Tank 5 Initial Release Response Report 

Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility 

JBPHH, Oahu, Hawaii 

DOH Facility ID No. 9-102271 

DOH Release ID No. 140010 

April 2014 

Prepared by: 

Commander 

Navy Region Hawaii 

Environmental Department, Code N45 

850 Ticonderoga Street, Suite 110 

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii 96860-5101 

Initial Release Response Report 

Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility April 2014 

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Table of Contents 

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. i

Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Statement of Purpose ........................................................................................................ 2

1.2 Previous Reports .............................................................................................................. 2

2.0 Background .......................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Site Description ................................................................................................................ 2

2.2 Facility Information .......................................................................................................... 3

2.3 UST Information .............................................................................................................. 3

3.0 General History of the Release ............................................................................................ 5

4.0 Initial Response and Abatement........................................................................................... 5

4.1 Tank Draining .................................................................................................................. 5

4.2 Oil/Water Interface Measurements ................................................................................. 6

4.3 Soil Vapor Sampling ........................................................................................................ 6

4.4 Groundwater Sampling .................................................................................................... 7

4.5 Drinking Water Sampling ................................................................................................ 7

5.0 Site Sampling for Release Verification ................................................................................ 9

5.1 Oil/Water Interface Measurements .................................................................................. 9

5.2 Soil Vapor Sampling ........................................................................................................ 9

5.3 Groundwater Sampling .................................................................................................. 11

5.3.1 RHMW01................................................................................................................. 11

5.3.2 RHMW02................................................................................................................. 11

5.3.3 RHMW05................................................................................................................. 12

5.3.4 RHMW2254-01 ....................................................................................................... 12

5.4 Drinking Water Sampling .............................................................................................. 12

6.0 Subsurface Conditions/Water Quality ............................................................................... 15

8.0 Potential Migration Pathways ........................................................................................... 16

8.1 Groundwater Usage ........................................................................................................ 17

8.2 Risk Summary ............................................................................................................... 17

9.0 Surrounding Populations and Land Use ........................................................................... 17

9.1 Surrounding Populations ..................................................................................................... 17

9.2 Land Use ............................................................................................................................. 17

10.0 Summary of Findings ......................................................................................................... 18

11.0 Planned Future Release Response Actions ........................................................................ 18

11.1 Groundwater Protection Plan Update ......................................................................... 18

11.2 Groundwater Flow Model .......................................................................................... 18

11.3 Site Characterization................................................................................................... 18

11.4 Vertical Migration Model ........................................................................................... 19

11.5 Remediation of Contamination ................................................................................... 19

11.6 Installation of Additional Wells ................................................................................. 19

12.0 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 19

13.0 References .......................................................................................................................... 19
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Table 1 Current Status of the USTs ............................................................................................4 

Table 2 Summary of UST Information .......................................................................................4 

Table 3 Summary of Laboratory Analytical Results for Groundwater Samples, 

January 15 through 29, 2014 ..........................................................................................8 

Table 4 Drinking Water Sampling Summary ...........................................................................10 

Table 5 Summary of Laboratory Analytical Results for Groundwater Samples, 

October 21, 2013 through April 7, 2014 ......................................................................13 

Appendix A – Figures 

Appendix B – Soil Vapor Sampling Results through January 30, 2014 

Appendix C – Soil Vapor Sampling Results through April 16, 2014 

.
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Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility April 2014 

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Executive Summary 

Commander Navy Region Hawaii (CNRH) prepared this Initial Release Response Report in 

accordance with the State of Hawaii Department of Health (DOH) Underground Storage Tank 

(UST) Technical Guidance Manual (DOH, 2000) and in response to the DOH release response 

letters dated February 12, 2014 and February 26, 2014 for the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage 

Facility. The objective of this report is to describe the actions taken by the Navy in the last 90 

days in response to the fuel released from Tank 5. 

The Facility is located in the south-central portion of the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, in Halawa 

Heights. There are 18 active and 2 inactive, 12.5 million gallon, field-constructed USTs located 

at the Facility. 

A confirmed release of Jet Propellant 8, also known as Jet Propulsion fuel, type 8 (JP-8) from 

Tank 5 was reported on January 24, 2014. Immediately after the release was detected, the Navy 

began draining the contents of the UST and collected soil vapor samples from existing vapor 

monitoring points and groundwater samples from monitoring wells. Results indicated the 

presence of elevated levels of hydrocarbons in soil vapor; however, no free product from Tank 5 

was detected in the groundwater samples. Soil vapor and groundwater samples continue to be 

collected from select locations adjacent to Tank 5. 

The Navy has identified several contract actions that would help ensure the drinking water 

around the facility remains safe. A contract has been awarded to modify the existing 

Groundwater Protection Plan and develop a recommended approach to effectively update the 

existing groundwater model and contaminant fate and transport model for the Facility. The Navy 

is in the process of procuring the services of a contractor to define the nature, extent, and 

magnitude of soil and groundwater contamination beneath Tank 5, in addition to preparing a 

vertical migration model, and conducting a pilot study to evaluate free product removal or in-situ 

remediation. 
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1.0 Introduction 

As required by Hawaii Administrative Rules 11-281-80.1, Release Response Reporting, this 

Initial Release Response Report presents the following information: 

1) A description of all release response actions taken during the first 90-day period (first 

quarter) following the confirmation of the release of Jet Propellant 8, also known as Jet 

Propulsion fuel, type 8 (JP-8) from Tank 5, and 

2) A plan for future release response actions to be taken. 

This report presents a summary of the release response activities performed from January 13, 

2014 through April 18, 2014 at the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility (hereinafter referred to as 

“the Facility”) located at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam (JBPHH), Oahu, Hawaii. 

1.1 Statement of Purpose 

Release response actions were performed to address a fuel release observed in Tank 5. 

