[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 18-12171

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 6:15-cv-02011-JA-DCI

WILLIE PALMER, 

 Petitioner - Appellant,

 versus

SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, 

ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF FLORIDA, 

 Respondents - Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(August 15, 2019)

Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and BRANCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Willie Palmer, a Florida state prisoner, appeals the district court’s denial of 

his pro se petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 seeking 

relief from his conviction for robbery with a deadly weapon.1 Palmer, who is now 

represented by counsel, argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

request a special jury instruction on Palmer’s defense that he abandoned the theft 

before displaying a weapon. The district court denied Palmer’s petition after 

concluding that there was no evidence supporting an abandonment instruction, and 

therefore, he failed to show his counsel’s performance was deficient and 

prejudiced his defense. We affirm. 

I.

Palmer was charged with robbery with a deadly weapon and grand theft of 

more than $300 but less than $20,000. At trial, the state explained in its opening 

statement that on November 28, 2011, Palmer entered a Walmart store and began 

filling a cart with various household items. After filling the cart, Palmer moved to 

leave the store, walking past the checkout stands without paying for the items in 

the cart. Mercy Morgan, a Walmart loss prevention officer, called 911, approached 

1 “‘Robbery’ means the taking of money or other property which may be the subject of 

larceny from the person or custody of another, with intent to either permanently or temporarily 

deprive the person or the owner of the money or other property, when in the course of the taking 

there is the use of force, violence, assault, or putting in fear.” Fla. Stat. § 812.13(1). “If in the 

course of committing the robbery the offender carried a firearm or other deadly weapon, then the 

robbery is a felony of the first degree, punishable by imprisonment for a term of years not 

exceeding life imprisonment or as provided in § 775.082, § 775.083, or § 775.084.” Fla. Stat. 

§ 812.13(2)(a). 

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Palmer, asked him to come with her, and radioed David Fournier, another Walmart 

employee. Palmer did not comply with Morgan’s request to come with her and 

“walk[ed] away from the cart,” trying to get out of the store. Fournier then 

confronted him. Palmer became “aggressive” and tried to get around Fournier.

Morgan then saw Palmer reach into his pocket and pull out what she believed to be 

a small pocketknife. Morgan yelled “knife.” Palmer then told Fournier that he 

“better move,” and Fournier backed away to let Palmer pass. Palmer left the store 

without the shopping cart or the merchandise inside it.

Palmer’s counsel stated in his opening statement that “[t]his is not an armed 

robbery case or a Robbery with a Deadly Weapon case. This is shoplifting.” He 

argued that, once Morgan approached, Palmer “immediately abandoned everything 

he [had]” by leaving the shopping cart and attempting to walk away. Counsel 

maintained that Palmer had stolen the items in the shopping cart by deception, not 

by force. Palmer’s counsel also stated that the Walmart surveillance video would 

show that Palmer did not have a knife in his hand, did not make any physical 

contact with Morgan or Fournier, and did not make any gestures with his hands.

Morgan testified that when she approached Palmer, he was “really angry,” 

refused to go with her, and tried to side-step her and Fournier. She stated that as 

she and Fournier were trying to get Palmer to go back into the main area of the 

store, she looked down and saw a black item with silver around it that looked like a 

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knife in Palmer’s hand. She then told the 911 dispatcher that she thought Palmer 

had a knife, and the dispatcher told her to back off. Morgan said that Palmer held 

the knife as if to warn them that he had it but that he did not point it at anyone and 

the blade of the knife was not out. Morgan and Fournier then stepped out of 

Palmer’s way, and he left the store without the cart or any of the items in it. On 

cross-examination, Morgan stated that Palmer had not abandoned the merchandise 

when she first approached him and still “had a hold of the cart” when Morgan 

asked him to come with her. She then said that Palmer abandoned the cart “at one 

point” before he left the store.

Fournier’s testimony generally aligned with Morgan’s. Fournier stated that 

he held on to Palmer’s cart and told him to go with Morgan while attempting to 

prevent Palmer from leaving. He testified that he heard Morgan shout “knife,” 

heard Palmer tell him “you better move,” and saw Palmer holding a black folding 

knife. Fournier confirmed it was at that point he let Palmer go and that everything 

happened very quickly. During cross-examination, Palmer’s counsel played the 

Walmart surveillance video and Fournier indicated the point at which Palmer still 

had his hand on the cart and the point at which he had abandoned the cart.

After the close of evidence, Palmer moved for judgment of acquittal, arguing 

that he could not be convicted of robbery because he did not use the knife “in the 

course of committing the theft” since he abandoned the property before he showed 

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the knife. The court denied Palmer’s motion, concluding that the jury could find 

that the total incident, which lasted “60 or 90 seconds,” was “one continuous series 

of events without any break.” If so, the jury could conclude that he had committed 

robbery if the jury determined his flight and showing of the weapon were 

“contemporaneous with the act.” The parties discussed with the judge the proposed

jury instructions—which included the elements of robbery but no language on 

abandonment—and Palmer’s counsel did not object to the instructions. The jury 

found Palmer guilty of robbery with a deadly weapon and theft of at least $300 

worth of property. On direct appeal, Florida’s Fifth District Court of Appeal 

summarily affirmed.

