nitric acid is produced from the catalytic oxidation of ammonia. In addition to the N 2 

### O emissions described previously, there may be non-combustion emissions of NO x 

### . Emissions are estimated from the amount of nitric acid produced. The emission factor is multiplied by the production of nitric acid. Table 2-6 provides estimates of emission factors for NO x 

### . A value of 12.0 kg NO x

### /tonne nitric acid should be used where the process and technology details are not known.

T ABLE 2-6 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR NO X FROM N ITRIC A CID P RODUCTION Process Emission Factor kg NO x/t nitric acid Strong Acid Production 0.1 - 1 Low Pressure Process 10 - 20


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-7 N ITRIC 

### A CID 

### P RODUCTION 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### E STIMATING 

### N 2 

### O AND 

### N O X 

### E MITTED


### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Nitric Acid Produced in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor for each pollutant in kg pollutant per tonne of nitric acid produced in column B. For the appropriate emission factor see Table 2-5 for N 2 

### O and Table 2-6 for NO x 

### . E MISSION F ACTORS When no measured data exist, the emissions are estimated by multiplying the emission factor by the production quantity. The specific emission factors at the upper end of the appropriate range should be chosen.

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### 2.17 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain Pollutant Emitted in kg and enter this value in column C for each pollutant. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams for each pollutant, and enter this value in column D.


# 2.10 Adipic Acid Production

Introduction Adipic acid is a dicarboxylic acid manufactured from a cyclohexanone/cyclohexanol mixture oxidised by nitric acid. N 2 

### O is generated as a by-product of the oxidation stage. Adipic acid production also results in emissions of NO x 

### , NMVOC and CO. Process emissions from the production of adipic acid vary substantially with the level of emission control employed.



## Data Sources International production data are available from the United Nations (1988) and from the US Bureau of Mines (1988). The Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) number for adipic acid production is 40521 (EMEP/CORINAIR, 1996).


## 2 . 1 0 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of N 2 

## O Adipic acid production produces N 2 

### O at a rate (for unabated emissions) of 300g N 2 

### O/kg adipic acid produced.


## 2 . 1 0 . 2 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of NO x 

## , NMVOC and C O The EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook indicates that there may be emissions of NO X 

### , NMVOC and CO in addition to N 2 

### O, but does not propose emission factors at present. US EPA emission factors are given in Table 2-7 (see the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources).

T ABLE 2-7 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR A DIPIC A CID P RODUCTION ( KG / TONNE PRODUCT ) NO X NMVOC CO 8.1 43.3 34.4 T ECHNOLOGY A BATEMENT There is a range of abatement efficiencies attainable with currently available technologies. Any reduction in N 2 O emissions due to the installation of abatement systemsshould be assessed on a plantspecific basis where possible.

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## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-8 A DIPIC 

### A CID 

### P RODUCTION 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### E STIMATING 

### N 2 

### O, NO X 

### , NMVOC AND 

### C O E MITTED 

### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Adipic Acid Produced in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor, in kg pollutant per tonne of adipic acid produced, in column B. For N 2 

### O, a default value of 300 kg N 2 

### O/t adipic acid produced can be used. For NO x 

### , NMVOC and CO, see Table 2-7 for default emission factors. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain Pollutant Emitted in kg and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams of pollutant, and enter this value in column D for each pollutant.



# 2.11 Carbide Production

Introduction The production of carbide can result in emissions of CO 2 

### , CH 4 

### , CO and SO 2 

### .



## Data Sources International production data are available from the United Nations (1988) and from the US Bureau of Mines (1988). Carbide manufacturing is not included in the Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) (EMEP/CORINAIR, 1996).


## 2 . 1 1 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of CO 2 

## and CH 4 

## from Silicon Carbide Production C O 2 

### Emissions In the production of silicon carbide, CO 2 

### is released as a by-product from a reaction between quartz and carbon. Petrol coke is used as a carbon source. A typical emission factor based on Norwegian plants, is 2.3 tonnes CO 2 

### /tonne coke.

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### 2.19 C H 4 

### Emissions The petrol coke used in this process may contain volatile compounds which will form CH 4 

### . Some of this CH 4 

### will escape to the atmosphere, particularly during start up. Measurements at Norwegian plants suggest emission factors of 10.2 kg CH 4 

### /tonne petrol coke or 11.6 kg CH 4 

### /tonne carbide product. 

## 2.11.2 Methodology for Estimating Emissions of CO 2 

## from Calcium Carbide Production Calcium carbide is made by heating calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 

### ) and subsequently reducing lime (CaO) with carbon (e.g., petrol coke). Both steps lead to emissions of CO 2 

### . The emission factors in Table 2-8 are suggested for estimating emissions. Emissions may be calculated from the use of raw materials (limestone and coke). Limestone contains about 98 per cent CaCO 3 

### . 1750 kg limestone (or 950 kg CaO) and 640 kg reducing agent (including 20 kg carbon electrodes) are required to produce 1 tonne of carbide.

T ABLE 2-8 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR CO 2 FROM C ALCIUM C ARBIDE Limestone 0.76 tonnes CO 2 /tonne carbide Reduction 1.090 tonnes CO 2 /tonne carbide Use of product 1.100 tonnes CO 2 /tonne carbide 

## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-9 C ARBIDE 

### P RODUCTION 

### - to enter data for this submodule. If the quantity of coke consumed is not known, CO 2 

### emissions can be estimated from carbide production data. See method presented for calcium carbide production. For CH 4 

### emissions from Silicon Carbide, two methods are presented:

• Tier 1a which is based on consumption of petrol coke; and,

• Tier 1b which is based on carbide production data for silicon.



### Silicon Carbide

S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED FROM 

### S ILICON 

### C ARBIDE 

### P RODUCTION 

### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Consumption Of Coke in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the Carbon Content in Coke (in per cent) in column B. A default value of 97 per cent can be used. C ALCIUM C ARBIDE Note that the CaO (lime) might not be produced at the carbide plant. In this case, the emissions from the CaO step should be reported as emissions from lime production (Section 2.4) and only the emissions from the reduction step and use of the product should reported as emissions from calcium carbide manufacture.

U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

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2.20 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 3 Enter the Carbon Input Sequestered in Product (in per cent) in column C. If no other data are available, a value of 35 per cent can be used. 4 Multiply column A by column B and by 100 minus column C, and the factor 3.67 x 10 -4 

### to obtain CO 2 

### Emitted in tonnes, and enter this value in column D. 5 Divide column D by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column E.


### Tier 1a - Based On Petrol Coke Consumption

S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### C H 4 

### E MITTED FROM 

### S ILICON 

### C ARBIDE 

### P RODUCTION 

### - T IER 

### 1 a
1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Petrol Coke Consumed in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor, in kg CH 4 

### per tonne of petrol coke consumed, in column B. The suggested emission factor is 10.2 kg CH 4 

### /tonne petrol coke if no other information is available. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CH 4 

### Emitted in kg and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CH 4 

### , and enter this value in column D.



### Tier 1b - Based On Silicon Carbide Production

S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATING 

### C H 4 

### E MITTED FROM 

### S ILICON 

### C ARBIDE 

### P RODUCTION 

### - T IER 

### 1 b
1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Silicon Carbide Produced in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter an Emission Factor, in kg CH 4 

### per tonne of carbide produced, in column B. An emission factor of 11.6 kg CH 4 

### /tonne carbide product can be used if no other information is available. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CH 4 

### Emitted in kg, and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CH 4 

### , and enter this value in column D.

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### 2.21 Calcium Carbide

S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED FROM 

### C ALCIUM 

### C ARBIDE 

### P RODUCTION


### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Carbide Produced in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor, in tonnes CO 2 

### per tonne of chemical produced, in column B. For calcium carbide the emission factor must include all necessary components, such as heating of calcium carbonate, reduction of lime and/or use of product (see Table 2-8 for emission factors). Do not include emissions from lime production, if lime is produced at a different plant from the calcium carbide. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO 2 

### Emitted in tonnes and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total CO 2 

### Emitted.



# 2.12 Production of Other Chemicals

Introduction The production of other chemicals such as carbon black, styrene, polyvinylchloride, sulphuric acid, etc. can be sources of CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O, NO x 

### , NMVOC, CO and SO 2 

### .



## Data Sources International production data are available from the United Nations (1988) and from the US Bureau of Mines (1988). The Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) (EMEP/CORINAIR, 1996) codes for the processes are given in the tables.


## 2 . 1 2 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of CH 4 

### Although most CH 4 

### sources from industrial processes individually are small, collectively they may be significant. Few data on emission factors are presently available. These are presented in Table 2-9 (see the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources).

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2.22 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 2-9 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR CH 4 FROM O THER C HEMICAL P RODUCTION ( KG CH 4 / TONNE PRODUCTION )
Carbon black 11 Ethylene 1 Dichloroethylene 0.4 Styrene 4 Methanol 2 Coke 0.5


### Emissions are determined by multiplying an emission factor by the annual production.


## 2 . 1 2 . 2 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of N 2 

## O Production of chemicals other than nitric acid and adipic acid may be sources of N 2 

### O, but more studies are needed to determine whether they represent significant sources.


## 2 . 1 2 . 3 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of NO x 

## , NMVOC, CO and SO 2 

### This section is concerned with emissions from small point sources. Total national emissions from these sources may be important and a simple methodology is suggested here. A summary of default emission factors, as well as emission factor ranges where applicable, is provided in Table 2-10. Ranges given for NMVOC emissions from many processes are quite large. Emission factors are likely to be quite process specific.

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### 2.23 T ABLE 2-10 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR M ISCELLANEOUS P RODUCTION P ROCESSES IN C HEMICAL I NDUSTRIES ( KG / TONNE PRODUCT )
S OURCE SNAP NO X NMVOC CO SO 2 Acrylonitrile 40520 - 1 (0.4-100)

- - Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) Resins 40515 - 27.2 (1.4-27.2)

- - Carbon black 40409 0.4 40 (5-90) 10 (5-14) 3.1 Ethylbenzene 40518 - 2 (0.1-2)

- - Ethylene and propylene 40501/40502 - 1.4

- - Formaldehyde 40517 - 5 (0-8)

- - Graphite 40411 - NAV

- - Phtalic anhydride 40519 - 6.0 (1.3-6.0)

- - Polypropylene 40509 - 12 (0.35-12)

- - Polystyrene 40511 - 5.4 (0.2-5.4)

- - Polyethene - Low density 40506 - 3

- - Polyethene - Linear low density - - 2

- - Polyethene - High density 50507 - 6.4

- - Polyvinylchloride 40508 - 8.5 (0.14-8.5)

- - Styrene 40510 - 18 (0.25-18)

- - Styrene butadiene 40512-14 - NAV

- - 1,2, dichloroethane 40503 - 7.3 (0.2-7.3)

- - Sulphuric acid 40401 -

- - 17.5 (1-25) Titanium dioxide 40410 -

- - 14.6 (0.9-14.6) Urea 40408 NAV NAV NAV NAV Vinyl chloride a 40504 1,2, dichloroethane 40505 - 2.2

- - Note: Ranges in brackets See the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources. a Emission factors should be used for the monomer and polymer separately even if they are produced at the same plant unless otherwise specified. 

## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-10 PRODUCTION OF OTHER 

### C HEMICALS 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### C H 4 

### E MITTED


### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Chemical Produced in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor from Table 2-9, in kg CH 4 

### per tonne of chemical produced, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CH 4 

### Emitted in kg and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CH 4 

### , and enter this value in column D.

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2.24 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total CH 4 

### emitted.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### N O X 

### E MITTED


### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Chemical Produced in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor from Table 2-10, in kg NO x

### per tonne of chemical produced, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain NO x

### Emitted in kg and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams NO x 

### , and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total NO X

### emitted.



### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATING 

### NMVOC E MITTED


### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Chemical Produced in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor from Table 2-10, in kg NMVOC per tonne of chemical produced, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain NMVOC Emitted in kg and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams NMVOC, and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total NMVOC emitted.



### S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATING 

### CO E MITTED


### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Chemical Produced in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor from Table 2-10, in kg CO per tonne of chemical produced, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO Emitted in kg and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO, and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total CO emitted..

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### 2.25 S TEP 

### 5 E STIMATING 

### S O 2 

### E MITTED


### 1 Obtain an estimate of the Amount of Chemical Produced in tonnes and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor from Table 2-10, in kg SO 2 

### per tonne of chemical produced, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain SO 2 

### Emitted in kg and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams SO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total SO 2 

### emitted.



# 2.13 Metal Production

Introduction The preferred methodology (Tier 1a) for the estimation of emissions of CO 2 

### from all types of metal production is given in Section 2.13.1. This method requires information on the quantity of reducing agent used. If this information is not available, methodologies (Tier 1b) for estimating emissions of CO 2 

### based on the metal production quantities are given in the following sections pertaining to particular metals.



## Data Sources International production data are available from the United Nations (1988) and from the US Bureau of Mines (1988). The Standard Nomenclature of Air Pollution (SNAP) number for reheating furnaces iron and steel is 30302; gray iron foundries is 30303; production processes - iron & steel industries & collieries is 40200; coke oven is 40201; blast furnace charging is 40202; pig iron tapping is 40203; solid smokeless fuel is 40204; open hearth furnace steel plant is 40205; basic oxygen furnace is 40206; electric furnace steel plant is 40207; rolling mills is 40208; ferroalloys is 40302; ferroalloy production is 40302; aluminium production is 40301; non-ferrous metal industry is 40300(EMEP/CORINAIR, 1996).


## 2.13.1 Preferred Methodology for Estimating Emissions of CO 2 

### This preferred methodology requires knowledge of the quantity of reducing agent used in metal manufacturing. If this information is unavailable, refer to Sections 2.13.2 to 2.13.6. Table 2-11 gives suggested default emission factors for various mass reducing agents.

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2.26 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 2-11 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR CO 2 FROM M ETAL P RODUCTION ( TONNE CO 2 / TONNE REDUCING AGENT ) Reducing Agent Emission Factor a Coal b 2.5 Coke from coal b 3.1 Petrol coke 3.6 Prebaked anodes and coal electrodes 3.6

a If better information on actual carbon content is not available nationally or cannot be calculated from data in the Energy Chapter. b Derived from data in the Energy Chapter


## 2.13.2 Iron and Steel
2 . 1 3 . 2 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of CO 2 

### Tier 1a See Section 2.13.1 if quantity of reducing agent is known. 

### Tier 1b Parsons (1977) and ORTECH (1994) have studied the consumption of carbon at iron and steel production facilities. These results have been summarised by Environment Canada 1996. A CO 2 

### emission factor is shown in Table 2-12.

T ABLE 2-12 E MISSION F ACTOR FOR CO 2 FROM I RON AND S TEEL P RODUCTION ( TONNE / TONNE IRON OR STEEL PRODUCT ) Country Description Emission Factor Reference Canada a Integrated facility b (coke plus iron and/or steel production). 1.6 Environment Canada 1996

a Includes CO 2 produced by coke and coke oven gas consumption. It does not include any form of conventional energy consumption. The emission factor applies to both iron or iron plus steel production, since uncertainty in the estimates overshadow the sincremental difference in CO 2 emissions. b Environment Canada has reported an emission factor of approximately 1.5 tonnes CO 2 /tonne iron or steel for a non-integrated facility. This is, however, a rather uncertain value. Note: Figures exclude CO 2 from flux (CaCO 3 ) consumption. D OUBLE C OUNTING Additional emissions occur as the limestone flux gives off carbon dioxide during reduction of pig iron in the blast furnace. This source is covered as emissions from limestone use in Section 2.5. Care should be taken not to double count these emissions.

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### 2.27 

## 2 . 1 3 . 2 . 2 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of NO x 

## , NMVOC, CO and SO 2 

### Emissions from iron and steel may originate from various stages of the production process. These are described in the tables below. Most of the emissions from rolling mills are from the fuel used to heat the process. However, cold-rolling will emit a range of gases in addition to the emissions from fuel combustion. The following Tables 2-13 to 2-16 summarise the emission factors reported in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for NO x 

### , NMVOC, CO and SO 2 

### , respectively:

T ABLE 2-13 R EPORTED NO X E MISSION RATES FOR THE I RON AND S TEEL S ECTOR ( G NO X / TONNE IRON OR STEEL PRODUCED )
Source Emission Factor (g/tonne produced) Reference
Iron Production - Pig iron tapping 76 CASPER 1995
Steel Processing - rolling mills 40 EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook

T ABLE 2-14 R EPORTED NMVOC E MISSION RATES FOR THE I RON AND S TEEL S ECTOR ( G NMVOC/ TONNE IRON OR STEEL PRODUCED )
Source Emission Factor (g/tonne produced) Reference

Iron Production - Blast furnace charging 100 CASPER 1995
Iron Production - Pig iron tapping 20 CASPER 1995
Steel Processing - rolling mills 30 EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook

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2.28 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 2-15 R EPORTED CO E MISSION RATES FOR THE I RON AND S TEEL S ECTOR ( G CO/ TONNE IRON OR STEEL PRODUCED )
Source Emission Factor (g/tonne produced) Reference

Iron Production - Blast furnace charging 1300 CASPER 1995
Iron Production - Pig iron tapping 112 CASPER 1995
Steel Processing - rolling mills 1 EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook

T ABLE 2-16 R EPORTED SO 2 E MISSION RATES FOR THE I RON AND S TEEL S ECTOR ( G SO 2 / TONNE IRON OR STEEL PRODUCED )
Source Emission Factor (g/tonne produced) Reference

Iron Production - Blast furnace charging 1000-3000 Environment Canada
Iron Production - Pig iron tapping 30 CASPER 1995
Steel Processing - rolling mills 45 EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook



### Emission factors for steel production (open hearth furnace, basic oxygen furnace steel plant and electric furnace steel plants) are not provided.


## 2.13.3 Ferroalloys

Introduction Ferroalloy production involves a metallurgical reduction process which results in significant carbon dioxide emissions. Primary emissions in covered arc furnaces consist almost entirely of CO as opposed to CO 2 

### , due to the strong reducing environment (ORTECH, 1994). All CO is assumed, however, to be converted to CO 2 

### , within days afterwards. 

## 2 . 1 3 . 3 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of CO 2 

### Tier 1a See Section 2.13.1 if quantity of reducing agent is known.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.29 **Tier 1b** The suggested emission factors (Table 2-17) assume (if not otherwise specified) that all carbon is fossil, and are derived from a material balance made by SINTEF (SINTEF 1991a) and Streibel, 1974.

T ABLE 2-17 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR CO 2 FROM F ERROALLOY P RODUCTION Type Ferroalloy Emission Factor (tonnes/tonne product) Ferrosilicon - 50%Si 2-2.7 Ferrosilicon - 75%Si 3.9 Ferrosilicon - 90%Si 4.8-6.5 Silicon metal a 4.3 Ferromanganese 1.6 Silicon manganese 1.7 Ferrochromium 1.3 Ferrochromium-silicon NAV
a All producers probably use some biocarbon in order to obtain the desired product properties. 1.6 tonne bio-CO 2 /tonne silicon may be considered as a minimum value and is not included in the emission factor in the table.



## 2.13.4 Aluminium

Introduction Primary aluminium is produced in two steps. First bauxite ore is ground, purified and calcined to produce alumina. Following this, the alumina is electrically reduced to aluminium by smelting in large pots. Most carbon dioxide is evolved from the reaction of the carbon anode with alumina, but some is formed as the anode reacts with other sources of oxygen (especially air). This occurs during cell operation and, in the case of prebaked electrodes, during anode production at the aluminium plant. 

## 2 . 1 3 . 4 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of CO 2 

### Tier 1a See Section 2.13.1 if quantity of reducing agent is known.

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2.30 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### Tier 1b If information on quantity of reducing agent is not known, the emissions of CO 2 

### may be estimated from the production volume of primary metal and the specific consumption of carbon. Emissions factors for CO 2 

### are suggested in Table 2-18 based on SINTEF 1991b and ORTECH 1994.

T ABLE 2-18 E MISSION F ACTORS F OR CO 2 FROM P RIMARY A LUMINIUM P RODUCTION ( TONNE / TONNE PRODUCT ) Pollutant Soderberg Process Prebaked Anode Process

CO 2 1.8 1.5


## 2 . 1 3 . 4 . 2 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of PFCs

Introduction Two PFCs, carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 

### ) and carbon hexafluoride (C 2 

### F 6 

### ), are known to be emitted from the process of primary aluminium smelting.


### Tier 1a - Measured Emission Data

The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual gives details on the variability of emissions of PFCs. Since emissions of CF 4 

### and C 2 

### F 6 

### vary so significantly from one aluminium smelter to the next, depending on cell type and anode effects (AE) parameters, the estimations will be highly uncertain unless actual emission measurements have been made. 

### Tier 1b - Calculation of Emission Data It is recognised that measurements are both expensive and time-consuming. It may, however, be much easier to make a limited survey of AE frequency and duration at smelters. In such cases, it is recommended that specific CF 4 

### emissions for anode effects longer than 2 minutes are calculated as follows (based on the method developed by Tabereaux 1995): T IER 1a Tier 1a is the preferred methodology. Every effort should be made to obtain measurement data.

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### 2.31 kg CF 4 

### /tonne Al = 1.698 x (p / CE) x AEF x AED

where: p = average fraction amount of CF 4 

### in the pot gas during anode effects Prebaked: p = 0.08 (8%) Søderberg: p = 0.04 (4%) CE = current efficiency expressed as a fraction, rather than a percentage AEF = number of anode effects per pot day AED = anode effect duration in minutes

It is recommended that the default rate for C 2 

### F 6 

### emissions be 1/10 that of CF 4 

### .

T ABLE 2-19 D EFAULT P ARAMETERS TO E STIMATE CF 4 AND C 2 F 6 E MISSIONS FROM A LUMINIUM P RODUCTION

CF 4 C 2 F 6 Type of Cell Equation Constant Average fraction of CF 4 in the pot

gas during anode effects Equation Constant Average fraction amount

of C 2 F 6 in the pot gas during anode effects Prebake 1.698 0.08 0.1698 0.08 Søderberg 1.698 0.04 0.1698 0.04



### Tier 1c - Estimated Emission Data PFC emissions estimates have been reported in several studies. These are briefly discussed in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual

. The estimates should be used only when no measured data exist. Specific emission factors should be chosen according to the type of technology used as shown in Table 2-20 and applied to national primary aluminium production data for each technology. The following equation may then be used to give an estimate of the annual CF 4 

### emissions from a smelter with a given cell technology.

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2.32 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### CF4 emission (kg) = EF(tech) (kg CF4 / tonne Al) x pp(tech) tonnes)

where:EF (tech) 

### = emission factor by technology (from Table 2-20)
pp (tech) 

### = primary aluminium production by technology

T ABLE 2-20 E STIMATED G LOBAL CF 4 E MISSIONS FROM A LUMINIUM S MELTERS WITH VARIOUS C ELL T ECHNOLOGIES Type of Cell Technology Per Cent Of World Production kg CF 4 /tonne Al

Modern Prebaked 20 0.05 HS Søderberg 11 1.0 “Older” Prebaked 40 1.75 VS Søderberg 29 2.0 Weighted average for all plants world-wide 100 1.40



### See the Revised 1996 IPCC 1996 Guidelines for Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources. It is recommended that the default rate for C 2 

### F 6 

### emissions be 1/10 that of CF 4 

### . 

## 2 . 1 3 . 4 . 3 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of NO x 

## , CO and SO 2 

### Emissions of NO x 

### , CO and SO 2 

### can be estimated from the amount of aluminium produced
. Emissions may originate from the production process and baking of anodes
. No distinction between the Søderberg and prebaked method is given in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook (SNAP 40301)
. The suggested emission factors are shown in Table 2-21
. No information is given about the degree of control.

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### 2.33 T ABLE 2-21 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR NO X , CO AND SO 2 FROM A LUMINIUM P RODUCTION ( KG / TONNE PRIMARY ALUMINIUM PRODUCED )
Pollutant Process Emission Factor (Default) Emission Factor (Range) NO x Electrolysis 2.15 1.3-3.0 Anode baking NE NE CO Electrolysis 135 27-680 Anode baking 400 NAV SO 2 Electrolysis 14.2 10-17.5 Anode baking 0.9 0.8-1.0 NE = negligible. NAV = not available.



## 2.13.5 Other Metal Production
2 . 1 3 . 5 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of CO 2



### Tier 1a See Section 2.13.1 if quantity of reducing agent is known.


### Tier 1b This includes production of all non-ferrous metals except aluminium. The metals may be produced using carbon as reducing agents or by other methodologies. Whether carbon is emitted or not depends on the production process. Some ores are not reduced with carbon. Hence, CO 2 

### emissions from these processes are low. The general methodology suggested where emissions are calculated from the consumption of reducing agents and the carbon content of ores is recommended. An overview of production processes is given in Table 2-22. Some metals may be produced from alternative production methods. C ARBONATE O RES In the case of magnesium and other metals in a carbonate ore, the carbon emitted from the ore should be taken into account in addition to the coke reducing agent.

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2.34 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 2-22 P RODUCTION P ROCESSES FOR S OME M ETALS Metal Main Ore(s) Carbon reduction Electrolysis (without carbon) Other (non-CO 2 ) Chromium a FeCr 2 O 4 , PbCrO 4 x Copper Cu 2 S, CuFeS 2 , Cu 2 O, carbonate x x (SO 2 )

Gold Element x x Lead PbS x x (SO 2 ) Magnesium Carbonate x x Mercury HgS x (SO 2 ) Molybdenum MoS 2 x (SO 2 ) Nickel NiS, NiO x x x (SO 2 ) Platinum Element, PtS x Silicon b SiO 2 , Si-O-alkali x Silver Ag 2 S, element x Tin SnO 2 x Titanium TiO 2 , FeTiO 3 x c Tungsten WO 3 x Uranium U x O y x Zinc ZnS, ZnCO 3 x x x (SO 2 )

a See also ferroalloy production b See also ferroalloy production and carbide production
c Two step reduction process, involving first C + Cl 2 , then Mg Note: The appearance of (SO 2 ) in the final column indicates that the production process is a major world-wide source of SO 2 emissions.



## 2.13.6 SF 6 

## Used in Aluminium and Magnesium Foundries
2 . 1 3 . 6 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of SF 6 

### In the aluminium industry SF 6 

### is used as a cover gas only for special foundry products. Since SF 6 

### is assumed to be inert, SF 6 

### emissions should equal consumption:

Emission of SF 6 

### = Consumption of SF 6 

### in magnesium and aluminium foundries

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.35 

## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-11 M ETAL 

### P RODUCTION 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED 

### - TIER 

### 1 a 1 Estimate the Mass of Reducing Agent and enter this value in column A in tonnes. Enter the corresponding Emission Factor (Table 2-11) in column B in tonnes CO 2 

### /tonne reducing agent. 3 If the information is available, estimate the Carbon Content of Ore (in tonnes) (C ore 

### ) and subtract the Carbon Content of Metal (in tonnes)(C metal 

### ). Multiply the result by 3.67 and enter the result in column C. If this information is not available, the product of column A and column B will probably be sufficient for making a first estimate of the emissions. 4 Multiply column A by column B and add column C (if available) to obtain CO 2 

### Emitted in tonnes CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D. 5 Divide column C by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column E.


### Tier 1b - Based on Iron or Steel Production
S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED


### 1 Estimate the Amount of Iron or Steel Produced and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the corresponding Emissions Factor (Table 2-12) in column B in tonne CO 2 

### per tonne of iron or steel produced. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO 2 

### Emitted in tonnes of CO 2 

### and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D.



### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATING 

### N O X 

### , NMVOC, CO AND 

### S O 2 

### E MITTED


### 1 Estimate the Amount of Iron or Steel Produced and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor (Tables 2-13 and 2-16) in column B in grams pollutant per tonne of iron or steel produced for NO x 

### , NMVOC, CO and SO 2 

### . U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

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2.36 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain Pollutant Emitted in grams of pollutant and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 9 

### to convert to units of gigagrams of pollutant, and enter this value in column D. 

### Tier 1b - Based on Ferroalloy Production

S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED FROM 

### F ERROALLOYS


### 1 Estimate the Amount of Ferroalloy Produced and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor (Table 2-17) in column B in tonnes CO 2 

### per tonne of ferroalloys produced. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO 2 

### emitted in tonnes of CO 2 

### and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D.


### Tier 1b - Based On Aluminium Production

S TEP 

### 5 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### E MITTED FROM 

### A LUMINIUM 

### T IER 

### 1 b
1 Estimate the Amount of Aluminium Produced and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor (Table 2-18) in column B in tonne CO 2 

### per tonne of aluminium produced. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain CO 2 

### emitted in tonnes, and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams CO 2 

### , and enter this value in column D.


### Tier 1a - Based On Measurements Every effort should be made to obtain measurement data due to the uncertainty of emission estimates.

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### 2.37 **Tier 1b - Based On The Number Of Anode Effects** Table 2-19 provides default data to be used with Tier 1b.



### S TEPS 

### 6 AND 

### 7 E STIMATING 

### PFC E MITTED 

### 1 Enter the Type of Cell in column A. 2 Estimate the Amount of Aluminium Produced and enter this value in column B in tonnes. 3 Enter the corresponding Equation Constant (Table 2-19) in column C for CF 4 

### and C 2 

### F 6 

### emissions from aluminium production. 4 Enter the corresponding Average Fraction of Pot Gas During Anode Effects of CF 4 

### or C 2 

### F 6 

### (Table 2-19) in column D. 5 Enter the Current Efficiency as a fraction in column E. 6 Enter the Number of Anode Effects Per Day in column F. 7 Enter the Anode Effect Duration in minutes in column G. 8 Multiply columns B through G to obtain CF 4 

### or C 2 

### F 6 

### Emitted in kg and enter this value in column H. 9 Divide column H by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams of CF 4 

### or C 2 

### F 6 

### , and enter this value in column I.


### Tier 1c - Based on Aluminium Production The method in Step 8 should be used only when no measured data exists.



### S TEP 

### 8 E STIMATING 

### C F 4 

### E MITTED


### 1 Estimate the Amount of Aluminium Produced and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the corresponding emissions factor (Table 2-20) in column B in kg CF 4 

### per tonne of aluminium produced. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain emissions in kg and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams, and enter this value in column D. The method in Step 9 should be used only when no measured data exists. It is assumed that C 2 

### F 6 

### emissions are approximately 10 per cent of the CF 4 

### emissions.

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2.38 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### S TEP 

### 9 E STIMATING 

### C 2 

### F 6 

### E MITTED


### 1 Enter estimated mass of CF 4 

### Emitted in gigagrams from column D of sheet 8 to column A of Sheet 9. 2 Enter the C 2 

### F 6 

### emissions factor based on CF 4 

### emissions (0.1) in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain emissions in gigagrams and enter this value in column C.



### S TEP 

### 10 E STIMATING 

### N O X 

### , CO AND 

### S O 2 

### E MITTED


### 1 Estimate the Amount of Aluminium Produced and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor (Table 2-21) in column B in kg pollutant per tonne of aluminium produced. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain Pollutant Emitted in kg pollutant and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams of pollutant , and enter this value in column D.



### S TEP 

### 11 E STIMATING 

### S F 6 

### E MITTED 

### 1 Estimate the Consumption of SF 6 

### in magnesium and aluminium foundries and enter this value in column A in tonnes. 2 This value is set equal to SF 6 

### Emitted. Enter this value in column B in tonnes. 3 Divide column B by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams, and enter this value in column C.


# 2.14 Pulp and Paper Industries

Introduction The production of pulp and paper involves three major processing steps: pulping, bleaching and paper production
. The type of pulping and the amount of bleaching used depends on the nature of the feedstock and the desired quality of the end product. There are two main processes: Kraft (sulphate) pulping, the most widely used, and Sulphite pulping. Sulphite pulping may be divided into the acid Sulphite process and the neutral sulphite semi-chemical process.

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### 2.39 

## Data Sources If site-specific emission data are not available, the emission estimates can be based on the total annual production of dried pulp. The production would have to be broken down by kraft, acid sulphite and neutral sulphite processes.


## 2 . 1 4 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of NO x 

## , NMVOC, CO and SO 2 

### There is more information on the simpler methodologies in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook.

T ABLE 2-23

N ON -C OMBUSTION E MISSION F ACTORS FOR P ULP AND P APER P RODUCTION K RAFT P ULPING ( KG / TONNE DRIED PULP )
Pollutant Emission Factor (Default) Emission Factor (Range) NO x 1.5 0.017-1.5
NMVOC 3.7 0.1-4.9 CO* 5.6 NAV
SO 2 7 0.005-10 Ref: US EPA 1995. NAV = Not Available


### There are at least four types of acid sulphite process: ammonium-based (NH 3 ), calcium-based (Ca), magnesium-based (M g O) and sodium-based (Na) (US EPA, 1995). Emissions factors from US EPA, 1995 are given in Table 2- 24.

T ABLE 2-24

N ON -C OMBUSTION E MISSION F ACTORS FROM P ULP AND P APER P RODUCTION A CID S ULPHITE P ULPING ( KG / TONNE DRIED PULP ) Pollutant Type of Process Emission Factor (Default) Emission Factor (Range) SO 2 NH 3 , Ca, MgO and Na 30 8-50 E MISSION F ACTORS Emission factors are based on the production of air dried pulp. The emissions of SO 2 may be lower in new mills than in the older ones (US EPA 1995).

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2.40 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

## 2.14.2 Detailed Methodology for Estimating Emissions for NO x 

## and SO 2 

### The preferred methodology is to use continuous measurements data which may be available for NO xand SO 2 

### . This is only feasible in modern plants where the number of measurement points to be monitored is limited
. Detailed emission factors related to the various processes are given in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook.


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-12 P ULP AND 

### PAPER 

### I NDUSTRIES 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### N O X 

### , NMVOC AND 

### C O E MITTED 

### 1 Estimate the annual Quantity of Air Dried Pulp Produced in tonnes for the kraft process and enter into column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor (Table 2-23), in kilograms of pollutant (NO x 

### , NMVOC and CO) per tonnes of air dried pulp, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain Pollutant Emitted in kilograms and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams of pollutant (NO x , 

### NMVOC and CO ) and enter this value in column D.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### S O 2 

### E MITTED 

### 1 Estimate the annual Quantity of Air Dried Pulp Produced in tonnes broken down into the kraft and acid sulphite processes and enter into the appropriate column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor (Table 2-23), in SO 2 

### kilograms per tonnes of air dried pulp, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain SO 2 

### Emitted in kilograms and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of SO 2 

### gigagrams and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of the column to obtain the total SO 2 

### emitted.

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### 2.41 

# 2.15 Food and Drink

Introduction NMVOCs are emitted during the production of alcoholic beverages, breadmaking and other food products.



## Data Sources The emission estimates are based on the total annual production of the particular food manufacturing process. National production statistics for alcoholic beverages broken down into a minimum of wine, beer and spirits are required. The Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) numbers for food and drink are: alcoholic beverages (40606 - 40608) and breadmaking and other food products (40605). For the breadmaking and other food production, national production statistics broken down into the categories listed in Table 2-26 are required.


## 2 . 1 5 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of NMVOC from Alcoholic Beverages NMVOCs are produced during the processing of cereals and fruits in preparation for the fermentation processes. The emission factors shown below in Table 2-25 are taken from in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook and are based on the total annual production of an individual beverage.

T ABLE 2-25 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR NMVOC FROM A LCOHOLIC B EVERAGE P RODUCTION ( KG / HL BEVERAGE ) Beverage Emission Factor Wine 0.08 Red wine 0.08 White wine 0.035 Beer 0.035 Spirits (unspecified) 15 Malt whiskey 15 Grain whiskey 7.5 Brandy 3.5 Note: hl = 100 litres B IOLOGICAL C ARBON Carbon dioxide emitted during certain operations in the production of food and drink, including vegetable oil extraction and tobacco are not counted here. They are from the use of biological carbon which, for the purposes of this chapter, is considered not to lead to net CO 2 emissions.

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2.42 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### The emission factors and sources used here are derived for Europe. If more region specific data are available, these should be used. There may be different processes and emission factors in other parts of the world. Please note that if the breakdown of red and white wine and spirits is known, use the specific emission factor. 

## 2 . 1 5 . 2 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of NMVOC from Bread Making and Other Food NMVOC are released during the heating of fats and oils and foodstuffs containing them, the baking of cereals, flour and beans, fermentation in bread making, the cooking of vegetables and meats, and the drying of residues. Food production is divided into seven categories, each with its own emission factor. The emission factors given in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook are shown in Table 2-26.

T ABLE 2-26 E MISSION F ACTORS FOR NMVOC FROM B READ AND O THER F OOD P RODUCTION ( KG / TONNE )
Food Production Process Emission Factor Meat, fish and poultry 0.3 Sugar 10 Margarine and solid cooking fats 10 Cakes, biscuits and breakfast cereals 1 Bread 8 Animal feed 1 Coffee roasting 0.55


### The emission factors and sources used here are derived for Europe. There may be different processes and emission factors in other parts of the world.


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-13 A LCOHOLIC 

### B EVERAGE 

### P RODUCTION 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### NMVOC E MITTED FROM 

### A LCOHOLIC 

### B EVERAGES 

### 1 Estimate total annual Quantity of Alcoholic Beverage Produced in hectolitres (hl), broken down into categories of beverages listed in Table 2-25 and enter this value in column A. U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

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### 2.43 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor, in kilograms NMVOC per hectolitre of beverage produced, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain NMVOC Emitted in kilograms and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams NMVOC and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total NMVOC emitted.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### NMVOC E MITTED FROM 

### B READ 

### M AKING AND 

### O THER 

### F OOD 

### 1 Estimate total annual Quantity of Food Produced, in tonnes, broken down into categories of food manufacturing processes listed in Table 2-26 and enter into column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor, in kilograms NMVOC per tonne of food produced, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain NMVOC Emitted in kilograms and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams NMVOC and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total NMVOC Emitted.



# 2 . 1 6 E m i s s i on s R e l a t e d t o P r od u c t i on of Halocarbons (HFCs, PFCs) and Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF 6 

# )

Introduction Atmospheric release of materials may be the result of by-product emissions during manufacture or from fugitive releases. A fugitive emission is an emission that is not controlled or contained, such as a leak from a flange or coupling.



## Data Sources The type of data required depends on the level of effort that is to be expended and the accuracy required. For the simpler methodology that uses an emission factor, data on production should be available from chemical companies. For the more detailed approach, plant specific emission information is required.

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## 2 . 1 6 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Emissions of By-Products It is estimated that the HFC-23 released, as a by-product during manufacture of HCFC-22, is currently equivalent to 4 per cent of the production of HCFC-22 assuming no abatement measures, although lower figures have been suggested. This factor, or a similar number derived for the particular country's circumstances, can be used to estimate national emissions of HFC-23 from the total national HCFC-22 production (for both potentially dispersive and feedstock end-uses). The Reference Manual (Section 2.16.1) describes a Tier 2 methodology but no worksheets are provided here.


## 2 . 1 6 . 2 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g Fugitive Emissions Fugitive emissions of a chemical may occur both during the production and the distribution of a chemical. For this section, fugitive emissions associated with use are not addressed as they are covered in the section related to consumption (see Section 2.17). In the case of fluorocarbon processes, fugitive emissions have been estimated to be approximately 0.5 per cent of the total production of each compound (UNEP, 1994). This factor, or a similar number derived for the particular country's circumstances, can be used to estimate national fugitive emissions of individual HFCs and PFCs associated with national production. The Reference Manual (Section 2.16.2) describes a Tier 2 methodology but no worksheets are provided here.


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 2-14 P RODUCTION OF 

### H ALOCARBONS AND 

### S ULPHUR 

### H EXAFLUORIDE 

### - B Y 

### -P RODUCTS 

### - HFC S AND 

### PFC S 

### to enter data for this submodule. Note that only a Tier 1 method is presented. If data exist, the Tier 2 method described above is preferable.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### HFC S AND 

### PFC S 

### E MITTED 

### 1 Estimate the total annual Quantity of Halocarbon Produced in tonnes of the specific halocarbon in question and enter into the appropriate column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor, in kilograms of pollutant (HFCs or PFCs) per tonnes of halocarbon, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain Halocarbon Emitted in kilograms and enter this value in column C.

