COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Chief Judge Huff, Judges Decker and O’Brien 

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia 

MARQUES LAVAR MOULDS 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 1396-15-4 JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER 

 OCTOBER 25, 2016 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY 

Grace Burke Carroll, Judge 

 Lauren Whitley, Senior Assistant Public Defender, for appellant. 

 Katherine Quinlan Adelfio, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. 

Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Marques Lavar Moulds appeals his convictions for strangulation, rape, and sodomy, in 

violation of Code §§ 18.2-51.6, -61 and -67.1. At trial, he testified that the victim, his former 

girlfriend S.E., had consented to the activities. On appeal, he contends that the circuit court, under 

Virginia’s rape shield statute and rule against hearsay, improperly excluded evidence supporting his 

theory of the case that was admissible both as substantive evidence and for impeachment purposes. 

We hold that the circuit court improperly prevented the appellant from using the evidence for 

impeachment purposes and that the error in excluding it was not harmless. Accordingly, we reverse 

the appellant’s convictions and remand the case for a new trial should the Commonwealth be so 

advised. 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

UNPUBLISHED 
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I. BACKGROUND1

 The appellant and S.E. dated for about six months, breaking up in early September 2013. 

The encounter from which the instant charges of strangulation, rape, and sodomy stemmed occurred 

at S.E.’s residence on the evening of September 30 and the morning of October 1, 2013. Although 

S.E. sustained no genital injuries, she had bruises and abrasions on her neck. Evidence established 

that the bruises were “a pattern injury . . . consistent with fingerprints” and the abrasions were 

consistent with fingernails. 

 The appellant did not deny the sexual acts but defended the charges on the ground that the 

events were consensual. Prior to trial, the appellant filed a motion to admit evidence of “prior 

sexual acts” of S.E. The Commonwealth opposed the motion, suggesting that the evidence at issue 

was inadmissible under both the rape shield statute and the rule against hearsay. At a pre-trial 

hearing, the court ruled that the appellant’s testimony that, during his relationship with S.E., they 

had engaged in “rough sex” and “choke play” at S.E.’s request was admissible under the rape shield 

statute and related rule of court. At the same hearing, the appellant argued that he should be 

permitted to introduce testimony about related statements that S.E. had made to a third party, Nicole 

Settles, while at a barbeque at Settles’ home late in the summer of 2013. The appellant proffered 

that during the conversation, S.E. told Settles that she had had rough sex with the appellant in the 

past and liked it and that the rough sex had included choking. S.E. allegedly said that she wanted to 

“make [the appellant] a drink” so that he would “get . . . drunk” and be “more aggressive” during 

 1

 Factual findings underlying rulings on the admissibility of evidence are subject to 

deference upon appellate review unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support them. 

Accordingly, appellate review of admissibility issues, like sufficiency issues, requires us to view 

the evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below. See, e.g., Lynch v. 

Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 342, 345, 348-50, 617 S.E.2d 399, 400, 402-03 (2005), aff’d, 272 

Va. 204, 630 S.E.2d 482 (2006). Additionally, however, this case involves the application of 

harmless error principles. Consequently, we set out all evidence relevant to the harmless error 

analysis. See, e.g., Hooker v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 454, 457-58, 418 S.E.2d 343, 345 

(1992). 
 - 3 - 

sex. S.E. also allegedly said she “liked it rough” and “liked [the appellant] to be more aggressive.” 

The court ruled that the proffered third-party testimony was inadmissible hearsay and was collateral 

to the issues at trial. Accordingly, it concluded that the testimony could not be admitted at trial as 

substantive evidence or for impeachment purposes. 

 At trial, the evidence established that although S.E. and the appellant broke up in early 

September 2013, they continued to communicate by telephone and text messages. They 

contemplated reconciling and made plans to have dinner at her apartment on September 30. During 

that day, they exchanged more than seventy-five texts. Some of those messages mentioned what 

they planned to do that night when they were together, including holding one another and not being 

able to keep their “hands off” each other. 