Palmer then moved the Eighteenth Judicial Circuit for post-conviction relief 

under Rule 3.850 of the Florida Rules of Criminal Procedure, alleging five grounds 

for relief. In relevant part, Palmer’s pro se petition argued that his trial counsel was 

ineffective for failing to request a special jury instruction on abandonment because

his alleged use of force occurred after he abandoned the cart. He also stated that 

the video surveillance would show that he did not use the knife and that he 

abandoned the shopping cart. The court denied Palmer’s 3.850 motion, finding that 

Palmer “passed all points of sale with the shopping cart, then he displayed the 

knife, and then he left the store without the merchandise.” Because the evidence 

did not support an instruction on abandonment, Palmer did not therefore receive 

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ineffective assistance of counsel. The Fifth District Court of Appeal summarily 

affirmed.

Palmer then filed a pro se petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the district 

court.2 As in his 3.850 motion, Palmer argued that his counsel provided ineffective 

assistance by failing to request a jury instruction on abandonment, among other 

claims. The § 2254 petition did not, however, make any argument concerning the

evidence on the Walmart surveillance video. The district court denied Palmer’s 

§ 2254 petition. In relevant part, the district court explained that the evidence did 

not indicate any break in the chain of events because “the theft, threat, and 

attempted use of force constituted a continuous series of acts or events.” Palmer’s 

counsel thus was not deficient in failing to request an abandonment instruction to 

which he was not entitled, and such failure did not result in prejudice. The court 

also concluded that the state court’s denial of relief was neither contrary to, nor an 

unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law. Palmer timely filed an 

2 Pursuant to § 2254(d), as amended by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty 

Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), federal courts may grant habeas relief on claims previously adjudicated 

in state court only if the adjudication: 

(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable 

application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme 

Court of the United States; or 

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the 

facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

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appeal, and this Court granted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) on the 

following issue: 

Whether the state court’s denial of Palmer’s claim of ineffective 

assistance of trial counsel for failure to request a special jury 

instruction on abandonment was based on an unreasonable 

determination of facts, where the state court determined that counsel’s 

performance was not deficient because the trial evidence did not 

support a special instruction on abandonment. 

We then appointed counsel to represent Palmer and brief this appeal. 

II.

When reviewing the district court’s denial of a writ of habeas corpus under

§ 2254, we review mixed questions of law and fact, including claims of ineffective 

assistance of counsel, de novo, and review findings of fact for clear error. Pardo v. 

Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 587 F.3d 1093, 1098 (11th Cir. 2009). 

The Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal defendants the right to the 

assistance of counsel. U.S. Const. amend. VI. To succeed on an ineffective 

assistance claim, the movant must show: (1) that the attorney made errors so 

serious that he ceased to function as the counsel that the Sixth Amendment 

guarantees; and (2) that the errors prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). A court’s review of an attorney’s 

performance is highly deferential, and it must employ a “strong presumption that 

counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional 

assistance.” Id. at 689. A habeas petitioner claiming ineffective assistance of 

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counsel bears the burden of proof and must prove both prongs of the Strickland

test. Johnson v. Alabama, 256 F.3d 1156, 1176 (11th Cir. 2001). 

Under AEDPA, a habeas petitioner raising ineffective assistance of counsel 

must establish not only that his counsel was ineffective, but also that the state 

court’s application of Strickland in concluding otherwise was unreasonable. See

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 105 (2011). Our review under § 2254 of a state

court’s decision denying an ineffective assistance claim is thus “doubly” 

deferential. Id. This Court will affirm the denial of relief if “there is any reasonable 

argument that counsel” acted pursuant to prevailing professional standards. See id.

Only in a “rare case” will an ineffective assistance claim denied on the merits in 

state court warrant relief in a federal habeas proceeding. Johnson v. Sec’y, DOC, 

643 F.3d 907, 911 (11th Cir. 2011).

III.

Palmer’s claim concerns his counsel’s failure to request a special jury 

instruction. Under Florida law, a defendant is entitled to a special jury instruction if 

(1) the instruction is supported by the evidence; (2) the standard instruction does 

not adequately cover the theory of defense; and (3) the instruction is a correct 

statement of the law and not misleading or confusing. Peterson v. State, 24 So. 3d 

686, 689 (Fla. 2d Dist. Ct. App. 2009).

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Florida courts have recognized that providing the jury with an instruction on 

abandonment is appropriate in robbery cases when supported by the evidence. See 

id. at 690. “Robbery” is defined as taking property with the intent to either 

permanently or temporarily derive the owner of the property, when “in the course 

of the taking there is the use of force, violence, assault, or putting in fear.” Fla. 

Stat. § 812.13(1). “An act shall be deemed ‘in the course of the taking’ if it occurs 

either prior to, contemporaneous with, or subsequent to the taking of the property 

and if it and the act of taking constitute a continuous series of acts of events.” Id. 

