Page 2 of 12

I. In vitro and In vivo Laboratory Studies

For the September SAP meeting, the Agency’s scientific review of atrazine 

experimental toxicology studies involves the following: 1) development of the mammary 

gland (which was not discussed at the April SAP) and 2) relevant literature studies

published from January 30, 2010 to the present using the same search strategy as for 

the April SAP. Some new studies were identified from the open literature. Other new 

experimental toxicology data come from EPA’s laboratories and new studies submitted 

by Syngenta Crop Protection. The data from EPA’s Office of Research and 

Development includes luteinizing hormone data following a 4-day atrazine exposure 

(Cooper et al, 2010) and the distribution of atrazine following gestational/lactational 

exposures (Kamel et al, 2010; Stoker et al, 2010). [Note: The Stoker et al (2010) report 

is a companion document to the tissue dosimetry data contained in Kamel et al (2010).] 

In total, EPA has evaluated more than 20 new experimental toxicology studies for this 

upcoming SAP meeting. A list of these relevant references is attached (Attachment 1). 

II. Non-Cancer Epidemiology Studies

For the September 2010 FIFRA SAP, non-cancer related epidemiology studies

are being considered. To identify the epidemiological investigations of the association 

between atrazine exposure and adverse health effects (non-cancer), PubMed/Medline, 

Web of Science, and Google.Scholar were queried Twenty-one non-cancer 

epidemiology studies were identified on potential non-cancer health effects of atrazine 

exposure. The Agency is including 19 of these in the September SAP review; the 

remaining two studies are not in English and translations are not yet available. A 

bibliography of these 19 references is provided in Attachment 2. 

III. Water Monitoring/Modeling Studies

Attachment 3 provides a list of relevant references related to water 

monitoring/modeling. This list contains all of the previously cited references, which are 

still relevant, in addition to sources mentioned by the April SAP either in their remarks or 

in their written report. Certain articles have also been added that have general 

relevance to or show specific applications of topics addressed at the April Meeting. 

Since potential directions for next steps will be discussed at the September Meeting, 

citing these sources was deemed to be more important than an exhaustive search of 

the literature for this current bibliography. 
Page 3 of 12

Attachment 1: In vitro and In vivo Experimental Toxicology 

1. Abarikwu, S., Adesiyan, A., Oyeloja, T., Oyeyemi, M., Farombi, E. (2010). 

Changes in Sperm Characteristics and Induction onf Oxidative Stress in the 

Testis and Epididymis of Experimental Rats by a Herbicide, Atrazine. Arch 

Environ Contam Toxicol 58:874-882. DOI 10.1007/s00244-009-9371-2.

2. Breckenridge, C., B. (2010) Atrazine: Overview of Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. 

Recently Conducted and On-Going Studies on Atrazine’s Mode of Action and 

Potential Mammalian Toxicity. Final Report. Unpublished data from Syngenta 

Crop Protection, Inc. Report Number WIL-TK0040016. Study Completion Date 

July 15, 2010.

3. Casas, E., Bonilla, E., Ducolomb Y, Betancourt M. 2010. Differential effects of 

herbicides atrazine and fenoxaprop-ethyl, and insecticides diazinon and 

malathion, on viability and maturation of porcine oocytes in vitro. Toxicology in 

vitro 24 (2010); 224-230.

4. Coder, P. (2010a). Atrazine: An Oral (Gavage) Study to Assess the Potential for 

Detecting the Estrogen-Induced Luteinizing Hormone Surge in Female Rats. 

Final Report. Unpublished data from Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. Report 

Number WIL-639062. Study Completion Date July 2, 2010.

5. Coder, P. (2010b). Atrazine: An Oral (Gavage) Immunotoxicity and Hormone 

Evaluation Study for the Effects of Atrazine on Male Rats. Final Report. 

Unpublished data from Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. Report Number WIL639072. Study Completion Date July 13, 2010.

6. Coder, P. (2010c). Atrazine: An Oral (Gavage) Study of the Effects of Atrazine on 

the Estrous Cycle and the Estrogen-Induced Luteinizing Hormone Surge in 

Female Rats. Final Interim Report. Unpublished data from Syngenta Crop 

Protection, Inc. Report Number WIL-639062. Study Completion Date July 14, 

2010.

