J-S26015-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

WILLIAM DISLA-OTERO 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 302 MDA 2022

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 13, 2022,

in the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County,

Civil Division at No(s): 2021-12690.

BEFORE: KUNSELMAN, J., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED: OCTOBER 28, 2022

Appellant William Disla-Otero appeals from his judgment of sentence of 

six months’ probation following his conviction of indirect criminal contempt for 

violating a Temporary Protection From Abuse Order, pursuant to the 

Protection of Abuse (PFA) Act. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6102-6122. After 

review, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it 

determined that Appellant acted with the requisite wrongful intent. We affirm.

Relevant history begins on November 10, 2021, when the Lackawanna 

County Court of Common Pleas1 granted the petition of Coryvette Olivio to 

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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 The Temporary PFA Order was issued in Lackawanna County, the violation 

occurred in Luzerne County. Thus, the contempt hearing was held before the 

Luzerne County Court of Common Pleas.
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obtain a Temporary PFA Order, pursuant to the Protection From Abuse (PFA) 

Act, against Appellant. According to the Temporary PFA Order, the Appellant 

and Olivio share a child together. The Temporary PFA Order directed that 

Appellant shall not abuse, harass, stalk, threaten or attempt to threaten to 

use physical force against Olivio. The Order further directed that Appellant 

shall not contact Olivio via third persons.2 

The precise circumstances surrounding Appellant’s violation of the

Temporary PFA Order are critical to our decision. But for now, this overture 

suffices: On the morning of December 17, 2021, Appellant went to get a 

haircut. The barber told Appellant that there was a wait, so the Appellant 

went to a nearby bakery to get something to eat. Olivio happened to be in 

the bakery. According to Appellant, he did not immediately recognize Olivio

because her back was to the door. But Appellant did notice Olivio’s boyfriend, 

who, according to Appellant, immediately started staring at Appellant and 

initiated a verbal altercation. See Appellant’s Brief at 8. The verbal 

altercation got everyone kicked out of the bakery. At Olivio’s direction, the 

bakery called 911. Appellant was arrested for violating the Temporary PFA

Order. The trial court subsequently convicted Appellant and sentenced him to 

a six-month period of probation. The court further ordered Appellant to 

complete an evaluation to determine whether he would benefit from an anger 

management course.

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2 The final PFA hearing was scheduled for May 2022.
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Appellant timely filed this appeal. He presents the following issues for 

our review:

1. [Whether the] evidence presented was equally connected 

with contact between [Appellant] and the purported 

victim not being intended, but coincidental[?]

2. [Whether the] evidence presented was equally connected 

with the purported victim intentionally inducing and 

provoking any adverse contact[?]

Appellant’s Brief at 1.

In his Brief, Appellant collapses these issues to make one argument. He 

asks whether the trial court erred when it determined that Appellant acted 

with the requisite “wrongful intent.” See generally id. at 4, 5-10.

With the contours of Appellant’s appeal understood, we answer this 

question by first observing our well-settled standard of review:

Our standard of review in assessing whether sufficient 

evidence was presented to sustain [an a]ppellant's 

conviction is well-settled. The standard we apply in 

reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is whether viewing 

all the evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable 

to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence to enable 

the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond a 

reasonable doubt. 

In applying [this] test, we may not weigh the evidence and 

substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In addition, we 

note that the facts and circumstances established by the 

Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of 

innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt may be 

resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak 

and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of 

fact may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The 

Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every 

element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means 

of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the 
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above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all 

evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the 

trier of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses 

and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe 

all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Boyer, --A.3d --, 2022 WL 4100428, at *8 (Pa. Super. 

September 8, 2022) (quoting Commonwealth v. Brumbaugh, 932 A.2d 

108, 109-10 (Pa. Super. 2007)) (further citations omitted).

The PFA Act permits a court to hold an individual subject to a protection 

order in contempt of such order and to punish the defendant in accordance 

with the law. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(a). To establish indirect criminal 

contempt, the Commonwealth must prove four elements:

(1) the order was sufficiently definite, clear, and 

specific to the contemnor as to leave no doubt of 

the conduct prohibited; 

(2) the contemnor had notice of the order; 

(3) the act constituting the violation must have been 

volitional; and 

(4) the contemnor must have acted with 

wrongful intent.

Boyer, --A.3d --, at *8 (Pa. Super. September 8, 2022) (citing 

Commonwealth v. Walsh, 36 A.3d 613, 618-19 (Pa. Super. 2012)) (further 

citations omitted) (emphasis added).