 S.E. was late getting home that evening, and the appellant accused her of stopping to see 

another man. S.E. testified that, as a result, she “was turned off,” “didn’t really want to talk 

anymore,” and “went to take a shower.” While S.E. was in the shower, the appellant entered the 

bathroom. S.E. testified that the two argued and the appellant “punched [her] in the chest,” causing 

her to fall onto her back in the shower. He then choked her for fifteen to thirty seconds, saying she 

“need[ed] to learn [her] place as a woman.” S.E. told the appellant that she could not breathe and 

tried to remove his hand from her neck. The appellant stopped choking her but refused to help her 

get up and hit the shower head, breaking it off. 

 S.E. managed to get out of the shower and got dressed. She told the appellant that she “was 

in a lot of pain.” S.E. testified that she also told him not to touch her and to leave but that he 

ignored her, took off her clothes, and “pretty much overpowered” her. The appellant then 

performed oral sex on S.E. despite her repeated requests for him “to stop.” Afterward, he forced her 

to perform oral sex on him and raped her, despite her physical resistance and pleas for him to “get 

off of” her. The appellant then took her to her bedroom and raped her again. 
 - 4 - 

 S.E. testified that throughout the assaults, she did not scream or call 911 because she was 

“trying to stay alive” and “protect [her two young] children,” who were asleep in another room. She 

admitted that although she telephoned maintenance about the broken shower head while the 

appellant was present, she did not attempt to report the appellant’s assaults on her. 

 The appellant and S.E. later fell asleep on the couch. The next morning, the appellant “acted 

like nothing [had] happened.” However, he drove S.E. and her children to their daycare facility, 

which he had never done before. The appellant told S.E. that the children could go inside by 

themselves, but she accompanied them into the facility. S.E. testified that she thought about asking 

the daycare provider to call the police but was afraid that doing so might endanger the provider and 

the children in the provider’s care. 

 After leaving daycare, S.E. returned to her apartment with the appellant, who again 

performed forcible oral sex on her, forced her to perform oral sex on him, and raped her. She kept 

telling the appellant to stop and trying to push him off, but he did not listen to her pleas. He left the 

apartment at about 7:30 a.m. 

 S.E. locked her front door and telephoned a friend. That friend and two others came to her 

apartment. When they arrived, S.E. appeared “shocked,” “distraught,” “hurt, [and] confused.” She 

was moving and talking “very slowly.” Around 9:30 a.m., S.E. telephoned 911. Responding 

emergency personnel noted that S.E. was “visibly upset and shaken up” and “looked like she was 

making an effort to walk.” They saw abrasions on her neck. She complained of pain and 

tenderness in her head, neck, back, and abdomen. S.E. was transported to the hospital, where she 

was examined by an emergency physician and a nurse trained to treat sexual assault victims, and 

interviewed by a police detective. 

 Over the next two days, S.E. and the appellant exchanged several text messages and phone 

calls. S.E. made various statements about the appellant’s behavior, including his hitting her, 
 - 5 - 

choking her, and forcing her to have sexual intercourse. The appellant admitted choking her, saying 

that she never told him that she could not breathe. He did not respond to her claims that he forced 

her to have sex. 

 S.E. testified that she and the appellant had a sexual relationship while they were dating but 

that they did not “engage in . . . rough sex.” When asked if she “like[d] to be choked or physically 

assaulted during . . . intercourse,” she replied, “No.” Finally, when questioned about whether she 

had ever asked the appellant to choke her, she again replied, “No.” During cross-examination, the 

appellant elicited testimony from S.E. that she “never told anybody else” that she wanted the 

appellant to engage in rough sex with her or choke her. Counsel for the appellant then asked the 

judge if he could explore the issue further. The judge again ruled that the evidence that S.E. told 

Settles she liked rough sex was hearsay and could not be used to impeach S.E. 

 The Commonwealth and the appellant presented conflicting expert testimony regarding 

whether the physical evidence proved that the encounter was forcible. The sexual assault nurse who 

examined S.E. opined that the abrasions and bruises on her neck, which were consistent with two 

fingers and a thumb, were significant because only ten to twenty percent of strangulation victims 

show any sign of external injury. The nurse testified that she did not detect any visible genital 

injuries despite a thorough exam but that both her experience and the medical literature indicate that 

only ten to fifty percent of adult patients who report being sexually assaulted have such injuries. 

