Exhibit 10.4


 


EXECUTION VERSION


 


INVESTOR
RIGHTS AGREEMENT


 


THIS INVESTOR RIGHTS
AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”), dated as of December 1, 2020, is made and entered into by and among American Virtual
Cloud Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”),the undersigned party listed under the heading
“Holder” on the signature page hereto (and, together with any person or entity who hereafter becomes a party to this
Agreement pursuant to Section 6.2 of this Agreement, each a “Holder” and collectively the “Holders”),
and solely for purposes of Section 7.1 of this Agreement, the undersigned parties listed under the heading “Significant Holders”
on the signature page hereto (collectively, the “Significant Holders”).


 


RECITALS


 


WHEREAS, the Company,
Holder, Ribbon Communications Operating Company, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“RCOCI”), and Ribbon Communications
International Limited, an Ireland company (“RCIL”, and together with RCOCI, each a “Seller”
and collectively the “Sellers”) are parties to that certain Amended and Restated Purchase Agreement dated December
1, 2020 (the “Purchase Agreement”; capitalized terms used and not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings
given to them in the Purchase Agreement);


 


WHEREAS, pursuant
to the Purchase Agreement, the Sellers and their respective Affiliate are selling the Business by selling the Transferred Assets
and all of the membership interests of Kandy Communications LLC (the “Purchased Interests”) and assigning the
Assumed Liabilities to the Company;


 


WHEREAS, the purchase
price to be paid by the Company to the Sellers in consideration for all of Sellers’ and/or their respective Affiliates’
right, title and interest in, to and under the Transferred Assets and the Purchased Interests will be the issuance of the Consideration
Units to Holder, which Consideration Units shall consist of Debentures and Warrants;


 


WHEREAS, the Company
will issue Common Stock to Holder upon the conversion of the Debentures issuable to Holder pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and
the exercise of the Warrants issuable to Holder pursuant to the Purchase Agreement (collectively, the “Conversion Shares”);
and


 


WHEREAS, in order
to induce the Sellers to accept the Consideration Units, Holder and the Company hereby agree that this Agreement shall govern the
right of the Holder to appoint the Ribbon Director (as defined below), the right of Holder to participate in future equity offerings
by the Company, and certain other matters as set forth in this Agreement.


 


NOW, THEREFORE,
for and in consideration of the mutual premises and other consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which is acknowledged,
the parties hereto hereby agree as follows:


 


1.
DEFINITIONS. The following capitalized terms used herein
have the following meanings:


 


“Adverse
Disclosure” is defined in Section 3.6.


 






     


     


    

 


“Agreement”
is defined in the preamble hereto.


 


“Business
Day” means a day other than Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in New York, New York or in Texas
generally are authorized or required by law to close. If any period expires on a day which is not a Business Day or any event
or condition is required by the terms of this Agreement to occur or be fulfilled on a day which is not a Business Day, such period
shall expire or such event or condition shall occur or be fulfilled, as the case may be, on the next succeeding Business Day.


 


“Commission”
means the Securities and Exchange Commission, or any other federal agency then administering the Securities Act or the Exchange
Act.


 


“Common Stock”
means shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share.


 


“Company”
is defined in the preamble to this Agreement.


 


“Demand Registration”
is defined in Section 2.2.1.


 


“Demanding
Holder” is defined in Section 2.2.1.


 


“Effectiveness
Period” is defined in Section 3.1.3.


 


“Exchange
Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated
thereunder, all as the same shall be in effect at the time.


 


“Final Closing”
has the meaning ascribed to such term in the NCP Subscription Agreement.


 


“Form S-3”
is defined in Section 2.1.


 


“Holder Indemnified
Party” is defined in Section 4.1.


 


“Holders”
is defined in the preamble to this Agreement.


 


“Indemnified
Party” is defined in Section 4.3.


 


“Indemnifying
Party” is defined in Section 4.3.


 


“Initial Closing” has
the meaning ascribed to such term in the NCP Subscription Agreement.


 


“Maximum
Number of Shares” is defined in Section 2.2.4.


 


“Misstatement”
is defined in Section 3.1.13.


 


“New Registration
Statement” is defined in Section 2.1.4.


 






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“Notices”
is defined in Section 8.3.


 


“Piggy-Back
Registration” is defined in Section 2.3.1.


 


“Pro Rata”
is defined in Section 2.2.4.


 


“Redeemable
Units” is defined in Section 6.3.


 


“Redemption
Closing” is defined in Section 6.3.


 


“Redemption
Notice” is defined in Section 6.3.


 


“Redemption
Price” is defined in Section 6.3.


 


“Register,”
“Registered” and “Registration” mean a registration effected by preparing and filing a Registration
Statement or similar document in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Act, and the applicable rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder, and such Registration Statement becoming effective.


 


“Registrable
Securities” means (i) shares of Common Stock held by any Holder as of the date hereof; (ii) any shares of Common Stock,
or any Common Stock issued or issuable (directly or indirectly) upon conversion and/or exercise of any other securities of the
Company acquired by any Holder on or after the date hereof, including shares of Common Stock held by any Holder as of the date
hereof or issuable pursuant to the conversion of the Debentures and the exercise of the Warrants held by any Holder; and (iii)
any shares of Common Stock issued pursuant to any stock split or combination or as (or issuable upon the conversion or exercise
of any option, warrant, right, or other security that is issued as) a dividend or other distribution with respect to, or in exchange
for or in replacement of, the shares referenced in the immediately preceding clauses (i) or (ii) above (including, for the avoidance
of doubt, the Conversion Shares). As to any particular Registrable Securities, such securities shall cease to be Registrable Securities
when: (a) a Registration Statement with respect to the sale of such securities shall have become effective under the Securities
Act and such securities shall have been sold, transferred, disposed of or exchanged in accordance with such Registration Statement;
(b) such securities shall have been otherwise transferred; provided, that new certificates for them not bearing a legend
restricting further transfer shall have been delivered by the Company and subsequent public distribution of them shall not require
registration under the Securities Act; (c) such securities shall have ceased to be outstanding; or (d) such securities
are freely saleable under Rule 144 without volume or manner of sale limitations (it being understood that the Registrable Securities
will remain “Registrable Securities” for the three (3) months following the date on which any Holder ceases to be
an “affiliate” of the Company).


 


“Registration
Statement” means a registration statement filed by the Company with the Commission in compliance with the Securities
Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder for a public offering and sale of Common Stock (other than a registration
(i) pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-8 (or other registration solely relating to an offering or sale to employees
or directors of the Company pursuant to any employee stock option or other benefit plan), (ii) pursuant to a Registration
Statement on Form S-4 for an exchange offer or offering of securities solely to the Company’s existing stockholders (or
similar transaction subject to Rule 145 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto), or (iii) for a dividend
reinvestment plan).


 






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“Regulatory
Filing” is defined in Section 6.4.


 


“Resale Shelf
Registration Statement” is defined in Section 2.1.1.


 


“Requesting
Holder” is defined in Section 2.1.5(a).


 


“Rule 144”
means Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto.


 


“SEC Guidance”
is defined in Section 2.1.4.


 


“Securities
Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder,
all as the same shall be in effect at the time (or any successor statute and related rules and regulations).


 


“Selling
Holders” is defined in Section 2.1.5(a)(ii).


 


“Termination
Date” is defined in Section 6.3.


 


“Underwriter”
means a securities dealer who purchases any Registrable Securities as principal in an underwritten offering and not as part of
such dealer’s market-making activities.


 


“Underwritten
Takedown” shall mean an underwritten public offering of Registrable Securities pursuant to the Resale Shelf Registration
Statement, as amended or supplemented.


 


2.
REGISTRATION RIGHTS.


 


2.1Resale Shelf Registration Rights.


 


2.1.1 Registration
Statement Covering Resale of Registrable Securities. The Company shall prepare and file or cause to be prepared and filed with
the Commission, no later than twenty (20) days following the date of this Agreement, a Registration Statement for an offering to
be made on a continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 of the Securities Act registering the resale from time to time by Holders of
all of the Registrable Securities held by Holders (the “Resale Shelf Registration Statement”). The Resale Shelf
Registration Statement shall be on Form S-3 (“Form S-3”), or, if the Company is not then eligible to file on
Form S-3, on Form S-1 or any other appropriate form under the Securities Act, or any successor rule that may be adopted by the
SEC. The Company shall use reasonable best efforts to cause the Resale Shelf Registration Statement to be declared effective as
soon as possible after filing, and once effective, to keep the Resale Shelf Registration Statement continuously current and effective
under the Securities Act (or file a new Resale Shelf Registration Statement when the preceding Resale Shelf Registration Statement
expires pursuant to the rules of the SEC) at all times until the expiration of the Effectiveness Period.