Appellant concedes that the Commonwealth established the first three 

elements. He limits his appeal to fourth element, which concerns the scienter 

requirement. 
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This Court has held that “[w]rongful intent will be found where the 

contemnor knows or reasonably should be aware that his conduct is wrongful.” 

Boyer, ---A.3d---, at *9 (citations omitted). Wrongful intent can also be 

inferred if the Appellant’s act had a substantial certainty of being in violation 

of the order. Id. (citing Brumbaugh, 932 A.2d at 110). “It is imperative 

that trial judges use common sense and consider the context and surrounding 

factors in making their determinations of whether a violation of a court order 

is truly intentional before imposing sanctions of criminal contempt.” 

Commonwealth v. Haigh, 874 A.2d 1174, 1177 (Pa. Super. 2005), appeal 

denied, 887 A.2d 1240 (Pa. 2005) (emphasis in original).

To be sure, not all contact with a protected party necessarily rises to the 

level of indirect criminal contempt. In Haigh, for instance, the criminal 

defendant, while shackled in a courtroom, leaned over to his wife (the 

protected party) to ask her for any updates on her cancer prognosis. Haigh, 

874 A.2d at 1176. We vacated the sentence, because “the record [did] not 

support the determination that Appellant intended to violate the final PFA 

order and because the infraction was both de minimis and non-threatening[;]” 

the defendant thought he could speak to the wife, because they were in a 

courtroom, and the wife testified she did not feel threatened. Id. at 1178 

(emphasis original).

In this case, Appellant argues that there was insufficient evidence to 

establish his wrongful intent. He argues that he went into the bakery for food, 

and then left “almost immediately” after “being accosted by Olivio and her 
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boyfriend.” See Appellant’s Brief at 8. Appellant argues further that Olivio 

and her boyfriend followed him outside, despite the fact that Olivio was also 

subject to a PFA order – one that Appellant had obtained against her. Lastly, 

Appellant takes issue with the trial court’s admonishment that all Appellant 

“had to do was turn around and leave;” Appellant maintains that’s exactly 

what he tried to do. Id. at 9.

Critically, Appellant casts these facts in a light most favorable to him. 

But that is not the standard by which we review his conviction on appeal. We 

review the facts in a light most favorable to Olivio, since she prevailed before 

the trial court. We do not re-weigh the evidence or substitute our judgment 

for that of the trial court. And we reiterate that the trial court, when weighing 

the evidence and determining the facts, is free to believe all, part, or none of 

the evidence. Boyer, supra. With these principles in mind, we review the 

court’s findings.

Olivio testified that she was in the bakery for ten minutes 

when Appellant entered the bakery with two other men

[(friends of Appellant)]. Olivio testified that when the 

Appellant was inside the bakery, he began looking at her, 

approached her, stood close to her face and was looking at 

her. Olivio proceeded to tell the Appellant that he was not 

permitted to be around her. Olivio claimed that Appellant 

responded “ain’t nobody around you.” Olivio testified that 

Appellant was “calling her names” and remained standing in 

the bakery. Olivio then testified that Appellant’s friends 

came up close to her face and told her to “watch her mouth” 

among other things. Olivio then testified that subsequent 

to the Appellant and his friends refusing to leave the bakery, 

Olivio told the bakery staff to call 911, a request to which 

the staff complied. 
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Olivio testified that she recorded the incident as a video on 

her cell phone. [The trial court] and the attorneys involved 

viewed the recorded video in the courtroom during the 

hearing. Further, Mr. James Conmy testified that he is a 

detective with the Wilkes-Barre City Police Department. He 

indicated that he responded to a call involving an alleged 

protection from abuse violation at [the] bakery[.] Upon his 

arrival, Olivio showed him the recorded video of the 

exchange between her and the Appellant. The detective 

testified that he also viewed the secured video footage from 

both inside and outside of the bakery on the date and at the 

time at issue.

The Appellant’s friend, Nicholas Torres, testified that after 

he, the Appellant and another friend entered the bakery, 

they saw Olivio. He claimed that Olivio told them that they 

were not supposed to be in the bakery and that he (Torres), 

attempted to get everyone to leave the premises. According 

to Torres, after Olivio told everyone that they were not 

supposed to be in the bakery near her, the Appellant 

remained in the bakery less than two minutes and then left 

the premises.

Furthermore, the Appellant testified that he went inside the 

bakery with his friends not knowing that Olivio was inside. 

