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____________________________________ * Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior C ourt. NON - PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

RASHUN MAURICE AUSTION

Appellant : : : : : : : : : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 1167 EDA 2018 Appeal from the Order April 9, 2018 In the Court of Common Pleas of Pike County Criminal Division at No(s): CP

- 52

- CR

- 0000297

- 2015, CP

- 52

- CR

- 0000659

- 2016

BEFORE: OLSON, J., STABILE, J., and STRASSBURGER*, J. MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED MARCH 1 3 , 2020 Appellant, Rashun Maurice Austion, appeals from the order entered on April 9, 2018 . On appeal, Appellant claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion filed pursuant to Pa. R.Crim.P. 587(B), which asserted double jeopardy as a bar to reprosecution of narcotics charges . Upon careful
consideration, we affirm

. We briefly discuss the facts of this case, as set forth in the affidavit of probable cause, as follows. On May 8, 201 5, police observed Appellant driving

a rental car without activated headlights at approximately 2:00 a.m. in Greene Township, Pike County, Pennsylvania. Police initiated a traffic stop of the vehicle. Appellant was driving with a female passenger, later identified as Aleisha Robinson. Police asked both occupants w h ere they were going and they replied that they were traveling to a book convention in Pittsburgh,J

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Pennsylvania. Police detected the odor of marijuana and asked Appellant and

Robinson about it. Robinson appeared nervous and her hands were visibly shaking. She admitted to police that she smoked marijuana in the vehicle earlier. When police asked Appellant the identity of the individual who rented the vehicle, Appellant responded that it was hi s cousin. However, without supporting rental documentation and upon detecting the odor of marijuana, police conducted a search of the vehicle. During a search of Robinson’s p urse , police recovered two Black & Mild cigars, two Palma cigars, one Blunt Vill e cigar, one “ Blunteffects ” concentrated air freshener, and one glass pipe with suspected burnt marijuana residue. From the trunk, police recovered a black backpack containing three large plastic bags with suspected narcotics

. In

total , police recovered approximately 8,400 individual glassine envelopes that

contained a substance later confirmed to be heroin. The recovered contraband had an approximate street value of $85,000. 00. The trial court summarized the procedural history of this case as follows:

At docket no. 297

- 2015, the Commonwealth charged [Appellant] with one (1) count each of possession with intent to manufacture or deliver a controlled substa nce [(PWID)] , 35 P.S. § 780

- 113(a)(30), possession of a controlled substance, 35 P.S. §780

- 113(a)(16 ), possession of drug paraphernalia , 35 P.S. § 780

- 113(a)(32), and period for requiring lighted lamps, 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 4302(a)(1).
The case at docket no. 297

- 2015 proceeded to a jury trial during the July 2016 criminal term of court. On July 20, 2016, the empaneled jury returned a verdict of not guilty on the possession of drug paraphernalia charge and was deadlocked on the [PWID] and possession of a controlled substance charges. On July 20, 2016, after [the] entry of the jury’s verdict, [the trial court] found [Appellant] guilty of the [period for requiring lighted lamps]J

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summary offense. [The trial court] declared a mistrial [as to PWID and simple possession] due to [] jury [] deadlock [] . The Commonwealth [gave] notice of its intention to retry [Appella nt] on the deadlocked charges.
At docket no. 659

- 2016, on November 15, 2016, the Commonwealth filed an additional criminal charge against [Appellant] of criminal conspiracy to commit [PWID], 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903(a)(1), 35 P.S. 780

- 113(a)(30). The cases at docket nos. 297

- 2015 and 659

- 2016 [were] consolidated for trial purposes. On September 5, 2017, [Appellant] filed [a] motion to dismiss pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 587(B) at both dockets. A hearing on [Appellant’s] motion was held on February 2, 2018.

Trial Court Opinion, 3/23/2018, at 1

- 2 (superfluous capitalization and parentheticals omitted)

. The t rial court denied relief on Appellant’s dismissal motion by order and
opinion entered on March 23, 2018. On April 9, 2018, upon A ppellant’s motion

to clar ify the March 23, 2018 order, the trial court entered an ord er finding that Appellant’s motion for dismissal was not frivolous and certified the order as an immediately appealable collateral order under Pa.R.A.P. 313(b) . This timely appeal resulted. 1
App ellant raises the following issue for our review:

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

1 On April 19, 2018, Appellant filed a single notice of appeal listing both docket numbers

. We note that on June 1, 2018, our Supreme Court prospectively “require d that when a single order resolves issues arising out on more than one lower court docket, separate notices of appeal must be filed.” Commonwealth v. Walker , 185 A.3d 969, 977 (Pa. 2018). However, b ecause Appellant f iled his notice of appeal before Walker was decided, it is inapplicable herein. On April 20, 2018, the trial court ordered Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant complied timely on May 8, 2018. On June 26, 2018, t he trial court issued another opinion pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925( a).J

