PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER S.A., 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

HAUTE DIGGITY DOG, LLC; VICTORIA

D.N. DAUERNHEIM; WOOFIES, LLC,

d/b/a Woofie’s Pet Boutique,  No. 06-2267

Defendant-Appellees.

INTERNATIONAL TRADEMARK

ASSOCIATION,

Amicus Supporting Appellant. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.

James C. Cacheris, Senior District Judge.

(1:06-cv-00321-JCC)

Argued: September 26, 2007

Decided: November 13, 2007

Before NIEMEYER and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges, and

Samuel G. WILSON, United States District Judge for the

Western District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion,

in which Judge Traxler and Judge Wilson joined. 
COUNSEL

ARGUED: David Hal Bernstein, DEBEVOISE & PLIMPTON,

L.L.P., New York, New York, for Amicus Supporting Appellant.

Michael Abbott Grow, ARENT & FOX, P.L.L.C., Washington, D.C.,

for Appellant. James D. Petruzzi, MASON & PETRUZZI, Houston,

Texas, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Savalle C. Sims, Ross Panko,

ARENT & FOX, P.L.L.C., Washington, D.C., for Appellant. W.

Michael Holm, WOMBLE, CARLYLE, SANDRIDGE & RICE,

Tyson’s Corner, Virginia, for Appellees. Theodore H. Davis, Jr., Scot

A. Duvall, Anne Gundelfinger, Steven Pokotilow, INTERNATIONAL TRADEMARK ASSOCIATION, New York, New York;

Michael Potenza, Timothy T. Howard, DEBEVOISE & PLIMPTON,

L.L.P., New York, New York, for Amicus Supporting Appellant.

OPINION

NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge: 

Louis Vuitton Malletier S.A., a French corporation located in Paris,

that manufactures luxury luggage, handbags, and accessories, commenced this action against Haute Diggity Dog, LLC, a Nevada corporation that manufactures and sells pet products nationally, alleging

trademark infringement under 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a), trademark dilution under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(c), copyright infringement under 17

U.S.C. § 501, and related statutory and common law violations. Haute

Diggity Dog manufactures, among other things, plush toys on which

dogs can chew, which, it claims, parody famous trademarks on luxury

products, including those of Louis Vuitton Malletier. The particular

Haute Diggity Dog chew toys in question here are small imitations of

handbags that are labeled "Chewy Vuiton" and that mimic Louis

Vuitton Malletier’s LOUIS VUITTON handbags. 

On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court concluded that Haute Diggity Dog’s "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys were successful parodies of Louis Vuitton Malletier’s trademarks, designs, and

products, and on that basis, entered judgment in favor of Haute Diggity Dog on all of Louis Vuitton Malletier’s claims. 

2 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG
On appeal, we agree with the district court that Haute Diggity

Dog’s products are not likely to cause confusion with those of Louis

Vuitton Malletier and that Louis Vuitton Malletier’s copyright was

not infringed. On the trademark dilution claim, however, we reject the

district court’s reasoning but reach the same conclusion through a different analysis. Accordingly, we affirm. 

I

Louis Vuitton Malletier S.A. ("LVM") is a well known manufacturer of luxury luggage, leather goods, handbags, and accessories,

which it markets and sells worldwide. In connection with the sale of

its products, LVM has adopted trademarks and trade dress that are

well recognized and have become famous and distinct. Indeed, in

2006, BusinessWeek ranked LOUIS VUITTON as the 17th "best

brand" of all corporations in the world and the first "best brand" for

any fashion business. 

LVM has registered trademarks for "LOUIS VUITTON," in connection with luggage and ladies’ handbags (the "LOUIS VUITTON

mark"); for a stylized monogram of "LV," in connection with traveling bags and other goods (the "LV mark"); and for a monogram canvas design consisting of a canvas with repetitions of the LV mark

along with four-pointed stars, four-pointed stars inset in curved diamonds, and four-pointed flowers inset in circles, in connection with

traveling bags and other products (the "Monogram Canvas mark"). In

2002, LVM adopted a brightly-colored version of the Monogram

Canvas mark in which the LV mark and the designs were of various

colors and the background was white (the "Multicolor design"), created in collaboration with Japanese artist Takashi Murakami. For the

Multicolor design, LVM obtained a copyright in 2004. In 2005, LVM

adopted another design consisting of a canvas with repetitions of the

LV mark and smiling cherries on a brown background (the "Cherry

design"). 

As LVM points out, the Multicolor design and the Cherry design

attracted immediate and extraordinary media attention and publicity

in magazines such as Vogue, W, Elle, Harper’s Bazaar, Us Weekly,

Life and Style, Travel & Leisure, People, In Style, and Jane. The press

published photographs showing celebrities carrying these handbags,

LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG 3
including Jennifer Lopez, Madonna, Eve, Elizabeth Hurley, Carmen

Electra, and Anna Kournikova, among others. When the Multicolor

design first appeared in 2003, the magazines typically reported, "The

Murakami designs for Louis Vuitton, which were the hit of the summer, came with hefty price tags and a long waiting list." People Magazine said, "the wait list is in the thousands." The handbags retailed

in the range of $995 for a medium handbag to $4500 for a large travel

bag. The medium size handbag that appears to be the model for the

"Chewy Vuiton" dog toy retailed for $1190. The Cherry design

appeared in 2005, and the handbags including that design were priced

similarly — in the range of $995 to $2740. LVM does not currently

market products using the Cherry design. 

The original LOUIS VUITTON, LV, and Monogram Canvas

marks, however, have been used as identifiers of LVM products continuously since 1896. 