1.2 Previous Reports 

Release confirmation information for Tank 5 was submitted to the State of Hawaii Department of 

Health (DOH) as Commander Navy Region Hawaii (CNRH) letter 5090 Ser N45/044 dated 

January 23, 2014. 

2.0 Background 

The following sections provide a description of the site, information on the Facility and 

underground storage tanks (USTs), general history of the release, and a description of response 

and abatement activities. 

2.1 Site Description 

The Facility is located on federal government land (zoned F1- Military and Federal), located in 

Halawa Heights, approximately 2.5 miles northeast of Pearl Harbor (Figure 1). It is located on a 

low ridge on the western edge of the Koolau Mountain Range that divides Halawa Valley from 

Moanalua Valley. The Facility is bordered on the north by Halawa Correctional Facility and 

private businesses, on the west by the United States (U.S.) Coast Guard reservation, on the south 

by residential neighborhoods, and on the east by Moanalua Valley. A quarry is located less than 

a quarter mile away to the northwest. The Facility occupies 144 acres of land and the majority of 

the site is at an elevation of approximately 200 to 500 feet above mean sea level (msl) 

(Environmental Science International, Inc., 2014). 

Area wells and aquifers are shown in Figure 2. A site layout of groundwater monitoring wells 

and soil vapor monitoring points are shown in Figure 3. 
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2.2 Facility Information 

The Facility contains 18 active and 2 inactive USTs, which are operated by Naval Supply 

Systems Command (NAVSUP) Fleet Logistics Center (FLC) Pearl Harbor (formerly Fleet and 

Industrial Supply Center). The Facility was constructed by the U.S. Government in the early 

1940s. Twenty USTs and a series of tunnels were constructed to supply fuel to the Navy. Each 

UST has a capacity of approximately 12.5 million gallons. The Facility is located approximately 

100 feet above the basal aquifer. The USTs contain Jet Fuel Propellant-5 (JP-5), JP-8, and 

Marine Diesel Fuel (F-76). Tank 5 is used to store JP-8. 

Four groundwater monitoring wells (wells RHMW01, RHMW02, RHMW03, and RHMW05) 

are located within the lower access tunnel, and one sampling point (RHMW2254-01) is located 

at Red Hill Shaft. Sampling point RHMW2254-01 is located inside the infiltration gallery of the 

Department of the Navy (Navy) Well 2254-01. Navy Well 2254-01 is located approximately 

2,400 feet down-gradient of the USTs and provides potable water to the JBPHH Water System, 

which serves approximately 65,200 military customers. Naval Facilities Engineering Command 

(NAVFAC) Public Works Department operates the infiltration gallery and Navy Well 2254-01. 

Two groundwater monitoring wells (well HDMW2253-03 and OWDFMW01) are located 

outside of the Facility tunnel system (Figure 3). Well HDMW2253-03 is located at the Halawa 

Correctional Facility (outside the Facility) and well OWDFMW01 is located at the Oily Waste 

Disposal Facility, near Adit 3. 

2.3 UST Information 

There are twenty 12.5 million-gallon USTs at the Facility. The USTs were constructed of steel 

and currently contain JP-5, JP-8, and F-76. Several tanks in the past have stored Navy special 

fuel oil, Navy distillate, aviation gasoline, and motor gasoline (Environet, 2010). The fueling 

system is a self-contained underground unit that was installed into native rock comprised 

primarily of basalt with some interbedded tuffs and breccias (Environet, 2010). Each UST 

measures approximately 245 feet in height and 100 feet in diameter. The upper domes of the 

tanks lie at depths varying between 100 feet and 200 feet below ground surface. 

The current status of each of the USTs is summarized in Table 1. The release was observed on 

the lower access tunnel wall, beneath Tank 5. Table 2, “Summary of UST Information,” 

summarizes the available UST information for Tank 5. 
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Table 1 

Current Status of the USTs 

Tank 

Identification Fuel Type Status Capacity 

1 None Inactive 12.5 million gallons 

2 JP-8 Active 12.5 million gallons 

3 JP-8 Active 12.5 million gallons 

4 JP-8 Active 12.5 million gallons 

5 JP-8 Temporarily Out of Use 12.5 million gallons 

6 JP-8 Active 12.5 million gallons 

7 JP-5 Active 12.5 million gallons 

8 JP-5 Active 12.5 million gallons 

9 JP-5 Active 12.5 million gallons 

10 JP-5 Active 12.5 million gallons 

11 JP-5 Active 12.5 million gallons 

12 JP-5 Active 12.5 million gallons 

13 F-76 Active 12.5 million gallons 

14 F-76 Temporarily Out of Use 12.5 million gallons 

15 F-76 Active 12.5 million gallons 

16 F-76 Active 12.5 million gallons 

17 JP-5 Temporarily Out of Use 12.5 million gallons 

18 JP-5 Active 12.5 million gallons 

19 None Inactive 12.5 million gallons 

20 JP-5 Active 12.5 million gallons 

F-76 Marine Diesel Fuel 

JP-5 Jet Fuel Propellant-5 

JP-8 Jet Fuel Propellant-8 

 

Table 2 

Summary of UST Information 

Facility ID 9-102271 

Release ID 140010 

UST ID 5 

UST Capacity 12,500,000 gallons 

UST Construction Field-constructed, steel-lined concrete 

Substance stored JP-8 

Date Installed 1941 

UST Owner Commander Navy Region Hawaii 

UST Operator Naval Supply Systems Command Fleet Logistics 

Center Pearl Harbor/ Defense Logistics Agency 

(Funding Agent for the Release) 
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3.0 General History of the Release 

A 4-year project to clean, inspect, and repair Tank 5 was completed in December 2013. Fuel 

was added to the tank beginning on December 9, 2013. Due to the enormous size of the tanks at 

the Facility, filling operations typically take approximately one month. In January 2014, tank 

filling operations were near completion. 