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Whether the trial cou rt abused its discretion or erred as a matter of law in denying Appellant’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 587(B) by violating Appellant’s constitutional right against doubl e jeopardy which is guaranteed both by the 14 th and 5 th Amendments to the federal constitution and by Article I, § 10 of Pennsylvania’s constitution [?] Appellant’s Brief at 5 ( cleaned up ). Appellant argues, as a matter of law, that his previous acquittal for possession of drug paraphernalia bars reprosecution for PWID and simple possession of a controlled substance

. Id. at 8

- 13. Appellant claims that “[t]he drug paraphernalia in this case was glassine packets which contained the alleged controlled substa nce.” Id. at 8. Appellant posits that “[i]n order to convict [him] of the two [deadlocked narcotics] possession charges[, PWID and possession of a controlled substance, as well as a new charge for conspiracy,] a new jury would have to find that [] Appel lant possessed the glassine packets containing the alleged controlled substance.” Id. Appellant argues that such a “finding would contradict the first jury’s finding which acquitted [] Appella nt of [p]ossession of [d]rug [p] araphernalia and would thereby violate Appellant’s constitutional right against double jeopardy.” Id. Accordingly, Appellant posits:
It would be illogical and impossible for a second jury to find that [] Appellant possessed the controlled substances without also finding that [] A ppellant possessed drug paraphernalia [for which he was acquitted] . Such a conclusion is analogous to the following scenario. One [j]ury makes a determination that a person did not possess a glass containing water but a second [j]ury determines that the same person possessed the water but not the glass containing the water. Clearly, in this scenario, if you possess one you must possess both. Should a second jury find that [] Appellant possessed a controlled substance [stored inside] theJ

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glassine packets it would contradict a nd overrule the factual findings of the first jury that already determined that [] Appellant was not in possession of drug paraphernalia which contained the controlled substance.
Id. at 12

- 13.
Our standard of review is as follows:

An appeal grounded in double jeopardy raises a question of constitutional law. This Court's scope of review in making a determination on a question of law is, as always, plenary. As with all questions of law, the appellate standard of review is de novo . To the extent that the factual findings of the trial court impact its double jeopardy ruling, we apply a more deferential standard of review to those findings: Where issues of credibility and weight of the evidence are concerned, it is not the function of the appellate court to substitute its judgment based on a cold record for that of the trial court. The weight to be accorded conflicting evidence is exclusively for the fact finder, whose findings will not be disturbed on appeal if they are supported by the
r ecord. The prohibition against double jeopardy was designed to protect individuals from being tried or punished more than once for the same allegation or offense. The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides, in relevant part, that no pe rson shall be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. Likewise, Article I, § 10 of the Pennsylvania Constitution provides that no person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.

Commonwealth v. Miller , 198 A.3d 1187, 1191 (Pa. Super. 2018) (internal citations, quotations, and brackets omitted).

This Court previously determined:
Retrial after a hung jury normally does not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause.J

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The doctrine of collateral estoppel is a part of the Fifth Amendment's guarantee against double jeopardy, which was made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. The phrase “collateral estoppel,” also known as “issue preclusion,” simply means that when an issue of law, evid entiary fact, or ultimate fact has been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot be litigated again between the same parties in any future lawsuit. Collateral estoppel does not automatically bar a subsequent prosecution, but rather, it b ars redetermination in a second prosecution of those issues necessarily determined between the parties in a first proceeding that has become a final judgment. Traditionally, Pennsylvania courts have applied the collateral estoppel doctrine only if the foll owing threshold requirements are met: 1) the issues in the two actions are sufficiently similar and sufficiently material to justify invoking the doctrine; 2) the issue was actually litigated in the first action; and 3) a final judgment on the specific iss ue in question was issued in the first action. An issue is actually litigated when it is properly raised, submitted for determination, and then actually determined. For collateral estoppel purposes, a final judgment includes any prior adjudication of an is sue in another action that is sufficiently firm to be accorded conclusive effect. Commonwealth v. Brockington
- Winchester , 205 A.3d 1279, 1283

– 1284
(Pa. Super. 2019). 2
Our Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. States , 938 A.3d
1016 (Pa. 2007), relied upon by both parties and the trial court, provides

additional guidance. In that case , States and two other men were involved
in a single car accident. States was the sole survivor of the crash. The
Commonwealth charge d him with two counts each of involuntary

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

2 In this case, the threshold requirements for application of collateral estoppel appear to be met. The issues are sufficiently similar, possession was litigated in the first trial, and a final judgment was entered.J

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manslaughter, accidents involving death or personal injury while not properly
licensed, homicide by vehicle, and homicide by vehicle while driving under the
influence of alcohol. The parties agreed that the trial court judge would hear
the accidents involving death while not properly licensed charge, after a jury
decided the other criminal charges. The jury deadlocked on all the charges
before it. Thereafter, the trial judge acquitted States of the accidents

invo lving death charge because the trial court explicitly stated that it was not
convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that States was the driver of the vehicle.