7. Coder, P. (2010d). Atrazine: An Oral Developmental Toxicity Study of Atrazine in 

the Rat, Including Cross-Fostering and Pair-Feeding. Final Report. January 28, 

2010. Project Number: WIL/639025, T007794/08, 140/107. Unpublished study 

prepared by WIL Research Laboratories, Inc. 2827 p. MRID 47972801.

8. Cooper, R, Buckalew, A. Fraites, M., et al. (2010). Internal Report: Evaluation of 

Effects of the Chlorotriazine Herbicide Atrazine on the Amplitude of the Preovulatory LH Surge in the Long Evans Rat. Memorandum dated July 8, 2010 

from Ralph Cooper, NHEERL/ORD to Elizabeth Mendez, HED.
Page 4 of 12

9. Cooper, R, Buckalew, A. Fraites, M., et al. (2010). Internal Report: Evaluation of 

Effects of the Chlorotriazine Herbicide Atrazine on the Amplitude of the Preovulatory LH Surge in the Long Evans Rat. Memorandum dated July 8, 2010 

from Ralph Cooper, NHEERL/ORD to Elizabeth Mendez, HED. Corrected 

Report.

10.Enoch, R.R., Stanko, J.P., Greiner, S.N., Youngblood, G.L,. Rayner, J.L., Fenton, 

S.E., 2007. Mammary gland development as a sensitive end point acute 

prenatal exposure to an atrazine metabolite mixture in female Long-Evans rats. 

Environmental Health Prospective. 115(4): 541-547.

11.Fakhouri, W., Nunez, J. and Trail, F. (2010) Atrazine binds to the Growth 

Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptor and Affects Growth Hormone Gene 

Expression. Departments of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, Neuroscience 

Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.

12.Hotchkiss, M.G., Best, D.S., Cooper, R.L., Laws, S.C. (2010). Atrazine activates 

and ACTH-dependant release of corticosterone and progresterone in male 

Wistar rats following acute exposure. Internal Report Preparted for use of the 

Office of Pesticide Program, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevent, 

U.S., EPA, Washington, DC. Memorandum dated July 15, 2010. 

13.Kamel, A., Qian, Y., Podhorniak, L. (2010). Final Report on ―Determination of 

Atrazine and Its Metabolites in Rat Plasma, Milk, and Tissue.‖ ACB Project B10-

15. Memorandum dated July 13, 2010. Analytical Chemistry Branch/BEAD/OPP 

to Ralph Cooper, NHEERL/ORD

14.Lasserre, J-P., Fack, F., Revets, d. et al. 2009. Effects of the Endocrine 

Disruptors Atrazine and PCB 153 on the Protein Expression of MCF-7 Human 

Cells. Journal of Proteome Research. 8:5485-5496

15.Olejnik, a. Marecik, R., Bialas, W., Cyplik, P. and Grajek, W. (2010). In Vitro 

Studies on Atrazine Effects on Human Intestinal Cells. Water Air Soil Pollut. DOI 

10.1007/s11270-010-0394-0.

16.Rajkovic, V., Matavulj, M., and Johansson, O. (2010) Combined Exposure of 

Peripubertal Male Rats to the Endocrine-Disrupting Compound Atrazine and 

Power-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Causes Degranulation of Cutaneous 

Mast Cells: A New Toxic Environmental Hazard? Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 

DOI 10.1007/s00244-010-9477-6.

 

17.Rayner, J.L., Enoch, R.R., and Fenton, S.E. (2005). Adverse effects of prenatal 

exposure to atrazine during a critical period of mammary gland growth. Tox. Sci. 

87(1):255-266.
Page 5 of 12

18. Rayner, J., Wood, C., and Fenton, S. (2003) Exposure Parameters Necessary 

for Delayed Puberty and Mammary Gland Development in Long-Evans Rats 

Exposed in Utero to Atrazine. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 195:23-34.

