IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-1973

Filed January 28, 2015

IN THE INTEREST OF C.L. and S.L.,

Minor Children,

R.L., Father,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Louise M. Jacobs, 

District Associate Judge. 

A father appeals from the order terminating his parental rights to two 

children and the denial of his motion to dismiss. AFFIRMED.

Nancy L. Pietz of Pietz Law Office, Des Moines, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant 

Attorney General, John P. Sarcone, County Attorney, and Kevin Patrick, 

Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.

Lisa Pendroy, Des Moines, for mother.

Michael Saveraid of Youth Law Center, Des Moines, attorney and 

guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Mullins, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ.
2

MCDONALD, J.

Reginald, the father of C.L. and S.L., appeals from the order terminating 

his parental rights and the juvenile court’s denial of his motion to dismiss. He 

contends the juvenile court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the termination 

petition. He also contends the statutory grounds for termination are not 

supported by clear and convincing evidence, termination is not in the children’s 

best interests, and the court failed to consider the exceptions to termination in 

Iowa Code section 232.116(3) (2013).

I.

The children were removed in May 2012 when the mother was arrested on 

drug charges; Reginald was unavailable because he was incarcerated. The 

children initially were placed in the legal custody of the Iowa Department of 

Human Services (“IDHS”) for foster care placement, then placed in the legal 

custody of the maternal grandmother under IDHS supervision. That placement 

was continued at the disposition and review hearings due to the parents’

unresolved substance abuse issues, criminal issues, and mental health issues. 

Reginald was released from jail in 2013, and he and the mother relapsed on 

methamphetamine in March. The April 2013 permanency order returned the 

children to the legal custody of the mother under IDHS supervision and granted 

concurrent jurisdiction to the district court to establish custody, visitation, and 

support. Reginald was back in jail on a probation violation until September.

By the time of the April 2014 permanency review hearing, Reginald was 

back in jail. In May, the State petitioned to terminate his parental rights under 
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Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(d), (e), (f), and (l).

1

 In July, Reginald filed a 

motion to dismiss, alleging in part, if the case were dismissed he “would have no 

legal rights to the children unless he would take some sort of action to establish 

parental rights through a district court paternity action.” At the beginning of the 

termination hearing in August, in which Reginald participated by telephone from 

prison, the court heard argument on the motion and denied it. The court 

terminated Reginald’s parental rights on all the grounds pled. Reginald appeals.

II.

We review rulings on motions to dismiss for correction of errors at law. 

See Madden v. City of Iowa City, 848 N.W.2d 40, 44 (Iowa 2014); Iowa R. App. 

P. 6.907. We accept as true the facts alleged in the petition and typically do not 

consider facts contained either in the motion to dismiss or in any accompanying 

attachments. See Geisler v. City Council of Cedar Falls, 769 N.W.2d 162, 165

(Iowa 2009).

We review de novo proceedings terminating parental rights. See In re

A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa 2014). We examine both the facts and law, 

and we adjudicate anew those issues properly preserved and presented. See In

re L.G., 532 N.W.2d 478, 480 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995). We give weight to the 

findings of the juvenile court, especially concerning the credibility of witnesses, 

but we are not bound by them. See id. at 480-81. While giving weight to the 

 

1 We note the petition alleges (and the court found) Reginald has “a severe, chronic 

substance abuse problem,” which was the statutory language before the 2011 

amendment. Termination under section 232.116(1)(l) now requires the court to find the 

parent has “a severe substance-related disorder,” which is an objective, “diagnosable 

substance abuse disorder.” See Iowa Code § 125.2(14).
4

findings of the juvenile court, our statutory obligation to review termination 

proceedings de novo means our review is not a rubber stamp of what has come 

before. We will thus uphold an order terminating parental rights if there is clear 

and convincing evidence of grounds for termination. See In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 

489, 492 (Iowa 2000). Evidence is “clear and convincing” where there are no 

serious or substantial doubts as to the correctness of the conclusions of law 

drawn from the evidence. See id.

Termination of parental rights under Iowa Code chapter 232 follows a 

three-step analysis. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 40 (Iowa 2010). First, the 

court must determine if a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) has 

been established. Id. Second, if a ground for termination is established, the 

court must apply the framework set out in section 232.116(2) to decide if 

proceeding with termination is in the best interests of the child. Id. Third, if the 

statutory best-interests framework supports termination of parental rights, the 

court must consider if any statutory exceptions set forth in section 232.116(3) 

should serve to preclude termination. Id.