§ 812.13(3)(a), (3)(b). Put simply, a defendant is not guilty of robbery if he 

abandoned the stolen property before using force to flee. See Rockmore v. State, 

140 So. 3d 979, 982–83 (Fla. 2014). Accordingly, Florida courts have recognized 

that a special instruction on abandonment is appropriate in a robbery case only if 

there is some evidence that the defendant “abandoned the property and thus broke 

the chain between the taking and the use of force.” Id. at 984.3 There must be 

“evidence that it was the thief who abandoned the property and thus broke the 

chain.” Id.4 However, if the “theft and threatened use of force constituted a 

3 For example, the instruction the court endorsed in Peterson read, “[i]f it is established 

that the property was abandoned prior to the use of force then you must find the Defendant not 

guilty of robbery.” 24 So. 3d at 689.

4 The state of Florida suggests that Florida courts thus distinguish between voluntary and 

involuntary abandonment. Because we find that the state court reasonably determined there was 

no evidence of abandonment here, we need not decide this issue. 

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continuous series of acts or events under Florida’s robbery statute” as a matter of 

fact, the abandonment defense does not apply as a matter of law. Id.

Our review in a habeas appeal is limited to the issues specified in the COA. 

Diaz v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 362 F.3d 698, 702 (11th Cir. 2004). Accordingly, 

we only assess whether the state court’s decision to deny Palmer’s petition was 

based on an unreasonable determination of the facts: that is, whether the trial 

evidence supported, as a matter of fact, the special instruction on abandonment.

5

“[A] state-court factual determination is not unreasonable merely because the 

federal habeas court would have reached a different conclusion in the first 

instance,” and “evidence that may plausibly be read as inconsistent with the 

finding” may still not establish that the finding was unreasonable. Wood v. Allen, 

558 U.S. 290, 301, 302–03 (2010).

The state court denied Palmer’s Rule 3.850 motion after it found that the 

trial evidence showed that Palmer “passed all points of sale with the shopping cart, 

then he displayed the knife, and then he left the store without the merchandise.”

We conclude that this finding was not an unreasonable determination of the facts,

as it is consistent with the testimony of both Morgan and Fournier. Although 

5 The Florida Fifth District Court of Appeal summarily affirmed the trial court’s decision 

that Palmer was not entitled to post-conviction relief under Rule 3.850. When a state appellate 

court does not explain its decision to affirm the trial court, we “look through” that decision to the 

last reasoned decision and presume that the unexplained decision adopted the reasoning in the 

decision by the lower state court. Wilson v. Sellers, 138 S. Ct. 1188, 1192 (2018). We thus look 

to the reasoning of the Eighteenth Judicial Circuit’s opinion. 

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Palmer argues that “[Morgan] testified, on one hand, that Mr. Palmer had not 

abandoned the merchandise, but, on the other hand she conceded that he had 

abandoned the stolen goods prior to fleeing the store,” Morgan’s testimony does 

not establish that that Palmer abandoned the merchandise before showing her the 

knife. Her testimony that he abandoned the cart “at one point” before leaving the 

store, although ambiguous, is reasonably read to mean that he abandoned the cart 

shortly before leaving. Further, on cross-examination, Morgan responded “no” 

when asked if Palmer had abandoned the merchandise upon her confronting him. 

Similarly, Fournier testified that Palmer did not abandon the cart when he initially 

approached him and that he saw the knife while he and Morgan were still walking 

with Palmer in the store.6 Based on this testimony, the state court’s finding was 

reasonable.

Palmer further argues that the Walmart surveillance video “clearly showed 

that [he] abandoned the merchandise before he threatened security personnel.” 

Although Palmer raised this argument before the state court, he did not raise it 

before the district court, and the district court did not have an opportunity to view 

the video and consider this argument. “[I]ssues not raised in the district court in the 

6 Palmer correctly points out, however, that the state court misstated his argument by 

stating that he “claim[ed that] he abandoned the merchandise after he displayed the knife” 

because he instead argued that he abandoned the cart immediately after Morgan and Fournier 

approached him. But it is clear that the state court did not rely on Palmer’s argument in reaching 

its decision; it instead relied on the evidence of Morgan and Fournier’s testimony. 

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first instance are forfeited.” Reaves v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 872 F.3d 1137, 

1150 (11th Cir. 2017) (quoting Maradiaga v. United States, 679 F.3d 1286, 1293 

(11th Cir. 2012)). Accordingly, Palmer forfeited any argument that the surveillance 

video provides evidence of abandonment by not raising that argument before the 

district court.7

 

In sum, the state court’s decision that Palmer failed to show ineffective 

assistance of counsel was not based on an unreasonable determination of the facts. 

Morgan and Fournier’s testimony do not provide evidence that Palmer abandoned 

the shopping cart before displaying a knife such that the chain between the taking 

and the use of force was broken. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial 

of Palmer’s § 2254 petition for habeas relief. 

AFFIRMED.

7 Palmer also argues that his counsel’s actions could not have been the result of 

reasonable trial strategy because his counsel argued the defense of abandonment throughout trial. 

This argument exceeds the scope of the COA because it concerns whether the state court’s 

decision was an unreasonable application of federal law, not whether the state court’s decision 

was based on an unreasonable determination of facts. Accordingly, we do not consider it. See 

Diaz, 362 F.3d at 702.

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