DA 15-0005

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2015 MT 257

ERVIN SHARBONO and HANNELORE SHARBONO,

 Plaintiffs and Appellants,

 v.

STEVEN L. COLE and PAT L. COLE,

 Defendants and Appellees.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twenty-Second Judicial District,

In and For the County of Carbon, Cause No. DV-08-48

Honorable Gregory R. Todd, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellants:

Reneé L. Coppock, Eli J. Patten, Crowley Fleck PLLP, Billings, Montana

For Appellees:

Geoffrey R. Keller, Matovich, Keller & Murphy, P.C., Billings, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: July 29, 2015

 Decided: September 1, 2015

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

September 1 2015

Case Number: DA 15-0005
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Chief Justice Mike McGrath delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Ervin and Hannelore Sharbono appeal from orders of the District Court excluding 

their expert witnesses and granting judgment and attorney fees in favor of the Coles. We 

reverse and remand.

¶2 Sharbonos present the following issues for review:

¶3 Issue One: Whether the District Court’s order of September 3, 2014, properly 

granted the Coles’ motion in limine to exclude the Sharbonos’ expert witnesses 

from testifying at trial.

¶4 Issue Two: Whether the District Court properly granted judgment in favor of the 

Coles and awarded them attorney fees against the Sharbonos.

BACKGROUND

¶5 Sharbonos and Coles own adjoining parcels of land adjacent to Rock Creek in 

Carbon County, Montana. The Sharbonos have a senior right to the use of water that 

arises on the Coles’ property and flows or seeps into a pond on the Sharbonos’ property. 

In 1994 the Coles obtained a water use permit for a pond on their property, and in 

subsequent years they engaged in other development and construction. The Sharbonos 

contend that in 2007 the effect of the Coles’ construction activities was to greatly reduce 

or eliminate the flow of water onto the Sharbonos’ land and that they have been unable to 

utilize their senior water right. In 2008 the Sharbonos brought the present action against 

the Coles, contending that they interfered with the Sharbonos’ water right by erecting a 

pond, engaging in significant construction activities; and placing rip-rap and fill in wet 

areas without taking adequate steps to protect the flow of water onto the Sharbonos’ 
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property. The Sharbonos sought damages, an order requiring the restoration of the 

natural flow of water, attorney fees and costs. 

¶6 The parties engaged in discovery. In 2012 the Coles moved for summary 

judgment, contending that the Sharbonos had no rights to any water arising on the Coles’ 

property because the Sharbonos’ point of diversion was not located on the Coles’ 

property. The Sharbonos moved the District Court to certify the issue of the source of 

their water right to the Montana Water Court pursuant to § 85-2-406(2)(b), MCA. In 

March 2012 the District Court issued the certification order, and the Water Court issued 

its decision in May 2013. 

¶7 The Water Court conducted a site visit and received briefing and argument from 

the parties. The Water Court found that the Sharbonos had an irrigation water right 

dating to August 5, 1963, and that the source of the right was water arising on or flowing 

through the Coles’ property. The Water Court found that the Coles engaged in 

“considerable speculation to spin an alternative theory” to disprove the Sharbonos’ water 

right, and that the Coles’ assertions about the source of the Sharbonos’ right “is wrong as 

a matter of law and defies common sense.” The Water Court found that the ponds of 

each party are “built in the same slough or stream channel and share a common source of 

supply,” with the Coles’ pond located upstream from the Sharbonos’ pond. The Water 

Court found that this is “obvious from a visual inspection.” Further, the Water Court 

found that the State issued the water permit for the Coles’ pond “with the intention that 

water would flow through the Cole pond and down to the Sharbono property.” 
4

¶8 The case returned to District Court in late 2013. The parties continued with 

motions, including the Coles’ motion in limine to exclude the Sharbonos’ experts. The 

motion was based upon the contention that the Sharbonos had served inadequate 

disclosures of their experts’ opinions as required by Rule 26(b)(4), M. R. Civ. P. After 

briefing, the District Court in September 2014 granted the Coles’ motion in limine and 

prohibited the Sharbonos from calling any of their proposed expert witnesses. 