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### 2.45 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs or PFCs and enter this value in column D.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### HFC S AND 

### PFC S 

### E MITTED 

### 1 Estimate the total annual Quantity of Halocarbon Produced in tonnes of the specific pollutant in question and enter it into the appropriate column A. 2 Enter the corresponding Emission Factor, in kilograms of pollutant (HFCs or PFCs) per tonnes of halocarbon produced, in column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B to obtain Halocarbon Emitted in kilograms and enter this value in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 6 

### to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs or PFCs and enter this value in column D.


# 2 . 1 7 E m i s s i o n s R e l a t e d t o C o n s u m p t i o n of Halocarbons (HFCs, PFCs) and Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF 6 

# )

Introduction The chemicals (HFCs, PFCs, SF 6 

### ) are of concern, because they have high global warming potentials and long atmospheric residence times. Current and expected application areas of HFCs and PFCs include: - refrigeration and air conditioning - fire suppression and explosion protection - aerosols - solvent cleaning - foam blowing - other applications 1 

### Primary uses of SF 6 

### include: - gas insulated switch gear and circuit breakers - fire suppression and explosion protection - other applications 2

1 

### HFCs and PFCs may be used in sterilisation equipment, for tobacco expansion applications, and as solvents in the manufacture of adhesives, coating, and inks. 2 

### SF 6 

### may be used as an insulating medium, a tracer, in leak detectors, and in various electronic applications. For SF 6 

### consumption in magnesium and aluminium foundries, see Section 2.13.6.1. T HE M ONTREAL P ROTOCOL Partially and fully fluorinated hydrocarbons, HFCs and PFCs, are not controlled by the Montreal Protocol because they do not contribute to depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer.

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### Table 2-2 

### 6 (Reference Manual) gives an overview of the most important HFCs and PFCs including application area and GWP relative to CO 2 

### (100 year integration time).



## Data Sources The type of data required depends on the level of effort that is to be expended and the accuracy required. At a minimum, quantities of halocarbons and SF 6 

### imported and exported in bulk and national production are required. For the next level, the quantities of these materials contained in products imported and exported are required. Data on production and exports of chemicals in bulk should be available from chemical companies and/or national production statistics. Information on imports of chemicals in bulk and in products may be available from Customs and Duty records. National environmental protection authorities may keep records of HFCs/PFCs destroyed, if any.


## General Methodology In Tier 1 (a and b) methodology, potential emissions of a certain chemical are equal to the amount of virgin chemical consumed in the country minus the amount of chemical recovered for destruction or exported in the year under consideration. All chemicals consumed will eventually be emitted to the atmosphere over time if not destroyed, and in the long term (e.g., 50 yr), potential emissions will equal actual emissions. In the Tier 2 methodology, actual emission estimates take into account the time lag between consumption and emission, which may be considerable in some application areas, e.g., closed cell foams, refrigeration and fire extinguishing equipment. Time lags result from the fact that a chemical is placed in new products and then slowly leaks out over time. Actual emissions estimates are the most accurate with respect to emissions in individual years, provided that the necessary information is available for their calculation. If essential data are not available, the potential emission calculations provide a simpler approach for reasonable emission estimates. The following procedures described for HFCs/PFCs are applicable for SF 6 

### as well.


## 2 . 1 7 . 1 M e t h o d o l o g y f o r E s t i m a t i n g E m i s s i o n s f o r T i e r 1 a a n d Tier 1b Since net consumption of a chemical equals production plus imports minus exports, the calculation formula for the basic method (Tier 1) is as follows:
Potential Emissions = Production + Imports - Exports - Destruction HFC S , PFC S AND SF 6 HFCs are chemicals containing only hydrogen, carbon, and fluorine. PFCs are chemicals containing only carbon and fluorine. SF 6 is a particularly potent GHG with a 100- year GWP of 23,900 and an estimated lifetime of about 3,200 years.

P OTENTIAL A ND A CTUAL E MISSIONS Emissions from industrial processes can be estimated in two ways; as potential emissions, Tier 1 (a and b), and as actual emissions, Tier 2. Tier 1b is preferred to the Tier 1a methodology.

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### 2.47 By-product emissions during HFC/PFC production and fugitive emissions related to production and distribution have to be calculated separately, as described in Section 2.16. Production refers to production of new chemical only and not the reprocessing of recovered fluid. There are two versions of Tier 1 (a and b) depending upon whether HFCs/PFCs in products are taken into account. Two versions are presented because it is expected that there may be difficulties in many countries with the availability of data regarding imports and exports of HFCs/PFCs in products, at least in the short term. The Tier 1b methodology is preferred if the relevant data are available.


### Tier 1a In Tier 1a, only chemicals imported or exported in bulk are considered in the calculation of potential emissions. The following definitions apply:
Imports = Imported HFC/PFC in bulk Exports = Exported HFC/PFC in bulk
The application of Tier 1a may lead to an under-estimation or an overestimation of potential emissions, depending on whether the majority of HFC/PFC-containing products is being imported or exported

. 

### Tier 1b
Tier 1b is an extension of Tier 1a and includes HFCs/PFCs contained in various products which are imported and exported. The following definitions apply:

Imports = Imported chemical in bulk + quantity of chemical imported in HFC/PFC containing products Exports = Exported chemical in bulk + quantity of chemical exported in HFC/PFC containing products

The product types that should be considered are

- refrigeration and air conditioning units - foam products - fire extinguishers - solvents - aerosol cans
Most of these items will use mixtures of halocarbons that must be assessed separately due to their vastly different global warming potentials. R EFRIGERATION , F IRE E XTINGUISHERS A ND S OLVENTS Refrigeration units, fire extinguishers and solvents will normally contain HFC/PFC mixtures. The fraction of each chemical must be considered separately. Refrigeration units may be refrigerators, ice machines, AC window units, split-units, chillers, etc.

F OAM P RODUCTS Foam products include insulating and non-insulating foams in a variety of products, like refrigerators, insulation panels, pour-in-place sprays, car seats, furniture, bedding, packaging material, etc.

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## 2.17.2 Tier 2: Advanced Methodology for Estimating Emissions The advanced method, Tier 2, contains actual emission calculations for each individual chemical. This is the preferred method if input data are available. It is recommended that routines are established to report HFC/PFC emissions according to Tier 2. To use this methodology one must employ a “bottom-up” approach or a “top-down” approach. In a “bottom-up” approach, one calculates or estimates the consumption of each individual HFC and PFC chemical based on the number of pieces of equipment or uses at a detailed level, e.g., refrigerators, other stationary refrigeration/AC equipment, soft foam, hard foam etc., to establish the volume basis for emission calculations. A “top-down” approach estimates emissions on the basis of the consumption distribution and emission characteristics related to various processes and equipment, also taking current service and recovery practices into account. Table 2-27 gives examples of current distribution of HFC/PFC use among various application areas in certain countries. Since HFCs and PFCs have only recently entered the market, the relative size of each area will change over time and will have to be updated.

T ABLE 2-27 E XAMPLE D ISTRIBUTION O F HFC/PFC U SE B Y A PPLICATION A REA (1994) Country Refrigeration Air Conditioning Foam Blowing Solvent Fire Extinguishing Aerosol Propellant Other Applications Norway Sweden United Kingdom 99% 90% 76% <1% 5% 12% 0% 0% 0% <1% 0% 7% 0% 5% 5% 0% 0% 0%

See the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Reference Manual for sources.


### Any given application area may employ several types of HFC/PFC fluid. Consumption figures should be collected or estimated and the type of HFC/PFC used should be identified.


### A) Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment For the purposes of emission estimation, refrigeration and air-conditioning systems are classified into three categories, according to their emission characteristics: i) Household refrigerators and freezers; ii) Other stationary refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, including: - cold storage warehouses;

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### 2.49 - retail food refrigeration; - industrial process refrigeration; - commercial and industrial appliances such as refrigerated vending machines, ice machines, dehumidifiers, and water coolers; - refrigerated transport including trucks, trains, and ships with refrigerated compartments; and - commercial and residential air conditioning including chillers, heat pumps, window air conditioners, central air conditioners. iii) Mobile air conditioners used to cool the passenger compartment of automobiles, trucks, buses, and trains. Methods for estimating average emission rates for the above-uses sectors are outlined below. The quantity of refrigerant emitted during system assembly is related to the amount charged by the following empirical formula:

E QUATION 

### 1 

# E assembly 

### , t= 

# E charged 

### , t • 

### (k/100)

where: E assembly 

### , t 

### = emissions during system manufacture/assembly in year t E charged,t 

### = amount of refrigerant charged into new systems in year t k = assembly losses in per cent of the amount charged The amount charged (E charged,t

### ) should include all systems which are charged in the country, including those which are made for export. Systems that are imported precharged should not be considered. Annual leakage from the stock , including venting during service, is given by :

E QUATION 

### 2 

## E operation 

### , t = 

## E stock 

### , t • 

### (x/100)

where: E operation 

### , t 

### = amount of HFC/PFC emitted during system operation in year t E stock,t 

### = amount of HFC/PFC stocked in existing systems in year t x = annual leakage rate in per cent of total HFC/PFC charge in the stock, per cent. HFC USE IN R EFRIGERANTS HFC-134a is the primary fluorocarbon substitute for CFC-12in many refrigeration and airconditioning applications including refrigerators, chillers, and mobile air conditioners. Other HFCs may also be used in refrigeration applications, particularly as components of blends. These include HFC-23, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-143a, and HFC-152a.

PFC USE IN R EFRIGERANTS PFC-218 is used as a component in refrigerant blends. PFC-116 may beused in a blend as a substitute for R503.

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### In calculating the refrigerant “bank” (E stock,t

### ) all systems in operation in the country (home-made and imported) have to be considered. The amount of refrigerant released from scrapped systems depends upon the amount of refrigerant left at the time of disposal, and the portion recovered. To estimate emissions at system disposal, the following calculation formula is applicable:

E QUATION 

### 3 

## E disposal 

### , t 

### = 

## E i charge 

### , (t - n) • 

### (y/100) • 

### (100 - z )/100

or 

## E disposal 

### , t= 

## E i charge 

### , (t - n) • 

## Q

where: E disposal 

### , t 

### = amount of HFC/PFC emitted at system disposal in year t Ei charge ; (t-n) 

### = amount of HFC/PFC initially charged into new systems installed in year (t-n) n = average equipment lifetime, years y = amount of HFC/PFC in systems at time of disposal in per cent of initial charge, per cent z = amount of HFC/PFC recovered in per cent of actual charge (“recovery efficiency”), per cent Q = amount of HFC/PFC emitted at system disposal in per cent of the quantity of chemical originally charged into the system, per cent (Q = y(100-z)/100) In estimating the amount of refrigerant initially charged into the systems (E i

, charged (t-n) 

### ), both systems charged in the country (for home market) and systems imported precharged should be taken into account. The first charge into systems made for export should not be considered. For example, if calculating emissions for 1995 with equipment that has a 15-year lifetime, then information on quantity of HFC/PFC charged in 1980 (1995-15) is required. Total emissions in year t will then be found as the sum of emissions at assembly, during operational life and at disposal:

E QUATION 

### 4 

## E total 

### , t= 

## E assembly 

### , t 

### + 

## E operation 

### , t 

### + 

## E disposal, t



### See Section 2.17.4.2 in the Reference Manual for more information on the “top-down” and “bottom-up” approaches and on the derivation of the factors used in Equations 1 to 4.

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### 2.51 i) Household Refrigerators and Freezers

T ABLE 2-28 H OUSEHOLD R EFRIGERATORS AND F REEZERS I NPUT P ARAMETERS Input Definition Default Value Comment
k assembly losses in % of amount charged 2% range 2-5% x annual leakage rate in % of the total HFC/PFC charge in the stock 1%
n average equipment lifetime 15 yr y amount of HFC/PFC in systems at time of disposal in % of initial charge 90%

z amount of HFC/PFC recovered in % of actual charge (“recovery efficiency”) 50% 0% if no recovery practices 

### These values are typical of industrialised countries and may be different for developing countries. ii) Other Stationary Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

T ABLE 2-29 O THER S TATIONARY R EFRIGERATION AND A IR C ONDITIONING E QUIPMENT I NPUT P ARAMETERS Input Definition Default Value Comment
k assembly losses in % of amount charged 2-5% 2-3% for factory built 4-5% for site built x annual leakage rate in % of the total HFC/PFC charge in the stock 17% 3% if improved valves and fittings are used n average equipment lifetime 15 yr y amount of HFC/PFC in systems at time of disposal in % of initial charge 90%

z amount of HFC/PFC recovered in % of actual charge (“recovery efficiency”) 0% 80% if use recovery practices



### Refrigerant charge may vary over a wide range, depending upon system size and design. The following range may indicate orders of magnitude. · Residential air conditioning: 2 to 3 kg · Transport Refrigeration: 8 kg · Retail Food Refrigeration: 10 to 230 kg · Chillers: 75 to 900 kg · Industrial Process Refrigeration: 340 to 9100 kg · Commercial and industrial appliances: 0.10 to 0.50 kg R EFRIGERANT A CTIVITY D ATA Reasonable estimates for the number of refrigerators and freezers manufactured are generally available, as well as the number of imported and exported units and the total stock. The amount of refrigerant banked in the stock can be estimated by multiplying the number of units by the average charge size.

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### To apply the bottom-up approach, reliable average values for system charge sizes valid for each country will be required to develop useful estimates. iii) Mobile Air Conditioning (MAC) Equipment

T ABLE 2-30 M OBILE A IR C ONDITIONING (MAC) E QUIPMENT I NPUT P ARAMETERS Input Definition Default Value Comment
k assembly losses in % of amount charged 4-5%
x annual leakage rate in % of the total HFC/PFC charge in the stock 30% 10% with improved seals fittings and hosing n average equipment lifetime 12 yr 11 yr (small cars) to 15 yr (trucks) y amount of HFC/PFC in systems at time of disposal in % of initial charge 75%

z amount of HFC/PFC recovered in % of actual charge (“recovery efficiency”) 0% 80% if use recovery practices



### Typical refrigerant charges in mobile air conditioners are 1.2 kg/unit for cars and 1.5 kg/unit for trucks. MACs in newer cars may have a lower charge, e.g., 800 g which is typical for Japanese passenger cars. 

### B) Foam Blowing i) Open Cell Foam For open cell foams, HFC and PFC emissions occur at the time of manufacture and are equal to 100 per cent of the total quantity of chemical used as the blowing agent. As a result total HFC or PFC emissions in year t for open cell foam can be calculated as follows:
Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t = 100% of the quantity of HFCs or PFCs sold for blowing open cell foam in year t
ii) Closed Cell Foam For closed cell foams, only about 10 per cent of the blowing agent is released during the blowing of the foam, while the remaining chemical is contained in the insulation. This quantity remaining in the foam is slowly released over the 20 to 25 year lifetime of the foam. HFC or PFC emissions from insulating foam in year t are therefore calculated as follows:

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### 2.53 Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t

= 10 per cent of the total quantity of HFC or PFC used in manufacturing new insulating foam in year t + 4.5 per cent of the quantity of original HFC or PFC charge blown into the insulated foam manufactured between year t and year t-20

The total quantity of HFC or PFC contained in the existing stock of insulating foam can be calculated as the product of the total quantity of insulating foam in use in year t and the average charge of chemical contained in each tonne of such installed insulating foam. If action is taken to control emissions from foam blowing by recycling or leakage control then an alternative formula may be applicable. See Reference Manual , Section 2.17.4.3.


### C) Fire Extinguishers Total halon emissions can be estimated as 60 per cent of total halon 1211 contained in new portable halon fire extinguishers installed each year, and as 35 per cent of total Halon 1301 contained in new total flooding equipment installed each year. The remaining amounts of chemical, 40 per cent for portable fire extinguishers and 65 per cent for total flooding equipment respectively, adds to the bank of fire extinguishing chemicals. As halons are replaced, emissions of HFCs and PFCs may be calculated:
Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t

= 60 per cent of the total quantity of HFC or PFC used in new portable halocarbon fire extinguishing equipment installed in year t
Similarly, emissions estimates in year t for total flooding equipment can be calculated as:
Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t

= 35 per cent of the total quantity of HFC or PFC used new fixed halocarbon fire extinguishing equipment installed in year t
**D) Aerosols** Emissions from aerosols are modelled by the following equation :
Emissions of HFCs in year t

= 50% of the quantity of HFCs contained in aerosols sold in year t + 50% of the quantity of HFC contained in aerosols sold in year t-1 HFC AND PFC U SE IN F IRE E XTINGUISHERS HFCs and PFCs are potential replacements for Halon 1211 in portable fire extinguishers and Halon 1301 in total flooding fixed fire extinguishing systems. Potentialsubstitutes include HFC-23, HFC125, HFC-227ea, PFC-410, and PFC614.

SF 6 U SE IN F IRE E XTINGUISHERS Some of the new substitutes for halon in fire extinguishing equipment contain sulphur hexafluoride, SF 6 , probably in blends with HFC. If the products contain SF 6 , it is emitted to the atmosphere in the same manner as HFC or PFC. The equations for the estimation of HFC and PFC emissions from fire extinguishing equipment are therefore also valid for SF 6 , since they have to be adjusted for the proportion of the SF 6 in the original blend. Emissions of SF 6 are to be calculated according to the proportion of this chemical in the blend.

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### This calculation accounts for the six-month lag from purchase to use. 

### E) Solvents Chemicals used as cleaning agents are emitted during, or shortly after, use and are typically 100 per cent of total use. This methodology assumes that solvents, on average, are used six months after they are sold.
Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t

= 50% of the quantity of HFCs or PFC sold for use in solvent applications in year t + 50% of the quantity of HFCs sold for use in solvent applications in year t-1


### F) Other Applications For other applications, it is assumed that all HFCs and PFC are released within 6 months after production. Emissions in the year t can be calculated as follows:
Emissions of HFCs or PFCs in year t

= 50% of the quantity of HFCs/PFCs sold for other applications in year t + 50% of the quantity of HFCs/PFCs sold in year t-1



### Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF **6** 

### ) Emissions
SF 6 

### is used as an insulation medium in high tension electrical equipment including gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and circuit breakers.
The use of SF 6 

### in production of aluminium and magnesium is covered under Reference Manual , Section 2.13.8.
Total annual emissions of SF 6 

### used in GIS applications and circuit breakers can be assumed to be approximately 1 per cent of the total quantity of SF 6 

### contained in equipment. In addition, if it is assumed that GIS has a lifetime of 30 years, then approximately 70 per cent of the SF 6 

### will remain in the equipment upon retirement and will then be released upon disposal of the equipment. Total emissions from GIS applications can therefore be estimated as: HFC AND PFC USE AS S OLVENTS HFCs and PFCs may be used as replacements for CFC-113 in metal cleaning, electronics, and precision cleaning applications and as replacements for aerosol cleaning. The compounds that may be usedinclude HFC-43-10, PFC-614, PFC512, PFC-612, PFC-716, and PFC819.

O THER HFC AND PFC U SE Other applications in which HFCs and PFCs may replace CFC and HCFC include sterilisation equipment, tobacco expansion applications, and as solvents in the manufacture of adhesives, coatings and inks. The specific compounds include HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-227 ea.

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### 2.55 Emissions of SF 6 

### in year t

= 1% of the total charge of SF 6 contained in the existing stock of equipment in year t

+ 70% of the quantity in equipment manufactured in year t-30.



## Completing the Worksheet

Use W ORKSHEETS 

### 2-15 C ONSUMPTION OF 

### H ALOCARBONS AND 

### S ULPHUR 

### H EXAFLUORIDE 

### - T IER 

### 1a AND 

### T IER 

### 1b to enter data for this submodule. Each individual compound must be assessed separately.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### HFC S AND 

### PFC S 

### E MITTED 

### - T IER 

### 1 a AND 

### T IER 

### 1 b 1 Estimate the total annual Quantity of Halocarbon Produced in tonnes of the specific halocarbon in question and enter it into column A. 2 Estimate the total annual Quantity of Halocarbon Imported and Exported in Bulk, into and out of the country, in tonnes of the specific halocarbon in question, and enter these values into columns B and C, respectively. 3 Estimate the total annual Quantity of Halocarbon Destroyed in tonnes of the specific halocarbon in question that was destroyed and enter it into column D.
4 Add column A to column B, subtract column C, subtract column D and enter the result in column E to obtain the Potential Bulk Halocarbon Emissions.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### HFC S AND 

### PFC S 

### E MITTED 

### - T IER 

### 1 b 1 Estimate the total annual Number of Units of Imported (as positive numbers) or Exported (as negative numbers) of individual product types, containing the specific halocarbon in question, and enter these into column F. 2 Estimate the total Quantity of Material per Unit for each individual product type in kg and the fraction of halocarbon in material (%100) of the specific halocarbon in question and enter these into columns G and H, respectively. U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

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### 3 Multiply column F, G and H to calculate kg of each halocarbon, convert to tonnes by dividing by 10 3 

### and enter this value in column I to obtain Potential Product Halocarbon Emissions.
4 Sum the values in column I and enter the result in the bottom of that column to obtain the total Potential Product Halocarbon Emissions.



### S TEP 

### 3 S UMMARY OF 

### HFC S AND 

### PFC S 

### E MITTED 

### - T IER 

### 1 a AND 

### T IER 

### 1 b

1 

### Enter the totals from columns E and I repectively in the appropriate columns J and K and sum these two columns and enter result in column L. 2 Divide column L by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs or PFCs and enter this value in column M to obtain the Total Potential Halocarbon Emissions.



### S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATING 

### HFC S AND 

### PFC S 

### E MITTED 

### - R EFRIGERATION 

### A SSEMBLY 

### T IER 

### 2 1 Estimate the Amount of HFC/PFC Charged into New Systems in Year t (inventory year) in tonnes and enter in column A. 2 Enter appropriate value of k Assembly Losses in amount charged in per cent into column B. 3 Multiply column A by column B (see Equation 1), and enter result in column C. 4 Divide the result in column C by 10 3 

### and enter the result in column D.



### S TEP 

### 5 E STIMATING 

### HFC S AND 

### PFC S 

### E MITTED 

### - R EFRIGERATION 

### O PERATION 

### - T IER 

### 2 1 Estimate the total Amount of HFC/PFC Stocked in Existing Systems in Year t ( inventory year) in tonnes, and enter in column E. 2 Enter appropriate value of x, Annual Leakage Rate, in per cent, into column F. 3 Estimate the Halocarbon Emitted in tonnes using Equation 2 as shown in Column G. Enter result in column G. 4 Divide the result in column G by 10 3 

### and enter the result in column H. W ORKSHEET The same worksheet can be used for home refrigeration and freezers, other stationary refrigeration and air conditioning equipment and mobile air conditioning. Each worksheet must be duplicated for every HFC and PFC under assessment.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.57 S TEP 

### 6 E STIMATING 

### HFC S AND 

### PFC S 

### E MITTED 

### - R EFRIGERATION 

### D ISPOSAL 

### - T IER 

### 2 1 Estimate the total Amount of HFC/PFC Charged into New Systems in Year t-n in tonnes and enter in column I. 2 Enter appropriate values of n, Average Equipment Lifetime in years into column J. 3 Enter appropriate values of y, Amount of HFC/PFC in Systems at Time of Disposal in Per Cent of Original Charge into column K. 4 Enter appropriate values of z, Amount of HFC/PFC Recovered in Per Cent of Actual Charge into column L. 5 Calculate Halocarbon Emitted during disposal by using Equation 3 as shown in Column M. Enter the result in column M. 6 Divide the value in column M by 10 3 

### and enter the result in column N.



### S TEP 

### 7 E STIMATING 

### HFC S AND 

### PFC S 

### E MITTED 

### - S UMMARY 

### - T IER 

### 2 1 Transfer sums of columns D, H and N for emissions during Assembly, Operation and Disposal respectively into appropriate columns O, P and Q. 2 Sum the values in columns O, P and Q and enter the result in column R to obtain the Total Halocarbon Emissions.



### S TEP 

### 8 E STIMATING 

### HFC S AND 

### PFC S 

### E MITTED FROM 

### F OAM 

### P RODUCTS 

### - T IER 

### 2 This worksheet contains both open cell and closed cell foams. Each worksheet must be duplicated for every HFC and PFC under assessment.
Open Cell 1 Estimate the Quantity of HFCs/PFCs Used in open cell foam for the year under study, in tonnes, and enter it in column A. 2 Enter the appropriate Fraction Loss during Production for open cell foam in per cent (100% if no recovery) in column C. 3 Calculate HFC/PFC Emitted during production by multiplying column A by column C and enter result in tonnes into column E. 4 Divide column E by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs or PFCs and enter this value in column F HFC AND HCFC USE IN F OAM HFCs are potential replacements for CFCs and HCFCs in the manufacture of insulating, cushioning, and packaging foams. The specific compounds that may be used include HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, and HFC-152a.

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2.58 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### Closed Cell Foam
1 Estimate the Quantity of HFC/PFC Used in closed cell foam for the year under study, in tonnes, and enter it in column A. 2 Estimate the Quantity of HFC/PFC in Use contained in existing stock of insulating foam for the year under study in tonnes and enter this value in column B. 3 Enter the appropriate Fraction Loss during Production (closed cell) in per cent (100% if no recovery) in columnC. 4 Enter the Fraction Loss during Use in per cent in column D. 5 Multiply column A by column C and add this value to the result of column B times column D. Enter the result in tonnes in column E. 6 Divide column E by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs or PFCs and enter this value in column F.



### S TEP 

### 9 E STIMATING 

### HFC S 

### , PFC S AND 

### SF6 E MITTED FROM 

### F IRE 

### E XTINGUISHERS 

### - T IER 

### 2 Portable and Fixed Fire Extinguishers 1 Estimate the Total Quantity of HFC/PFC/SF 6 

### Used in New Extinguishers in tonnes, broken down into portable and fixed, systems for the year under study and enter this value into column A. 2 Enter appropriate Fractional Loss Factor for portable and fixed fire extinguishers in per cent into column B. 3 Calculate HFC/PFC/SF 6 

### Emitted by multiplying column A by column B and enter result, in tonnes, in column C. 4 Divide column C by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams HFCs, PFCs or SF 6 

### and enter this value in column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the result in the bottom of column to obtain the Total HFC/PFC/SF 6 

### Emitted.



### S TEP 

### 10 E STIMATING 

### HFC S 

### , PFC S AND 

### S F 6 

### E MITTED FROM 

### A EROSOLS 

### - T IER 

### 2 1 Estimate the Use of HFCs or PFCs for Aerosols in Inventory Year in tonnes, and enter this number in column A. 2 Estimate the Use of HFCs/PFCs for Aerosols in Prior Year in tonnes and enter this number in column B. R ECYCLING Approximately 55 per cent of the HFC or PFC used as a blowing agent in the manufacture of open cell foams could potentially be recycled. If such recycling occurs, total emissions from open cell foam manufacture would still be 100 per cent of the chemical sold for foam blowing purposes. The quantity required, however, would be reduced since the gas used for the blowing process will be a mixture of 45 per cent virgin chemical and 55 per cent recycled chemical.

U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.



### • Each worksheet must be duplicated for every HFC, PFC and SF 6 under assessment.

HFC U SE I N A EROSOLS HFCs may be used as replacements for CFCs in aerosol propellants in industrial and technical applications, and household, medical and personal care products. The HFCs that may be used include HFC-125, HFC-134a, 152a, and HFC-227ea.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.59 3 Enter the appropriate factor of Loss of Current Year’s Use for the year under inventory in column C in per cent divided by 100. A default of 0.5 can be used. 4 Calculate the Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Aerosols by multiplying column A by column C and adding the result to the multiplication of column B times (1-column C). Enter the result into column D. 5 Divide column D by 103 to convert to units of gigagrams HFC or PFCs and enter this value in column E.



### S TEP 

### 11 E STIMATING 

### HFC S 

### , PFC S AND 

### S F 6 

### E MITTED FROM 

### S OLVENTS 

### - T IER 

### 2 1 Estimate the Use of HFCs or PFCs for Solvents in Inventory Year in tonnes, and enter this number in column A. 2 Estimate the Use of HFCs/PFCs for Solvents in Prior Year in tonnes and enter this number in column B. 3 Enter the appropriate factor of Loss of Current Year’s Use for the year under study in column C in per cent divided by 100. A default value of 0.5 can be used. 4 Calculate the Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Solvents by multiplying column A by column C and adding the result to the multiplication of column B times (1-column C). Enter the result into column D. 5 Divide column D by 103 to convert to units of gigagrams HFC or PFCs and enter this value in column E.



### S TEP 

### 12 E STIMATING 

### HFC S 

### , PFC S AND 

### S F 6 

### E MITTED FROM 

### O THER 

### A PPLICATIONS 

### - T IER 

### 2 1 Estimate the Use of HFCs or PFCs for Other Applications in Inventory Year in tonnes, and enter this number in column A. 2 Estimate the Use of HFCs/PFCs for Other Applications in Prior Year in tonnes and enter this number in column B. 3 Enter the appropriate factor of Loss of Current Year’s Use for the year under study in column C in per cent divided by 100. A default value of 0.5 can be used. 4 Calculate the Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Other Applications by multiplying column A by column C and adding the result to the multiplication of column B times (1-column C). Enter the result into column D. 5 Divide column D by 103 to convert to units of gigagrams HFC or PFCs and enter this value in column E.

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2.60 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### S TEP 

### 13 E STIMATING 

### S F 6 E MITTED



### This worksheet is for SF 6 

### used in GIS and circuit breakers. 1 Estimate the Quantity of SF 6 

### in Use in Inventory Year, in tonnes, in GIS and circuit breakers and enter this value in column A. 2 Enter the appropriate Loss Factor for SF 6 

### in Use for the year under study, in column B, in per cent divided by 100. 3 Estimate the Quantity of SF 6 

### in Use 30 years Prior to the Inventory Year in tonnes, in GIS and circuit breakers and enter this in column C. 4 Enter the appropriate Fraction Remaining in SF 6 

### Equipment at Time of Disposal, in column D, in per cent divided by 100. 5 Calculate SF 6 

### Emitted by multiplying column A by column B, and adding it to the result of multiplying column C by column D. Enter the result into column E. 6 Divide column E by 10 3 

### to convert to units of gigagrams SF 6 

### Emitted and enter this value in column F. SF 6 A CTIVITY D ATA The total charge of SF 6 contained in equipment can be estimated as the product of the total quantity of equipment in operation and the typical charge size. Charge sizes for GIS equipment rated to 50 kV or more can range from hundreds to thousands of kilograms per installation, and for low-voltage switches contain 1-2 kg per installation. If data on the total stock of GIS are unavailable, it should be assumed that emissions equal consumption.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.61 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C EMENT P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-1 S HEET 1 OF 2 CO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 1 A Quantity of Clinker or

Cement Produced (t) B Emission Factor (t CO 2 /t clinker or cement produced) C CO 2 Emitted (t) D CO 2 Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 3

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C EMENT P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-1 S HEET 2 OF 2 SO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 2 A Quantity of Cement Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg SO 2 /t cement produced) C SO 2 Emitted (kg) D SO 2 Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6

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2.62 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION OF L IME W ORKSHEET 2-2 S HEET 1 OF 1 CO 2 E MISSIONS

Lime Type A Quantity of Lime Produced (t) B Emission Factor (t CO 2 /t quicklime or dolomitic lime

produced) C CO 2 Emitted

(t) D CO 2 Emitted

(Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 3 Quicklime Dolomitic Lime Total (Gg):

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.63 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE L IMESTONE AND D OLOMITE U SE W ORKSHEET 2-3 S HEET 1 OF 1 CO 2 E MISSIONS

Material Type A Quantity of Limestone or Dolomite Used (t) B Emission Factor (kg CO 2 /t limestone or dolomite used) C CO 2 Emitted

(kg) D CO 2 Emitted

(Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6
Limestone Dolomite Total (Gg):

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2.64 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE S ODA A SH P RODUCTION AND U SE W ORKSHEET 2-4 S HEET 1 OF 2 S ODA A SH P RODUCTION - CO 2 - E MISSIONS S TEP 1 A Quantity of Trona Utilised

(t) B Emission Factor (t CO 2 /t trona utilised) C CO 2 Emitted (t) D CO 2 Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 3

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE S ODA A SH P RODUCTION AND U SE W ORKSHEET 2-4 S HEET 2 OF 2 S ODA A SH U SE - CO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 2 A Quantity of Soda Ash Used

(t) B Emission Factor (kg CO 2 /t soda ash used) C CO 2 Emitted (kg) D CO 2 Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.65 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION AND U SE OF M ISCELLANEOUS M INERAL P RODUCTS W ORKSHEET 2-5 S HEET 1 OF 5 A SPHALT R OOFING P RODUCTION - NMVOC E MISSIONS S TEP 1
Process Type A Quantity of Asphalt Roofing Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg NMVOC /t asphalt roofing

produced) C NMVOC Emitted

(kg) D NMVOC Emitted

(Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6
Saturation Process Blowing Process Total (Gg):

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION AND U SE OF M ISCELLANEOUS M INERAL P RODUCTS W ORKSHEET 2-5 S HEET 2 OF 5 A SPHALT R OOFING P RODUCTION - CO E MISSIONS S TEP 2 A Quantity of Asphalt Roofing Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg CO /t asphalt roofing produced) C CO Emitted (kg) D CO Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION AND U SE OF M ISCELLANEOUS M INERAL P RODUCTS W ORKSHEET 2-5 S HEET 3 OF 5 R OAD P AVING WITH A SPHALT - NMVOC E MISSIONS S TEP 3

Emission Source A Quantity of Road

Paving Material Used

(t) B Emission Factor (kg NMVOC/t

road paving material used) C NMVOC Emitted

(kg) D NMVOC Emitted

(Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6 Asphalt Plant Road Surface Total (Gg):

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2.66 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION AND U SE OF M ISCELLANEOUS M INERAL P RODUCTS W ORKSHEET 2-5 S HEET 4 OF 5 P RODUCTION OF O THER M INERAL P RODUCTS - G LASS P RODUCTION - NMVOC E MISSIONS S TEP 4
Glass Type A Quantity of Glass Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg NMVOC/t glass produced) C NMVOC Emitted (kg) D NMVOC Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6 Container Glass Flat Glass Total (Gg):

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION AND U SE OF M ISCELLANEOUS M INERAL P RODUCTS W ORKSHEET 2-5 S HEET 5 OF 5 P RODUCTION OF O THER M INERAL P RODUCTS - C ONCRETE P UMICE S TONE - SO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 5 A Quantity of Concrete Pumice Stone Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg SO 2 /t concrete pumice stone produced) C SO 2 Emitted (kg) D SO 2 Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.67 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE A MMONIA P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-6 S HEET 1 OF 3 T IER 1a - CO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 1 A Amount of Gas

Consumed ( 

### m 3 ) B Carbon Content of Gas (kg/ 

### m 3 ) C Conversion Ratio D CO 2 Emitted (kg) E CO 2 Emitted (Gg) 44/12 D = (A × B × C) E = D/10 6

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE A MMONIA P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-6 S HEET 2 OF 3 T IER 1b - CO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 2 A Amount of Ammonia Produced (t) B Emission Factor (t CO 2 /t ammonia produced) C CO 2 Emitted (t) D CO 2 Emitted (Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 3

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE A MMONIA P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-6 S HEET 3 OF 3 NMVOC, CO AND SO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 3 A Amount of Ammonia Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg pollutant/ t ammonia produced) C Pollutant Emitted (kg) D Pollutant Emitted (Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 6
NMVOC NMVOC CO CO SO 2 SO 2

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2.68 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE N ITRIC A CID P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-7 S HEET I OF 1 N 2 O AND NO x E MISSIONS

A Amount of Nitric

Acid Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg pollutant/t nitric

acid produced) C Pollutant Emitted (kg) D Pollutant Emitted (Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 6
N 2 O N 2 O NO x NO x

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.69 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE A DIPIC A CID P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-8 S HEET 1 OF 1 N 2 O, NO x , NMVOC AND CO E MISSIONS

A Amount of Adipic

Acid Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg pollutant / t

adipic acid produced) C Pollutant Emitted

(kg) D Pollutant Emitted

(Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 6 N 2 O N 2 O NO x NO x NMVOC NMVOC CO CO

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2.70 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ARBIDE P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-9 S HEET 1 OF 4 S ILICON C ARBIDE P RODUCTION - CO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 1 A Consumption Of Coke (t) B Carbon Content in Coke

(%) C Carbon Input Sequestered In Product

(%) D CO 2 Emitted

(t) E CO 2 Emitted

(Gg) D = A x B (100-C) x 3.67x10 -4 E = D/10 3

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ARBIDE P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-9 S HEET 2 OF 4 S ILICON C ARBIDE P RODUCTION - T IER 1a - CH 4 E MISSIONS S TEP 2 A Amount of Petrol Coke Consumed (t) B Emission Factor (kg CH 4 / t petrol coke consumed) C CH 4 Emitted (kg) D CH 4 Emitted (Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 6

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.71 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ARBIDE P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-9 S HEET 3 OF 4 S ILICON C ARBIDE P RODUCTION - T IER 1b - CH 4 E MISSIONS S TEP 3 A Amount of Silicon Carbide Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg CH 4 / t silicon carbide produced) C CH 4 Emitted (kg) D CH 4 Emitted (Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 6

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ARBIDE P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-9 S HEET 4 OF 4 C ALCIUM C ARBIDE P RODUCTION - CO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 4 A Amount of Carbide Produced (t) B Emission Factor (t CO 2 / t carbide produced) C CO 2 Emitted (t) D CO 2 Emitted (Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 3

Total (Gg):

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2.72 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION OF O THER C HEMICALS W ORKSHEET 2-10 S HEET 1 OF 5 CH 4 E MISSIONS S TEP 1

Chemical A Amount of Chemical Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg CH 4 / t chemical produced) C CH 4 Emitted

(kg) D CH 4 Emitted

(Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 6

Total (Gg):

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION OF O THER C HEMICALS W ORKSHEET 2-10 S HEET 2 OF 5 NO x E MISSIONS S TEP 2

Chemical A Amount of Chemical Produced (t) B Emission Factor

(kg NO x/ t chemical produced) C NO x Emitted

(kg) D NO xEmitted

(Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 6

Total (Gg):

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.73 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION OF O THER C HEMICALS W ORKSHEET 2-10 S HEET 3 OF 5 NMVOC E MISSIONS S TEP 3

Chemical A Amount of Chemical Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg NMVOC / t chemical produced) C NMVOC Emitted

(kg) D NMVOC Emitted

(Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 6

Total (Gg):

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION OF O THER C HEMICALS W ORKSHEET 2-10 S HEET 4 OF 5 CO E MISSIONS S TEP 4

Chemical A Amount of Chemical Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg CO / t chemical produced) C CO Emitted

(kg) D CO Emitted

(Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 6

Total (Gg):

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2.74 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION OF O THER C HEMICALS W ORKSHEET 2-10 S HEET 5 OF 5 SO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 5

Chemical A Amount of Chemical Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg SO 2 / t chemical produced) C SO 2 Emitted

(kg) D SO 2 Emitted

(Gg) C = (A × B) D = C/10 6

Total (Gg):

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.75 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE M ETAL P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-11 S HEET 1 OF 11 T IER 1a - CO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 1 A Mass of Reducing Agent

(t) B Emission Factor (t CO 2 /t reducing agent) C (Carbon content of ore minus carbon content of metal) x 3.67 (t CO 2 /t carbon) D CO 2 Emitted

(t) E CO 2 Emitted

(Gg)
D = (A x B) + C E = D/10 3

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE M ETAL P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-11 S HEET 2 OF 11 I RON AND S TEEL - T IER 1b - CO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 2 A Amount of Iron or Steel Produced (t) B Emission Factor (t CO 2 /t of iron or steel produced) C CO 2 Emitted (t) D CO 2 Emitted (Gg)
C = (A x B) D = C/10 3

