U.S. Department of Education

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Scholarships for Opportunity 

and Results (SOAR) Act Program: Supporting Statement for OMB 

Clearance

PART A: SUPPORTING STATEMENT FOR PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT 

SUBMISSION

October 22, 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1

A. JUSTIFICATION ............................................................................................................................ 4

A.1 Circumstances Making The Collection of Information Necessary..................................... 4

A.2 Purposes and Uses of the Data............................................................................................ 4

A.3 Use Of Technology to Reduce Burden ............................................................................... 6

A.4 Efforts To Identify Duplication .......................................................................................... 6

A.5 Methods to Minimize Burden on Small Entities................................................................. 6

A.6 Consequences of Not Collecting Data ................................................................................ 7

A.7 Special Circumstances........................................................................................................ 7

A.8 Federal Register Comments and Persons Consulted Outside The Agency......................... 7

A.9 Payments or Gifts................................................................................................................ 8

A.10 Assurances of Confidentiality............................................................................................. 8

A.11 Justification of Sensitive Questions.................................................................................... 9

A.12 Estimates of Hour Burden................................................................................................... 9

A.13 Estimates of Cost Burden to Respondents........................................................................ 11

A.14 Estimate of Annual Cost to the Federal Government ....................................................... 12

A.15 Program Changes or Adjustments .................................................................................... 12

A.16 Plans For Tabulation And Publication of Results............................................................. 12

A.17 Approval To Not Display The OMB Expiration Date...................................................... 17

A.18 Explanation of Exceptions................................................................................................ 17

APPENDIX A: The Authorizing Legislation 

APPENDIX B: Private School Form

APPENDIX C: Letters to Parents

APPENDIX D: Parent Survey

APPENDIX E: Elementary Student Survey

APPENDIX F: Middle School Student Survey

APPENDIX G: High School Student Survey

APPENDIX H: Letter to Principals

APPENDIX I: Public School Principal Survey

APPENDIX J: Private School Principal Survey

APPENDIX K: Consent Form

APPENDIX L: Confidentiality Statement
1

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SCHOLARSHIPS FOR OPPORTUNITY 

AND RESULTS (SOAR) ACT PROGRAM

SUPPORTING STATEMENT

FOR PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT SUBMISSION

INTRODUCTION

This document requests forms clearance approval from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for 

the collection of data under the Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Scholarships for Opportunity and 

Results (SOAR) Act Program. In particular, we are requesting approval for: (1) parent, student, and 

principal surveys, and (2) records abstraction from DC Public School (DCPS), from the District of 

Columbia Public Charter School Board, and private school administrative files. We also describe other 

aspects of the evaluation plan that do not contribute to burden for context. The study design, data 

collection plan, instruments, and levels of burden are consistent with forms clearance packages approved 

by OMB for the previous evaluation of this program (#1850-0800).

Overview of the Program

The Scholarships and Opportunities for Results (SOAR) Act H.R. 1473 (P.L.112-10), signed into law on

April 15, 2011, reauthorized the DC School Choice Incentive Act and provided for a five-year 

continuation of a school choice program for low-income residents of Washington, DC. The program, still 

titled the Opportunity Scholarship Program or OSP, now provides scholarships of up to $12,000 per 

student per year to enable low-income elementary and secondary students to attend private schools in the 

District of Columbia in lieu of the public schools already available to them. The statute specifies that 

certain students be given priority in the award of scholarships, including students who have siblings 

already participating in the program, students who were previously awarded a scholarship under the 

earlier program but who did not use it, and students from public schools designated as “in need of 

improvement” (SINI) or corrective action under the federal Elementary and Secondary Education Act.

The OSP is operated under a grant from the U.S. Department of Education (ED) to the DC Children and 

Youth Investment Corporation (the Trust). 1 The Trust awarded approximately 1,000 new scholarships in 

summer 2011(soon after the program was reauthorized) to all eligible applicants at that time, and just over 

316 scholarships in summer 2012 through a lottery of eligible applicants.

Overview of the Evaluation

The reauthorization once again stipulated that an evaluation of the program be conducted “using the 

strongest possible research design for determining the effectiveness” of the program (Section 309, see 

Appendix A). ED awarded a contract to Westat, and its research partners, Pemberton Research and the 

University of California at San Diego to: (1) provide technical assistance to the program operator, 

particularly with respect to the design and conduct of the lotteries of applicants, and (2) conduct an 

evaluation of the impacts of the program. 

The foundation of the evaluation will be a randomized control trial (RCT) comparing outcomes of eligible 

applicants (students and their parents) assigned by lottery to receive or not receive a scholarship. This 

design is consistent with the requirement for a rigorous evaluation as well as the need to fairly allocate the 

scholarships if the program is oversubscribed. Because the law also specified other kinds of comparisons 

and analyses, the planned evaluation study includes both quantitative and qualitative components.

 

1

In May 2012, a grant to run the program was awarded to the DC Children and Youth Investment Trust Corporation (“Trust”), a non-profit 

organization that operates a privately-funded scholarship program for students in the DC area.
2

Research Questions

The study is designed to address the following key questions:

 What is the impact of the program on student achievement? As described in the statute, the purpose 

of the program is to allow low-income parents to enroll their children in other than DC public schools 

because test scores in the public schools remain below the national average. The law therefore placed

a priority on examining whether the program improves the academic achievement levels and growth 

of eligible students who would otherwise be in a public school setting. The evaluation will calculate 

the impacts on achievement (as well as other outcomes) of the offer of a scholarship (the “Intent to 

Treat” estimate) and the impact of using a scholarship (the “Treatment on Treated” estimate). 

