C L D - 0 4 8 NOT P RE CE DE NT I AL UN I TED STATES CO UR T OF A PP EALS F O R T H E T H IR D C IR C U IT

___________ N o. 10- 3004

___________ TI M M Y M I LLS, A ppel l ant v. F RA NC I S CO QUI NT ANA

____________________________________ A p p ea l from the U n it ed S tat es D istri ct C o u rt f o r th e W e ste rn D istric t o f P e n n sy lv a n ia ( D . C . C i vi l N o. 08- cv- 00339) M agi s tr at e J udge: H onor abl e Sus an Par adi s e B axt er

____________________________________ Subm i t t ed forPoss i bl e Sum m aryA ct i on P u rs u a n t to T h ir d C ir c u it L A R 2 7 .4 a n d I.O .P . 1 0 .6

N ovember24, 2010 B efor e: R E N D E L L , FU E N T E S and SM I T H , C i r cui tJ udges

( O pi ni on fi l ed D ece m ber10, 2010 )

_________ OPI NI ON O F THE COURT

_________ P E R C UR I AM Pet i t i onerT i m m yM i l l s , a fe der al pr i s oner , appea l s fr om the U ni t ed St at es D i s tr i ct C our t ’ s J ul y28, 2010 deni al of hi s pet i t i on forw r i tof habe as corpus pur s uantt o 28 U . S. C . § 2241. I n hi s pet i t i on, he cha l l enges the comput at i on of hi s s ent ence bytheI tappea r s thatthe D i s tr i ctC our tw as noti nform ed thatM i l l s had al r eady 1 compl et ed hi s s t at e s ent ence . 2 B u re a u o f

P riso n s (“ B O P ” ) a n d c o n ten d s th a t th e B O P f a iled to c re d it h im w ith appr opr i at e pr i orcus t odycr edi tfort i m e s penti n offi ci al det ent i on pr i ort o the c o mme n c e me n to f

h i s s e n t e n c e . F o rth e f o l l o wi n g r e a s o n s , we wi l l a f f i rm. I. O n N ovember9, 2006, M i l l s pl eade d gui l tyt o s t at e cr i m i nal char ges of dr i vi ng w i th a s us pended l i cens e and pr ovi di ng fal s e i nform at i on t o l aw enfor cement . H e w as s e n t e n c e d b yth e s t a t e s e n t e n c i n g c o u r ti n We s tVi r g i n i a t o o n e y e a ri mp r i s o n me n t . On N ovember27, 2006, dur i ng the t i m e M i l l s w as s ervi ng hi s s t at e s ent ence , the U ni t ed S tate s M a rsh a l S e rv ice (“ U S M S ” ) lo d g e d a d e tain e r a g a in st M ill s w ith th e lo c a l jail a u th o rities . O n D e c e m b e r 7 , 2 0 0 6 , the U S M S e x e c u ted a f e d e ra l ar re st w a rra n t o n M ill s atthe fe der al courthous e i n M art i ns bur g, W es tV i r gi ni a. M i l l s w as char ged w i th fede r al d ru g c rim e s to w h ich h e p lea d e d g u iltyin F e b ru a ry2 0 0 7 . M ill s c o m p lete d se rv ice o f h is s t at e s ent ence on A ugus t25, 2007. H e w as r el eas ed fr om s t at e cus t odydi r ect l yt o a f e d e ra l d e ta in e r. O n N o v em b er 1 9 , 2 0 0 7 , M il ls w as se n tenc ed b ythe U n it ed S tat es D istri ct C o u rt f o r th e N o rth e rn D istric t o f W e st V irg in ia to a se v e n ty -m o n th ter m o f im p riso n m e n t, fol l ow ed bya thr ee- y eart erm of s upervi s ed r el eas e. A l though M i l l s had al r eady c o m p lete d h is s tate se n ten c e , the D istric t C o u rt d ire c ted th a t h is f e d e ra l se n ten c e sh o u ld run concurr entw i th hi s s t at e s ent ence . T h e Di s tr i c tCo u r ta l s o r e c o mm e n d e d t o th e BO P 13