The appellant presented testimony from a medical doctor, who had forty years of experience in the 

fields of obstetrics, gynecology, and emergency medicine. He questioned the conclusions drawn by 

the sexual assault nurse, opining that if the events occurred as S.E. reported them, she should have 

sustained injuries to her head, mouth, legs, and genitals. 

 The appellant testified in his own behalf. He said that during his relationship with S.E., she 

encouraged him to be aggressive and engage in “rough sex” and “choke play.” He further testified 
 - 6 - 

that she put his hand around her throat during intercourse and that he choked her “a lot of times” 

while having sex. The appellant claimed that on one occasion prior to September 30, 2013, he had 

left marks on S.E.’s neck during “choke play.” He later admitted, however, that at the pre-trial 

hearing, he had testified that he did not recall ever leaving a mark on her. 

 Regarding the events of September 30 and October 1, 2013, the appellant admitted accusing 

S.E. of having been with another man and grabbing her by the shoulders, causing her to fall. The 

appellant testified, however, that she did not complain of any injury. Finally, he averred that the 

sexual activity and “choke play” they engaged in that evening and the next morning was consensual. 

 The appellant also testified regarding the text messages and telephone conversations in 

which he and S.E. engaged in the days immediately following the incidents. He admitted 

continuing to correspond with S.E. after she accused him of forcing her to have sex with him. He 

claimed, however, that he did not respond to or deny those particular allegations because they were 

so “far fetched” that he did not know how to respond. 

 The jury convicted the appellant of one count each of strangulation and rape and two counts 

of sodomy. It acquitted him of an additional rape, alleged to have occurred on October 1, 2013. 

The court sentenced the appellant to one month for the strangulation, five years for the rape, and 

five years for each of the sodomy counts, with the sodomy sentences to run concurrently. 

II. ANALYSIS 

 The appellant contends that the trial court improperly excluded the proffered testimony that 

S.E. made statements to Nicole Settles about enjoying rough sex and choke play with the appellant. 

He argues that the challenged statements were admissible both as substantive evidence and for 

impeachment purposes and that their improper exclusion was not harmless. The Commonwealth 

responds that the appellant did not properly preserve his assignments of error for appeal, that they 

lack merit, and that even if error occurred, it was harmless. 
 - 7 - 

A. Admissibility of S.E.’s Prior Statements 

 Determining the admissibility of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court 

subject to review for an abuse of that discretion. E.g., Creamer v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 

185, 194, 767 S.E.2d 226, 230 (2015). Only when reasonable jurists could not differ can the Court 

conclude that an abuse of discretion has occurred. Thomas v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 741, 

753, 607 S.E.2d 738, 743, adopted upon reh’g en banc, 45 Va. App. 811, 613 S.E.2d 870 (2005). 

A trial court abuses its discretion, however, if it makes an error of law. See, e.g., Dean v. 

Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 209, 213, 734 S.E.2d 673, 675 (2012). Further, if the issue of 

admissibility hinges on the interpretation of a statute or rule of court, that interpretation is a question 

of law subject to de novo review. Id. To the extent that the question of admissibility involves 

underlying factual findings, we defer to those findings unless they are plainly wrong. E.g., Lynch v. 

Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 342, 348-50, 617 S.E.2d 399, 402-03 (2005), aff’d, 272 Va. 204, 630 

S.E.2d 482 (2006). 

1. Admissibility as Substantive Evidence 

 The evidence that the appellant contends should have been admitted comprises both S.E.’s 

alleged statement that she enjoyed past incidents of rough sex with the appellant and her assertion 

that she hoped to engage in rough sex with the appellant later on the night she made the statement, 

which occurred several weeks prior to the events upon which the appellant’s convictions are based. 

The appellant contends that this evidence was relevant to prove his defense of consent and that it 

complied with the requirements for admissibility under Virginia’s rape shield statute, Code 

§ 18.2-67.7, as well as the rule against hearsay. 