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE M ETAL P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-11 S HEET 3 OF 11 I RON AND S TEEL - NO x, NMVOC, CO AND SO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 3 A Amount of Iron or Steel Produced (t) B Emission Factor (g gas/t of iron or steel produced) C Gas Emitted (g) D Gas Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 9 NO x NO x NMVOC NMVOC CO CO SO 2 SO 2

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2.76 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE M ETAL P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-11 S HEET 4 OF 11 F ERROALLOYS - T IER 1b - CO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 4 A Amount of Ferroalloy Produced (t) B Emission Factor (t CO 2 /t ferroalloy produced) C CO 2 Emitted

(t) D CO 2 Emitted

(Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 3

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.77 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE M ETAL P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-11 S HEET 5 OF 11 A LUMINIUM - T IER 1b - CO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 5 A Amount of Aluminium Produced (t) B Emission Factor (t CO 2 /t aluminium produced) C CO 2 Emitted (t) D CO 2 Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 3

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESS S UBMODULE M ETAL P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-11 S HEET 6 OF 11 A LUMINIUM - T IER 1b - CF 4 E MISSIONS S TEP 6 A Type of

cell B Amount of Aluminium Produced

(tonnes) C Equation Constant

CF 4 D Average Fraction of

Pot Gas During Anode Effects E Current Efficiency

(fraction) F Number of Anode Effects Per Day G Anode Effect Duration (minutes) H CF 4 Emitted

(kg) I CF 4 Emitted

(Gg) 1.698 H = (B x C x D x E x F x G) I = H/10 6

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESS S UBMODULE M ETAL P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-11 S HEET 7 OF 11 A LUMINIUM - T IER 1b - C 2 F 6 E MISSIONS S TEP 7 A Type of cell B Amount of Aluminium Produced

(tonnes) C Equation Constant

C 2 F 6 D Average Fraction of

Pot Gas During Anode Effects E Current Efficiency

(fraction) F Number of

Anode Effects per Day G Anode Effect Duration

(minutes) H C 2 F 6 Emitted

(kg) I C 2 F 6 Emitted

(Gg) 0.1698 H = (B x C x D x E x F x G) I = H/10 6

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2.78 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE M ETAL P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-11 S HEET 8 OF 11 A LUMINIUM - T IER 1c - CF 4 E MISSIONS S TEP 8 A Amount of Aluminium Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg CF 4 /t aluminium produced) C CF 4 Emitted (kg) D CF 4 Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE M ETAL P RODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-11
SHEET 9 OF 11 A LUMINIUM - T IER 1c - C 2 F 6 E MISSIONS S TEP 9 A Total CF 4 Emissions (Gg) B C 2 F 6 Emission Factor (C 2 F 6 /CF 4 ) C C 2 F 6 Emitted (Gg) 0.1 C = (A x B)

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE M ETAL P RODUCTION - W ORKSHEET 2-11 S HEET 10 OF 11 A LUMINIUM - NO x , CO, SO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 10 A Amount of Aluminium Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg gas/t aluminium produced) C Pollutant Emitted (kg) D Pollutant Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6 NO x NO x CO CO SO 2 SO 2

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.79 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE M ETAL PRODUCTION W ORKSHEET 2-11 S HEET 11 OF 11 SF 6 U SED IN A LUMINIUM AND M AGNESIUM F OUNDRIES - SF 6 E MISSIONS S TEP 11 A Consumption of SF 6 (t) B SF 6 Emitted (t) C SF 6 Emitted (Gg) B = A C = B/10 3

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2.80 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P ULP AND P APER I NDUSTRIES W ORKSHEET 2-12 S HEET 1 OF 2 NO x , NMVOC AND CO E MISSIONS S TEP 1
Pulp Process Type A Quantity of Air

Dried Pulp Produced (t) B Emission Factor

(kg gas /t air

dried pulp produced) C Pollutant Emitted

(kg) D Pollutant Emitted

(Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6
Kraft NO x NO x Kraft NMVOC NMVOC Kraft CO CO

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P ULP AND P APER I NDUSTRIES W ORKSHEET 2-12 S HEET 2 OF 2 SO 2 E MISSIONS S TEP 2
Pulp Process Type A Quantity of Air

Dried Pulp Produced (t) B Emission Factor

(kg SO 2 /t air

dried pulp produced) C SO 2 Emitted (kg) D SO 2 Emitted (Gg)
C = (A x B) D = C/10 6
Kraft Acid Sulphite

Total (Gg):

# 1 2 I NDUSTRIAL 

# P ROCESSES

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.81 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE F OOD AND D RINK W ORKSHEET 2-13 S HEET 1 OF 2 A LCOHOLIC B EVERAGE P RODUCTION - NMVOC E MISSIONS S TEP 1

Alcoholic Beverage Type A Quantity of Alcoholic Beverage Produced (hl) B Emission Factor (kg NMVOC/hL beverage produced) C NMVOC Emitted

(kg) D NMVOC Emitted

(Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6

Total (Gg):

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE F OOD AND D RINK W ORKSHEET 2-13 S HEET 2 OF 2 B READ AND O THER F OOD P RODUCTION - NMVOC E MISSIONS S TEP 2

Food Production Type A Quantity of Food Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg NMVOC/t food processed) C NMVOC Emitted (kg) D NMVOC Emitted (Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6

Total (Gg):

# I NDUSTRIAL 

# P ROCESSES

2.82 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE W ORKSHEET 2-14 S HEET 1 OF 2 B Y -P RODUCTS - HFC S AND PFC S E MISSIONS S TEP 1
Type of Halocarbon A Quantity of Halocarbon Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg halocarbon by-product per tonne halocarbon produced) C Halocarbon

Emitted

(kg) D Halocarbon

Emitted

(Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE P RODUCTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE W ORKSHEET 2-14 S HEET 2 OF 2 F UGITIVE E MISSIONS - HFC S AND PFC S E MISSIONS S TEP 2
Type of Halocarbon A Quantity of Halocarbon Produced (t) B Emission Factor (kg halocarbon lost per tonne

halocarbon produced) C Halocarbon

Emitted

(kg) D Halocarbon

Emitted

(Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 6

# 1 2 I NDUSTRIAL 

# P ROCESSES

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.83 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 1 OF 13 - T IER 1aAND T IER1b - B ULK H ALOCARBONS E MISSIONS H ALOCARBON N AME S TEP 1 A Quantity of Halocarbon Produced (t) B Quantity of Halocarbon Imported in Bulk (t) C Quantity of Halocarbon Exported in Bulk (t) D Quantity of Halocarbon Destroyed (t) E Potential Bulk Halocarbon Emission (t)

E = A + B - C - D

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 2 OF 13 - T IER 1b O NLY - P RODUCT C ONTAINING H ALOCARBONS H ALOCARBON N AME S TEP 2

Type of Product F Number of Units Imported (+) or

Exported (-) G Quantity of Material per Unit (kg) H Fraction of Halocarbon in Material (%/100) I Potential Product Halocarbon Emissions (t)

I = F x G x H/10 3

Total (Gg):

# I NDUSTRIAL 

# P ROCESSES

2.84 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE - T IER1aAND T IER 1b - S UMMARY OF H ALOCARBONS E MISSIONS W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 3 OF 13 H ALOCARBON N AME S TEP 3 J Potential Bulk Halocarbon Emissions (t) K Potential Product Halocarbon Emissions (t) L Total Potential Halocarbon Emission (t) M Total Potential Halocarbon Emissions (Gg) J= E from Step 1 K= I from Step 2 L = J + K M = M/10 3

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE R EFRIGERATION T YPE H ALOCARBON N AME W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 4 OF 13 R EFRIGERATION A SSEMBLY - T IER2 - HFC S AND PFC S E MISSIONS S TEP 4 A B CD Amount of HFC/PFC Charged into New Systems in Year t (E charg ed (t) ) (t) Assembly Losses (k)

(%) Halocarbon Emitted

(t) Halocarbon Emitted

(Gg) C= (A x B) D = C/10 3

# 1 2 I NDUSTRIAL 

# P ROCESSES

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.85 ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE R EFRIGERATION T YPE H ALOCARBON N AME W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 5 OF 13 R EFRIGERATION O PERATION - T IER2 - HFC S AND PFC S E MISSIONS S TEP 5 E Amount of HFC/PFC Stocked in Existing Systems in Year t (E stock ( t ) ) (t) F Annual Leakage Rate (x)

(%) G Halocarbon Emitted

(t) H Halocarbon Emitted

(Gg) G = E x F/100 H = G/10 3

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE R EFRIGERATION T YPE H ALOCARBON N AME W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 6 OF 13 R EFRIGERATION D ISPOSAL - T IER2 - HFC S AND PFC S E MISSIONS S TEP 6 I Amount of HFC/PFC

Charged into New Systems in Year t-n (Ei charg e ( t-n ) )

(t) J Average Equipment

Lifetime

(n)

(years) K Amount of HFC/PFC in Systems at Time of Disposal in Per Cent of Original Charge

(y) (%) L Amount of HFC/PFC Recovered in Per Cent of Actual Charge (z) (%) M Halocarbon

Emitted

(t) N Halocarbon

Emitted

(Gg) M = I x [K/100 ] x [ (100 - L)/100] N = M/10 3

# I NDUSTRIAL 

# P ROCESSES

2.86 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE R EFRIGERATION T YPE H ALOCARBON N AME W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 7 OF 13 R EFRIGERATION S UMMARY - T IER2 - HFC S AND PFC S E MISSIONS S TEP 7 O Assembly

(Gg) P Operation
(Gg) Q Disposal

(Gg) R Total Halocarbon Emissions

(Gg) O = D (from Step 4) P = H (from Step 5) Q = N (from Step 6) R =(O+P+Q)

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 8 OF 13 F OAM P RODUCTS - T IER2 - HFC S AND PFC S E MISSIONS S TEP 8
Foam Type A Quantity of HFC/PFC

Used

(t) B Quantity of HFC/PFC in Use (t) C Fraction Loss during Production

(%/100) D Fraction Loss

during Use

(%/100) E HFC/PFC Emitted

(t) F HFC/PFC Emitted

(Gg) E = (A x C) + (B x D) F = E/10 3

Open NA NA Closed NA= Not Applicable Total (Gg):

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 9 OF 13 F IRE E XTINGUISHERS - T IER2 - HFC S , PFC S AND SF 6 E MISSIONS S TEP 9
Extinguisher Type A Total Quantity of HFC/PFC/SF 6 Used in New Extinguishers (t) B Fractional Loss Factor

(%/100) C HFC/PFC/SF 6

Emitted

(t) D HFC/PFC/SF 6

Emitted

(Gg) C = (A x B) D = C/10 3
Portable Fixed Total (Gg):

# 1 2 I NDUSTRIAL 

# P ROCESSES

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2.87 M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 10 OF 13 - T IER2 - A EROSOLS - HFC S AND PFC S E MISSIONS S TEP 10 A Use of HFCs/PFCs for Aerosols in Inventory Year

(t) B Use of HFCs/ PFCs

for Aerosols in

Prior Year (t) C Loss of Current

Year’s Use D Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Aerosols (t) E Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Aerosols

(Gg) D = (A x C) + B (1 - C) E = D/10 3

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 11 OF 13 S OLVENTS - T IER2 - HFC S AND PFC S E MISSIONS S TEP 11 A Use of HFCs/PFCs

for Solvents in Inventory Year (t) B Use of HFCs/ PFCs

for Solvents in

Prior Year (t) C Loss of Current

Year’s Use D Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Solvents (t) E Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Solvents

(Gg) D = (A x C) + B (1 - C) E = D/10 3

M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 12 OF 13 O THER A PPLICATIONS - T IER2 - HFC S AND PFC S E MISSIONS S TEP 12 A Use of HFCs/PFCs for Other Applications in Inventory Year (t) B Use of HFCs/ PFCs for Other Applications in

Prior Year (t) C Loss of Current

Year’s Use D Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Other Applications (t) E Emission of HFCs/PFCs from Other Applications (Gg) D = (A x C) + B (1 - C) E = D/10 3

# I NDUSTRIAL 

# P ROCESSES

2.88 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE I NDUSTRIAL P ROCESSES S UBMODULE C ONSUMPTION OF H ALOCARBONS AND S ULPHUR H EXAFLUORIDE W ORKSHEET 2-15 S HEET 13 OF 13 SF 6 E MISSIONS S TEP 13 A Quantity of SF 6 in Use in Inventory Year

(t) B Loss Factor for

SF 6 in Use

(%/100) C Quantity of SF 6 in Use 30 Years

Prior to the Inventory Year (t) D Fraction Remaining in SF 6

Equipment at Time of Disposal (%/100) E SF 6 Emitted

(t) F SF 6 Emitted

(Gg) E = (A x B) + (C x D) F = E/10 3

### R evised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# M ODULE 

# 3 

# S OLVENT AND 

# O THER 

# P RODUCT 

# U S E

# 3 S OLVENT AND 

# O THER 

# P RODUCT 

# U SE

R evised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# 3 S OLVENT AND 

# O THER 

# P RODUCT 

# U SE

No methods for the calculation of greenhouse gases (primarily NonMethane Volatile Organic Compounds) from solvent and other product use are included in the phase I version of the workbook. This placeholder is provided to preserve numbering consistency with the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual , ( Guidelines Volume 3) and the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reporting Instructions , ( Guidelines Volume 1).Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# M ODULE 

# 4 

# A GRICULTURE

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.1 

# 4. A GRICULTURE



# 4.1 Introduction The Agriculture module looks at greenhouse gas emissions from five
sources:

• Domestic Livestock: Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management

• Rice Cultivation: Flooded Rice Fields

• Prescribed Burning of Savannas

• Field Burning of Agricultural Residues

• Agricultural Soils



# 4.2 Domestic Livestock

4.2.1 Introduction This submodule deals with methane and nitrous oxide from two sources:

• enteric fermentation

• manure management Methane from enteric fermentation is produced in herbivores as a by-product of the digestive process by which carbohydrates are broken down by micro-organisms into simple molecules for absorption into theblood-stream. Both ruminant animals (e.g., cattle, sheep) and some nonruminant animals (e.g., pigs, horses) produce methane, although ruminants are the largest source. The amount of CH 4 

### that is released depends upon the type, age and weight of the animal and the quantity and quality of the feed consumed. Methane from the management of animal manure occurs as the result of its decomposition under anaerobic conditions. These conditions often occur when a large number of animals are managed in a confined area (e.g., dairy farms, beef feedlots, and swine and poultry farms). Emissions of methane from wild animals and termites are not included in this submodule. The focus in the IPCC Guidelines is on anthropogenic emissions. While there are human interactions with natural sources such as wild animals and termites, they are complex and highly uncertain.



## 4.2.2 Data sources There are no individual sources that will provide all the data needed to estimate methane emissions from domestic livestock. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations publishes a series entitled The FAO Production Yearbook(e.g., FAO, 1991). This series has information about livestock populations and the production and

# A GRICULTURE

4.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### consumption of livestock products. The FAO data should be supplemented with studies conducted for individual countries. Many countries publish results of their agricultural census that includes data on production levels in addition to livestock populations. Table 4-1 summarises the data needed.

T ABLE 4-1 L IVESTOCK P OPULATION D ATA C OLLECTED IN T IER 1 S TEP 1
Data Collected Population by Climate (%) Livestock Population (# head) Milk Production (kg/head/yr) Cool Temperate Warm
Dairy Cattle Average A nnual Population Milk Production per Head % Cool % Temp. % Warm
Non-dairy Cattle Average Annual Population Not Applicable (NA) % Cool % Temp. % Warm
Buffalo Average A nnual Population (NA) % Cool % Temp. % Warm
Sheep Average A nnual Population (NA) % Cool % Temp. % Warm
Goats Average A nnual Population (NA) % Cool % Temp. % Warm
Camels Average A nnual Population (NA) % Cool % Temp. % Warm
Horses Average A nnual Population (NA) % Cool % Temp. % Warm

Mules and Asses Average Annual Population (NA) % Cool % Temp. % Warm
Swine Average A nnual Population (NA) % Cool % Temp. % Warm
Poultry Average A nnual Population (NA) % Cool % Temp. % Warm
Climate regions are defined in terms of annual average temperature as follows: Cool = less than 15 ° C; temperate = 15 ° C to 25 ° C inclusive; and warm = greater than 25 ° C.



## 4.2.3 Methodology Although the methodological issues are very complex, a simplified methodology is used for the purposes of this Workbook

. For a detailed discussion of the methodology, see the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual . Broadly, emissions are calculated by applying an emission factor to the number of animals of each livestock type in the country to produce a total for enteric fermentation. Default emission factors are provided for developed and developing countries with more regional detail for cattle, the most important source from this activity.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.3 The same basic methodology is used to estimate emissions from manure management. In this area default emission factors are provided by region and for three different climate regimes. Simple multiplication of populations by emission factors produces emissions estimates.


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 4-1 M ETHANE 

### A ND 

### N ITROUS 

### O XIDE 

### E MISSIONS 

### F ROM 

### D OMESTIC 

### L IVESTOCK 

### E NTERIC 

### F ERMENTATION 

### A ND 

### M ANURE 

### M ANAGEMENT 

### at the end of this module to record the data.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### E NTERIC 

### F ERMENTATION 

### 1 For each type of livestock in the Worksheet, enter the number in thousands in column A. Refer to FAO Production Yearbooks (e.g., FAO 1991) if there are no locally available data. It is recommended that national experts use three-year averages for activity data if available so that the data not be skewed in the event that the base year of the inventory was an exceptional year not representative of the country’s normal activity level. 2 For each type of livestock, enter an average Emission Factor in column B in kilograms per head per year (this is the same as tonnes per thousand head per year). Use a figure from the tables below or more precise locally available data. Because cattle are the most important source and because the emission factors for cattle vary significantly among regions, region-specific default factors are provided. Choose emission factors for cattle that are most appropriate for your national situation.

T ABLE 4-2 E NTERIC F ERMENTATION M ETHANE E MISSIONS F ACTORS ( KG CH 4 PER HEAD PER YEAR **OR** T CH 4 PER 1000 HEAD PER YEAR) Livestock Developed Countries Developing Countries Buffalo 55 55 Sheep 8 5 Goats 5 5 Camels 46 46 Horses 18 18 Mules and Asses 10 10 Swine 1.5 1.0 Poultry Not estimated Not estimated All Estimates are + or - 20%. See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources. U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

# A GRICULTURE

4.4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 3 Multiply the number of cattle by the Average Emissions Factors to give Emissions from Enteric Fermentation in tonnes per year. Enter the result in column C.

T ABLE 4-3 E NTERIC F ERMENTATION M ETHANE E MISSION F ACTORS FOR C ATTLE Regional Characteristics Cattle Type Emissions Factor (kgCH 4 /head/yr) Comments

**North America** : Highly productive commercialised dairy sector feeding high quality forage and grain. Separate beef cow herd, primarily grazing with feed supplements seasonally. Fast-growing beef steers/heifers finished in feedlots on grain. Dairy cows are a small part of the population. Dairy

Non-dairy 118

47 Average milk production of 6700 kg/head/yr
Includes beef cows, bulls, calves, growing steers/heifers, and feedlot cattle. **Western Europe** : Highly productive commercialised dairy sector feeding high quality forage and grain. Dairy cows also used for beef calf production. Very small dedicated beef cow herd. Minor amount of feedlot feeding with grains. Dairy

Non-dairy 100

48 Average milk production of 4200 kg/head /yr
Includes bulls, calves, and growing steers/heifers. **Eastern Europe** : Commercialised dairy sector feeding mostly forages. Separate beef cow herd, primarily grazing. Minor amount of feedlot feeding with grains. Dairy

Non-dairy 81

56 Average milk production of 2550 kg/head/yr
Includes beef cows, bulls, and young. **Oceania** : Commercialised dairy sector based on grazing. Separate beef cow herd, primarily grazing range lands of widely varying quality. Growing amount of feedlot feeding with grains. Dairy cows are a small part of the population. Dairy

Non-dairy 68

53 Average milk production of 1700 kg/head/yr
Includes beef cows, bulls, and young. **Latin America** : Commercialised dairy sector based on grazing. Separate beef cow herd grazing pastures and range lands. Minor amount of feedlot feeding with grains. Growing beef cattle comprise a large portion of the population. Dairy

Non-dairy 57

49 Average milk production of 800 kg/head/yr
Includes beef cows, bulls, and young.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.5 T ABLE 4-3 (C ONTINUED ) E NTERIC F ERMENTATION M ETHANE E MISSION F ACTORS FOR C ATTLE Regional Characteristics Cattle Type Emissions Factor (kg CH 4 /head/yr) Comments

**Asia** : Small commercialised dairy sector. Most cattle are multi-purpose, providing draft power and some milk within farming regions. Small grazing population. Cattle of all types are smaller than those found in most other regions. Dairy

Non-dairy 56

44 Average milk production of 1650 kg/head /yr
Includes multipurpose cows, bulls, and young. **Africa and Middle East** : Commercialised dairy sector based on grazing with lowproduction per cow. Most cattle are multipurpose, providing draft power and some milk within farming regions. Some cattle graze over very large areas. Cattle of all types are smaller than those found in most other regions. Dairy

Non-dairy 36

32 Average milk production of 475 kg/head /yr
Includes multipurpose cows, bulls, and young. **Indian Subcontinent** : Commercialised dairy sector based on crop by-product feeding with low production per cow. Most bullocks provide draft power and cows provide some milk in farming regions. Small grazing population. Cattle in this region are the smallest compared to cattle found in all other regions. Dairy

Non-dairy 46

25 Average milk production of 900 kg/head /yr
Includes cows, bulls, and young. Young comprise a large portion of the population. See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### M ANURE 

### M ANAGEMENT 

### S YSTEMS 

### 1 For each type of animal, enter the Emissions Factor for Manure Management in column D in kilograms per head per year. Use default data in the tables which follow or more precise locally available data. Table 4-4 provides default emission factors for most livestock types with different values for developed and developing countries to reflect different conditions and typical practices. Factors are also provided for 3 different climates. Users should select the factors which best represent their conditions. For large countries it may be necessary to subdivide populations into more than one climate region. In that case the user can proceed with calculations in one of two ways. a Develop an average emissions factor. For example: If 25 per cent of sheep are in a temperate region and 75 per cent in a warm region, then EF= (0.25 x 0.16) + (0.75 x 0.21) = 0.20 kg/head/yr

# A GRICULTURE

4.6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### If users do develop and average emission factors, they should state what they have done and should document their sources. b An alternative approach is to make extra copies of the Worksheet and complete one for each region for the manure portion, then add the results and enter the sum on the main Worksheet. Swine, buffalo and cattle are the most important source of manure emissions and the most variable by region, therefore detailed emission factors are provided in a separate table. 2 Multiply the Number of Animals by the Emission Factor for Manure Management to give the Emissions from Manure Management in t/yr. Enter the results in column E.

T ABLE 4-4 E MISSIONS F ACTORS FOR M ANURE M ANAGEMENT ( KG CH 4 PER HEAD PER YEAR) Livestock Developed Countries Developing Countries Cool Temp. a Warm Cool Temp. a Warm Sheep 0.19 0.28 0.37 0.10 0.16 0.21 Goats 0.12 0.18 0.23 0.11 0.17 0.22 Camels 1.59 2.38 3.17 1.28 1.92 2.56 Horses 1.39 2.08 2.77 1.09 1.64 2.18 Mules and Asses 0.76 1.14 1.51 0.60 0.90 1.19
Poultry b 0.078 0.117 0.157 0.012 0.018 0.023 The range of estimates reflects cool to warm climates. Climate regions are defined in terms of annual average temperature as follows: Cool = less than 15 ° C; Temperate = 15 ° C to 25 ° C inclusive; and Warm = greater than 25 ° C. Cool, Temperate and Warm regions are estimated using Methane Conversion Factors of 1%, 1.5% and 2%, respectively.
a Temp. = Temperate climate region. b Chickens, ducks, and turkeys. All estimates are ± 20 percent. Sources: Emission factors developed from: feed intake values and feed digestibilities used to develop the enteric fermentation emission factors (see Appendix A of the Reference Manual Chapter 4); MCF, and B o values reported in Woodbury and Hashimoto (1993). All manure is assumed to be managed in dry systems, which is consistent with the manure management system usage reported in Woodbury and Hashimoto (1993).

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.7 T ABLE 4-5 M ANURE M ANAGEMENT E MISSION F ACTORS FOR C ATTLE , S WINE , AND B UFFALO Regional Characteristics Livestock Type Emissions Factor by Climate Region a (kg/head/year) Cool Temperate Warm North America : Liquidbased systems are commonly used for dairy and swine manure. Non-dairy manure is usually managed as a solid and deposited on pastures or ranges. Dairy Cattle Non-dairy Cattle Swine 36 1 10 54 2 14 76 3 18

Western Europe : Liquid / slurry and pit storage systems are commonly used for cattle and swine manure. Limited cropland is available for spreading manure. Dairy Cattle Non-dairy Cattle Swine Buffalo 14 6 3 3 44 20 10 8 81 38 19 17 Eastern Europe : Solid based systems are used for the majority of manure. About one-third of livestockmanure is managed in liquidbased systems. Dairy Cattle Non-dairy Cattle Swine Buffalo 6 4 4 3 19 13 7 9 33 23 11 16
Oceania : Virtually all livestock manure is managed as a solid on pastures and ranges. About half of the swine manure is managed in anaerobic lagoons. Dairy Cattle Non-dairy Cattle Swine 31 5 20 32 6 20 33 7 20

Latin America : Almost all livestock manure is managed as a solid on pastures and ranges. Buffalo manure is deposited on pastures and ranges. Dairy Cattle Non-dairy Cattle Swine Buffalo 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2
Asia : About half of cattle manure is used for fuel with the remainder managed in dry systems. Almost 40% of swine manure is managed as a liquid. Buffalo manure is managed in drylots and deposited in pastures and ranges. Dairy Cattle Non-dairy Cattle Swine Buffalo 7 1 1 1 16 1 4 2 27 2 7 3

Africa : Almost all livestock manure is managed as a solid on pastures and ranges. Dairy Cattle Non-dairy Cattle Swine 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2

# A GRICULTURE

4.8 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATING 

### M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### E NTERIC 

### F ERMENTATION AND 

### M ANURE 

### M ANAGEMENT 

### 1 Sum emissions for Enteric Fermentation and Manure Management and enter the totals at the bottom of the Worksheet. 2 Add the two totals together to give Total Annual Emissions from Domestic Livestock. 3 Divide the final result by 1,000 to express it as gigagrams. Enter the result in column F. T ABLE 4-5 (C ONTINUED ) M ANURE M ANAGEMENT E MISSION F ACTORS FOR C ATTLE , S WINE , AND B UFFALO Regional Characteristics Livestock Type Emissions Factor by Climate Region a (kg/head/year) Cool Temperate Warm Middle East : Over two-thirds of cattle manure is deposited onpastures and ranges. About onethird of swine manure is managed in liquid-based systems. Buffalo manure is burned for fuel or managed as a solid. Dairy Cattle Non-dairy Cattle Swine Buffalo 1 1 1 4 2 1 3 5 2 1 6 5

Indian Subcontinent : About half of cattle and buffalo manure is used for fuel with the remainder managed in dry systems. About one-third of swine manure is managed as a liquid. Dairy Cattle Non-dairy Cattle Swine Buffalo 5 2 3 4 5 2 4 5 6 2 6 5

a Cool climates have an average temperature below 15 ° C; temperate climates have an average temperature ranging from 15 ° C to 25 ° C inclusive; warm climates have an average temperature above 25 ° C. All climate categories are not necessarily represented within every region. For example, there are no significant warm areas in Eastern or Western Europe. Similarly, there are no significant cool areas in Africa and the Middle East. Note: Significant buffalo populations do not exist in North America, Oceania, or Africa. 

### See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.9 S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATING 

### N 2 

### O E MISSIONS FROM 

### A NIMAL 

### W ASTE 

### M ANAGEMENT 

### S YSTEMS



### E QUATION 

### 1 Nex (AWMS) 

### = ∑ (T) 

### [N (T) 

### x Nex (T) 

### x AWMS (T) 

### ]
Where : Nex (AWMS) 

### = N excretion per Animal Waste Management System (kg/yr) (see Step 1 in the agricultural soils Section 4.6); N (T) 

### = number of animals of type T in the country; Nex (T) 

### = N excretion of animals of type T in the country (kg N/animal /yr) (see Table 4-6); AWMS (T) 

### = fraction of Nex ( T ) 

### that is managed in one of the different distinguished animal waste management systems for animals of type T in the country; (see Table 4-7); T = type of animal category.

Worksheet 4-1 (Supplemental) N ITROGEN 

### E XCRETION 

### P ER 

### A WMS 

### Use the Supplemental Worksheet 4-1 to calculate Nitrogen Excretion per Animal Waste Management System (AWMS). Make extra copies of the Worsheet and complete one for each AWMS. 1 Enter the Number of Animals, N, in a country in column A. 2 Enter the Nitrogen Excretion, Nex, for each animal type in column B. Default data are provided in Table 4-6. 3 Enter the Fraction of Manure Nitrogen per AWMS in column C. Default data are provided in Table 4-7. 4 Multiply columns A, B, and C, and enter the results into column D. 5 Sum the values in column D and enter the total in the bottom of the column to obtain the Nitrogen Excretion for each AWMS, Nex (AWMS), 

### in kilograms per year.

# A GRICULTURE

4.10 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### E QUATION 

### 2 N 2 

### O (AWMS) 

### = ∑ [ Nex (AWMS) x 

### EF 3(AWMS) 

### ]
where:

N 2 

### O (AWMS) 

### = N 2 

### O emissions from all Animal Waste Management Systems in the country (kg N/yr); Nex (AWMS) 

### = See Equation 1, above; EF 3(AWMS) 

### = N 2 

### O emission factor for an AWMS (kg N 2 

### O-N/kg of Nex in AWMS); (see Table 4-8).

Use Worksheet 4-1, Sheet 2 of 2 to calculate N 2 

### O Emissions from all Animal Waste Management Systems. 1 Enter the values of Nitrogen Excretion Nex (AWMS) 

### from the bottom of column D of each Supplemental Worksheet into the corresponding Animal Waste Management System in column A. 2 For each type of Animal Waste Management System, enter Emission Factor for Animal Waste Management Systems in column B. Use default values provided in Table 4-8 or more precise locally available data. 3 Multiply the value of N excretion (column A) by the N 2 

### O Emission Factor for Animal Waste Management System (column B) and then by the conversion ratio 44/28 to give the Total Annual Emissions of N 2 

### O. Multiply the final result by 10 -6 

### to express it as gigagrams. Enter the results in column C. 4 Sum the values in column C and enter the result in the bottom of the column.
TABLE 4-6 T ENTATIVE D EFAULT VALUES FOR N ITROGEN E XCRETION PER H EAD OF A NIMAL PER R EGION (kg/animal/yr) a Region Type of Animal Non-dairy

cattle Dairy cattle Poultry Sheep Swine Others

North America 70 100 0.6 16 20 25 Western Europe 70 100 0.6 20 20 25 Eastern Europe 50 70 0.6 16 20 25 Oceania 60 80 0.6 20 16 25 Latin America 40 70 0.6 12 16 40 Africa 40 60 0.6 12 16 40 Near East & Mediterranean 50 70 0.6 12 16 40

Asia & Far East 40 60 0.6 12 16 40

a Source:Ecetoc (1994), Vetter et al. (1988), Steffens and Vetter (1990). N ITROUS O XIDE FROM AWMS Nitrogen Excretion Nex from all AWMS are estimated here. However, note that N 2 O emissions from anaerobic lagoons, liquid systems, solid storage and drylot, and “other systems” are reported in this section while daily spread and pasture range and paddock are reported under Agricultural Soils (see Section 4.6).4AGRICULTURERevised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook4 . 11TABLE4-7DEFAULTVALUES FORPERCENTAGE OFMANUREN PRODUCED INDIFFERENTANIMALWASTEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMSINDIFFERENTWORLDREGIONS(FROMSAFLEY ET AL., 1992)Region Type of Animal Percentage of Manure Production per Animal Waste Management SystemsAnaerobicLagoonLiquidSystemDailySpreadSolid Storageand DrylotPastureRange andPaddockUsed FuelOther SystemNorth AmericaNon-dairy Cattle (D)0 1 0 14 84 01Dairy Cattle10 23 37 23 0 07Poultry (E)54001090Sheep0 0 0 2 88 010Swine25 50 0 18 0 06Other animals (F)0 0 0 0 92 08Western EuropeNon-dairy Cattle (D)0 55 0 2 33 09Dairy Cattle0 46 24 21 8 01Poultry (E)0 13 0 1 2 084Sheep0 0 0 2 87 011Swine0 77 0 23 0 00Other animals (F)0 0 0 0 96 04Eastern EuropeNon-dairy Cattle (D)8 39 0 52 0 01Dairy Cattle0 18 1 67 13 00Poultry (E)0 28 0 0 1 071Sheep0 0 0 0 73 027Swine0 29 0 0 27 045Other animals (F)0 0 0 0 92 08AGRICULTURE4.12Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: WorkbookTABLE4-7 (CONTINUED)DEFAULTVALUES FORPERCENTAGE OFMANUREN PRODUCED INDIFFERENTANIMA LWASTEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS INDIFFERENTWORLDREGIONS(FROMSAFLEY ET AL., 1992)Region Type of Animal Percentage of Manure Production per Animal Waste Management SystemsAnaerobicLagoonLiquidSystemDailySpreadSolidStorage andDrylotPastureRange andPaddockUsed Fuel Other SystemOceaniaNon-dairy Cattle (D) 0 0 00100 0 0Dairy Cattle 0 0 00100 0 0Poultry (E) 0 0 003 0 97Sheep 0 0 00100 0 0Swine 55 0 0170 0 28Other animals (F) 0 0 00100 0 0Latin AmericaNon-dairy Cattle (D) 0 0 0099 0 1Dairy Cattle 0 1 62136 0 0Poultry (E) 0 9 0042 0 49Sheep 0 0 00100 0 0Swine 0 8 2510 0 40Other animals (F) 0 0 0099 0 1AfricaNon-dairy Cattle (D) 0 0 1396 0 0Dairy Cattle 0 0 12083 0 5Poultry (E) 0 0 0081 0 19Sheep 0 0 0199 0 1Swine 0 7 09300 0Other animals (F) 1 0 0099 0 14AGRICULTURERevised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook4 . 13TABLE4-7 (CONTINUED)DEFAULTVALUES FORPERCENTAGE OFMANUREN PRODUCED INDIFFERENTANIMALWASTEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS INDIFFERENTWORLDREGIONS(FROMSAFLEYET AL., 1992)Per centage of Manure Production per Animal Waste Management SystemsRegion Type of AnimalAnaerobicLagoonLiquidSystemDailySpreadSolidStorage andDrylotPastureRange andPaddockUsed FuelOther SystemNear East andMediterraneanNon-dairy Cattle (D)0 0 2 0 77 182Dairy Cattle0 0 3 3 77 180Poultry (E)0 1 0 0 71 028Sheep0 0 0 0 100 00Swine 0 32 0 68 0 00Other animals (F)0 0 0 0 100 00Asia and Far EastNon-dairy Cattle (D) 0 0 16 14 29 400Dairy Cattle 6 4 21 0 24 460Poultry (E)1 2 0 0 44 152Sheep0 0 0 0 83 017Swine 1 38 1 53 0 70Other animals (F)0 0 0 0 95 05(D) Includes buffalo(E) Includes chickens, turkeys and ducks(F) Includes goats, horses, mules, donkeys and camels

# A GRICULTURE

4.14 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 4-8 T ENTATIVE D EFAULT VALUES FOR N 2 O E MISSION F ACTORS FROM A NIMAL W ASTE PER A NIMAL W ASTE M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM ( KG N 2 O–N/ KG N ITROGEN E XCRETED ) Animal Waste Management System a Emission Factor EF 3 Anaerobic lagoons b 0.001 (<0.002) Liquid systems b 0.001 (<0.001) Daily spread c 0.0 (no range) Solid storage and drylot c 0.02 (0.005-0.03) Pasture range and paddock (grazing) d 0.02 (0.005-0.03) Used as fuel e Not included in this Chapter Other systems b 0.005

a The fraction of manure nitrogen produced in different Animal Waste Management Systems for cattle, swine and buffalo can be estimated as proposed in Table 4-7, or as given by Safley et al. (1992). b To be reported under “Manure Management”.
c To be reported under “Agricultural Soils” (Section 4.6) under direct soil emissions from agricultural fields after spreading. (Emissions are assumed not to occur before spreading). d To be reported under “Agricultural Soils” (Section 4.6) under direct soil emissions from animal production.
e To be reported in the Energy Chapter.


# 4.3 Rice Cultivation

4.3.1 Introduction Anaerobic decomposition of organic material in flooded rice fields produces methane (CH 4 

### ), which escapes to the atmosphere primarily by diffusive transport through the rice plants during the growing season. Upland rice fields, which are not flooded and therefore do not produce significant quantities of CH 4 

### , account for approximately 10 per cent of the global rice production and about 15 per cent of the global rice area under cultivation. The remaining area is grown for wetland rice, consisting of irrigated, rainfed, and deepwater rice. The global wetland rice area harvested annually in the early 1980s was about 123.2 million hectares (total harvested area including upland rice is 144 Mha), over 90 per cent of which was in Asia (Neue et al., 1990). 1 

### The measurements at various locations of the world show that there are large temporal variations of CH 4 

### fluxes and that the flux differs markedly with soil type and texture, application of organic matter and mineral fertiliser (Neue and Sass, 1994). The wide variations in CH 4 

### fluxes also

1 

### The term "harvested area" has a different meaning from "cultivated area" in that the former accounts for double and triple cropping. For example, if a country has 10 million hectares of land under rice cultivation, all of which are double-cropped (i.e., two crops of rice are grown on each hectare each year), then this country has 20 million hectares of rice area harvested annually.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.15 indicate that the flux is critically dependent upon several factors including climate, characteristics of soils and paddy, and agricultural practices, particularly water regime. The parameters that affect methane emissions vary widely both spatially and temporally. Multiple year data sets near the same location and under similar conditions can lead to substantial differences in seasonal methane emission levels, making it difficult to establish a single number as the methane emission level from a field, let alone at a regional or country level. Thus, at the current level of understanding, a reported range in methane emission levels for a country is more realistic than a single number.



## 4.3.2 Data sources
Area Statistics Table 4-9 contains information on harvested area of rice according to statistics from the FAO Yearbook (UN, 1992), China Agricultural Yearbook (1990), IRRI RICE Almanac (IRRI, 1994) and World Rice Statistics (IRRI, 1993). Allocation of areas to categories, e.g., irrigated, rainfed (flood prone and lowland rainfed) and upland rice for main rice-producing countries were based on the IRRI Rice Almanac (IRRI, 1994) and for other rice-producing countries these categories were based on IRRI (1990), Huke (1982) and Grist (1986). Actual percentage of the irrigated, rainfed, and flood prone areas which are continuously flooded or have an aeration period greater than 3 days or multiple aerations, are to be obtained from the country specific data. Seasonally Integrated flux values Tables 4-10 and 4-11 provides default emission factors, EF, for various categories of water regimes and multiplication factors for organic amendments. Emissions from upland rice are assumed to be 0 and ignored in the emission calculations. See the Reference Manual for a more detailed discussion of available data
sources.


## 4.3.3 Methodology Emissions of methane from rice fields can be represented as follows:

E QUATION 

### 1 F c = EF × A × 10 -12


### where:

F c = estimated annual emission of methane from a particular rice water regime and for a given organic amendment, in Tg /yr; EF = methane emission factor integrated over integrated cropping season, in g/m 2 

### ; A = annual harvested area cultivated under conditions specified above. It is given by the cultivated area times the number of cropping seasons per year, i.e., in m 2 

### /yr. E STIMATING H ARVESTED A REA The annual harvested area cultivated under these conditions is given by the cultivated area (in m2/yr) times the number of cropping seasons per year. If some areas are double cropped, they would be counted twice as the harvested area.