19.Singh, M., Sandhir, R., and Kiran, R. (2010). Effects on antioxidant status of liver 

following atrazine exposure and its attenuation by vitamin E. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 

doi:10.1016/j.etp.2010.01.00

20.Solari, M., Paquin, J., Ducharme, P., and Boily, M. (2010). P19 Neuronal 

Differentiation and Retinoic Acid Metabolism as Criteria to Investigate Atrazine, 

Nitrite, and Nitrate Developmental Toxicity. Toxicological Sciences, 113(1), 116-

126, doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfp243

21.Stanko, J., Enoch, R., Rayner, J., Davis, C., Wolf, D.C., Malarkey, D.E., Fenton, 

S.E. (2010) Effects of Prenatal Exposure to a Low Dose Atrazine Metabolite 

Mixture on Pubertal Timing and Prostate Development of Male Long Evans Rats. 

In press. Elsevier Editorial System (tm) for Reproductive Toxicology Manuscript 

Draft.

22.Stoker, T., Zorilla, L., Strader, L. Et al. 2010. Internal Report:The Distribution of 

Atrazine in the Wistar Rat Following Gestational/Lactational Exposures. 

Memorandum dated July 14, 2010 from Tammy Stoker, NHEERL/ORD to 

Elizabeth Mendez, HED/OPP.
Page 6 of 12

Attachment 2: Non-Cancer Epidemiology 

1. Altomare, G. and Capella, G. (1995). Occupational porphyria-cutanea-tarda due to 

exposure to symmertrical triazine herbicides. European Journal of Dermatology, 

66-68. 

2. Arbuckle, T. E., Lin, Z. Q., & Mery, L. S. (2001). An exploratory analysis of the effect 

of pesticide exposure on the risk of spontaneous abortion in an Ontario farm 

population. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(8), 851-857. 

3. Catenacci, G., Tringali, S., & Imbriani, M. (1995). [Retrospective study of the 

morbidity in a group occupationally exposed to chlorotriazine herbicides: 

preliminary results]. G Ital Med Lav, 17(1-6), 23-26. [Italian]

4. Dabrowski, S., Hanke, W., Polańska, K., Makowiec-Dabrowska, T., & Sobala, W. 

(2003). Pesticide exposure and birthweight: an epidemiological study in Central 

Poland. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 16(1), 31-39. 

5. Environmental atrazine exposure and congenital malformations in New York State: 

An ecologic study. (2005). Birth Defects Research Part a-Clinical and Molecular 

Teratology, 73(11), 926-926. 

6. Farr, S., Cai, J., Savitz, D., Sandler, D., Hoppin, J., & Cooper, G. (2006). Pesticide 

exposure and timing of menopause: the Agricultural Health Study. Am J 

Epidemiol, 163(8), 731-742. doi: kwj099 [pii] 10.1093/aje/kwj099.

7. Farr, S., Cooper, G., Cai, J., Savitz, D., & Sandler, D. (2004). Pesticide use and 

menstrual cycle characteristics among premenopausal women in the Agricultural 

Health Study. Am J Epidemiol, 160(12), 1194-1204. doi: 160/12/1194 [pii] 

10.1093/aje/.

8. Ghisolfi, A., Rossi, V., Pugliese, F., & Biscaldi, G. (1983). [A case of retinal 

degeneration in a man exposed to organophosphorus pesticides]. G Ital Med 

Lav, 5(4), 187-188. 

9. Hoppin, J. A., Umbach, D. M., London, S. J., Alavanja, M. C. R., & Sandler, D. P. 

(2002). Chemical predictors of wheeze among farmer pesticide applicators in the 

agricultural health study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care 

Medicine, 165(5), 683-689. doi: 10.1164/rccm.2106074.

10. Hornemann, A., Weichert, J., Thill, M., Altgassen, C., Luedders, D., & Bohlmann, M. 

K. (2009). Seasonality of Omphalocele in Northern Germany. Ultraschall in Der 

Medizin, 30(6), 591-595. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1027896. [German]
Page 7 of 12

11. Kossmann, S., Konieczny, B., & Hoffmann, A. (1997). The role of respiratory 

muscles in the impairment of the respiratory system function in the workers of a 

chemical plant division producing pesticides. Przegl Lek, 54(10), 702-706. 