During the period 2003-2005, LVM spent more than $48 million

advertising products using its marks and designs, including more than

$4 million for the Multicolor design. It sells its products exclusively

in LVM stores and in its own in-store boutiques that are contained

within department stores such as Saks Fifth Avenue, Bloomingdale’s,

Neiman Marcus, and Macy’s. LVM also advertises its products on the

Internet through the specific websites www.louisvuitton.com and

www.eluxury.com.

Although better known for its handbags and luggage, LVM also

markets a limited selection of luxury pet accessories — collars,

leashes, and dog carriers — which bear the Monogram Canvas mark

and the Multicolor design. These items range in price from approximately $200 to $1600. LVM does not make dog toys. 

Haute Diggity Dog, LLC, which is a relatively small and relatively

new business located in Nevada, manufactures and sells nationally —

primarily through pet stores — a line of pet chew toys and beds

whose names parody elegant high-end brands of products such as perfume, cars, shoes, sparkling wine, and handbags. These include — in

addition to Chewy Vuiton (LOUIS VUITTON) — Chewnel No. 5

(Chanel No. 5), Furcedes (Mercedes), Jimmy Chew (Jimmy Choo),

Dog Perignonn (Dom Perignon), Sniffany & Co. (Tiffany & Co.), and

4 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG
Dogior (Dior). The chew toys and pet beds are plush, made of polyester, and have a shape and design that loosely imitate the signature

product of the targeted brand. They are mostly distributed and sold

through pet stores, although one or two Macy’s stores carries Haute

Diggity Dog’s products. The dog toys are generally sold for less than

$20, although larger versions of some of Haute Diggity Dog’s plush

dog beds sell for more than $100. 

Haute Diggity Dog’s "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys, in particular,

loosely resemble miniature handbags and undisputedly evoke LVM

handbags of similar shape, design, and color. In lieu of the LOUIS

VUITTON mark, the dog toy uses "Chewy Vuiton"; in lieu of the LV

mark, it uses "CV"; and the other symbols and colors employed are

imitations, but not exact ones, of those used in the LVM Multicolor

and Cherry designs.

In 2002, LVM commenced this action, naming as defendants Haute

Diggity Dog; Victoria D.N. Dauernheim, the principal owner of

Haute Diggity Dog; and Woofies, LLC, a retailer of Haute Diggity

Dog’s products, located in Asburn, Virginia, for trademark, trade

dress, and copyright infringement. Its complaint includes counts for

trademark counterfeiting, under 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a); trademark

infringement, under 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a); trade dress infringement,

under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1); unfair competition, under 15 U.S.C.

§ 1125(a)(1); trademark dilution, under 15 U.S.C. § 1125(c); trademark infringement, under Virginia common law; trade dress infringement, under Virginia common law; unfair competition, under Virginia

common law; copyright infringement of the Multicolor design, under

17 U.S.C. § 501; and violation of the Virginia Consumer Protection

Act, under Virginia Code § 59.1-200. On cross-motions for summary

judgment, the district court granted Haute Diggity Dog’s motion and

denied LVM’s motion, entering judgment in favor of Haute Diggity

Dog on all of the claims. It rested its analysis on each count principally on the conclusion that Haute Diggity Dog’s products amounted

to a successful parody of LVM’s marks, trade dress, and copyright.

See Louis Vuitton Malletier S.A. v. Haute Diggity Dog, LLC, 464 F.

Supp. 2d 495 (E.D. Va. 2006). 

LVM appealed and now challenges, as a matter of law, virtually

every ruling made by the district court. 

LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG 5
II

LVM contends first that Haute Diggity Dog’s marketing and sale

of its "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys infringe its trademarks because the

advertising and sale of the "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys is likely to cause

confusion. See 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a). LVM argues:

The defendants in this case are using almost an exact imitation of the house mark VUITTON (merely omitting a second "T"), and they painstakingly copied Vuitton’s

Monogram design mark, right down to the exact arrangement and sequence of geometric symbols. They also used

the same design marks, trade dress, and color combinations

embodied in Vuitton’s Monogram Multicolor and Monogram Cerises [Cherry] handbag collections. Moreover, HDD

did not add any language to distinguish its products from

Vuitton’s, and its products are not "widely recognized."1

Haute Diggity Dog contends that there is no evidence of confusion,

nor could a reasonable factfinder conclude that there is a likelihood

of confusion, because it successfully markets its products as parodies

of famous marks such as those of LVM. It asserts that "precisely

because of the [famous] mark’s fame and popularity . . . confusion is

avoided, and it is this lack of confusion that a parodist depends upon

to achieve the parody." Thus, responding to LVM’s claims of trademark infringement, Haute Diggity Dog argues:

The marks are undeniably similar in certain respects. There

are visual and phonetic similarities. [Haute Diggity Dog]

1We take this argument to be that Haute Diggity Dog is copying too

closely the marks and trade dress of LVM. But we reject the statement

that LVM has a trademark consisting of the one word VUITTON. At oral

argument, counsel for LVM conceded that the trademark is "LOUIS

VUITTON," and it is always used in that manner rather than simply as

"VUITTON." It appears that LVM has employed this technique to provide a more narrow, but irrelevant, comparison between its VUITTON

and Haute Diggity Dog’s "Vuiton." In resolving this case, however, we

take LVM’s arguments to compare "LOUIS VUITTON" with Haute Diggity Dog’s "Chewy Vuiton." 

6 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG
admits that the product name and design mimics LVM’s and

is based on the LVM marks. It is necessary for the pet products to conjure up the original designer mark for there to be

a parody at all. However, a parody also relies on "equally

obvious dissimilarit[ies] between the marks" to produce its

desired effect. 