 






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2.1.2 Notification
and Distribution of Materials. The Company shall notify the Holders in writing of the effectiveness of the Resale Shelf Registration
Statement in accordance with Section 3.1.4 hereof and shall furnish to them, without charge, such number of copies of the Resale
Shelf Registration Statement (including any amendments, supplements and exhibits), the prospectus contained therein (including
each preliminary prospectus and all related amendments and supplements) and any documents incorporated by reference in the Resale
Shelf Registration Statement or such other documents as the Holders may reasonably request in order to facilitate the sale of the
Registrable Securities in the manner described in the Resale Shelf Registration Statement.


 


2.1.3 Amendments
and Supplements. Subject to the provisions of Section 2.1.1 above, the Company shall promptly prepare and file with the Commission
from time to time such amendments and supplements to the Resale Shelf Registration Statement and prospectus used in connection
therewith (or file a new Resale Shelf Registration Statement when the preceding Resale Shelf Registration Statement expires pursuant
to the rules of the SEC) as may be necessary to keep the Resale Shelf Registration Statement effective and to comply with the provisions
of the Securities Act with respect to the disposition of all the Registrable Securities during the Effectiveness Period.


 


2.1.4 Notwithstanding
the registration obligations set forth in this Section 2.1, in the event the Commission informs the Company that all of the Registrable
Securities cannot, as a result of the application of Rule 415, be registered for resale as a secondary offering on a single registration
statement, the Company agrees to promptly (i) inform each of the Holders thereof and use its commercially reasonable efforts to
file amendments to the Resale Shelf Registration Statement as required by the Commission and/or (ii) withdraw the Resale Shelf
Registration Statement and file a new registration statement (a “New Registration Statement”), in either case
covering the maximum number of Registrable Securities permitted to be registered by the Commission, on Form S-3 or such other form
available to register for resale the Registrable Securities as a secondary offering; provided, however, that prior to filing such
amendment or New Registration Statement, the Company shall be obligated to use its commercially reasonable efforts to advocate
with the Commission for the registration of all of the Registrable Securities in accordance with any publicly-available written
or oral guidance, comments, requirements or requests of the Commission staff (the “SEC Guidance”). Notwithstanding
any other provision of this Agreement, if any SEC Guidance sets forth a limitation of the number of Registrable Securities permitted
to be registered on a particular Registration Statement as a secondary offering (and notwithstanding that the Company used diligent
efforts to advocate with the Commission for the registration of all or a greater number of Registrable Securities), unless otherwise
directed in writing by a Holder as to its Registrable Securities, the number of Registrable Securities to be registered on such
Registration Statement will be reduced on a pro rata basis based on the total number of Registrable Securities held by the Holders,
subject to a determination by the Commission that certain Holders must be reduced first based on the number of Registrable Securities
held by such Holders. In the event the Company amends the Resale Shelf Registration Statement or files a New Registration Statement,
as the case may be, under clauses (i) or (ii) above, the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to file with the
Commission, as promptly as allowed by Commission or SEC Guidance provided to the Company or to registrants of securities in general,
one or more registration statements on Form S-3 or such other form available to register for resale those Registrable Securities
that were not registered for resale on the Resale Shelf Registration Statement, as amended, or the New Registration Statement.


 






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2.1.5 Notice
of Certain Events. The Company shall promptly notify the Holders in writing of any request by the Commission for any amendment
or supplement to, or additional information in connection with, the Resale Shelf Registration Statement required to be prepared
and filed hereunder (or prospectus relating thereto). The Company shall promptly notify each Holder in writing of the filing of
the Resale Shelf Registration Statement or any prospectus, amendment or supplement related thereto or any post-effective amendment
to the Resale Shelf Registration Statement and the effectiveness of any post-effective amendment.


 


(a) If
the Company shall receive a request from the Holders of Registrable Securities, provided that the aggregate estimated market value
of the Registrable Securities is at least $5,000,000 (the requesting Holder(s) shall be referred to herein as the “Requesting
Holder”) that the Company effect the Underwritten Takedown of all or any portion of the Requesting Holder’s Registrable
Securities, and specifying the intended method of disposition thereof, then the Company shall promptly give notice of such requested
Underwritten Takedown (each such request shall be referred to herein as a “Demand Takedown”) at least ten (10)
Business Days prior to the anticipated filing date of the prospectus or supplement relating to such Demand Takedown to the non-Requesting
Holders and thereupon shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect, as expeditiously as possible, the offering in such Underwritten
Takedown of:


 


(i) subject
to the restrictions set forth in Section 2.2.4, all Registrable Securities for which the Requesting Holder has requested such
offering under Section 2.1.5(a), and


 


(ii) subject
to the restrictions set forth in Section 2.2.4, all other Registrable Securities that any non-Requesting Holders of Registrable
Securities (all such Holders, together with the Requesting Holder, the “Selling Holders”) have requested the
Company to offer by request received by the Company within seven (7) Business Days after such non-Requesting Holders receive the
Company’s notice of the Demand Takedown, all to the extent necessary to permit the disposition (in accordance with the intended
methods thereof as aforesaid) of the Registrable Securities so to be offered.


 


(b) Promptly
after the expiration of the seven-Business Day-period referred to in Section 2.1.5(a)(ii), the Company will notify all Selling
Holders of the identities of the other Selling Holders and the number of shares of Registrable Securities requested to be included
therein.


 


(c) The
Company shall only be required to effectuate one Underwritten Takedown within any six-month period.


 


(d) If
the managing underwriter in an Underwritten Takedown advises the Company and the Selling Holders that, in its view, the number
of shares of Registrable Securities requested to be included in such underwritten offering exceeds the largest number of shares
that can be sold without having an adverse effect on such offering, including the price at which such shares can be sold, the shares
included in such Underwritten Takedown will be reduced by the Registrable Securities held by the Selling Holders (applied on a
pro rata basis based on the total number of Registrable Securities held by such Selling Holders, subject to a determination by
the Commission that certain Holders must be reduced first based on the number of Registrable Securities held by such Holders).


 






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2.1.6 Selection
of Underwriters. Selling Holders holding a majority in interest of the Registrable Securities requested to be sold in an Underwritten
Takedown shall have the right to select an Underwriter or Underwriters in connection with such Underwritten Takedown, which Underwriter
or Underwriters shall be reasonably acceptable to the Company (not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed). In connection
with an Underwritten Takedown, the Company shall enter into customary agreements (including an underwriting agreement in customary
form) and take such other actions as are reasonably required in order to expedite or facilitate the disposition of the Registrable
Securities in such Underwritten Takedown, including, if necessary, the engagement of a “qualified independent underwriter”
in connection with the qualification of the underwriting arrangements with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.


 


2.1.7 Registrations
effected pursuant to this Section 2.1 shall not be counted as Demand Registrations effected pursuant to Section 2.2.


 


2.2 Demand
Registration.


 


2.2.1 Request for
Registration. At any time and from time to time on or after
(i) the date hereof with respect to the Registrable Securities, the Holder (the “Demanding Holder”) may
make a written demand for Registration under the Securities Act of all or part of its Registrable Securities (a “Demand
Registration”). Any demand for a Demand Registration shall specify the number of Registrable Securities proposed to
be sold and the intended method(s) of distribution thereof. The Company will within ten (10) days of the Company’s receipt
of the Demand Registration notify all Holders of Registrable Securities of the demand, and each Holder of Registrable Securities
who wishes to include all or a portion of such Holder’s Registrable Securities in the Demand Registration shall so notify
the Company within ten (10) days after the receipt by the Holder of the notice from the Company. Upon any such request, the
Demanding Holders shall be entitled to have their Registrable Securities included in the Demand Registration, subject to Section 2.2.4
and the provisos set forth in Section 3.1.1. The Company shall not be obligated to effect more than an aggregate of three
(3) Demand Registrations under this Section 2.2.1.


 


2.2.2 Effective
Registration. A Registration will not count as a Demand Registration until the Registration
Statement filed with the Commission with respect to such Demand Registration has been declared effective and the Company has
complied with all of its obligations under this Agreement with respect thereto; provided, however, that if, after such
Registration Statement has been declared effective, the offering of Registrable Securities pursuant to a Demand Registration
is interfered with by any stop order or injunction of the Commission or any other governmental agency or court, the
Registration Statement with respect to such Demand Registration will be deemed not to have been declared effective, unless
and until, (i) such stop order or injunction is removed, rescinded or otherwise terminated, and (ii) a
majority-in-interest of the Demanding Holders who initiated such Demand Registration thereafter affirmatively elect to
continue the offering and notify the Company in writing, but in no event later than five (5) days of such election;
provided, further, that the Company shall not be obligated to file a second Registration Statement until a Registration
Statement that has been filed is counted as a Demand Registration or is terminated.