12. Kossmann, S., Pierzchała, W., & Hefczyc, J. (1999). [Bronchial hyperreactivity in 

chemical plant workers employed in the production of dust pesticides]. Wiad Lek, 

52(1-2), 25-29. [Polish]

13. Kossmann, S., Tustanowski, J., & Kołodziej, B. (2001). [Renal dysfunction in 

chemical plant workers producing dust pesticides]. Med Pr, 52(4), 253-256. 

[Polish]

14. Kłuciński, P., Kossmann, S., Tustanowski, J., Friedek, D., & Kamińska-Kołodziej, B. 

(2001). Humoral and cellular immunity rates in chemical plant workers producing 

dust pesticides. Med Sci Monit, 7(6), 1270-1274. doi: 1270 [pii].

15. Li, J. J., & Li, S. A. (1998). Breast cancer: evidence for xeno-oestrogen involvement 

in altering its incidence and risk. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 70(9), 1713-1723. 

16. Mattix, K., Winchester, P., & Scherer, L. (2007). Incidence of abdominal wall defects 

is related to surface water atrazine and nitrate levels. J Pediatr Surg, 42(6), 947-

949. doi: S0022-3468(07)00056-5 [pii] 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.01.027.

17. McMahon, C., & Bush, P. (1992). Forest worker exposure to airborne herbicide 

residues in smoke from prescribed fires in the southern United States. Am Ind 

Hyg Assoc J, 53(4), 265-272. 

18. Munger, R., Isacson, P., Hu, S., Burns, T., Hanson, J., Lynch, C. F., et al. (1997). 

Intrauterine growth retardation in Iowa communities with herbicide-contaminated 

drinking water supplies. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105(3), 308-314. 

19. Ochoa-Acuña, H., & Carbajo, C. (2009). Risk of limb birth defects and mother's 

home proximity to cornfields. Sci Total Environ, 407(15), 4447-4451. doi: S0048-

9697(09)00373-8 [pii] 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.028.

20. Ochoa-Acuña, H., Frankenberger, J., Hahn, L., & Carbajo, C. (2009). Drinking-water 

herbicide exposure in Indiana and prevalence of small-for-gestational-age and 

preterm delivery. Environ Health Perspect, 117(10), 1619-1624. doi: 

10.1289/ehp.0900784.

21. Saldana, T. M., Basso, O., Hoppin, J. A., Baird, D. D., Knott, C., Blair, A., et al. 

(2007). Pesticide exposure and self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus in the 

agricultural health study. Diabetes Care, 30(3), 529-534. doi: 10.2337/dc06-1832.

22. Savitz, D., Arbuckle, T., Kaczor, D., & Curtis, K. (1997). Male pesticide exposure 

and pregnancy outcome. Am J Epidemiol, 146(12), 1025-1036. 
Page 8 of 12

23. Schuman, S., & Dobson, R. (1985). An outbreak of contact dermatitis in farm 

workers. J Am Acad Dermatol, 13(2 Pt 1), 220-223. 

24. Sliwiński, Z., Hermanowicz, A., Kossmann, S., & Hrycek, A. (1991). Neutrophil 

function in chemical plant workers employed in the production of dust pesticides. 

Pol J Occup Med Environ Health, 4(3), 241-247. 

25. Swan, S. H. (2006). Semen quality in fertile US men in relation to geographical area 

and pesticide exposure. International Journal of Andrology, 29(1), 62-68. doi: 

10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00620.x.

26. Swan, S. H., Kruse, R. L., Liu, F., Barr, D. B., Drobnis, E. Z., Redmon, J. B., et al. 

(2003). Semen quality in relation to biomarkers of pesticide exposure. 

Environmental Health Perspectives, 111(12), 1478-1484. doi: 10.1289/ehp.6417.