# A GRICULTURE

4.16 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

## Completing the Worksheet Use WORKSHEET 

### 4-2 M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### F LOODED 

### R ICE 

### F IELDS 

### at the end of this module to enter your data. Table 4-9 gives default data for the distribution of rice growing areas and water management types throughout the world.



### E STIMATING 

### M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS BY 

### W ATER 

### M ANAGEMENT 

### R EGIME 

### 1 Enter the Harvested Area by water management regime (in square metres x 10 -9 

### ) in column A. The annual harvested area cultivated under these conditions is given by the cultivated area (in m 2 

### /yr) times the number of cropping seasons per year. Area cultivated under upland (or dry conditions) is excluded from methane calculations. Table 4-9 provides some default information which can be used if data are not locally available. Note that the data for area harvested provided in Table 4-9 are expressed in units of thousands of hectares. If these data are used they must first be converted to square metres (1000h = 10 7 

### sq.m). 2 Enter the Scaling Factor for Methane Emissions in column B. Default factors are given for rice ecosystems relative to continuously flooded fields, without organic amendments. Values are provided in Table 4-10 and can be used if more detailed data are not locally available. 3 For conversion to soils with organic amendment, enter a Correction Factor for Organic Amendment in column C. The default value is 2. For soils without organic amendment, correction is not necessary. In this case, enter 1 in column C. 4 Enter the Seasonally Integrated Methane Emission Factor for Continuously Flooded Rice without Organic Amendment (in g/m 2 

### ) in column D. Some country specific data are given in Table 4-11. The arithmetic mean of the dataset can be used as a default value, if no other information is available. 5 For each category, multiply the Harvested Area (column A) by the Scaling Factor for Methane Emissions (column B), the Correction Factor for Organic Amendment (column C), and the Seasonally Integrated Methane Emission Factor for Continuously Flooded Rice without Organic Fertilisers (column D). This gives CH 4 

### Emissions in gigagrams for each rice category. Enter the result in column E. 6 Sum emissions and enter the total at the bottom of column E. U SING THE W ORKSHEET

• Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.

• Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

R EFLECTING M ORE D ETAIL If you have the necessary data, you can sub-divide your data further to account for different fertilising practices. Furthermore, if regional variations in temperature, cultivation practices, etc. justify it, calculations can be done at sub-national regional level. In either case you should use extra copies of the Worksheet and label them clearly by subcategory or region. You should then aggregate the results to provide a national summary table from the basic categories described in the method.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.17 T ABLE 4-9 D EFAULT A CTIVITY D ATA - H ARVESTED R ICE Country or Region 1990 Area (1000s ha) Irrigated a (%) Upland Rice (%) Rainfed b (%) Americas USA 1114 100 0 0 Belize 2 10 90 0 Costa Rica 53 10 90 0 Cuba 150 100 0 0 Dominican Rep 93 98 2 0 El Salvador 15 10 90 0 Guatemala 15 10 90 0 Haiti 52 40 60 0 Honduras 19 10 90 0 Jamaica 0 40 60 0 Mexico 123 41 59 0 Nicaragua 48 10 90 0 Panama 92 5 95 0 Puerto Rico 0 75 25 0 Trinidad & Tobago 5 45 55 0 Argentina 103 100 0 0 Bolivia 110 25 75 0 Brazil 3945 19 75 6 (0 + 6) Chile 35 79 0 Columbia 435 67 23 10 (0 + 10)
Ecuador 266 40 10 50 Guyana 68 95 5 0 Paraguay 34 50 50 0 Peru 185 84 16 0 Surinam 58 100 0 0 Uruguay 108 100 0 0 Venezuela 119 90 21 0

# A GRICULTURE

4.18 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 4.9 ( CONT .) D EFAULT A CTIVITY D ATA - H ARVESTED R ICE Country or Region 1990 Area (1000s ha) Irrigated a (%) Upland Rice (%) Rainfed b (%) Asia Brunei 1 79 21 0 Hong Kong 0 100 0 0 Syria 0 100 0 0 Turkey 52 100 0 0 India 42321 53 (16 + 37) 15 32 (16 + 16) Pakistan 2113 100 0 0 Bangladesh 10435 22 8 70 (23 + 47) Myanmar 4760 18 6 76 (24 + 52) Nepal 1445 23 3 74 (8 + 66) Afghanistan 173 100 0 0 Bhutan 25 50 4 46 (42 + 4) China 3 33265 93 2 5 (0 + 5) Indonesia 10502 72 (22 + 50) 11 17 (10 + 7) Iran 570 100 0 0 Iraq 78 100 0 0 Japan 2074 99 (2 + 97) 1 0 Malaysia 639 66 12 22 (1 + 21) Philippines 3319 61 2 37 (2 + 35) Sri Lanka 828 37 7 56 (3 + 53) Taiwan 700 97 3 0 Thailand 9650 7 1 92 (7 + 85) Kampuchea 1800 8 2 90 (42 + 48) Laos 638 2 37 61 (0 + 61) Vietnam 6028 53 8 39 (11 + 28) Democratic Republic of Korea 670 67 13 20
Republic of Korea 1242 100 (9 + 91) 0 0

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.19 T ABLE 4.9 ( CONT .) D EFAULT A CTIVITY D ATA - H ARVESTED R ICE Country or Region 1990 Area (1000s ha) Irrigated a (%) Upland Rice (%) Rainfed b (%) Europe Albania 2 100 0 0 Bulgaria 11 100 0 0 France 20 100 0 0 Greece 15 100 0 0 Hungary 11 100 0 0 Italy 208 100 0 0 Portugal 33 100 0 0 Romania 37 100 0 0 Spain 81 100 0 0 Former USSR 624 100 0 0 Former Yugoslavia 8 100 0 0 P ACIFIC Australia 102 100 0 0 Fiji 13 50 50 0 Africa Algeria 1 100 0 0 Angola 18 100 0 0 Benin 7 10 90 0 Burkina Faso 19 89 11 0 Burundi 12 25 75 0 Cameroon 15 25 75 0 C African Rep 10 25 75 0 Chad 39 25 75 0 Comoros 13 100 0 0 Congo 4 25 75 0 Egypt 436 100 0 0 Gabon 0 25 75 0 Gambia 14 90 10 0

# A GRICULTURE

4.20 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 4.9 ( CONT .) D EFAULT A CTIVITY D ATA - H ARVESTED R ICE Country or Region 1990 Area (1000s ha) Irrigated a (%) Upland Rice (%) Rainfed b (%) Ghana 85 24 76 0 Guinea Bissau 57 25 75 0 Guinea 608 8 47 45 Ivory Coast 583 6 87 7 Kenya 15 25 75 0 Liberia 168 0 94 6 Madagascar 1160 10 14 76 (2 + 74) Malawi 29 25 75 0 Mali 222 25 75 0 Mauritania 14 100 0 0 Morocco 6 100 0 0 Mozambique 109 25 75 0 Niger 29 35 65 0 Nigeria 1567 16 51 33 (33 + 0) Rwanda 3 25 75 0 Senegal 73 25 75 0 Sierra Leone 339 1 67 32 Somalia 5 50 50 0 South Africa 1 100 0 0 Sudan 1 50 50 0 Swaziland 0 25 75 0 Tanzania 375 3 22 75 (0 + 75) Togo 21 4 96 0 Uganda 37 25 75 0 Zaire 393 5 90 5 Zambia 11 25 75 0 Zimbabwe 0 25 75 0

a Numbers in brackets indicate continuously flooded and intermittently flooded respectively. b Numbers in brackets indicate continuously flood-prone and drought-prone respectively. c Values are currently being updated. Notes: Areas were taken from FAO Yearbook (UN, 1992), China Agricultural Yearbook (1990), World Rice Statistics (IRRI, 1990) and IRRI Rice Almanac 1993-1995 (IRRI, 1993).

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.21 T ABLE 4-10 S CALING F ACTORS F OR M ETHANE E MISSIONS F OR R ICE E COSYSTEMS R ELATIVE T O C ONTINUOUSLY F LOODED F IELDS (W ITHOUT O RGANIC A MENDMENTS ) Category Sub-Category a Scaling Factors (relative to emission factors for continuously flooded fields) Upland None 0 Lowland Irrigated Continuously flooded 1.0 Intermittently

flooded b Single aeration 0.5 (0.2-0.7)
Multiple aeration 0.2 (0.1-0.3)
Rainfed Flood prone 0.8 (0.5-1.0) Drought prone 0.4 (0-0.5) Deep water Water depth 50-100 cm 0.8 (0.6-1.0) Water depth > 100 cm 0.6 (0.5-0.8)

a other rice ecosystem categories, like swamps, inland saline or tidal wetlands may be discriminated within each sub-category according to local emission measurements. b defined as > 3 days aeration during the vegetative period. Note : For irrigated and continuously flooded, lowland rice ecosystems, the default seasonally integrated methane emission is 20 g/m 2 (see Table 4-11) for soils ‘without organic amendments’. For conversion to methane emissions from soils ‘with organic amendments’, apply a default correction factor of 2 (Range 2-5) to the corresponding rice ecosystem for the ‘without organic amendment’ category.

# A GRICULTURE

4.22 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 4-11 S EASONALLY I NTEGRATED M ETHANE E MISSION F ACTORS FOR C ONTINUOUSLY F LOODED R ICE WITHOUT O RGANIC F ERTILISER IN VARIOUS L OCATIONS OF THE W ORLD Country Seasonally Integrated Emission Factor, EF a

(g/m 2 ) Literature/Remarks

Australia 22.5 NGGIC, 1996 China 13 (10-22) Wassman et al., 1993a India 10 (5 - 15) Mitra et al., 1996 Parashar et al., 1996 Indonesia 18 (5 - 44) Nugroho et al., 1994a,b Italy 36 (17-54) Schütz et al., 1989a Japan 15 Minami, 1995 Republic of Korea 15 Shin et al., 1995 Philippines (25 - 30) Neue et al., 1994; Wassman et al., 1994 Thailand 16 (4 - 40) Towpryaoon et al., 1993 USA (Texas) 25 (15 - 35) Sass and Fisher, 1995 Arithmetic Mean b 20 (12-28)
-
a It is recognised that the emission factors presented in Table 4-11 will need to be periodically updated as better data become available. However, this dataset represents the best available information at the time of compilation. b The arithmetic mean of the seasonally integrated emission factor, EF, is derived from the values shown in Table 4-11. The range of emission factors is defined as the standard deviation about the mean.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.23 

# 4.4 Prescribed Burning of Savannas

4.4.1 Introduction Savannas are tropical and subtropical formations with continuous grass coverage. The growth of savannas is controlled by alternating wet and dry seasons: most of the growth occurs during the wet season. Man-made and/or natural fires frequently occur during the dry season, resulting in nutrient recycling and regrowth. Large scale burning takes place primarily in the humid savannas because the arid savannas lack sufficient grass cover to sustain fire. Savannas are burned every one to four years on average, with the highest frequency in the humid savannas of Africa. The burning of savannas results in instantaneous emissions of carbon dioxide. However, because the vegetation regrows between the burning cycles, the carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere is reabsorbed during the next vegetation growth period. Therefore, this Workbook assumes that CO 2 

### net emissions are zero. The burning of savannas also releases gases other than CO 2 

### , including methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and oxides of nitrogen. Unlike CO 2 

### emissions these are net anthropogenic emissions and should be accounted for.



## 4.4.2 Data sources There are no routinely published data on the amount of savanna burned, but several assessment papers have been published. The FAO Forest Resource Assessment 1990: Tropical Countries (FAO 1993) provides country estimates of savanna (grassland) area and the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual provides additional references.


## 4.4.3 Methodology The non-CO 2 

### trace gas emissions from savanna burning may be estimated through a series of simple calculations using either locally available data or defaults provided in the tables in this Workbook

. First the quantity of biomass that actually burns is calculated by multiplying area of savanna burned by average biomass density and by the fraction of exposed biomass which actually burns. Second, carbon released is calculated multiplying quantity of biomass burned by fraction oxidised and then by carbon fraction. The second calculation can be greatly improved by first dividing the quantity of biomass burned into living and dead fractions. The calculation is then carried out for each of these fractions using different fractions oxidised and carbon contents for the living and dead fractions. D EGRADED S AVANNAS Although the default assumption is that biomass burned on savannas regrows in a short period, this may not always be the case. Sometimes savannas are burned too often, or for other reasons fail to recover completely. Over time savannas can degrade significantly as a result of human intervention. In this case there will be a long-term loss of carbon in aboveground biomass and soils. If this is occurring, the annual carbon loss should be accounted for, if possible, in addition to the information requested in the Workbook.

N ON -M ETHANE V OLATILE O RGANIC C OMPOUNDS NMVOCs are emitted in significant quantities from biomass burning. These emissions should be estimated using the same approach provided for other non-CO 2 gases. However, the default information has not yet been developed to include this class of gases in the Workbook. This is an area to be considered in future improvements to the Guidelines.

# A GRICULTURE

4.24 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### Third, several ratios are applied to total carbon released to derive estimates of non-CO 2 

### trace gas emissions, as follows:

• a nitrogen-carbon ratio is applied to estimate total nitrogen content

• ratios for CH 4 

### and CO as fractions of total carbon

• ratios of N 2 

### O and NO x

### as fractions of total nitrogen The resulting estimates of emissions are converted to total weight (i.e., from CH 4 

### as C to CH 4 

### total) using standard factors. One country may possess more than one type of savanna with different characteristics; burns may vary in efficiency; and burns may take place at different times during the dry season, causing the burning to vary with the state of the vegetation (such as the moisture content and whether the biomass is alive or dead). If data are locally available savanna burned should be subdivided into relevant subcategories reflecting these variations and entered into the worksheet. If you are relying on the default values in this Workbookyou will only be able to carry out calculations at a national level.


## Completing the Worksheet

S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### T OTAL 

### B IOMASS THAT 

### A CTUALLY 

### B URNS


### Use W ORKSHEET 

### 4-3 P RESCRIBED 

### B URNING OF 

### S AVANNAS 

### at the end of this module to record inventory data. You should do this for a single national average category or subdivide if data are locally available for each relevant subcategory of savanna. 1 For each category of savanna, enter the Area Burned (in kilohectares) in column A. If possible use locally available data for hectares of savanna burned annually. If this is not possible, a crude default approach is to determine the total savanna area and multiply by typical regional defaults for percentage burned annually from Table 4-12 (below). F RACTIONS In order to determine the amount of savanna biomass that actually oxidises to release carbon to the atmosphere, several fractions must be applied sequentially. To start with, the quantity of biomass exposed to fire is calculated by multiplying the area of savanna burned in the inventory year by the average biomass density (in tonnes of dry matter per hectare). The fractions are then applied as follows. Fraction which Actually Burns Under normal open burning conditions all biomass in each hectare does not actually burn. The Fraction which Actually Burns (generally 0.80 - 0.85 but may be higher in very dry regions) is applied to derive the kilotonnes of dry matter which actually burn. Fraction Oxidised This next fraction to be applied expresses the biomass that oxidises. Not all of the burning biomass oxidises - a small fraction may remain as charcoal. The fraction oxidised is usually 0.8 to 1.0. Carbon Fraction The last fraction to be applied determines the amount of carbon that is released from the fraction of biomass which has oxidised.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.25 T ABLE 4-12 R EGIONAL S AVANNA S TATISTICS Region Fraction of Total Savanna Burned Annually Aboveground Biomass Density (t dm/ha) Fraction of Biomass Actually Burned Fraction of Aboveground Biomass that

is Living Tropical America 0.50 6.6 ±1.8 Tropical Asia 0.50 4.9 Tropical Africa Sahel zone North Sudan zone South Sudan zone Guinea zone 0.75 0.05-0.15 0.25-0.50 0.25-0.50 0.60-0.80 6.6 ±1.6 0.5-2.5 *

2-4 *
3-6 *
4-8 * 0.95 0.85 0.85 0.90-1.0 0.20 0.45 0.45 0.55 Australia 0.05-0.70 2.1-6 Regional defaults are for seasonal average densities which should be used for emissions calculations. Values marked with * are maximum, season end densities which are appropriate defaults for these very dry sub-regions. Note: These are ecological zones that do not correspond directly to areas with political boundaries of the same name. For example, the North and South Sudan Zones include countries other than Sudan and run East-West across the African continent. See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources of these figures. 

### 2 For each category of savanna, enter the Biomass Density of the Savanna (in tonnes of dry matter per hectare) in column B. Table 4-12 provides available summary information by region which can be used as default data. 3 Multiply the Area Burned by the Biomass Density of the Savanna to give the Total Biomass Exposed to Burning (in gigagrams of dry matter, which is the same as kilotonnes dm). Enter the result in column C. 4 Enter the Fraction of Biomass Actually Burned in column D. Use locally available data if available. You can use a general default figure in the range 0.80 - 0.85. Some specific values for African sub-regions are given in Table 4-12. 5 Multiply Total Biomass Exposed to Burning (column C) by the Fraction Actually Burned (column D) to give the Quantity Actually Burned. Enter the results in column E.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING THE 

### P ROPORTIONS OF 

### L IVING AND 

### D EAD 

### B IOMASS 

### 1 Enter the Fraction of Living Biomass burned in column F. Some default figures are in Table 4-12 for specific sub-regions in Africa. In other regions users must provide these values. If no information is available, users can do the calculation using "combined values" (see margin box: categories of savannas). C ATEGORIES OF S AVANNAS A number of users of the draft Guidelines, particularly in Africa, have suggested that savannas should be divided into woody savannas and grasslands if possible. For woody savannas, the aboveground biomass densities prior to burning would be higher and the fraction oxidised should be lower, as much of the standing woody biomass would not be burned. Other subcategories by region, time of burning, etc. may also be useful.

# A GRICULTURE

4.26 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2 Multiply the Quantity Actually Burned by the Fraction of Biomass Living to give the quantity of Living Biomass Burned (in gigagrams of dry matter). Enter the result in column G. 3 Subtract the Living Biomass Burned from the Quantity of Biomass Actually Burned to give the quantity of Dead Biomass Burned (in gigagrams of dry matter). Enter the result in column H.



### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATING THE 

### T OTAL 

### C ARBON 

### R ELEASED 

### 1 For each category of savanna, enter the Fraction Oxidised for living and dead biomass. Enter the results in the appropriate boxes in column I. Default figures are in Table 4-13.

T ABLE 4-13 G ENERAL D EFAULT VALUES Fraction Oxidised Carbon Fraction Living Fraction 0.80 0.45

Dead Fraction 1.0 0.40

Combined 0.90 0.45


### 2 For each category of savanna multiply the Living Biomass Burned by the Fraction Oxidised for living biomass. Also, multiply Dead Biomass Burned by the Fraction Oxidised for dead biomass. Enter the results, in gigagrams of dry matter, in the appropriate boxes in column J. 3 For each category of savanna, living and dead, enter the Carbon Fraction (of dry matter) of living and dead biomass in column K. Default figures are in Table 4-13. 4 Multiply the Total Biomass Burned by the Carbon Fraction for each category of savanna, living and dead, to give the Total Carbon Released. Enter the results in column L in gigagrams of carbon. 5 Add the totals in column L and enter the result in the Total box at the bottom of the column. Carry the result forward to column L at the start of sheet 3 on the next page. C OMBINED VALUES From this point on in the worksheet, each original category is split into two parts - living and dead - for which calculations are made separately. Each row in the worksheet splits into living and dead rows for columns I through J. If users are not able to report living and dead fractions, the default calculation can be done using "combined" values from Table 4-13.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.27 S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATING 

### NON-CO 2 

### T RACE 

### G A S 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### S AVANNA 

### B URNING 

### 1 Enter the Nitrogen-Carbon Ratio in column M. If no data specific to biomass type are locally available, use the general default value for savannas, which is 0.006. 2 Multiply Total Carbon Released (column L) by the Nitrogen-Carbon Ratio to give the Total Nitrogen Content (in gigagrams of Nitrogen). Enter the result in the appropriate box in column N. 3 For each gas - methane (CH 4 

### ), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N 2 

### O) and nitrogen oxides (NO x 

### ) - enter an Emission Ratio in column O. Table 4-14 shows the default ratios.
T ABLE 4-14 E MISSION RATIOS AND RANGES FOR S AVANNA B URNING C ALCULATIONS Compound Default value Range CH 4 0.004 0.002 - 0.006 CO 0.06 0.04 - 0.08
N 2 O 0.007 0.005 - 0.009 NO x 0.121 0.094 - 0.148 Note: Ratios for carbon compounds are mass of carbon released as CH 4 or CO (in units of C) relative to mass of total carbon released from burning (in units of C); those for the nitrogen compounds are expressed as the ratios of mass of nitrogen compounds released relative to the total mass of nitrogen released from the fuel. See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources. 

### 4 Multiply Total Carbon Released (column L) (for CH 4 

### and CO), or Total Nitrogen Content (column N) (for N 2 

### O and NO x 

### ) by the emissions ratios in column O to give the total emissions for each gas. Enter the results in column P.



### S TEP 

### 5 C ONVERT 

### E MISSIONS OF 

### C ARBON AND 

### N ITROGEN INTO 

### M ETHANE 

### , C ARBON 

### M ONOXIDE 

### , N ITROUS 

### O XIDE AND 

### N ITROGEN 

### O XIDE 

### E MISSIONS 

### . 1 Multiply the emissions of each gas expressed as C or N by the appropriate Conversion Ratio 2 

### in column Q to give the Emissions from Savanna Burning for each gas emitted. Enter the results in column R.

2 

### The molecular weight ratios given above for the emitted gases are with respect to the weight of nitrogen or carbon in the molecule. Thus for N 2 

### O the ratio is 44/28 and for NO x

### it is 46/14. NO 2 

### has been used as the reference molecule for NO x 

### .

# A GRICULTURE

4.28 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# 4.5 Field Burning of Agricultural Residues

4.5.1 Introduction Large quantities of agricultural residues are produced from farming systems world-wide. Burning of crop residues in the fields is a common agricultural practice, particularly in developing countries. It has been estimated that as much as 40 per cent of the residues produced in developing countries may be burned in fields, while the percentage is lower in developed countries. It is important to note that some crop residues are removed from the fields and burned as a source of energy, especially in developing countries. Emissions from this type of burning are calculated in the Energy module of this Workbook . Users should ensure that residue burning is properly allocated to these two components and not double counted. This submodule deals exclusively with emissions of methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and nitrogen oxides from crop residues. In this Workbook , field burning of crop residues is not treated as a net source of carbon dioxide because it is assumed that the carbon released to the atmosphere is reabsorbed during the next growing season. However crop residue burning is a significant net source of emissions of methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and nitrogen oxides.



## 4.5.2 Data sources Annual crop production statistics by country for most of the crops from which residues are burned may be found in FAO Production Year Books (e.g., FAO, 1991). Crop specific data for each country on ratios of residue to crop production, fraction of residue burned, dry matter content of residue and carbon and nitrogen contents of residue should be provided by individual countries if available. Table 4-15 Selected Crop Residue Statistics shows default data for crop residues.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.29 T ABLE 4-15 S ELECTED C ROP R ESIDUE S TATISTICS Product Residue / Crop Ratio Dry Matter Fraction Carbon Fraction NitrogenCarbon

Ratio Wheat 1.3 0.78-0.88 0.4853 0.012 Barley 1.2 0.78-0.88 0.4567 Maize 1 0.30-0.50 0.4709 0.02 Oats 1.3 Rye 1.6 Rice 1.4 0.78-0.88 0.4144 0.014 Millet 1.4 0.016 Sorghum 1.4 0.02 Pea 1.5 Bean 2.1 Soya 2.1 0.05 Potatoes 0.4 0.30-0.60 0.4226 Feedbeet 0.3 0.10-0.20 a 0.4072 a Sugarbeet 0.2 0.10-0.20 a 0.4072 a Jerusalem artichoke 0.8 Peanut 1 Note : Crop statistics in this table are not complete. For values not specified you should use values for the most similar crop type as defaults. See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources. a These statistics are for beet leaves. 

## Completing the Worksheet

S TEP 

### 1 C ALCULATING THE 

### A MOUNT OF 

### R ESIDUE


### Use W ORKSHEET 

### 4-4 F IELD 

### B URNING OF 

### A GRICULTURAL 

### R ESIDUES 

### to enter data for this module. 1 Specify the important crops which produce residues burned in fields and enter these as categories on the Worksheet. 2 For each type of crop, enter Annual Production in gigagrams, which is the same as kilotonnes, of crop product in column A. 3 Enter the Residue to Crop Ratio for each crop type in column B. Use Table 4-15 above if there are no local statistics. 4 Multiply the Annual Production of each crop by the Residue to Crop Ratio to give the Quantity of Residue. Enter the result in column C. U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary

# A GRICULTURE

4.30 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING THE 

### A MOUNT OF 

### D R Y 

### R ESIDUE 

### 1 Enter Dry Matter Fraction for each crop type in column D. Default values for some crop types are shown in Table 4-15. 2 Multiply the Quantity of Residue by the Dry Matter Fraction to give the Quantity of Dry Residue in gigagrams of dry matter. Enter the result in column E.



### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATING 

### T OTAL 

### B IOMASS 

### B URNED 

### 1 Enter the Fraction Burned in Fields for each crop type in column F. Values should reflect an average of practices for the individual country. No default data are available. 2 Enter the Fraction Oxidised for each crop type in column G (default value 0.90). 3 Multiply the Quantity of Dry Residue by the Fraction Burned in Fields and the Fraction of Biomass Oxidised to give the Total Biomass Burned (in gigagrams of dry matter). Enter the result in column H.



### S TEP 

### 4 C ALCULATING THE 

### T OTAL 

### C ARBON 

### R ELEASED


### 1 Enter the Carbon Fraction of each residue in column I. Default values for some crop types are shown in Table 4-15. If no other information is available, use the general default for live biomass, which is 0.5. 2 Multiply the Total Biomass Burned by the Carbon Fraction of each residue to give the Total Carbon Released in gigagrams of carbon. Enter the results in column J. 3 Add the totals for each crop type in column J and enter the result in the Total box at the bottom of the column.



### S TEP 

### 5 E STIMATING 

### T OTAL 

### N ITROGEN 

### R ELEASED 

### 1 Enter the Nitrogen-Carbon Ratio for each crop type in column K. The general default Nitrogen-Carbon ratio for crops is 0.01- 0.02. Some specific values for individual crops are given in Table 4-15. 2 Multiply the Total Carbon Released (column J) by the Nitrogen-Carbon Ratio (column K) to give the Total Nitrogen Released. Enter the result in column L. 3 Add the Total Nitrogen Released for each crop type and enter the result in the Total box at the bottom of column L.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.31 S TEP 

### 6 E STIMATING 

### N O N 

### -CO 2 

### T RACE 

### G A S 

### E MISSIONS


### 1 Enter Emission Ratios in the relevant boxes in column M. Table 4-16 shows default emission ratios and ranges.

T ABLE 4-16 D EFAULT E MISSION RATES FOR A GRICULTURAL R ESIDUE B URNING C ALCULATIONS Ratios Gas Default Range CH 4 0.005 0.003-0.007 CO 0.06 0.04-0.08 N 2 O 0.007 0.005-0.009 NO x 0.121 0.094-0.148 Note : Ratios for carbon compounds are mass of carbon released as CH 4 or CO (in units of C) relative to mass of total carbon released from burning (in units of C); those for the nitrogen compounds are expressed as the ratios of mass of nitrogen compounds released relative to the total mass of nitrogen released from the fuel. See the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual for sources.


### 2 Multiply Carbon Released (Total from column J) by the Emission Ratios for CH 4 

### or CO (column M) to give the Emissions of Carbon as methane and carbon monoxide. Enter the results in the appropriate boxes in column N. 3 Multiply Nitrogen Released (Total from column L) by the Emission Ratios for N 2 

### O or NO x 

### (column M) to give the Emissions of Nitrogen as nitrous oxide and nitrogen oxides. Enter the results in the appropriate boxes in column N. 4 For each gas, multiply by the Conversion Ratio 3 

### in column O to give the amount of Emissions from Burning Agricultural Residues. Enter the results, in gigagrams of each gas, in the appropriate boxes in column P.

3 

### The molecular weight ratios given above for the emitted gases are with respect to the weight of nitrogen or carbon in the molecule. Thus for N 2 

### O the ratio is 44/28 and for NO x

### it is 46/14. NO 2 

### has been used as the reference molecule for NO x 

### .

# A GRICULTURE

4.32 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# 4 . 6 A g r i c u l t u r a l S o i l s

4.6.1 Introduction Adequate information exists to calculate N 2 

### O emissions from agricultural systems including (1) direct emissions of N 2 

### O from agricultural soils (including glasshouse systems farming and excluding effects of grazing animals) (2) direct soil emissions of N 2 

### O from animal production and (3) indirect emissions of N 2 

### O from nitrogen used in agriculture. The calculations can be performed in 9 steps in Worksheet 4-5.



## 4.6.2 Data Sources All input data can be obtained from FAO databases. The following input data are needed:

• Total use of synthetic fertiliser in country (N FERT 

### , in kg N/yr).
• Number of livestock in country for the following categories: non-dairy cattle, dairy cattle, poultry, sheep, swine and other animals; N (T) 

### . • Dry pulses and soybeans produced in country (Crop BF 

### , in kg/yr).
• Dry production of other crops in country (Crop 0 

### , kg/yr).
• Area of cultivated organic soils (Histosols) in country (F OS 

### , ha). 

## 4.6.3 Methodology Total N 2 

### O–N emissions from a country (kg N 2 

### O–N/yr) are:

N 2 

### O = N 2 

### O DIRECT 

### + N 2 

### O ANIMALS 

### + N 2 

### O INDIRECT



## Completing the Worksheets

Use W ORKSHEET 

### 4-5, A GRICULTURAL 

### S OILS 

### at the end of this module to record the data.
E STIMATING 

### D IRECT 

### N ITROUS 

### O XIDE 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### A GRICULTURAL 

### F IELDS



### S TEP 

### 1 A MOUNT OF 

### N I NPUT 

### 1 Calculation of synthetic fertiliser use (F SN



### ) The Worksheet calculations require the total synthetic fertiliser, F SN , 

### used in the country excluding emissions of NH 3 

### and NO x 

### (F SN 

### ). This can be calculated from the following equation.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.33 E QUATION 

### 1 F SN 

### = N FERT 

### x (1-Frac GASF 

### )

where:
N FERT 

### = total use of synthetic fertiliser in country (kg N/yr); Frac GASF 

### = fraction of total synthetic fertiliser nitrogen that is emitted as NO x

### + NH 3 

### (kg N/kg N) (see Table 4-17).

Enter F SN 

### in Worksheet 4-5, sheet 1 in column A. 

### 2 Calculation of nitrogen from animal waste (F AW 

### ) The data needed are: livestock numbers in country for the following categories: non-dairy cattle, dairy cattle, poultry, sheep, swine and other animals, N (T) 

### . Using nitrogen excretion factors as listed in Table 4-6, total nitrogen excretion by livestock can be calculated from livestock numbers. Table 4-7 shows the percentage of the manure-N used as fuel (Frac FUEL 

### ), and from grazing animals (Pasture range and Paddock) (Frac GRAZ 

### ).

E QUATION 

### 2 F AW

### = (Nex (1-(Frac FUEL

### + Frac GRAZ 

### + Frac GASM 

### ))

E QUATION 

### 3 Nex = ∑ [N (T) 

### x Nex (T) 

### ]

E QUATION 

### 4 Nex (AWMS) 

### = ∑ [N (T) 

### x Nex (T) 

### x AWMS (T) 

### ]

where:
AWMS (T) 

### = fraction of Nex ( T ) 

### that is produced in the different distinguished animal waste management systems in country (from Tables 4-6 and 4-7); F AW 

### = manure nitrogen used as fertiliser in country, corrected for NH 3 

### and NO x

### emissions and excluding manure produced during grazing (kg N/yr); Frac FUEL 

### = fraction of livestock nitrogen excretion contained in excrements burned for fuel (kg N/kg N totally excreted);

# A GRICULTURE

4.34 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### Frac GRAZ 

### = fraction of livestock nitrogen excreted and deposited onto soil during grazing (kg N/kg N excreted); country estimate; Frac GASM 

### = fraction of total nitrogen excretion that is emitted as NO x

### or NH 3 

### (kg N/kg N) (see Table 4-17); N (T) 

### = number of animals per Type of animal in country; Nex = total nitrogen excretion by animals in country (kg N/yr); Nex (T) 

### = nitrogen excretion per Type of animal in country (kg/yr) (see Table 4-6); Nex (AWMS) 

### = nitrogen excretion per Animal Waste Management System (kg/yr).

Worksheet 4-5A (Supplemental) M ANURE 

### N ITROGEN 

### U SED 

### A S 

### F ERTILISER 

### Use Worksheet 4-5A (Supplemental) to calculate Manure Nitrogen Used as fertiliser, corrected for NH 3 

### and NO x

### emissions and excluding manure produced during grazing.
1 Enter the Total Nitrogen Excretion, Nex for all AWMS from column A, sheet 3 Worksheet 4-1, into column A. 2 Enter the Fraction of Nitrogen burned for Fuel, Frac FUEL 

### , in column B. See Table 4-17 for default data. 3 Enter the Fraction of Nitrogen Excreted during Grazing, Frac GRAZ 

### , in column C. See Table 1 in Appendix A, Pasture Range and Paddock. 4 Enter the Fraction of Nitrogen Excreted Emitted as NO x

### and NH 3 

### , Frac GASM 

### , in column D. See Table 4-17 for default data. Note that the data in Appendix A are in per cent. Divide these values by 100 to obtain the Fraction of Nitrogen Excreted during Grazing. 5 Sum columns B, C and D and subtract the total from one. Enter this figure in column E. 6 Multiply columns A and E, and enter the result into column F to obtain the Manure Nitrogen Used (corrected for NH 3 

### and NO x

### emission and excluding manure produced during grazing), F AW 

### , into column F. 7 Enter F AW

### in Worksheet 4-5, sheet 1 in column A.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.35 T ABLE 4-17 S UMMARY OF D EFAULT VALUES FOR P ARAMETERS
Frac BURN = 0.25 in developing countries 0.10 or less in developed countries (kg N/kg crop-N)
Frac FUEL = 0.0 kg N/kg nitrogen excreted a
Frac GASF = 0.1 kg NH 3 –N + NO x –N/kg of synthetic fertiliser nitrogen applied
Frac GASM = 0.2 kg NH 3 –N + NO x –N/kg of nitrogen excreted by livestock
Frac GRAZ = See Table A-1, Appendix A (Column Pasture Range and Paddock). a
Frac LEACH = 0.3 kg N/kg nitrogen of fertiliser or manure
Frac NCRBF = 0.03 kg N/kg of dry biomass
Frac NCR0 = 0.015 kg N/kg of dry biomass
Frac R = 0.45 kg N/kg crop-N

a Countries are recommended to obtain country specific data. 

### 3. Calculation of total nitrogen input in N-fixing crops (F BN



### ) Nitrogen input from N-fixing crops (F BN 

### , kg N/yr) can be calculated from dry biomass production of pulses and soybean in country, Crop BF 

### (kg/yr;):

E QUATION 

### 5 F BN 

### = 2 x Crop BF 

### x Frac NCRBF



### where: Crop BF 

### = production of pulses + soybeans in country (kg dry biomass/yr); Frac NCRBF 

### = fraction of nitrogen in N-fixing crop (kg N/kg of dry biomass) (see Table 4-17). The factor 2 converts the FAO crop production to total crop biomass.

Enter F BN 

### in Worksheet 4-5, sheet 1 in column A. 

### 4. Calculation of nitrogen input from crop residues (F CR



### ) Data needed to calculate nitrogen input from crop residues (F CR 

### ) are:

• Dry biomass production of pulses and soybean in country, Crop BF 

### (kg/yr)
• Dry biomass production of other crops in country, Crop 0 

### (kg/yr)
These numbers can be obtained from FAO databases.

# A GRICULTURE

4.36 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### Crop residue returned to soils (F CR 

### , in kg N/yr) is calculated as:

E QUATION 

### 6 F CR

### = 2 x [Crop 0 

### x Frac NCR0 

### + Crop BF 

### x Frac NCRBF 

### ] x (1-Frac R 

### ) x (1-Frac BURN 

### )

where: Crop BF 

### = production of pulses + soybeans in country (kg dry biomass/yr); Crop 0 

### = production of non-N-fixing crops in country (kg dry biomass/yr); Frac NCRBF 

### = fraction of nitrogen in N-fixing crops (kg N/kg of dry biomass) (see Table 4-17); Frac NCR0 

### = fraction of nitrogen in non-N-fixing crops (kg N/kg of dry biomass) (see Table 4-17); Frac R 

### = fraction of crop residue that is removed from the field as crop (kg N/kg crop-N) (see Table 4-17); Frac BURN 

### = fraction of crop residue that is burned rather than left on field (see Table 4-17).
The factor 2 converts edible crop production to total crop biomass production. Worksheet 4-5B (Supplemental) N ITROGEN 

### I NPUT 

### F ROM 

### C ROP 

### R ESIDUES 

### Use Worksheet 4-5B (Supplemental) to calculate Nitrogen input from Crop Residues. 1 Enter the Production of non-N-fixing crops, Crop 0 

### , in a country into column A. If production data are not available as dry biomass, multiply Crop 0 

### by (1-0.15) to account for crop water content. 2 Enter the Fraction of Nitrogen of non-N-fixing crops, Frac NCR0 

### , into column B. See Table 4-17 for default values. 3 Enter the Production of Pulses and Soybeans, Crop BFN 

### , into column C. If production data are not available as dry biomass, multiply Crop 0 

### by (1- 0.15) to account for crop water content. 4 Enter the Fraction of Nitrogen in N-fixing crops, Frac NCRBF 

### into column D. See Table 4-17 for default data. 5 Subtract the Fraction of Crop Residue Removed from Field, Frac R 

### , from one, and enter the result in column F. See Table 4-17 for default data. 6 Subtract the Fraction of Crop Residue Burnt, Frac BURN 

### , from one, and enter the result in column G. See Table 4-17 for default data.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.37 7 Multiply columns A and B, and columns C with D. Sum the products, and multiply the result with the values in columns F and G. Multiply the result by 2 and enter the result into column H to obtain the nitrogen input from crop residues, F CR 

### . 8 Enter F CR

### in Worksheet 4-5, sheet 1 in column A.


### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### D IRECT 

### N ITROUS 

### O XIDE 

### E MISSIONS 

### E XCLUDING 

### C ULTIVATION OF 

### H ISTOSOLS


### 1 Enter Emission Factors for Direct Emissions in column B. Use default values for emission factor EF 1 

### provided in Table 4-18 or more precise locally available data. 2 Multiply the Amount of N input (column A) by the Emission Factor for Direct Emissions (column B) to give the Direct Soil emissions of N 2 

### O. Multiply the final result by 10 -6 

### to express it as gigagrams. Enter the results in column C.
3 Sum the Direct Soil Emissions and enter the total in the bottom of the column C.



### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATING 

### D IRECT 

### N 2 

### O E MISSIONS FROM 

### C ULTIVATION OF 

### H ISTOSOLS 

### 1 Enter Area of Cultivated Organic Soils, F os 

### , in column D.
2 Enter Emission Factor for Direct Soil Emissions in column E. Use default values for Emission Factor, EF 2 

### provided in Table 4-18 or more precise locally available data. 3 Multiply the Area of Cultivated Organic Soils (column D) by Emission Factor for Direct Soil Emissions (column E) to give the total Direct Emissions from Histosols. Multiply the final result by 10 -6 

### to express it as gigagrams. Enter the result in column F.

T ABLE 4-18 S UMMARY OF D EFAULT E MISSION F ACTORS

FOR A GRICULTURAL E MISSIONS OF N 2 O
EF 1 = 0.0125 (0.0025-0.0225) kg N 2 O–N/kg nitrogen input EF 2 = 5 temperate and 10 tropical (2-15) (kg N/ha/yr)
EF 3 = see Table 4-8
EF 4 = 0.01 (0.002-0.02) kg N 2 O–N per kg NH 3 –N and NO x –N emitted EF 5 = 0.025 (0.002-0.12) kg N 2 O–N per kg nitrogen leaching/runoff
EF 6 = 0.01 (0.002-0.12) kg N 2 O–N per kg sewage-N produced

# A GRICULTURE

4.38 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATING 

### T OTAL 

### D IRECT 

### N 2 

### O E MISSIONS


### Direct N 2 

### O emissions can be calculated from the following equation:

E QUATION 

### 7 N 2 

### O DIRECT 

### (kg N/yr) = [F SN 

### + F AW

### + F CR

### + F BN 

### ] x EF 1 

### + F OS 

### x EF 2 

### 1 Add the two totals from columns C and F together and then multiply by the conversion ratio 44/28 to give the Total Direct N 2 

### O Emissions. Enter the result in column G.



### S TEP 

### 5 E STIMATING 

### S OIL 

### E MISSIONS OF 

### N 2 

### O FROM 

### G RAZING 

### A NIMALS 

### Only emissions from pasture range and paddock are reported here. The N 2 

### O emissions from other Waste Management Systems are reported under Manure Management (Worksheet 4-1, sheet 2). N 2 

### O emissions from grazing animals (N 2 

### O ANIMALS 

### in kg N/yr) can be calculated as follows:

E QUATION 

### 8 N 2 

### O ANIMALS 

### = N 2 

### O (AWMS) 

### = ∑ (T) 

### [ N (T) 

### x Nex (T) 

### x AWMS (T) 

### x EF 3(AWMS) 

### ]
where:
N 2 

### O ANIMALS 

### = N 2 

### O emissions from animal production in a country (kg N/yr);

N 2 

### O (AWMS) 

### = N 2 

### O emissions from Animal Waste Management Systems in the country (kg N/yr); = [N ( T=1 ) 

### x Nex ( T=1 ) 

### x AWMS ( T=1 ) 

### x EF 3 ( AWMS ) 

### ]+ ... + [N ( T=TMAX ) 

### x Nex ( T=TMAX ) 

### x AWMS ( T=TMAX ) 

### x EF 3(AWMS) 

### ] ; N (T) 

### = number of animals of type T in the country; Nex (T) 

### = N excretion of animals of type T in the country (kg N/animal /yr); (see Table 4-6); AWMS (T) 

### = fraction of Nex ( T ) 

### that is managed in one of the different distinguished animal waste management systems for animals of type T in the country; (see Table 4-7); EF 3(AWMS) 

### = N 2 

### O emission factor for an AWMS (kg N 2 

### O-N/kg of Nex in AWMS); (see Table 4-8); T = type of animal category; T MAX 

### = maximum types of animals distinguished in the country.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.39 1 Enter Nitrogen Excretion, Nex (AWMS) , 

### value for Pasture Range and Paddock (from Worksheet 4-1 Supplemental) into column A.
2 Enter Emission Factor for AWMS in column B. Use default values for Emission Factors, EF 3 

### , provided in Table 4-18 or more precise locally available data. 3 Multiply Nex (AWMS) 

### (column A) by the Emission Factor (column B) and then by the conversion ratio 44/28 to give Emissions of Nitrous Oxide from Grazing Animals. Multiply the final result by 10 -6 

### to express it as gigagrams. Enter the result in column C.



### S TEP 

### 6 E STIMATING 

### I NDIRECT 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### A TMOSPHERIC 

### D EPOSITION OF 

### N H 3 AND 

### N O X 

### 1 Enter the total amount of Synthetic Fertiliser N Applied to Soil, N (F ERT ) 

### , in column A. 2 Enter the Fraction of Synthetic Fertiliser N Applied that Volatilizes (Frac
GASFS 

### ) in column B. Use default values provided in Table 4-17 or more precise locally available data. 3 Multiply the total Amount of Synthetic Fertiliser Applied in the country (column A) by the Fraction of Synthetic Fertiliser N Applied that Volatilizes (column B) to give the total Amount of Synthetic Fertiliser Applied to Soil that Volatilizes. Enter the result in column C. 4 Enter the Total N Excretion by Livestock (Nex) calculated using equation 3 in column D.
5 Enter the Fraction of Total Manure N Excreted that Volatilizes (Frac GASM 

### ) in column E. Use default values provided in Table 4-17 or more precise locally available data. 6 Multiply the Total N Excretion by Livestock, (Nex), (column D) by Fraction of Total Manure N Excreted that Volatilizes, Frac GASM 

### , (column E). Enter the result in column F.
7 Enter Emission Factor, EF 4 , in column G. Use default values provided in Table 4-18 or more precise locally available data. 8 Add columns C and F and then multiply by Emission Factor, EF 4 

### , (column G) to give Nitrous Oxide Emissions. Multiply the final result by 10 -6 

### to express it as gigagrams. Enter the result in column H.

# A GRICULTURE

4.40 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### S TEP 

### 7 E STIMATING 

### I NDIRECT 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### L EACHING 

### 1 Enter the total amount of Synthetic Fertiliser Use in the country N (F ERT ) 

### in column I. 2 Enter the total Livestock N Excretion (Nex), calculated using Equation 3, in column J. 3 Enter the Fraction of N that Leaches, Frac LEACH 

### , in column K. Use default values provided in Table 4-17 or more precise locally available data.
4 Enter the Emission Factor, EF 5, 

### in column L. Use default values provided in Table 4-18 or more precise locally available data. 5 Add total amount of Synthetic Fertiliser Use in the country N (F ERT ) 

### (column I) to Nex (column J). Multiply by Frac LEACH 

### (column K) and then by EF 5 

### (column L) to give the indirect Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Leaching. Multiply the final result by 10 -6 

### to express it as gigagram. Enter the result in column M.



### S TEP 

### 8 E STIMATING 

### I NDIRECT 

### E MISSIONS


### Indirect N 2 

### O emissions (kg/yr) can now be calculated in Worksheet 4-5, Sheets 1 (atmospheric deposition), and 2 (leaching and runoff) as:

E QUATION 

### 9 N 2 

### O INDIRECT

### = N 2 

### O (G) 

### + N 2 

### O (L) 

### where: N 2 

### O ( G ) 

### = (N FERT 

### x Frac GASF 

### + Nex Frac GASM 

### ) x EF 4 

### ;
N 2 

### O ( L ) 

### = (N FERT 

### + Nex) x Frac LEACH 

### x EF 5 

### . where: Frac LEACH 

### = fraction of nitrogen input to soils that is lost through leaching and runoff (kg N/kg of nitrogen applied); (see Table 4-19);
N 2 

### O INDIRECT 

### = indirect N 2 

### O emissions from country (kg N/yr);
N 2 

### O ( G ) 

### = N 2 

### O emissions from country due to atmospheric deposition of NH 3 

### and NO x 

### (kg N/yr);
N 2 

### O ( L ) 

### = N 2 

### O emissions from country due to nitrogen leaching and runoff (kg N/yr). 1 Sum the two totals in columns H and M and then multiply by the conversion ratio 44/28 to give the Total Indirect Nitrous Oxide Emissions. Enter the result in column N.

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.41 S TEP 

### 9 T OTAL 

### N 2 

### O E MISSIONS FROM 

### A GRICULTURAL 

### S OILS 

### Total Nitrous Oxide Emissions from agricultural soils can be calculated as the sum of direct emissions (Worksheet 4-5, sheet 2, step 4), emissions from animal waste (Worksheet 4-5, sheet 3, step 5) and indirect emissions (Worksheets 4-5, sheet 5, step 8). Thus
Total N 2 

### O–N emissions from a country (kg N 2 

### O–N/yr) are:

E QUATION 

### 10 N 2 

### O = N 2 

### O DIRECT 

### + N 2 

### O ANIMALS 

### + N 2 

### O INDIRECT


### 1 Sum the totals in column G (Worksheet 4-5, sheet 2, step 4), column C (Worksheet 4-5, sheet 3, step 5) and column N (Worksheet 4-5, sheet 5, step 8) to give the Total Nitrous Oxide Emissions from agricultural soils. Enter the result in column O.

T ABLE 4-19 D EFAULT V ALUES OF P ARAMETERS FOR I NDIRECT E MISSIONS Frac NPR 0.16 kg N/kg of protein Frac LEACH 0.3 (0.1-0.8) kg N/kg of fertiliser or manure N

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.43 

# Appendix A Data Underlying Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Soils This appendix presents the data used to calculate the manure-N excretion and N 2 

### O emission factors in Table A-1.4AGRICULTURERevised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook4.45TABLEA-1CALCULATION OFMANURE-N EXCRETION ANDN2O EMISSION FACTORS FORDIFFERENTANIMALWASTEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS INDIFFERENTWORLDREGIONS. THESE ARE TO BEREPORTED UNDERMANUREMANAGEMENT,EXCEPT FOR DAILY SPREAD AND PASTURE RANGE OF PADDOCK(EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL SOILS)AND EMISSIONS AFTER USE AS A FUEL(ENERGY)Region Type of Animal Emission Factor for AWMSs EF3(% of Manure N Excreted that is lost as N2O)Number ofAnimals(x106)NitrogenExcretionkg N/animal/yrAnaerobicLagoon(EF3)LiquidSystems(EF3)DailySpread(EF3)SolidStorage &Drylot(EF3)PastureRangePaddock(EF3)Used Fuel(EF3)OtherSystem(EF3)Total NExcreted(Tg N)North America Non-dairy Cattle99.19970 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 6.9Dairy Cattle16.521100 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.7Poultry (E)1486.2660.6 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 0.9Sheep11.33616 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 0.2Swine66.14620 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.3Other animals (F)6.06725 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 0.2Western Europe Non-dairy Cattle56.61870 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 4.0Dairy Cattle31.099100 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 3.1Poultry (E)880.0000.6 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 0.5Sheep93.85620 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.9Swine114.95920 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 2.3Other animals (F)31.57825 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 0.8Eastern Europe Non-dairy Cattle101.44750 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 5.1Dairy Cattle56.80070 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 4.0Poultry (E)1667.0000.6 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0Sheep188.15916 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 3.0Swine152.75720 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 3.1Other animals (F)21.55825 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.5 0.5AGRICULTURE4.46Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: WorkbookTABLEA-1 (CONTINUED)CALCULATION OFMANURE-N EXCRETION ANDN2O EMISSION FACTORS FORDIFFERENTANIMALWASTEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS INDIFFERENTWORLDREGIONS. THESE ARE TO BEREPORTED UNDERMANUREMANAGEMENT,EXCEPT FOR DAILY SPREAD AND PASTURE RANGE OF PADDOCK(EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL SOILS)AND EMISSIONS AFTER USE AS A FUEL(ENERGY)Region Type of Animal Emission Factor for AWMSs EF3(% of Manure N Excreted that is lost as N2O)Number ofAnimals(x 106)NitrogenExcretionkg N/animal/yrAnaerobicLagoon(EF3)LiquidSystems(EF3)DailySpread(EF3)SolidStorage &Drylot(EF3)PastureRangePaddock(EF3)Used Fuel(EF3)OtherSystem(EF3)Total NExcreted.(Tg N)Oceania Non-dairy Cattle 27.610 60 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 1.7Dairy Cattle 4.441 80 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 0.4Poultry (E) 71.000 0.6 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 0.0Sheep 228.982 20 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 4.6Swine 5.003 16 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 0.1Other animals (F) 2.579 25 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 0.1Latin America Non-dairy Cattle 272.871 40 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 10.9Dairy Cattle 37.560 70 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 2.6Poultry (E) 1259.000 0.6 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 0.8Sheep 117.312 12 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 1.4Swine 78.150 16 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 1.3Other animals (F) 71.699 40 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 2.9Africa Non-dairy Cattle 133.198 40 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 5.3Dairy Cattle 18.734 60 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 1.1Poultry (E) 646.000 0.6 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 0.4Sheep 179.171 12 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 2.2Swine 12.445 16 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 0.2Other animals (F) 162.194 40 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.5 6.54AGRICULTURERevised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook4.47TABLEA-1 (CONTINUED)CALCULATION OFMANURE-N EXCRETION ANDN2O EMISSIONFACTORS FORDIFFERENTANIMALWASTEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS INDIFFERENTWORLDREGIONS. THESE ARE TO BEREPORTED UNDERMANUREMANAGEMENT,EXCEPT FOR DAILY SPREAD AND PASTURE RANGE OF PADDOCK(EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL SOILS)AND EMISSIONS AFTER USE AS A FUEL(ENERGY)Region Type of Animal Emission Factor for AWMSs EF3(% of Manure N Excreted that is lost as N2O)Number ofAnimals(x 106)NitrogenExcretion(kg N/animal/yr)AnaerobicLagoon(EF3)LiquidSystems(EF3)DailySpread(EF3)SolidStorage &Drylot(EF3)PasturerangePaddock(EF3)Used Fuel(EF3)OtherSystem(EF3)Total NExcreted(Tg N)Near East andMediterraneanNon-dairy Cattle 44.562 50 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.52.2Dairy Cattle 17.174 70 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.51.2Poultry (E) 656.000 0.6 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.50.4Sheep 187.502 12 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.52.3Swine 0.174 16 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.50.0Other animals (F) 81.962 40 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.53.3Asia and Far East Non-dairy Cattle 440.398 40 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.517.6Dairy Cattle 45.240 60 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.52.7Poultry (E) 3949.000 0.6 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.52.4Sheep 202.442 12 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.52.4Swine 403.231 16 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.56.5Other animals (F) 293.700 40 0.1 0.10.02.0 2.00.00.511.7World Total135.3(D) Includes buffalo(E) Includes chickens, turkeys and ducks(F) Includes goats, horses, mules, donkeys and camels

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.49 M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE M ETHANE AND N ITROUS OXIDE E MISSIONS FROM D OMESTIC L IVESTOCK E NTERIC F ERMENTATION AND M ANURE M ANAGEMENT W ORKSHEET 4-1 S HEET 1 OF 2 M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM D OMESTIC L IVESTOCK E NTERIC F ERMENTATION AND M ANURE M ANAGEMENT

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3

Livestock Type A Number of

Animals

(1000s) B Emissions Factor for

Enteric Fermentatio
n (kg/head/yr) C Emissions from Enteric Fermentation (t/yr) D Emissions Factor for

Manure Management (kg/head/yr) E Emissions from Manure Management (t/yr) F Total Annual Emissions from Domestic Livestock

(Gg)
C = (A x B) E = (A x D) F =(C + E)/1000 Dairy Cattle Non-dairy Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels Horses Mules & Asses Swine Poultry Totals

# A GRICULTURE

4.50 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE M ETHANE AND N ITROUS O XIDE E MISSIONS FROM D OMESTIC L IVESTOCK E NTERIC F ERMENTATION AND M ANURE M ANAGEMENT W ORKSHEET 4-1 (S UPPLEMENTAL ) S PECIFY AWMS S HEET N ITROGEN E XCRETION F OR A NIMAL W ASTE M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM

Livestock Type A Number of Animals

(1000s) B Nitrogen Excretion Nex (kg//head/(yr) C Fraction of Manure Nitrogen per AWMS (%/100) (fraction) D Nitrogen Excretion per AWMS, Nex

(kg/N/yr) D = (A x B x C) Non-dairy Cattle Dairy Cattle Poultry Sheep Swine Others T OTAL

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.51 M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE M ETHANE AND N ITROUS OXIDE E MISSIONS FROM D OMESTIC L IVESTOCK E NTERIC F ERMENTATION AND M ANURE M ANAGEMENT W ORKSHEET 4-1 S HEET 2 OF 2 N ITROUS O XIDE E MISSIONS FROM A NIMAL P RODUCTION E MISSIONS FROM A NIMAL W ASTE M ANAGEMENT S YSTEMS (AWMS) STEP 4

Animal Waste Management System (AWMS) A Nitrogen Excretion Nex (AWMS ) (kg N/yr) B Emission Factor For AWMS

EF 3 (kg N 2 O–N/kg N) C Total Annual Emissions of N 2 O

(Gg) C= (A x B)[44/28] x 10 -6 Anaerobic lagoons Liquid systems Daily spread Solid storage & drylot Pasture range and paddock Other Totals

# A GRICULTURE

4.52 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM F LOODED R ICE F IELDS W ORKSHEET 4-2 S HEET 1 OF 1

Water Management Regime A Harvested

Area

(m 2 x 10 -9 ) B Scaling Factor for Methane Emissions C Correction Factor for Organic Amendment D Seasonally Integrated Emission Factor for Continuously Flooded Rice without Organic

Amendment (g/m 2 ) E CH 4 Emissions

(Gg)

E = (A x B x C x D) Irrigated Continuously Flooded Intermittently Flooded Single Aeration Multiple Aeration Rainfed Flood Prone Drought Prone Deep Water Water Depth 50-100 cm Water Depth > 100 cm Totals

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.53 M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE P RESCRIBED B URNING OF S AVANNAS W ORKSHEET 4-3 S HEET 1 OF 3 STEP 1 STEP 2 A Area Burned by Category

(specify)

(k ha) B Biomass Density of

Savanna (t dm/ha) C Total Biomass

Exposed to

Burning (Gg dm) D Fraction Actually Burned E Quantity Actually Burned (Gg dm) F Fraction of

Living Biomass Burned G Quantity of Living Biomass Burned (Gg dm) H Quantity of Dead Biomass Burned (Gg dm) C = (A x B) E = (C x D) G = (E x F) H = (E - G)

# A GRICULTURE

4.54 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE P RESCRIBED B URNING OF S AVANNAS W ORKSHEET 4-3 S HEET 2 OF 3 STEP 3 I Fraction Oxidised of living and dead biomass J Total Biomass

Oxidised (Gg dm) K Carbon Fraction of Living & Dead Biomass L Total Carbon

Released (Gg C)
Living:J = (G x I) Dead:J = (H x I) L = (J x K) Living Dead Living Dead Living Dead Living Dead Living Dead Living Dead Living Dead Total

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.55 M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE P RESCRIBED B URNING OF S AVANNAS W ORKSHEET 4-3 S HEET 3 OF 3 STEP 4 STEP 5 L Total Carbon

Released (Gg C) MNitrogenCarbon Ratio N Total Nitrogen Content (Gg N) O Emissions

Ratio P Emissions
(Gg C or Gg N) Q Conversion Ratio R Emissions from Savanna Burning (Gg)
N = (L x M) P = (L x O) R = (P x Q)
16/12 CH 4 28/12 CO P = (N x O) R = (P x Q) 44/28 N 2 O 46/14 NO x

# A GRICULTURE

4.56 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE F IELD B URNING OF A GRICULTURAL R ESIDUES W ORKSHEET 4-4 S HEET 1 OF 3 STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 Crops (specify locally

important

crops) A Annual Production (Gg crop) B Residue to Crop Ratio C Quantity of

Residue (Gg biomass) D Dry Matter

Fraction E Quantity of Dry Residue

(Gg dm) F Fraction Burned in

Fields G Fraction Oxidised H Total Biomass Burned (Gg dm) C = (A x B) E = (C x D) H = (E x F xG)

Total:

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.57 M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE F IELD B URNING OF A GRICULTURAL R ESIDUES W ORKSHEET 4-4 S HEET 2 OF 3 STEP 4 STEP 5 I Carbon Fraction of

Residue J Total Carbon

Released (Gg C) KNitrogenCarbon Ratio L Total Nitrogen Released (Gg N) J = (H x I) L = (J x K)

Total:

# A GRICULTURE

4.58 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE F IELD B URNING OF A GRICULTURAL R ESIDUES W ORKSHEET 4-4 S HEET 3 OF 3 STEP 6 M Emission Ratio N Emissions

(Gg C or Gg N) O Conversion Ratio P Emissions from Field Burning of Agricultural

Residues

(Gg) N = (J x M) P = (N x O)
CH 4 16/12 CO 28/12 N = (L x M) P = (N x O) N 2 O 44/28 NO x 46/14

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.59 M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE A GRICULTURAL S OILS W ORKSHEET 4-5 S HEET 1 OF 5 D IRECT N ITROUS O XIDE E MISSIONS FROM A GRICULTURAL F IELDS , E XCLUDING C ULTIVATION OF H ISTOSOLS STEP 1 STEP 2

Type of N input to soil A Amount of N Input (kg N/yr) B Emission Factor

for Direct Emissions EF 1 (kg N 2 O–N/kg N) C Direct Soil Emissions (Gg N 2 O-N/yr)
C = (A x B)x10 -6 Synthetic fertiliser (F SN ) Animal waste (F AW ) N-fixing crops (F BN ) Crop residue (F CR ) Total

# A GRICULTURE

4.60 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE A GRICULTURAL S OILS W ORKSHEET 4-5A (S UPPLEMENTAL ) S HEET 1 OF 1 M ANURE N ITROGEN U SED

A Total Nitrogen Excretion

(kg N/yr) B Fraction of Nitrogen Burned for Fuel

(fraction) C Fraction of Nitrogen

Excreted During Grazing (fraction) D Fraction of Nitrogen Excreted Emitted as

NO X and NH 3

(fraction) E Sum

(fraction) F Manure Nitrogen Used

(corrected for NO X and NH 3 emissions), F AW (kg N/yr) F = 1 - (B + C + D) F = (A x E)

M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE A GRICULTURAL S OILS W ORKSHEET 4-5B (S UPPLEMENTAL ) S HEET 1 OF 1 N ITROGEN I NPUT FROM C ROP R ESIDUES

A Production of non - N - Fixing Crops

(kg dry biomass/yr) B Fraction of Nitrogen of

non - N - Fixing Crops, (kg N/kg dry

biomass) C Production of

Pulses and Soybeans

(kg dry biomass/yr) D Fraction ofNitrogen in NFixing Crops,

(kg N/kg dry

biomass) E One minus the

Fraction of Crop Residue Removed From Field, (fraction) F One minus the

Fraction of Crop Residue Burned

(fraction) G Nitrogen Input

from Crop

Residues

(kg N/yr) G = 2 x (A x B +

C x D) x E x F

# 4 A GRICULTURE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 4.61 M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE A GRICULTURAL S OILS W ORKSHEET 4-5 S HEET 2 OF 5 D IRECT N ITROUS O XIDE E MISSIONS FROM C ULTIVATION OF H ISTOSOLS STEP 3 STEP 4
D Area of Cultivated Organic Soils F OS (ha) E Emission Factor for Direct Soil Emissions EF 2 (kg N 2 O–N/ha/yr) F Direct Emissions from Histosols

(Gg N 2 O–N/yr) G Total Direct Emissions of N 2 O (Gg) F=(D x E)x10 -6 G = (C+F)[44/28]
Subtotal

M ODULE A GRICULTURE S UBMODULE A GRICULTURAL S OILS W ORKSHEET 4-5 S HEET 3 OF 5 N ITROUS O XIDE S OIL E MISSIONS FROM G RAZING A NIMALS - P ASTURE R ANGE AND P ADDOCK STEP 5

Animal Waste Management System (AWMS) A Nitrogen Excretion Nex (AWMS )
(kg N/yr) B Emission Factor for AWMS

EF 3 (kg N 2 O–N/kg N) C Emissions Of N 2 O from Grazing Animals

(Gg)
C = (A x B)[44/28]x10 -6 Pasture range & paddockAGRICULTURE4.62Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: WorkbookMODULEAGRICULTURESUBMODULEAGRICULTURALSOILSWORKSHEET4-5SHEET4OF5 INDIRECTNITROUSOXIDEEMISSIONS FROMATMOSPHERICDEPOSITION OFNH3ANDNOXSTEP 6Type ofDepositionASyntheticFertiliser NApplied toSoil, NFERT(kg N/yr)BFraction ofSyntheticFertiliser NApplied thatVolatilizesFracGASFS(kg N/kg N)CAmount ofSynthetic NApplied to Soilthat Volatilizes(kg N/kg N)DTotal NExcretion byLivestockNEX(kg N/yr)EFraction ofTotal Manure NExcreted thatVolatilizesFracGASM(kg N/kg N)FTotal N Excretionby Livestock thatVolatilizes(kg N/kg N)GEmission FactorEF4(kg N2O–N/kg N)HNitrous OxideEmissions(Gg N2O–N/yr)C = (A x B) F = (D x E) H = (C + F) x G x10-6Total4AGRICULTURERevised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook4.63MODULEAGRICULTURESUBMODULEAGRICULTURALSOILSWORKSHEET4-5SHEET5OF5 INDIRECTNITROUSOXIDEEMISSIONS FROMLEACHINGSTEP7STEP 8STEP 9ISynthetic FertiliserUse NFERT(kg N/yr)JLivestock NExcretion NEX(kg N/yr)KFraction of N ThatLeachesFracLEACH(kg N/kg N)LEmission FactorEF5MNitrous Oxide EmissionsFrom Leaching(Gg N2O–N/yr)NTotal IndirectNitrous OxideEmissions(Gg N2O/yr)OTotal Nitrous OxideEmissions(Gg)M = (I + J) x K x Lx10-6N = (H + M)[44/28] O = (G + C + N)(G from Worksheet 4-5, sheet 2, Step 4; Cfrom Worksheet4-5,sheet 3, Step 5; Nfrom Worksheet4-5,sheet 5, Step 8).TotalRevised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# M ODULE 

# 5 

# L AND 

# - U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY

# 5 L AND 

# U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 5.1 

# 5. L AND 

# -U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY



# 5.1 Introduction The priority calculations of emissions from land-use change and forestry focus upon three activities which are sources or sinks of carbon dioxide. It must be pointed out that there are inherently large uncertainties or errors associated with these calculations. Future work will develop guidance for estimating and expressing these errors. One of these activity types is also a source of non-CO 2 

### trace gas (CH 4 

### , CO, N 2 

### O, and NO x 

### ) emissions, and these are also calculated here. NMVOCs are not treated here, although it is recognised that forests are a potential anthropogenic source of these gases. On a global scale the most important land-use changes and management practices that result in CO 2 

### emissions and uptake are:

• changes in forest and other woody biomass stocks

• forest and grassland conversion

• abandonment of managed lands The immediate release of non-CO 2 

### trace gases from the burning associated with forest/grassland conversion is also calculated. These calculations are very similar to calculations of non-CO 2 

### trace gas emissions from burning of savannas and agricultural residues (in the Agriculture module, Chapter 4). Calculations of non-CO 2 

### emissions from biomass fuel combustion is done in the Energy Module. The present module deals with the sources and sinks of greenhouse gases from biomass and soil.

# L AND 

# U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY

5.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### The diagram above illustrates the relationships between the categories in this module and also with biomass fuel combustion in the Energy module. The key linkages are: 1 To estimate CO 2 

### emissions from burning during forest/grassland conversion it is only necessary to know the total amount of biomass burned as a result of that land conversion in the particular year of the inventory. 2 Total biomass burned must be divided into on-site and off-site (i.e.,fuelwood) because the type of burning affects the emissions of nonCO 2 

### trace gases such as methane, and therefore different emissions factors may be applied to open burning (on-site) and to fuelwood use (off-site). FIGURE 5-1 : RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CATEGORIES

Forest and Grassland Conversion

Immediate Release from Burning
Delayed Release from Decay (10 yrs) Total On site Burning
C Off-site Burning Non-CO 2 Trace Gases from Open Burning CH4 , CO, N2 O and NO

X Emissions

CO2 Emissions

Abandonment of Managed Lands

CO2 Emissions and Removals CO2 Removals

Changes in Forest and Other

Land-Use Change and Management CO 2 Emissions and Uptake by Soils from Woody Biomass Stocks

Emissions and Removals from Soils (20 yrs)

Annual Growth Increment

Non-CO 2 Gases from Biomass Fuel Combustion Annual harvest from Stocks = total fuelwood demand - quantity of fuelwood from cleared forests + commercial and other non-fuel harvests Annual Growth Increment minus Harvest from Stocks Net CO 2 Emissions and Removals

CH 4, CO, N 2O and NO X Emissions Quantity of Biomass Fuel L A N D

U S E

C H A N G E

&

F O R E S T R Y

E N E R G Y

# 5 L AND 

# U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 5.3 3 Countries which have good statistics on direct harvesting of all types of woody biomass and all uses of biomass for fuel should use these data. In many countries, significant amounts of wood removed from forests and other biomass stocks (primarily for domestic use) are not included in commercial harvest statistics. These countries can use statistics of fuelwood consumption published by the FAO. These statistics are based on household and other fuel consumption surveys, scaled to population, in order to estimate annual demand for fuelwood and other traditional fuels. This information can be used instead of or in combination with commercial harvest and sales statistics. Fuelwood consumption information is used in two ways:

• for estimating non-CO 2 

### trace gas emissions from biomass fuel combustion.

• total wood consumption, corrected to deduct any wood which has come from forest and grassland conversion (CO 2 

### already accounted for) is also a key input for calculating net CO 2 

### emissions or removals due to changes in forest and other woody biomass stocks.


# 5.2 Changes in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks

5.2.1 Introduction This submodule deals with the emissions or removals of carbon (and carbon dioxide) due to changes in forest and other woody biomass stocks affected by human activity.



## 5.2.2 Data Sources FAO Yearbooks of Forest Products (annual) There are also a number of international data bases with country-specific statistics, as well as studies of individual countries. These include: Forest Resources Assessment 1990: Tropical Countries (FAO, 1993). The Forest Resources of the Temperate Zones (ECE/FAO, Geneva, 1992). For a fuller bibliography, see The IPCC Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual

.

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## 5.2.3 Methodology To calculate the net uptake of CO 2 

### , the annual increment of biomass in plantations, forests which are logged or otherwise harvested, the growth of trees in villages, farms and urban areas and any other significant stocks of woody biomass, is estimated. Wood harvested for fuelwood, commercial timber and other uses is also estimated as significant quantities may be gathered informally for traditional fuelwood consumption. In this case the commercial statistics should be supplemented by FAO fuelwood consumption data. The net carbon uptake due to these sources is then calculated. If the figure is positive then this counts as a removal of CO 2 

### , and if the figure is negative, it counts as an emission. Finally, the net carbon uptake/emission is expressed as CO 2 

### . 

## Completing the Worksheet

S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### T OTAL 

### C ARBON 

### C ONTENT IN 

### A NNUAL 

### G ROWTH OF 

### L OGGED AND 

### P LANTED 

### F ORESTS


### Use W ORKSHEET 

### 5-1 C HANGES 

### I N 

### F OREST 

### A ND 

### O THER 

### W OODY 

### B IOMASS 

### S TOCKS 

### at the end of this module to record inventory data. 1 For each type of biomass stock, enter the Area of Forest/Biomass Stocks in kilohectares (kha) in lower column A. 2 For dispersed (non-forest) trees (e.g., urban, village and farm trees), enter the number of trees (in 1000s of trees) in lower column A. 3 For each type of forest, enter the Annual Growth Rate (in tonnes of dry matter per hectare) in column B. The default statistics in Tables 5-1 or 5-6 can be used if national data are not available. Using defaults would result in highly uncertain national estimates. C ATEGORIES OF W OODY B IOMASS Village, farm or urban trees and other afforestation programmes are included to allow users to account for biomass in trees outside normal forests. These may be important for fuelwood accounting in some countries. Users must provide all data for these categories.

U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

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### 5.5 T ABLE 5-1 A VERAGE A NNUAL A CCUMULATION OF D RY M ATTER AS B IOMASS IN P LANTATIONS Forest Types Annual Increment in Biomass (tonnes dm/ha/year) Tropical Acacia spp. 15.0 Eucalyptus spp. 14.5 Tectona grandis 8.0 Pinus spp 11.5 Pinus caribaea 10.0 Mixed Hardwoods 6.8 Mixed Fast-Growing Hardwoods 12.5

Mixed Softwoods 14.5 Temperate Douglas fir 6.0 Loblolly pine 4.0 Note: These are average accumulation rates over expected plantation lifetimes; actual rates will depend upon the age of the plantation. The data for the temperate species are based upon measurements in the United States. Data on other species and from other regions should be supplied by individual countries (as available). Additional temperate estimates by species and country can be derived from data in ECE/FAO (1992), assuming that country averages of net annual increment for managed and unmanaged lands are reasonable approximations for plantations.


### 4 For other non-forest trees, enter the Annual Growth Rate in kilotonnes of dry matter per thousand trees in column B, i.e., take average growth rate per tree and multiply by 1,000. 5 For each type of forest/grassland, multiply the Area of Forest/Biomass Stocks by the Annual Growth Rate to give the Annual Biomass Increment in kilotonnes of dry matter. Enter the result in column C. 6 For non-forest trees, multiply the Number of Trees by the Annual Growth Rate to give the Annual Biomass Increment in kilotonnes of dry matter. Enter the result in column C. 7 For each type of biomass stock, enter the Carbon Fraction of Dry Matter. The default value is 0.5 for all biomass, if specific values are not available. 8 Multiply the Annual Biomass Increment by the Carbon Fraction of Dry Matter to give the Total Carbon Uptake Increment. Enter the result in column E. 9 Add the figures in column E and enter the total in the Total box at the bottom of the column.

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5.6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATE THE 

### A MOUNT OF 

### B IOMASS 

### H ARVESTED


### 1 Enter the amount of the Commercial Harvest in thousands of cubic metres in column F. These values should be taken from local sources. FAO published values can be used as defaults. See the margin box Using Commercial Harvest Statistics

. 2 Enter the Biomass Conversion/Expansion Ratio in tonnes of dry matter per cubic metre (t dm/m 3 

### ) in column G if necessary. 3 Multiply the Commercial Harvest by the Biomass Conversion/Expansion Ratio (if necessary) to give the Total Biomass Removed in Commercial Harvest in kilotonnes of dry matter. Enter the result in column H. 4 Enter Total Fuelwood Consumed (including wood for charcoal production) from FAO fuelwood consumption statistics. 5 Enter the quantity of Total Other Wood Use in kilotonnes dm in column J. If any wood is removed but is not accounted for in harvest statistics for commercial harvest or fuelwood consumption it can be entered here. 6 Add the Total Fuelwood Consumed (column I) to the Total Biomass Removed in Commercial Harvest (column H) and Total Other Wood Use (column J) to give Total Biomass Consumption. Enter the result in column K. Sum this column and enter the result in the Totals box at the foot of the column. 7 Enter Wood Removed From Forest Clearing (total figure from column M, Worksheet 5-2, sheet 3, Quantity of Biomass Burned Off Site) at the bottom of column L. 8 Subtract Wood Removed From Forest Clearing from Total Biomass Consumption to give Total Biomass Consumption From Stocks in kilotonnes of dry matter. Enter the result in the box at the bottom of column M.



### S TEP 

### 3 C ONVERT 

### W OOD 

### H ARVESTED TO 

### C ARBON 

### R EMOVED 

### 1 Enter the Carbon Fraction in column N (the general default value for live biomass is 0.5). 2 Multiply Total Biomass Consumption From Stocks (column M) by Carbon Fraction (column N) to give Annual Carbon Release (in kilotonnes of carbon). Enter the result in column O. U SING C OMMERCIAL H ARVEST S TATISTICS Commercial harvest statistics are often provided for the commercial portion of the biomass only, in cubic metres (m 3 ) of roundwood. In this case the harvested amounts must be adjusted in two ways to reflect the values needed for the emissions/removals calculations. The volume of biomass expressed as m 3 must be converted to mass of dry matter expressed as tonnes (t dm).

• The default conversion ratio is 0.5 t dm/m 3

. In addition, an expansion ratio can be applied to account for the non-commercial biomass (limbs, small trees etc.) harvested with the commercial roundwood and left to decay. The following default ratios can be used:

• Undisturbed forests 1.75 Logged forests 1.90 Unproductive forests 2.00 If the forest type from which commercial roundwood has been harvested is known, the appropriate ratio can be applied. The value for logged forests could be used as a general default. More detailed formulae forderiving expansion ratio as a function of preharvest biomass density are discussed in the Reference Manual

. If both conversion and expansion are needed, they can be combined by using ratios which are the product of the two: Forest type t dm total biomass/ m 3 commercial roundwood

Undisturbed forests 0.88

Logged forests 0.95

Unproductive forests 1.0

Some harvest statistics are provided on a total biomass basis (expansion ratios already applied) or may be provided in mass of dry matter rather than volume. It is important that users determine carefully the nature of the values in their sources of commercial harvest data, then apply the appropriate conversions or expansions to get total biomass harvested. This can be: a volume to mass conversion alone b expansion from commercial to total mass

of dry matter c a combination of both ( a and b)

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### 5.7 S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATE THE 

### N ET 

### A NNUAL 

### A MOUNT OF 

### C ARBON 

### U PTAKE OR 

### R ELEASE 

### 1 Subtract Annual Carbon Release (column O) from Total Carbon Increment (column E) to give Net Annual Carbon Uptake or Release. Enter the result in column P. 2 Multiply the Net Annual Carbon Uptake or Release (column P) by 44/12 to give the Annual CO 2 

### Removal (if a positive value) or Emission (if a negative value). Enter the result in column Q. 3 For summary reporting purposes and for consistency with other emission/removal categories, it is necessary to reverse the sign of these results, to express emissions as a positive value and removals as negative.



# 5.3 CO 2 

# Emissions from Forest and Grassland Conversion

5.3.1 Introduction Forest and grassland conversion to permanent cropland or pasture is primarily an activity of the tropics. Tropical forest clearing is usually accomplished by cutting undergrowth and felling trees followed by burning biomass on-site or as fuelwood. By this process some of the biomass is burned while some remains on the ground where it decays slowly (usually over a period of ten years in the tropics). Of the burned material, a small fraction (5-10 per cent) is converted to charcoal which resists decay for 100 years or more, and the remainder is released instantaneously into the atmosphere as CO 2 

### . Where conversion of forest and grassland to permanent cropland and pasture occurs outside the tropics, the basic calculations should still be the
same. Carbon is also lost from the soils after conversion, particularly when the land is cultivated. Conversion of grasslands into cultivated lands also results in CO 2 

### emissions, mainly from soils. Estimates of carbon emissions from these practices in Section 5.6.



## 5.3.2 Data Sources To carry out the inventory task in this section you need the following forest/grassland area statistics. Forest/grassland areas converted to cropland and pasture, by type over two time periods:

• the inventory year

• the past ten years Satellite images, aerial photography and land-based surveys are all possible sources of data.

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### There are also a number of international data bases with country-specific statistics, as well as studies of individual countries. These include: Forest Resources Assessment 1990: Tropical Countries (FAO, 1993). Summary tables for tropical countries are included in the Workbook. The Forest Resources of the Temperate Zones , (ECE/FAO, Geneva, 1992). For a fuller bibliography, see Reference M anual

. 