Concluding that Haute Diggity Dog did not create any likelihood

of confusion as a matter of law, the district court granted summary

judgment to Haute Diggity Dog. Louis Vuitton Malletier, 464 F.

Supp. 2d at 503, 508. We review its order de novo. See CareFirst of

Md., Inc. v. First Care, P.C., 434 F.3d 263, 267 (4th Cir. 2006). 

To prove trademark infringement, LVM must show (1) that it owns

a valid and protectable mark; (2) that Haute Diggity Dog uses a "reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation" of that mark in

commerce and without LVM’s consent; and (3) that Haute Diggity

Dog’s use is likely to cause confusion. 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a); CareFirst, 434 F.3d at 267. The validity and protectability of LVM’s

marks are not at issue in this case, nor is the fact that Haute Diggity

Dog uses a colorable imitation of LVM’s mark. Therefore, we give

the first two elements no further attention. To determine whether the

"Chewy Vuiton" product line creates a likelihood of confusion, we

have identified several nonexclusive factors to consider: (1) the

strength or distinctiveness of the plaintiff’s mark; (2) the similarity of

the two marks; (3) the similarity of the goods or services the marks

identify; (4) the similarity of the facilities the two parties use in their

businesses; (5) the similarity of the advertising used by the two parties; (6) the defendant’s intent; and (7) actual confusion. See Pizzeria

Uno Corp. v. Temple, 747 F.2d 1522, 1527 (4th Cir. 1984). These

Pizzeria Uno factors are not always weighted equally, and not all factors are relevant in every case. See CareFirst, 434 F.3d at 268. 

Because Haute Diggity Dog’s arguments with respect to the Pizzeria Uno factors depend to a great extent on whether its products and

marks are successful parodies, we consider first whether Haute Diggity Dog’s products, marks, and trade dress are indeed successful parodies of LVM’s marks and trade dress. 

For trademark purposes, "[a] ‘parody’ is defined as a simple form

of entertainment conveyed by juxtaposing the irreverent representaLOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG 7
tion of the trademark with the idealized image created by the mark’s

owner." People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Doughney

("PETA"), 263 F.3d 359, 366 (4th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation

marks omitted). "A parody must convey two simultaneous — and

contradictory — messages: that it is the original, but also that it is not

the original and is instead a parody." Id. (internal quotation marks and

citation omitted). This second message must not only differentiate the

alleged parody from the original but must also communicate some

articulable element of satire, ridicule, joking, or amusement. Thus,

"[a] parody relies upon a difference from the original mark, presumably a humorous difference, in order to produce its desired effect."

Jordache Enterprises, Inc. v. Hogg Wyld, Ltd., 828 F.2d 1482, 1486

(10th Cir. 1987) (finding the use of "Lardashe" jeans for larger

women to be a successful and permissible parody of "Jordache"

jeans). 

When applying the PETA criteria to the facts of this case, we agree

with the district court that the "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys are successful parodies of LVM handbags and the LVM marks and trade dress

used in connection with the marketing and sale of those handbags.

First, the pet chew toy is obviously an irreverent, and indeed intentional, representation of an LVM handbag, albeit much smaller and

coarser. The dog toy is shaped roughly like a handbag; its name

"Chewy Vuiton" sounds like and rhymes with LOUIS VUITTON; its

monogram CV mimics LVM’s LV mark; the repetitious design

clearly imitates the design on the LVM handbag; and the coloring is

similar. In short, the dog toy is a small, plush imitation of an LVM

handbag carried by women, which invokes the marks and design of

the handbag, albeit irreverently and incompletely. No one can doubt

that LVM handbags are the target of the imitation by Haute Diggity

Dog’s "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys. 

At the same time, no one can doubt also that the "Chewy Vuiton"

dog toy is not the "idealized image" of the mark created by LVM. The

differences are immediate, beginning with the fact that the "Chewy

Vuiton" product is a dog toy, not an expensive, luxury LOUIS VUITTON handbag. The toy is smaller, it is plush, and virtually all of its

designs differ. Thus, "Chewy Vuiton" is not LOUIS VUITTON

("Chewy" is not "LOUIS" and "Vuiton" is not "VUITTON," with its

two Ts); CV is not LV; the designs on the dog toy are simplified and

8 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG
crude, not detailed and distinguished. The toys are inexpensive; the

handbags are expensive and marketed to be expensive. And, of

course, as a dog toy, one must buy it with pet supplies and cannot buy

it at an exclusive LVM store or boutique within a department store.

In short, the Haute Diggity Dog "Chewy Vuiton" dog toy undoubtedly and deliberately conjures up the famous LVM marks and trade

dress, but at the same time, it communicates that it is not the LVM

product. 

Finally, the juxtaposition of the similar and dissimilar — the irreverent representation and the idealized image of an LVM handbag —

immediately conveys a joking and amusing parody. The furry little

"Chewy Vuiton" imitation, as something to be chewed by a dog,

pokes fun at the elegance and expensiveness of a LOUIS VUITTON

handbag, which must not be chewed by a dog. The LVM handbag is

provided for the most elegant and well-to-do celebrity, to proudly display to the public and the press, whereas the imitation "Chewy Vuiton" "handbag" is designed to mock the celebrity and be used by a

dog. The dog toy irreverently presents haute couture as an object for

casual canine destruction. The satire is unmistakable. The dog toy is

a comment on the rich and famous, on the LOUIS VUITTON name

and related marks, and on conspicuous consumption in general. This

parody is enhanced by the fact that "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys are sold

with similar parodies of other famous and expensive brands —

"Chewnel No. 5" targeting "Chanel No. 5"; "Dog Perignonn" targeting "Dom Perignon"; and "Sniffany & Co." targeting "Tiffany & Co."