27. Villanueva, C., Durand, G., Coutté, M., Chevrier, C., & Cordier, S. (2005). Atrazine 

in municipal drinking water and risk of low birth weight, preterm delivery, and 

small-for-gestational-age status. Occup Environ Med, 62(6), 400-405. doi: 

62/6/400 [pii] 10.1136/oem.2004.016469.

28. Waller, S. A., Paul, K., Peterson, S. E., & Hitti, J. E. (2010). Agricultural-related 

chemical exposures, season of conception, and risk of gastroschisis in 

Washington State. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 202(3). doi: 

10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.023.

29. Winchester, P., Huskins, J., & Ying, J. (2009). Agrichemicals in surface water and 

birth defects in the United States. Acta Paediatr, 98(4), 664-669. doi: APA1207 

[pii] 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01207.x.
Page 9 of 12

Attachment 3: Water Monitoring/Modeling 

1. Blomquist, J.D., J.M. Denis, J.L. Cowles, J.A. Hetrick, R.D. Jones, and N.B. 

Birchfield. 2001. Pesticides in Selected Water-Supply Reservoirs and Finished 

Drinking Water, 1999-2000: Summary of Results from a Pilot Monitoring 

Program. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-456. Published in 

cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

2. Brown, L.C., Berthouex, P.M. 2002. Statistics for Environmental Engineers. 

CRC Press.

3. Coles, S. 2001. An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values. New 

York: Springer.

4. Conover, W.J. 1980. Practical Nonparametric Statistics. New York: Wiley.

5. Crawford, C.G. 2004. Sampling Strategies for Estimating Acute and Chronic 

Exposures of Pesticides in Streams. Journal of the American Water Resources 

Association (JAWRA) 40(2):485-502.

6. de Haan, L., Ferreira, A. 2006. Extreme Value Theory: An Introduction. New 

York: Springer.

7. Deutsch, C.V., and A.G. Journel. 1998. GSLIB: Geostatistical Software Library 

and User’s Guide. Second Edition. Oxford University Press (New York, Oxford).

8. FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel (FIFRA SAP). 2009. A Set of Scientific Issues 

Being Considered by the Environmental Protection Agency Regarding: The 

Ecological Significance of Atrazine Effects on Primary Producers in Surface 

Water Streams in the Corn and Sorghum Growing Region of the United States 

(Part II). SAP Minutes No. 2009-06. May 12 – 14, 2009 FIFRA Scientific 

Advisory Panel. Document available at 

http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2009/051209meeting.html

9. Gilbert, R.O. 1987. Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. 

New York: Wiley & Sons.

10.Gilliom R.J., J.E. Barbash, C.G. Crawford, P.A. Hamilton, J.D. Martin, N. 

Nakagaki, L.H. Nowell, J.C. Scott, P.E. Stackelberg, G.P. Thelin, and D.M. 

Wolock. 2006. The quality of our Nation’s waters—Pesticides in the Nation’s 

streams and ground water, 1992–2001. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1291, 

172 p. Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/1291/pdf/circ1291.pdf
Page 10 of 12

11.Huang, Y., Batterman, S. 2003. An Extreme Value Analysis of Pollutant 

Concentrations in Surface Soils Due to Atmospheric Deposition. Human and 

Ecological Risk Assessment, 9:1729-1746. 

12.Lee, H.K. 2004. Bayesian Nonparametrics via Neural Networks. Philadelphia: 

ASA/SIAM.

13.ILSI (International Life Sciences Institute), 1999. A Framework for Estimating 

Pesticide Concentrations in Drinking Water for Aggregate Exposure 

Assessments. International Life Sciences Institute Risk Science Institute Working 

Group Report, Washington, D.C., 61 pp. Available at 

http://www.ilsi.org/ResearchFoundation/Publications/Estimating%20Pesticide%2

0Concentrations.pdf

14.Isaaks, E.H., and R.M. Srivastava. 1989. Applied Geostatistics. Oxford 

University Press (New York, Oxford).

15.Larson, S.J., C.G. Crawford, and R.J. Gilliom. 2004. Development and 

application of Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) for estimating 

atrazine concentration distributions in streams. U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 03–4047, 68 p. Available at 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034047/

16.Padoan, S., Ribatet, M., Sisson, S. 2010. Likelihood-Based Inference for MaxStable Processes. Journal of the American Statistical Association 105 (489): 

263-277.