 What is the impact on other measures of student success? The law calls for examining other 

indicators of school success, including persistence, grade retention, high school graduation and, if 

possible, college enrollment. Measures of student engagement, such as school attendance, will also 

be examined.

 Does the program affect parent and student reports of school satisfaction and safety, or

parent involvement in their child’s education? A key desired outcome of school choice is an 

increase in both the school choices possible and parents’ and students’ satisfaction with the choices 

they have made. The SOAR statute extends the outcomes to be studied to include: how 

parents and students view the safety of the child’s school and the success of the program in 

increasing parent involvement. 

 Why do parents choose to participate in the program? Previous studies of school choice suggest 

parents consider a variety of factors in choosing whether to pursue private schooling for their 

children and the characteristics of schools that most affect their specific school selections. 

The statute specifies that the evaluation examine these issues for parents who apply to the 

OSP. 

 Does the program change students’ instructional environment and opportunities? Whatever the 

effects of the OSP on key outcomes, researchers and policymakers have long been interested 

in the mechanisms by which voucher programs might be expected to benefit students. 

Among the hypotheses that will be explored in the evaluation are whether participating 

students are exposed to more motivated or better performing peers and the extent to which

school organization, instruction, or services are different in public vs. private schools. 

Sample

In order for the evaluation to have sufficient statistical power to detect policy relevant impacts, the sample

will consist of approximately 1,800 eligible program applicants in spring 2012 (cohort 1) and in spring 

2013 (cohort 2) (see Part B of this submission). To be included in the evaluation sample the applicant 

must be eligible for the program, a rising Kindergartener (K) or already be attending a public school, and 

participate in a lottery to determine whether they will receive a scholarship award.

2

 

 

2 Although students who attend a private school when they apply to the OSP are eligible for a scholarship and may be awarded one through a lottery, these students 

are not included in the evaluation because the “treatment” for these students differs significantly from the OSP treatment for students from public schools. For 

students already attending a private school when they apply to the OSP, the lottery determines only who will pay for their private school tuition – the federal OSP 

program vs. other scholarship programs or the families themselves; we have no hypothesis that this difference could result in improvement in achievement although 

it could affect family resources. In contrast, the lottery of public school applicants in most cases determines whether a student attends a private schools or a public 

school and there is a body of evidence suggesting that such differences in school settings could lead to differences in achievement.
3

Data Collection

Evaluation data will be collected for the two cohorts of program applicants from a variety of sources, as 

summarized in Table 1. Each cohort will have baseline data3as well as three years of follow up (postlottery) data collection; 2013-2015 for cohort 1 and 2014-2016 for cohort 2. In addition to estimating 

program impact, we will use this experimental study to conducted research about interim outcomes and 

mediators.

Table 1. Data Measures for the Evaluation of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program

Data Source Description 

Student assessments The Terra Nova assessment will be administered to the eligible sample before the 

lotteries are conducted and each spring following the lotteries for 3 years (spring 2013-

2015 for the 2012 cohort and spring 2014-2016 for the 2013 cohort). The follow up 

assessments will be administered in students’ school and will provide the primary 

outcome measure for the impact evaluation.

School records Administrative records will be collected from DCPS, the District of Columbia Public 

Charter School Board and participating private schools in the fall of each year to obtain 

data on prior year attendance, persistence, disciplinary actions, and grades for members 

of the treatment and control groups. 

Parent surveys The evaluation will include annual surveys of evaluation sample members’ parents in 

each follow up year. These surveys will examine such issues as reasons for continued 

participation or withdrawal, involvement in school, satisfaction with school choices, 

and perceptions of school safety, leadership, and offerings. The survey will be mixed 

mode. (Web with phone or paper follow up).

Student surveys The study will conduct surveys of the evaluation sample who are in grades four and 

above, to collect information about students’ satisfaction with their schools, perceptions 

of safety, and other characteristics of their school program and environment. The 

surveys will be administered in each of the follow up years at the same time (and 

place) as the student assessments.

Principal surveys The study design calls for annual surveys to be administered to principals in the 

DC traditional public school, charter school, and private school systems in 

2013-2016. Data from principals of students in the treatment and control groups 

will provide information about school organization and offerings for descriptive 

analyses of students’ school environments and for use as mediators in the

impact analysis. The web-based principal surveys will also be used to examine 

how aware public and private schools are of the DC Opportunity Scholarship 

Program and whether they are making any changes in response to it. 

DC Opportunity 

Scholarship 

Program Operator 

Records

As the administrator of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program, the operator is 

responsible for confirming ongoing eligibility for the program and continuing 

participation for scholarship recipients. Westat will obtain application data for all 

sample members as well as annual participation information for individual students 

from the program operator.

 

3 Approval for baseline collection was approved on November 3, 2011 (#1855-0015).
4

A. JUSTIFICATION

A1. Circumstances Making the Collection of Information Necessary

As described in the introduction, the SOAR Act mandates the conduct of an independent evaluation of the 

effectiveness of the program. The legislation also lays out a series of topics and issues that the evaluation 

must address, to which the study’s research questions are directed. The information collected through this 

study will be used as the basis for this mandated evaluation.

A2. Purposes and Uses of the Data 

Information on the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program and the outcomes of program applicants will be 

collected by Westat, with data analyzed by Westat and its research partners, Pemberton Research and the 

University of California at San Diego. This work will be conducted under Contract Number ED-IES-12-

C-0018. The data to be collected will be obtained from student assessments, school records, and surveys 

of parents, students, and principals and used to address the research questions and topics identified in the 

authorizing legislation. The legislation also specifies that the evaluation report annually on the 

performance of the program and the students; thus, annual data collection is necessary.