 






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2.2.3 Underwritten
Offering. If a majority-in-interest of the other Demanding Holders who initiate a Demand Registration
so elect and such Holders so advise the Company as part of their written demand for a Demand Registration, the offering of such
Registrable Securities pursuant to such Demand Registration shall be in the form of an underwritten offering. In such event, the
right of any Holder to include its Registrable Securities in such Registration shall be conditioned upon such Holder’s participation
in such underwriting and the inclusion of such Holder’s Registrable Securities in the underwriting to the extent provided
herein. All Demanding Holders proposing to distribute their securities through such underwriting shall enter into an underwriting
agreement in customary form with the Underwriter or Underwriters selected for such underwriting by a majority-in-interest of the
Holders initiating the Demand Registration.


 


2.2.4 Reduction of
Offering. If the managing Underwriter or Underwriters for
a Demand Registration that is to be an underwritten offering, in good faith, advises the Company and the Demanding Holders in
writing that the dollar amount or number of shares of Registrable Securities which the Demanding Holders desire to sell, taken
together with all other shares of Common Stock or other securities which the Company desires to sell and the shares of Common
Stock, if any, as to which Registration has been requested pursuant to written contractual piggy-back registration rights held
by other stockholders of the Company who desire to sell, exceeds the maximum dollar amount or maximum number of shares that can
be sold in such offering without adversely affecting the proposed offering price, the timing, the distribution method, or the
probability of success of such offering (such maximum dollar amount or maximum number of shares, as applicable, the “Maximum
Number of Shares”), then the Company shall include in such Registration: (i) the Registrable Securities as to which
Demand Registration has been requested by the Demanding Holders (pro rata in accordance with the number of shares that each such
Demanding Holder has requested be included in such Registration, regardless of the number of shares held by each such Demanding
Holder (such proportion is referred to herein as “Pro Rata”)) that can be sold without exceeding the Maximum Number
of Shares; (ii) to the extent that the Maximum Number of Shares has not been reached under the foregoing clause (i),
the Registrable Securities of Holders exercising their rights to Register their Registrable Securities pursuant to Section 2.3;
(iii) to the extent that the Maximum Number of Shares has not been reached under the foregoing clauses (i) and (ii),
the shares of Common Stock or other securities that the Company desires to sell that can be sold without exceeding the Maximum
Number of Shares; (iv) to the extent that the Maximum Number of Shares has not been reached under the foregoing clauses (i),
(ii) and (iii), the shares of Common Stock or other securities for the account of other persons that the Company is obligated
to Register pursuant to written contractual arrangements with such persons and that can be sold without exceeding the Maximum
Number of Shares.


 


2.2.5 Withdrawal.
If a majority-in-interest of the Demanding Holders disapprove of the terms of any underwriting
or are not entitled to include all of their Registrable Securities in any offering, such majority-in-interest of the Demanding
Holders may elect to withdraw from such offering by giving written notice to the Company and the Underwriter or Underwriters of
their request to withdraw prior to the effectiveness of the Registration Statement filed with the Commission with respect to such
Demand Registration. If the majority-in-interest of the Demanding Holders withdraws from a proposed offering relating to a Demand
Registration, then such Registration shall not count as a Demand Registration provided for in this Section 2.2.


 






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2.3 Piggy-Back Registration.


 


2.3.1 Piggy-Back
Rights. If at any time on or after the date hereof the Company proposes to file a Registration
Statement under the Securities Act with respect to an offering of equity securities, or securities or other obligations exercisable
or exchangeable for, or convertible into, equity securities, by the Company for its own account or for stockholders of the Company
for their account (or by the Company and by stockholders of the Company including, without limitation, pursuant to Section 2.2),
other than a registration (i) pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-8 (or other registration solely relating to
an offering or sale to employees or directors of the Company pursuant to any employee stock option or other benefit plan), (ii) pursuant
to a Registration Statement on Form S-4 for an exchange offer or offering of securities solely to the Company’s existing
stockholders (or similar transaction subject to Rule 145 under the Securities Act or any successor rule thereto), or (iii) for
a dividend reinvestment plan, then the Company shall (x) give written notice of such proposed filing to the Holders of Registrable
Securities as soon as practicable but in no event less than ten (10) days before the anticipated filing date, which notice
shall describe the amount and type of securities to be included in such offering, the intended method(s) of distribution,
and the name of the proposed managing Underwriter or Underwriters, if any, of the offering, and (y) offer to the Holders
of Registrable Securities in such notice the opportunity to Register the sale of such number of shares of Registrable Securities
as such Holders may request in writing within five (5) days following receipt of such notice (a “Piggy-Back Registration”).
The Company shall, in good faith, cause such Registrable Securities to be included in such Registration and shall use its reasonable
best efforts to cause the managing Underwriter or Underwriters of a proposed underwritten offering to permit the Registrable Securities
requested to be included in a Piggy-Back Registration on the same terms and conditions as any similar securities of the Company
and to permit the sale or other disposition of such Registrable Securities in accordance with the intended method(s) of distribution
thereof. All Holders of Registrable Securities proposing to distribute their securities through a Piggy-Back Registration that
involves an Underwriter or Underwriters shall enter into an underwriting agreement in customary form with the Underwriter or Underwriters
selected for such Piggy-Back Registration.


 


2.3.2 Reduction of
Offering. If the managing Underwriter or Underwriters for a Piggy-Back Registration that is
to be an underwritten offering advises the Company and the Holders of Registrable Securities in writing that the dollar amount
or number of shares of Common Stock which the Company desires to sell, taken together with shares of Common Stock, if any, as
to which Registration has been demanded pursuant to separate written contractual arrangements with persons or entities other than
the Holders of Registrable Securities hereunder, the Registrable Securities as to which Registration has been requested under
this Section 2.3, and the shares of Common Stock, if any, as to which Registration has been requested pursuant to the written
contractual Piggy-Back Registration rights of other stockholders of the Company, exceeds the Maximum Number of Shares, then the
Company shall include in any such Registration:


 


(a) If
the Registration is undertaken for the Company’s account: (A) the shares of Common Stock or other securities that the
Company desires to sell that can be sold without exceeding the Maximum Number of Shares; (B) to the extent that the Maximum
Number of Shares has not been reached under the foregoing clause (A), the shares of Common Stock or other securities, if any,
comprised of Registrable Securities, as to which Registration has been requested pursuant to the applicable written contractual
Piggy-Back Registration rights of such security Holders, Pro Rata, that can be sold without exceeding the Maximum Number of Shares;
and (C) to the extent that the Maximum Number of Shares has not been reached under the foregoing clauses (A) and (B),
the shares of Common Stock or other securities for the account of other persons that the Company is obligated to Register pursuant
to written contractual Piggy-Back Registration rights with such persons and that can be sold without exceeding the Maximum Number
of Shares; and


 






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(b) If
the Registration is a “demand” registration undertaken at the demand of persons or entities other than the Holders
of Registrable Securities, (A) the shares of Common Stock or other securities for the account of the demanding persons that
can be sold without exceeding the Maximum Number of Shares; (B) to the extent that the Maximum Number of Shares has not been
reached under the foregoing clause (A), the shares of Common Stock or other securities that the Company desires to sell that
can be sold without exceeding the Maximum Number of Shares; (C) to the extent that the Maximum Number of Shares has not been
reached under the foregoing clauses (A) and (B), the shares of Common Stock or other securities comprised of Registrable Securities,
Pro Rata, as to which Registration has been requested pursuant to the terms hereof and the Unit Purchase Option, as applicable,
that can be sold without exceeding the Maximum Number of Shares; and (D) to the extent that the Maximum Number of Shares has
not been reached under the foregoing clauses (A), (B) and (C), the shares of Common Stock or other securities for the account
of other persons that the Company is obligated to Register pursuant to written contractual arrangements with such persons, that
can be sold without exceeding the Maximum Number of Shares.


 


2.3.3 Withdrawal.
Any Holder of Registrable Securities may elect to withdraw such Holder’s request for inclusion of Registrable Securities
in any Piggy-Back Registration by giving written notice to the Company of such request to withdraw prior to the effectiveness
of the Registration Statement. The Company (whether on its own determination or as the result of a withdrawal by persons making
a demand pursuant to written contractual obligations) may withdraw a Registration Statement at any time prior to the effectiveness
of the Registration Statement. Notwithstanding any such withdrawal, the Company shall pay all expenses incurred by the Holders
of Registrable Securities in connection with such Piggy-Back Registration as provided in Section 3.3.


 


2.3.4 Unlimited Piggy-Back
Registration Rights. For purposes of clarity, any Registration effected pursuant to Section 2.3
hereof shall not be counted as a Registration pursuant to a Demand Registration effected under Section 2.2 hereof.


 






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3. REGISTRATION
PROCEDURES.