17.Reiss, R., Thomas, M. 2007. Statistical Analysis of Extreme Values: with 

Applications to Insurance, Finance, Hydrology, and Other Fields. Basel: 

Birkhauser-Verlag.

18.Stone, W.W.,and R.J. Gilliom. 2009. Update of watershed regressions for 

pesticides (WARP) for predicting atrazine concentration in streams. U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009–1122, 22 p. Available at 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1122/

19.Stone, W.W., R.J. Gilliom, and C.G. Crawford. 2008. Watershed Regressions for 

Pesticides (WARP) for Predicting Annual Maximum and Maximum MovingAverage Concentrations of Atrazine in Streams. U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 08-1186, 19 p. Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1186/

20.Sullivan, D.J., Vecchia, A.V., Lorenz, D.L., Gilliom, R.J., Martin, J.D. 2009. 

Trends in Pesticide Concentrations in Corn-Belt Streams, 1996-2006: U.S. 

Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5132, 75 p. 
Page 11 of 12

21.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2000. FIFRA Scientific Advisory 

Panel Briefing Document for a Consultation on: Monitoring Strategies for 

Pesticides in Surface Derived Drinking Water. Prepared for June 6-9, 2000 

FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel. Document available at 

http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2000/june/drinkingwatersurvey.pdf

22.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2002. Organophosphate 

Pesticides: Revised Cumulative Risk Assessment. Current as of June 10, 2002. 

Documents available through the USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs web site 

at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative/rra-op/. 

23.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2007a. Acetochlor Registration 

Agreement and Monitoring Program. Documents are available through the 

Federal docket. Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-0725. Available at 

http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/home.html#docketDetail?R=EPA-HQOPP-2007-0725

24.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2007b. N-methyl Carbamate 

Revised Cumulative Risk Assessment. Available through the USEPA Office of 

Pesticide Programs web site at 

http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/nmc_revised_cra.pdf .

25.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2007c. Preliminary 

Interpretation of the Ecological Significance of Atrazine Stream-Water 

Concentrations Using a Statistically-Designed Monitoring Program. Prepared for 

the December 4 – 7, 2007 FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel. Document available 

at http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2007/120407_mtg.htm

26.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2009a. The Ecological 

Significance of Atrazine Effects on Primary Producers in Surface Water Streams 

in the Corn and Sorghum Growing Region of the United States (Part II). Prepared 

for the May 12 – 15, 2009 FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel. Document available 

at http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2009/051209meeting.html

27.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2009b. The Ecological 

Significance of Atrazine Effects on Primary Producers in Surface Water Streams 

in the Corn and Sorghum Growing Region of the United States (Part II). 

Addendum to Section VI: Additional Analysis of the 40 AEEMP Sampling Sites to 

Identify Additional Areas That May Exceed the LOC. Prepared for the May 12 –

15, 2009 FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel. Document available at 

http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2009/051209meeting.html

28.Vecchia, A.V., Martin, J.D., Gilliom, R.J. 2008. Modeling Variability and Trends 

in Pesticide Concentrations in Streams. Journal of the American Water 

Resources Association (JAWRA) 44(5): 1308-1324.
Page 12 of 12

29.Vecchia A.V., Crawford, C.G. 2006. Simulation of Daily Pesticide Concentrations 

from Watershed Characteristics and Monthly Climatic Data: U.S. Geological 

Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5181, 60 p.

30.Whitmore, R.W., Mosquin, P.L. Investigation of Statistical Confidence in Upper 

Quantiles and ―Peak‖ Concentrations of Currently Available Atrazine Drinking 

Water Monitoring Data. January 29, 2010. RTI International report Submitted to 

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. 

MRID #479728-04.

31.Wilks, D.S. 1999. Interannual Variability and Extreme-Value Characteristics of 

Several Stochastic Daily Precipitation Models. Agricultural and Forest 

Meteorology 93: 153-169.