We conclude that the PETA criteria are amply satisfied in this case

and that the "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys convey "just enough of the

original design to allow the consumer to appreciate the point of parody," but stop well short of appropriating the entire marks that LVM

claims. PETA, 263 F.3d at 366 (quoting Jordache, 828 F.2d at 1486).

Finding that Haute Diggity Dog’s parody is successful, however,

does not end the inquiry into whether Haute Diggity Dog’s "Chewy

Vuiton" products create a likelihood of confusion. See 6 J. Thomas

McCarthy, Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 31:153, at 262 (4th

ed. 2007) ("There are confusing parodies and non-confusing parodies.

All they have in common is an attempt at humor through the use of

someone else’s trademark"). The finding of a successful parody only

LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG 9
influences the way in which the Pizzeria Uno factors are applied. See,

e.g., Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. L & L Wings, Inc., 962 F.2d 316, 321

(4th Cir. 1992) (observing that parody alters the likelihood-ofconfusion analysis). Indeed, it becomes apparent that an effective parody will actually diminish the likelihood of confusion, while an ineffective parody does not. We now turn to the Pizzeria Uno factors. 

A

As to the first Pizzeria Uno factor, the parties agree that LVM’s

marks are strong and widely recognized. They do not agree, however,

as to the consequences of this fact. LVM maintains that a strong,

famous mark is entitled, as a matter of law, to broad protection. While

it is true that finding a mark to be strong and famous usually favors

the plaintiff in a trademark infringement case, the opposite may be

true when a legitimate claim of parody is involved. As the district

court observed, "In cases of parody, a strong mark’s fame and popularity is precisely the mechanism by which likelihood of confusion is

avoided." Louis Vuitton Malletier, 464 F. Supp. 2d at 499 (citing Hormel Foods Corp. v. Jim Henson Prods., Inc., 73 F.3d 497, 503-04 (2d

Cir. 1996); Schieffelin & Co. v. Jack Co. of Boca, Inc., 850 F. Supp.

232, 248 (S.D.N.Y. 1994)). "An intent to parody is not an intent to

confuse the public." Jordache, 828 F.2d at 1486. 

We agree with the district court. It is a matter of common sense

that the strength of a famous mark allows consumers immediately to

perceive the target of the parody, while simultaneously allowing them

to recognize the changes to the mark that make the parody funny or

biting. See Tommy Hilfiger Licensing, Inc. v. Nature Labs, LLC, 221

F. Supp. 2d 410, 416 (S.D.N.Y. 2002) (noting that the strength of the

"TOMMY HILFIGER" fashion mark did not favor the mark’s owner

in an infringement case against "TIMMY HOLEDIGGER" novelty

pet perfume). In this case, precisely because LOUIS VUITTON is so

strong a mark and so well recognized as a luxury handbag brand from

LVM, consumers readily recognize that when they see a "Chewy Vuiton" pet toy, they see a parody. Thus, the strength of LVM’s marks

in this case does not help LVM establish a likelihood of confusion.

B

With respect to the second Pizzeria Uno factor, the similarities

between the marks, the usage by Haute Diggity Dog again converts

10 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG
what might be a problem for Haute Diggity Dog into a disfavored

conclusion for LVM. 

Haute Diggity Dog concedes that its marks are and were designed

to be somewhat similar to LVM’s marks. But that is the essence of

a parody — the invocation of a famous mark in the consumer’s mind,

so long as the distinction between the marks is also readily recognized. While a trademark parody necessarily copies enough of the

original design to bring it to mind as a target, a successful parody also

distinguishes itself and, because of the implicit message communicated by the parody, allows the consumer to appreciate it. See PETA,

263 F.3d at 366 (citing Jordache, 828 F.2d at 1486); Anheuser-Busch,

962 F.2d at 321. 

In concluding that Haute Diggity Dog has a successful parody, we

have impliedly concluded that Haute Diggity Dog appropriately mimicked a part of the LVM marks, but at the same time sufficiently distinguished its own product to communicate the satire. The differences

are sufficiently obvious and the parody sufficiently blatant that a consumer encountering a "Chewy Vuiton" dog toy would not mistake its

source or sponsorship on the basis of mark similarity. 

This conclusion is reinforced when we consider how the parties

actually use their marks in the marketplace. See CareFirst, 434 F.3d

at 267 (citing What-A-Burger of Va., Inc. v. Whataburger, Inc., 357

F.3d 441, 450 (4th Cir. 2004)); Lamparello v. Falwell, 420 F.3d 309,

316 (4th Cir. 2005); Hormel Foods, 73 F.3d at 503. The record amply

supports Haute Diggity Dog’s contention that its "Chewy Vuiton"

toys for dogs are generally sold alongside other pet products, as well

as toys that parody other luxury brands, whereas LVM markets its

handbags as a top-end luxury item to be purchased only in its own

stores or in its own boutiques within department stores. These marketing channels further emphasize that "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys are not,

in fact, LOUIS VUITTON products. 

C

Nor does LVM find support from the third Pizzeria Uno factor, the

similarity of the products themselves. It is obvious that a "Chewy

Vuiton" plush imitation handbag, which does not open and is manuLOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG 11
factured as a dog toy, is not a LOUIS VUITTON handbag sold by

LVM. Even LVM’s most proximate products — dog collars, leashes,

and pet carriers — are fashion accessories, not dog toys. As Haute

Diggity Dog points out, LVM does not make pet chew toys and likely

does not intend to do so in the future. Even if LVM were to make dog

toys in the future, the fact remains that the products at issue are not

similar in any relevant respect, and this factor does not favor LVM.

