RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION 

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b) 

File Name: 17a0229p.06 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

LONG PHI PHAM, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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No. 17-5096 

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Western District of Kentucky at Louisville. 

No. 3:14-cr-00067-1—Charles R. Simpson III, District Judge. 

Decided and Filed: October 3, 2017 

 Before: COLE, Chief Judge; ROGERS and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges. 

_________________ 

COUNSEL 

ON BRIEF: Kevin M. Schad, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Cincinnati, Ohio, for 

Appellant. Terry M. Cushing, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Louisville, 

Kentucky, for Appellee. 

_________________ 

OPINION 

_________________ 

 COLE, Chief Judge. Long Phi Pham appeals his sentence for being a felon in possession 

of a firearm under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). He argues the district court improperly enhanced his 

sentence under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) (“ACCA”). Because the 

enhancement was warranted, we affirm Pham’s sentence. 

>
No. 17-5096 United States v. Pham Page 2

I. BACKGROUND 

Pham pleaded guilty to one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm under 

§ 922(g)(1). 

At sentencing, the government argued that Pham was subject to the ACCA. The ACCA 

imposes a fifteen-year minimum sentence on anyone convicted as a felon in possession of a 

firearm who has “three previous convictions by any court” for a “serious drug offense” 

“committed on occasions different from one another.” § 924(e)(1). The government cited the 

following three sets of convictions as qualifying offenses: 1) a 2003 Tennessee conviction for 

conspiring to deliver ecstasy; 2) two 2004 federal convictions for possessing with intent to 

distribute methamphetamine and ecstasy, respectively, each based on a February 12, 2004, sale 

to a confidential informant at Pham’s residence; and 3) two 2004 federal convictions for 

possessing with intent to distribute methamphetamine and ecstasy, respectively, each based on a 

February 28, 2004, search of Pham’s residence.

Pham objected to the application of the ACCA based on a further 2004 federal 

conviction, this one for conspiring to possess with intent to distribute 50 grams or more of 

methamphetamine and ecstasy from October 1, 2003 to February 28, 2004. He argued that this 

conviction subsumed the other 2004 offenses because he committed them to further the 

conspiracy. Pham contended this left just two qualifying offenses under the ACCA—the 2003 

Tennessee conviction and the 2004 federal conspiracy conviction. 

The district court found the ACCA applicable because Pham had committed the offenses 

cited by the government on different dates. Factoring in the fifteen-year minimum required by 

the ACCA, the court sentenced Pham to 188 months of imprisonment and 5 years of supervised 

release.

Pham asks us to vacate his sentence and remand for resentencing without the ACCA 

enhancement under the same theory he offered at sentencing. This requires us to determine 

whether the 2004 convictions the district court counted as qualifying offenses under the ACCA 

occurred on different occasions under the statute. 
No. 17-5096 United States v. Pham Page 3

II. ANALYSIS 

A. Standard of Review 

“We review de novo a district court’s conclusion that two offenses were committed on 

occasions different from one another” under the ACCA. United States v. Barbour, 750 F.3d 535, 

538–39 (6th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The government bears 

the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that they were. Id. at 545–46. 

Further, it must use Shepard documents to do so, which include the “terms of a plea agreement” 

and “comparable judicial record[s] of this information.” United States v. Fraker, 458 F. App’x 

461, 464 (6th Cir. 2012) (quoting Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 26 (2005)). 

In this circuit, two offenses were committed on different occasions under the ACCA if 

1) it is possible to discern when the first offense ended and the subsequent point at which the 

second offense began; 2) the offender could have withdrawn from crime after the first offense 

ended and not committed the second offense; or 3) the offenses were committed at different 

residences or business locations. United States v. Paige, 634 F.3d 871, 873 (6th Cir. 2011); see, 

e.g., United States v. Hill, 440 F.3d 292, 298 (6th Cir. 2006) (finding “[a]ll three indicia of 

separate offenses” where defendant burglarized one business and then crossed the street to 

burglarize another). The government prevails if it meets even one of the tests. See United States 

v. Southers, 866 F.3d 364, 369 (6th Cir. 2017). 