¶9 The parties proceeded to a bench trial in October 2014. At the conclusion of the 

Sharbonos’ case-in-chief, the District Court granted the Coles’ motion for a verdict in 

their favor. In November 2014 the District Court entered findings of fact and conclusions 

of law, finding that the Coles had not interfered with the Sharbonos’ water right; that the 

Sharbonos could only prove their case through expert testimony (which the District Court 

previously excluded); and that the Coles’ activities on their property did not 

unreasonably interfere with the Sharbonos’ water rights. The District Court subsequently 

entered judgment for the Coles, awarding them costs and attorney fees of $81,846.51 

against the Sharbonos.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶10 This Court reviews a district court’s rulings on the admissibility of expert 

testimony to determine whether there was an abuse of discretion. Norris v. Fritz, 2012 

MT 27, ¶ 17, 364 Mont. 63, 270 P.3d 79. 
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DISCUSSION

¶11 Issue One: Whether the District Court’s order of September 3, 2014, properly 

granted the Coles’ motion in limine to exclude Sharbonos’ expert witnesses from 

testifying at trial.

¶12 A party to civil litigation may discover from an opposing party information 

concerning any expert the party intends to call as a witness. Rule 26, M. R. Civ. P., 

provides in part:

A party may through interrogatories require any other party to identify each 

person whom the other party expects to call as an expert witness at trial, to 

state the subject matter on which the expert is expected to testify, and to 

state the substance of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected 

to testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion.

Rule 26(b)(4), M. R. Civ. P. The “spirit” of the civil rules requires “liberal disclosure” of 

witnesses. Superior Enterprises v. Montana Power Co., 2002 MT 139, ¶ 18, 310 Mont. 

198, 49 P.3d 565. The underlying purposes of Rule 26 are to eliminate surprise and to 

promote effective cross-examination of experts. Hendrickson v. State, 2004 MT 20, ¶ 57, 

319 Mont. 307, 84 P.3d 38. A court should examine the adequacy of an expert disclosure 

in light of those underlying purposes. Harkins v. Harney, 2003 MT 58, ¶ 24, 314 Mont. 

384, 66 P.3d 305. We evaluate a district court’s sanction for an inadequate expert 

witness disclosure to determine whether the consequences of the sanction relate to the 

extent and nature of the actual discovery abuse; the extent of prejudice to the opposing 

party; and whether the district court warned the answering party of the consequences. 

Hendrickson, ¶ 58. A factor in determining prejudice to the opposing party is whether 

that party could have obtained additional information by deposing the designated expert. 

Hawkins, ¶ 27; Hendrickson, ¶ 60; Norris, ¶ 21. “A party may depose any person who 
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has been identified as an expert whose opinions may be presented at trial.” Rule 

26(b)(4)(A)(ii), M. R. Civ. P.

¶13 The District Court here noted that the Sharbonos served an initial expert disclosure 

in October 2011, after which the Coles moved to exclude the experts for inadequate 

compliance with Rule 26. The Sharbonos served a supplemental disclosure in February 

2012. After the case returned from the Water Court, in March 2014 the District Court 

ordered simultaneous disclosures of experts pursuant to Rule 26, and the Sharbonos made 

a third supplemental disclosure. The Coles again moved to exclude the Sharbonos’ 

experts for inadequate disclosure. 

¶14 The District Court, in its order of September 3, 2014, granted the Coles’ motion in 

limine and excluded all of the Sharbonos’ experts from testifying at trial. The District 

Court concluded that the disclosures were “unsupported,” citing a common sentence in 

each of them that “[d]efendants’ acts, practices and construction activities have 

negatively impacted the Sharbonos’ water rights.” The District Court characterized this 

as a “legal conclusion unsupported by data and analysis.” The District Court concluded 

that the Sharbonos had not adequately disclosed “reports, data and analyses,” and did not 

include an analysis “on what numbers mean or opinions of where any contamination 

arose.” It is unclear what contamination issue this refers to.

¶15 The District Court specifically determined that the disclosure as to expert Yelin 

was “vague” and did not sufficiently state the grounds for his conclusions. The District 

Court noted the report by Water Rights Inc., submitted by the Sharbonos as part of their 

expert disclosure, and dismissed it as being speculation, noting that it used phrases such 
7

as “could have happened” and “probably curtailed.” Based upon this, the District Court 

concluded that nothing in this report would be admissible and therefore was an 

inadequate disclosure. Finally, the District Court dismissed the Sharbonos’ suggestion 

that the Coles had the opportunity to depose the experts but did not do so, noting that the 

Sharbonos did not offer to pay for all the costs of deposing the experts.