The fuel release from Tank 5 was discovered at 7:30 am on January 13, 2014. The tank level 

indicator and visual evidence alerted fuel operators of the fuel loss. Fuel operators observed an 

unscheduled fuel movement alarm on January 11, 2014. Following the alarm, five manual tank 

gauges were taken from January 11 to January 13, 2014. The tank gauges showed a decrease of 

3/16” in the fuel level. In addition, a wet spot was noticed on the tunnel wall the evening of 

January 12, 2014. The wet spot was later determined to be a petroleum substance. 

To determine the amount of fuel lost, all fuel transactions (gains and losses) from Tank 5 

between the date the tank was placed back into service (December 9, 2013) and the date the 

release was detected (January 13, 2014) were added. Manual tank gauges were used and fuel 

levels were calculated based on a current strapping chart. The estimated cumulative total of all 

gains and losses was 27,000 gallons. 

4.0 Initial Response and Abatement 

The following sections describe activities that were performed during the first four weeks after 

the discovery of the suspected release of JP-8 from Tank 5. 

4.1 Tank Draining 

As a precaution, when notified of the decrease in tank level, the NAVSUP FLC Pearl Harbor 

Fuel and Facility Management Director had fuel operators initiate tank draining at 6:00 am on 

January 13, 2014. The NAVSUP FLC Pearl Harbor Fuel and Facility Management Director 

conducted further investigation by looking at the log numbers in the control room and the wet 

spot on the tunnel wall. At 7:30 am on January 13, 2014, the NAVSUP FLC Pearl Harbor Fuel 

and Facility Management Director made the official determination that there was a potential leak 

and began the notification process. Draining of Tank 5 began prior to the discovery of the 

release. 

The tank was drained to the bottom at 2:20 am on January 18, 2014. Following venting of 

Tank 5, the tank was certified gas-free and safe to enter. Approximately 250 gallons of residual 

product was removed from the tank bottom on April 9, 2014. After all Health and Safety 

requirements are met, a detailed visual inspection shall be conducted and a forensic report on the 

integrity of the tank shall be delivered by the tank inspection experts. 
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4.2 Oil/Water Interface Measurements 

Oil/water interface measurements were taken at monitoring wells RHMW01, RHMW02, and 

RHMW05 and sampling point RHMW2254-01 on January 15, 2014 and for ten consecutive 

weekdays from January 22 through February 4, 2014. Oil/water interface measurements were 

taken at monitoring wells RHMW01, RHMW02, and RHMW05 on February 10, 2014. 

The water level at each well and sampling point was gauged and measured for the presence of 

light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) using an interface meter. The interface meter was 

lowered into the wells and sampling point to determine the depth of water to the nearest 0.01 foot, 

and the existence of any immiscible layers (LNAPL). No LNAPL was detected. 

4.3 Soil Vapor Sampling 

Soil vapor sampling was performed at Tank 5 on January 15, 2014 and at all active and 

accessible tanks on January 30, 2014. 

Soil vapor samples were collected and analyzed in the field for volatile organic compound (VOC) 

concentrations using a photo-ionization detector (PID). Soil vapor monitoring points (SVMPs) 

were given a SV prefix, followed by the associated tank number, and then the location under the 

tank: “S” for shallow or front of the UST, “M” for mid depth or middle or the UST, and “D” for 

deep or outer edge of the UST. Typical SVMP construction details are shown in Figure 4 and 

Figure 5. 

A conservative approach to assess the integrity of the associated tank system is to measure if 

VOC concentrations exceed 280,000 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in soil vapor monitoring 

probes beneath tanks containing JP-5 or JP-8, or 14,000 ppbv in soil vapor monitoring probes 

beneath tanks containing marine diesel fuel. These values are 50 percent of the calculated vapor 

concentration from fuel-saturated water. 

The soil vapor VOC concentrations at Tank 5 increased significantly in the middle and outer 

edge SVMPs during the January 15, 2014 sampling event. The VOC concentration in the middle 

SVMP was 225,000 ppbv compared to 622 ppbv detected during the previous sampling event on 

December 23, 2013. The VOC concentration in the outer edge SVMP was 204,000 ppbv 

compared to 794 ppbv on December 23, 2013. The VOC concentration in the front SVMP was 

relatively unchanged at 96 ppbv, compared to 50 ppbv on December 23, 2013. 

Soil vapor samples were collected from beneath 17 of the 18 active tanks on January 30, 2014. 

Tank 14 was not accessible due to construction work. The soil vapor VOC concentrations in 

SV05M and SV05D (150,000 and 175,000 ppbv, respectively) decreased since the previous 

sampling event on January 15, 2014. Significant increases in VOC concentrations in SVMPs at 

nearby Tanks 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9 were observed. Moderate increases in VOC concentrations were 

observed in SVMPs SV17M, SV17D, and SV18D. There were no significant changes in VOC 

concentration in the other SVMPs. 
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Soil vapor sampling results from March 24, 2008 through January 30, 2014 are presented in 

Appendix B. 

4.4 Groundwater Sampling 

Groundwater samples were collected from monitoring wells RHMW01, RHMW02, RHMW05, 

and sampling point RHMW2254-01 on January 15 and 16, 2014, then again on January 28 and 

29, 2014. 

Groundwater samples were collected from the Halawa Deep Monitoring Well HDMW2253-03 

on January 22 and 27, 2014. 

All groundwater samples were analyzed for the target analytes for releases of jet fuel as listed in 

Table 9-5 of the DOH Technical Guidance Manual for the Implementation of the Hawaii State 

Contingency Plan (DOH, 2013). The target analytes for jet fuel are total petroleum 

hydrocarbons as diesel (TPH-d), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and total xylenes (BTEX), 

naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, and 2-methylnaphthalene. 

Concentrations of TPH-d were detected above the DOH Environmental Action Levels (EALs) 

for both Drinking Water Toxicity and Gross Contamination in samples collected from RHMW01 

and RHMW02 on January 15, 2014 (DOH, 2011). The concentration of TPH-d at RHMW02 in 

January 15, 2014 also exceeded the site specific risk based level (SSRBL) of 4,500 micrograms 

per liter (ug/L). 