Table 2, shows how each of the sources of data relates to the study questions followed by detailed 

descriptions of the data sources.

Table 2. Relationship Between the Study Questions and Proposed Sources of Data

Study Question

Student 

assessments

School 

records

Parent 

surveys

Student 

surveys

Principal 

surveys

DC 

Opportunity 

Scholarship 

Program 

Operator 

Records

What is the impact of 

the program on student 

academic achievement? 

  

What is the impact on 

other measures of 

student success?

  

Does the program affect 

parent and student 

reports of school 

satisfaction and safety, 

or parent involvement 

in their child’s 

education? 

   

Why do parents choose 

to participate in the 

program?

 

Does the program 

change students’ 

instructional 

environment and 

opportunities?

  
5

a. Student Assessments

Based on the legislated language, the key outcome measure for judging the effectiveness of the 

program is student achievement. For the purposes of the evaluation, we have interpreted “student 

achievement” as students’ skills in reading and mathematics (not science or history). The law 

also requires that the evaluation use a nationally norm-referenced test and administer it each 

year.4 

The assessments will be administered differently than under the previous evaluation of the OSP, 

in order to reduce burden on families and alleviate the need to offer substantial respondent 

payments to ensure adequate response rates. Rather than requiring treatment and control group 

families to attend testing events at locations around DC on Saturdays or weeknight evenings, the 

assessments will be administered in students’ schools. The Memoranda of Understanding 

(MOUs) with DCPS and the Office of the State Superintendent (OSSE) that oversees funds for 

charter schools under the SOAR Act both specify this activity and the Trust has inserted this 

requirement into the agreement forms for participating private schools. We anticipate testing 

each evaluation sample member at baseline and each spring for three years after they participate 

in a lottery for an OSP scholarship. These assessments are exempt from federal burden reporting

requirements.

b. School Records

Administrative records will be collected from DCPS, the District of Columbia Public Charter 

School Board and, to the extent possible, individual private schools with evaluation sample 

members in order to obtain data on attendance, persistence (including graduation), disciplinary 

actions, and grades for members of the treatment and control groups. For private schools without 

electronic records, we will send them a worksheet listing each sample member who is attending 

their school. A copy of the form is included in Appendix B.

c. Parent Surveys

The legislation requires the evaluation to examine the impact of the program on parents. The 

study will conduct web-based surveys of parents (of students in the treatment and control groups) 

in each year of the evaluation. These surveys will examine such issues as reasons for 

continued participation or withdrawal from the program, factors used to select a school, 

satisfaction with school choices, and perceptions of school safety, leadership, and 

offerings. A copy of the letter that will be sent to parents and a paper version of the 

survey are included in Appendices C and D, respectively.

d. Student Surveys 

Each year, the study will conduct surveys of treatment and control group students who are in 

grades four and above, to collect information about students’ satisfaction with their schools, 

perceptions of safety, reports of behavior both within and outside of school, including peer 

effects, and other characteristics of their school program and environment. The surveys will be 

administered in the spring each year of the program and will to occur at the same time (and place) 

 

4 Among the two most common assessments that fit the statute’s criteria we have chosen to use the Terra Nova 3 in place of the Stanford 

Achievement Test 10 (SAT 10) because of its ease in administration, the shorter completion time for students in most grades, and the 

commitment made by the test publisher to provide test score data back to the evaluation team much more quickly than was the case with the 

other test publisher. The latter will help us meet the tight deadlines for reporting results contained in the statute.
6

as the in-school administration of the student assessments. Copies of the Grade 4- 5, 6 - 8 and 9-

12 Student Surveys are included in Appendices E, F, and G, respectively. 

e. Principal Surveys

The study design calls for annual administration of a web based survey to principals in the DC 

traditional public school, charter school, and private school systems. Data from principals of 

students in the treatment and control groups will provide information about their school 

environments for impact analysis. Responses from other principals will help assess the extent to 

which the sending (public) and receiving (private) schools are similar to or different from other 

schools in their sector. The principal surveys will also be used to examine how aware public and 

private schools are of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program and whether they are making any 

changes in response to it. Copies of the Principal Letter, Public School Principal Survey and

Private School Principal Survey are included in Appendices H, I and J, respectively.

Parents and principals will have the option of completing their surveys on the web, by phone or 

completing a hardcopy paper version of the survey. Respondents who do not complete their 

surveys within the two weeks of the initial mailing will be send weekly reminder emails and 

postcards. In addition, our trained team of telephone interviewers from our Telephone Research 

Center (TRC) will call non-responders to encourage use of the web survey, to try and administer 

the survey by telephone or to provide a hard copy of the survey via postal mail, if requested. The 

TRC will call parents on varied days and times during the week and on weekends and will offer 

them the option of scheduling a call back time to conduct the interview that is most convenient 

for them. In those instances where we are unable to contact the parent using the telephone 

numbers they have provided, our Telephone Research Center (TRC) interviewers will 

immediately begin tracing steps to locate them. Principals will be contacted during traditional 

working hours. Our success rate using this approach is very high.

A3. Use of Technology to Reduce Burden

The data collection plan has been designed to maximize efficiency, accuracy, and convenience 

for respondents and to minimize their burden. The surveys of parents and principals are designed 

to be web-based, with paper and telephone follow up. 