## 5.3.3 Methodology Three sets of calculations are used to produce estimates of CO 2 

### emissions due to forest/grassland conversion:

• Carbon dioxide emitted by burning aboveground biomass ( immediate emissions, occurring in the year of conversion)

• Carbon dioxide released by decay of aboveground biomass ( delayed emissions, occurring over a ten-year period)

• Carbon dioxide released from soil (calculated in Section 5.6). The totals are added together to arrive at total for carbon released from vegetation. Total carbon released is then converted to CO 2 

### emissions.


## Completing the Worksheet

S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### B IOMASS 

### C LEARED


### Use W ORKSHEET 

### 5-2 F OREST 

### A ND 

### G RASSLAND 

### C ONVERSION 

### , at the end of this module to record inventory data. You should do this for each forest/grassland type: 1 Enter the figures for Area Converted Annually in kilohectares in column A. Default values for tropical forests from FAO, reported by the forest categories in Box 2 and Table 5-1 of the Reference M anual are shown in Table 5-4. See also Technical Appendix, Chapter 5 of the Reference M anual for a discussion of other international sources of data. 2 Enter the figures for Biomass Before Conversion in tonnes of dry matter per hectare (t dm/ha) in column B. Default values are shown in Tables 5-5 and 5-6. 3 Enter the figures Biomass After Conversion in tonnes of dry matter per hectare (t dm/ha) in column C. This figure includes any biomass not fully cleared (default value = 0) plus regrowth in agricultural use. The default value is 10 tonnes dry matter per hectare if annual crops; and can be significantly higher if woody perennials (e.g., coffee, rubber trees) are planted (see Reference Manual)

. U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

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### 5.9 T ABLE 5-4 F OREST A REA (1000 H A ) AND R ATES OF C ONVERSION (R C , 1000 H A /Y R ) FOR T ROPICAL C OUNTRIES Africa Countries Wet Moist With Short Dry Season Moist With LongDry Season 1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC Angola 3123.3 2904.5 21.9 9717.9 9037.3 68.1 Botswana Burundi 50.6 47.0 0.4 Cameroon 8386.0 8020.5 36.5 8573.2 8098.1 47.5 1987.5 1793.6 19.4 Cape Verde Central African Rep. 706.3 706.3 11095.2 10504.7 59.0 18400.9 17761.8 63.9 Chad 4414.0 3932.2 48.2 Congo 7794.8 7667.1 12.8 12393.0 12197.9 19.5 Benin 847.1 838.4 0.9 3903.1 3344.5 55.9 Equatorial Guinea 915.7 882.2 3.3 965.4 929.6 3.6 Ethiopia Djibouti Gabon 1228.2 1154.5 7.4 18170.0 17080.0 109.0 Gambia 85.5 79.1 0.6 Ghana 3910.9 3575.9 33.5 6581.0 5575.5 100.5 Guinea 388.3 384.7 0.4 1204.3 1119.8 8.5 5820.0 5060.2 76.0 Ivory Coast 8537.0 7519.2 101.8 3482.8 3312.1 17.1 Kenya 12.9 12.9 Liberia 948.0 892.5 5.5 3939.1 3740.8 19.8 Madagascar 4780.9 4506.7 27.4 4190.9 3777.1 41.4 Malawi 3397.9 2947.7 45.0 Mali 4082.8 3705.6 37.7 Mauritania Mozambique 965.9 903.0 6.3 6180.5 5623.0 55.7 Namibia Niger Nigeria 1269.1 1196.6 7.2 6371.4 5983.5 38.8 6649.1 6027.5 62.2 Guinea-Bissau 129.4 129.4 2050.9 1892.0 15.9 Zimbabwe Rwanda Senegal 2766.9 2585.9 18.1 Sierra Leone 805.2 756.1 4.9 883.3 829.4 5.4 296.5 278.4 1.8 Somalia Sudan 2149.3 1797.5 35.2 12456.1 10674.9 178.1 Tanzania 667.7 626.0 4.2 15738.5 13502.2 223.6 Togo 320.5 293.1 2.7 1214.0 1025.2 18.9 Uganda 1229.0 1090.8 13.8 Burkina Faso 2265.1 2112.5 15.3 Zaire 64047.7 60436.6 361.1 42769.1 40380.1 238.9 5446.7 4829.0 61.8 Zambia 24221.2 21676.1 254.5 T OTAL 91270.0 86603.9 466.6 127027.8 119463.4 756.4 146629.2 131691.0 1493.8

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5.10 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 5-4 (C ONT .) F OREST A REA (1000 H A ) AND R ATES OF C ONVERSION (R C , 1000 H A /Y R ) FOR T ROPICAL C OUNTRIES Africa Countries Dry Montane Moist Montane Dry 1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC Angola 7761.8 7218.1 54.4 3401.3 3163.1 23.8 Botswana 3098.9 2940.4 15.8 Burundi 59.8 56.8 0.3 136.2 128.8 0.7 Cameroon 637.8 584.5 5.3 1897.7 1767.4 13.0 Cape Verde Central African Rep. 845.8 816.8 2.9 806.3 772.2 3.4 Chad 5285.5 5024.3 26.1 Congo Benin 894.1 764.4 13.0 Equatorial Guinea 14.9 14.3 0.1 Ethiopia 2065.8 2007.6 5.8 5524.2 5347.9 17.6 838.3 824.9 1.3 Djibouti Gabon Gambia 19.0 17.5 0.1 Ghana 438.2 403.8 3.4 Guinea 145.4 127.6 1.8 Ivory Coast 77.6 72.7 0.5 Kenya 18.8 18.8 725.4 678.0 4.7 240.0 230.2 1.0 Liberia 0.2 0.2 0.0 Madagascar 2424.5 2219.3 20.5 4985.4 4596.2 38.9 Malawi 191.0 165.6 2.5 422.1 372.7 4.9 Mali 4954.6 4547.6 40.7 Mauritania Mozambique 10881.1 10162.9 71.8 14.0 13.1 0.1 Namibia 2607.3 2520.9 8.6 Niger 190.4 190.4 Nigeria 1444.6 1380.1 6.4 267.4 243.2 2.4 Guinea-Bissau Zimbabwe 8258.8 7729.4 52.9 73.3 68.6 0.5 Rwanda 137.5 134.0 0.3 30.7 29.9 0.1 Senegal 1845.8 1716.3 12.9 Sierra Leone 26.3 24.7 0.2 Somalia Sudan 19514.6 17757.2 175.7 600.3 502.3 9.8 235.9 217.3 1.9 Tanzania 13677.7 12374.6 130.3 3054.7 2705.2 34.9 367.8 329.5 3.8 Togo 36.9 34.5 0.2 Uganda 4701.0 4281.5 42.0 763.1 698.2 6.5 Burkina Faso 1643.8 1533.1 11.1 Zaire 118.2 111.0 0.7 8138.5 7448.3 69.0 76.4 69.8 0.7 Zambia 11347.8 10287.7 106.0 361.6 337.5 2.4 T OTAL 100202.7 92526.9 767.6 35434.9 32727.3 270.8 2688.3 2528.5 16.0

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### 5.11 T ABLE 5-4 (C ONT .) F OREST A REA (1000 H A ) AND R ATES OF C ONVERSION (R C , 1000 H A /Y R ) FOR T ROPICAL C OUNTRIES Continental and Insular South and South-East Asia Countries Wet Moist With Short Dry Season Moist With Long Dry Season 1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC Bangladesh 895.5 572.2 32.3 249.5 197.3 5.2 Bhutan 186.3 176.0 1.0 Brunei 476.4 458.3 1.8 Myanmar 13709.9 12093.8 161.6 12123.8 10426.7 169.7 Sri Lanka 263.2 247.0 1.6 705.8 605.3 10.1 India 8723.4 8228.5 49.5 7422.8 7044.7 37.8 Indonesia 104211.8 93949.9 1026.2 3284.0 3005.3 27.9 457.8 360.8 9.7 Cambodia 1873.0 1689.3 18.4 4002.9 3610.4 39.3 Laos 4356.4 3960.2 39.6 4969.9 4542.4 42.7 Malaysia 20028.0 16338.8 368.9 Nepal 647.9 608.7 3.9 1382.8 1300.1 8.3 Pakistan 15.4 10.9 0.5 Papua New Guinea 30244.2 29323.5 92.1 727.2 705.0 2.2 Philippines 6610.2 4214.2 239.6 919.6 593.6 32.6 1442.1 1004.0 43.8 Singapore 4.4 4.4 Thailand 4589.9 3081.6 150.8 7189.3 5231.7 195.8 Vietnam 3371.6 2894.5 47.7 3939.1 3381.6 55.7 T OTAL 200192.2 177840.6 2235.2 4930.9 4303.9 62.7 43901.3 37715.9 618.5 Countries Dry Montane Moist Montane Dry
1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC Bangladesh Bhutan 2360.9 2230.4 13.1 Brunei Myanmar 393.4 351.1 4.2 6588.8 5941.8 64.7 Sri Lanka 988.1 836.1 15.2 57.6 57.3 0.0 India 28393.5 26252.3 214.1 9159.0 8803.8 35.5 116.4 116.4 Indonesia 80.0 72.9 0.7 13555.9 12083.2 147.3 Cambodia 7506.8 6770.7 73.6 94.5 92.7 0.2 Laos 2473.5 2267.0 20.7 2667.5 2403.5 26.4 Malaysia 1517.6 1244.3 27.3 Nepal 39.3 37.1 0.2 2691.2 2361.2 33.0 Pakistan 5.9 4.2 0.2 824.5 583.3 24.1 1186.4 839.3 34.7 Papua New Guinea 430.4 417.2 1.3 5538.4 5369.8 16.9 Philippines 2019.4 2019.4 Singapore Thailand 4382.6 3159.1 122.3 1726.1 1262.9 46.3 Vietnam 1108.5 951.6 15.7 1263.3 1084.5 17.9 T OTAL 45801.9 41119.2 468.3 50064.4 45538.0 452.6 1302.8 955.7 34.7

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5.12 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 5-4 (C ONT .) F OREST A REA (1000 H A ) AND R ATES OF C ONVERSION (R C , 1000 H A /Y R ) FOR T ROPICAL C OUNTRIES Central and South America and Caribbean Countries Wet Moist With Short Dry Season Moist With Long Dry Season 1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC Antigua And Barbuda 10.0 9.8 0.0 Bahamas 153.7 123.8 3.0 Bolivia 23967.7 21453.8 251.4 16024.9 14128.2 189.7 Brazil 301722.3 291596.6 1012.6 95197.0 87729.1 746.8 118943.9 109353.2 959.1 Belize 1798.0 1755.4 4.3 238.4 238.4 Colombia 49682.6 47455.3 222.7 705.7 549.5 15.6 4347.1 3551.0 79.6 Costa Rica 842.2 625.1 21.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cuba 125.3 113.8 1.1 1372.6 1246.8 12.6 Dominica 47.3 44.1 0.3 Dominican Republic 451.8 340.9 11.1 362.3 273.3 8.9 Ecuador 8572.4 7149.9 142.3 1619.5 1350.8 26.9 381.0 317.8 6.3 El Salvador 40.8 32.6 0.8 15.3 12.2 0.3 French Guyana 7996.2 7993.5 0.3 3.1 3.1 Grenada 3.6 5.5 -0.2 Guadeloupe 95.5 92.5 0.3 Guatemala 3820.1 3402.9 41.7 730.5 730.5 Guyana 11671.1 11671.1 1217.9 1176.1 4.2 4039.8 3901.4 13.8 Haiti 7.4 4.5 0.3 14.3 8.8 0.6 Honduras 1597.5 1285.9 31.2 542.4 436.6 10.6 Jamaica 259.4 122.2 13.7 240.7 113.4 12.7 Martinique 45.0 42.8 0.2 Mexico 2717.6 2440.8 27.7 13091.1 11110.3 198.1 Nicaragua 4477.8 3712.2 76.6 419.6 347.8 7.2 Panama 2136.6 1801.8 33.5 67.6 66.5 0.1 Paraguay 843.2 473.0 37.0 7681.4 5564.2 211.7 Peru 41501.0 40358.0 114.3 12679.3 12298.8 38.1 Puerto Rico 42.8 49.4 -0.7 130.7 150.6 -2.0 St. Kitts and Nevis 13.0 13.2 0.0 St. Lucia 7.7 4.5 0.3 St. Vincent 12.7 10.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 Surinam 9490.2 9405.3 8.5 1086.7 1044.5 4.2 4317.7 4317.7 Trinidad and Tobago 191.8 155.0 3.7 Venezuela 21073.8 19601.8 147.2 3434.7 2978.1 45.7 15403.0 12487.3 291.6 T OTAL 470426.8 451267.9 1915.9 140754.7 129056.7 1169.8 188544.9 168508.6 2003.6

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### 5.13 T ABLE 5-4 (C ONT .) F OREST A REA (1000 H A ) AND R ATES OF C ONVERSION (R C , 1000 H A /Y R ) FOR T ROPICAL C OUNTRIES Central and South America and Caribbean Countries Dry Montane Moist Montane Dry 1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC 1980 1990 RC Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas 58.7 47.3 1.1 7.8 6.3 0.2 Bolivia 8261.6 7345.5 91.6 7253.1 6339.6 91.3 51.7 45.5 0.6 Brazil 31989.0 28862.5 312.6 49963.7 43565.2 639.9 Belize 9.8 2.4 0.7 Colombia 21.9 18.0 0.4 2971.8 2486.3 48.6 4.8 3.7 0.1 Costa Rica 1081.1 802.5 27.9 Cuba 2.5 2.3 0.0 321.5 292.0 2.9 65.9 59.9 0.6 Dominica Dominican Republic 553.8 417.8 13.6 60.1 45.3 1.5 Ecuador 52.2 43.5 0.9 3716.6 3099.9 61.7 El Salvador 98.5 78.5 2.0 French Guyana Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala 463.3 91.7 37.2 24.0 2.4 Guyana 1667.7 1667.7 Haiti 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.6 9.0 0.6 1.6 1.0 0.1 Honduras 3442.4 2770.9 67.1 138.2 111.2 2.7 Jamaica 0.2 0.1 0.0 5.7 2.7 0.3 1.5 0.7 0.1 Martinique 0.0 0.0 Mexico 1886.8 1590.3 29.6 9909.6 8903.9 100.6 25070.0 22356.8 271.3 Nicaragua 2356.1 1953.3 40.3 Panama 1556.3 1248.6 30.8 Paraguay 8305.2 6794.1 151.1 54.1 27.3 2.7 Peru 22.8 18.8 0.4 15742.9 14692.3 105.1 102.0 84.9 1.7 Puerto Rico 104.6 120.5 -1.6 St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent Surinam Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela 326.6 221.9 10.5 11400.2 10371.8 102.8 25.9 17.8 0.8 T OTAL 50927.5 44944.3 598.3 112695.2 98950.1 1374.5 25545.7 22726.8 281.9
Source : Data are from FAO (1993) and M. Lorenzini (pers. comm., 1996). Forest areas and rates of conversion are divided into the same land categories as in Box 2 and Table 5-1 in the Reference Manual.

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5.14 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 5-5 D RY M ATTER IN A BOVEGROUND B IOMASS IN T ROPICAL F ORESTS ( TONNES DM / HA) Tropical Forests Wet Moist with Short Dry Season Moist with Long Dry Season Dry Montane Moist Montane Dry

R > 2000 2000>R>1000 R<1000 R>1000 R<1000

Africa 300 140 60-90 20-55 105 40 Asia: Continental Insular 225 275 185 175 100 no data 75 little to none exist 190 255 no data
none exist

America 295 no data 90 105 150 50 R= annual rainfall in mm/yr. Sources : See, Reference Manual (Table 5-4), additional biomass estimates for different forest types and disturbance classes, by climatic zones within countries are given in Table 5-5 in the Reference Manual

T ABLE 5-6 D RY M ATTER IN A BOVEGROUND B IOMASS IN T EMPERATE AND B OREAL F ORESTS ( TONNES DM / HA) Temperate Forests Coniferous 220-295 Broadleaf 175-250 Boreal Forests Mixed broadleaf/coniferous 40-87 Coniferous 22-113 Forest-tundra 8-20 Sources:See Reference Manual


### 4 Subtract the figures in column C from the figures in column B to produce the figure for Net Change in Biomass Density in tonnes of dry matter per hectare and enter the result in column D. 5 Multiply the Area Converted Annually (in kilohectares) by the Net Change in Biomass Density (in tonnes per hectare) to calculate the Annual Loss of Biomass for each forest/grassland type in kilotonnes of dry matter (kt dm). Enter the results in column E.

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### 5.15 S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### C ARBON 

### R ELEASED BY 

### B URNING 

### A BOVEGROUND 

### B IOMASS 

### O N 

### - S ITE 

### 1 Enter figures for the Fraction of Biomass Burned On Site by forest/grassland type in column F (see side-box). 2 Multiply the Annual Loss of Biomass (in kilotonnes) by the Fraction of Biomass Burned on Site to calculate the Quantity of Biomass Burned On Site (in kilotonnes of dry matter) for each forest/grassland type. Enter the result in column G. 3 Enter the Fraction of Biomass Oxidised on Site in column H (default fraction 0.9). 4 Multiply Quantity of Biomass Burned on Site (in kilotonnes of dry matter) by the Fraction of Biomass Oxidised on Site to calculate the Quantity of Biomass Oxidised on Site (in kilotonnes of dry matter). Enter the figures in column I. 5 Enter the Carbon Fraction of the Aboveground Biomass (burned on site) in column J (default value 0.5). 6 Multiply the Quantity of Biomass Oxidised on Site (in kilotonnes of dry matter) by the Carbon Fraction of the Aboveground Biomass to calculate the Quantity of Carbon Released (in kilotonnes carbon). Enter the results in column K. 7 Total the figures in column K and enter the figure in the Subtotal box at the bottom of column on the Worksheet. This Subtotal will be used later to estimate emissions of other gases from burning on-site. (Worksheet 5-3)



### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATING 

### C ARBON 

### R ELEASED BY 

### B URNING 

### A BOVEGROUND 

### B IOMASS 

### O F F 

### - S ITE


### 1 Enter the Fraction of Biomass Burned off Site in column L. 2 Multiply the Annual Loss of Biomass (in kilotonnes of dry matter) from column E by the Fraction of Biomass Burned off Site to calculate the Quantity of Biomass Burned off Site (in kilotonnes of dry matter) for each forest/grassland type. Enter the result in column M. 3 Total the figures in column M and enter the figure in the Subtotal box at the bottom of the column on the Worksheet. 4 Enter the Fraction of Biomass Oxidised off Site for each forest/grassland type in column N (default value 0.9). 5 Multiply Quantity of Biomass Burned off Site (in kilotonnes of dry matter) by the Fraction Oxidised to calculate the Quantity of Biomass Oxidised off Site (in kilotonnes of dry matter). Enter the figures in column O. 6 Enter the Carbon Fraction of the Aboveground Biomass (burned off site) in column P (default value 0.5). 7 Multiply the Quantity of Biomass Oxidised off Site (in kilotonnes of dry matter) by the Carbon Fraction of the Aboveground Biomass to F RACTIONS Various fractions are used in calculating the emissions from forest/grassland conversion.

• Fraction biomass burned on-site and off-site.

• Fraction left to decay. This is the portion of the biomass which is simply left to decay and so releases gases at a slower rate.

• Fraction which oxidises during burning. This is the fraction of burned biomass which actually oxidises instead of turning to charcoal.

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5.16 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### calculate the Quantity of Carbon Released (in kilotonnes). Enter the results in column Q. 8 Total the figures in column Q and enter the figure in the Subtotal box at the bottom of the column on the Worksheet.



### S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATING 

### T OTAL 

### C ARBON 

### R ELEASED BY 

### B URNING 

### A BOVEGROUND 

### B IOMASS 

### O N 

### - AND 

### O F F 

### - S ITE


### 1 Add the subtotal for the Quantity of Carbon released from Biomass Burned On-Site in column K to the subtotal for the Quantity of Carbon released (from Biomass Burned Off-Site) in column Q. The result is the Total Carbon Released (from on and off site burning). Enter the result in the Subtotal box at the bottom of column R.



### S TEP 

### 5 E STIMATING 

### C O 2 

### R ELEASED BY 

### D ECAY OF 

### A BOVEGROUND 

### B IOMASS 

### 1 Enter figures for Average Area Converted (average over ten years) for each forest/grassland type in column A. For default values, you can use Table 5-4 as the conversion rates are the average over the 10-year period 1980-1990. 2 Enter the average Biomass Before Conversion in tonnes of dry matter per hectare (t dm/ha) in column B. Default values are provided in Tables 5-5 and 5-6. 3 Enter the average Biomass After Conversion in tonnes of dry matter per hectare (t dm/ha) in column C. This figure includes any biomass not fully cleared (default value is 0) and biomass in agricultural use. (The default value is 10 tonnes dry matter per hectare.) 4 Subtract the value in column C from the value in column B to produce Net Change in Biomass Density in tonnes of dry matter per hectare. Enter the results in column D. 5 Multiply the Average Area Converted (10-Year Average) in kilohectares (column A) by the Net Change in Biomass Density in tonnes dry matter per hectare (column D) to calculate the Average Annual Loss of Biomass (aboveground) for each forest/grassland type in kilotonnes of dry matter (kt dm). Enter the results in column E.6 Enter Fraction Left to Decay (10-Year average) in column F (see sidebox). 7 Multiply the Average Annual Loss of Biomass for each forest/grassland type by the Fraction Left to Decay to calculate the Quantity of Biomass Left to Decay. Enter the result in column G.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 5.17 8 Enter the Carbon Fraction in Aboveground Biomass in column H (default fraction 0.5). 9 Multiply the Quantity of Biomass Left to Decay (column G) by the Carbon Fraction (column H) to calculate Carbon Released from Decay of Aboveground Biomass. Enter the figures in column I. 10 Add the figures in column I and enter the total in the Subtotal box at the bottom of the column.



### S TEP 

### 6 E STIMATING 

### T OTAL 

### C O 2 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### F OREST AND 

### G RASSLAND 

### C ONVERSION 

### 1 Enter the total for Immediate Release from Burning (contained in the subtotal box of column R in Worksheet 5-2, sheet 3) in column A. 2 Enter the total for Delayed Emissions from Decay (contained in the subtotal box of column I in Worksheet 5-2, sheet 4) in column B. 3 Add the figures in columns A and B to calculate the Total Annual Carbon Release (in the Inventory Year from clearing over a 10 year period). Enter the result in column C. 4 Multiply the Total Annual Carbon Release by 44/12 to convert it into the Total Annual CO 2 

### Release (in Gg). Enter the result in column D.


# 5.4 On-site Burning of Forests: Emissions of Non-CO 2 

# Trace Gases

5.4.1 Introduction All burning of biomass (e.g., fuelwood, dung) for energy and of savannas and agricultural wastes is a significant source of CH 4 

### , N 2 

### O, CO and NO x 

### . Net CO 2 

### emissions from forest/grassland conversion were calculated in Section 5.3 above. Emissions of non-CO 2 

### trace gases from on-site burning of forests are calculated here.


## 5.4.2 Methodology The method relies on estimation of the gross carbon flux based on work done in Section 5.3 of this Workbook

. CH 4 

### and CO are estimated as ratios to carbon fluxes emitted during burning. Total nitrogen content is estimated based on the nitrogen-carbon ratio. N 2 

### O and NO x 

### are estimated as ratios to total nitrogen. E STIMATING F RACTION L EFT TO D ECAY In the Amazon, Fraction Left to Decay is typically about 0.5 but this varies greatly by region. Country experts must provide this value. There is a relationship between the fraction left to decay here and the fraction burned on and off site. For a given year the fraction burned, the fraction left to decay (and possibly a fraction harvested as commercial timber or other non-fuel use) should sum to 1.0, accounting for all biomass cleared. Because the burning and decay portions are averaged over different time periods in the methodology, the relationship need not be precise. However, assumptions made for these different fractions should be consistent. Furthermore, in countries where fuelwood is critically short no wood may be left on site to burn or decay.

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5.18 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 5-3 O N 

### - SITE BURNING OF FORESTS 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### N ITROGEN 

### R ELEASED 

### 1 Enter the estimate of Quantity of Carbon Released from on-site burning of forests (in kilotonnes carbon) in column A. Use the figure in column K of Worksheet 5-2, sheet 2, Forest and Grassland Conversion

. 2 Enter the Nitrogen-Carbon Ratio of Biomass Burned in column B. The general default value is 0.01. 3 Multiply Quantity of Carbon Released by the Nitrogen-Carbon Ratio to give the Total Nitrogen Released. Enter the total in kilotonnes of nitrogen in column C.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATING 

### N O N 

### -CO 2 T RACE 

### G A S 

### E MISSIONS


### 1 Enter Trace Gas Emissions Ratios in column D. Refer to Table 5-7 for non-CO 2 

### trace gas emissions ratios.

T ABLE 5-7 E MISSION R ATIOS FOR O PEN B URNING OF F ORESTS Compound Ratio CH 4 0.012 (0.009-0.015) CO 0.06 (0.04-0.08) N 2 O 0.007 (0.005-0.009) NO x 0.121 (0.094-0.148) Note:Ratios for carbon compounds are mass of carbon released as CH 4 or CO (in units of C) relative to mass of total carbon released from burning (in units of C). Those for nitrogen compounds are expressed as the ratios of nitrogen released as N 2 O and NO x relative to the nitrogen content of the fuel (in units of N). See Reference Manual for sources. 

### 2 Multiply Quantity of Carbon Released (column A) by the emissions ratio for CH 4 

### to give the Amount of CH 4 

### released. Enter the amount in kilotonnes of C in column E. 3 Multiply Quantity of Carbon Released (column A) by the emissions ratio for CO to give the Amount of CO released. Enter the amount in kilotonnes of C in column E. 4 Multiply the Total Nitrogen Released (column C) by the emissions ratio for N 2 

### O to give the Amount of N 2 

### O Released. Enter the amount in kilotonnes of N in column E. U SING T HE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 5.19 5 Multiply the Total Nitrogen Released (column C) by the emissions ratio for NO x 

### to give the Amount of NO x 

### Released. Enter the amount in kilotonnes of N in column E. 6 Multiply the figures in column E by the conversion ratios 1 

### in column F to give total for the release of CH 4 

### , CO, N 2 

### O and NO x 

### . Enter the results in Gg, which is the same as kilotonnes, in column G.


# 5.5 Abandonment of Managed Lands

5.5.1 Introduction This submodule deals with net-CO 2 

### removals in biomass accumulation resulting from the abandonment of managed lands. Managed lands include:

• Cultivated lands (arable land used for the cultivation of crops)

• Pasture (land used for grazing animals) Carbon accumulation on abandoned lands is sensitive to the type of natural ecosystem (forest type or grasslands) which is regrowing. Therefore abandoned lands regrowing should be entered by type. For grasslands the default assumption is that net accumulation aboveground is zero. Because regrowth rates become slower after a time, the periods considered
are:

• Land abandoned during the 20 years prior to the Inventory Year (i.e., 1990)

• Land abandoned between 20 and 100 years ago (i.e., before 1970 and after 1870) When managed lands are abandoned, carbon may or may not reaccumulate on the land. Abandoned areas are therefore split into those which reaccumulate carbon and those which do not regrowth or which continue to degrade. Only natural lands which are regrowing towards a natural state should be included. Lands which do not regrow or degrade should be ignored in this calculation. As with forest and grassland conversion, effect of forest regrowth on soil carbon is dealt with in Section 5.6 of the Workbook

.

1 

### The molecular weight ratios given above for the emitted gases are with respect to the weight of nitrogen and carbon in the molecule. Thus for N 2 

### O the ratio is 44/28 and for NO x 

### it is 46/14. NO 2 

### has been used as the reference molecule for NO x 

### .

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5.20 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

## 5.5.2 Methodology Two sets of calculations are used to estimate CO 2 

### removals from biomass regrowth and soils recovery. They relate to the quantity of land abandoned and the length of time for which it has been abandoned:

• Annual carbon uptake in aboveground biomass (land abandoned in the last twenty years)

• Annual carbon uptake in aboveground biomass (land abandoned for between twenty and a hundred years, if applicable). These are then totalled and the carbon uptake is converted into CO 2 

### removals.


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 5-4 A BANDONMENT OF 

### M ANAGED 

### L ANDS 

### at the end of this module to record inventory data.



### S TEP 

### 1 C ALCULATE 

### A NNUAL 

### C ARBON 

### U PTAKE IN 

### A BOVEGROUND 

### B IOMASS 

### ( L AND 

### A BANDONED IN THE 

### L AST 

### T WENTY 

### Y EARS 

### ) 1 Enter the Total Area Abandoned and Regrowing for the last twenty years (in kilohectares) in column A. There are no default data for these figures. 2 Enter the Annual Rate of Aboveground Biomass Growth (in tonnes dry matter per hectare) in column B. See Table 5-8 for default values. 3 Multiply the Total Area Abandoned and Regrowing (column A) by the Annual Rate of Aboveground Biomass Growth (column B) to give the Annual Aboveground Biomass Growth (in kt dm). Enter the result in column C. 4 Enter the Carbon Fraction of Aboveground Biomass in column D (default fraction 0.5). 5 Multiply the Annual Aboveground Biomass Growth (column C) by the Carbon Fraction of Aboveground Biomass (column D) to give the Annual Carbon Uptake in Aboveground Biomass. Enter the result in column E. 6 Add the figures in column E and enter the total in the Subtotal box at the bottom of the column.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 5.21 S TEP 

### 2 C ALCULATE 

### A NNUAL 

### C ARBON 

### U PTAKE IN 

### A BOVEGROUND 

### B IOMASS 

### ( L AND 

### A BANDONED FOR 

### M ORE 

### T HAN 

### T WENTY 

### Y EARS 

### )
1 Enter the Total Area Abandoned for more than Twenty Years (in kilohectares) in column G. 2 Enter the Annual Rate of Aboveground Biomass Growth (in tonnes of dry matter per hectare) in column H. Table 5-8 provides default values. 3 Multiply the Total Area Abandoned (column G) by the Annual Rate of Aboveground Biomass Growth (column H) to give the Annual Aboveground Biomass Growth (in kt dm). Enter the result in column I. 4 Enter the Carbon Fraction of Aboveground Biomass in column J (default fraction 0.5). 5 Multiply the Annual Aboveground Biomass Growth (column I) by the Carbon Fraction of Aboveground Biomass (column J) to give the Annual Carbon Uptake in Aboveground Biomass. Enter the result in column K. 6 Add the figures in column K and enter the total in the Subtotal box at the bottom of the column.



### S TEP 

### 3 C ALCULATE 

### T OTAL 

### C O 2 

### R EMOVALS FROM 

### A BANDONED 

### L ANDS


### 1 Add the subtotals from columns E and K and enter the Total Carbon Uptake from Abandoned Lands in column L. 2 Multiply the Total Carbon Uptake from Abandoned Lands by 44/12 to give the Total Carbon Dioxide Uptake from the abandonment of managed lands in Gg. Enter the result in column M. 3 For summary reporting purposes and for consistency with other emission/removal categories, it is necessary to reverse the sign of these results, so that the removal of CO 2 

### by abandoned lands is expressed as a negative (i.e., negative emissions) value. U SING THE W ORKSHEET



### • Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.



### • Keep the original of the Worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

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5.22 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 5-8 A NNUAL A VERAGE A BOVEGROUND B IOMASS G ROWTH BY N ATURAL R EGENERATION ( TONNES DM / HA) Tropical Forests Wet Moist with Short Dry Season Moist with Long Dry Season Dry Montane Moist Montane Dry

R ≥ 2000 2000>R>1000 R ≤ 1000 R>1000 R<1000 Africa ≤ 20 years >20 years 10 2.5 5.3 1.3 2.3-2.5 0.6-3.0 0.8-1.5 0.2-1.6 5 1 2 0.5
Asia : Continental ≤ 20 years >20 years Insular ≤ 20 years >20 years 11 3 13 3.4 9 2
11 3 6 1.5
no data 5 1.3
little to none exist 5 1
12 3 no data

none exist
America ≤ 20 years >20 years 10 2.6 no data 4 1 4 1 5 1.4 1.8 0.4
Note: R= annual rainfall in mm/yr Temperate Forests 0-20 Years 20-100 Years Coniferous 3.0 3.0 Broadleaf 2.0 2.0
Boreal Forests 0-20 Years 20-150 Years Mixed Broadleaf-Coniferous and Broadleaf 0.7-2.0 0.7-6.4

Coniferous 0.5-1.9 0.5-5.0 Forest-tundra 0.2-0.5 ALL OF THESE REGIONAL AVERAGE GROWTH RATES SHOULD BE CONSIDERED INDICATIVE ONLY. IF FORESTS ARE A SIGNIFICANT PART OF A COUNTRY’S TOTAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY, LOCALLY AVAILABLE DATA OR EXPERT JUDGEMENT SHOULD BE SOUGHT TO DEVELOP VALUES REFLECTING CONDITIONS AND PRACTICES. See Reference Manual for sources.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 5.23 

# 5.6 CO 2 

# Emissions or Uptake by Soil from Land-Use Change and Management

5.6.1 Introduction The methodology includes estimates of net CO 2 

### emissions (sinks and sources) from three processes: 1) changes in carbon stored in soil and litter of mineral soils due to changes in land-use practices, 2) CO 2 

### emissions from organic soils converted to agriculture or plantation forestry, and 3) CO 2 

### emissions from liming of agricultural soils. At present, CO 2 

### emissions or uptake associated with naturally ocurring carbonate minerals in soils are not included.



## 5.6.2 Data Sources There are no standard global data sets available for these calculations. The primary data needed are information on the distribution of different soil types and land-use practices within a country. Information to estimate impacts of various land-use practices on soil carbon inventories can be obtained from long-term field experiments. Sources of such information include:

• Soil survey and other national resource inventories

• Land-use statistics, agricultural production statistics

• Compendia of long-term field experiments. (See Reference Manual for references.) Information for estimating CO 2 

### emissions from lime applications can beobtained from statistics of lime use or derived from production and importexport statistics.


## 5.6.3 Methodology The calculations for CO 2 

### emissions from mineral soils are based on an accounting of changes in soil (and litter) carbon stocks as a function of changes in land-use and agricultural management practices. To calculate changes in carbon stocks a twenty-year inventory period is used. This requires that an estimate of the distribution of land-use systems by soil types is needed for the present (i.e., inventory) year and for twenty years ago. See the Reference Manual for an example calculation. Estimates of soil carbon stocks are based on the top 30 cm of the soil profile only. Deeper soil layers can also have appreciable carbon stocks, particularly in tropical soils, but they are generally much less impacted by changes in land use/management than are topsoil layers and there are less data available for deeper soil layers.

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5.24 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### The calculations for CO 2 

### emissions from organic soils are performed using annual emission estimates which depend on climate region and landuse. Thus they require data on the areal extent of organic soils which are presently used and their current landuse. The emission rates provided in the method are derived from a world-wide survey of the scientific literature. The calculations for emissions from agricultural liming require only data on the amount and (preferably) the type of material applied.


## Completing the Worksheets Use W ORKSHEET 

### 5-5 CHANGE IN SOIL CARBON FOR MINERAL SOILS 

### at the end of this module to record inventory data.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING THE 

### D ISTRIBUTION OF 

### L AND 

### - U S E 

### / M ANAGEMENT 

### S YSTEMS BY 

### S OIL 

### T YPES 

### ( FOR 

### M INERAL 

### S OILS 

### O NLY 

### ) FOR THE 

### B EGINNING AND 

### E ND OF THE 

### I NVENTORY 

### P ERIOD 

### 1 Define the types of land-use management systems to be used in the inventory. 2 Enter the Land-use/Management System in column A. Worksheet 5-5, sheet 1 should be copied as needed to accommodate all the management systems used in the inventory (see Appendix in the Workbook and Table 5-10 in Reference Manual for an example). 3 Enter the Land Area in column E for each system subdivided by soil type in million hectares for the current inventory year (t). If a land-use system does not occur on a particular soil type, a zero ("0") should be entered. 4 Enter the Land Area in column D for the inventory year, (t-20), i.e., twenty years prior to the current inventory year. Note: The total areas for each soil type (summed over all land-use systems) in year, t, and year, t-20, must be the same. As a check, sum values in column D over all land-use systems. Repeat for all values in column E. The sums for columns D and E must be identical (i.e. equal to the total land area in the inventory). L AND -U SE M ANAGEMENT S YSTEMS These should represent the major types of land management systems present in the country as well as ecosystem types which are either being converted to agriculture (e.g., forest, savanna, grassland) or have been derived from previous agricultural landuse (e.g., abandoned lands, reforested lands). Systems should also reflect differences in soil carbon stocks that can be related to differences in management. For shifts in management where changes in carbon stocks occur over a relatively long time (i.e., > 10 years), one or more "successional" systems (e.g., young abandoned land, old abandoned land) should be defined (see Step 2). Examples of default management systems for different climatic regions are given in the Appendix.

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### 5.25 S TEP 

### 2 A SSIGN 

### C ARBON 

### S TOCK 

### V ALUES 

### A CCORDING TO 

### L AND 

### - U S E 

### / M ANAGEMENT 

### S YSTEM AND 

### S OIL 

### T YPE 

### 1 For native ecosystem types, enter the Soil Carbon values into column C in tonnes C/ha. Table 5-9 shows default values. In cases where the ecosystem is agriculturally-impacted, use the Supplemental Worksheet 5-5A to estimate soil carbon instead. For agriculturally-impacted systems the following equation is used:

Soil Carbon managed 

### = Soil Carbon native 

### x Base factor x Tillage factor x Input factors

Worksheet 5-5A (Supplemental): SOIL CARBON FOR AGRICULTURALLY IMPACTED LANDS



### . 1 Enter the Land-use/Management System in column A, as identified in Step 1 of Worksheet 5-5. Worksheet 5-5A ( S 

### upplemental) should be copied as needed to accommodate all the management systems. 2 Enter Soil Carbon under Native Vegetation into column C. Table 5-9 provides default values. 3 Enter the Base Factor into column D. Table 5-10 provides default values. 4 Enter the Tillage Factor into column E. Table 5-10 provides default values. Where no default or country-specific data are available, enter 1. 5 Enter Input Factors into column F. Table 5-10 provides default values. Where no default or country-specific data are available, enter 1. 6 Multiply the values in columns C, D, E and F. Enter these values into column G to obtain the Soil Carbon into Agriculturally-Impacted Lands. 7 Enter the values in column E into column C of Worksheet 5-5, sheet 1. D EFAULT T ILLAGE AND I NPUT F ACTORS Default Tillage and Input Factors, can be found in Table 5-10, according to the default definitions of Land-Use Management Systems shown. Please note that the all definitions found in the Appendix can be categorised under the default definitions summarised in Table 5- 10.

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5.26 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 5-9 A PPROXIMATE S OIL C ARBON C ONTENTS U NDER N ATIVE V EGETATION ( TONNES C/ HA FOR 0-30 CM DEPTH ) Region High activity soils Low activity soils Sandy soils Volcanic soils (Andisols) Wetland soils (Aquic) Cold temperate, dry 50 40 10 20 70
Cold temperate, moist 80 80 20 70 180
Warm temperate, dry 70 60 15 70 120
Warm temperate, moist 110 70 25 130 230
Tropical, dry 60 40 4 50 60Tropical, moistlong dry season 100 50 5 70 100
Tropical, moistshort dry season 140 60 7 100 140
Tropical, wet 180 70 8 130 180

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 5.27 T ABLE 5-10 a C OEFFICIENTS U SED IN D EFAULT C ALCULATION P ROCEDURES System SG b BF Tillage Factor c Input Factors d Temperate No tillage Red. tillage Full tillage Low input Med. input High input Mature fallow Shortened fallow Long-term cultivated A,B,C,D 0.7 1.1 1.05 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1/1.2
Long-term cultivated E 0.6 1.1 1.05 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1/1.2
Improved pasture All soils 1.1 ND ND ND

Set aside (<20 years) All soils 0.8 ND ND ND

Set aside (>20 years) All soils 0.9 ND ND ND
Tropical Long-term cultivated A,B,C,D 0.6 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1/1.2
Long-term cultivated E 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1/1.2

Wetland (Paddy) rice All soils 1.1 ND ND ND ND ND ND
Shifting cultivation (including fallow) All soils 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.0 0.8

Abandoned/ Degraded land All soils 0.5
Unimproved pasture All soils 0.7 ND ND ND
Improved pasture All soils 1.1 ND ND ND

a Filled portions of the table, where tillage and input factors are not given, denote instances where these factors are not applicable to a management system. Where tillage or input factors were not determined (ND), information was deemed insufficient to go beyond estimating a base factor. SG = Soil Group, BF = Base Factor, Red. = Reduced, Med. = Medium. b Soil groups A = High activity, B = Low activity, C = Sandy, D = Volcanic, E = Aquic
c Use of no-till is assumed to increase soil C by over full tillage (full soil inversion). Reduced tillage (i.e., significant soil disturbance but without inversion) is assumed to yield small increases over full tillage. d Input factors apply to residue levels and residue management, use of cover crops, mulching, agroforestry, bare fallow frequency in semiarid temperate systems. Low input applies to where crop residues are removed or burned, or use of bare fallow; medium input to where crop residues are retained; high input applies to where residue additions are significantly enhanced with addition of mulches, green manures, or enhanced crop residue production (1.1) or regular addition of high rates of animal manure (1.2), relative to the nominal (medium) case.