thatM i l l s be cr edi t ed fort i m e s erved s i nce D ece m ber7, 2006, the dat e of hi s fede r al a rr e s t. M ill s w a s d e sig n a ted to F C I M c K e a n o n Ja n u a ry4 , 2 0 0 8 . T h e B O P c o m p u ted h is f e d e r a l s e n t e n c e a s c o mm e n c i n g u p o n i mp o s i t i o n , o n No v e mb e r1 9 , 2 0 0 7 . On comm ence m entof the s ent ence , the B O P pr ovi ded M i l l s w i th a pr oj ect ed r el eas e dat e of S e p t e mb e r1 8 , 2 0 1 2 . Th i s c o mp u t a t i o n i n c l u d e d 9 1 d a y s p r i o rc u s t o d yc r e d i tf o rth e t i me thathe s penti n offi ci al det ent i on pr i ort o the comm ence m entof hi s fede r al s ent ence , fr om M ay21, 2006, thr ough M ay26, 2006 ( 7 day s ) , and fr om A ugus t26, 2007, thr ough N o v e m b e r 1 8 , 2 0 0 7 (8 4 d a y s ). M i l l s di s put es the B O P’ s comput at i on of hi s s ent ence . H e ar gues thathe w as d e n ied a p p ro p ria te c re d it fo r tim e sp e n t in sta te c u sto d yu n d e r a f e d e ra l d e tain e r. M ill s cont ends thathi s j ai l t i m e cr edi ts houl d acc rue fr om D ece m ber7, 2006, w hen hi s fede r al a rre st w a rra n t w a s is su e d , ins tea d o f o n A u g u st 2 6 , 2 0 0 7 , the d a te th a t h e c o m p lete d h is s ta te p ri s o n te rm . M i l l s s o u g h tr e l i e f

th r o u g h th e BO P ’ s a d mi n i s tr a t i v e r e me d yp r o c e s s , a n d th e BO P deni ed hi s r eques t . H e al s o s oughta r educt i on i n s ent ence fr om the fe der al s ent enci ng court , w hi ch w as deni ed. See U ni t ed St at es v. T i m m yM i l l s , D ocketN o. 3: 06- cr - 70 ( N . D . W . V a. ) ( or derent er ed M ay30, 2008) . M i l l s then fi l ed a pe t i t i on forw r i tof habe asM i l l s pr oper l ybr oughthi s chal l enge t o the B O P’ s exec ut i on of hi s fede r al s ent ence 2 i n the di s tr i ctof conf

i nement . See 28 U . S. C . § 2241. Si nce f i l i ng hi s habea s pet i t i on, M ills h a s b e e n tr a n s f

e rr e d to F C I F o rt D ix , N e w J e rs e y . 4 corpus chal l engi ng the B O P’ s exec ut i on of hi s fede r al s ent ence . S e e 2 8 U .S .C . § 2 2 4 1 . 2 T h e D is tr ic t C o u rtd e n ie d th e p e titio n . T h e in s ta n t a p p e a l f o llo w e d . II. We h a v e j u r i s d i c t i o n p u r s u a n tt o 2 8 U. S . C. § § 1 2 9 1 a n d 2 2 5 3 . T h i s Co u r tr e v i e ws a D i s tr i ctC our t ’ s deni al of habe as corpus r el i ef de novo. V ega v. U ni t ed St at es , 493 F. 3d 310, 314 ( 3d C i r . 2007) . W e uphol d anyfac tual det erm i nat i ons i n a habe as pr ocee di ng unl es s theyar e cl ear l yerr oneous . I d. III . T he D i s tr i ctC our tbas ed i t s deni al of M i l l s ’ cl ai m s on 18 U . S. C . §§ 3585( a) and (b ). W e f

in d n o e rr o r i n th e D is tr ic t C o u rt ’s a n a lysis o r c o n c lu s io n s . U n d e r 1 8 U .S .C . § 3585( a) , a fe der al s ent ence comm ence s “on the dat e the def endanti s r ece i ved i n cus t ody aw ai t i ng tr ans por t at i on t o, orarr i ves vol unt ar i l yt o comm ence s ervi ce of s ent ence at , the o f f i c i a l d e t e n t i o n f