D

The fourth and fifth Pizzeria Uno factors, relating to the similarity

of facilities and advertising channels, have already been mentioned.

LVM products are sold exclusively through its own stores or its own

boutiques within department stores. It also sells its products on the

Internet through an LVM-authorized website. In contrast, "Chewy

Vuiton" products are sold primarily through traditional and Internet

pet stores, although they might also be sold in some department

stores. The record demonstrates that both LVM handbags and

"Chewy Vuiton" dog toys are sold at a Macy’s department store in

New York. As a general matter, however, there is little overlap in the

individual retail stores selling the brands. 

Likewise with respect to advertising, there is little or no overlap.

LVM markets LOUIS VUITTON handbags through high-end fashion

magazines, while "Chewy Vuiton" products are advertised primarily

through pet-supply channels. 

The overlap in facilities and advertising demonstrated by the record

is so minimal as to be practically nonexistent. "Chewy Vuiton" toys

and LOUIS VUITTON products are neither sold nor advertised in the

same way, and the de minimis overlap lends insignificant support to

LVM on this factor. 

E

The sixth factor, relating to Haute Diggity Dog’s intent, again is

neutralized by the fact that Haute Diggity Dog markets a parody of

LVM products. As other courts have recognized, "An intent to parody

is not an intent to confuse the public." Jordache, 828 F.2d at 1486.

12 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG
Despite Haute Diggity Dog’s obvious intent to profit from its use of

parodies, this action does not amount to a bad faith intent to create

consumer confusion. To the contrary, the intent is to do just the opposite — to evoke a humorous, satirical association that distinguishes

the products. This factor does not favor LVM. 

F

On the actual confusion factor, it is well established that no actual

confusion is required to prove a case of trademark infringement,

although the presence of actual confusion can be persuasive evidence

relating to a likelihood of confusion. See CareFirst, 434 F.3d at 268.

While LVM conceded in the district court that there was no evidence of actual confusion, on appeal it points to incidents where

retailers misspelled "Chewy Vuiton" on invoices or order forms,

using two Ts instead of one. Many of these invoices also reflect

simultaneous orders for multiple types of Haute Diggity Dog parody

products, which belies the notion that any actual confusion existed as

to the source of "Chewy Vuiton" plush toys. The misspellings pointed

out by LVM are far more likely in this context to indicate confusion

over how to spell the product name than any confusion over the

source or sponsorship of the "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys. We conclude

that this factor favors Haute Diggity Dog. 

In sum, the likelihood-of-confusion factors substantially favor

Haute Diggity Dog. But consideration of these factors is only a proxy

for the ultimate statutory test of whether Haute Diggity Dog’s marketing, sale, and distribution of "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys is likely to

cause confusion. Recognizing that "Chewy Vuiton" is an obvious parody and applying the Pizzeria Uno factors, we conclude that LVM

has failed to demonstrate any likelihood of confusion. Accordingly,

we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of

Haute Diggity Dog on the issue of trademark infringement. 

III

LVM also contends that Haute Diggity Dog’s advertising, sale, and

distribution of the "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys dilutes its LOUIS VUITLOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG 13
TON, LV, and Monogram Canvas marks, which are famous and distinctive, in violation of the Trademark Dilution Revision Act of 2006

("TDRA"), 15 U.S.C.A. § 1125(c) (West Supp. 2007). It argues, "Before the district court’s decision, Vuitton’s famous marks were

unblurred by any third party trademark use." "Allowing defendants to

become the first to use similar marks will obviously blur and dilute

the Vuitton Marks." It also contends that "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys

are likely to tarnish LVM’s marks because they "pose a choking hazard for some dogs." 

Haute Diggity Dog urges that, in applying the TDRA to the circumstances before us, we reject LVM’s suggestion that a parody "automatically" gives rise to "actionable dilution." Haute Diggity Dog

contends that only marks that are "identical or substantially similar"

can give rise to actionable dilution, and its "Chewy Vuiton" marks are

not identical or sufficiently similar to LVM’s marks. It also argues

that "[its] spoof, like other obvious parodies," "‘tends to increase public identification’ of [LVM’s] mark with [LVM]," quoting Jordache,

828 F.2d at 1490, rather than impairing its distinctiveness, as the

TDRA requires. As for LVM’s tarnishment claim, Haute Diggity Dog

argues that LVM’s position is at best based on speculation and that

LVM has made no showing of a likelihood of dilution by tarnishment.

Claims for trademark dilution are authorized by the TDRA, a relatively recent enactment,2

 which provides in relevant part:

Subject to the principles of equity, the owner of a famous

mark . . . shall be entitled to an injunction against another

2The TDRA, Pub. L. No. 109-312, 120 Stat. 1730 (2006), amended the

Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995, Pub. L. No. 104-98, 109 Stat.

985 (1996), which added a "dilution" cause of action to § 43 of the Lanham Act. When the Supreme Court held that the Federal Trademark

Dilution Act required proof of actual dilution and actual economic harm,

see Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc., 537 U.S. 418, 432-33 (2003);

see also Ringling Bros.-Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, Inc. v. Utah

Div. of Travel Dev., 170 F.3d 449, 461 (4th Cir. 1999), Congress

amended the Act principally to overrule Moseley and to require that only

a likelihood of dilution need be proved. See 15 U.S.C.A. § 1125(c)(1)

(West Supp. 2007). 