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5.28 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### S TEP 

### 3 C ALCULATING 

### N ET 

### A NNUAL 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### M INERAL 

### S OILS 

### . 1 Multiply the Soil Carbon value in column C by the Land Area in column D. Enter this value in column F. 2 Multiply the Soil Carbon value in column C by the Land Area in column E. Enter the value in column G. 3 Subtract the value in column F from column G. Enter this value in column H for the Net Change in Soil Carbon in Mineral Soils for each landuse by soil type. Negative values represent net losses of carbon and positive values are net gains in stored carbon. 4 Sum values in the column H over all land-use/management systems and enter this value at the bottom of column H.



### S TEP 

### 4 C ALCULATING 

### A NNUAL 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### O RGANIC 

### S OILS 

### 1 Enter the Land Area (in hectares) of organic soils into column A of Worksheet 5-5, sheet 2, for the appropriate climate zone (see Appendix for climate zone definitions) and soils use. 2 Enter the Annual Loss Rate in column B. Default values are provided in Table 5-11. Use country specific data where available. 3 Multiply the Land Area in column A by the Annual Loss Rate in column B and enter this value in column C. 4 Sum the values in column C and enter this value at the bottom of the column.



### S TEP 

### 5 C ALCULATING 

### A NNUAL 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### L IMING OF 

### A GRICULTURAL 

### S OILS 

### 1 Enter the Total Annual Amount of Lime (country-wide), into column A of Worksheet 5-5, sheet 3, according to the type of lime. If information is not available on the type of lime applied, assume all lime to be limestone (CaCO 3 

### ). 2 Multiply values in column A by the Carbon Conversion Factors in column B and enter these values in column C. 3 Sum the values in column C and enter at bottom of the column. O RGANIC S OILS UNDER I NTENSIVE U SE Emissions of CO 2 from organic soils are only considered for soils which are currently under intensive use for crop production or plantation forestry. Organic soils under native ecosystem types (which are likely to have stable or increasing C stocks)
are not to be included in the inventory.

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### 5.29 S TEP 

### 6 E STIMATES FOR 

### T OTAL 

### N E T 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### S OILS 

### 1 Enter the Total Net Change in Soil Carbon in Mineral Soils from all Worksheets 5-5, sheet 1, into column A (first row). 2 Enter the Total Net Carbon Loss from Organic Soils from all Worksheets 5-5, sheet 2 into column A (second row). 3 Enter the Carbon Emissions from Liming from Worksheet 5-5, sheet 3 into column A (third row). 4 Multiply the values in column A by Unit Conversion Factors in column B to express all values as Total Annual Carbon Emissions in Gigagrams per year. Enter these values in column C. Note that the explicit sign (i.e., + or -) for the change of carbon stocks for mineral soils must be carried over from Worksheet 5-5, sheet 1. 5 Multiply each value in column C by 44/12 and enter in column D. 6 Sum all values in column D and enter in the bottom of the column to obtain the (net) Total Annual CO 2 

### Emissions from agriculturallyimpacted soils.

T ABLE 5-11 D EFAULT V ALUES FOR C ARBON L OSS FROM O RGANIC S OILS Agricultural Use of Organic Soils Annual Loss Rate (MgC/ha/yr) Cool temperate Upland crops 1.0 Pasture/Forest 0.25 Warm temperate Upland crops 10 Pasture/Forest 2.5 Tropical Upland crops 20 Pasture/Forest 5

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### 5.31 

# Appendix: Default Definitions of Land-Use/Management Systems

1. COLD TEMPERATE, DRY Characterised by mean annual temperature (MAT) of < 10°C and annual precipitation less than evapotranspiration . Crop production is limited by inadequate water, and by a relatively short growing season and harsh winters which restrict the choice of crops. Includes the following areas: northern portion of the Great Plains of North America, and extensive areas in central and eastern Asia. a) Rangeland (unimproved): grassland, often dominated by native species, used to support grazing livestock (chiefly cattle) at comparatively low intensity. Usually receive only minimal inputs for fertility amendment or pest control. b) Small grain with summer-fallow: predominantly spring annuals (e.g., wheat, barley, flax, rapeseed/canola) grown in a sequence with periodic summer-fallow (a practice, used to replenish soil moisture and nutrients, whereby land is left unplanted for an entire growing season and weeds are controlled by tillage and/or herbicide application). Soils typically receive only minor inputs of nutrients and other amendments. c) Small grain with continuous cropping - conventional tillage: predominantly spring annuals, either in monoculture or in various combinations (including wheat, barley, oats, flax, canola, rye, mustard, lentil, pea). Continuous cropping requires higher inputs of nutrients than cropping systems with summer fallow. Weed control is achieved using herbicides (during growing season) in combination with tillage in spring and/or fall. d) Small grain with continuous cropping - no till: predominantly spring annuals, either in monoculture or in various combinations (including wheat, barley, oats, flax, canola, rye, mustard, lentil, pea). Continuous cropping requires higher inputs of nutrients than cropping systems with summer fallow. Weed control is achieved using only herbicides, and crops are seeded without prior tillage directly into residues remaining from the previous crop. e) Small grain/forage rotations: predominantly perennial grasses or legumes, interrupted periodically by several consecutive annual crops (typically spring-seeded cereals or oilseeds). A typical rotation might be five to 10 years in length. As this system is often used in concert with livestock production, significant amounts of nutrients may be returned in
manures. f) Hay/improved pasture: predominantly perennial legumes and grasses maintained for extended periods of time, primarily as a forage. The forages are typically non-native species, introduced because of their comparatively high productivity. g) Successional grasslands: previously cultivated land which has been returned to grassland, but has not yet attained characteristics of native rangeland. Usually a single species or mixture of grasses established

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### either through land abandonment or as part of a government program, often to stabilise degrading lands or to reduce cultivated areas in the wake of surplus production. h) Irrigated cropping systems: typically include wide diversity of relativelyhigh value crops adapted to short-growing seasons, including springseeded cereals and oilseeds, high-value forages, and vegetables (e.g., potatoes, root crops, vegetables). Owing to the high cost of irrigation, the cropping systems usually involve high inputs of nutrients and other amendments to maximise yield and crop quality.

2. COLD TEMPERATE, MOIST Characterised by MAT < 10°C and annual precipitation similar to or higher than evapotranspiration. Crop production is limited by the short growing season and relatively harsh winters. Inadequate temperature to support heat-requiring feedgrains such as maize and soybean; production dominated by small grain cereals, forages, root crops. Includes most of Scandinavia, Finland, and parts of Russia and North America. a) Forest: natural vegetation includes deciduous forest and Taiga (coniferous forest); often interspersed with wetlands (peat bogs). Relatively young soils due to glaciation; many acid with thick litter layer (podzols). b) Small grain monocultures: predominantly wheat but also barley, oats, rye, rapeseed (canola) grown annually. Full tillage (plough) generally used. Often highly fertilised and high-yielding, 5-10 t/ha. On some minor areas, a full year bare-fallow may be used at irregular intervals; earlier used more commonly for weed control (prior to herbicides). c) Grain/perennial forage crop rotations: small grains and rapeseed grown in rotation with grass and legume forages, also root crops. Typical for mixed farms with livestock, including dairy production. d) Permanent pasture: used for grazing and/or hay production. Generally on soils or in climate zones which are unsuitable for intensive crop production (e.g., common in Northern Scandinavia and Finland). e) Grassland and forest set-aside lands: grassland area very fluctuating between years due to varying subsidy policies. Short-term rotation forest for bioenergy is increasing.

3. WARM TEMPERATE, DRY Mean annual growing season temperatures in this zone usually range from 10 to 20°C with annual precipitation usually less than 600 mm; includes continental and Mediterranean climates. Includes major grain and livestock producing areas in the Great Plains and Pacific Northwest in the United States, Mediterranean regions in Australia, Europe and South Africa, and the semi-arid belt across southern Russia, central Asia and China. a) Pastoral rangelands: unimproved grassland, often dominated by native species, used to support grazing livestock (cattle and sheep) at

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### 5.33 comparatively low intensity. Fertiliser additions and pest control are virtually non-existent. b) Small grain with summer-fallow (or long-fallow): predominantly small grains (usually high value wheat) with a year of bare fallow to replenish soil moisture and nutrients. This practice is most prevalent in the driest areas, e.g., where annual precipitation may be less than 400 mm. Weedsare controlled by tillage, herbicide application (increasing with use of notill), and animal grazing (e.g., sheep in Australia). Inputs of nutrients and other amendments often low compared to more continuous cropping and erosion and soil degradation can be high due to lengthy bare fallowing. c) Small grain/legumes with summer-fallow: Legumes in the form of chick or field peas, lupin and faba beans, are grown in rotation with grain. This system requires less fertiliser inputs than small grains only due to N fixation by the legume. The potential for soil loss through erosion is usually increased after grain legumes such as field and chick peas as they tend to provide less residue cover compared to other crops. d) Small grain with continuous cropping - conventional tillage: Includes small grains in monoculture (wheat, barley) but increasingly more diverse crop rotations are being used (e.g., triticale, mustard, canola, sunflower, maize, sorghum, millet). These system require a higher input of nutrients and are more common in higher precipitation zones (> 400 mm). e) Small grain with continuous cropping - no till: Similar crops as listed above for conventionally tilled systems, but use of no-till can increase efficiency of water use and extend the use of more continuous cropping regimes to lower rainfall areas. Greater surface residue levels help control erosion. f) Small grain with hay/improved pasture: The typical rotation may includeone or two consecutive years of sown annual pasture or hay. A longfallow may also be included prior to the cereal phase. However, this practice is being phased out and its use is restricted to marginal cropping regions. Organic carbon levels have been found to increase quite dramatically as has aggregate stability with well-managed pastures. Rotations of two years cereal and 2-4 years pasture have been used but are usually non-economical. g) Successional grasslands: previously cultivated land which has been returned to grassland, but has not yet attained characteristics of native rangeland. Usually a single species or mixture of grasses established either through land abandonment or as part of a government programme, often to stabilise degrading lands or to reduce cultivated areas in the wake of surplus production. h) Irrigated cropping systems: may include a wide diversity of related crops, including major field crops (maize, wheat, rice, cotton) as well high value vegetable crops. The cropping systems usually involve high inputs of nutrients and other amendments to maximise yield and crop quality.

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### 4. WARM TEMPERATE, MOIST Mean annual growing season temperatures in this zone usually range from 10-20°C and with annual precipitation near or exceeding potential evapotranspiration. Soils in this region include young glacial-derived soils grading into more highly weathered soils in warmer (lower latitude) regions. This zone is dominated by intensively managed, highly productive agricultural systems. Includes the central latitudes of western and eastern Europe, south-eastern Russia, parts of China, Korea, Japan, the central and eastern United States, and parts of Australia, New Zealand and South America. a) Forest: the dominant native ecosystem is temperate deciduous forest, as well as some areas of humid grasslands and temperate coniferous forests especially where impacted by frequent fires. Native grasslands in this area have been almost exclusively converted to permanent agriculture as have large areas of formerly forested lands. Similarly, significant areas of formerly cultivated areas have been abandoned and reverted to forest, particularly in the United States. b) Pasture/hay: permanent pastures which are either grazed and/or harvested for hay. Can occupy a significant land area in dairy and livestock producing areas and also occur on areas which have limitations for use as cropland, including hilly terrain and areas with poor drainage. c) Intensive grain production: dominated by production of food and feedgrains for trade, including maize, soybean, wheat, oats as well as potato and root crops. In general these systems receive high inputs of fertiliser and other agrochemicals and are highly mechanised. For inventory purposes, sub-classification into systems according to organic matter inputs (and residue management) and tillage practices is recommended.

• Contrasting carbon input level-high residue input systems would include one or more of the following practices: significant manure or sewage sludge applications, crop rotations which include multiple years of perennial hay crops, double-cropping, and use of winter cover crops that are returned to the soil. Nominal input systems would include grain production systems with normal rates of fertilisation and residues returned to the soil. Low residue input systems would include grain production where residues are removed from the soil.

• Tillage practices - separate categories could be included for no-till, reduced tillage and full (intensive tillage). Reduced tillage would include practices with infrequent and minimal and shallow soil disturbance. Full tillage refers to tillage where there is substantial soil inversion and mixing (e.g., moldboard ploughing) of the A horizon as well as secondary tillage. d) Speciality crop production: includes systems which are dominated by intensively managed non-grain crops, such as tobacco, cotton, peanuts, truck (vegetable) crops, in which most of the biomass produced is removed from the field or where there is otherwise low rates of residues returned.

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### 5.35 e) Reverted land: includes former agricultural land which has been taken out of production and either converted or allowed to revert to perennial grass or forest vegetation. Subdivisions according to "age classes" or successional stages is recommended for specifying soil carbon contents.

5. TROPICAL, DRY Characterised by MAT above 20°C and annual precipitation generally below 1000 mm with a long and pronounced dry season that results in a growing season of limited length. Soils are highly variable, e.g., high activity Vertisols (India) Lateritic Alfisols (Africa) and highly acid Alfisols and Oxisols (South America). Average productivity for most common crops is low, not only due to water deficiency but also due to nutrient deficiencies which are not corrected by fertilisation because fertiliser investment is risky in a drought-prone zone. a) Savanna: the natural vegetation climax in this zone. The cover by woody plants can range from none to virtually complete, although the average is less than 30 per cent. Increases in woody cover often result from sustained grazing pressure and the exclusion of fire; depletion of woody cover results from unsustainable demand for firewood. The carbon density of the system is strongly affected by the amount of tree cover, both through the tree biomass and through elevated soil organic matter below the canopy. Main use is grazing. In grass-dominated regions, extensive grazing of cattle with no pasture management (e.g., Llanos in Venezuela and Colombia). Productivity is low (stocking rates at 10-20 ha/animal) and endangered by overgrazing and desertification. In grass and shrub regions, extensive grazing and migratory herding with no management and often serious overstocking with cattle, goats and sheep (e.g., Sahel) occurs. b) Subsistence farming with drought-resistant grain crops: millet and sorghum are staples for subsistence farmers, who may also plant maize in wetter years. Includes Latifundia in which slash-burning and arable production relies on sharecroppers. Mixed cropping with 5-10 intercropped crops is typical. After 3-8 years of cropping, areas are rotated through bush fallow, which is often extensively grazed or browsed. Common throughout the South American and Southern African dry zone. An African variant of Latifundia is village-owned land where arable use rights are conferred to families. This system has shown great stability (>600 years in West Africa) but is crumbling under population pressure. Also includes small owner-operator farms that rely on family labour. When yields are low, rotation of cropped areas requires a large landholding to permit bush fallowing or, otherwise land may be abandoned in shifting cultivation. c) Irrigated cropping: where river or groundwater are available, a wide range of cash crops can be grown, including maize, sugarcane, citrus and tropical fruits, vegetables, tobacco and cotton.

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### 6 and 7. TROPICAL, MOIST WITH LONG, AND SHORT DRY SEASONS MAT above 20°C and annual precipitation between 1000 to 2000
mm. Can be subdivided into regions with long dry season (> 5 months) versus short dry season of < 5 months. Production varies with precipitation amount and dry season length with an increasing importance of high input, mechanised agriculture in the more humid areas on suitable soils. Crop production is seasonal but two crops can often be produced in a year in more humid areas. The soils in the drier regions may be more fertile, and with higher pH, due to less weathered soils. These zones includes large areas of Africa, the majority of the India subcontinent and continental Southeast Asia, and pockets in Latin America and Australia. a) Forests: vegetation is often described as tropical deciduous, or tropical dry forests, the canopy becoming more completely deciduous as the length of the dry season increases, fires are common in drier habitats and mixtures of deciduous and evergreens occur at the wetter extreme. b) Unimproved grazing: extensive livestock grazing, often in combination with crop production on adjacent areas in subsistence agriculture, where manure from grazing livestock is utilised. c) Improved grazing: at the higher end of the rainfall range, pastures may be improved through species selection, weed control, and fertilisation, and reach higher productivity. d) Shifting cultivation and fallow rotation systems: burns are more complete than the more humid regions due to prolonged dry seasons resulting in more biomass combusted and lower carbon stocks, a cropping phase (2-3 years) may be longer with respect to the fallow phase (10 years) as compared to more humid regions but fallow reaccumulation is slower particularly on infertile soils. Much of the land in Africa has shifted to more continuous cultivation while large tracts of Southeast Asia and India could still be classified as shifting cultivation. In some cases, lands have degraded due to increasingly short fallow intervals and derived savannas have replaced natural succession to deciduous forest. e) Mixed continuous cropping (manual): this is the most prevalent land use in this zone in Africa and has replaced large areas of land previously used for shifting agriculture over the past 50 years. These farming systems occupy some of the most densely populated agricultural landscapes in the tropics consisting of mixtures of annual field crops (maize, beans) and perennials (banana, coffee, sugarcane). Crop residues are regarded as an important component of yield as animal feed to confined livestock but manure and composting strategies are often very advanced. Nonetheless, soil carbon stocks in highland cropping systems have dropped to less than 50 per cent of their original levels. f) Mechanised continuous cropping (residue management): continuous mechanised cropping became a major land use in Asia with the advent of the Green Revolution. Major crops are rice and wheat, and the degree of residue return varies greatly with either burning residues and complete removal for animal feed common, but a trend toward residue incorporation is increasing as burning is prohibited. Some parts of Latin

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### 5.37 America have converted native deciduous forest to mechanical continuous cultivation of soybean, rice and maize. g) Plantations: the plantations of the tropics are generally located in this zone and the subhumid zone with a shorter dry season, teak plantations being the most renowned. Other plantations include coffee, tea and pineapple. One trend which has reduced carbon stocks in coffee is the conversion of shade coffee, with its accompanying shade trees, to sun grown coffee. h) Irrigated cropping: can include crops similar to that described for the semi-arid zone as well as wetland rice. Only one crop per year of wetland rice is possible where there is an extended dry season. This is probably the dominant cropping system in India and Southeast Asia but is seldom found in Africa or Latin America.

8. TROPICAL, WET Characterised by MAT of above 20°C and annual precipitation > 2000 mm, with no significant dry season. Crop production is generally limited by low soil fertility and soil acidity on heavily leached soils and/or by rapid invasion of weeds such as Imperata. Exceptions are the fertile soils of recent volcanic origin and the rice paddies, which often benefit from sediments eroded from the uplands. Perennial-based production systems are the most sustainable land use. Covers substantial parts of South America (the Amazon basin), equatorial Africa and Southeast Asia. a) Forest: the natural climax vegetation in this zone, with the highest biodiversity of the world. Forest degradation and soil damage can occur due to logging impacts, especially on skidding trails and roads; non-climax natural vegetation often occurs in mosaics with “shifting cultivation” and is dealt with under that category.b) Agroforests and other mixed perennial (multi-strata) systems: humanmade, diverse forest-like vegetation with a mixture of useful trees and elements of the natural vegetation; ecological functions, such as soil C storage, are close to those of natural secondary forests of similar age; this land use category is often not (yet) recognised in the available statistics. c) Intensive upland food crop production with all crop residues maintained: mechanised or based or human labour, intensive food crop production while retaining all crop residues and providing sufficient nutrient inputs can maintain adequate soil organic matter levels and meet sustainable production targets. This group includes intensive vegetable production at higher elevations, unless soil erosion is dominant. d) Monoculture plantations of perennial crops: monospecific stands of perennial crops (e.g., industrial trees, rubber, oil palm, coconut, sugarcane, pineapple); generally intermediate levels of soil organic matter, depending on residue management. Substantial differences in soil organic carbon with sugarcane occur, as on part of the area all residues are (still) burned after harvest, while on others they are incorporated into the soil.

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### e) Shifting cultivation and fallow rotation systems: a very broad group of land-use systems, based on a few years of crop production with declining soil organic carbon contents and a “recovery” fallow period of a few years (short (bush) fallow rotation systems) or longer (long fallow rotation and classical shifting cultivation, based on secondary forest succession). Calculations of C stocks should be based on a weighted average of the currently cropped fields and the fallow vegetation. In Southeast Asia, the system can be an early stage of “agroforest” development, but can also lead to “degraded grasslands”. f) Improved pastures: with the use of introduced grasses, a sufficient legume component, adequate soil fertility maintenance and carefully managed animal stocking rates, soil organic carbon can be maintained close to that of the forests which were replaced. g) Degraded pastures and frequently burnt grasslands: low amounts of organic inputs due to burning or physical damage to the standing vegetation lead to a decrease in soil organic carbon. h) Wetland or paddy rice fields, on a range of soils: variation occurs in the number of rice crops per year, the presence or absence of a dry period (with or without dryland food crops) during which soil organic carbon decomposes rapidly, and the burning, removal or incorporation of crop residues will affect organic carbon levels.

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### 5.39 M ODULE L AND U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE C HANGES IN F OREST AND O THER W OODY B IOMASS S TOCKS W ORKSHEET 5-1 S HEET 1 OF 3
STEP 1 A Area of Forest/Biomass Stocks (kha) B Annual Growth Rate
(t dm/ha) C Annual Biomass

Increment

(kt dm) D Carbon Fraction of Dry Matter E Total Carbon Uptake Increment

(kt C) C=(A x B) E=(C x D) Tropical Plantations Acacia spp. Eucalyptus spp. Tectona grandis Pinus spp Pinus caribaea Mixed HardwoodsMixed FastGrowing Hardwoods Mixed Softwoods Other Forests Moist Seasonal Dry Other (specify) Temperate Plantations Douglas fir Loblolly pine Commercial Evergreen Deciduous Other Boreal

Non-Forest Trees (specify type) A Number of

Trees (1000s of trees) B Annual Growth Rate (kt dm/1000

trees)

Total

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5.40 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE L AND U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE C HANGES IN F OREST AND O THER W OODY B IOMASS S TOCKS W ORKSHEET 5-1 S HEET 2 OF 3
STEP 2

Harvest Categories (specify) F Commercial

Harvest (if applicable)

(1000 m 3 roundwood) G Biomass Conversion/ Expansion

Ratio (if applicable)

(t dm/ m 3 ) H Total Biomass

Removed in Commercial

Harvest

(kt dm) I Total Traditional Fuelwood Consumed

(kt dm) J Total Other Wood Use

(kt dm) K Total Biomass Consumption

(kt dm) L Wood Removed From Forest

Clearing

(kt dm) M Total Biomass Consumption From Stocks

(kt dm) H = (F x G) FAO data K = (H + I + J) (From column M, Worksheet 5-2, sheet 3) M = K - L

Totals

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### 5.41 M ODULE L AND U SE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE C HANGES IN F OREST AND O THER W OODY B IOMASS S TOCKS W ORKSHEET 5-1 S HEET 3 OF 3
STEP 3 STEP 4 N Carbon Fraction O Annual Carbon Release
(kt C) P Net Annual Carbon Uptake (+) or Release (-) (kt C) Q Convert to CO 2 Annual Emission (- ) or Removal (+) (Gg CO 2 ) O = (M x N) P = (E - O) Q = (P x [44/12])

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5.42 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE F OREST AND G RASSLAND C ONVERSION - CO 2 FROM B IOMASS W ORKSHEET 5-2 S HEET 1 OF 5 B IOMASS C LEARED STEP 1

Vegetation types A Area Converted Annually

(kha) B Biomass Before

Conversion

(t dm/ha) C Biomass After

Conversion

(t dm/ha) D Net Change in Biomass Density

(t dm/ha) E Annual Loss of Biomass

(kt dm) D = (B - C) E = (A x D) Tropical Wet/Very Moist Moist, short dry season Moist, long dry
season Dry Montane Moist Montane Dry Tropical Savanna/Grasslands Temperate Coniferous Broadleaf Grasslands
Boreal Mixed Broadleaf/ Coniferous Coniferous Forest-tundra Grasslands/Tundra
Other
Subtotals

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### 5.43 M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE F OREST AND G RASSLAND C ONVERSION - CO 2 FROM B IOMASS W ORKSHEET 5-2 S HEET 2 OF 5 C ARBON R ELEASED BY O N -S ITE B URNING STEP 2

Vegegation types F Fraction of

Biomass Burned on Site G Quantity of

Biomass Burned on Site

(kt dm) H Fraction of

Biomass Oxidised on Site I Quantity of

Biomass Oxidised on Site

(kt dm) J Carbon Fraction of

Aboveground Biomass (burned on site) K Quantity of

Carbon Released

(from biomass burned) (kt C) G = (E x F) I = (G x H) K = (I x J) Tropical Wet/Very Moist Moist, short dry season Moist, long dry season Dry Montane Moist Montane Dry Tropical Savanna/Grasslands Temperate Coniferous Broadleaf Grasslands
Boreal Mixed Broadleaf/Coniferous Coniferous Forest-tundra Grasslands/Tundra
Other
Subtotal

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5.44 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE F OREST AND G RASSLAND C ONVERSION - CO 2 FROM B IOMASS W ORKSHEET 5-2 S HEET 3 OF 5 C ARBON R ELEASED BY O FF -S ITE B URNING STEP 3 STEP 4

Vegetation types L Fraction of

Biomass Burned off Site M Quantity of

Biomass Burned off Site

(kt dm) N Fraction of

Biomass Oxidised off Site O Quantity of

Biomass Oxidised off Site

(kt dm) P Carbon Fraction of

Aboveground Biomass (burned off site) Q Quantity of

Carbon Released

(from biomass burned off site (kt C) R Total Carbon

Released (from on and off site burning)

(kt C) M = (E x L) O = (M x N) Q = (O x P) R = (K + Q) Tropical Wet/Very Moist Moist, short dry season Moist, long dry season Dry Montane Moist Montane Dry Tropical Savanna/Grasslands Temperate Coniferous Broadleaf Grasslands
Boreal Mixed Broadleaf/ Coniferous Coniferous Forest-tundra Grasslands/Tundra
Other
Subtotals

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### 5.45 M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE F OREST AND G RASSLAND C ONVERSION - CO 2 FROM B IOMASS W ORKSHEET 5-2 S HEET 4 OF 5 C ARBON R ELEASED BY D ECAY OF B IOMASS STEP 5
Vegetation types A Average Area

Converted (10 Year Average)

(kha) B Biomass Before Conversion

(t dm/ha) C Biomass

After Conversion

(t dm/ha) D Net Change in Biomass

Density

(t dm/ha) E Average Annual Loss of Biomass

(kt dm) F Fraction Left to Decay G Quantity of Biomass

Left to Decay

(kt dm) H Carbon Fraction in

Aboveground Biomass I Carbon Released from Decayof Aboveground Biomass (kt C) D = (B-C) E = (A x D) G = (E x F) I = (G x H)

Tropical Wet/Very Moist Moist, short dry season Moist, long dry season Dry Montane Moist Montane Dry Tropical Savanna/Grasslands Temperate Coniferous Broadleaf Grasslands
Boreal Mixed Broadleaf/ Coniferous ConiferousForesttundra Grasslands/Tundra
Other
Subtotal

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5.46 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE F OREST AND G RASSLAND C ONVERSION - CO 2 FROM B IOMASS W ORKSHEET 5-2 S HEET 5 OF 5 S UMMARY AND C ONVERSION TO CO 2 STEP 6 A Immediate Release

From Burning (kt C) B Delayed Emissions From Decay (kt C) (10-year average) C Total Annual Carbon Release (kt C) D Total Annual CO 2 Release (Gg CO 2 )
C = A + B D = C x (44/12)

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### 5.47 M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE O N -S ITE B URNING OF F ORESTS - N ON -CO 2 T RACE G ASES FROM B URNING B IOMASS W ORKSHEET 5-3 S HEET 1 OF 1 N ON -CO 2 G AS E MISSIONS STEP 1 STEP 2
A Quantity of Carbon Released

(kt C) BNitrogenCarbon

Ratio C Total Nitrogen Released

(kt N) D Trace Gas Emissions

Ratios E Trace Gas Emissions

(kt C) F Conversion Ratio G Trace Gas Emissions from

Burning of

Cleared Forests (Gg CH 4 , CO) (From column K, sheet

2 of Worksheet 5-2 ) C = (A x B) E = (A x D) G = (E x F)

CH 4 16/12 CO 28/12
kt N Gg N 2 O, NO x E = (C x D) G = (E x F)

N 2 O 44/28 NO x 46/14

# L AND 

# U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY

5.48 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE A BANDONMENT OF M ANAGED L ANDS W ORKSHEET 5-4 S HEET 1 OF 3 C ARBON U PTAKE BY A BOVEGROUND R EGROWTH - F IRST 20 Y EARS STEP 1

Vegetation types A 20-Year Total Area Abandoned and Regrowing (kha) B Annual Rate of Aboveground Biomass Growth (t dm/ha) C Annual Aboveground Biomass Growth (kt dm) D Carbon Fraction of Aboveground Biomass E Annual Carbon Uptake in Aboveground Biomass (kt C) C = (A x B) E = (C x D) Tropical Wet/Very Moist Moist, short dry season Moist, long dry season Dry Montane Moist Montane Dry Tropical Savanna/Grasslands Temperate Coniferous Broadleaf Grasslands
Boreal Mixed Broadleaf/Coniferous Coniferous Forest tundra Grasslands/Tundra
Other
Subtotal

# 5 L AND 

# U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 5.49 M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE A BANDONMENT OF M ANAGED L ANDS W ORKSHEET 5-4 S HEET 2 OF 3 C ARBON U PTAKE B Y A BOVEGROUND R EGROWTH - > 20 YEARS STEP 2

Vegetation types G Total Area Abandoned

for more than Twenty Years (kha) H Annual Rate of Aboveground Biomass Growth

(t dm/ha) I Annual Aboveground Biomass Growth

(kt dm) J Carbon Fraction of

Above ground Biomass K Annual Carbon Uptake in Aboveground Biomass (kt C) I = (J x H) K = (I x J) Tropical Wet/Very Moist Moist, short dry season Moist, long dry season Dry Montane Moist Montane Dry Tropical Savanna/Grasslands Temperate Coniferous Broadleaf Grasslands
Boreal Mixed Broadleaf/Coniferous Coniferous Forest tundra Grasslands/Tundra
Other
Subtotal

# L AND 

# U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY

5.50 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE A BANDONMENT OF M ANAGED L ANDS W ORKSHEET 5-4 S HEET 3 OF 3 T OTAL CO 2 R EMOVALS FROM A BANDONED L ANDS STEP 3
L Total Carbon Uptake from Abandoned Lands (kt C) M Total Carbon Dioxide Uptake (Gg CO 2 ) L = (E + K) M = (L x (44/12))

# 5 L AND 

# U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 5.51 M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE C HANGE IN S OIL C ARBON FOR M INERAL S OILS W ORKSHEET 5-5 S HEET 1 OF 4 STEPS 1 AND 2 STEP 3 A Land-use/ Management

Systems B Soil type C Soil Carbon

(t) (Mg C/ha) D Land Area

(t-20) (Mha) E Land Area (t) (Mha) F Soil Carbon

(t-20) (Tg) G Soil Carbon

(t) (Tg) H Net change in Soil Carbon in Mineral Soils (Tg per 20 yr)
F = (C x D) G = (C x E) H = (G - F) High activity soils Low activity soils Sandy Volcanic Wetland (Aquic) Totals Note that land areas in columns D and E, summed over all land-use/management systems used in the inventory should be equal. Total land areas within each soil type, across all land-use systems, should also remain constant over the inventory period.

# L AND 

# U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY

5.52 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE S OIL C ARBON FOR A GRICULTURALLY I MPACTED L ANDS W ORKSHEET 5-5 A (S UPPLEMENTAL ) S HEET 1 OF 1

A Land-use/ Management

Systems B Soil type C Soil Carbon under Native

Vegetation (Mg C/ha) D Base Factor E Tillage Factor F Input Factors G Soil Carbon in Agriculturally Impacted Lands (Mg C/ha) E = (C x D x E x F) High Activity Soils Low Activity Soils Sandy Volcanic Wetland (Aquic)

# 5 L AND 

# U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 5.53 M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE C ARBON E MISSIONS FROM I NTENSIVELY -M ANAGED O RGANIC S OILS W ORKSHEET 5-5 S HEET 2 OF 4 STEP 4
Agricultural Use of Organic Soils A Land Area (ha) B Annual Loss Rate (MgC/ha/yr) (Default) C Net Carbon Loss from Organic Soils (Mg/yr) C = (A x B) Cool temperate Upland crops Pasture/Forest Warm temperate Upland crops Pasture/Forest Tropical Upland crops Pasture/Forest Total

M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE C ARBON E MISSIONS FROM L IMING OF A GRICULTURAL S OILS W ORKSHEET 5-5 S HEET 3 OF 4 STEP 5
Type of lime A Total Annual Amount of Lime (Mg) B Carbon Conversion Factor C Carbon Emissions from Liming

(Mg C) C = (A x B) Limestone Ca(CO 3 ) 0.120 Dolomite CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 0.122 

### Total

# L AND 

# U SE 

# C HANGE 

# & F ORESTRY

5.54 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE L AND -U SE C HANGE AND F ORESTRY S UBMODULE C ALCULATION OF T OTAL CO 2 -C E MISSIONS FROM A GRICULTURALLY I MPACTED S OILS W ORKSHEET 5-5 S HEET 4 OF 4 STEP 6

Source A Worksheet values B Unit Conversion

Factor C Total Annual

Carbon Emissions

(Gg) D Convert to Total

Annual CO 2

Emission (Gg/yr) C = (A x B) D= C x (44/12) Total Net Change in Soil Carbon in Mineral Soils -50

Total Net Carbon Loss from Organic Soils 0.001
Carbon Emissions from Liming 0.001 TotalRevised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

# M ODULE 

# 6



# W ASTE

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.1 

# 6. W ASTE



# 6.1 Introduction This module provides methodologies for estimating emissions of methane (CH 4 

### ) from solid waste disposal sites, CH 4 

### emissions from wastewater handling and N 2 

### O from human sewage.


# 6.2 Land Disposal of Solid Waste
This section covers estimation of methane emissions from solid waste disposal sites.



## 6.2.1 Introduction Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by methanogenic bacteria in solid waste disposal sites results in the release of CH 4 

### to the atmosphere. This source is estimated to account for about 5 to 20 per cent of global anthropogenic CH 4 

### emissions (US EPA, 1994; IPCC, 1992). The methodology provides a classification of ‘solid waste disposal site’ (SWDSs) into “managed” and “unmanaged” sites through a knowledge of the extent and type of active site management carried out. The classification is used to apply a methane correction factor (MCF) to account for the methane generation potential of the site.



## 6.2.2 Data Sources Countries are encouraged to use their own data where available. Default values, given in the tables, should be used when such data are not available. Population statistics : Countries that include areas where no organised waste collection or disposal takes place (usually rural areas) should use values for the urban population only, when asked to provide population data. Waste in rural areas is typically scattered on the land rather than in SWDSs and hence it tends to decay aerobically generating extremely low, if any, CH 4 

### emissions. Waste statistics : Data on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation rates and on the percentage of MSW disposed to SWDSs are available for many countries, and these should be used when available. Default values are given in Table 6-1. The different waste types that are here included in MSW are: 1 Household Waste; 2 Yard/Garden Waste; and 3 Commercial/Market Waste In some countries, significant quantities of organic industrial solid waste is generated. The default values provided in Table 6-1 should not include

# W ASTE

6.2 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### industrial solid waste. If a significant quantity of organic industrial solid waste is generated and disposed of in SWDSs, care should be taken to determine the appropriate per capita solid waste generation rate and Degradable Organic Carbon value. The Degradable Organic Carbon (DOC) content of the waste is here defined as the carbon content of paper and textiles; garden and park waste and other (non-food) putrescibles; food waste; and other organic biodegradable waste. DOC content may be determined by one of three methods:

• By using your own national data;

• By calculation from a knowledge of your country's waste composition and using the default DOC values given in Table 6-3 for each type of waste; or

• By using the default values given in Table 6-1. Note that values given in Tables 6-1 and 6-3 are, in general, for wet (or fresh) waste. It is critical that the DOC value corresponds to the waste generation/ disposal rate on which the methane estimate is based. For example, a country that includes industrial waste in its MSW estimate should ensure that the DOC value used reflects this component of the waste stream. Categories of waste disposal sites : Sites are classified as managed or unmanaged SWDSs. A managed solid waste disposal site must have controlled placement of waste (i.e., waste directed to specific deposition areas, a degree of control of scavenging and a degree of control of fires) and will include at least one of the following: cover material; mechanical compacting; or levelling of the waste. All other solid waste disposal sites that do not fall into the above category are defined as unmanaged sites. Unmanaged sites are further divided as deep ( ≥ 5m depth) or shallow (<5m depth), to allow for their CH 4 

### generation potential. The methodology requires countries to provide data or estimates of the quantity of waste that is disposed to each of the three categories of SWDSs. It is acknowledged that some countries may find it difficult to provide this information. In such cases, Guidelines users are encouraged to consult with national waste experts to come to a reasoned consensus on the status of waste management in a country. Note that the information requires data on the quantity (mass) of waste deposited in each of the categories, and not the number of waste disposal sites in each of the categories. If the breakdown of waste in each category is not known, the default value given in Table 6-1 should be used.


## 6.2.3 Methodology The default methodology allows for the calculation of CH 4 

### emissions based
on: A) the amount of waste deposited in the different categories of SWDSs;

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.3 B) the fraction of degradable organic carbon and the amount which actually degrades; and, C) the fraction of CH 4 

### in landfill gas.

E QUATION 

### 1 Methane emissions (Gg/yr)

= (MSW T 

### x MSW F 

### x MCF x DOC x DOC F 

### x F x 16/12 - R) x (1-OX)

where: MSW T 

### = total MSW generated (G/yr) MSW F 

### = fraction of MSW disposed to solid waste disposal sites MCF = methane correction factor (fraction) DOC = degradable organic carbon (fraction) DOC F 

### = fraction DOC similated F = fraction of CH 4 

### in landfill gas (default is 0.5) R = recovered CH 4 

### (Gg/yr) OX = oxidation factor (default is 0)


## Completing the Worksheet Use W ORKSHEET 

### 6-1 M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### S OLID 

### WASTE 

### D ISPOSAL 

### S ITES 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATE 

### T OTAL 

### M UNICIPAL 

### S OLID 

### W ASTE 

### G ENERATED AND 

### D ISPOSED OF IN 

### S OLID 

### W ASTE 

### D ISPOSAL 

### S ITES



### • If your country has detailed statistics on Total Annual MSW Disposed to SWDSs (in gigagrams of MSW), enter these data into column A of the main Worksheet (Worksheet 6-1), then go directly to Step 2. Otherwise use Worksheet 6-1A or 6-1B to estimate the quantity of MSW disposed of in SWDSs in your country using the following steps. Worksheet 6-1A (Supplemental) : C OUNTRY 

### WASTE 

### G ENERATION 

### /D ISPOSAL 

### D ATA 

### 1 For the inventory year, define the Population whose Waste goes to SWDSs. For developed countries this figure is likely to be the total country population. For developing countries and countries with economies in transition, this may be the total urban population only, because the rural population is assumed to dispose of waste in such a O PEN D UMPS For countries that did not previously estimate emissions from “open dumps”, this default methodology may result in an increase in estimated methane emissions. The methodology is described by Equation 1.

F IRST O RDER M ETHODOLOGY Countries are encouraged to apply a more sophisticated model, such as the first order decay model, if they have sufficient data, and if the method is clearly stated and justified. See the Reference Manual.

U SING THE W ORKSHEET

• Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.