 Code § 18.2-67.7(A) provides, in relevant part, that “[i]n prosecutions under this article, . . . 

general reputation or opinion evidence of the complaining witness’s unchaste character or prior 

sexual conduct shall not be admitted.” The statute contains an exception for evidence of “specific 
 - 8 - 

instances” of “prior sexual conduct . . . between the complaining witness and the accused” if the 

evidence is relevant and is “offered to support a contention that the alleged offense was not 

accomplished by force, threat or intimidation.”2 Code § 18.2-67.7(A)(2). Prior sexual conduct is 

defined as “any sexual conduct on the part of the complaining witness which took place before the 

conclusion of the trial, excluding the conduct involved in the offense alleged under this article.” 

Code § 18.2-67.10(5). Additionally, for any evidence of prior sexual conduct by the complaining 

witness to be admissible, it must comply with the usual rules of evidence, including the rule against 

hearsay. Winfield v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 211, 221, 301 S.E.2d 15, 21 (1983). 

 The appellant concedes that the testimony of Settles that he sought to admit was hearsay, but 

he suggests that it was admissible as substantive evidence under the state-of-mind exception 

contained in Virginia Rule of Evidence 2:803(3). That evidentiary rule provides an exception for a 

“statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind, emotion, sensation, or physical condition 

(such as intent [or] plan . . . ), but not including a statement of memory or belief to prove the fact 

remembered or believed unless it relates to the execution, revocation, identification, or terms of the 

declarant’s will.” Va. R. Evid. 2:803(3). Applying these principles in the appellant’s case, we 

conclude that the trial court did not err in excluding the two categories of statements as substantive 

evidence. 

 First, regarding S.E.’s statement to Settles about engaging in rough sex with the appellant in 

the past, that statement did not qualify for admission under the state-of-mind exception to the 

hearsay rule because it did not describe her condition at the time she allegedly made it and did not 

 2

 The evidence, additionally, must involve conduct that “occurred within a period of time 

reasonably proximate to the offense charged under the circumstances.” Code § 18.2-67.7(A)(2). 

We need not consider whether the statements at issue met this requirement because we conclude for 

other reasons that they were inadmissible as substantive evidence. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. 

Swann, 290 Va. 194, 196, 776 S.E.2d 265, 267 (2015) (noting that appellate courts decide cases on 

the “best and narrowest ground[] available” (quoting McGhee v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 620, 626 

n.4, 701 S.E.2d 58, 61 n.4 (2010))). 
 - 9 - 

fall under the rule’s exception for a past memory concerning the execution of the declarant’s will. 

See Kauffmann v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 400, 406-07, 382 S.E.2d 279, 282-83 (1989) 

(holding the statements of a victim that the defendant had molested her in the past were not 

admissible under the state-of-mind exception). 

 Second, regarding S.E.’s statement to Settles that she wanted to get the appellant drunk so 

that he would engage in rough sex later that night (a night at least several weeks prior to the night of 

the charged crimes), this statement did not qualify for admission under the rape shield statute.3 That 

statute permits the admission of evidence of “prior sexual conduct . . . between the complaining 

witness and the accused.” Code § 18.2-67.7(A)(2). The plain meaning of “conduct” is behavior, 

not speech. See Conduct, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1981); see also Cairns v. 

Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 271, 284, 579 S.E.2d 340, 346 (2003) (citing with approval the ruling 

that “the act of writing about sexual desires or activities is not itself prior sexual conduct” under the 

rape shield statute (emphasis added) (quoting State v. Vonesh, 401 N.W.2d 170, 176-77 (Wis. 

