FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

August 21, 2018

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.

MICHAEL ALEXANDER BACON,

Defendant - Appellant.

No. 16-4106

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH

(D.C. No. 2:14-CR-00563-DN-1)

Veronica S. Rossman, Assistant Federal Public Defender (Virginia L. Grady,

Federal Public Defender, with her on the briefs), Denver, Colorado, for

Defendant-Appellant.

Ryan D. Tenney, Assistant United States Attorney (John W. Huber, United States

Attorney, with him on the brief), Salt Lake City, Utah, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before HARTZ, McKAY, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.

McKAY, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Michael Bacon appeals the district court’s denial of his post-conviction

motion under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(g) for the return of seized property
that allegedly went missing from the physical custody of state officials while federal

charges were pending.

In March 2014, Appellant was arrested by state officials on state charges. The

state officials seized property in Appellant’s possession at the time of his arrest, including

a fake mustache; a black wig; numerous items of clothing; a bank robbery demand note;

multiple wallets, knives, lighters, bags, and keys; the title to a vehicle; and a small

container with a crystalline substance within it that tested positive for meth.

In November 2014, while Appellant’s state charges were still pending, he was

indicted by a federal grand jury on five counts of bank robbery. Federal officials asked

the state officials to hold Appellant’s seized property for use as evidence in the federal

case.

In April 2015, Appellant entered a guilty plea in the state prosecution that resolved

all of the state charges against him. Also in April 2015, state officials allegedly released

some of the property seized from Appellant—specifically, a wallet and the keys and title

to a van—to his ex-wife.

A few months later, Appellant entered a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea of guilty to three

counts of bank robbery in the federal case. At a hearing held on June 29, 2015, the

district court accepted the plea of guilty and sentenced Appellant to the stipulated Rule

11(c)(1)(C) sentence of eighty months of imprisonment. During this hearing, defense

counsel informed the court that Appellant wanted to have his seized property returned as

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soon as the time for appeal had expired. The court replied to this request by “releasing

whatever federal hold there is.” (R. Vol. III at 65.)

Following the expiration of Appellant’s time for appeal, defense counsel went to

the Salt Lake City Police Department to retrieve Appellant’s property for him. Several

items were returned to him. However, Appellant alleges that there is a major discrepancy

between what had been seized and what was turned over to counsel by state officials.

In February 2016, Appellant filed the instant Rule 41(g) motion asking the federal

government to show cause why he had not received all of his seized property. He sought

an itemization of and accounting for all of the seized property, as well as monetary

damages for any personal property that had been lost and/or given away.

The district court re-appointed defense counsel to represent Appellant in the Rule

41(g) proceeding. Following a hearing, the court denied the Rule 41(g) motion for two

reasons. First, the court held that Appellant had other adequate remedies at law,

including state causes of action and a pending federal § 1983 civil action Appellant had

already filed regarding the disposition of his seized property. Second, the court held that

it lacked subject matter jurisdiction to grant monetary relief for any missing property. 

This appeal followed.

“We review questions of law relating to a Rule 41(g) motion de novo, but we

review the district court’s weighing of equitable considerations and its decision to deny a

Rule 41(g) motion for an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Shigemura, 664 F.3d 310,

312 (10th Cir. 2011) (internal citations omitted).

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Rule 41(g) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provides that “[a] person

aggrieved . . . by the deprivation of property may move for the property’s return” by

filing a motion in the district where the property was seized. “[T]here are some limited

circumstances under which Rule 41[(g)] can be used as a vehicle to petition for the return

of property seized by state authorities,” such as in cases of “constructive federal

possession where the property was considered evidence in the federal prosecution.” 

Clymore v. United States, 164 F.3d 569, 571 (10th Cir. 1999) (Clymore I). However, we

have repeatedly held that Rule 41(g) provides “an equitable remedy” to a movant “only if

he can show irreparable harm and an inadequate remedy at law.” Id.; see also, e.g.,

Shigemura, 664 F.3d at 312 (“A district court should exercise its equitable power to grant

relief only if the Rule 41(g) movant shows irreparable harm and an inadequate remedy at

law.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). “Rule 41[(g)] jurisdiction should be exercised

with caution and restraint,” and the district court should dismiss a Rule 41(g) motion if

the movant has failed to make this showing. Floyd v. United States, 860 F.2d 999, 1003

(10th Cir. 1988).

We consider first Appellant’s legal argument that the inadequate-remedy test for

Rule 41(g) motions applies only to motions that are filed pre-indictment, but not to postconviction proceedings. For support, he cites to the Third Circuit’s holding, quoted by

this court in United States v. Clymore, 245 F.3d 1195, 1201 (10th Cir. 2001) (Clymore II),

that the burden of proving entitlement to seized property shifts from the movant to the

government after the criminal proceedings have terminated, at which point “the person

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from whom the property was seized is presumed to have a right to its return,” United

States v. Chambers, 192 F.3d 374, 377 (3d Cir. 1999). He contends that the same

reasoning should apply to loosen the standards for the exercise of equitable jurisdiction

over Rule 41(g) motions that are filed post-conviction.

We find this argument to be unpersuasive. The inadequate-remedy test is not

based on the burden of proof or on the strength of a movant’s claim, but on longstanding

principles of equity. Whether a Rule 41(g) motion is filed pre-indictment or postconviction, it remains an equitable remedy, and “in the federal courts equity has always

acted only when legal remedies were inadequate,” Beacon Theatres, Inc., v. Westover,

359 U.S. 500, 509 (1959); see also, e.g., Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 U.S.

374, 381 (1992) (“It is a basic doctrine of equity jurisprudence that courts of equity

should not act when the moving party has an adequate remedy at law and will not suffer

irreparable injury if denied equitable relief.” (internal quotation marks and ellipses

omitted)). We see no valid reason to depart from this longstanding equitable principle,

and we therefore reject Appellant’s argument that the district court erred by applying the

inadequate-remedy test to his post-conviction Rule 41(g) motion.