• Keep the original of the worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

# W ASTE

6.4 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### way that CH 4 

### emissions are extremely low. Enter this value (number of persons) into column A. 2 Enter the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Generation Rate (in kg/capita/day) into column B. MSW is here defined as:

• household waste;

• yard/garden waste; and

• commercial/market waste. If your country MSW contains significant quantities of other organic waste, such as industrial organic solid waste, then care should be taken to select an appropriate per capita waste generation rate. You should provide your own data if available. Default values (for MSW as defined above) for some specific countries are given in Table 6-1. 3 Multiply the value in column A with the value in column B. Multiply the result by 365 to convert from the daily rate to give the Annual Amount of MSW Generated. Divide the total by 10 6 

### to convert kg to Gg and enter the result in column C. 4 Enter the Fraction of MSW Disposed of to SWDSs into column D. Use your own data if available, otherwise use the default values that are given in Table 6-1. 5 Multiply the value in column C by the value in column D to give the Total Annual MSW Disposed to SWDSs. Enter the result in gigagrams of MSW in column E. 6 Enter the figure from column E into column A of the main Worksheet (Worksheet 6-1).

Worksheet 6-1B (Supplemental) : COUNTRY WASTE DISPOSAL DATA 

### Use Worksheet 6-1B if country or default data are not available on MSW Generation Rate or Fraction of MSW Disposed to SWDSs . 1 Define the Population whose Waste goes to SWDSs for the inventory year. Enter the result in column A. For developed countries this figure is likely to be the total country population. For developing countries and countries with economies in transition, this may be the total urban population only, because the rural population is assumed to dispose of waste in such a way that CH 4 

### emissions are extremely low. Enter this value (number of persons) into column A. 2 Enter the appropriate annual MSW Disposal Rate to SWDSs (kg/capita/day) from Table 6-1 into column B. If a default value for your country is not available, choose the most appropriate default value provided in the Table. Choose a default value from a country that most closely reflects your country’s waste disposal practices and prevailing environmental conditions. (This may be the country that is geographically closest to your country.)

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.5 3 Multiply the value in column A with the value in column B. Multiply the result by 365 to convert from the daily rate to give the Total Annual MSW Disposed to SWDs. Divide the total by 10 6 

### to convert kg to Gg and enter the result in column C. 4 Enter the figure from column C into column A of the main Worksheet (Worksheet 6-1).



### S TEP 

### 2 D ETERMINE 

### M ETHANE 

### C ORRECTION 

### F ACTORS 

### Worksheet 6-1C (Supplemental) : METHANE CORRECTION FACTOR 

### 1 Estimate the Proportion of Waste (by weight) of Each Type of SWDSs for the Total Annual MSW Disposed to SWDSs (i.e., the value in column A of Worksheet 6-1). These types of site are listed and defined in Table 6-2. Enter these values into column W of Worksheet 6-1C to correspond with the values x, y and z shown in Table 6-2. [Check that x+y+z=1]. If you do not know values for x, y and z, then assume that all the waste is disposed to unmanaged sites and do not enter any values for x, y or z. Instead, enter the default value of 1 in the bottom of column W (as shown in Table 6-2). 2 Enter the Methane Correction Factors in column X for managed and unmanaged sites to correspond with the values a, b and c shown in Table 6-2. 3 Multiply the value in column W by the value in column X to give the Weighted Average MCF for Each Type of Solid Waste Disposal Site. Enter the result in column Y. If country specific values are not available, use default values provided in Table 6-2. If you do not know values for a, b and c, enter the default value of 0.6 (Table 6-2) in the bottom of column X. 4 Sum up the three values in column Y to give the total Weighted Average MCF for Each Type of SWDS. Enter the result in the bottom of column Y. If you have used the default value of 1 in column W, and the MCF default value of 0.6, the Weighted Average MCF for Each Type of SWDS is 1 x 0.6 = 0.6. Enter 0.6 in the bottom of column Z. Enter the total value in the bottom of column Y into column B of the main Worksheet (Worksheet 6-1).

# W ASTE

6.6 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 6-1 C OUNTRY W ASTE G ENERATION , C OMPOSITION , AND D ISPOSAL D ATA Region/Country MSW Generation Rate

(kg/cap/day) Fraction of MSW Disposed to SWDs Fraction of DOC of

MSW MSW Disposal Rate (kg/cap/day) North America 0.18-0.21 USA 2.0 0.62 1.24 Canada 1.81 0.75 1.35 Oceania Australia 1.26 1.00 0.15 1.26 New Zealand 1.33 1.0 0.19 1.33 UK/Western Europe/Scandinavia 0.08-0.19 UK 1.9 0.9 0.10 1.7 Ireland 0.85 1.00 0.85 Austria 0.92 0.40 0.36 Belgium 1.10 0.43 0.47 Denmark 1.26 0.20 0.25 Finland 1.70 0.77 1.3 France 1.29 0.46 0.60 Germany 0.99 0.66 0.65 Greece 0.85 0.93 0.79 Italy 0.94 0.88 0.83 Luxembourg 1.34 0.35 0.47 Netherlands 1.58 0.67 0.14 1.06 Norway 1.40 0.75 1.05
Note: The values in Table 6-1 represent the best data available to the Expert Group. Note that all values may not reflect identical assumptions regarding MSW composition (and hence corresponding DOC values). Where updated national data are available corresponding to the definitions used here, they should be used for comparison instead of the values given in Table 6-1. See Volume 3, Reference Manual for References.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.7 T ABLE 6-1 (C ONTINUED ) C OUNTRY W ASTE G ENERATION , C OMPOSITION , AND D ISPOSAL D ATA Region/Country MSW Generation Rate (kg/cap/day) Fraction of MSW Disposed to SWDs Fraction of DOC of

MSW MSW Disposal Rate (kg/cap/day) Portugal 0.90 0.86 0.78 Spain 0.99 0.85 0.83 Sweden 1.01 0.44 0.44 Switzerland 1.10 0.23 0.25 Eastern Europe Poland 0.15 0.54 Russia 0.93 0.94 0.17 0.87 Asia Japan 1.12 0.38 0.43 India 0.33 0.6 0.18 0.2 China 0.09 0.84 Indonesia 0.17 0.51 Central America Guatemala 0.13 0.46 South America Brazil 0.12 1.47 Peru 0.15 0.98 Chile 0.18 0.59 Africa Egypt 0.21 0.40 Nigeria 0.11 0.40 South Africa 1.00
Note: The values in Table 6-1 represent the best data available to the Expert Group. Note that all values may not reflect identical assumptions regarding MSW composition (and hence corresponding DOC values). Where updated national data are available corresponding to the definitions used here, they should be used for comparison instead of the values given in Table 6-1. See Volume 3, Reference Manual for References

# W ASTE

6.8 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 6-2 C ALCULATION OF M ETHANE C ORRECTION F ACTOR WX Y Z Type of site Proportion of Waste (by weight)

in Each Type of Site Methane Correction Factor (MCF): Default Values Methane Correction Factor(MCF): CountrySpecific Value Weighted Average MCF for Each Type of SWDS

Z = W x X (or W x Y)

Managed x 1.0 a = x or (a x x)

Unmanaged - deep (> or = 5m waste) y 0.8 b = 0.8y or (b x y)

Unmanaged - shallow (< 5m waste) z 0.4 c = 0.4z or (c x z)

Total Check x+y+z=1 - - Z total (= sum of values in shaded boxes above)



### Default values 1 0.6 - 0.6

Definitions: A managed solid waste disposal site must have controlled placement of waste (i.e., waste directed to specific deposition areas, a degree of control of scavenging and a degree of control fires) and will include at least one of the following: cover material; mechanical compacting; or levelling of the waste. All other solid waste disposal sites that do not fall into the above category are defined as unmanaged sites.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.9 S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATE 

### M ETHANE 

### P RODUCTION 

### R ATE 

### P ER 

### U NIT OF 

### W ASTE 

### 1 Estimate the Fraction of Degradable Organic Carbon (DOC) in the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) which is disposed of in SWDSs. This can be done:

• by using your own national data;

• by calculation using a knowledge of waste composition in your country and the default DOC values of each fraction of waste given in Table 6-3; or,

• by using the default values given in Table 6-1. Use local data where these are available, and document your sources if you do so.

T ABLE 6-3 D EFAULT DOC VALUES FOR M AJOR W ASTE S TREAMS Waste Stream Per cent DOC (by weight) A. Paper and textiles 40B. Garden and park waste and other (nonfood) organic putrescibles 17

C. Food waste 15 D. Wood and straw waste 1 30
1 excluding lignin C Source: Bingemer and Crutzen, 1987.


### Using the values in Table 6-3, the DOC of your country’s waste could be calculated using Equation 2.

E QUATION 

### 2 Per cent DOC (by weight) = 0.4(A) + 0.17(B) + 0.15(C) + 0.30(D)
where: A = per cent MSW that is paper and textiles B = per cent MSW that is garden waste, park waste or other non-food organic putrescibles C = per cent MSW that is food waste D = per cent MSW that is wood or straw

If the default values from Table 6-1 are used, choose the default value which most closely corresponds to conditions in your country. Enter the result in column C of the main Worksheet (Worksheet 6.1).

# W ASTE

6.10 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 2 Enter the Fraction of DOC which Actually Degrades into column D. This is the fraction of the total DOC which actually degrades in a waste disposal site. The decomposition of DOC does not occur completely and some of the potentially degradable material always remains in the site even over a very long period of time. Dissimilation is currently under review, but the default value of 0.77 should be entered until further information is available. 3 Enter the Fraction of Carbon Released as Methane in column E. The default value is 0.5. If you have locally available data for this fraction then it should be used. Document your sources if you do so. 4 Calculate the Potential Methane Generation Rate per Unit of Waste by multiplying together the values in columns C, D, and E with the Conversion Ratio which converts carbon to CH 4 

### in column F (16/12). Enter the result into column G. 5 Calculate the Realised (Country-specific) Methane Generation Rate per Unit of Waste by multiplying together the values in columns B and G. Enter the result into column H.



### S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATE 

### T OTAL 

### N ET 

### A NNUAL 

### M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS 

### 1 Multiply the values in columns A and H to give the Gross Annual Methane Generation. Enter the result into column J. 2 Enter the amount of Recovered Methane per Year, in gigagrams CH 4 

### , either through gas flaring or through energy recovery schemes. Enter the result in column K. No default data are available. Use locally available figures for the amounts recovered if these are available. Document your sources if you do so. Further details about factors to take into account and ways of calculating methane oxidised by flaring or use are given in the Reference Manual

. 3 Subtract the values in column K from the values in column J to give Net Annual Methane Generation. Enter the result in column L. 4 Enter the value One Minus the Methane Oxidation Correction Factor in column M. (The default value is 1-0=1). 5 Multiply the values in columns L and M to give the Net Annual Methane Emissions. Enter the result, in gigagrams of CH 4 

### , into column N. M ETHANE C ORRECTION F ACTOR The Methane Oxidation Correction Factor is given as 0. This value may be changed in future versions of the Workbook to reflect new data arising from improvements in understanding of the effects of CH 4 oxidation in waste disposal sites.

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.11 

# 6.3 Methane Emissions from Wastewater Handling

6.3.1 Introduction The handling of wastewater streams with high contents of organic material, including domestic and commercial wastewater and some industrial wastewater streams, can emit significant amounts of methane (Table 6-4). Methane emissions from industrial wastewater are estimated to range from 26 to 40 Tg, while domestic and commercial sources emit approximately 2 Tg/yr. Together, they account for 8 to 11 per cent of global methane emissions (IPCC, 1995). There are two basic types of wastewater handling, emissions from which should be calculated separately. These are:

• Domestic and commercial wastewater

• Industrial wastewater The principal factor that determines methane generation potential of wastewater is the amount of organic material in the wastewater stream. For domestic and commercial wastewater and sludge, this is indicated by the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD); for industrial wastewater, the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is used. The BOD indicates the amount of carbon that is aerobically biodegradable, whereas the COD indicates the total amount of carbon, biodegradable and non-biodegradable, that is available for oxidation. This is a change from the previous methodology (IPCC, 1995), which used BOD as the organic material parameter in both domestic/commercial and industrial wastewater streams. An important addition to the previous methodology (IPCC, 1995) is the incorporation of emissions from sludge. Sludge is produced as a by-product of certain wastewater handling systems, and can produce methane under anaerobic conditions.



## 6.3.2 Data Sources Countries are encouraged to use their own data where available. Otherwise, default values are given in the Tables. Population : If wastewater produced in rural areas is managed without formal handling and/or treatment systems, then countries may consider only the urban population in estimating this emissions source. Degradable Organic Component : If national or source-specific BOD and COD output values are not available, the regional default values (Table 6-5) should be used. Consultation with national wastewater experts is suggested.

# W ASTE

6.12 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 6-4 M ETHODS OF W ASTEWATER H ANDLING Handling Method Exceptions to Expected CH 4 Production Mostly aerobic disposal and handling methods (little or no CH 4 production) Developing countries • Open Pits/Latrines

• Aerobic shallow ponds

• River Discharge • Pits/latrines may produce methane when temperature and retention time are favourable • Aerobic shallow ponds over 3 metres deep may produce methane • Stagnant, oxygen-deficient rivers may allow for anaerobic decomposition Developed countries • Sewer systems with aerobic treatment • Poorly designed or managed aerobic treatment systems produce methane Mostly anaerobic disposal and handling methods (high CH 4 production) Developing countries • Anaerobic deep ponds • Sewer systems with anaerobic treatment

Developed and developing countries • Septic Tanks • Poorly designed or managed anaerobic systems may allow for aeration and reduced methane production

• Frequent solids removal reduces methane production Anaerobic Methods with Methane Recovery (mainly for sludge handling) Primarily developed countries

T ABLE 6-5 E STIMATED BOD 5 V ALUES IN D OMESTIC W ASTEWATER BY R EGION Region BOD 5 Value (kg/cap/day) BOD 5 Value (kg/1000 persons/yr) Africa 0.037 13,505 Asia, Middle East, Latin America 0.04 14,600 N. America, Europe, Former USSR, Oceania 0.05 18,250 Source: IPCC (1994)

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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.13 Industry Output : National Data may be available. Specific industries can also be contacted for output information. Industry Wastewater and Sludge Production : If data are unavailable, default values are provided in Table 6-6. Handling Systems : National data on wastewater and sludge handling system utilisation practices should be used if it is available. Consultation with national wastewater experts is suggested.


## 6.3.3 Methodology The methodology considers emissions from wastewater and from sludge. For each the method consists of three parts: total organic material; emission factors; and emissions estimates. The organic material in the wastewater or sludge, measured as BOD or COD, is multiplied by an average emission factor for each wastewater or sludge source to arrive at an emissions estimate.



## D OMESTIC AND 

## C OMMERCIAL 

## W ASTEWATER


## Completing the Worksheets Use W ORKSHEET 

### 6-2 F OR DOMESTIC AND COMMERCIAL WASTEWATER AND SLUDGE 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### T OTAL 

### O RGANIC 

### W ASTEWATER AND 

### S LUDGE 

### 1 Enter the City or Region in column A. If regional data do not exist, use national data. 2 Enter total Population or urban population for the inventory year in column B, in 1000 persons. Developing countries may choose to use only the urban population if wastewater produced in rural areas receives little or no handling or treatment. See Table 6-4 for a list of anaerobic and aerobic handling methods. 3 Enter the Degradable Organic Component in column C for each region/city in kg BOD/ 1000 persons/year. Default values by region are shown in Table 6-5. 4 Enter the Fraction of Degradable Organic Component Removed as Sludge in column D for each region/city. The default value is 0. 5 Multiply the values in columns B, C, and one minus the value in column D. Enter the product in column E. This is the Total Domestic/Commercial Organic Wastewater for the city/region. 6 Multiply the values in columns B, C, and D. Enter the product in column F. This is the Total Domestic/Commercial Organic Sludge for the city/region.

# W ASTE

6.14 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 7 Repeat 1-6 above for each region or city as necessary, using the next
row. 8 Sum the values in column E. Enter the sum at the bottom cell, labelled “Total.” Repeat for column F. The summed values are the total domestic and commercial organic wastewater and sludge for the country.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATE 

### E MISSION 

### F ACTORS FOR 

### D OMESTIC 

### / C OMMERCIAL 

### W ASTEWATER AND 

### S LUDGE 

### H ANDLING 

### S YSTEMS 

### Determine the Aggregate methane conversion factor (MCF) for domestic/commercial wastewater. 1 In column A, enter the types of Wastewater Handling Systems used for domestic wastewater. 2 In column B, enter the Fraction of Wastewater Treated by the Handling System in column A. 3 In column C, enter the Methane Conversion Factor for the Handling System in column A. 4 Multiply the values in columns B and C. Enter the Product in column D. 5 Enter the sum of the products in the bottom of column D. 6 Enter the Maximum Methane Producing Capacity for the wastewater in the bottom of column E. The default (theoretical) value for B o 

### is 0.25 kg CH 4 

### /kg BOD. 7 Calculate the average Emission Factor for the Domestic/Commercial Wastewater by multiplying the value in the bottom of column D by the value in the bottom of column E. Enter the product in the bottom of column F.



### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATE 

### E MISSION 

### F ACTORS FOR 

### D OMESTIC 

### / C OMMERCIAL 

### S LUDGE 

### H ANDLING 

### S YSTEMS 

### Determine the Aggregate MCF for domestic/commercial sludge. 1 In column A, enter the types of Sludge Handling Systems used for domestic wastewater. 2 In column B, enter the Fraction of Sludge Treated by the Handling System in column A. 3 In column C, enter the Methane Conversion Factor for the Handling System in column A. 4 Multiply the values in columns B and C. Enter the Product in column D. 5 Enter the sum of the products in the bottom of column D.

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.15 6 Enter the Maximum Methane Producing Capacity for the sludge in the bottom of column E. The default (theoretical) value for B o 

### is 0.25 kg CH 4 

### /kg BOD. 7 Calculate the average Emission Factor for the Domestic/Commercial Sludge by multiplying the value in the bottom of column D by the value in the bottom of column E. Enter the product in the bottom of column F.



### S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATE 

### M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### D OMESTIC 

### / C OMMERCIAL 

### W ASTEWATER AND 

### S LUDGE 

### 1 In column A, rows 1 and 2, copy the Total Domestic/Commercial Organic Wastewater value from the bottom of column E of Worksheet 6-2, Sheet 1 and the Total Domestic/Commercial Organic Sludge value from the bottom of column F of Worksheet 6-2, Sheet 1. 2 In column B, copy the average Emission Factor for Domestic/Commercial Wastewater value from column F of Worksheet 6-2, Sheet 2 and the average Emission Factor for Domestic/Commercial Sludge value from column F of Worksheet 6-2, Sheet 3. 3 Multiply the values of columns A and B. Enter the product in column C. 4 Enter the total amount of Methane Recovered and/or Flared from domestic/commercial wastewater or sludge in column D in kg CH 4 

### . If no data are available, the default value is zero. 5 Subtract the value in column D from the value in column C. Multiply by 10 -6 

### to convert emissions to gigagrams. Enter the difference in column E. 6 Sum the values in both rows of column E at the bottom of the column. This is the Net CH 4 

### Emissions from domestic/commercial wastewater and sludge.

# W ASTE

6.16 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 6-6 I NDUSTRIAL W ASTEWATER D ATA BY R EGION Industry Type and Region Wastewater Produced (m 3 /tonnes of

product) COD Value (kg COD/m 3 wastewater) Country

Beverage-Distilled & Industry Generic - ethanol 13 m 3 / m 3 ethanol 40 Generic - ethanol NAV 5,000 kg/ m 3 ethanol South America NAV 22 Brazil Western Europe NAV 4.0 - 5.0 Netherlands Beverage - Malt & Beer Generic 5 m 3 / m 3 beer 17 Generic 5-9 m 3 / m 3 beer 2.0 - 7.0 Western Europe NAV 1.0 - 1.5 Netherlands Food - Meat & Poultry Generic 1.4 m 3 /animal NAV Western Europe NAV 2.9 Netherlands North America NAV 15.0 USA Food - Fish North America NAV 2.5 USA Food - Coffee North America NAV 3.0 - 14.0 USA Food - Dairy Products Generic 2.8 NAV Western Europe NAV 1.5 Netherlands Food - Fruits & Vegetables Generic (cannery) 26 NAV Generic Tomato processing 26 NAV North America, potatoes NAV 3.0 USA Western Europe, bean blanching NAV 5.2 Netherlands Western Europe, sauerkraut NAV 10.0 - 20.0 Netherlands Food - Oils Generic - Vegetable oil 1.6 0.3 Middle East NAV 42 Turkey Asia NAV 25 Malaysia Food - Sugar Central America (cane) NAV 98 Mexico Iron And Steel South America 0.1 NAV Brazil Organic Chemicals Western Europe NAV 20- 40 Netherlands Pharmaceuticals Middle East NAV 1.3 Egypt

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.17 T ABLE 6-6 (C ONTINUED ) I NDUSTRIAL W ASTEWATER D ATA BY R EGION Industry Type and Region Wastewater Produced(M 3 /Tonnes of Product) COD Value (Kg COD/M 3 Wastewater) Country

Starch Generic, potato starch NAV 4.0 - 16 Generic, wheat starch NAV 2.0 - 42 Generic, corn starch NAV 10 Petroleum Production North America NAV 0.3 -0.4 USA North America NAV 1.8 Canada Pulp & Paper Generic (pulp) 58 2.0 - 15 North America pulp mill 140 NAV USA Generic (paper) NAV 2.0 - 8.0 North America (virgin paper) 97 1.6 USA North America (recycled paper) 44 3.0 USA Western Europe (paper) NAV 1.0 - 3.0 Netherlands Textiles Rayon 501 NAV Greece NAV 0.09 North America, textile mills NAV 1.0 USA Leather Tanning North America, generic NAV 5.8 USA
Source: Doorn and Eklund (1995). For a detailed list of references for each wastewater category, see Doorn and Eklund (1995). Wastewater production of COD values are not available (NAV) for every country and region. Research is ongoing to develop wastewater production and COD values for these countries and regions. Note that these data are currently undergoing revision and updating.

# W ASTE

6.18 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 6-7 D OMESTIC W ASTEWATER T REATMENT E MISSIONS F ACTOR D ERIVATION D ATA Region Type of Treatment Fraction of Wastewater Treated (%) MCF (%)

Africa Kenya Lagoons 50 NAV Tunisia Lagoons 20 NAV Zimbabwe Activated Sludge 50 NAV Other Africa Lagoons 5 80 Asia Indonesia not specified 1 NAV Singapore not specified 1 NAV South Korea not specified 1 NAV Taiwan not specified 1 NAV Other Asia not specified 5 75 Latin America And Caribbean not specified 10 80 Australia And New Zealand not specified 80 70
Sourc e : Doorn and Eklund (1995). For a detailed list of references for each region, see Doorn and Eklund (1995). Methane correction factor (MCF) data are not available (NAV) for some countries and regions. Research is ongoing to provide MCF estimates for these countries and regions. Note that these data are currently undergoing revision and updating.

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.19 T ABLE 6-8 I NDUSTRIAL W ASTEWATER T REATMENT E MISSIONS F ACTOR D ERIVATION Region Type of Industry Type of Treatment Fraction of Wastewater

Treated

(%) MCF (%)

Africa Kenya textiles Lagoons 60 NAV Kenya coffee production Lagoons 5 NAV Other Africa All Lagoons 10 90 Asia Indonesia All not specified 10 NAV Malaysia palm oil not specified 90 NAV Singapore All not specified 10 NAV South Korea All not specified 10 NAV Taiwan All not specified 10 NAV Thailand breweries activated sludge 50 NAV

Other Asia All not specified 20 90 North America Canada All not specified 90 70 USA All not specified 90 70 Latin America & Caribbean All not specified 20 90 Australia & New Zealand All not specified 95 70 Source: Doorn and Eklund (1995). For a detailed list of references for each region, see Doorn and Eklund (1995). Methane correction factor (MCF) data are not available (NAV) for some countries and regions. Research is ongoing to provide MCF estimates for these countries and regions. Note that these data are currently undergoing revision and updating.

# W ASTE

6.20 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook T ABLE 6-9 U NSPECIFIED W ASTEWATER T YPE E MISSIONS F ACTOR D ERIVATION D ATA Region Type of Treatment Fraction of Wastewater

Treated

(%) MCF (%)

Africa South Africa not specified 10 NAV Asia Afghanistan not specified 1 NAV Latin America And Caribbean Colombia Lagoons 3 NAV Argentina Lagoons 3 NAV Europe Albania not specified 1-92 NAV Austria not specified 65 NAV Belgium not specified 85 NAV Bulgaria not specified 10-100 NAV Belarus not specified 10-80 NAV Croatia not specified 57 NAV Czech Rep not specified 10-5 NAV Denmark not specified 90 NAV Estonia not specified 10-80 NAV Finland not specified 68 NAV France not specified 50-85 NAV Germany not specified 90 NAV Hungary not specified 44 NAV Ireland not specified 66 NAV Italy not specified 92 NAV Latvia not specified 10-80 NAV Lithuania not specified 10-80 NAV Moldavia not specified 10-80 NAV Netherlands not specified 90 NAV Norway not specified 94 NAV Poland not specified 10-50 NAV Portugal not specified 42 NAV Romania not specified 10-46 NAV Russia not specified 10-80 NAV Serbia not specified 57 NAV Slovenia not specified 87 NAV Spain not specified 67 NAV Sweden not specified 98 NAV Switzerland not specified 88 NAV Turkey not specified 38 NAV Ukraine not specified 10-80 NAV United Kingdom not specified 90 NAV Slovakia not specified 10-65 NAV Source: Doorn and Eklund (1995). Methane correction factor (MCF) data are not available (NAV). Research is ongoing to provide MCF estimates for these and other wastewater treatment systems. Note that these data are currently undergoing revision and updating.

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.21 

# 6.4 Methane from Industrial Wastewater and Sludge Streams

Use W ORKSHEET 

### 6-3 M ETHANE EMISSIONS FROM 

### I NDUSTRIAL 

### WASTEWATER AND 

### S LUDGE 

### H ANDLING 

### to enter data for this submodule.



### S TEP 

### 1 E STIMATING 

### T OTAL 

### O RGANIC 

### W ASTEWATER AND 

### S LUDGE 

### 1 Enter Total Industrial Output for each industry in column A, in tonnes per year. 2 Enter the Degradable Organic Component in kg COD/m 3 

### wastewater in column B. Default values are provided in Table 6-6. 3 Enter the Wastewater Produced per unit product by industry in
m 3 

### /tonnes of product in column C. 4 Enter the Fraction of Degradable Organic Component Removed as Sludge in column D. The default fraction is zero. 5 Multiply the values in columns A, B, C, and one minus the value in column D. Enter the product in column E. This is the Total Organic Wastewater from Industrial Source. 6 Multiply the values in columns A, B, C, and D. Enter the product in column F. This is the Total Organic Sludge from Industrial Source.



### S TEP 

### 2 E STIMATE 

### E MISSION 

### F ACTORS FOR 

### I NDUSTRIAL 

### W ASTEWATER 

### H ANDLING 

### S YSTEMS 

### Determine the Aggregate MCF for the industrial wastewater stream. 1 Enter the name of the industrial wastewater source on the ‘Source’ line. 2 In column A, enter the types of Wastewater Handling Systems used for the selected wastewater source. 3 In column B, enter the Fraction of Wastewater Treated by the Handling System in column A. 4 In column C, enter the Methane Conversion Factor for the Handling System in column A. 5 Multiply the values in columns B and C. Enter the Product in column D. 6 Enter the sum of the products in the bottom of column D. 7 Enter the Maximum Methane Producing Capacity for the wastewater in the bottom of column E. The default (theoretical) value for B o 

### is 0.25 kg CH 4 

### /kg BOD. 8 Calculate the average Emission Factor for the Industrial Wastewater Source by multiplying the value in the bottom of column D by the value in the bottom of column E. Enter the product in the bottom of column F. U SING THE W ORKSHEET

• Copy the Worksheet at the end of this section to complete the inventory.

• Keep the original of the worksheet blank so you can make further copies if necessary.

# W ASTE

6.22 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### S TEP 

### 3 E STIMATE 

### E MISSION 

### F ACTORS FOR 

### I NDUSTRIAL 

### S LUDGE 

### H ANDLING 

### S YSTEMS 

### Determine the Aggregate MCF for the industrial sludge stream. 1 Enter the name of the industrial sludge source on the ‘Source’ line. 2 In column A, enter the types of Sludge Handling System used for the selected sludge source. 3 In column B, enter the Fraction of Sludge Treated by the handling system in column A. 4 In column C, enter the Methane Conversion Factor for the handling system in column A. 5 Multiply the values in columns B and C. Enter the Product in column D. 6 Enter the sum of the products in the bottom of column D. 7 Enter the Maximum Methane Producing Capacity for the sludge in the bottom of column E. The default (theoretical) value for B o 

### is 0.25 kg CH 4 

### /kg BOD. 8 Calculate the average Emission Factor for the Industrial Sludge Source by multiplying the value in the bottom of column D by the value in the bottom of column E. Enter the product in the bottom of column F.



### S TEP 

### 4 E STIMATE 

### M ETHANE 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### I NDUSTRIAL 

### W ASTEWATER AND 

### S LUDGE 

### 1 In column A, rows 1 and 2, copy the Total Organic Wastewater from Industrial Source value from column E of Worksheet 6-3, Sheet 1, and the Total Organic Sludge from Industrial Source value from column F of Worksheet 6-3, Sheet 1. 2 In column B, copy the average Emission Factor for Industrial Wastewater value from column F of Worksheet 6-3, Sheet 2 and the average Emission Factor for Industrial Sludge Source from column F of Worksheet 6-3, Sheet 3. 3 Multiply the values of columns A and B. Enter the product in column C. 4 Enter the total amount of Methane Recovered and/or Flared from the industrial wastewater and sludge source in column D in kg CH 4 

### . If no data are available, the default is zero. 5 Subtract the value in column D from the product in column C. Multiply by 10 -6 

### to convert emissions to gigagrams. Enter the difference in column E. Sum the values in both rows of column E at the bottom of the column. This is the Net CH 4 

### Emissions from the selected industrial wastewater and sludge source.

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.23 

# 6.5 Nitrous Oxide from Human Sewage

E STIMATE 

### I NDIRECT 

### N ITROUS 

### O XIDE 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### H UMAN 

### S EWAGE


### Use W ORKSHEET 

### 6-4 I NDIRECT 

### N ITROUS 

### O XIDE 

### E MISSIONS FROM 

### H UMAN 

### S EWAGE 

### to enter date for this submodule. 1 In column A, enter, average annual Per Capita Protein Consumption in the country (Protein in kg/person/yr). 2 In column B, enter the Population in country (number)(where number equals NR PEOPLE 

### ). 3 In column C, enter the Fraction of Nitrogen in Protein (Frac NPR 

### ). The default value is 0.16 kg N/kg protein. (Table 4-19 in Agriculture Chapter.) 4 In column D, enter the Emission Factor, EF 6 

### . The default factor is 0.01 kg N 2 

### O-N/kg sewage-N produced. (Table 4-18 in Agriculture Chapter.) 5 Multiply the values in columns A, B, C and D, and then multiply by the conversion ratio 44/28 and by 10 -6 

### to convert to gigagrams. Enter the product in column E. This value is the Total Annual N 2 

### O Emissions from human sewage. For a detailed description of this methodology see Section 4.5.4 of the Reference Manual

.6WASTERe v i s e d 1 9 9 6 I P C C G u i d e l i n e s f o r N a t i o n a l G r e e n h o u s e G a s I n v e n t o r i e s : W o r k b o o k6.25MODULEWASTESUBMODULEMETHANEEMISSIONSFROMSOLIDWASTEDISPOSALSITESWORKSHEET6-1SHEET1OF1STEP 1STEP 2STEP 3STEP 4A BCD E F G H J K L M NTotalAnnualMSWDisposed toSWDSs(Gg MSW)MethaneCorrectionFactor(MCF)Fraction ofDOC inMSWFraction ofDOC whichActuallyDegradesFraction ofCarbonReleased asMethaneConversionRatioPotential MethaneGeneration Rateper Unit of Waste(Gg CH4/Gg MSW)Realised(Countryspecific)MethaneGenerationRate per Unitof Waste(Gg CH4/Gg MSW)GrossAnnualMethaneGeneration(Gg CH4)RecoveredMethaneper Year(Gg CH4)Net AnnualMethaneGeneration(Gg CH4)One MinusMethaneOxidationCorrectionFactorNet AnnualMethaneEmissions(Gg CH4)G= (C x D x E x F) H= (B x G) J= (H x A) L= (J - K) N= (L x M)16/12

# W ASTE

6.26 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE Q UANTITY OF MSW DISPOSED OF IN SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITES USING COUNTRY DATA W ORKSHEET 6-1A (S UPPLEMENTAL ) S HEET 1 OF 1

AB C D E Population whose

Waste goes to SWDSs (Urban or Total) (persons) MSW Generation Rate (kg/capita/day) Annual Amount of MSW Generated (Gg MSW) Fraction of MSW Disposed to SWDSs (Urban or Total) Total Annual MSW Disposed to SWDSs (Gg MSW)

C = (A x B x 365)/10 6 E = (C x D)

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.27 M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE Q UANTITY OF MSW DISPOSED OF IN SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITES USING DISPOSAL RATE DEFAULT DATA W ORKSHEET 6-1B (S UPPLEMENTAL ) S HEET 1 OF 1

A BC Population whose Waste goes to SWDSs (Urban or Total) (persons) MSW Disposal Rate to SWDSs (kg/capita/day) Total Annual MSW Disposed to SWDSs (Gg MSW) C = (A x B x 365)/10 6

# W ASTE

6.28 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE M ETHANE C ORRECTION F ACTOR W ORKSHEET 6-1C (S UPPLEMENTAL ) S HEET 1 OF 1

W X Y Type of Site Proportion of Waste (by weight) for Each

Type of SWDSs Methane Correction Factor (MCF) Weighted Average MCF for Each Type of SWDS Y = W x X Managed 1.0
Unmanaged - deep ( ≥ 5m waste) 0.8

Unmanaged-shallow (< 5m waste) 0.4

Total 0.6

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.29 M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM D OMESTIC AND C OMMERCIAL W ASTEWATER AND S LUDGE T REATMENT W ORKSHEET 6- 2 S HEET 1 OF 4 E STIMATION OF O RGANIC W ASTEWATER AND S LUDGE STEP 1 A Region or City B Population (1,000 persons) C Degradable

Organic Component (kg BOD/1000

persons/yr) D Fraction of Degradable

Organic Component Removed as Sludge E Total Domestic/Commercial Organic Wastewater (kg BOD/yr) F Total Domestic/Commercial Organic Sludge

(kg BOD/yr)

E = [B x C x (1-D)] F = (B x C x D)

Total:

# W ASTE

6.30 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM D OMESTIC AND C OMMERCIAL W ASTEWATER T REATMENT W ORKSHEET 6- 2 S HEET 2 OF 4 E STIMATION OF E MISSION F ACTOR FOR W ASTEWATER H ANDLING S YSTEMS STEP 2 A Wastewater

Handling System B Fraction of Wastewater Treated by the Handling System C Methane Conversion Factor for the Handling System D Product E Maximum Methane Producing Capacity (kg CH 4 /kg BOD F Emission Factor for Domestic/Commercial Wastewater (kg CH 4 /kg BOD) D = (B x C) 

### F = (D x E)

Aggregate MCF:

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.31 M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM D OMESTIC AND C OMMERCIAL W ASTEWATER T REATMENT W ORKSHEET 6- 2 S HEET 3 OF 4 E STIMATION OF E MISSION F ACTOR FOR S LUDGE H ANDLING S YSTEMS STEP 3 A Sludge Handling System B Fraction of

Sludge Treated by the Handling System C Methane Conversion Factor for the Handling System D Product E Maximum Methane Producing Capacity (kg CH 4 /kg BOD) F Emission Factor for Domestic/ Commercial Sludge (kg CH 4 /kg BOD)
D = (B x C) F = (D x E)

Aggregate MCF:

# W ASTE

6.32 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM D OMESTIC AND C OMMERCIAL W ASTEWATER AND S LUDGE T REATMENT W ORKSHEET 6- 2 S HEET 4 OF 4 E STIMATION OF M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM D OMESTIC /C OMMERCIAL W ASTEWATER AND S LUDGE STEP 4 A Total Organic Product (kg BOD/yr) B Emission Factor (kg CH 4 /kg BOD) C Methane Emissions Without Recovery/Flaring D Methane Recovered and/or Flared

(kg CH 4 ) E Net Methane

Emissions (Gg CH 4 )

from Worksheet 6-2, Sheet 1 from Worksheet 6-2, Sheets 2 and 3 C = (A x B) E = (C - D) x 10 -6

Wastewater Sludge
Total:

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.33 M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM I NDUSTRIAL W ASTEWATER AND S LUDGE H ANDLING W ORKSHEET 6-3
S HEET 1 OF 4 T OTAL O RGANIC W ASTEWATER AND S LUDGE STEP 1 A Total Industrial Output (t/yr) B Degradable

Organic Component (kg COD/m 3 wastewater) C Wastewater

Produced (m 3 /tonne product) D Fraction of Degradable

Organic Component Removed as

Sludge E Total Organic Wastewater from Industrial Source

(kg COD/yr) F Total Organic Sludge from Industrial Source (kg COD/yr)

E = [A x B x C x(1-D)] F = (A x B x C x D)
Iron and Steel Non-ferrous metals Fertiliser Food & Beverage Canneries

Beer Wine Meatpacking Dairy products Sugar Fish processing Oil & grease Coffee Soft drinks Other Paper & Pulp Paper Pulp Other
Petroleum refining/Petrochemicals Bleaching Dying Other
Rubber Other
Total

# W ASTE

6.34 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM I NDUSTRIAL W ASTEWATER T REATMENT

SOURCE W ORKSHEET 6- 3 S HEET 2 OF 4 E STIMATION OF E MISSION F ACTOR FOR W ASTEWATER H ANDLING S YSTEMS STEP 2 A Wastewater Handling System B Fraction of Wastewater Treated by the Handling System C Methane Conversion

Factor (MCF) D Product E Maximum Methane Producing Capacity (kg CH 4 /kg BOD) F Emission Factor for Industrial Wastewater Source (kg CH 4 /kg BOD)
D = (B x C) F = (D x E)

Aggregate MCF:

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.35 M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM I NDUSTRIAL W ASTEWATER T REATMENT S OURCE W ORKSHEET 6- 3 S HEET 3 OF 4 E STIMATION OF E MISSION F ACTOR FOR S LUDGE H ANDLING S YSTEMS STEP 3 A Sludge Handling System B Fraction of

Sludge Treated by the Handling System C Methane Conversion

Factor (MCF) D Product E Maximum Methane Producing Capacity (kg CH 4 /kg

COD) F Emission Factor for

Industrial Sludge Source (kg CH 4 /kg COD)

D = (B x C) F = (D x E)

Aggregate MCF:

# W ASTE

6.36 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM I NDUSTRIAL W ASTEWATER AND S LUDGE T REATMENT W ORKSHEET 6- 3 S HEET 4 OF 4 E STIMATION OF M ETHANE E MISSIONS FROM I NDUSTRIAL W ASTEWATER AND S LUDGE STEP 4
A Total Organic Product (kg BOD/yr) B Emission Factor (kg CH 4 /kg BOD) C Methane Emissions without Recovery/Flaring D Methane Recovered and/or Flared

(kg CH 4 ) E Net Methane

Emissions (Gg CH 4 )

Worksheet 6-3, Sheet 1 Worksheets 6-3, Sheets 2 and 3 C = ( A x B) E = (C - D) x 10 -6
Wastewater Sludge
Total:

# 6 W ASTE

Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Workbook 

### 6.37 M ODULE W ASTE S UBMODULE I NDIRECT N ITROUS O XIDE E MISSIONS FROM H UMAN S EWAGE W ORKSHEET 6-4 S HEET 1 OF 1

A BC D E Per Capita Protein

Consumption

(Protein in kg/person/yr) Population (number) Fraction of Nitrogen in Protein Frac NPR (kg N/kg protein) Emission factor EF 6 (kg N 2 ON/kg sewage-N

produced) Total Annual N 2 O Emissions

(Gg N 2 O/yr)
E = (A x B x C x D) x 44/28 x 10 -6


### Total