COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

July 23, 2021

Sheila T. Reiff

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 

and RULE 809.62. 

Appeal Nos. 2021AP739

2021AP740

2021AP741

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Cir. Ct. Nos. 2019TP151

2019TP152

2019TP153

2019TP154

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT I

APPEAL NO. 2021AP739

IN RE THE TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS TO C.T., A PERSON UNDER THE 

AGE OF 18:

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PETITIONER-RESPONDENT,

V.

T. T.,

RESPONDENT-APPELLANT.
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APPEAL NO. 2021AP740

IN RE THE TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS TO M.T., A PERSON UNDER THE 

AGE OF 18:

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PETITIONER-RESPONDENT,

V.

T. T.,

RESPONDENT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL NO. 2021AP741

IN RE THE TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS TO T.T., A PERSON UNDER THE 

AGE OF 18:

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PETITIONER-RESPONDENT,

V.

T. T.,

RESPONDENT-APPELLANT.
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APPEAL NO. 2021AP742

IN RE THE TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS TO A.T., A PERSON UNDER THE 

AGE OF 18:

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

PETITIONER-RESPONDENT,

V.

T. T.,

RESPONDENT-APPELLANT.

APPEALS from orders of the circuit court for Milwaukee County: 

MARSHALL B. MURRAY, Judge. Affirmed. 

¶1 DUGAN, J.1 The State filed a petition to terminate Tyler’s2

parental rights to his four children on August 28, 2019.3 As grounds, the petition 

alleged that Tyler failed to assume parental responsibility and that the children 

were in continuing need of protection or services (Continuing CHIPS). The 

 

1

 This appeal is decided by one judge pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 752.31(2)(e) (2019-20). 

All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise noted.

2

 For ease of reading and to protect confidentiality, we use a pseudonym when referring 

to the father and the mother in this case.

3

 The petition also included the rights of the mother, but the mother’s rights are not at 

issue in this appeal.
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grounds phase was contested and tried to the court. At the end of the hearing, the 

trial court found that the State proved both grounds and, therefore, Tyler was an 

unfit parent. The case moved to the dispositional phase of the proceedings. 

Following the disposition hearing, the trial court found that it was in the children’s 

best interests to terminate Tyler’s parental rights. Tyler appeals and argues that 

the trial court erred when it found that the State proved both grounds alleged in the 

petition and that the trial court erroneously exercised its discretion in weighing the 

factors during the dispositional phase of the proceedings. For the reasons set forth 

below, we affirm.

BACKGROUND

¶2 Tyler started a romantic relationship with his stepdaughter, Caroline,

in 2010 when she turned eighteen. Tyler and Caroline had their first child in 2012. 

However, the couple did not live together and did not have an exclusive 

relationship, and thus, Tyler testified that he had doubts that he was the father of 

the child. Caroline had another child in 2013 and a third child in 2015, and Tyler 

testified that he similarly doubted he was the father of these children. Tyler then

moved in with Caroline and the children in 2015, and when Caroline had a fourth 

child in 2017, Tyler testified that he believed he was the father of the child. Tyler 

did not take any steps to determine if he was the father of the first three children 

until October 2017, when DNA testing was completed in connection with this 

case. 

¶3 The Division of Milwaukee County Child Protective Services 

(DMCPS) began receiving reports about Caroline’s ability to care for the children 

starting in 2012 when concerns arose about possible neglect and abuse of the first 
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child. Then, in 2015 when Tyler moved into the home with Caroline and the 

children, the DMCPS began receiving additional reports about possible violence in 

the home. In 2016, the DMCPS began receiving reports about further concerns 

over the cleanliness and overall safety of the home following observations that 

there were items such as open pill bottles, knives, and hot coffee pots left within 

the children’s reach and the children were left unsupervised. 

¶4 In September 2017, the DMCPS removed the children from the 

home after the protective plan4that DMCPS put in place failed, and the children 

have been living outside the parental home since the time of their removal in 

September 2017. 

¶5 On November 6, 2017, the trial court found that the children were in 

need of protection or services, and it subsequently entered a dispositional order on 

April 6, 2018, placing the children outside of the parental home until such time as 

certain conditions of return could be satisfied by Tyler and Caroline. 