¶16 Rule 26(b)(4), M. R. Civ. P. requires a party, if asked to do so, to state the subject 

matter of the expert’s testimony, the “substance” of the expert’s expected facts and 

opinions, and a “summary” of the grounds for each opinion. The Rule does not require 

production of a separate report by the expert and does not require that the disclosures be 

stated in the exact form of trial testimony, requiring that information about opposing 

experts may “only” be obtained through an interrogatory seeking the Rule 26(b)(4)(A)(i) 

information. The district court can order the parties to make other or further disclosures, 

Rule 26(b)( 4)(A)(ii).

¶17 Early in the present case (June 2010) the Sharbonos served a pre-discovery 

disclosure required by local rule, disclosing the location of their property and the 

reference number for their water right claim. They stated that the Coles engaged in 

construction activities including building a large house, rip-rap, a shop building and 

placement of fill. They stated that the Coles failed to install culverts, drains or pipes to 

protect the springs that are the source of the Sharbonos’ water rights. They stated that 

when the Coles constructed a pond in 2007, the spring water flowing from the Coles’ 

property stopped. They stated that this construction activity and its interference with the 

flow of water damaged them and their water rights. They stated that the Coles had a duty 
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to refrain from interfering with their water right and that the Coles breached that duty by 

failing to mitigate the adverse impact of their construction activities.

¶18 In October 2011 the Sharbonos filed and served an expert disclosure pursuant to 

Rule 26, disclosing three experts. Lee Yelin was a Senior Water Rights Specialist with 

Water Rights, Inc. The subject matter of his expected testimony was his background in 

water rights; the extent of the Sharbonos’ water rights; the findings of his site visit in 

September 2011; the photographs and maps attached to the disclosure; and the negative 

effect of the Coles’ construction activities on the Sharbonos’ water rights. The substance 

of Yelin’s facts and opinions was that the Coles’ construction activities negatively 

impacted the Sharbonos’ water rights by decreasing the flow of water since 2007; that the 

source of the Sharbonos’ water rights is a slough on the Coles’ property; and that at the 

time of his inspection the only water flowing onto the Sharbonos’ property was waste 

water from the Coles’ corn crop irrigation. The substance of Yelin’s facts and opinions 

also included a description of the Coles’ shop and parking area and the fill and 

compaction that it required, which he believed likely altered the groundwater flow, and 

that an outlet culvert on the Coles’ pond, observed in an earlier inspection, was not 

present. The substance of Yelin’s facts and opinions also included that the Coles’ bank 

stabilization and channel shaping along Rock Creek had directly plugged the opening of 

the tributary slough that had historically fed the Sharbonos’ water rights. The disclosure 

stated that Yelin would opine that the Sharbonos had done nothing to decrease the flow 

of water to their property. Finally, the disclosure stated that the grounds for Yelin’s 

testimony would be his background, experience and training; his knowledge of water 
9

rights; his site visit; his review of water rights documents and other material produced 

during discovery; and his interviews with individuals who had knowledge of the facts.

¶19 Ben Horan was a Hydrologist, also with Water Rights, Inc. The subject matter of 

Horan’s testimony was essentially similar to that stated for Yelin. The substance of 

Horan’s facts and opinions was that the Coles’ acts and construction activities negatively 

impacted the quality and quantity of the Sharbonos’ water rights since 2007. The 

disclosure stated that Horan would explain how the Coles’ soil compaction affected the 

Sharbonos’ water rights and would include an analysis prepared by Alpine Analytical, 

attached to the disclosure. The disclosure stated that Horan would testify that the Coles’ 

bank stabilization and channel shaping on Rock Creek directly plugged the opening in the 

slough that feeds the Sharbonos’ water rights and caused the creek to move away to the 

east. Finally, the disclosure stated that the grounds for Horan’s testimony would be his 

background, experience and training; his knowledge of water rights; his site visit; his 

review of water rights documents and other material produced during discovery; and his 

interviews with individuals who had knowledge of the facts. 