 


3.1 Filings; Information.
Whenever the Company is required to effect the Registration of any Registrable Securities pursuant to Section 2, the Company
shall use its best efforts to effect the Registration and sale of such Registrable Securities in accordance with the intended
method(s) of distribution thereof as expeditiously as practicable, and in connection with any such request:


 


3.1.1 Filing Registration
Statement. The Company shall, as expeditiously as possible and in any event within twenty (20) days
after receipt of a request for a Demand Registration pursuant to Section 2.1, prepare and file with the Commission a Registration
Statement on any form for which the Company then qualifies or which counsel for the Company shall deem appropriate and which form
shall be available for the sale of all Registrable Securities to be Registered thereunder in accordance with the intended method(s)
of distribution thereof, and shall use its best efforts to cause such Registration Statement to become and remain effective for
the period required by Section 3.1.3; provided, however, that the Company shall have the right to defer any Demand Registration
for up to sixty (60) days, and any Piggy-Back Registration for such period as may be applicable to deferment of any Demand
Registration to which such Piggy-Back Registration relates, in each case if the Company shall furnish to the Holders a certificate
signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or President of the Company stating that Adverse Disclosure (as defined below)
would be required to be set forth in such Registration Statement; provided further, however, that the Company shall not have the
right to exercise the right set forth in the immediately preceding proviso more than twice in any 365-day period in respect of
a Demand Registration hereunder.


 


3.1.2 Copies.
The Company shall, prior to filing a Registration Statement or prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, furnish without
charge to the Holders of Registrable Securities included in such Registration, and such Holders’ legal counsel, copies of
such Registration Statement as proposed to be filed, each amendment and supplement to such Registration Statement (in each case
including all exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein), the prospectus included in such Registration
Statement (including each preliminary prospectus), and such other documents as the Holders of Registrable Securities included
in such Registration or legal counsel for any such Holders may request in order to facilitate the disposition of the Registrable
Securities owned by such Holders.


 


3.1.3 Amendments
and Supplements. The Company shall prepare and file with the Commission such amendments, including
post-effective amendments, and supplements to such Registration Statement and the prospectus used in connection therewith (or
file a new Registration Statement when the preceding Registration Statement expires pursuant to the rules of the SEC) as may be
necessary to keep such Registration Statement effective and in compliance with the provisions of the Securities Act until all
Registrable Securities and other securities covered by such Registration Statement have been disposed of in accordance with the
intended method(s) of distribution set forth in such Registration Statement or such securities have been withdrawn (the “Effectiveness
Period”).


 






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3.1.4 Notification.
After the filing of a Registration Statement, the Company shall promptly, and in no event more than two (2) Business Days
after such filing, notify the Holders of Registrable Securities included in such Registration Statement of such filing, and shall
further notify such Holders promptly and confirm such advice in writing in all events within two (2) Business Days of the
occurrence of any of the following: (i) when such Registration Statement becomes effective; (ii) when any post-effective
amendment to such Registration Statement becomes effective; (iii) the issuance or threatened issuance by the Commission of
any stop order (and the Company shall take all actions required to prevent the entry of such stop order or to remove it if entered);
and (iv) any request by the Commission for any amendment or supplement to such Registration Statement or any prospectus relating
thereto or for additional information or of the occurrence of an event requiring the preparation of a supplement or amendment
to such prospectus so that, as thereafter delivered to the purchasers of the securities covered by such Registration Statement,
such prospectus will not contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated
therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, and promptly make available to the Holders of Registrable
Securities included in such Registration Statement any such supplement or amendment; except that before filing with the Commission
a Registration Statement or prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, including documents incorporated by reference,
the Company shall furnish to the Holders of Registrable Securities included in such Registration Statement and to the legal counsel
for any such Holders, copies of all such documents proposed to be filed sufficiently in advance of filing to provide such Holders
and legal counsel with a reasonable opportunity to review such documents and comment thereon, and the Company shall not file any
Registration Statement or prospectus or amendment or supplement thereto, including documents incorporated by reference, to which
such Holders or their legal counsel shall reasonably object.


 


3.1.5 Securities
Laws Compliance. The Company shall use its reasonable best efforts to (i) register or qualify
the Registrable Securities covered by the Registration Statement under such securities or “blue sky” laws of such
jurisdictions in the United States as the Holders of Registrable Securities included in such Registration Statement (in light
of their intended plan of distribution) may request and (ii) take such action necessary to cause such Registrable Securities
covered by the Registration Statement to be Registered with or approved by such other governmental authorities or securities exchanges,
including the Nasdaq Capital Market, as may be necessary by virtue of the business and operations of the Company and do any and
all other acts and things that may be necessary or advisable to enable the Holders of Registrable Securities included in such
Registration Statement to consummate the disposition of such Registrable Securities in such jurisdictions; provided, however,
that the Company shall not be required to qualify generally to do business in any jurisdiction where it would not otherwise be
required to qualify but for this paragraph or subject itself to taxation in any such jurisdiction.


 


3.1.6 Agreements
for Disposition. The Company shall enter into customary agreements (including, if applicable,
an underwriting agreement in customary form) and take such other actions as are reasonably required in order to expedite or facilitate
the disposition of such Registrable Securities. The representations, warranties and covenants of the Company in any underwriting
agreement which are made to or for the benefit of any Underwriters, to the extent applicable, shall also be made to and for the
benefit of the Holders of Registrable Securities included in such Registration Statement. No Holder of Registrable Securities
included in such Registration Statement shall be required to make any representations or warranties in the underwriting agreement
except as reasonably requested by the underwriters and, if applicable, with respect to such Holder’s organization, good
standing, authority, title to Registrable Securities, lack of conflict of such sale with such Holder’s organizational documents,
and with respect to written information relating to such Holder that such Holder has furnished in writing expressly for inclusion
in such Registration Statement.


 






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3.1.7 Cooperation.
The principal executive officer of the Company, the principal financial officer of the Company, the principal accounting officer
of the Company and all other officers and members of the management of the Company shall cooperate fully in any offering of Registrable
Securities hereunder, which cooperation shall include, without limitation, the preparation of the Registration Statement with
respect to such offering and all other offering materials and related documents, and participation in meetings with Underwriters,
attorneys, accountants and potential investors.


 


3.1.8 Records.
The Company shall make available for inspection by the Holders of Registrable Securities included in such Registration Statement,
any Underwriter participating in any disposition pursuant to such Registration Statement and any attorney, accountant or other
professional retained by any Holder of Registrable Securities included in such Registration Statement or any Underwriter, all
financial and other records, pertinent corporate documents and properties of the Company, as shall be necessary to enable them
to exercise their due diligence responsibility, and cause the Company’s officers, directors and employees to supply all
information requested by any of them in connection with such Registration Statement.


 


3.1.9 Opinions and
Comfort Letters. The Company shall furnish to each Holder of Registrable Securities included in any Registration Statement
a signed counterpart, addressed to such Holder, of (i) any opinion of counsel to the Company delivered to any Underwriter
and (ii) any comfort letter from the Company’s independent public accountants delivered to any Underwriter. In the event
no legal opinion is delivered to any Underwriter, the Company shall furnish to each Holder of Registrable Securities included in
such Registration Statement, at any time that such Holder elects to use a prospectus, an opinion of counsel to the Company to the
effect that the Registration Statement containing such prospectus has been declared effective and that no stop order is in effect.


 


3.1.10 Earnings Statement.
The Company shall comply with all applicable rules and regulations of the Commission and the Securities Act, and make available
to its stockholders, as soon as reasonably practicable, an earnings statement covering a period of twelve (12) months, beginning
within three (3) months after the effective date of the Registration Statement, which earnings statement shall satisfy the
provisions of Section 11(a) of the Securities Act and Rule 158 thereunder.


 


3.1.11 Listing.
The Company shall use its best efforts to cause all Registrable Securities included in any Registration to be listed on such exchanges
or otherwise designated for trading in the same manner as similar securities issued by the Company are then listed or designated
or, if no such similar securities are then listed or designated, in a manner satisfactory to the Holders of a majority of the Registrable
Securities included in such Registration. From and after the date of this Agreement, the Company shall use reasonable best efforts
to cause the Conversion Shares to be approved for listing on the Nasdaq and to deliver evidence to the Holder, in form and substance
reasonably satisfactory to Holder that, the Conversion Shares have been authorized for listing on the Nasdaq.


 


3.1.12 Transfer Agent.
The Company shall provide a transfer agent or warrant agent, as applicable, and registrar for all such Registrable Securities no
later than the effective date of the Registration Statement.


 






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3.1.13 Misstatements.
The Company shall notify the Holders at any time when a prospectus relating to such Registration Statement is required to be delivered
under the Securities Act, of the happening of any event as a result of which the prospectus included in such Registration Statement,
as then in effect, includes an untrue statement of a material fact or an omission to state a material fact required to be stated
in a Registration Statement or prospectus, or necessary to make the statements therein in the light of the circumstances under
which they were made not misleading (a “Misstatement”), and then to correct such Misstatement.