Concentrations of TPH-d were detected above the DOH Groundwater Gross Contamination EAL 

at RHMW01 on January 30, 2014. TPH-d was detected at concentrations above the DOH EALs 

for both Drinking Water Toxicity and Gross Contamination, but below the SSRBL in samples 

collected from RHMW02 on January 30, 2014. 

Over half of the TPH-d analytical results were flagged with the data qualifier “HD”, which 

indicates the chromatographic pattern was inconsistent with the profile of the reference fuel 

standard. 

Naphthalene and 1-methylnaphthalene were detected at RHMW02 at concentrations above the 

DOH EAL for Drinking Water Toxicity but below the DOH Groundwater Gross Contamination 

EAL on January 15 and 28, 2014. 

Concentrations of all other target analytes were below DOH EALs or not detected. Analytical 

results are presented in Table 3. 

4.5 Drinking Water Sampling 

As a precautionary measure the Red Hill Water Shaft was shut down on January 16, 2014 and an 

alternative water source used to supply water to the Pearl Harbor Naval Complex. Drinking 
Table 3

Summary of Laboratory Analytical Results for 

Groundwater Samples

January 15 through 29, 2014 

Well Name Date Sampled 

8015 8270 

Lab ID No. 

TPH-d 

(μg/l) 

Naphthalene (μg/l)

1,-Methylnaphthalene 

2,-Methylnaphthalene 

Benzene (μg/l)

DOH EAL Drinking Water 

Toxicity 

- - 190 17 4.7 24 5 

DOH EAL Gross 

Contamination 

- - 100 21 10 10 170 

RHMW01 1/15/14 ES048 250 HD 0.062J 0.040J 0.039J <0.5 RHMW01 1/28/14 ES056 130 HD 0.045 J <0.050 <0.050 <0.5 RHMW02 1/15/14 ES046/047d 5,200 18 6.0 4.9 <0.5 RHMW02 1/28/14 ES057/057d 2,300 HD 18 9.0 5.9 0.15 J RHMW05 1/16/14 ES049 <20 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.5 RHMW05 1/29/14 ES061 16J, HD <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.5 

RHMW2254-01 1/16/14 ES050 <20 0.046J <0.049 <0.049 <0.5 RHMW2254-01 1/29/14 ES060 <20 0.049J <0.050 <0.050 <0.5 HDMW2253-03 1/22/14 ES051/052d 18J, HD <0.051 <0.051 <0.051 <0.50 HDMW2253-03 1/27/14 ES055 35J, HD 0.064 J <0.051 <0.051 <0.50 

NOTES: Results were evaluated to the Method Detection Limit (DL). Concentrations greater than or equal to the DL but less than the Limit of QuantitaBold are equal to or above the Hawaii DOH Drinking Water Toxicity Environmental Action Level (EAL). μg/l = Micrograms per liter. “<” indicates non-d

given. d = Duplicate.

”J” flagged data are estimated. The “HD” flag indicates that the chromatographic pattern was inconsistent with the profile of the reference fuel sta
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water samples were collected from the post-treatment regulatory compliance sampling point 

(360-011, Tap Outside Cl2 Building) on January 14, 16, 21 and 28, 2014 and from the pretreatment regulatory sampling point (360-001, Red Hill Shaft Pumphead) on January 16, 2014. 

These samples were analyzed for VOCs, Semi-volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) and JP-8 

using EPA Methods 524.2, 525.2, and 8015B. 

All test results for the drinking water system were below the Maximum Contaminant Levels 

(MCLs) and acceptable for distribution. Minimal concentrations of bromoform were detected in 

the samples collected from 360-011 on January 16, 21, and 28, 2014, dibromochloromethane in 

the samples collected from 360-011 on January 21 and 28, 2014, and bromodichloromethane in 

the sample collected from 360-011 on January 28. 2014. All total trihalomethanes results were 

well below the MCL of 80 parts per billion (ppb). The Red Hill Drinking Shaft 360-001 was reopened on February 6, 2014. 

All other analytes were not detected in the drinking water samples collected during this period. 

A summary of the drinking water sampling is provided in Table 4. 

5.0 Site Sampling for Release Verification 

The following sections describe activities that were performed from February 24, 2014 to 

April 18, 2014. 

5.1 Oil/Water Interface Measurements 

Oil/water interface measurements were taken at monitoring wells RHMW01 and RHMW02 on 

February 24, March 4, 14, 27, and April 7, 2014. Oil/water interface measurements were taken 

at monitoring wells RHMW05 on February 27, March 14, 27, and April 7, 2014. No LNAPL 

was detected. 

5.2 Soil Vapor Sampling 

Soil vapor sampling was performed as follows: 

 February 24 – All active and accessible tanks 

 March 5 – Tanks 2 through 10 

 March 10 – Tanks 2 through 10 

 March 21 – Tanks 5, 6, 7, and 8 

 March 25 and 28 – All active and accessible tanks 

 April 3 – Tanks 5, 6, 7, and 8 

 April 7 – Tanks 2 through 10 

 April 16 – Tanks 5, 6, 7, and 8 
Table 4

Drinking Water Sampling Summary

Red Hill Tank 5

Sample Date 524.2; 525.2 8015B 200.8 524.2; 525.2 8015B 200.8 Detections and Co

1/14/2014 ND ND N/A N/A N/A N/A1/16/2014 ND ND N/A ND ND N/A Bromoform detected in the 524.2 analysis 

1/21/2014 ND ND N/A N/A N/A N/A Bromoform, Dibromochloromethane were 

1/28/2014 ND ND N/A N/A N/A N/A Bromoform, Bromodichloromethane, Dibro

detected.