A4. Efforts to Identify Duplication

We will use existing data to the extent possible—for example, relying on the program operator 

and the schools to provide data about attendance, persistence, disciplinary actions, and grades for 

members of the treatment and control groups. However, other information collected as part of the 

evaluation —student assessments, the surveys of parents, students, and principals — is not 

available elsewhere. 

A5. Methods to Minimize Burden on Small Entities

There is no anticipated impact on small business or other small entities (as stated on Item 5 of 

OMB Form 83-I).

The primary entities for this study are students and parents, although some data will be collected 

from principals in public and private schools. Burden is reduced for all respondents by requesting 

only the minimum information required to meet the study objectives. The burden on schools has 

also been minimized through the careful specification of information needs, restricting questions 
7

to generally available information where possible, and designing the data collection strategy—

particularly the survey methods—to minimize burden on respondents. For example, we will 

obtain some descriptive information on public and private schools from the Common Core Data 

(CCD) available from the National Center on Education Statistics. Rather than requiring families 

to attend testing events on Saturdays or weeknight evenings, surveys will be administered to 

students at the same time (and place) as the achievement assessment. 

A web-based survey will be the primary mode of data collection for the parent and principal 

surveys. We have found this will not only save money in postage, coding, keying and cleaning 

the survey data but is a preferred method for survey completion among many respondents. 

Burdens will be further reduced with the use of skip patterns, where appropriate and will allow 

respondents to complete the survey at a location and time of their choice. Notification of 

participation and log in credentials will be sent via email, whenever possible. As alternatives, 

respondents will be offered the opportunity to complete the survey through telephone follow up 

calls or use of a hard-copy version. All of these formats allow respondents to complete the survey 

at their convenience and accommodate individual preferences.

A6. Consequences of Not Collecting the Data

This data collection is necessary in order to evaluate the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program 

and comply with the evaluation mandated in the SOAR Act. Virtually all of the data collection 

activities—respondents, topics, and the need for annual collection—stem directly from the 

legislative requirements.

A7. Special Circumstances

None of the special circumstances listed apply to this data collection.

A8. Federal Register Comments and Persons Consulted Outside the Agency

Public comments from the previous evaluation of the OSP (concluded in 2010) were taken into 

account in developing plans for the current collection. 

Consultations on the research design, sample design, data sources and needs have occurred during 

the study’s design phase and will continue to take place throughout the study. The purpose of 

such consultations is to ensure the technical soundness of the study and the relevance of its 

findings, and to verify the importance, relevance, and accessibility of the information sought in 

the study.

Westat and its subcontractors, Pemberton Research and the University of California at San Diego, 

have provided substantial input to ED for the study. Senior technical staff from these 

organizations who are conducting the study are listed below:

Westat Ms. Babette Gutmann, Vice President (301) 738-3626

Ms. Juanita Lucas-McLean, Project Director (301) 294-2866

Dr. Louis Rizzo, Senior Statistician (301) 294-4486

Pemberton Dr. Mark Dynarski, Co- Principal Investigator (609) 443-1981

University of CA Dr. Julian Betts, Co-Principal Investigator (858) 534-7040
8

We are in the process of establishing a Technical Working Group (TWG) that includes both 

eminent school choice experts and evaluation methodologists.

The notice for this data collection was published in the Federal Register on XXXX.

A9. Payments or Gifts

We propose giving parents a $20 incentive to complete the annual parent survey; $5 in advance 

and $15 upon completion. The advance incentive will be mailed to parents along with the 

informational letter that includes instructions on how to access the web-based survey. Parents 

will be offered the option of completing the web-based version or alternatively, completing a 

telephone interview or paper version. The informational letter will inform parents that they will 

receive their second $15 incentive payment by mail within 3 weeks after completing the survey. 

The letter will also reference their agreement to participate in the evaluation and describe the 

topics to be covered.

Principals will receive an advance incentive payment of $10 for completing the principal survey. 

The incentive payment to principals will be mailed along with the informational letter that 

includes instructions on how to access the web-based survey. 

A10. Assurances of Confidentiality

All data collection activities will be conducted in full compliance with Department of Education 

regulations to maintain the confidentiality of data obtained on private persons and to protect the 

rights and welfare of human research subjects as contained in Department of Education 

regulations. These activities will also be conducted in compliance with other applicable federal 

regulations. Research participants have been or will be informed about the nature of the 

information that will be requested and confidentiality protection, and they will be assured that 

information will be reported only in aggregate, statistical form in reports and public use data files. 

Respondents will also be informed that their names will not be associated with their answers and 

that no one will have access to this information except as may be required by law, regulation, or 

subpoena or unless permission is given by both the parent and participating child.

In particular, it is very important that parents or legal guardians of sample members understand 

that information is being collected regarding their children, and that this information is being held 

confidential. When parents apply to the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program on behalf of their 

child(ren), they are asked to sign the consent form and only those who sign are part of the 

program and the evaluation (see the consent form approved by OMB as part of the baseline 

collection, attached in Appendix K). All parent, student and principal surveys will also contain a 

statement regarding the confidentiality of their responses (see survey instruments in the 

appendices). 