The 2004 convictions that the district court counted as qualifying offenses under the 

ACCA easily meet the second Paige test if we compare them directly to one another rather than 

to the conspiracy conviction. Pham admitted to selling methamphetamine and ecstasy on 

February 12. He also admitted to being caught with methamphetamine and ecstasy on February 

28. By these facts alone, Pham could have withdrawn from crime after the February 12 sale and 

not possessed additional quantities of the drugs more than two weeks later. Thus, the 

government has met its burden. 

Pham cites the Seventh Circuit’s statement that to overcome this result, a defendant must 

at a minimum show that he made the initial sale from the same stash that was discovered on the 

later date. See United States v. Sims, 683 F.3d 815, 817 (7th Cir. 2012) (“Although it is possible 
No. 17-5096 United States v. Pham Page 4

that the drugs found on January 18 were already in his possession as early as January 11, it is at 

least equally likely that they were not. For all we know, Sims sold the last of his January 11 drug 

supply to the officer that day and then acquired additional cocaine before his arrest on January 

18.”). But Pham fails to contend, much less show, that he possessed the drugs confiscated on 

February 28 as early as February 12. See, e.g., Def. Br. 11 (citing Sims without tying it to this 

case); Reply 2 (“[U]nder these particular facts, two drug convictions, one consisting of a sale and 

the other of finding of the stash from that sale, warrant a finding of one criminal episode.”); see 

Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 513 F.3d 546, 553 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding a party waives an 

argument made for the first time on reply). 

Pham does, however, make the more complex argument that his 2004 conspiracy 

conviction subsumes the possession-with-intent-to-distribute offenses from that same year, 

which he committed to further the conspiracy. But we have long recognized offenses that are 

“part of a series” or “related to [an] entire course of events” as “distinct in time” under the 

ACCA so long as they “form[] a separate unit within the whole” and are “punctuated 

occurrence[s] with a limited duration.” United States v. Roach, 958 F.2d 679, 684 (6th Cir. 

1992) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

These separate offenses may include crimes committed during and in furtherance of a 

conspiracy. See United States v. Melbie, 751 F.3d 586, 587 (8th Cir. 2014) (holding that 

conspiracy and possession-with-intent-to-deliver offenses occurred on different occasions under 

the ACCA where they overlapped in time and the latter advanced the conspiracy, but was a 

“discrete episode” within it); United States v. Noel, 488 F. App’x 928, 932–33 (6th Cir. 2012) 

(denying argument that conviction for conspiring to distribute cocaine during a certain period 

subsumed, for ACCA purposes, offenses for distributing cocaine on different dates within that 

period); United States v. Taft, 250 F. App’x 581, 581–82 (4th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (rejecting 

the notion that convictions for selling drugs on different dates “should be treated as one offense 

[under the ACCA] because a conspiracy charge was brought at the same time and . . . the 

conspiracy enveloped the two substantive offenses” (citing United States v. Letterlough, 63 F.3d 

332, 337 (4th Cir. 1995))); United States v. Doshier, 112 F. App’x 716, 717–18 (10th Cir. 2004) 
No. 17-5096 United States v. Pham Page 5

(treating conspiracy offense and possession-with-intent-to-distribute offense during it as offenses 

occurring on different occasions under the ACCA). 

Because Pham’s 2004 possession-with-intent-to-distribute convictions stemmed from 

discrete offenses with limited durations during the conspiracy—one a sale on February 12 and 

the other possession on February 28—they occurred on different occasions under the ACCA. 

Accordingly, the district court properly enhanced Pham’s sentence under the statute. 

III. CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, the district court correctly applied the ACCA to Pham and we 

thus affirm his sentence.