¶20 Expert Howell, author of the Alpine Analytical report, would testify if needed to 

verify the water sample testing as set out in the report.

¶21 In February 2012 the Sharbonos filed a supplemental expert disclosure consisting 

of an affidavit of expert Yelin. The affidavit describes a number of documents and 

investigations he undertook to reach a conclusion that the source of the Sharbonos’ water 

right is a series of springs located in an unnamed tributary of Rock Creek. The affidavit 

stated Yelin’s conclusion that the springs arise on the Coles’ property and then flow into 
10

the Sharbonos’ property where they use the water. A topographic map attached to the 

affidavit showed the location of the properties, the ponds and the slough. Yelin stated 

that the Coles’ pond is fed by separate springs for which the Coles have separate water 

rights. Yelin stated that historic photos starting in 1962 (attached to the affidavit) show 

that the slough at issue runs through the Coles’ property and is the source of water that 

flows into the Coles’ wildlife pond and then onto the Sharbonos’ property. 

¶22 The Sharbonos filed and served a supplemental disclosure in April 2014 that 

included the prior disclosures for Yelin and Howell. It also contained the expert 

disclosure of Toby Hewitt, Senior Hydrologist with Whetstone Associates in Gunnison, 

Colorado. The subject matter of his testimony was essentially the same as Yelin’s. The 

substance of Hewitt’s facts and opinions was that the Coles’ construction activities 

negatively impacted the Sharbonos’ water rights, specifically that a berm the Coles 

constructed on the northern boundary of their property diverted return flows away from 

the Sharbonos’ property and that this flow could have provided water to the Sharbonos’ 

irrigation pond. Hewitt would also testify that the direction of groundwater flow changes 

depending upon the irrigation that the Coles carry on, and that at times of the year 

shallow groundwater flows onto the Sharbonos’ property. Hewitt would also testify that 

a berm that the Coles built keeps water from flowing into the natural slough and onto the 

Sharbonos’ property. Hewitt would also testify that the bottom of the Coles’ pond was 

lower than the slough, adversely affecting the flow of water onto the Sharbonos’ 

property. Finally, the disclosure stated that the grounds for Hewitt’s testimony would be 

his background, experience and training; his knowledge of water rights; his site visit; his 
11

review of water rights documents and other material produced during discovery; and his 

interviews with individuals who had knowledge of the facts.

¶23 The April 2014 supplemental expert disclosure included a disclosure for Richard 

Bondy, P.E. The subject matter of Bondy’s testimony would include the current quality 

and quantity of the Sharbonos’ water rights; the presence of clay soil and its use during 

construction; the negative effect of the Coles’ construction on the Sharbonos’ water 

rights, including the use of clay, sand and gravel that could change the groundwater flow. 

The substance of the facts and opinions in Bondy’s testimony included that the Coles’ 

construction activities negatively impacted the quantity and quality of the Sharbonos’ 

water rights; that the Coles’ construction caused a decrease in flow and quality of the 

Sharbonos’ water rights, based upon compaction of the soil as it alters groundwater 

flows; that construction of the parking lot and use of clay, gravel and sand caused 

compaction that impacted historic water flows; that compaction of the soil around the 

Coles’ shop created an impermeable surface in a former wetland that impacted the flow 

of water. Finally, the disclosure stated that the grounds for Bondy’s testimony would be 

his background, experience and training; his knowledge of water rights as a professional 

engineer; his site visit; his review of photographs and water rights documents and other 

material produced during discovery and his interviews with individuals who had 

knowledge of the facts.

¶24 The April 2014 supplemental expert disclosure included a disclosure for Jeff 

Silkwood, a Geomorphologist and Project Advisor for Water Rights, Inc. The subject 

matter of his expected testimony was his background in water rights; the current quality 
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and quantity of the Sharbonos’ water rights; the presence of clay soil and the effect of its 

use in construction; the negative effect of the Coles’ construction on the quality of the 

Sharbonos’ water rights; and damages. The substance of Silkwood’s facts and opinions 

was that the Coles’ construction activities have negatively impacted the quality and 

quantity of the Sharbonos’ water rights; that the Coles’ construction has caused a 

decrease in the flow rate and quality of the Sharbonos’ water rights, particularly as to soil 

compaction and placement of a pipe into the channel; that the Coles’ bank stabilization 

and channel shaping on Rock Creek that directly plugs the tributary slough, moving the 

creek away from the slough that has fed the Sharbonos’ pond; and that the Sharbonos 

have not affected the decrease of water available to them. The grounds for Silkwood’s 

opinions are his background and training, his knowledge of hydrology and water rights, 

his review of water rights documents and other documents produced in discovery and his 

conversations with others who have knowledge of the case.