1986))); League v. Commonwealth, 9 Va. App. 199, 205, 385 S.E.2d 232, 236 (1989) (expressly 

disclaiming an “inten[t] to imply[] that . . . a prosecutrix[’s] prospectively consent[ing] to have sex 

would constitute ‘prior sexual conduct’ for purposes of [the rape shield statute]” (emphasis added)), 

adopted upon reh’g en banc, 10 Va. App. 428, 392 S.E.2d 510 (1990). Thus, S.E.’s statement that 

she hoped to have aggressive sex with the appellant later that evening was not sexual conduct and 

did not occur between the complaining witness and the accused. Instead, the sexual activity was 

future activity for which the complaining witness expressed a desire, and that activity may or may 

 3

 We assume without deciding that this statement qualified for admission under the 

state-of-mind hearsay exception. See, e.g., Clay v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 253, 257-58, 546 

S.E.2d 728, 730 (2001) (upholding admission of the statements of a homicide victim that she 

intended to move because she feared the defendant). 
 - 10 - 

not have occurred. Therefore, S.E.’s statement of future intent did not meet the requirements for 

admissibility under the rape shield statute. 

 Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in concluding that the proffered 

testimony of Settles was not admissible as substantive evidence. 

2. Admissibility for Impeachment Purposes 

 The appellant also contends that the court erred in ruling that testimony concerning S.E.’s 

statements about rough sex and choke play was inadmissible for impeachment purposes. For the 

reasons that follow, we agree. 

 A common method of impeachment is to show that a witness has made a statement on some 

prior occasion that is inconsistent with the testimony that the witness has given at trial. See 

McCarter v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 502, 506-07, 566 S.E.2d 868, 870 (2002). Under settled 

principles, evidence of a complainant’s prior inconsistent statement need not satisfy a statutory 

exception under the rape shield statute if it is used solely to impeach the complainant, because the 

statement does not constitute evidence of prior sexual conduct. See Clinebell v. Commonwealth, 

235 Va. 319, 322-23, 368 S.E.2d 263, 264-65 (1988); Cairns, 40 Va. App. at 284-86, 579 S.E.2d at 

346-47. Additionally, prior inconsistent statements do not run afoul of the rule against hearsay if 

admitted solely for impeachment. See, e.g., Wells v. Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 775, 783, 531 

S.E.2d 16, 20 (2000). 

 Cross-examination for purposes of impeachment is limited, however, to matters relevant to 

the issues on trial. See Simpson v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 604, 606-07, 414 S.E.2d 407, 409 

(1992). If the matter is collateral, it is not a proper subject for impeachment by inconsistent 

statements. Id. The test regarding whether a point is material or collateral “is whether or not the 

cross-examining party would be entitled to prove [the point] in support of his case.” Maynard v. 
 - 11 - 

Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 437, 445, 399 S.E.2d 635, 640 (1990) (en banc) (quoting Allen v. 

Commonwealth, 122 Va. 834, 842, 94 S.E. 783, 786 (1918)). 

 Whether the appellant forcibly strangled, raped, and sodomized S.E. or whether she 

consented to the contact was a material issue at trial. The appellant defended the charges on the 

ground that S.E. consented to the activity. Additionally, the court clearly recognized the importance 

of this defense, ruling prior to trial that the appellant would be permitted to testify that S.E. had 

introduced him to rough sex and choke play and encouraged him to choke her during prior 

consensual sexual activity. Consequently, whether S.E. had previously told a third party that she 

enjoyed engaging in rough sex and choke play with the appellant was not collateral, and the trial 

court erred in ruling to the contrary. 

 The Commonwealth contends that the trial court did not err in excluding the proffered 

testimony because the appellant failed to lay a proper foundation for it. In order to establish a 

proper foundation for impeachment by a prior inconsistent statement, the party must call the 

attention of the witness to the statement and ask her whether she made it. See, e.g., Via v. 

Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 164, 184-85, 590 S.E.2d 583, 593 (2004). If the witness denies 

making the statement or does not recall making it, counsel may cross-examine the witness regarding 

the inconsistency. Smith v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 507, 511, 425 S.E.2d 95, 98 (1992). If 

necessary, counsel may impeach the witness “by introducing other evidence, such as another 

witness who heard the inconsistent statement.” Edwards v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 568, 572, 