¶6 The State then filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of both 

Tyler and Caroline on August 28, 2019. As grounds to terminate Tyler’s parental 

rights, the State alleged Continuing CHIPS and that Tyler failed to assume 

parental responsibility. The petition supported the Continuing CHIPS grounds 

stating that Tyler was unable to complete the conditions for the return of the 

children because, among other things, there were concerns about ongoing 

 

4

 The initial assessment worker who put the protective plan in place testified that “[a] 

protective plan is used during ... an immediate situation where there is a present danger.” She 

further testified that it allows the DMCPS to “work with the family” in the short-term while a 

long-term solution is put into place and that she put a protective plan in place for this family 

because the domestic violence was a present danger. 
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domestic violence between Tyler and Caroline, concerns about Tyler controlling 

Caroline, and concerns that Tyler expected Caroline to be the primary caregiver 

for the children when Caroline had intellectual deficiencies that made it difficult 

for her to do so. The petition also supported the grounds of failure to assume 

parental responsibility by detailing the history of reports that the DMCPS received 

in connection with these children and listed the reports of Tyler’s behavior 

towards Caroline and the children. 

DISCUSSION

¶7 “Wisconsin has a two-part statutory procedure for the involuntary 

termination of parental rights.” Steven V. v. Kelley H., 2004 WI 47, ¶24, 271 Wis. 

2d 1, 678 N.W.2d 856. In the first phase, called the “grounds” phase, “the 

petitioner must prove by clear and convincing evidence” that at least one of the 

twelve grounds enumerated in WIS. STAT. § 48.415 exists. Steven V., 271 Wis. 2d 

1, ¶¶24-25; see also WIS. STAT. § 48.31(1). If the petition is contested, as it was 

here, “[t]he first step of the proceeding is the fact-finding hearing,” the purpose of 

which is “to determine whether grounds exist for the termination of parental 

rights.” Tammy W-G. v. Jacob T., 2011 WI 30, ¶18, 333 Wis. 2d 273, 797 

N.W.2d 854 (citation omitted).

¶8 In the second phase, often referred to as the “dispositional phase,” 

the court must decide if it is in the child’s best interest that “the parent’s rights be 

permanently extinguished.” Steven V., 271 Wis. 2d 1, ¶¶26-27; see also WIS.

STAT. § 48.426(2). “At the dispositional hearing, the court must consider any 

agency report submitted and the six factors enumerated in § 48.426(3) in 
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determining the best interests of the child.” Sheboygan Cnty. DHHS v. Julie 

A.B., 2002 WI 95, ¶4, 255 Wis. 2d 170, 648 N.W.2d 402. 

¶9 The court will uphold the trial court’s decision to terminate parental 

rights “if there is a proper exercise of discretion.” State v. Margaret H., 2000 WI 

42, ¶32, 234 Wis. 2d 606, 610 N.W.2d 475. “A proper exercise of discretion 

requires the circuit court to apply the correct standard of law to the facts at hand.” 

Id. This court will not set aside the trial court’s factual findings unless they are 

clearly erroneous. See WIS. STAT. § 805.17(2). This court also reviews the 

sufficiency of the evidence as a question of law. See Sheboygan Cnty. DHHS v. 

Tanya M.B., 2010 WI 55, ¶18, 325 Wis. 2d 524, 785 N.W.2d 369. 

¶10 Tyler argues that the trial court erred when it found that the State 

proved the Continuing CHIPS grounds because the DMCPS failed to make a 

“reasonable effort” to provide services to him. See WIS. STAT. § 48.415(2)(a)2.

(listing as one of the elements of a Continuing CHIPS ground as the responsible 

agency “has made a reasonable effort to provide the services ordered by the 

court”). Specifically, Tyler argues that the DMCPS failed to take into account the 

limitations that his incarceration placed on him when it attempted to provide him 

services. See State v. Raymond C., 187 Wis. 2d 10, 12-15, 522 N.W.2d 243 (Ct. 

App. 1994) (concluding that the effort to provide “court-ordered services” to a 

“developmentally disabled and unable to read” parent must be “examined in light 

of [the parent’s] limitations”). 