2/11/2014 ND ND 5.2 ppb N/A N/A 3.7 ppb Bromoform, Dibromochloromethane, and 

lead at old post‐chlorination sampling poin

2/28/2014 N/A N/A ND N/A N/A ND Result for lead at old post‐chlorination sam

3/11/2014 ND ND ND N/A N/A ND Bromoform was detected. Result for lead 

point was ND.

4/8/2014 Results not received to date.

5/13/2014 Scheduled sampling for Lead at 360‐011 on

6/10/2014 Scheduled sampling for Lead at 360‐011 on

7/8/2014 Scheduled sampling for 524.2, 525.2, 8015

10/14/2014 Scheduled sampling for 524.2, 525.2, 8015

EPA Method 524.2 for volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

EPA Method 525.2 for semi‐volatile organic compounds

EPA Method 8015 for JP8 (C8‐C18) gas chromatograph

EPA Method 200.8 for lead

360‐011, Tap Outside CL2 Bldg Pumphead, 360‐001
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Soil vapor VOC concentrations at Tank 5 exceeded 280,000 ppbv during the April 3, 7, and 16 

sampling events. Soil vapor VOC concentrations significantly increased at Tanks 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 

and 10 during the March 25, 2014 sampling event. Soil vapor VOC concentrations significantly 

increased at Tank 6 during the April 3, 2014 sampling event. A possible reason for the increase 

in VOC concentrations is that Tank 5 was being vented during this time. 

Between December 23, 2013 and March 28, 2014, a strong increase in VOC concentrations was 

observed in SVMPs at Tank 17. During the same period, a strong decrease in soil vapor VOC 

concentrations was observed in SVMPs at Tank 18. The reason for the change in VOC 

concentrations at Tanks 17 and 18 is unknown. 

Soil vapor sampling results from March 24, 2008 through April 16, 2014 are presented in 

Appendix C. 

5.3 Groundwater Sampling 

Groundwater sampling was performed as follows: 

 February 24 – RHMW01, RHMW02 

 March 5 and 6 – RHMW01, RHMW02, RHMW05, RHMW2254-01 

 March 10 – RHMW01, RHMW02 

 March 25 and 26 – RHMW01, RHMW02, RHMW05, RHMW2254-01 

 April 7 – RHMW01, RHMW02 

All groundwater samples were analyzed for the target analytes for releases of jet fuel: TPH-d, 

BTEX, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, and 2-methylnaphthalene. Groundwater samples 

collected from RHMW2254-01 were also analyzed for total and dissolved lead. A summary of 

the analytical results is provided in the following sections. 

5.3.1 RHMW01 

TPH-d was detected at concentrations below DOH EALs for both Drinking Water and Toxicity 

and Gross Contamination, except during the April 7, 2014. A TPH-d concentration of 140 ug/L 

was detected during the April 7, 2014 sampling event. The TPH-d DOH EAL for Drinking 

Water Toxicity is 190 ug/L. The TPH-d DOH Groundwater Gross Contamination EAL is 

100 ug/L. 

Naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and dissolved lead were detected at estimated concentrations 

below DOH EALs for both Drinking Water and Toxicity and Gross Contamination. 

5.3.2 RHMW02 

TPH-d and naphthalene were detected at concentrations above DOH EALs for both Drinking 

Water and Toxicity and Gross Contamination, but below the SSRBL of 4,500 ug/L. The 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 1-methylnaphthalene was detected at concentrations 
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above the DOH EAL for Drinking Water Toxicity, but below the DOH Groundwater Gross 

Contamination EAL. 

The PAH 2-methylnaphthalene was detected at concentrations below DOH EALs for both 

Drinking Water and Toxicity and Gross Contamination. Ethylbenzene, xylenes, and dissolved 

lead were detected at estimated concentrations below their respective DOH EALs. 

5.3.3 RHMW05 

TPH-d, naphthalene, and dissolved lead were detected at estimated concentrations below DOH 

EALs for both Drinking Water and Toxicity and Gross Contamination 

5.3.4 RHMW2254-01 

Total and dissolved lead were detected at estimated concentrations below the DOH EALs for 

both Drinking Water and Toxicity and Gross Contamination 

Concentrations of all other target analytes in the three monitoring wells (RHMW01, RHMW02, 

RHMW05) and one sampling point (RHMW2254-01) were below DOH EALs or not detected. 

A summary of laboratory analytical results from October 21, 2013 through April 7, 2014 is 

presented in Table 5. 

5.4 Drinking Water Sampling 

Drinking water samples were collected from the post-treatment regulatory compliance sampling 

point (360-011, Tap Outside Cl2 Building) on February 11, March 11 and April 8, 2014. In 

addition to the analyses conducted on the drinking water samples collected in January, these 

samples were also analyzed for lead using EPA Method 200.8. 

Samples were also collected from the pre-treatment regulatory sampling point (360-001, Red 

Hill Shaft Pumphead) and the Old Post Chlorination Sample Point on February 11, February 28, 

March 11, and April 8, 2014. These samples were only analyzed for lead using EPA Method 

200.8. 

Bromoform was detected in the samples collected on February 11 and March 11, 2014. 

Dibromochloromethane was detected in the sample collected on February 11, 2014. All Total 

Trihalomethanes results were well below the MCL of 80 ppb. 

Lead was detected in the samples collected at 360-011 and 360-001 on February 11 and at the 

Old Post-Chlorination Sample Point on February 28. All detected lead concentrations were 

below the EPA Action Level of 15 ppb. 

No other analytes were detected in the drinking water samples collected during this period. A 

summary of the drinking water sampling is provided in Table 4. Results for the samples 

collected on April 8, 2014 have not been received to date. 
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6.0 Subsurface Conditions/Water Quality 

Climatological conditions in the area of the Facility consist of warm to moderate temperatures 

and low to moderate rainfall. The Facility is leeward of the prevailing northeasterly trade winds. 

The average annual precipitation is approximately 40 inches, which occurs mainly between 

November and April (State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources [DLNR], 

1986). Annual pan evaporation is approximately 75 inches (DLNR, 1985). Average temperatures 

range from the low 60’s to high 80’s (degrees Fahrenheit) (Atlas of Hawaii, 1983). 