III.

Reginald first contends the court erred in denying his motion to dismiss. 

He argues if the court had granted his motion to dismiss, then he would have had 

to take some affirmative action to establish legal rights to the children. See, e.g., 

Iowa Code § 600B.7 (proceeding to establish paternity). He further asserts the 

children were in the custody of their mother, so his parental rights need not be 

terminated.
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Accepting the facts alleged in the petition to terminate parental rights as 

true, we conclude the court did not err in overruling the father’s motion to 

dismiss. The children’s best interests would not be served by forcing the State to 

initiate child-in-need-of-assistance proceedings anew.

Reginald next contests each of the statutory grounds cited by the court in 

terminating his parental rights. The court terminated Reginald’s parental rights 

pursuant to section 232.116(1)(d), (e), (f), and (l). We may affirm the court’s 

termination order on any ground we find supported by clear and convincing 

evidence. See In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010). Upon our de novo 

review of the record, we conclude grounds for termination exist under section 

232.116(1)(f). Concerning this ground, Reginald argues the children were never 

in his custody so there is no evidence they were “removed from” his custody. 

See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(f)(3) (requiring that the child “has been removed 

from the physical custody of the child’s parents”). The supreme court has 

rejected a similar argument, that the statutory language “custody of the child has 

been transferred from the child’s parents” required proof that custody had been 

transferred from both parents. See In re N.M., 491 N.W.2d 153, 154 (Iowa 

1992); see also Iowa Code § 4.1(17) (providing when interpreting statutes, “the 

singular includes the plural, and the plural includes the singular). To understand 

the statutory language in section 232.116(1)(f) otherwise would mean one 

parent’s parental rights could not be terminated if the child was in the custody of 

the other parent, because section 232.116(1)(f)(4) requires a finding the child 

“cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents” at that time. We 
6

conclude termination of Reginald’s parental rights pursuant to section 

232.116(1)(f) was appropriate.

Reginald also contends termination is not in the best interests of the 

children. Iowa Code section 232.116(2) requires the court to “give primary 

consideration to the child[ren]’s safety, to the best placement for furthering the 

long-term nurturing and growth of the child[ren], and to the physical, mental, and 

emotional condition and needs of the child[ren].” The record supports the court’s 

conclusions:

There are ongoing concerns about the safety of the children if 

placed in the care and custody of their father. The children need a 

long-term commitment by an adult who can be appropriately 

nurturing, supportive of their growth and development, and who can 

appropriately meets their physical, mental, and emotional needs. It 

is clear that Reginald has a long history of not being able to provide 

a consistent parental presence in his children’s lives. He has not 

. . . met their physical, mental, or emotional needs. Reginald has 

acted in manners completely adverse to their healthy development 

in his arson and domestically violent criminal actions, by his threats 

towards their mother, and by absconding from probation bringing 

incarceration. . . .

. . . Given Reginald’s history of threats towards [the mother]

and actions against a mother of some of his other children support, 

it is reasonable to conclude that [the mother] and the children will 

be safer by terminating Reginald’s parental rights.

We agree with the court that termination of Reginald’s parental rights is in the 

best interests of these children.

Finally, Reginald contends the court failed to consider the factors in 

section 232.116(3). He argues the children are placed with a relative, they “have 

a bond with [him] and know who he is,” “there are extended family members and 
7

a great number of half-siblings whose relationships” would be affected,2and 

there was no expert testimony that termination would be less detrimental to the 

children than continuing their relationship with him. See Iowa Code 

§ 232.116(3)(a) and (c).

The factors in section 232.116(3) are permissive, not mandatory, and the 

court may use its discretion, based on the unique circumstances of each case 

and the best interests of the children, whether to apply the factors in this section 

to save the parent-child relationship. In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 113 (Iowa 

2014). Section 232.116(3)(c) does not require expert testimony concerning the 

effect of termination. The court considered and rejected application of the factors 

in section 232.116(3)(a) and (c) based on the circumstances of this case and the 

best interests of the children. We agree and conclude under the circumstances 

in this case, none of these factors “should serve to preclude termination.” See 

P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 40.

AFFIRMED.

 

2 This is not a factor to consider in section 232.116(3).