 


3.2 Obligation
to Suspend Distribution. Upon receipt of any notice from the Company of the happening of any
event of the kind described in Section 3.1.4(iv), or, in the case of a resale Registration on Form S-3 pursuant to Section 2.3
hereof, upon any suspension by the Company, pursuant to a written insider trading compliance program adopted by the Company’s
Board of Directors, of the ability of all “insiders” covered by such program to transact in the Company’s securities
because of the existence of material non-public information, each Holder of Registrable Securities included in any Registration
shall immediately discontinue disposition of such Registrable Securities pursuant to the Registration Statement covering such
Registrable Securities until such Holder receives the supplemented or amended prospectus contemplated by Section 3.1.4(iv)
or the restriction on the ability of “insiders” to transact in the Company’s securities is removed, as applicable,
and, if so directed by the Company, each such Holder will deliver to the Company all copies, other than permanent file copies
then in such Holder’s possession, of the most recent prospectus covering such Registrable Securities at the time of receipt
of such notice.


 


3.3 Registration
Expenses. The Company shall bear all costs and expenses incurred in connection with the Resale
Shelf Registration Statement pursuant to Section 2.1, any Demand Registration pursuant to Section 2.2, and any Piggy-Back
Registration pursuant to Section 2.3, and all expenses incurred in performing or complying with its other obligations under
this Agreement, whether or not the Registration Statement becomes effective, including, without limitation: (i) all Registration
and filing fees and fees of any securities exchange on which the Common Stock is then listed; (ii) fees and expenses of compliance
with securities or “blue sky” laws (including fees and disbursements of counsel for the Underwriters in connection
with blue sky qualifications of the Registrable Securities); (iii) printing, messenger, telephone and delivery expenses;
(iv) the Company’s internal expenses (including, without limitation, all salaries and expenses of its officers and
employees); (v) the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the Registrable Securities as required by
Section 3.1.11; (vi) Financial Industry Regulatory Authority fees; (vii) fees and disbursements of counsel for
the Company and fees and expenses for independent certified public accountants retained by the Company (including, without limitation,
the expenses or costs associated with the delivery of any opinions or comfort letters requested pursuant to Section 3.1.9);
(viii) the fees and expenses of any special experts retained by the Company in connection with such Registration; (ix) the
fees and expenses of one legal counsel selected by the Holders of a majority-in-interest of the Registrable Securities included
in such Registration; and (x) any other fees and disbursement customarily paid by the issuers of securities. The Company shall
have no obligation to pay any underwriting discounts or selling commissions attributable to the Registrable Securities being sold
by the Holders thereof, which underwriting discounts or selling commissions shall be borne by such Holders. Additionally, in an
underwritten offering, all selling stockholders and the Company shall bear the expenses of the underwriter pro rata in proportion
to the respective amount of shares each is selling in such offering.


 






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3.4 Information.
The Holders of Registrable Securities shall provide such information as may reasonably be requested by the Company, or the managing
Underwriter, if any, in connection with the preparation of any Registration Statement, including amendments and supplements thereto,
in order to effect the Registration of any Registrable Securities under the Securities Act pursuant to Section 2 and in connection
with the Company’s obligation to comply with federal and applicable state securities laws.


 


3.5 Requirements
for Participation in Underwritten Offerings. No Person may participate in any underwritten offering
for equity securities of the Company pursuant to a Registration initiated by the Company hereunder unless such Person (i) agrees
to sell such Person’s securities on the basis provided in any underwriting arrangements approved by the Company and (ii) completes
and executes all customary questionnaires, powers of attorney, indemnities, lock-up agreements, underwriting agreements and other
customary documents as may be reasonably required under the terms of such underwriting arrangements.


 


3.6 Suspension
of Sales; Adverse Disclosure. Upon receipt of written notice from the Company that a Registration
Statement or prospectus contains a Misstatement, each of the Holders shall forthwith discontinue disposition of Registrable Securities
until it has received copies of a supplemented or amended prospectus correcting the Misstatement (it being understood that the
Company hereby covenants to prepare and file such supplement or amendment as soon as practicable after the time of such notice),
or until it is advised in writing by the Company that the use of the prospectus may be resumed. If the filing, initial effectiveness
or continued use of a Registration Statement in respect of any Registration at any time would require the Company to make an Adverse
Disclosure (as defined below) or would require the inclusion in such Registration Statement of financial statements that are unavailable
to the Company for reasons beyond the Company’s control, the Company may, upon giving prompt written notice of such action
to the Holders, delay the filing or initial effectiveness of, or suspend use of, such Registration Statement for the shortest
period of time, but in no event more than thirty (30) days, determined in good faith by the Company to be necessary for such
purpose. In the event the Company exercises its rights under the preceding sentence, the Holders agree to suspend, immediately
upon their receipt of the notice referred to above, their use of the prospectus relating to any Registration in connection with
any sale or offer to sell Registrable Securities. The Company shall immediately notify the Holders of the expiration of any period
during which it exercised its rights under this Section 3.6. “Adverse Disclosure” shall mean any public disclosure
of material non-public information, which disclosure, in the good faith judgment of the principal executive officer or principal
financial officer of the Company, after consultation with counsel to the Company, (i) would be required to be made in any
Registration statement or prospectus in order for the applicable Registration statement or prospectus not to contain any untrue
statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements contained therein (in the case
of any prospectus and any preliminary prospectus, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made) not misleading,
(ii) would not be required to be made at such time if the Registration Statement were not being filed, and (iii) the
Company has a bona fide business purpose for not making such information public.


 






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3.7 Reporting Obligations.
As long as any Holder shall own Registrable Securities, the Company, at all times while it shall be reporting under the Exchange
Act, covenants to file timely (or obtain extensions in respect thereof and file within the applicable grace period) all reports
required to be filed by the Company after the date hereof pursuant to Sections 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act and to
promptly furnish the Holders with true and complete copies of all such filings (provided that the Company shall not be required
to furnish the Holders with copies of any such filings that are filed via EDGAR and publicly available on the Commission’s
website). The Company further covenants that it shall take such further action as any Holder may reasonably request, all to the
extent required from time to time to enable such Holder to sell shares of the Common Stock held by such Holder without Registration
under the Securities Act within the limitation of the exemptions provided by Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, including
providing any legal opinions. Upon the request of any Holder, the Company shall deliver to such Holder a written certification
of a duly authorized officer as to whether it has complied with such requirements.


 


4.
INDEMNIFICATION AND CONTRIBUTION.


 


4.1 Indemnification
by the Company. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Holder of Registrable
Securities, and each of their respective officers, employees, affiliates, directors, partners, members, attorneys and agents,
and each person, if any, who controls (within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange
Act) each Holder of Registrable Securities (each, a “Holder Indemnified Party”), from and against any expenses, losses,
judgments, claims, damages or liabilities, whether joint or several, arising out of or based upon any untrue statement (or allegedly
untrue statement) of a material fact contained in any Registration Statement under which the sale of such Registrable Securities
was Registered under the Securities Act, any preliminary prospectus, final prospectus or summary prospectus contained in the Registration
Statement, or any amendment or supplement to such Registration Statement, or arising out of or based upon any omission (or alleged
omission) to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, or
any violation by the Company of the Securities Act or any rule or regulation promulgated thereunder applicable to the Company
and relating to action or inaction required of the Company in connection with any such Registration; and the Company shall promptly
reimburse the Holder Indemnified Party for any legal and any other expenses reasonably incurred by such Holder Indemnified Party
in connection with investigating and defending any such expense, loss, judgment, claim, damage, liability or action; provided,
however, that the Company will not be liable in any such case to the extent that any such expense, loss, claim, damage or liability
arises out of or is based upon any untrue statement or allegedly untrue statement or omission or alleged omission made in such
Registration Statement, preliminary prospectus, final prospectus, or summary prospectus, or any such amendment or supplement,
in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished to the Company, in writing, by such Selling Holder expressly for
use therein. The Company also shall indemnify any Underwriter of the Registrable Securities, their officers, affiliates, directors,
partners, members and agents and each person who controls such Underwriter on substantially the same basis as that of the indemnification
provided above in this Section 4.1.


 






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4.2 Indemnification
by Holders of Registrable Securities. Each Selling Holder of Registrable Securities will, in
the event that any Registration is being effected under the Securities Act pursuant to this Agreement of any Registrable Securities
held by such Selling Holder, indemnify and hold harmless the Company, each of its directors and officers and each underwriter
(if any), and each other Selling Holder and each other Person, if any, who controls another Selling Holder or such underwriter
within the meaning of the Securities Act, against any losses, claims, judgments, damages or liabilities, whether joint or several,
insofar as such losses, claims, judgments, damages or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon
any untrue statement or allegedly untrue statement of a material fact contained in any Registration Statement under which the
sale of such Registrable Securities was Registered under the Securities Act, any preliminary prospectus, final prospectus or summary
prospectus contained in the Registration Statement, or any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement, or arise out
of or are based upon any omission or the alleged omission to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary
to make the statement therein not misleading, if the statement or omission was made in reliance upon and in conformity with information
furnished in writing to the Company by such Selling Holder expressly for use therein, and shall reimburse the Company, its directors
and officers, and each other Selling Holder or controlling person for any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by any of
them in connection with investigation or defending any such loss, claim, damage, liability or action. Each Selling Holder’s
indemnification obligations hereunder shall be several and not joint and shall be limited to the amount of any net proceeds actually
received by such Selling Holder. Each Selling Holder of Registrable Securities shall indemnify any Underwriter of the Registrable
Securities, their officers, affiliates, directors, partners, members and agents and each person who controls such Underwriter
to the same extent as provided in the foregoing with respect to indemnification of the Company. 