Specific Procedures to Maintain Confidentiality 

The Evaluation of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program will be conducted in accordance 

with all relevant regulations and requirements, including the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 usc 552 a), 

the Family Educational Rights And Privacy Act Of 1974 (20 usc 1232 g), The Protection Of 

Pupil Rights Act (20 usc 1232 h), the Confidentiality Provisions Of The Education Sciences 

Reform Act (20 usc 9573), related regulations (41 cfr part 1-1 and 45 cfr part 5b), and, as 

appropriate, other federal or ED regulations on the protection of human subjects. 
9

In addition, Section 9(a)(1)(A)(5) of the SOAR Act includes a particular specification that no 

personally identifiable information can be disclosed as part of the evaluation. As a result of this 

provision, in publishing the Privacy Act Notice for the System of Records for this evaluation, ED 

has eliminated all possible routine disclosures to which any data collected or obtained for the 

evaluation might be subjected. Under the notice, personal information (names, addresses, student 

ID numbers) may only be disclosed to Westat and in the unlikely case of a terrorist threat.

Westat, as ED’s “authorized representative” for the collection and maintenance of data for the 

Evaluation, will take the confidentiality requirements very seriously. Employees of Westat are 

required to sign Westat’s “employee or contractor’s assurance of confidentiality of data” (see 

Appendix L). This document outlines the general requirements and responsibilities of employees 

and contractors with regard to maintaining the confidentiality and privacy of data. In addition, 

each project at Westat is required, upon inception, to develop a customized confidentiality plan. 

The Westat project director develops the confidentiality plan for the evaluation that takes into 

account assurances made to respondents, what project information is confidential, who is 

authorized to have access to it, and how access can be controlled. This plan will be shared with 

all project staff, who will then be expected to implement it. Some of the components of the plan 

include:

 Keeping hard-copy confidential information under lock and key.

 Storing confidential electronic information in a secure location.

 Communicating about cases via email without violating confidentiality and 

privacy. 

 Clearly labeling documents containing confidential information “confidential.”

 Limiting to the number of copies of confidential documents.

 Arranging for security when sending confidential jobs to a network printer.

 Ensuring that only authorized personnel see faxes containing confidential 

information.

 Adhering to the telephone research center’s (TRC) protocols for transporting 

confidential data to and from the TRC.

 Adhering to data entry’s protocols for transporting confidential data to and from 

data entry.

 Using mail and delivery services appropriate for the sensitivity level of the 

confidential data.

 Not bringing confidential data home.

 Disposing of confidential information properly when it is no longer needed.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Westat received an exemption from its Institutional Review Board (IRB) for this evaluation on 

August 1, 2012. Westat's IRB will review all survey instruments, letters and the consent forms 

that all OSP applicants signed when they applied to the program. 

A11. Justification of Sensitive Questions

The surveys do not include sensitive questions.

A12. Estimates of Hour Burden

The data collection plan has been designed to maximize efficiency, accuracy, and convenience 

for respondents and to minimize their burden. The study calls for surveys of students, parents, 

and principals, as well as records abstraction and test administration. This request proposes use 
10

of revised versions of instruments previously approved by OMB (#1850-0800).All survey 

instruments are brief and focus on collecting only information essential to the study. 

Table 4 shows the estimated burden for each of the data sources. Specific assumptions follow:

Student surveys

 266 of 536 eligible cohort 1 students (49.6%) are in grades 4 – 12 and will complete a 

student survey. 

 49.6% of 1,300 expected cohort 2 students (n = 645) are estimated as being in grades 4 –

12 and will complete a student survey. 

Parent surveys

 One parent survey will be completed for eligible students in each cohort. (Parents are 

asked to complete a survey for each child, so even if a parent has more than one child in 

the program, the number of parents is the same as the number of students.) 

Principal surveys

 A principal survey will be administered to principals in all 87 private schools in the 

District of Columbia.

 A principal survey will be administered to principals in all 125 public and 52 charter 

schools in the District of Columbia (N = 177).

Administrative Records

 The Trust will provide DC OSP administrative records

 DCPS will provide administrative records for public school students

 The DC Public School Charter Board will provide administrative records for charter 

school students

 Forty-five participating private schools will complete a form to provide data for an 

average of 37 students per school.
11

Table 4. Annual Burden Estimates, by Data Source for cohorts 1 and 2 a/

Data Source Respondents

Estimated 

Number of 

Responses

Estimated 

Annual 

Burden per 

Response

(in Hours)

Total 

Estimated 

Annual 

Burden

(in Hours)

Total 

Estimated 

Annual 

Burden 

(in Dollars)

b

Student Survey:

Cohort 1

Cohort 2

Students in the 

impact sample in

grades 4-12 266

645

0.25

0.25

66.50

161.25

NA

Parents Survey:

Cohort 1

Cohort 2

Parents of students in 

the impact sample 536

1,300

0.25

0.25

134.00

325.00

$2,264.60

$5,492.50

Private School 

Principal Survey

Private school 

principals of 

participating and 

non-participating 

schools

87 0.33 28.71 $1,247.16

Public/Charter

School Principal 

Survey

Principals of DC 

public schools and 

charter schools

177 0.33 58.41 $2,537.33

Records from the DC 

Opportunity 

Scholarship Program

Operator 

OSP Program 

Operator 1 40 40.00

$1,737.60

Records from DCPS DC Public School 

administrator 1 40 40.00 $1,737.60

Records from the 

District of

Columbia Public

Charter School 

Board

DC Public Charter 

School authorizer

 1 40 40.00 $1,737.60

Records from

participating private

schools

Participating private 

school administrators 45 2 90.00 $3,909.60

Total 3,059 983.87 $20,663.99

a/ Cohort 1 includes impact sample members who applied in spring 2012; follow up data will be collected on 

cohort 1 in spring 2013, 2014 and 2015. Cohort 2 includes impact sample members who apply in spring 2013; follow 

up data will be collected on cohort 2 in spring 2014, 2015, and 2016. The information in this table describes the surveys 

and burden for one (annual) cycle of data collection. 