The Appellant claimed that once he was inside, he saw 

Olivio’s boyfriend and that the boyfriend started arguing 

with Appellant. He stated that Olivio turned around and told 

him that he was not supposed to be around her in the 

bakery. The Appellant testified that he told Olivio that he 

did not know that she was in the bakery. Appellant testified 

that a verbal altercation broke out; the bakery employees 

asked them to leave and they did leave. Upon crossexamination, Appellant was asked as to whether he called 

Olivio a “bitch.” Appellant responded that he did not recall. 

He further stated that he did not speak to her at first. 

Appellant admitted upon cross-examination that when he 

entered the bakery, he saw that Olivio was inside the 

bakery. The recorded video [FN 2] presented by Olivio 

reflected Olivio telling Appellant that he was not supposed 

to be in the bakery at the same time as he and was not 

supposed to be around her. 

FN 2: The recorded video presented by the 

Commonwealth, the Appellee, was summarized by 
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Appellee’s counsel without any objection to the summary 

from Appellant’s counsel.

Appellant then proceeded to call Olivio degrading names. 

Appellant continued to talk about seeing Olivio’s vehicle 

outside, calling Olivio names and engaging in a heated 

altercation. Appellant’s friends also came up close to 

Olivio’s face saying negative things to her as well.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/20/22, at 2-4 (cleaned up) (some citations to the record 

omitted).

After weighing the testimony and evidence, the trial court determined 

that Appellant knew, or reasonably should have known, that his verbal abuse 

constituted wrongful conduct. See Boyer, supra. The court opined that 

Appellant’s entry into the bakery might have been coincidental, but as the

court observed, Appellant said he had seen Olivio’s car in the parking lot. This 

fact is mostly beside the point. When Appellant realized Olivio was inside the 

bakery, the court found that Appellant chose to stay and accost Olivio. The 

trial court disagreed with Appellant’s argument that that Olivio’s statement to 

him – that he was not allowed to be there – was a mitigating factor in this 

instance.

On appeal, Appellant likens his case to Haigh to argue that he did not 

threaten Olivio. But this argument fails for a variety of reasons. First, Haigh

does not apply here. As a matter of law, Haigh does not require the defendant 

to make verbal threats for the defendant’s conduct to be construed as 

wrongful. For instance, other wrongful conduct, such as stalking, would also 

be a violation of the order. Second, Haigh is also distinguishable on its 
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facts. There, we held that the court abused its discretion when it found the 

defendant in indirect criminal contempt, because the defendant did not have 

wrongful intent when he asked the wife about her health. “A reasonable 

person could have believed, and [the defendant] did believe, that the PFA 

order was relaxed to some extent in the courtroom context, especially where 

the [defendant] was shackled and the victim was protected by an armed 

deputy sheriff.” Haigh, 874 A.2d at 1177.3 

Here, by contrast, Appellant’s entry into the bakery might have been 

innocent until he stayed and harassed Olivio. Although the interaction lasted 

a matter of minutes, the altercation was heated to the point that the bakery 

asked them both to leave and called law enforcement. This is a far cry from 

the “peculiar circumstances” of Haigh. That Olivio was also subject to a 

cross-PFA order is largely irrelevant to the question of whether Appellant 

violated his. We suppose the court could have found Olivio’s behavior to be 

indicative of Appellant’s lack of wrongful intent. But that is not what the court 

determined, and we will not disturb that finding.

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3 To be perfectly clear, we do not suggest that courthouses provide defendants 

a safe harbor to violate PFA orders. It is not uncommon for PFA defendants, 

believing that they are shielded by a cloak of plausible deniability, to commit 

a violative act in a courtroom. See, e.g., C.L. v. Lewis, -- A.3d. --, 2020 WL 

1193399, at *1 (Pa. Super. 2020) (non-precedential decision) (affirming an 

indirect criminal contempt conviction where the husband’s wrongful conduct 

included: making a beeline toward the wife to sit behind her in a half-empty 

courtroom; speaking in a loud, obnoxious, and aggressive tone so she could 

hear; and pointedly turning toward and smirking at the wife upon exiting the 

courtroom).
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Appellant’s reliance on Haigh fails for still another reason. This case 

could be analogous to Haigh if, and only if, we re-weighed the evidence and 

viewed it in a light most favorable to Appellant. But again, this is not how we 

review appeals from orders finding a PFA defendant in contempt. Instead, we 

are confined to a determination of whether the facts support the trial court’s

decision, and we will reverse a trial court’s determination only where there 

has been a plain abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Wilson, 227 A.3d 

928, 933 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citation omitted). Having found no abuse of 

discretion under these facts, we affirm the trial court order.

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 10/28/2022