a c i l i tya twh i c h th e s e n t e n c e i s t o b e s e rv e d . ” I n th i s c a s e , th e BO P c a lcu late d M ill s’ s e n ten c e a s c o m m e n c in g o n N o v e m b e r 1 9 , 2 0 0 7 , w h ich w a s th e d a te it w a s im p o se d b yth e se n ten c in g c o u rt a n d th e e a rlies t p o ss ib le d a te th a t h is s e n ten c e c o u ld3 T he B O P i s the age ncyr es pons i bl e fori m pl ement i ng and appl y i ng fede r al l aw

conce rni ng the comput at i on of fe der al s ent ence s , and i thas devel oped det ai l ed pr ocedur es fo rde t e rmi ni ng the c r e di ta va i l a bl e t o p r i s on e r s . Se e U ni t e d St a t e s v. W i l s on , 50 3 U. S. 329, 335 ( 1992) ; s ee a l s o B O P Progr am S t at ement5880. 28, Sent ence C om put at i on M a n u a l ( “ P S 5 8 8 0 .2 8 ” ). 4 Sect i on 3585( b) pr ovi des a def endants hal l be gi ven cr edi tt ow ar d the s ervi ce of a t erm of i m pr i s onm entforanyt i m e he ha s s penti n offi ci al det ent i on pr i ort o the dat e the s ent ence comm ence s ( 1) as a r es ul tof the off ens e forw hi ch the s ent ence w as i m pos ed; or ( 2) as a r es ul tof anyotherchar ge forw hi ch the def endantw as arr es t ed af

t erthe comm i s s i on of the off

ens e forw hi ch the s ent ence w as i m pos ed; thathas notbeen c r edi t ed a g a in s t a n yo th e r s e n te n c e . 5 T he conduc tconnec t ed w i th M i l l s ’ fede r al offe ns e occ urr ed on J anuary12, 2006. B etw een J anuary12, 2006, and N ovember18, 2007 ( the daybefor e hi s fede r al s ent ence co m m en ce d ), M il ls w as in ca rce rated fro m M ay2 1 , 2 0 0 6 , thro u g h M ay2 6 , 2 0 0 6 (7 d ay s), 5 comm ence . 18 U . S. C . § 3585( a) ; PS 5880. 28, C h. 1, p. 13 ( “I n no cas e ca n a fe der al

3 s e n te n c e o f

im p ri s o n m e n t c o m m e n c e e a rl ie r t h a n th e d a te o n w h ic h it is im p o s e d .” ). A fede r al pr i s onerm ay , how ever , r ece i ve cr edi tforcert ai n t i m e s penti n offi ci al d e te n tio n b e f

o re h is s e n te n c e b e g in s (i .e ., “ p ri o r c u s to d yc re d it” ), s o l ong as thatt i m e has n o t bee n cre d it ed ag ains t anyo ther se n tenc e. S ee 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 5 8 5 (b). In other w ords, 4 pr i orcus t odycr edi tcannotbe doubl e count ed. W i l s on, 503 U . S. at337 ( “[A ] defe ndant [ c a n ] n o t r e c e iv e a d o u b le c re d it f o r h is d e te n tio n tim e .” ); s e e a ls o V e g a , 4 9 3 F .3 d a t 3 1 4 . T h e B O P th u s a w a rd e d M ills a to ta l o f 9 1 d a y s p ri o r c u s to d yc re d it u n d e r 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 8 5 (b ) f

o r th e tim e h e se rv e d in o f f icia l d e ten tio n th a t w a s n o t cr e d ited to w a rd h is s tate s e n t e n c e ( i . e . , th e s e v e n d a ys b e tw e e n M a y 2 1 , 2 0 0 6 , a n d M a y 2 6 , 2 0 0 6 , a n d th e 8 4 d a ys betw een A ugus t26, 2007 ( the dat e hi s s t at e s ent ence w as s at i s fi ed) , and N ovember18, 2 0 0 7 (th e d ayb ef

o re c o m m en ce m en t of

h is fed era l sen tenc e). 5and fr om O ct ober28, 2006, thr ough N ovember18, 2007 ( 387 day s ) . H ow ever , fr om