454 S.E.2d 1, 3 (1995); see Va. R. Evid. 2:613(a). 

 Here, the trial court specifically ruled at the pre-trial hearing that Settles’ proffered 

testimony was collateral and was not admissible for any purpose, including impeachment. Based on 

that ruling, the appellant was not permitted at trial to ask S.E. whether she made the statements at 

issue to Settles. 
 - 12 - 

 In addition, the court ruled mid-trial that the appellant could not ask S.E. specifically 

whether she made the alleged statements to Settles. S.E. testified on direct examination that she and 

the appellant did not engage in rough sex; she did not like to be choked or physically assaulted 

during intercourse; and she never asked the appellant to choke her. On cross-examination, the 

appellant renewed his request to explore the issue, asking the court whether he could further 

question S.E. on the issue and call Settles if S.E. denied making the statements. The trial court 

allowed the appellant to cross-examine S.E. about “whether or not she liked rough sex.” The 

appellant’s counsel also asked S.E. whether she ever “told anybody else” that she wanted to engage 

in “rough sex” or “chok[ing]” with the appellant, and she testified that she did not. The court then 

denied counsel’s request to ask S.E. specifically about the alleged prior inconsistent statements to 

Settles and to call Settles to testify. 

 Following the court’s ruling, counsel for the appellant proffered his legal argument and the 

remainder of his intended examination, including the necessary foundation, in great detail. He 

explained his understanding of Virginia Rules of Evidence 2:607 and 2:613, concerning impeaching 

a witness with her prior inconsistent statements. He asserted the need to call S.E.’s attention to the 

particular occasion on which the inconsistent statement was made and to ask her “whether the 

statement was made.” Counsel explained that if the witness denied or did not recall making the 

statement, he would then be “permitted to use extrinsic proof” because the issue was not collateral. 

In short, the appellant recognized the foundation that he would be required to lay before Settles’ 

testimony could be admitted, but the court expressly prevented the appellant from laying that 

foundation during trial. 

 The appellant’s case is distinguishable from Cortez-Hernandez v. Commonwealth, 58 

Va. App. 66, 78-80, 706 S.E.2d 893, 899-900, adhered to on reh’g en banc, 59 Va. App. 37, 716 

S.E.2d 484 (2011), in which this Court held that the defendant’s assignment of error was barred 
 - 13 - 

because he failed to make an adequate proffer of his proposed questions for the 

Commonwealth’s witness and the expected answers.4 We recognized in Cortez-Hernandez that a 

proffer, by its very nature, may be “the testimony [that the party] expected to elicit.” Id. at 77, 

706 S.E.2d at 899 (emphasis added) (quoting Ray v. Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 647, 650, 688 

S.E.2d 879, 881 (2010)). The “range of content required” for a proper proffer “depend[s], in 

part, on the proffer’s purpose.” Creamer, 64 Va. App. at 195, 767 S.E.2d at 231. It must be 

“sufficiently detailed” to allow the trial court “a fair opportunity ‘to resolve the issue at trial.’” 

Id. at 195, 199 n.7, 767 S.E.2d at 230, 233 n.7 (quoting Albert v. Albert, 38 Va. App. 284, 290 

n.1, 563 S.E.2d 389, 392 n.1 (2002)). Additionally, on appeal, the proffer must be sufficient “to 

allow the appellate court to determine whether the trial court erred in excluding the evidence and, 

if so, whether that error was harmless.” Id. at 195, 767 S.E.2d at 230. “Though sometimes 

thought of as a mere waiver principle, the proffer requirement serves the higher purpose of 

safeguarding our duty under Code § 8.01-678 to reverse only when the trial court error actually 

prejudiced the defense.” Cortez-Hernandez, 58 Va. App. at 76-77, 706 S.E.2d at 898-99 

(footnote omitted) (quoting Ray, 55 Va. App. at 650, 688 S.E.2d at 881). In short, making an 

adequate proffer does not compel a litigant to examine a witness under oath outside the presence 

of the jury as long as the proffer method employed satisfies these various goals. 

 Moreover, waiver principles do not apply if the trial court “prohibit[s] counsel from 

proffering the necessary evidence for the record.” Id. at 77-78, 706 S.E.2d at 899; see Maxwell 

v. Commonwealth, 287 Va. 258, 265-67, 754 S.E.2d 516, 519-20 (2014) (applying Code 

 4

 Error “may not be predicated upon admission or exclusion of evidence, unless . . . [a]s 

to evidence excluded, the substance of the evidence was made known to the court by proffer.” 