On the merits of the inadequate-remedy test, Appellant argues that the district

court erred in holding that he has adequate remedies at law because (1) it is far from clear

that he has an adequate remedy in his civil § 1983 case; (2) a state claim for damages

against state officials “is wholly different from . . . a motion for return of property held by

the federal government,” Floyd, 860 F.2d at 1005; and (3) we should not consider the

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specific state causes of action the government discusses in its appellate brief because the

district court did not name any specific state causes of actions below.

We address these arguments in reverse order, beginning with Appellant’s

argument that we should not consider the adequacy of any specific state causes of action

because the district court described no specific state remedies below. Appellant cites to

our holding in In re 6455 S. Yosemite, Englewood, Co., 897 F.2d 1549, 1557 (10th Cir.

1990), that “issues of irreparable injury and inadequate remedies at law are matters that

should be addressed by the district court in the first instance,” and he argues we should

“remand the issue rather than engage in fact-intensive analysis” of the adequacy of his

state remedies (Appellant’s Reply Br. at 6).

However, while it is true that such equitable questions should generally be

addressed by the district court in the first instance, we are not persuaded this general rule

is applicable here. First, while the district court did not describe the specific state court

remedies themselves, it did in fact address this matter by holding that there were state

causes of action that provided Appellant with an adequate remedy at law. Thus, affirming

on this ground would not usurp the district court’s functions, but would simply help flesh

out the legal basis for a decision that was already made by the district court. Second,

Appellant had an opportunity to address the specific state causes of action that were

discussed in the government’s brief. See Champagne Metals v. Ken-Mac Metals, Inc.,

458 F.3d 1073, 1088 (10th Cir. 2006) (“[W]e have discretion to affirm on any ground

adequately supported by the record, so long as the parties have had a fair opportunity to

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address that ground.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Finally, Appellant has

provided no explanation as to why the question of the existence or adequacy of state

remedies would be a fact-intensive issue requiring further factual development in this

case.

Among other potential state remedies, the government points to a Utah statute

which provides that “[a] person claiming ownership of property held as evidence may file

a petition with the court for the return of the property.” Utah Code Ann. § 24-3-

104(1)(a). Notably, an unpublished decision of this court has rejected the argument that

this Utah statute provides an inadequate legal remedy for a claim seeking the return of

seized property. Pinder v. Mitchell, 658 F. App’x 451, 454–56 (10th Cir. 2016). 

Moreover, as we pointed out in Pinder, the Utah Constitution contains a “self-executing”

clause which permits a claimant to seek just compensation for the government’s taking or

damaging of private property. Id. at 456; see also Utah Const. art. 1, § 22; Heughs Land,

LLC v. Holladay City, 113 P.3d 1024, 1026 (Utah App. 2005). Appellant has provided no

persuasive argument as to why these state remedies would be inadequate in his case.

Appellant argues that his state remedies are inadequate because state causes of

action are “wholly different from . . . a motion for return of property held by the federal

government,” Floyd, 860 F.2d at 1005. In Floyd, however, the property was being held in

the physical custody of the federal government and, moreover, the state replevin statute

only applied to property that was statutorily exempt from seizure. In this case, on the

other hand, federal possession of the seized property is only constructive, and even this

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constructive possession arguably ended when the district court ordered the release of any

federal hold on the property at the expiration of Appellant’s time to appeal from his

federal criminal conviction, well before Appellant filed the instant Rule 41(g) motion. 

Moreover, the state law at issue in this case appears to provide a much broader remedy

than the state law at issue in Floyd.

The disputed property in this case was seized by state officials pursuant to a state

warrant and held as evidence for state charges. While the federal government later

informed the state that it would be filing federal charges and asked the state to hold the

property as evidence for the pending federal case, there is no indication in the record that

the property ever physically changed hands. Even when the property was in the

constructive possession of the federal government, the state retained actual, physical

custody over it. Appellant has presented no persuasive argument as to why he cannot use

available state processes to obtain the return of, or compensation for, property that was

seized by the state, retained in the physical custody of the state, and allegedly lost or

improperly disposed of by the state.

We accordingly conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion by

denying Appellant’s Rule 41(g) motion on the ground that he has adequate legal remedies

under state law. Because we affirm on this ground, we do not address the district court’s

alternative holding that Appellant’s federal § 1983 action also provides him with an

adequate remedy at law, nor do we address any other potential basis for the district

court’s decision.

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Finally, Appellant argues that, regardless of the merits of the district court’s

holding that Appellant has adequate legal remedies, remand is necessary because the

district court failed to conduct a hearing to resolve disputed issues of fact regarding

Appellant’s missing property. For support, he cites to Rule 41(g)’s statement that the

district court “must receive evidence on any factual issue necessary to decide” a Rule

41(g) motion. However, the district court was not required to resolve all of the disputed

factual issues in this case—who owned the van, what property was missing, whether the

withheld property was contraband per se or derivative contraband, etc.—in order to

decide that Appellant had an adequate remedy at law and thus the court should decline to

exercise its equitable jurisdiction over his Rule 41(g) motion. Because these factual

issues were therefore not “necessary to decide” the Rule 41(g) motion, the district court

did not err in declining to receive evidence regarding them.

We accordingly AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Appellant’s Rule 41(g)

motion for the return of property. We GRANT the government’s motion to supplement

the appellate record with documents from Appellant’s related state and federal cases.

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