Oahu consists of the eroded remnants of two shield volcanoes, Waianae and Koolau. The Facility 

is located on the southwest flank of the Koolau volcanic shield. Lavas erupted during the shieldbuilding phase of the volcano belong to the Koolau Volcanic Series (Stearns and Vaksvik, 1935). 

Following formation of the Koolau shield, a long period of volcanic quiescence occurred, during 

which the shield was deeply eroded. Following this erosional period, eruptive activity resumed. 

Lavas and pyroclastic material erupted during this period belong to the Honolulu Volcanic Series

(Stearns and Vaksvik, 1935). 

In the immediate area of the Facility, Koolau Volcanic Series lavas dominate, although there are 

consolidated and unconsolidated non-calcareous deposits in the vicinity that consist of alluvium 

generated during erosion of the Koolau volcanic shield. South-southwest of the Site, and in 

isolated exposures to the west, are pyroclastic deposits formed during eruptions from three 

Honolulu Volcanic Series vents, Salt Lake, Aliamanu, and Makalapa (Stearns and Vaksvik, 

1935). Based on established geology and records of the drilled wells (Stearns and Vaksvik, 1938), 

the Facility is underlain by Koolau Volcanic Series basalts. The area of the Facility is classified 

as Rock Land, where 25 to 90% of the land surface is covered by exposed rock and there are only 

shallow soils (Foote, et al., 1972). 

Groundwater in Hawaii exists in two principal types of aquifers. The first and most important 

type, in terms of drinking water resources, is the basal aquifer. The basal aquifer exists as a lens 

of fresh water floating on and displacing seawater within the pore spaces, fractures, and voids of 

the basalt that forms the underlying mass of each Hawaiian island. In parts of Oahu, groundwater 

in the basal aquifer is confined by the overlying caprock and is under pressure. Waters that flow 

freely to the surface from wells that tap the basal aquifer are referred to as artesian. 

The second type of aquifer is the caprock aquifer, which consists of various kinds of unconfined 

and semi-confined groundwater. Commonly, the caprock consists of a thick sequence of nearly 

impermeable clays, coral, and basalt, which separates the caprock aquifer from the basal aquifer. 

The impermeable nature of these materials and the artesian nature of the basal aquifer severely 

restrict the downward migration of groundwater from the upper caprock aquifer. In the area of 

the Facility, there is no discernible caprock. 
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Groundwater in the area of the Facility is part of the Waimalu Aquifer System of the Pearl 

Harbor Aquifer Sector. The aquifer is classified as a basal, unconfined, flank-type; and is 

currently used as a drinking water source. The aquifer is considered fresh with less than 250 

milligrams per liter of chloride and is considered an irreplaceable resource with a high 

vulnerability to contamination (Mink and Lau, 1990). 

The nearest drinking water supply well is the Navy Well 2254-01, located in the infiltration 

gallery within the Facility. Navy Well 2254-01 is located approximately 2,400 feet downgradient of the USTs (Figure 3). 

8.0 Potential Migration Pathways 

Potential migration pathways were presented in the Technical Report for the Facility (TEC, 2007) 

and the Groundwater Protection Plan (TEC, 2008). Potential receptors include persons using the 

basal groundwater. Migration pathways of potential concern include the following: 

 Vertical movement through basalt to basal groundwater; 

 Movement in basal groundwater to down-gradient potable water wells; and 

 Expected isolation of the Red Hill groundwater basin from City and County of 

Honolulu Board of Water Supply (BWS) wells due to the depth of the North 

Halawa Valley and Moanalua Valley fills. 

The following information on the local geology is provided in the Technical Report (TEC, 2007): 

“At a nearby drilling site, approximately 2,000 ft southwest of V1D, it was 

reported (Earth Tech, 1999) the basalt bedrock appeared completely dry and 

massive at approximately 20 ft above msl, which was distinct from the highly 

fractured basalt overlying this unit and significantly different from the log of V1D. 

At the southwest location, basal groundwater was encountered directly beneath 

this massive unit at an elevation of approximately 1 to 2 ft below msl. After the 

monitoring wells were installed, the potentiometric groundwater surface stabilized 

at an elevation of approximately 16 ft above msl, suggesting that the massive 

lower basalt acts as a localized low-permeability layer, resulting in the confined 

groundwater conditions exhibited by the basal aquifer. However, Mink (Mink, 

1999) states that although the a’a lava can act as a local confining unit, it tends to 

be very limited in extent, and therefore, unconfined conditions may be 

encountered in close proximity. 

Information in the Willbros Engineers, Inc. (Willbros) report (Willbros, 1998) 

supports Mink’s findings and states that the Facility is bounded on each side by 

deep alluvial fills and sedimentary caprock (marine and terrestrial sediments) in 

the down-gradient direction. In the area of the lower tunnel and the Red Hill 

portion of the Harbor Tunnel, the basal aquifer is located in permeable basalt on 

which the tunnel and tanks are located (Willbros, 1998). This further supports 

Mink’s theory that confined conditions are generally limited in extent.” 
Table 5

Summary of Laboratory Analytical Results for Groundwater Samples

October 21, 2013 through April 7, 2014

Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility

EPA Method 8015 8015 8015 8260B 8260B 8260B 8260B 8260B 8260B 

TPH-d

TPH-g

TPH-o

TPH-g

Benzene

Ethylbenzene

Napthalene

Toluene

Xylenes, Total (p/m-, ox

(feet)

(μg/l) (μg/l) (μg/l) (μg/l) (μg/l) (μg/l) (μg/l) (μg/l) 

DOH EAL Drinking 

Water Toxicity

- - 190 100 4400 100 5 700 17 1,000 10,000 

DOH EAL Gross 

Contamination

- - 100 100 100 100 170 30 21 40 20 

RHMW01 10/21/2013 92 HD - - 15 B,J < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