 


4.3 Conduct of
Indemnification Proceedings. Promptly after receipt by any person of any notice of any loss,
claim, damage or liability or any action in respect of which indemnity may be sought pursuant to Section 4.1 or 4.2, such
person (the “Indemnified Party”) shall, if a claim in respect thereof is to be made against any other person for indemnification
hereunder, notify such other person (the “Indemnifying Party”) in writing of the loss, claim, judgment, damage, liability
or action; provided, however, that the failure by the Indemnified Party to notify the Indemnifying Party shall not relieve the
Indemnifying Party from any liability which the Indemnifying Party may have to such Indemnified Party hereunder, except and solely
to the extent the Indemnifying Party is actually prejudiced by such failure. If the Indemnified Party is seeking indemnification
with respect to any claim or action brought against the Indemnified Party, then the Indemnifying Party shall be entitled to participate
in such claim or action, and, to the extent that it wishes, jointly with all other Indemnifying Parties, to assume control of
the defense thereof with counsel satisfactory to the Indemnified Party. After notice from the Indemnifying Party to the Indemnified
Party of its election to assume control of the defense of such claim or action, the Indemnifying Party shall not be liable to
the Indemnified Party for any legal or other expenses subsequently incurred by the Indemnified Party in connection with the defense
thereof other than reasonable costs of investigation; provided, however, that in any action in which both the Indemnified Party
and the Indemnifying Party are named as defendants, the Indemnified Party shall have the right to employ separate counsel (but
no more than one such separate counsel) to represent the Indemnified Party and its controlling Persons who may be subject to liability
arising out of any claim in respect of which indemnity may be sought by the Indemnified Party against the Indemnifying Party,
with the fees and expenses of such counsel to be paid by such Indemnifying Party if, based upon the written opinion of counsel
of such Indemnified Party, representation of both parties by the same counsel would be inappropriate due to actual or potential
differing interests between them. No Indemnifying Party shall, without the prior written consent of the Indemnified Party, consent
to entry of judgment or effect any settlement of any claim or pending or threatened proceeding in respect of which the Indemnified
Party is or could have been a party and indemnity could have been sought hereunder by such Indemnified Party, unless such judgment
or settlement includes an unconditional release of such Indemnified Party from all liability arising out of such claim or proceeding.


 






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4.4 Contribution.


 


4.4.1
If the indemnification provided for in the foregoing Sections 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 is unavailable to any Indemnified Party in
respect of any loss, claim, damage, liability or action referred to herein, then each such Indemnifying Party, in lieu of indemnifying
such Indemnified Party, shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such Indemnified Party as a result of such loss, claim,
damage, liability or action in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect the relative fault of the Indemnified Parties and the
Indemnifying Parties in connection with the actions or omissions which resulted in such loss, claim, damage, liability or action,
as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative fault of any Indemnified Party and any Indemnifying Party
shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or the
omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by such Indemnified Party or such Indemnifying
Party and the parties’ relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement
or omission.


 


4.4.2
The parties hereto agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution pursuant to this Section 4.4 were determined
by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation which does not take account of the equitable considerations referred
to in the immediately preceding Section 4.4.1. The amount paid or payable by an Indemnified Party as a result of any loss,
claim, damage, liability or action referred to in the immediately preceding paragraph shall be deemed to include, subject to the
limitations set forth above, any legal or other expenses incurred by such Indemnified Party in connection with investigating or
defending any such action or claim. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section 4.4, no Holder of Registrable Securities
shall be required to contribute any amount in excess of the dollar amount of the net proceeds (after payment of any underwriting
fees, discounts, commissions or taxes) actually received by such Holder from the sale of Registrable Securities which gave rise
to such contribution obligation. No Person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of
the Securities Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any Person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation.


 


4.5 Survival.
The indemnification provided for under this Agreement shall remain in full force and effect regardless of any investigation made
by or on behalf of the Indemnified Party or any officer, director or controlling person of such Indemnified Party and shall survive
the transfer of securities.


 


4.6 Non-Exclusivity.
The obligations of the parties under this Section 4 will be in addition to any liability which any party may otherwise have to
any other party.


 






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5.
RULE 144. The Company covenants that it shall file any reports required to be filed by it under
the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and shall take such further action as the Holders of Registrable Securities may
reasonably request, all to the extent required from time to time to enable such Holders to sell Registrable Securities
without Registration under the Securities Act within the limitation of the exemptions provided by Rule 144 under the
Securities Act, as such rules may be amended from time to time, or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the
Commission.


 


6.
LOCK-UP.


 


6.1 Lock-Up.
Subject to Section 6.2 and Section 6.3, each Holder agrees that, during the period commencing on the date hereof and ending on
the date that is six (6) months from the date hereof, the Holder shall not (i) sell, offer to sell, contract or agree to sell,
hypothecate, pledge, grant any option to purchase or otherwise dispose of or agree to dispose of, directly or indirectly, or establish
or increase a put equivalent position or liquidate or decrease a call equivalent position within the meaning of Section 16 of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder, (ii)
enter into any swap or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership
of any Registrable Securities owned by the Holder whether any such transaction is to be settled by delivery of such securities,
in cash or otherwise, or (iii) publicly announce any intention to effect any transaction specified in clause (i) or (ii). 


 


6.2 Exceptions.
The provisions of Section 6.1 shall not apply to:


 


		6.2.1	transactions relating to shares of Common Stock acquired in open market transactions or otherwise
acquired after the date hereof;



 


		6.2.2	transfers of shares of Common Stock or any security convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable
for Common Stock as a bona fide gift;



 


		6.2.3	transfers of shares of Common Stock to a trust, or other entity formed for estate planning purposes,
for the primary benefit of the spouse, domestic partner, parent, sibling, child or grandchild of the undersigned or any other person
with whom the undersigned has a relationship by blood, marriage or adoption not more remote than first cousin;



 






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		6.2.4	transfers by will or intestate succession upon the death of the undersigned;



 


		6.2.5	the transfer of shares of Common Stock pursuant to a qualified domestic order or in connection
with a divorce settlement;



 


		6.2.6	(i) transfers to another corporation, partnership, limited liability company, trust or other business
entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the undersigned or (ii) distributions of shares of Common
Stock to partners, limited liability company members or stockholders of the undersigned;



 


		6.2.7	transfers to the Company or the Company’s officers, directors or their affiliates; and



 


		6.2.8	transfers to any third-party pledgee pursuant to any pledge, hypothecation or other granting of
a security interest in the Registrable Securities to one or more lending institutions in a bona fide transaction as collateral
or security to secure obligations pursuant to lending or other arrangements between such third parties and the Holder or any similar
arrangement relating to a financing arrangement for the benefit of the Holder;



 


		6.2.9	sales of Redeemable Units in the event that a Redemption Closing (as defined below) pursuant to
Section 6.3 does not occur or redemption pursuant to Section 6.3 is not available;



 


provided, that
in the case of any transfer or distribution pursuant to Sections 6.2.2 through 6.2.9, each donee, distributee or other transferee
shall agree in writing, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Company, to be bound by the provisions of this Agreement.


 


6.3 PIPE Equity
Offering. If the Company consummates the sale of $50,000,000 or more in Units (excluding, for
the avoidance of doubt, the Consideration Units but including the Units sold in the “Initial Closing” pursuant to
the NCP Subscription Agreement and shares sold in the “Final Closing” pursuant to the NCP Subscription Agreement)
in the PIPE Equity Offering by May [20], 2021 (the “Termination Date”), then the Holders shall have the right
to elect to have a total of up to the lesser of (a) 5,000 of the Consideration Units and (b) that number of Consideration Units
equal to (i) the aggregate dollar amount of Units sold in the PIPE Equity Offering by the Termination Date minus $50,000,000,
divided by (ii) $1,000 (as applicable, the “Redeemable Units”) redeemed by the Company, for a purchase
price of $1,000 per Unit (the “Redemption Price”). Any such redemption (a “Redemption Closing”)
under this Section 6.3 shall occur within ten (10) days after the Company receives a notice from the Holders
electing to have all or a portion of the Redeemable Units redeemed (“Redemption Notice”), which Redemption
Notice shall be given within ten (10) days following the Termination Date (and, if not given by such date, the Holders’
rights under this Section 6.3 shall be waived and of no further force or effect). At a Redemption Closing, (a) the Holders shall
surrender to the Company the Debentures and Warrants representing the Redeemable Units, (b) the Company shall pay to the Holders,
by wire transfer of immediately available funds, to the bank accounts previously designated by the Holders to the Company, an
amount equal to the product of (i) the Redemption Price multiplied by (ii) the number of Redeemable Units, and (c) the
Company shall reissue to the Holders, as applicable, the remaining Debentures and Warrants, if any. As provided above, the redemption
rights in this Section 6.3 shall be applicable to a block of up to 5,000 of the Consideration Units issued to Holders on the Closing
Date.