¶11 What Tyler fails to recognize in making this argument, however, is 

that Tyler was not incarcerated for the majority of the time that the DMCPS

provided services. The DMCPS became involved with providing services when 
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the children were removed from the parental home in September 2017, and the 

children were found by the court to be in need of protection or services in 

November 2017. When the court entered the CHIPS dispositional order on April 

6, 2018, the DMCPS continued to provide many of the same services that were

already being offered. Tyler did not become incarcerated until July 2019,

5

and the 

State then filed the petition to terminate Tyler’s parental rights on August 28, 

2019—the time to complete the court ordered services had largely passed.

6

 

¶12 Indeed, Tyler testified to his efforts and acknowledged that the 

DMCPS was making an effort to provide him services from the time the children 

 

5

 Tyler was on probation for a conviction for “possession with the intent to deliver 

cocaine and felon in possession of a firearm.” He was incarcerated in July 2019, for a violation 

of his probation following a domestic violence incident involving Caroline. Tyler’s probation 

agent testified that Caroline reported the incident to her and described that Tyler “turned the TV 

all the way up so that no one could hear her crying, that he grabbed her by her hair, [and] that he 

hit her in the face.” 

6

 As part of the Continuing CHIPS grounds, the State is required to prove that the parent 

“has failed to meet the conditions established for the safe return of the child to the home.” WIS.

STAT. § 48.415(2)(a)3. However, 

if the child has been placed outside the home for less than 15 of 

the most recent 22 months, [the petitioner must show] that there 

is a substantial likelihood that the parent will not meet these 

conditions as of the date on which the child will have been 

placed outside the home for 15 of the most recent 22 months[.] 

Id. By August 2019 when the State filed the petition to terminate Tyler’s parental rights, Tyler’s

children had been placed outside the home for more than 15 of the most recent 22 months.

This court notes that, in his brief, Tyler states that “[t]o demonstrate a continuing need of 

protection or services as a ground for TPR in this case, the following four elements must be 

proven ... (4) There is a substantial likelihood that [Tyler] will not meet these conditions within 

the 9-month period following the termination fact-finding hearing.” Our legislature eliminated 

the 9-month failure to meet requirement when it amended WIS. STAT. § 48.415(2)(a)3. See 2017 

Wis. Act 256, § 1. The statute now reads as stated above. Tyler makes no argument regarding 

this element and, therefore, this court does not discuss it.
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where removed from the home in September 2017. For example, Tyler testified 

that he had an AODA assessment right away in November 2017. He also testified 

that he attended several sessions of couples counseling with Caroline and 

completed parenting classes after the case manager had assisted him with those 

services. He further testified that the case manager arranged visits through an 

organization called “SaintA”

7

and that, for a period of time, he was having visits 

with the children at his home until June 2019 when concerns arose about bed bugs 

and cockroaches in the home. 

¶13 Despite Tyler’s testimony about his participation in the services 

provided, several other witnesses testified that Tyler precluded the DMCPS from 

moving forward with providing services because Tyler failed to acknowledge that 

his relationship with Caroline was plagued by domestic violence. In fact, even at 

the hearing on the grounds phase, Tyler testified that there was “not hitting” in his 

relationship with Caroline. 

¶14 Yet, other witnesses, including Caroline, testified to ongoing 

concerns about domestic violence. The initial assessment worker testified that 

DMCPS was originally prompted to remove the children from the home in 

September 2017 in part because of concerns of domestic violence in the home that 

put both Caroline and the children at risk. She testified that when she first met 

with Caroline, Caroline reported that Tyler “had hit her several times in the face 

with an open hand.” She further testified that Caroline described an incident 

 

7

 SaintA is a human services organization that strives to address the impact of trauma, 

prevent adversity and promote resilience for the people in its care, including among other things,

foster care, education, and mental health services for individuals and families. See

https://sainta.org/about-us/ (last visited July 20, 2021).
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where Tyler had choked her and another incident where Tyler had “busted her 

lip.” Caroline also testified that the children were removed because of domestic 

violence because Tyler “was putting his hand on [her]” and “[she] just be having 

marks on [her] face.” One of the case managers also testified that Caroline’s sister 

stayed with Caroline and Tyler for a period of time because of “issues in their 

relationship” and because Tyler “got in her face.” She further testified that 

Caroline would report that Tyler would spit in her face and “physically put his 

hand on her.”