102.27' TOC ELEV 1/15/2014 250 HD - - - < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - 2.5 <1.0 U 

1/28/2014 130 HD - - 26 B,J < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - 1.3 <1.0 U 

2/24/2014 89 HD - - <30 U < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

3/5/2014 93 - - - < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

3/10/2014 38 HD - - - < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

3/25/2014 82 HD - - - < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

4/7/2014 140 HD - - - < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

RHMW02 10/21/2013 2,400 HD - - 48 B,J < 0.50 U 0.14 J - < 0.50 U 0.37 J 

104.76' TOC ELEV 10/21/2013* 2,400 HD - - 63 B < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U 0.37 J 

1/15/2014 5,000 - - - < 0.50 U 0.17 J - < 0.50 U 0.48 J 

1/15/2014* 5,200 - - - < 0.50 U 0.17 J - < 0.50 U 0.45 J 

1/28/2014 2,300 HD - - 50 B 0.14 J 0.20 J - < 0.50 U 0.38 J 

1/28/2014* 2,100 HD - - 52 B 0.15 J 0.20 J - < 0.50 U 0.34 J 

2/24/2014 2,200 HD - - 40 J < 0.50 U 0.15 J - < 0.50 U 0.29 J 

3/5/2014 2,100 - - - < 0.50 U 0.15 J - < 0.50 U 0.29 J 

3/5/2014* 2,200 - - - < 0.50 U 0.15 J - < 0.50 U 0.32 J 

3/10/2014 930 - - - < 0.50 U <0.50 U - < 0.50 U 0.30 J 

3/10/2014* 890 - - - < 0.50 U <0.50 U - < 0.50 U 0.31 J 

3/25/2014 1,700 HD - - - < 0.50 U 0.15 J - < 0.50 U 0.38 J 

3/25/2014* 1,700 HD - - - < 0.50 U 0.16 J - < 0.50 U 0.41 J 

4/7/2014 3,500 HD < 0.50 U 0.18 J < 0.50 U 0.40 J 

4/7/2014* 3,300 HD - - - < 0.50 U <0.50 U - < 0.50 U 0.33 J 

RHMW03 10/21/2013 54 HD - - 23 B,J < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

121.06' TOC ELEV 1/28/2014 74 - - 20 B,J < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

RHMW05 10/22/2013 < 20 U - - 17 B,J < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

101.55' TOC ELEV 1/16/2014 < 20 U - -- < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

1/29/2014 16 J,HD - - 23 B,J < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

3/6/2014 <21 U - -- <0.50 U <0.50 U - <0.50 U <1.0 U 

3/26/2014 17 J,HD - - - <0.50 U <0.50 U - <0.50 U <1.0 U 

RHMW2254-01 10/22/2013 < 20 U - - 13 B,J < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

1/16/2014 < 20 U - -- < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

1/29/2014 <20 U - - 16 B,J < 0.50 U < 0.50 U - < 0.50 U <1.0 U 

3/6/2014 <20 U - -- <0.50 U <0.50 U - <0.50 U <1.0 U 

3/26/2014 <10 U - -- <0.50 U <0.50 U - <0.50 U <1.0 U 

Notes:

* duplicate samplesJanuary 2008 to November 2009 depth to water measurements were entered in previous reports a tenth of a foot to high, adjustments were made to correct.HDOH, EHE Guidance Final EALs for Final Drinking Water Action Levels for Human Toxicity (Table D-3a) and Groundwater Gross Contamination Action Levels where groundwater Grey highlight - exceeds EALsBold - detected valuesB - analyte was present in the associated method blanki - the MRL/MDL has been elevated due to a chromatographic interferenceHD - the chromatographic pattern was inconsistent with the profile of the reference fuel standardJ - indicates an estimated value
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8.1 Groundwater Usage 

The Facility is located up-gradient of the Hawaii State Underground Injection Control Line 

(UIC), which separates potable groundwater from non-potable groundwater. The nearest public 

drinking water well (BWS Halawa Shaft well 2354-01) is located hydraulically cross-gradient of 

the site. This drinking water well is approximately 5,000 feet to the northwest of the Facility and 

pumps water from the basal aquifer. 

Navy well 2254-01 is located near the site. This well is approximately 3,000 feet to the west of 

the site and is potentially down-gradient from the Facility (TEC, 2008). 

8.2 Risk Summary 

Current and future ecological risk is considered negligible because the Facility is underground 

and the migration pathway to ground surface or surface water via seeps is not complete. 

The human health risk assessment was conducted assuming that future storage will remain jet 

fuel and heavier fuel mixtures. Under this assumption, the following determinations were made 

(TEC, 2008): 

 The current and future risk of exposure via migration from soil gas to indoor air is 

considered negligible. 

 The primary environmental risks at the Facility were determined to be due to a 

future scenario in which groundwater from beneath the site was extracted for 

residential tapwater use, including drinking. Currently, no extraction wells lie in 

the vicinity of Tank 5. 

 If a release produces a large source of LNAPL on the water table, dissolved 

contaminants or free product may result in unacceptable concentrations of 

petroleum in the Red Hill sub-basin, which feeds into the Navy well 2254-01 

potable water system. Such a release could decrease the amount of potable water 

available to JBPHH Water System consumers. 

9.0 Surrounding Populations and Land Use 

9.1 Surrounding Populations 

Populated areas closest to the Facility are Pearl City and Aiea to the west and Honolulu to the 

south and east. There is a Coast Guard and Navy housing complex in Aliamanu Crater to the 

southwest of the Facility. Pearl Harbor also lies to the southwest of the Facility. The nearest 

residential area is located southeast of the Facility in Moanalua Valley, directly adjacent to the 

Facility perimeter (TEC, 2007). 