b Assumes an hourly rate of $43.44 per hour for principals and administrators (derived from the Bureau of 

Labor Statistics’ Occupational Employment and Wages for educational administrators and teachers, May 2011) and 

$16.90 per hour for parents in households with 4.5 family members meeting eligibility requirements for free lunch 

(derived from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-03-23/pdf/2012-7036.pdf)

A13. Estimate of Cost Burden to Respondents

There are no additional respondent costs associated with this data collection other than the hour 

burden estimated in item A12.
12

A14. Estimate of Annual Cost to the Federal Government

The estimated cost to the federal government of conducting the Impact Evaluation of the DC 

Opportunity Scholarship Program is based on the government's contracted cost of the data 

collection and related study activities along with personnel cost of government employees 

involved in oversight and/or analysis. For the data collection activities for which OMB approval 

is currently being requested, the overall cost to the government is $2,658,654. This includes:

 $560,813 for the first year of data collection, including instrument development

 $648,840 for the second year of data collection

 $695,716 for the third year of data collection

 $753,285 for the fourth year of data collection

The overall costs to the government of the full range of evaluation activities over the entire study

period will be $6,068,728 over a five-year period. When annualized, this cost amounts to 

$1,213,746 per year. This estimate is based on the evaluation contractor's previous experience 

managing other research and data collection activities of this type. 

A15. Program Changes or Adjustments

This is a new data collection and therefore does not require any changes or adjustments. 

A16. Plans for Tabulation and Publication of Results

The focus of the analyses and reports will be evidence regarding: (1) who applies for and uses a 

scholarship; (2) what impacts does the offer and use of a scholarship have on student test scores,

student and parental satisfaction and perceptions of safety, parental engagement and other 

participant outcomes; and (3) do the principals at DC public schools and private schools modify 

how they manage their schools in response to the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program. 

Rigorous technical standards will be applied in analyzing the data.

Analytic Strategy

The centerpiece of the analytic strategy is the experiment created by the use of a lottery to choose 

among applicants to the program. The lottery serves as a randomization device exactly as would 

be done for an experimental study. Because of this equivalence, the text refers to a “treatment 

group” and a “control group,” which should be understood as “applicants selected by the lottery 

to receive a scholarship” and “applicants not selected to receive a scholarship.” 

The lottery enables the study to estimate effects of school choice on student outcomes that are 

free of “selection bias,” which can arise when families exercise their ability to choose schools or 

neighborhoods with local schools. For example, families that value education outcomes highly 

may appear similar in outward respects to families that value these outcomes less, but the former 

may prefer private schools. If we simply compare outcomes for students from similar families 

that do and do not attend private schools, or do and do not apply for an OSP scholarship, 

differences will conflate both the effect of the OSP and of pre-existing differences in family 

attributes. Using chance – or random assignment through a lottery – to determine which of the 

student applicants receive a scholarship eliminates the effects of family selection into the program 

and allows us to isolate the effects of the program itself.
13

To motivate the discussion of how we identify the effect of the scholarship program on outcomes, 

it is useful to begin with a simple representation of the selection problem using the potential 

outcomes approach. This approach defines causal effects in terms of potential outcomes or 

counterfactuals. Conceptually, the causal effect of treatment is defined as the difference between 

the outcome for an individual who is assigned to the treatment group and the outcome for that 

individual when he or she is not assigned to the treatment group or the following difference in 

expected outcomes: 

(E.1) “E(Yi| Xi, Ti =1)” - “E(Yi|Xi, Ti =0)”

In the case of scholarships, the treatment effect–the effect of the scholarships on academic 

achievement–would be defined as the difference between “test scores for program students” and 

“test scores for program students if they had not received a scholarship.” The outcome in the 

absence of treatment, E(Yi|Xi, Ti =0), is termed the counterfactual--what would have occurred to 

those students receiving the scholarships if they had not received them.

Of course a student cannot be observed simultaneously both assigned to treatment and not 

assigned to treatment, or, in the context of the DC OSP evaluation, chosen to receive a 

scholarship and not chosen to receive a scholarship. What can be observed are a student in the 

treatment group (Ti =1) and another student in the control group (Ti =0). By the logic of the 

randomized lottery, the average student receiving scholarships is the same as the average student 

not receiving scholarships in terms of both observable and unobservable characteristics. The 

lottery needs to be correctly implemented, of course, meaning that no systematic bias is present in 

assigning random numbers to individual applicants, but algorithms for doing so have been well 

established for years. 

Consistent with the lottery approach is a basic analytic model of the effects of school choice 

scholarships on outcomes. It is reasonable to assume that a student’s test score (Yit) is related to 

his or her characteristics, which we label X, factors that are not observed by the study, which we 

label ε, and, crucially, whether they received a scholarship offer, which we label T. Receiving a 

scholarship offer is assumed to affect the school attended and therefore a student’s learning 

environment. (We return below to issues arising when students do not exercise their scholarship 

offers.)

(E.2) 

In this model, τ represents the “treatment effect,” the effect of a scholarship offer on test scores 

for students. It should be identical to the difference in average outcomes between the treatment 

and the control groups. However, including characteristics that predict future achievement (the X

characteristics) will improve precision of the estimated impact by reducing the amount of natural 

variability arising in test scores. 