14 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG
person who . . . commences use of a mark or trade name in

commerce that is likely to cause dilution by blurring or dilution by tarnishment of the famous mark, regardless of the

presence or absence of actual or likely confusion, of competition, or of actual economic injury. 

15 U.S.C.A. § 1125(c)(1) (emphasis added). A mark is "famous"

when it is "widely recognized by the general consuming public of the

United States as a designation of source of the goods or services of

the mark’s owner." Id. § 1125(c)(2)(A). Creating causes of action for

only dilution by blurring and dilution by tarnishment, the TDRA

defines "dilution by blurring" as the "association arising from the similarity between a mark or trade name and a famous mark that impairs

the distinctiveness of the famous mark." Id. § 1125(c)(2)(B). It

defines "dilution by tarnishment" as the "association arising from the

similarity between a mark or trade name and a famous mark that

harms the reputation of the famous mark." Id. § 1125(c)(2)(C). 

Thus, to state a dilution claim under the TDRA, a plaintiff must

show: 

(1) that the plaintiff owns a famous mark that is distinctive; 

(2) that the defendant has commenced using a mark in

commerce that allegedly is diluting the famous mark;

(3) that a similarity between the defendant’s mark and the

famous mark gives rise to an association between the

marks; and 

(4) that the association is likely to impair the distinctiveness of the famous mark or likely to harm the reputation of the famous mark.

In the context of blurring, distinctiveness refers to the ability of the

famous mark uniquely to identify a single source and thus maintain

its selling power. See N.Y. Stock Exch. v. N.Y., N.Y. Hotel LLC, 293

F.3d 550, 558 (2d Cir. 2002) (observing that blurring occurs where

LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG 15
the defendant’s use creates "the possibility that the [famous] mark

will lose its ability to serve as a unique identifier of the plaintiff’s

product") (quoting Deere & Co. v. MTD Prods., Inc., 41 F.3d 39, 43

(2d Cir. 1994)); Playboy Entm’t, Inc. v. Welles, 279 F.3d 796, 805

(9th Cir. 2002) (same). In proving a dilution claim under the TDRA,

the plaintiff need not show actual or likely confusion, the presence of

competition, or actual economic injury. See 15 U.S.C.A. § 1125(c)(1).

The TDRA creates three defenses based on the defendant’s (1) "fair

use" (with exceptions); (2) "news reporting and news commentary";

and (3) "noncommercial use." Id. § 1125(c)(3). 

A

We address first LVM’s claim for dilution by blurring. 

The first three elements of a trademark dilution claim are not at

issue in this case. LVM owns famous marks that are distinctive;

Haute Diggity Dog has commenced using "Chewy Vuiton," "CV,"

and designs and colors that are allegedly diluting LVM’s marks; and

the similarity between Haute Diggity Dog’s marks and LVM’s marks

gives rise to an association between the marks, albeit a parody. The

issue for resolution is whether the association between Haute Diggity

Dog’s marks and LVM’s marks is likely to impair the distinctiveness

of LVM’s famous marks. 

In deciding this issue, the district court correctly outlined the six

factors to be considered in determining whether dilution by blurring

has been shown. See 15 U.S.C.A. § 1125(c)(2)(B). But in evaluating

the facts of the case, the court did not directly apply those factors it

enumerated. It held simply:

[The famous mark’s] strength is not likely to be blurred by

a parody dog toy product. Instead of blurring Plaintiff’s

mark, the success of the parodic use depends upon the continued association with LOUIS VUITTON. 

Louis Vuitton Malletier, 464 F. Supp. 2d at 505. The amicus supporting LVM’s position in this case contends that the district court, by not

16 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG
applying the statutory factors, misapplied the TDRA to conclude that

simply because Haute Diggity Dog’s product was a parody meant that

"there can be no association with the famous mark as a matter of

law." Moreover, the amicus points out correctly that to rule in favor

of Haute Diggity Dog, the district court was required to find that the

"association" did not impair the distinctiveness of LVM’s famous

mark. 

LVM goes further in its own brief, however, and contends:

When a defendant uses an imitation of a famous mark in

connection with related goods, a claim of parody cannot preclude liability for dilution. 

* * *

The district court’s opinion utterly ignores the substantial

goodwill VUITTON has established in its famous marks

through more than a century of exclusive use. Disregarding

the clear Congressional mandate to protect such famous

marks against dilution, the district court has granted [Haute

Diggity Dog] permission to become the first company other

than VUITTON to use imitations of the famous VUITTON

Marks.

In short, LVM suggests that any use by a third person of an imitation

of its famous marks dilutes the famous marks as a matter of law. This

contention misconstrues the TDRA. 

The TDRA prohibits a person from using a junior mark that is

likely to dilute (by blurring) the famous mark, and blurring is defined

to be an impairment to the famous mark’s distinctiveness. "Distinctiveness" in turn refers to the public’s recognition that the famous

mark identifies a single source of the product using the famous mark.

To determine whether a junior mark is likely to dilute a famous

mark through blurring, the TDRA directs the court to consider all factors relevant to the issue, including six factors that are enumerated in

the statute:

LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG 17
(i) The degree of similarity between the mark or trade

name and the famous mark.

(ii) The degree of inherent or acquired distinctiveness of

the famous mark.

(iii) The extent to which the owner of the famous mark is

engaging in substantially exclusive use of the mark.

(iv) The degree of recognition of the famous mark.

(v) Whether the user of the mark or trade name intended

to create an association with the famous mark.

(vi) Any actual association between the mark or trade

name and the famous mark.