Va. R. Evid. 2:103(a)(2) (emphasis added); see Whittaker v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 966, 969, 

234 S.E.2d 79, 81 (1977) (noting that “a unilateral avowal of counsel, if unchallenged,” may 

constitute a proper proffer). 
 - 14 - 

§ 8.01-384(A) to hold that a defendant did not waive his right to appeal where he was absent and 

unable to object). 

 We applied waiver principles in Cortez-Hernandez, ruling that the defendant’s claim of 

error was barred on appeal because he failed to make an adequate proffer and was not prevented 

by the trial court from doing so. 58 Va. App. at 78-79, 706 S.E.2d at 899-900. Here, by contrast, 

the appellant’s proffer was sufficiently detailed to give the circuit court a fair opportunity to resolve 

the issue at trial. Further, it was sufficiently detailed to permit this Court to determine that error 

occurred and, as discussed infra in Part II.B., to analyze whether that error was harmless. 

Therefore, we hold that the trial court’s restriction of the cross-examination of S.E. and exclusion of 

Settles’ testimony was error. 

B. Harmless Error

 The law of the Commonwealth requires this Court to determine in all cases involving error 

whether the error was harmless. Ferguson v. Commonwealth, 240 Va. ix, ix, 396 S.E.2d 675, 675 

(1990) (citing Code § 8.01-678). Non-constitutional error is harmless “[w]hen it plainly appears 

from the record and the evidence given at the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits 

and substantial justice has been reached.”5

 Code § 8.01-678. This Court may uphold a decision on 

the ground that any error involved is harmless only if it can conclude, without usurping the jury’s 

fact-finding function, “that the error did not influence the jury[] or had but slight effect.” Clay v. 

Commonwealth, 262 Va. 253, 260, 546 S.E.2d 728, 731 (2001) (quoting Kotteakos v. United 

States, 328 U.S. 750, 764 (1946)); see Turner v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 270, 275-78, 476 

S.E.2d 504, 507-08 (1996) (“usurping” standard), aff’d, 255 Va. 1, 492 S.E.2d 447 (1997). In 

 5

 The appellant contends that the more rigorous constitutional harmless error standard 

applies. Inasmuch as we find error under the lesser standard, we need not evaluate the case under 

the greater standard. Cf. Dearing v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 671, 674, 536 S.E.2d 903, 904 (2000) 

(holding that where any error was harmless under the constitutional standard, the Court did not need 

to consider whether that error was harmless under the non-constitutional standard). 
 - 15 - 

determining whether an error in restricting cross-examination is harmless, the “analysis turns not on 

the evidence excluded . . . but on the evidence in the record, viz., [the witness’] testimony, which 

was not fully subject to cross-examination.” Scott v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 36, 42, 486 

S.E.2d 120, 123 (1997). Factors for consideration include “the importance of the . . . testimony in 

the prosecution’s case, whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence 

corroborating or contradicting the testimony . . . on material points, the extent of cross-examination 

otherwise permitted, and . . . the overall strength of the prosecution’s case.” Perry v. 

Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 655, 672, 712 S.E.2d 765, 774 (2011) (quoting Delaware v. Van 

Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684 (1986)). 

 The parties agree that because the appellant conceded that he had engaged in sexual activity 

with S.E. and squeezed her neck, the only issue for the jury to decide was whether the strangulation, 

intercourse, and oral sex were forcible and were against S.E.’s will. The resolution of this key 

element hinged largely on the jury’s assessment of the credibility of S.E., the witness whose 

testimony “was not fully subject to cross-examination,” Scott, 25 Va. App. at 42, 486 S.E.2d at 123. 