9.2 Land Use 

The Facility is located on federal government land and there are no occupied buildings above 

ground. Public land is located to the immediate north and northeast. Immediately north of the 

public land is forest and Halawa Correctional Facility. An industrial development is located to 
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the north and northwest. Residential land consisting of single-family homes is located 

immediately adjacent, and south and southeast of the Facility. A high cliff face with a 100 to 

200-foot elevation difference exists between the Facility and this residential area. Residences, 

townhouses and apartment buildings are located to the southwest of the Facility, and a public 

school is also present in the area (Figure 6). 

The closest residential property to the Facility is the area zoned for apartment buildings located 

approximately 305 feet southwest of Tank 2. Red Hill Elementary School is located 

approximately 1,080 feet southwest of Tank 2. The Moanalua Village residential development is 

located approximately 880 feet south of Tank 2. 

The area zoned for apartment buildings is located approximately 2,113 feet southwest of Tank 

20 (the tank farthest east), and Red Hill Elementary School is located approximately 2,850 feet 

from Tank 20. The Moanalua Village residential development is located approximately 875 feet 

south of Tank 20 (TEC, 2007). 

10.0 Summary of Findings 

Significant increases of soil vapor VOC concentrations beneath Tank 5 and nearby tanks may be 

attributed to the release of JP-8 from Tank 5 in January 2014. 

Results of oil/water interface measurements, groundwater sampling and analysis, and drinking 

water sampling and analysis indicate the release of JP-8 from Tank 5 has not impacted the 

underlying groundwater. 

11.0 Planned Future Release Response Actions 

The following sections describe release response actions that are currently being pursued. 

11.1 Groundwater Protection Plan Update 

A contract was awarded in March 2014 to modify the 2008 Groundwater Protection Plan and 

2009 revisions to comply with the requirements of Environmental Hazard Evaluations as 

specified in the DOH-HEER Guidance. 

11.2 Groundwater Flow Model 

A contract was awarded in March 2014 to develop a plan to update the groundwater model and 

contaminant fate and transport analysis (analysis) to effectively evaluate the risk of the suspected 

Tank 5 release transport to drinking water shafts/wells in the area. The plan is to include a 

prioritized list of recommendations for additional data collection efforts required to achieve the 

purpose of the groundwater model and analysis. 

11.3 Site Characterization 

A contract is being prepared to characterize the nature and extent of contamination resulting 

from the release of JP-8 at Tank 5. The Site Characterization Work Plan will address methods 
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and locations of soil and groundwater borings to most efficiently characterize the extent of 

contamination. 

11.4 Vertical Migration Model 

Funding has been requested for a contract to develop a model to estimate downward vertical 

migration of free product from Tank 5 to the groundwater table. 

11.5 Remediation of Contamination 

Funding has been requested for a contract to assess the possibility of free product removal if 

found during site characterization, and conduct a pilot treatability study for remediation. 

11.6 Installation of Additional Wells 

The Navy has hired a consultant to evaluate existing data and provide recommendations for 

additional monitoring wells to serve as sentinel wells for the BWS Halawa Pump Station and 

Moanalua Pump Station. Funding will be requested for a contract to install the recommended 

additional groundwater monitoring wells. 

12.0 Conclusions 

Significant increases in soil vapor sampling results may be attributed to the release of JP-8 from 

Tank 5 in January 2014. 

Results of oil/water interface measurements, groundwater sampling and analysis, and drinking 

water sampling and analysis indicate the release of JP-8 from Tank 5 has not impacted the 

underlying groundwater. 

Additional release response actions, including site characterization, remediation of 

contamination, and installation of additional groundwater monitoring wells, are recommended to 

protect the drinking water sources located down-gradient of the Facility. 

The next quarterly release response report will be submitted in July 2014 and will cover the 

release response actions completed between April 19 and July 11, 2014. 

13.0 References 

Atlas of Hawaii, 1983, Department of Geography, University of Hawaii Press. 

DLNR, 1985, Pan Evaporation: State of Hawai’i 1894-1983: Report R74, Division of Water and 

Land Development, August 1995. 

DLNR, 1986, Rainfall Atlas of Hawaii: Report R76, Division of Water and Land Development, 

June 1986. 
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DOH, 2000, Technical Guidance Manual for Underground Storage Tank Closure and Release 

Response, Environmental Management Division, Solid and Hazardous Waste Branch, 

Underground Storage Tank Section, March 2000. 

DOH, 2011, Evaluation of Environmental Hazards at Sites with Contaminated Soil and 

Groundwater, Environmental Management Division, Fall 2011, revised January 2012. 

DOH, 2013, Technical Guidance Manual for the Implementation of the Hawaii State 

Contingency Plan, Office of Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response, Interim Final, March 

2013. 

Environmental Science International, Inc., 2014, Final First Quarter 2014 – Quarterly 

Groundwater Monitoring Report, Inside Tunnel Wells, Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility, 

Prepared for Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Hawaii, JBPHH, 

Hawaii, April 2014. 

Foote et al., 1972, Soil Survey of the Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of 

Hawaii. 

Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 281, Underground Storage Tanks, August 2013. 

Mink, J. F. and Lau, L. S., 1990, Aquifer Identification and Classification for Oahu: 

Groundwater Protection Strategy for Hawaii: Water Resources Research Center Technical 

Report No. 179, February 1990. 

Stearns, H. T. and Vaksvik, K. N., 1935, Geology and Groundwater Resources of the Island of 

Oahu, Hawaii: Hawaii Div. Hydrogr. Bull. 

Stearns, H. T. and Vaksvik, K. N., 1938, Records of the Drilled Wells on the Island of Oahu, 

Hawaii: Hawaii Div. Hydrogr. Bull. 4, 213 p. 

TEC, 2007, Final Technical Report, Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility, Prepared for 

Department of the Navy, Commander Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific, Pearl 

Harbor, Hawaii, August 2007. 

TEC, 2008, Final Groundwater Protection Plan, Red Hill Fuel Storage Facility, Prepared for 

Navy Region Hawaii, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, January 2008, revised December 2009.