¶25 The Sharbonos also furnished the Coles with a report by Water Rights, Inc., that 

included photographs of specific areas of the Coles’ construction that had impacted the 

Sharbonos’ water right. The Sharbonos also furnished a resume of each of the proposed 

witnesses.

¶26 A review of the expert disclosure materials furnished by the Sharbonos during the 

course of this case makes it clear that they did not “abuse” the discovery process. The 

analytical factors for examining the adequacy of expert witness disclosures relate to 

whether the party under consideration engaged in “discovery abuse.” Henrickson, ¶ 58. 

A finding of “discovery abuse” is more properly relegated to such practices as providing 
13

cryptic disclosures with no meaningful information, or attempting to call an un-disclosed 

expert at trial. Superior Enterprises, ¶ 19. We find no basis to conclude that the 

Sharbonos abused the discovery process in any way.

¶27 In addition, a review of the expert disclosure materials furnished by the Sharbonos 

makes it clear that they adequately complied with the requirements of Rule 26(b)(4), 

M. R. Civ. P. They complied with both the substance and the spirit of the Rule and it was 

an abuse of discretion for the District Court to strike all of their expert witnesses. This is 

particularly true in a case in which the District Court determined that the Sharbonos could 

not make out a prima facie case without expert testimony. In addition, there is no 

indication that the District Court warned the Sharbonos that they were in danger of 

having their case gutted by striking their experts.

¶28 There is also no demonstrable prejudice to the Coles based upon the quality of the 

Sharbonos’ expert disclosures. While the Coles claim some degree of frustration and 

inability to determine the substance of the testimony of the Sharbonos’ experts, the 

Sharbonos adequately met their disclosure obligations under Rule 26. The Rule requires 

disclosure of subject matter areas, the substance of facts and opinions, and a summary of 

the grounds. The Sharbonos met those requirements. If the Coles needed more 

information even after the Rule 26 disclosures, they were free to depose the experts. 

¶29 We emphasize that all parties are required to provide full expert disclosures under

Rule 26, and are required to comply with orders of the district court concerning expert 

disclosure. As we have stated:
14

The spirit of the Montana Rules of Civil Procedure requires liberal 

disclosure on the part of all parties, including the disclosure of witnesses. Failure 

to disclose an expert witness constitutes reversible error.

Superior Enterprises, ¶ 18. We reiterate what we said almost twenty years ago, that 

“dilatory abuse of discovery must no longer be dealt with leniently and that the 

transgressors of discovery abuses should be punished rather than encouraged repeatedly 

to cooperate.” Smith v. Butte-Silver Bow Co., 276 Mont. 329, 332, 916 P.2d 91, 92-93 

(1996). Further, district courts have the discretionary power to impose sanctions 

appropriate to the case and to the discovery conduct at issue. A party who makes 

incomplete and evasive disclosures or who attempts to hide the true testimony of any 

expert does so at that party’s peril. In this case, however, the Sharbonos complied with 

their disclosure responsibilities and should not have been sanctioned.

¶30 Issue Two: Whether the District Court properly granted judgment in favor of the 

Coles and awarded them attorney fees against the Sharbonos.

¶31 The judgment against the Sharbonos was entered at trial after they presented an 

abbreviated case in support of their complaint, without being able to present any of their 

disclosed experts. Because the experts were wrongfully excluded the result of the trial 

was tainted and must be reversed. Similarly, the District Court’s award of attorney fees 

to the Coles as prevailing parties is reversed.

¶32 Therefore, the District Court is reversed and this case is remanded for further 

proceedings.

/S/ MIKE McGRATH
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We Concur:

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

/S/ BETH BAKER

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

Justice Beth Baker, concurring. 