 






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6.4 Regulatory
Filings(a). Following the date hereof, the parties hereto shall cooperate with each other and use their respective commercially
reasonable efforts, subject to and without limiting anything contained in this Agreement or the Purchase Agreement, to obtain
all material approvals or consents from, or to provide or make any material notice or registration filing with (each a “Regulatory
Filing”), any Governmental Authority, including any Regulatory Filing required by a Governmental Authority to be made
in connection with the conversion of the Debentures issuable to the Holders under the Purchase Agreement and the exercise of the
Warrants issuable to the Holders under the Purchase Agreement. No Holder nor any of their respective Affiliates shall have any
obligation to pay any costs or expenses in connection with making a Regulatory Filing, unless all of such costs and expenses (if
any) will be borne exclusively by the Company.


 


7.
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS.


 


7.1 Board Composition.
As of the date hereof, one of the members of the Board shall be a representative nominated or appointed by Holder (the “Ribbon
Director”). So long as the Minimum Holding Condition is satisfied, the Company agrees to take all actions reasonably
necessary (including, without limitation, increasing the size of the Board if necessary) to cause such Ribbon Director to be included
in the slate of nominees recommended by the Board to the Company’s stockholders for election as a director in respect of
the applicable class of directors at each meeting of the stockholders of the Company when such class of directors is up for election
(and/or in connection with any election by written consent with respect thereto), and the Company shall use the same efforts to
cause the election of such nominee as it uses to cause other nominees recommended by the Board to be elected, including soliciting
proxies in favor of the election of such Ribbon Director. Each Significant Holder agrees with the Company, and solely with the
Company, to vote all voting securities of the Company over which such Significant Holder has voting control, and to take all other
actions reasonably necessary or desirable within such Significant Holder’s control (whether in such Significant Holder’s
capacity as a stockholder, director, member of a board committee or officer of the Company or otherwise, and including attendance
at meetings in person or by proxy for purposes of obtaining a quorum and execution of written consents in lieu of meetings), (a)
so that the members of the Board shall include the Ribbon Director (but only if the Ribbon Director is included in the slate of
nominees recommended by the Board), and (b) to cause an appropriate successor or replacement Ribbon Director nominee to be elected
or appointed to fill a vacancy pursuant to Section 7.2 if requested by the Company. 


 


7.2 Vacancies.
If a vacancy occurs because of the death, disability, disqualification, resignation or removal of a Ribbon Director or for any
other reason, or in the event of the failure of such nominee to be elected, and at such time, the Minimum Holding Condition is
satisfied, then the Holder shall be entitled to designate such person’s successor or replacement, and the Company shall,
within ten (10) days of such designation, take all necessary actions within its control such that such vacancy shall be filled
with such successor Ribbon Director nominee, and, to the extent permitted under the Company organizational documents then in effect,
to cause the Board to promptly elect such designee to the Board, it being understood that any such successor designee shall serve
the remainder of the term of the director whom such designee replaces.


 






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7.3 Observer Rights.
If the Minimum Holding Condition is satisfied and the Holder does not fill a vacancy on the Board pursuant to Section 7.2, Holder
shall have the right to designate from time to time and at any time one (1) representative (the “Observer”) to attend
all meetings of the Board (and all committees thereof) of the Company as a non-voting observer (it being understood that the failure
to appoint an Observer shall not be deemed or claimed to be waiver of any such right). The Company shall (i) give the Observer
notice, at the same time as furnished to the directors, of all meetings of the Board, (ii) provide to the Observer all notices,
documents and information furnished to the members of the Board whether at or in anticipation of a meeting, an action by written
consents or otherwise, at the same time as furnished to the directors, (iii) notify the Observer by telephone or email of, and
permit the Observer to attend in person, or by telephone or other electronic means, any and all meetings (including virtual and
emergency meetings) of the Board, and (iv) provide the Observer copies of the minutes of all such meetings at the time such minutes
are furnished to the directors; provided, however, that the Company shall not be obligated hereunder to provide information
(i) that the Company reasonably determines in good faith to be a trade secret or confidential information (unless covered by an
enforceable confidentiality agreement, in a form reasonably acceptable to the Company) or (ii) the disclosure of which would adversely
affect the attorney-client privilege between the Company and its counsel.


 


7.4 Director
Indemnification. The Company shall obtain customary director and officer indemnity
insurance on reasonable terms for so long as the Ribbon Director serves on the Board, and upon removal or resignation of any
Ribbon Director for any reason, the Company shall use commercially reasonable efforts to extend such director and officer
indemnity insurance coverage for a period of not less than six years from the date of any such event in respect of any acts
or omissions occurring at or prior to the date of such event. For so long as the Ribbon Director serves on the Board, the
Company shall indemnify the Ribbon Director to the maximum extent permitted under applicable laws and shall use commercially
reasonable efforts to not allow any amendment, alteration or repeal of any right to indemnification or exculpation covering
or benefiting any Ribbon Director to the extent consistent with applicable law (except to the extent such amendment,
alteration or repeal permits the Company to provide broader or more favorable indemnification or exculpation rights). The
Company hereby acknowledges that any director, officer or other indemnified person covered by any such indemnity insurance
policy (any such Person, an “Indemnitee”) may have certain rights to indemnification, advancement of expenses
and/or insurance provided by Ribbon or one or more of its Affiliates (collectively, the
“Ribbon Indemnitors”). The Company hereby: (a) agrees that the Company and any of its Subsidiaries that
provides indemnification shall be the indemnitor of first resort (i.e., its or their obligations to an Indemnitee shall be
primary and any obligation of any Fund Indemnitor to advance expenses or to provide indemnification for the same expenses or
liabilities incurred by an Indemnitee shall be secondary); (b) agrees that it shall be required to advance the full amount of
expenses incurred by an Indemnitee and shall be liable for the full amount of all expenses, judgments, penalties, fines and
amounts paid in settlement to the extent legally permitted and as required by the terms of this Agreement or any other
agreement between the Company and an Indemnitee, without regard to any rights an Indemnitee may have against any Ribbon
Indemnitor or its insurers; and (c) irrevocably waives, relinquishes and releases the Ribbon Indemnitors from any and all
claims against the Ribbon Indemnitors for contribution, subrogation or any other recovery of any kind in respect thereof. The
Company further agrees that no advancement or payment by the Ribbon Indemnitors on behalf of an Indemnitee with respect to
any claim for which such Indemnitee has sought indemnification from the Company shall affect the foregoing and the Ribbon
Indemnitors shall have a right of contribution and/or be subrogated to the extent of such advancement or payment to all of
the rights of recovery of such Indemnitee against the Company. The Ribbon Director and Ribbon Indemnitors are intended
third-party beneficiaries of this Section 7.3 and shall have the right, power and authority to enforce the provisions of this
Section 7.3 as though they were a party to this Agreement.


 






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7.5 Failure to
Meet Minimum Holding Condition. If at any time, the Minimum Holding Condition (as defined below)
ceases to be satisfied, and upon the written request of the Company, then the Ribbon Director shall tender his or her resignation
to the Board of Directors for the Board of Director’s consideration within ten (10) Business Days of receiving such written
request from the Company. The Holder’s board designation right pursuant to this Section 7 shall terminate and be of no further
force and effect upon such time the Holder ceases to satisfy the Minimum Holding Condition and shall not be reinstated under any
circumstances. For purposes of this Agreement, the “Minimum Holding Condition” shall be deemed to be satisfied
until such time the Holder ceases to own an amount of shares of Common Stock equal to at least 25% of the total number of Conversion
Shares issuable upon conversion of the Debentures included within the Consideration Units on the date hereof (or Debentures convertible
in the aggregate into such amount) (as the same may be adjusted by share splits, reverse splits, share dividends, recapitalizations
or other similar events).


 


8. MISCELLANEOUS.


 


8.1 Other Registration
Rights. The Company represents and warrants that, except as set forth in the Registration Rights
Agreement dated April 7, 2020 by and among the Company and the holders party thereto, as amended on or about the date hereof,
no Person, other than a Holder of the Registrable Securities, has any right to require the Company to Register any shares of the
Company’s capital stock for sale or to include shares of the Company’s capital stock in any Registration filed by
the Company for the sale of shares of capital stock for its own account or for the account of any other Person. Further, the Company
shall not hereafter enter into any agreement with respect to its securities which is inconsistent with or violates the rights
granted to the Holders of Registrable Securities and the Company represents and warrants that this Agreement supersedes any other
registration rights agreement or agreement with similar terms and conditions and in the event of a conflict between any such agreement
or agreements and this Agreement, the terms of this Agreement shall prevail. Further, the Company represents that no person, other
than a Holder of the Redeemable Units, has any right to participate in a Redemption Closing and no Person shall hereafter enter
into any agreement with respect to its securities which is inconsistent with or violates the rights granted to the Holders of
Redeemable Units under this Agreement with respect to any Redemption Closing. 