¶15 Testimony from several witnesses at the hearing also showed that 

the DMCPS was not able to move forward in providing services because Tyler

showed a lack of motivation to care for the children himself or assist Caroline in 

providing for the children. During home visits, Tyler would delegate tasks

involving the children to either Caroline or another adult. In fact, in response to a 

question asking Tyler if he believed that he “delegated things for [Caroline] to do 

in parenting,” he responded, “The only thing I know in the house is the coffee pot 

because [Caroline] take care of everything. [Caroline] take care of me....” Tyler 

also testified that it “was never brought to [his] attention” that Caroline did not 

have the ability to parent the children on her own. There was also testimony that 

Tyler was not able to maintain a job, spent periods of time not working, and was 

even homeless at one point. Thus, there were also concerns over Tyler’s ability to

care for the children and provide for their needs that precluded the DMCPS from 

moving forward in providing services to Tyler.

¶16 This court does not see Tyler’s incarceration as a limitation on the 

DMCPS’ efforts to provide services to Tyler, and the DMCPS’ efforts were not 

the reason that Tyler was unable to complete the court ordered services for the 
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return of his children. As the trial court stated, Tyler’s testimony about his 

relationship with Caroline and his testimony that there was no physical domestic 

violence in their relationship was “a flat out lie and not recognizing that made it 

impossible for the [DMCPS] to move forward.” This court concludes that the trial

court did not err in finding that the DMCPS made reasonable efforts to provide 

Tyler the court ordered services and that the State had proved the Continuing 

CHIPS grounds.

¶17 Tyler next argues that the trial court erred when it found that the 

State proved that Tyler failed to assume parental responsibility because Tyler did 

not have a “substantial parental relationship” with the children. See WIS. STAT.

§ 48.415(6)(a) (requiring proof that there was no “substantial parental relationship 

with the child” for failure to assume parental responsibility). A substantial 

parental relationship “means the acceptance and exercise of significant 

responsibility for the daily supervision, education, protection and care of the 

child.” Sec. 48.415(6)(b). “[A] fact-finder must look to the totality-of-thecircumstances to determine if a parent has assumed parental responsibility,” and 

“the fact-finder should consider the circumstances that have occurred over the 

entirety of the child’s life.” Tammy W-G., 333 Wis. 2d 273, ¶22.

¶18 Tyler testified that he babysat the children on a regular basis starting 

in 2012 until 2015 when he then moved in with Caroline and cared for the children

as a stay-at-home parent. In fact, he testified that he saw the children “every day.” 

He further testified that they have remained in contact during his incarceration by 

exchanging letters and drawings.
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¶19 While Tyler may have testified as such, there were several other 

witnesses who testified in support of the opposite conclusion. Indeed, even Tyler 

himself testified that he did not recognize three of his four children as his until the 

DNA testing that was completed in October 2017 showed that he was most likely 

the father. As noted earlier, there was also testimony that Tyler would delegate 

tasks involving the care of the children to others and Tyler would avoid providing 

the care himself.

¶20 This court “defer[s] to the [trial] court’s credibility determinations.” 

See Raymond C., 187 Wis. 2d at 14. In finding that Tyler failed to assume 

parental responsibility, the trial court clearly discredited Tyler’s testimony in the 

face of ample testimony from other witnesses that Tyler did not engage with the 

children and care for them. The trial court stated:

I think he was clear in his testimony when he said he didn’t 

know about anything but the coffee pot. That was his level 

of care. I believe he spoke the truth.... [T]he evidence is 

clear, satisfactory and convincing that he didn’t think he 

was the parent of these children for a number of years. It 

was put on the back of [Caroline] to care for these children, 

to bring in food and clothing for these children, put a roof 

over their heads. 

This court defers to that credibility determination, and consequently, this court

concludes that the trial court did not err when it found that Tyler failed to assume 

parental responsibility because he lacked a substantial parental relationship with 

the children.

¶21 Tyler last argues that the trial court erroneously weighed the factors 

at the disposition hearing and placed undue emphasis on his incarceration. In his 

argument, Tyler focuses his attention on the third factor, namely whether the 
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children have a substantial relationship with their father or other family members 

and whether it would be harmful to sever those relationships. See WIS. STAT.