¶33 Effective October 1, 2011, following extensive study by this Court’s Advisory 

Commission on Rules of Civil and Appellate Procedure, receipt of public comment, and 

consideration during several public meetings, the Court adopted comprehensive 

amendments to the Montana Rules of Civil Procedure. The amendments were 

recommended by the Advisory Commission to bring Montana’s rules more closely in line 

with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The Commission, however, recommended 

against wholesale adoption of the federal rules. Among the federal rules that we did not 

adopt in toto is Rule 26. 

¶34 Federal Rule 26 provides detailed requirements for expert disclosures that are not 

found in the Montana rules. Relevant here, if a witness is retained for the purpose of 

providing expert testimony in the case, the witness’s disclosure “must be accompanied by 

a written report – prepared and signed by the witness.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B). The 

report must contain:

(i) a complete statement of all opinions the witness will express and the 

basis and reasons for them;

(ii) the facts or data considered by the witness in forming them;

(iii) any exhibits that will be used to summarize or support them;

(iv) the witness’s qualifications, including a list of all publications 

authored in the previous 10 years;
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(v) a list of all other cases in which, during the previous 4 years, the 

witness testified as an expert at trial or by deposition; and

(vi) a statement of the compensation to be paid for the study and 

testimony in the case.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2)(B). Under the federal rules, the test for sufficiency of the expert 

report is “whether the [report is] sufficiently complete, detailed and in compliance with 

the Rules so that surprise is eliminated, unnecessary depositions [are] avoided, and costs 

are reduced.” Henson v. Baker Sch. Dist. No. 12 Bd. of Trustees, No. CV 12-11-BLGCSO, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1554458, at *7 (D. Mont. 2013) (internal quotations 

omitted). The federal rule “requires the basis and reasons for every opinion, including 

the facts or data considered in forming them.” Henson, at *9. 

¶35 Montana’s federal district courts have held, “An inadequate report or disclosure 

may result in the exclusion of the expert’s opinions at trial even though the expert has 

been deposed.” Olson v. Mont. Rail Link, Inc., 227 F.R.D. 550, 552 (D. Mont. 2005). 

Under F. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1), which “gives teeth to the expert disclosure requirements,”

the U.S. District Court has prohibited a party’s expert “from relying in any way upon data 

or conclusions specifically not included and spelled out” in a timely disclosure, and has 

stricken opinions of the expert “that ha[ve] not been disclosed in compliance with the 

requirements of Rule 26(a) and the [court’s] Scheduling Order[,] as [well as] any opinion 

or evidence based on undisclosed data or testing.” Olson, 227 F.R.D. at 552-53. 

“Exclusion is appropriate for violations of the disclosure rules even where it may 

preclude an ‘entire cause of action or defense.’” Graham v. BNSF Ry. Co., No. CV 12-
17

145-M-DWM, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 39454 (D. Mont. 2014) (quoting Yeti By Molly, 

Ltd. v. Deckers Outdoor Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2001)).

¶36 When proposing changes to the Montana Rules of Civil Procedure, the Advisory 

Commission rejected the initial disclosure and pretrial disclosure requirements of F. R. 

Civ. P. 26(a)(1) and (a)(3), as well as the detailed expert disclosure rules and report 

requirement of F. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(2). The Commission determined that 

those detailed expert disclosure rules – while appropriate in certain cases –

are potentially too costly and difficult for the majority of civil cases 

handled by state district courts. To the extent detailed disclosure 

requirements beyond those of the existing Rule 26(b)(4) may be necessary, 

the district court has sufficient power to impose such requirements by 

virtue of its general powers over discovery as well as through the orders 

issued following preliminary pretrial conference or any discovery 

conference held pursuant to Rule 26(f).

Committee Notes to M. R. Civ. P. 26.

¶37 In excluding the Sharbonos’ experts from trial, the District Court appears to have 

applied the federal standards, including the perhaps laudable consideration of avoiding 

excessive deposition costs in litigated cases. But Montana’s rule—as discussed in the 

Opinion and set forth in our precedent—does not impose the federal standards. And the 

District Court did not enter any orders in this case calling for more detailed disclosures 

than the rule requires. Because Montana has not adopted the federal rule on expert 

disclosures, the distinction between the rules must be given significance. Sharbonos’ 

expert disclosures met the requirements of Montana’s Rule 26.

¶38 I concur. 

/S/ BETH BAKER