The simple model needs to be modified slightly because the statute specified that certain groups 

of students be given priority in the lottery. To implement these requirements, the lottery 

included three groups of students: students with no priority, students with a priority because they 

attended a school in need of improvement or because they previously were offered a scholarship 

but never used it, and the highest priority, students who had a sibling already in the program. The 

probability of receiving a scholarship was highest for siblings and lowest for students with no 

priority. Students were categorized into their priority status and the lottery was conducted within 

that “block.” 
14

To accommodate this feature, the statistical model uses a “randomized block design:”

(E.3) 

where

i = 1,.....,n observations and k=1,....,b blocks defined by priority status);

Yikt is the outcome for student i in block j, at time t;

μ is the overall mean outcome (e.g. test score);

τ is the treatment effect; 

ρjis the shift of the constant for the j-th block;

Bij is an indicator variable equal to “1” if the applicant is in the jth block 

Tikt is an indicator variable for receiving a scholarship;

Xik is a set of student and family characteristics measured at baseline

εikt is the random error; Ν(0, σ2).

This analytical framework follows naturally from the lottery and is easily interpreted. Y can be a 

range of outcomes such as test scores, student satisfaction, parental satisfaction, grade 

completion, high school graduation, and so on. 

Further, effects for particular subgroups of students can be estimated straightforwardly by 

interacting an indicator of subgroup status with the treatment indicator, so that effects can be 

estimated for older students versus younger students, low-scorers at baseline versus higher 

scorers, and so on.

Take-Up of Scholarships

The offer of a scholarship does not carry any obligation to use it and we expect some scholarship 

winners to forgo it. For example, the previous study of the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program

found that 25 percent of scholarship winners did not use their scholarship. 

It is common in experimental settings for an applicant to be offered treatment but to refuse it. 

Analysts have structured two kinds of estimates to account for it. The first, commonly referred to 

as the "Intent to Treat" (ITT), is the effect of the offer of a scholarship on student outcomes. 

Equation E.2 above is estimating an ITT effect because it uses only information about whether 

students were awarded the scholarship and not information about whether they used it. 

The second, commonly referred to as the effect of “treatment on treated” (TOT) estimates the 

effect of using a scholarship. An important difference between TOT estimates and ITT estimates 

is that by design, ITT estimates are unbiased (the estimate is the true effect plus variance 

introduced by sampling) whereas TOT estimates possibly are biased to the extent that students 

who use their scholarships differ from those who are offered but do not use them (the estimate is 

the true effect plus variance plus another component related to the systematic differences). The 

source of the bias is that the lottery acts as a device to ensure that groups that receive an offer of a 

scholarship and do not receive an offer have the same characteristics on average, but it does not 

ensure that groups using the scholarship have the same characteristics as the group not using it or 

not receiving an offer. For example, families who value education and/or are more able to gather 

and analyze information about schools also may be more likely to use the scholarship and have 

better education outcomes than treatment group students who choose not to use the scholarship. 
15

The study currently plans to use two methods to estimate TOT effects. The first and simpler is the 

“Bloom” adjustment, which essentially is the ITT effect divided by the difference between the 

proportions of the treatment group that uses their scholarships and the proportion of the control 

group that chooses to attend private schools in the absence of a scholarship (not receiving an offer 

of a scholarship does not preclude a family from sending their child to a private school using their 

own resources).5 Both groups are “treated” by attending private schools. 

Two assumptions underpin the interpretation of effects estimated using the Bloom adjustment: (i) 

students who receive a scholarship offer but elect not to use it to attend private school would not 

attend private school if they do not receive an offer, and (ii) students who do not use their 

scholarships do not experience an effect of the offer. The first assumption is innocuous, as it 

seems highly likely that a student who receives a money offer to attend a private school and 

chooses not to attend it would also choose not to attend it if they do not receive the money offer. 

The second assumption also is plausible, as it means a student who receives a money offer to 

attend a private school and chooses not to does not experience effects of the offer.6

Another and more technically sophisticated approach to estimating TOT effects is to estimate a 

two-equation model that explicitly considers the choice to attend a private school along with 

student outcomes. Under this approach called “instrumental variables” (IV):

7

(E.4) Pi = λ0+ λ1Ti + Zi λ2+ εi (Attending private school)

(E.5) Yi = π0+ π1Pi + Xi π2+ νi (Student outcome)

where i represents the student, P represents an indicator variable equal to “1” for attending private 

school, T represents treatment status (“1” if selected in the lottery), and Z and X represent student 

and family characteristics.

For technical reasons, some variables in the attendance equation are not also in the outcome 

equation. The ideal variables for this stage are ones that predict take-up of the offer but which are 

not related to education outcomes except through their effect on attending private school, socalled “instrumental variables.” The treatment indicator (lottery assignment) is the best such 

variable because being offered a scholarship is by design uncorrelated with outcomes, but it will 

be correlated with attending a private school.8

ITT and TOT effects do not represent the same concept and the study’s reports will note this. The 

ITT effect is the change in outcomes caused by an offer of a scholarship. The TOT effect is the 

change in outcomes caused by attending private school. As Rouse9 notes, the first effect is 

relevant for policy because programs only can be created to offer scholarships. Individuals cannot 

be required to use them. The overall effect of such a program on outcomes is a combination of the 

 

5Howard S. Bloom, “Accounting for No-Shows in Experimental Evaluation Designs.” Evaluation Review, 8 (1984): 225-246. 

This estimator is undefined if the proportion of the treatment group that does not use its scholarships is equal to the proportion 

of the control group that attends private schools because the denominator is zero in this case. 