§ 48.426(3)(c). Tyler argues that prior to his incarceration, he developed a 

substantial relationship with his children, and it was error for the trial court to 

disregard the relationship he developed with his children prior to his incarceration 

when it analyzed and assigned weight to this factor. 

¶22 As a part of the disposition hearing, the trial court discussed whether 

Tyler had a substantial parental relationship with his children in relevant part

saying: 

[H]e has not demonstrated to me and has not provided 

evidence to me that he was ever the caretaker for any of 

those children and these four children particularly who 

given some of their needs and how they are being 

addressed I don’t find it to be a credible statement.... 

[T]hese past three years [the children] are in a place that 

filled the void of him being a parent. I think that’s why the 

children refer to them, the foster parents, as mommy and 

daddy and they refer to [Tyler] as their father ....

The trial court found that there was “recognition of their biological connection”

but not “a recognition of what he has done for them[.]” Thus, the trial court 

ultimately found that “yes, the children know who he is. They know that’s my dad 

but beyond that it is different than someone who puts in the time as a caregiver.” 

¶23 The trial court also stated:

[B]y his own statements he may have done some daycare 

while [Caroline] was out working but he wasn’t working 

and he has demonstrated to the [c]ourt he has not been able 

to hold down a job consistently or housing consistently and 

frankly, he is still married to the mother of [Caroline] so he 

hasn’t demonstrated to the [c]ourt that he is really ready, 

willing and able to in the future or near future to step up 
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and care for all four of these children. They have needs 

that are being met at this time.[

8

]

¶24 The record does not show that the trial court placed any undue 

emphasis on Tyler’s incarceration. In fact, the trial court’s exact words were that 

Tyler failed to demonstrate that “he was ever the caretaker.” (Emphasis added.) 

The trial court’s finding considered Tyler’s relationship with the children from the 

time they were born and, contrary to Tyler’s argument, was not focused on the 

time during which Tyler was incarcerated. Thus, this court concludes that the trial 

court did not err in its assessment of the third factor at the disposition hearing.

¶25 Moreover, this court concludes that the trial court did not 

erroneously exercise its discretion weighing the remaining applicable statutory 

factors—those factors weighed in favor of terminating Tyler’s parental rights. See

WIS. STAT. § 48.426(3). 

¶26 The trial court addressed that the children were in foster placements 

that would also be adoptive resources if the parental rights were terminated. See

WIS. STAT. § 48.426(3)(a) (stating “[t]he likelihood of the child’s adoption after 

termination” as a factor to consider in determining the best interests of the child). 

The trial court also recognized that the needs of the children were being met since

being removed from the parental home. See § 48.426(3)(b) (listing “[t]he age and 

health of the child, both at the time of the disposition and, if applicable, at the time 

the child was removed from the home”). The trial court also addressed that the 

children had been removed from the care of their parents for approximately three 

 

8

 This court construes the trial court’s statement to mean that the children’s needs were 

being met at the time of the hearing in their foster home placements.
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years and “[t]hree years is a significant amount of time.” See § 48.426(3)(e)

(listing “[t]he duration of the separation of the parent from the child” as a factor).

¶27 Lastly, the trial court spent a significant amount of time on the 

stability that Tyler could provide for the children and whether the children would 

be in a more stable and permanent familial relationship if the parental rights were 

terminated. See WIS. STAT. § 48.426(3)(f) (“Whether the child will be able to 

enter into a more stable and permanent family relationship as a result of 

termination[.]”). The trial court stated that Tyler has to “get his life in order 

because he has a long road to go. He has some things he has to address, getting 

his GED, going through anger management with a component of domestic 

violence....” The trial court further recognized that Tyler has not maintained a 

stable home or employment saying:

[H]e needs to work on getting housing and getting a job so 

he can care for himself and not rely on others to care for 

him, which seems to be the pattern here based on his 

testimony today about the number of people he has lived 

with but none of them for longer than two or three years .... 

I believe that the testimony from his probation officer ... 

was that he wasn’t interested and he wasn’t very active in 

trying to find a job because he couldn’t find one that fits his 

needs and that was good enough for him to work.

¶28 Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not erroneously exercise its 

discretion in terminating Tyler’s parental rights given the number of factors that 

weighed in favor of termination.

By the Court.—Orders affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.

RULE 809.23(1)(b)4.