 






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8.2 Assignment;
No Third Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement and the rights, duties and obligations of the Company
hereunder may not be assigned or delegated by the Company in whole or in part. This Agreement and the rights, duties and obligations
of the Holders of Registrable Securities hereunder may be freely assigned or delegated by such Holder of Registrable Securities
in conjunction with and to the extent of any transfer of Registrable Securities by any such Holder. This Agreement and the provisions
hereof shall be binding upon and shall inure to the benefit of each of the parties and the permitted assigns of the applicable
Holder of Registrable Securities or of any assignee of the applicable Holder of Registrable Securities. This Agreement is not
intended to confer any rights or benefits on any persons that are not party hereto other than as expressly set forth in Article 4,
Section 7.3 and this Section 8.2. No assignment by any party hereto of such party’s rights, duties and obligations
hereunder shall be binding upon or obligate the Company unless and until the Company shall have received (i) written notice
of such assignment and (ii) the written agreement of the assignee, in a form reasonably satisfactory to the Company, to be
bound by the terms and provisions of this Agreement (which may be accomplished by an addendum or certificate of joinder to this
Agreement).


 


8.3 Notices.
All notices, demands, requests, consents, approvals or other communications (collectively, “Notices”) required
or permitted to be given hereunder or which are given with respect to this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be personally
served, delivered by reputable air courier service with charges prepaid, or transmitted by hand delivery, telegram, telex or facsimile,
addressed as set forth below, or to such other address as such party shall have specified most recently by written notice. Notice
shall be deemed given on the date of service or transmission if personally served or transmitted by telegram, telex or facsimile;
provided, that if such service or transmission is not on a Business Day or is after normal business hours, then such notice shall
be deemed given on the next Business Day. Notice otherwise sent as provided herein shall be deemed given on the next Business
Day following timely delivery of such notice to a reputable air courier service with an order for next-day delivery.


 


If to the Company:


 


American Virtual Cloud Technologies,
Inc.

1720 Peachtree Street, Suite 629

Atlanta, Georgia 30309

Attention: Thomas King 

E-Mail: tking@avctechnologies.com


 


with a copy to (which shall not constitute
notice):


 


Greenberg Traurig, LLP

Terminus 200, Suite 2500

3333 Piedmont Road, NE

Atlanta, Georgia 30305

Attention: David R. Yates and Theodore I Blum

E-Mail: yatesd@gtlaw.com and blumt@gtlaw.com


 


If to the Holder:


 


Ribbon Communications Inc.

4 Technology Park Drive

Westford, Massachusetts 01886

Attention: Patrick Macken, EVP and Chief Legal Officer

E-Mail: pmacken@rbbn.com


 






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with a copy to (which shall not constitute
notice):


 


Latham & Watkins LLP

885 Third Avenue

New York, NY 10022-4834

Attention: David Allinson; Jane Greyf

E-Mail: david.allinson@lw.com; jane.greyf@lw.com


 


8.4 Severability.
This Agreement shall be deemed severable, and the invalidity or unenforceability of any term or provision hereof shall not affect
the validity or enforceability of this Agreement or of any other term or provision hereof. Furthermore, in lieu of any such invalid
or unenforceable term or provision, the parties hereto intend that there shall be added as a part of this Agreement a provision
as similar in terms to such invalid or unenforceable provision as may be possible that is valid and enforceable.


 


8.5 Counterparts.
This Agreement may be executed in multiple counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, and all of which taken together
shall constitute one and the same instrument.


 


8.6 Entire Agreement.
This Agreement (including, without limitation, all agreements entered into pursuant hereto and all certificates and instruments
delivered pursuant hereto and thereto) constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof
and supersede all prior and contemporaneous agreements, representations, understandings, negotiations and discussions between
the parties, whether oral or written.


 


8.7 Modifications
and Amendments. Upon the written consent of the Company and the Holders of at least sixty-six
and two-thirds percent (66-2/3%) of the Registrable Securities at the time in question, compliance with any of the provisions,
covenants and conditions set forth in this Agreement may be waived, or any of such provisions, covenants or conditions may be
amended or modified; provided, however, that notwithstanding the foregoing, any amendment hereto or waiver hereof that adversely
affects one Holder of Registrable Securities, solely in its capacity as a Holder of the shares of Common Stock of the Company,
in a manner that is materially different from the other Holders of Registrable Securities (in such capacity) shall require the
consent of the Holder so affected. No course of dealing between any Holders of Registrable Securities or the Company and any other
party hereto or any failure or delay on the part of a Holder of Registrable Securities or the Company in exercising any rights
or remedies under this Agreement shall operate as a waiver of any rights or remedies of any Holder of Registrable Securities or
the Company. No single or partial exercise of any rights or remedies under this Agreement by a party shall operate as a waiver
or preclude the exercise of any other rights or remedies hereunder or thereunder by such party.


 


8.8 Titles and
Headings. Titles and headings of sections of this Agreement are for convenience only and shall
not affect the construction of any provision of this Agreement.


 






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8.9 Waivers and
Extensions. Any party to this Agreement may waive any right, breach or default which such party
has the right to waive, provided that such waiver will not be effective against the waiving party unless it is in writing, is
signed by such party, and specifically refers to this Agreement. Waivers may be made in advance or after the right waived has
arisen or the breach or default waived has occurred. Any waiver may be conditional. No waiver of any breach of any agreement or
provision herein contained shall be deemed a waiver of any preceding or succeeding breach thereof nor of any other agreement or
provision herein contained. No waiver or extension of time for performance of any obligations or acts shall be deemed a waiver
or extension of the time for performance of any other obligations or acts.


 


8.10 Remedies Cumulative.
In the event that the Company fails to observe or perform any covenant or agreement to be observed or performed under this Agreement,
the applicable Holder of Registrable Securities may proceed to protect and enforce its rights by suit in equity or action at law,
whether for specific performance of any term contained in this Agreement or for an injunction against the breach of any such term
or in aid of the exercise of any power granted in this Agreement or to enforce any other legal or equitable right, or to take
any one or more of such actions, without being required to post a bond. None of the rights, powers or remedies conferred under
this Agreement shall be mutually exclusive, and each such right, power or remedy shall be cumulative and in addition to any other
right, power or remedy, whether conferred by this Agreement or now or hereafter available at law, in equity, by statute or otherwise.
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, only the Company may proceed against a Significant Holder
to enforce its rights by any legal or equitable remedies which it may have (including bringing an action for specific performance)
in the event such Significant Holder fails to observe or perform any covenant or agreement to be observed or performed by such
Significant Holder under Section 7.1, and no Significant Holder shall have any right to enforce any remedies contained in this
Agreement.


 


8.11 Governing
Law. This Agreement shall be governed by, interpreted under, and construed in accordance with
the internal laws of the State of Delaware applicable to agreements made and to be performed within the State of Delaware, without
giving effect to any choice-of-law provisions thereof that would compel the application of the substantive laws of any other jurisdiction.


 


8.12 Waiver of
Trial by Jury. Each party hereby irrevocably and unconditionally waives the right to a trial
by jury in any action, suit, counterclaim or other proceeding (whether based on contract, tort or otherwise) arising out of, connected
with or relating to this Agreement, the transactions contemplated hereby, or the actions of the Holders in the negotiation, administration,
performance or enforcement hereof.


 


[REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]


 




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IN WITNESS WHEREOF,
the parties have caused this Investor Rights Agreement to be executed and delivered by their duly authorized representatives as
of the date first written above.


 


	 	COMPANY:
	 	 
	 	AMERICAN VIRTUAL CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES,
    INC.,
	 	a Delaware corporation
	 	 
	 	By:	/s/ Thomas H. King
	 	 	Name: Thomas H. King
	 	 	Title:   Chief Financial Officer


 








[Signature Page to Investor Rights Agreement]


 






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	 	HOLDER:
	 	 
	 	RIBBON COMMUNICATIONS, INC.,
	 	a Delaware corporation
	 	 
	 	By:	/s/ Bruce McClelland
	 	Name: 	Bruce McClelland
	 	Title:	President & Chief Executive Officer


 




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	 	SIGNIFICANT HOLDERS:
	 	 
	 	STRATOS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS HOLDINGS, LLC
	 	 	 
	 	By:	/s/ Lawrence E. Mock
	 	Name:	Lawrence E. Mock
	 	Title: 	Managing Member
	 	 	 
	 	 	 
	 	PENSARE SPONSOR GROUP, LLC
	 	 	 
	 	By:	/s/ Darrell J. Mays
	 	Name: 	Darrell J. Mays
	 	Title: 	Manager


 


 


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