6This assumption is less plausible in other settings, such as when workers receiving unemployment insurance are randomly 

assigned to participate in employment training. In this context workers may opt to return to work sooner rather than participate 

in training, which is an effect of the training offer.

7The standard reference for estimating treatment effects using instrumental variables and the assumptions underlying the 

technique is Joshua D. Angrist, Guido W. Imbens and Donald B. Rubin. “Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental 

Variables.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 91, No. 434 (Jun., 1996), pp. 444-455.

8

If only T is included in the equation, the estimator becomes equivalent to the previous Bloom estimator.

9 Cecilia Elena Rouse, “Private School Vouchers and Student Achievement: An Evaluation of the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program, “The 

Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1998, pp. 553-602.
16

proportion of families that use the scholarship and the effect of attending a private school for 

those that do. The second piece is the TOT effect, which is relevant for families and also 

policymakers because it represents how attending a private school can improve outcomes, which 

presumably is one of the rationales for the program in the first place. (If private and public 

schools were equally effective, offering scholarships to attend private schools transfers resources 

but does not improve outcomes.) Both effects contribute to what is known about voucher 

programs.

Reports

Because of annual reporting requirements for the evaluation, we will prepare two descriptive 

reports and three impact reports. For the descriptive reports, we will provide comprehensive 

descriptions of the eligible applicants who went through the lottery (e.g., percentage attending 

SINI schools), comparisons of the treatment and control group students (e.g., race/ethnicity, 

gender, annual family income, and average years of mother’s education ), and characteristics of 

the private schools attended by the treatment group students (e.g., average tuition, average size, 

average percentage of minorities, average student/teacher ratio). The first descriptive report will 

focus on the evaluation’s cohort 1 while the second will also include cohort 2.

The impact reports will provide information to answer the five key research questions, as well as 

describe private school and student participation in the program. The report will include an

introduction to the DC Opportunity Scholarship Program, a description of the lottery process that 

resulted in the pool of eligible applicants and the impact sample, the characteristics of the private 

schools participating in the program (e.g., religious affiliation, tuition, enrollment), provide 

context about the environment in which the program is operating, contextual information about 

the participating students (e.g., usage of the scholarships and movement into and out of public 

and private schools) and provide some signaling of interest in the program. Remaining chapters 

will provide findings on the impact of the program on student achievement, the impact of the 

program on other measures of student success (if data availability permits), the impact of the 

program on parent and student reports of school satisfaction and safety, and parent involvement, 

an examination of the reasons why parents choose to participate in the program, and an 

examination of the patterns in the instructional environment and opportunities afforded to 

students in the treatment and control groups (e.g., types of instructional programs offered, 

physical aspects of the school’s facilities). Appendices will provide technical and more 

comprehensive discussions of the analytic techniques, construction of measures, and response 

rates.

A schedule for the reports is provided in Table 5.
17

Table 5. Deliverable Schedule

Report Report Contents Expected 

Release 

Date

1. Descriptive report 

for lottery applicants 

in spring 2012

For the lottery applicants in spring 2012, description of the 

eligible applicants who went through the lottery; comparisons of 

treatment and control students on demographic information from 

the applicants; usage by the treatment group students in their first 

year in the program; characteristics of the private schools 

attended by the treatment group students from publicly available 

data.

June 30,

2013

2. Descriptive report 

for lottery applicants 

in spring 2013

For the lottery applicants in spring 2013, description of the 

eligible applicants who went through the lottery; comparisons of 

treatment and control students on demographic information from 

the applicants; usage by the treatment group students in their first 

year; characteristics of the private schools attended by the 

treatment group students from publicly available data.

For the lottery applicants in spring 2012, usage in their second 

year in the program.

June 30,

2014

3. Impact report for 

lottery applicants after 

1 year (interim report)

Impacts after one year in the program on student achievement, 

parent and student satisfaction, parent and student perceptions of 

safety, and parent involvement; patterns in the instructional 

environment and opportunities of students in the treatment group 

vs. students in the control group; why parents choose to 

participate in the program; characteristics of the participating 

private schools; usage by the treatment group in the program. 

June 30,

2015

4. Impact report for 

lottery applicants after 

2 years (interim report)

Impacts after two years in the program on student achievement, 

parent and student satisfaction, parent and student perceptions of 

safety, and parent involvement; patterns in the instructional 

environment and opportunities of students in the treatment group 

vs. students in the control group; why parents choose to 

participate in the program; characteristics of the participating 

private schools; usage by the treatment group in the program. 

June 30,

2016

5. Impact report for 

lottery applicants after 

3 years (final report)

Impacts after three years in the program on student achievement, 

parent and student satisfaction, parent and student perceptions of 

safety, and parent involvement; patterns in the instructional 

environment and opportunities of students in the treatment group 

vs. students in the control group; why parents choose to 

participate in the program; characteristics of the participating 

private schools; usage by the treatment group in the program. 

July 30,

2017

A17. Approval to Not Display OMB Expiration Date

All data collection instruments will include the OMB expiration date.

A18. Explanation of Exceptions

No exceptions are requested.
APPENDIX A

The Authorizing Legislation
APPENDIX B

Private School Form
APPENDIX C

Letters to Parents
APPENDIX D

Parent Survey
APPENDIX E

Elementary Student Survey
APPENDIX F

Middle School Student Survey
APPENDIX G

High School Student Survey
APPENDIX H

Letter to Principals
APPENDIX I

Public School Principal Survey
APPENDIX J

Private School Principal Survey
APPENDIX K

Consent Form
APPENDIX L

Confidentiality Statement