O ct ob er 28, 20 06 , throug h A ug ust25 , 20 07 , M i l l s w as serving his st at e sent ence. Th us, u n d e r 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 8 5 (b ), th e B O P c o u ld n o t cr e d it M ill s th is p e rio d o f tim e b e c a u se it w a s a lre a d yc re d ited a g a in st h is n o n -f e d e ra l term . 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 8 5 (b ). N o r c o u ld h is fede r al s ent ence be di r ect ed t o run concurr ent l yt o hi s s t at e s ent ence dur i ng thatper i od of t i m e, beca us e hi s fede r al s ent ence coul d notcomm ence ear l i erthan the dat e i tw as im p o s e d , N o v e m b e r 1 9 , 2 0 0 7 . 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 8 5 (a ). 6 T he SR A w enti nt o eff ecton N ovember1, 1987, and appl i es t o offe ns es comm i t t ed a f te r N o v e m b e r 1 , 1 9 8 7 . G a lla rd o v . Q u in la n , 8 7 4 F .2 d 1 8 6 , 1 8 8 (3 d C ir . 1 9 8 9 ). 6 W e agr ee w i th the D i s tr i ctC our tthatM i l l s i s notel i gi bl e foran exc ept i on t o 18 U . S. C . § 3585( b) ’ s pr ohi bi t i on of doubl e pr i orcus t odycr edi tunderK ay fez v. G as el e, 993 F. 2d 1288 ( 7th C i r . 1993) , and W i l l i s v. U ni t ed St at es , 438 F. 2d 923 ( 5th C i r . 1971) beca us e both of thes e l i m i t ed exc ept i ons r equi r e as a pr er equi s i t e thatthe non- fede r al and fede r al s ent ence s ati s s ue be c oncurr ent . M i l l s does notqual i fyforan exc ept i on under ei therK ay fez orW i l l i s beca us e hi s non- fede r al s ent ence expi r ed bef or e hi s fede r al s ent ence comm ence d. T he or derof the D i s tr i ctC our tthatthe s ent ence s run concurr ent does notal t erthe r el at i ons hi p of the s t at e and f eder al s ent ence s as non- concurr ent s e n te n c e s . N ori s M i l l s ent i t l ed t o cr edi tforthe t i m e s pents ubj ectt o a fe der al det ai ner p u rs u a n t to 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 6 8 o r D a v is v . A tto rn e yG e n e ra l, 4 2 5 F .2 d 2 3 8 (5 th C ir . 1 9 7 0 ). Sect i on 3568, the s t atut orypr ovi s i on D avi s w as i nt erpr et i ng, has been s uper s eded bythe Sent enci ng R eform A ctof 1984 ( “SR A ”) , and r ecodi fi ed at§ 3585( b) . See W i l s on, 503 U . S. at332. B eca us e M i l l s ’ fede r al offe ns e conduc tw as comm i t t ed on J anuary12, 2006, aft erthe ef

fec t i ve dat e of the SR A , hi s s ent ence comput at i on i s governed by§ 3585. 67 M ills ’ a p p e lla te b ri e f w a s p re v io u s ly re c e iv e d b yth e C o u rtb u t n o t f ile d b yth e C le rk . B e c a u s e w e c o n s id e r i t, w e in s tru c t th e C le rk to f ile it. 8 Sect i on 3621( a) s t at es thata per s on w ho has been s ent ence d t o a t erm of i m pr i s onm ents hal l be comm i t t ed t o the cus t odyof the B O P unt i l the expi r at i on of the t erm i m pos ed. Sect i on 3621( b) s t at es thatthe B O P sha l l des i gnat e the pl ace of i m pr i s onm entand s et s forth cons i der at i ons thatB O P m us tt ake i nt o acc ounti n m aki ng th a t d e s ig n a tio n . 7 U nder§ 3585( b) , t i m e s erved on a f eder al det ai nerdoes notqual i fyas fede r al pr i or cus t odycr edi ti f thatt i m e has been c r edi t ed aga i ns tanothers ent ence . See V ega, 493 F. 3d a t 3 1 4 ; R io s v . W ile y , 2 0 1 F .3 d 2 5 7 , 2 7 2 (3 d C ir . 2 0 0 0 ). I n hi s appel l at e br i ef, M i l l s ar gues thatthe D i s tr i ctC our terr ed i n i t s appl i cat i on of §§ 35 85 (a) and (b) , and fai l ed to app l yotherapp l i cable s t atutes . H e ar gues thati f the 7 B O P had us ed i t s author i tyunder18 U . S. C . §§ 3621( a) and ( b) t o des i gnat e hi m t o the sta te p riso n w h e re h e w a s h o u se d o n D e c e m b e r 7 , 2 0 0 6 , h is f e d e ra l p riso n ter m w o u ld ha ve c omm e nc e d Dec e mber7, 20 06 , w he n h e w a s c omm i t t e d t o the c us t od yof the BO P. 8