 The remaining evidence tending to indicate that the activities were forcible rather than 

consensual was significant but not overwhelming and presented the classic question of who the jury 

should believe. Several witnesses saw S.E. shortly after the incident and could tell based on her 

physical and mental state that she had been injured and was upset, but it was undisputed that she 

sustained some of these injuries through a non-sexual event in the shower, and the parties disputed 

whether she merely slipped or was pushed. See League, 9 Va. App. at 208-09, 385 S.E.2d at 238. 

Additionally, S.E.’s thorough sexual assault exam revealed no genital injuries, and the parties 

presented conflicting expert testimony regarding the likelihood of such a result in a case of repeated 

forcible intercourse. The Commonwealth’s expert witness testified that it is not unusual for victims 

of rape to sustain no visible injuries, particularly if the rape follows oral sex, as was alleged here. 
 - 16 - 

However, the appellant’s expert witness testified that the probability that S.E. could have 

experienced “three forcible [vaginal] penetrations in less than eight hours” with no sign of “any kind 

of force on her vagina approaches impossible.” Further, the appellant testified that S.E. introduced 

him to rough sex and choke play, and he said that the bruises on S.E.’s neck at the time of the sexual 

assault exam resulted from what was merely another consensual episode of such activity. 

 The Commonwealth points to the appellant’s failure to deny the accusations made by S.E. in 

various text messages and telephone conversations after the events at issue. The appellant, 

however, testified that the allegations were so “far fetched” that he did not know how to respond. 

Further, none of the inconsistencies that the Commonwealth proved in its efforts to impeach the 

appellant with evidence of his own prior statements was so damning as to compel the jury to reject 

his explanation. 

 Even though ample evidence in the record supports the appellant’s convictions, harmless 

error analysis “[is not] simply a sufficiency of the evidence analysis.” See, e.g., Williams v. 

Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 395, 400, 528 S.E.2d 166, 169 (2000) (en banc) (alteration in 

original) (quoting Hooker v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 454, 458, 418 S.E.2d 343, 345 (1992)). 

In a general sufficiency analysis that relies primarily on the testimony of a single witness, the 

credibility of that witness’ testimony “will be a significant factor in the jury’s determination of the 

accused’s . . . culpability.” Lilly v. Commonwealth, 258 Va. 548, 553, 523 S.E.2d 208, 210 (1999). 

However, in the context of harmless error analysis, 

the issue is not the credibility of the witness, but rather the potential 

for harm caused by the erroneous [exclusion] of evidence [that] tends 

to [impact] the jury’s credibility determination. In that context we 

must presume that [the excluded] evidence had the potential to 

influence the jury into [rejecting] the properly admitted evidence 

[supporting the Commonwealth’s version of events] and, thus, [that 

its exclusion may have] taint[ed] the jury’s determination of the 

facts. 
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Id. On the instant record, we simply cannot, without usurping the jury’s fact finding function, 

determine what impact the erroneous exclusion of the proffered impeachment evidence had on the 

jury’s assessment of S.E.’s, and correspondingly the appellant’s, credibility. See, e.g., Cash v. 

Commonwealth, 5 Va. App. 506, 511-13, 364 S.E.2d 769, 771-72 (1988) (holding that the 

improper exclusion of certain exhibits, which would have permitted the defendant “to argue 

forcefully to the jury that those exhibits corroborated [his] version of the facts” as compared to 

the police officer’s version, was not harmless). Therefore, we are unable to conclude that the 

error in excluding evidence of S.E.’s prior inconsistent statements to Settles for the purpose of 

impeaching S.E. on a key issue “did not influence the jury[] or had but slight effect.” Clay, 262 Va. 

at 260, 546 S.E.2d at 731 (quoting Kotteakos, 328 U.S. at 764). 

III. CONCLUSION 

 We hold that the trial court did not err in ruling that evidence of S.E.’s statements to Settles 

was inadmissible as substantive evidence under Virginia’s rape shield statute and rule against 

hearsay. However, we also conclude that the court erred in refusing to admit evidence of S.E.’s 

prior inconsistent statements for impeachment purposes. Finally, we hold that the erroneous 

exclusion of that evidence was not harmless. Consequently, we reverse the appellant’s convictions 

and remand for retrial should the Commonwealth be so advised. 

Reversed and remanded.