15 U.S.C.A. § 1125(c)(2)(B). Not every factor will be relevant in

every case, and not every blurring claim will require extensive discussion of the factors. But a trial court must offer a sufficient indication

of which factors it has found persuasive and explain why they are persuasive so that the court’s decision can be reviewed. The district court

did not do this adequately in this case. Nonetheless, after we apply the

factors as a matter of law, we reach the same conclusion reached by

the district court. 

We begin by noting that parody is not automatically a complete

defense to a claim of dilution by blurring where the defendant uses

the parody as its own designation of source, i.e., as a trademark.

Although the TDRA does provide that fair use is a complete defense

and allows that a parody can be considered fair use, it does not extend

the fair use defense to parodies used as a trademark. As the statute

provides:

The following shall not be actionable as dilution by blurring

or dilution by tarnishment under this subsection: 

(A) Any fair use . . . other than as a designation

of source for the person’s own goods or services,

18 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG
including use in connection with . . . parodying

. . . . 

15 U.S.C.A. § 1125(c)(3)(A)(ii) (emphasis added). Under the statute’s

plain language, parodying a famous mark is protected by the fair use

defense only if the parody is not "a designation of source for the person’s own goods or services." 

The TDRA, however, does not require a court to ignore the existence of a parody that is used as a trademark, and it does not preclude

a court from considering parody as part of the circumstances to be

considered for determining whether the plaintiff has made out a claim

for dilution by blurring. Indeed, the statute permits a court to consider

"all relevant factors," including the six factors supplied in

§ 1125(c)(2)(B). 

Thus, it would appear that a defendant’s use of a mark as a parody

is relevant to the overall question of whether the defendant’s use is

likely to impair the famous mark’s distinctiveness. Moreover, the fact

that the defendant uses its marks as a parody is specifically relevant

to several of the listed factors. For example, factor (v) (whether the

defendant intended to create an association with the famous mark)

and factor (vi) (whether there exists an actual association between the

defendant’s mark and the famous mark) directly invite inquiries into

the defendant’s intent in using the parody, the defendant’s actual use

of the parody, and the effect that its use has on the famous mark.

While a parody intentionally creates an association with the famous

mark in order to be a parody, it also intentionally communicates, if

it is successful, that it is not the famous mark, but rather a satire of

the famous mark. See PETA, 263 F.3d at 366. That the defendant is

using its mark as a parody is therefore relevant in the consideration

of these statutory factors. 

Similarly, factors (i), (ii), and (iv) — the degree of similarity

between the two marks, the degree of distinctiveness of the famous

mark, and its recognizability — are directly implicated by consideration of the fact that the defendant’s mark is a successful parody.

Indeed, by making the famous mark an object of the parody, a successful parody might actually enhance the famous mark’s distinctiveness by making it an icon. The brunt of the joke becomes yet more

LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG 19
famous. See Hormel Foods, 73 F.3d at 506 (observing that a successful parody "tends to increase public identification" of the famous

mark with its source); see also Yankee Publ’g Inc. v. News Am.

Publ’g Inc., 809 F. Supp. 267, 272-82 (S.D.N.Y. 1992) (suggesting

that a sufficiently obvious parody is unlikely to blur the targeted

famous mark). 

In sum, while a defendant’s use of a parody as a mark does not

support a "fair use" defense, it may be considered in determining

whether the plaintiff-owner of a famous mark has proved its claim

that the defendant’s use of a parody mark is likely to impair the distinctiveness of the famous mark. 

In the case before us, when considering factors (ii), (iii), and (iv),

it is readily apparent, indeed conceded by Haute Diggity Dog, that

LVM’s marks are distinctive, famous, and strong. The LOUIS VUITTON mark is well known and is commonly identified as a brand of

the great Parisian fashion house, Louis Vuitton Malletier. So too are

its other marks and designs, which are invariably used with the

LOUIS VUITTON mark. It may not be too strong to refer to these

famous marks as icons of high fashion. 

While the establishment of these facts satisfies essential elements

of LVM’s dilution claim, see 15 U.S.C.A. § 1125(c)(1), the facts

impose on LVM an increased burden to demonstrate that the distinctiveness of its famous marks is likely to be impaired by a successful

parody. Even as Haute Diggity Dog’s parody mimics the famous

mark, it communicates simultaneously that it is not the famous mark,

but is only satirizing it. See PETA, 263 F.3d at 366. And because the

famous mark is particularly strong and distinctive, it becomes more

likely that a parody will not impair the distinctiveness of the mark. In

short, as Haute Diggity Dog’s "Chewy Vuiton" marks are a successful

parody, we conclude that they will not blur the distinctiveness of the

famous mark as a unique identifier of its source. 

It is important to note, however, that this might not be true if the

parody is so similar to the famous mark that it likely could be construed as actual use of the famous mark itself. Factor (i) directs an

inquiry into the "degree of similarity between the junior mark and the

famous mark. If Haute Diggity Dog used the actual marks of LVM

20 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG
(as a parody or otherwise), it could dilute LVM’s marks by blurring,

regardless of whether Haute Diggity Dog’s use was confusingly similar, whether it was in competition with LVM, or whether LVM sustained actual injury. See 15 U.S.C.A. § 1125(c)(1). Thus, "the use of

DUPONT shoes, BUICK aspirin, and KODAK pianos would be

actionable" under the TDRA because the unauthorized use of the

famous marks themselves on unrelated goods might diminish the

capacity of these trademarks to distinctively identify a single source.

Moseley, 537 U.S. at 431 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 104-374, at 3

(1995), as reprinted in 1995 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1029, 1030). This is true

even though a consumer would be unlikely to confuse the manufacturer of KODAK film with the hypothetical producer of KODAK

pianos. 