M ills c ite s B a rd e n v . K e o h a n e , 9 2 1 F .2 d 4 7 6 (3 d C ir . 1 9 9 0 ), a s a n e a rl yid e n tic a l c a s e . B ar den conc erned a pe t i t i onerw ho, w hi l e aw ai t i ng tr i al on s t at e cha r ges , w as s ent ence d to a f ed era l pri so n term o f tw en tyy ea rs on a b an k rob b eryco n v ict ion . O n e m o n th later, the s t at e courts ent ence d B ar den t o a s t at e pr i s on t erm t o run concurr ent l yw i th the fe der al s ent ence . B ar den s erved t en y ear s i n s t at e pr i s on and w as then par ol ed t o fede r al cus t ody w her e he be gan s ervi ng hi s tw enty - y earfede r al s ent ence . H ow ever , beca us e the B O P had n o t d e sig n a ted th e sta te p riso n a s a p lac e o f f e d e ra l co n f

in e m e n t, he d idn o t re c e iv e c re d it8

on hi s fede r al s ent ence forthe t en y ear s he s erved ther e. Fi ndi ng thatthe B O P had w i de di s cr et i on t o des i gnat e the pl ace of conf i nement , w e r emanded B ar den’ s r eques tfornunc pr o tunc des i gnat i on t o the D i s tr i ctC our tforr econs i der at i on. B ar den, 921 F. 2d at483- 84. B ar den i s di s t i ngui s habl e fr om thi s cas e bec aus e atthe t i m e thatM i l l s w as s ent ence d b yth e D istric t C o u rt, h e w a s n o t se rv in g a c o n c u rre n t sta te s e n ten c e . M ill s c o m p lete d h is s t at e s ent ence on A ugus t25, 2007. H e w as hel d i n offi ci al det ent i on unt i l N ovember19, 2007, w hen he w as s ent ence d bythe D i s tr i ctC our tt o s eventy - m onths i m pr i s onm ent . T he B O P pr oper l ycr edi t ed M i l l s fort i m e s penti n offi ci al cus t odybetw een A ugus t26, 2007, and N ovember18, 2007. H ow ever , as expl ai ned above , a fe der al s ent ence cannot comm ence befor e i ti s i m pos ed. 18 U . S. C . § 3585( a) . T hus , even i f the B O P had des i gnat ed M i l l s ’ pl ace of conf i nementas a fe der al fac i l i ty , no partof hi s fede r al s ent ence coul d have c om m ence d pr i ort o N ovember19, 2007. E ven though M i l l s w as s ubj ectt o a fede ral detai ner as of D ecem ber 6, 20 06 , he w as st i l l serving a st at e sent ence u nti l A ug ust 25, 2007. U nder§ 3585( b) , t i m e s penti n fede r al cus t odycannotbe cr edi t ed t ow ar d a s e n te n c e if

th a t tim e is a lr e a d yb e in g c re d ite d to w a rd a n o th e r s e n te n c e . W e c o n clud e tha t th e B O P d id n o t err i n ca lculati n g h is sen tenc e, an d the D istri ct C o u rt properl yden i ed M i l l s’ peti t i on un der 28 U . S . C . § 2 24 1. W e hav e con si dered M i l l s’ ar gum ent s on appea l and fi nd thattheyar e w i thoutm er i t . A ccor di ngl y , w e w i l l gr antthe m ot i on byA ppel l ee f

ors um m aryact i on, and w e w i l l s um m ar i l yaff i rm the D i s tr i ct C o u rt ’s o rd e r.