But in this case, Haute Diggity Dog mimicked the famous marks;

it did not come so close to them as to destroy the success of its parody

and, more importantly, to diminish the LVM marks’ capacity to identify a single source. Haute Diggity Dog designed a pet chew toy to

imitate and suggest, but not use, the marks of a high-fashion LOUIS

VUITTON handbag. It used "Chewy Vuiton" to mimic "LOUIS

VUITTON"; it used "CV" to mimic "LV"; and it adopted imperfectly

the items of LVM’s designs. We conclude that these uses by Haute

Diggity Dog were not so similar as to be likely to impair the distinctiveness of LVM’s famous marks. 

In a similar vein, when considering factors (v) and (vi), it becomes

apparent that Haute Diggity Dog intentionally associated its marks,

but only partially and certainly imperfectly, so as to convey the simultaneous message that it was not in fact a source of LVM products.

Rather, as a parody, it separated itself from the LVM marks in order

to make fun of them. 

In sum, when considering the relevant factors to determine whether

blurring is likely to occur in this case, we readily come to the conclusion, as did the district court, that LVM has failed to make out a case

of trademark dilution by blurring by failing to establish that the distinctiveness of its marks was likely to be impaired by Haute Diggity

Dog’s marketing and sale of its "Chewy Vuiton" products. 

LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG 21
B

LVM’s claim for dilution by tarnishment does not require an

extended discussion. To establish its claim for dilution by tarnishment, LVM must show, in lieu of blurring, that Haute Diggity Dog’s

use of the "Chewy Vuiton" mark on dog toys harms the reputation of

the LOUIS VUITTON mark and LVM’s other marks. LVM argues

that the possibility that a dog could choke on a "Chewy Vuiton" toy

causes this harm. LVM has, however, provided no record support for

its assertion. It relies only on speculation about whether a dog could

choke on the chew toys and a logical concession that a $10 dog toy

made in China was of "inferior quality" to the $1190 LOUIS VUITTON handbag. The speculation begins with LVM’s assertion in its

brief that "defendant Woofie’s admitted that ‘Chewy Vuiton’ products pose a choking hazard for some dogs. Having prejudged the

defendant’s mark to be a parody, the district court made light of this

admission in its opinion, and utterly failed to give it the weight it

deserved," citing to a page in the district court’s opinion where the

court states:

At oral argument, plaintiff provided only a flimsy theory

that a pet may some day choke on a Chewy Vuiton squeak

toy and incite the wrath of a confused consumer against

LOUIS VUITTON. 

Louis Vuitton Malletier, 464 F. Supp. 2d at 505. The court was referring to counsel’s statement during oral argument that the owner of

Woofie’s stated that "she would not sell this product to certain types

of dogs because there is a danger they would tear it open and choke

on it." There is no record support, however, that any dog has choked

on a pet chew toy, such as a "Chewy Vuiton" toy, or that there is any

basis from which to conclude that a dog would likely choke on such

a toy. 

We agree with the district court that LVM failed to demonstrate a

claim for dilution by tarnishment. See Hormel Foods, 73 F.3d at 507.

IV

LVM raises three additional claims premised on the same basic

facts. First, it argues that the district court improperly rejected its

22 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG
counterfeiting claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1114(1)(a). Section 1127 of

Title 15 defines a "counterfeit" mark as "a spurious mark which is

identical with, or substantially indistinguishable from" the plaintiff’s

mark. The district court found, and we agree, that "Chewy Vuiton"

and the "CV" monogram design are not "substantially indistinguishable" from the LOUIS VUITTON and LV marks and that the design

and the coloring patterns are different. See Louis Vuitton Malletier,

464 F. Supp. 2d at 506. In selling "Chewy Vuiton" dog toys, Haute

Diggity Dog is not selling knock-off LOUIS VUITTON handbags

with a counterfeit LV mark, and no reasonable trier of fact could so

conclude. 

Second, LVM argues that the district court erred in failing to

address LVM’s trade dress claims. Although the district court did not

explicitly discuss the trade dress issue, we find that this reflects economy rather than error. LVM’s trade dress claims under § 43(a) of the

Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1), and under Virginia common

law are based on essentially the same facts as its trademark infringement claims. Haute Diggity Dog does not challenge LVM’s claim that

its trade dress is protectable. The only question before the court was

whether confusion was likely. But the same Pizzeria Uno likelihoodof-confusion factors used for trademark infringement claims are

applied to trade dress claims, see Tools USA & Equip. Co. v. Champ

Frame Straightening Equip., 87 F.3d 654, 661 (4th Cir. 1996), and

the two issues rise or fall together. Consequently, our conclusion

affirming the district court that no confusion is likely to result with

regard to LVM’s trademarks is sufficient also to dispose of LVM’s

trade dress claims as well. 

Finally, LVM argues that the district court erred in finding that

Haute Diggity Dog’s use of the "CV" and the background design was

a fair use of LVM’s copyrighted Multicolor design. Because LVM

attempts to use a copyright claim to pursue what is at its core a trademark and trade dress infringement claim, application of the fair-use

factors under the Copyright Act to these facts is awkward. See 17

U.S.C. § 107; Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569, 577

(1994). Nonetheless, after examining the record, we agree with the

district court that Haute Diggity Dog’s use as a parody of certain

altered elements of LVM’s Multicolor design does not support a

claim for copyright infringement. 

LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG 23
The judgment of the district court is 

AFFIRMED.

24 LOUIS VUITTON MALLETIER v. HAUTE DIGGITY DOG