The States Court ultimately determined that the principles of collateral
estoppel operated to preven t the Commonwealth from proceeding with retrial
on the charges upon which the jury deadlocked based upon double jeopardy

. The States Court examined the three

- part test, as set forth above, to
determine whether collateral estoppel applied to limit furthe r litigation. It

stated:
In the criminal law arena, the difficulty in applying collateral estoppel typically lies in deciding whether or to what extent an acquittal can be interpreted in a manner that affects future proceedings, that is, whether it “refle cts a definitive finding respecting a material element of the prosecution's subsequent case.” Commonwealth v. Buffington , 828 A.2d 1024, 1032 (Pa. 2003). We ask whether the fact

- finder, in rendering an acquittal in a prior proceeding, “could have grounded its verdict upon an issue other than that which the defendant seeks to foreclose from consideration.” [ Commonwealth v. ] Smith , 540 A.2d[, 246 , ] at 251 [(Pa. 1988)] . If the verdict must have been based on resolution of an issue in a manner favorable to the defendant with respect to a remaining charge, the Commonwealth is precluded from attempting to relitigate that issue in an effort to resolve it in a contrary way. See Commonwealth v. Zimmerman , 445 A.2d 92, 96 ( Pa. 1981) (acquittal on simple assault preclu ded retrial onJ

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[deadlocked] murder charges because simple assault was a constituent element of all grades of homicide in the case); Commonwealth v. Wallace , 602 A.2d 345, 349

– 3 50 ( Pa. Super. 1992) (Commonwealth's concession that the jury's acquittal meant appellant did not possess a gun collaterally estopped Commonwealth from any subsequent prosecution based on appellant's possession of a gun); Commonwealth v. Klinger , 398 A.2d 1036, 1041 ( Pa. Super. 1979) (appellant's acquittal on murder precluded the Comm onwealth from bringing a subsequent perjury prosecution based on appellant's trial testimony that he did not kill the victim), aff'd. sub nom. Commonwealth v. Hude , 425 A.2d 313 ( Pa. 1980). Conversely, where an acquittal cannot be definitively interpreted as resolving an issue in favor of the defendant with respect to a remaining charge, the Commonwealth is free to commence with trial as it wishes. See [ Commonwealth
v. ] Buffington , 828 A.2d [1024, ] at 1033 [(Pa. 2003)] (acquittal of rape and IDSI did not establish that Commonwealth failed to prove an essential element of sexual assault); Smith , 540 A.2d at 253

– 2 54 (acquittal of gun possession charge did not collaterally estop Commonwealt h from proceeding on charges of murder and possession of an instrument of crime, as acquittal could have been based on any number of reasons); Commonwealth v. Harris , 582 A.2d 1319, 1323 ( Pa. Super. 1990) (robbery acquittal did not preclude retrial on [dea dlocked] charge of aggravated assault), appeal denied , 597 A.2d 1151 ( Pa. 1991).
Commonwealth v. States , 938 A.2d 1016, 1021

– 1022 (Pa. 2007)

. The States Court ultimately concluded:
There existed a final order definitively establishing that States was not the driver of the car and a scheduled retrial at which the Commonwealth planned to offer evidence to establish that States was the driver of the car . The fact that a retrial required the Commonwealth to present evidence on this issue, to urge a second jur y to reach a result contrary to the result previously reached by another fact finder, [...] converts it into a classic collateral estoppel matter.
Id. at 1026

– 1027 (emphasis in original). Accordingly, the States Court
barred the Commonwealth from retrying S tates on the basis of collateral
estoppel and double jeopardy.J

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We further note that States examined our Supreme Court’s prior

decision in Smith . The Smith decision provide s additional guidance regarding
whether an acquittal may or may not be definitively interpreted as resolving
an issue in favor of the defendant with respect to unresolved or newly raised
charges

. Smith was charged originally with first

- degree murder and
possessing an instrument of crime, as well as firearms not to be carried

without a lic ense and carrying a firearm on public streets in Philadelphia. After
a first trial, Smith was acquitted of the firearms violations, but the jury
deadlocked on murder and possessing an instrument of crime. The

Commonwealth issued notice of its intent to reprosecute and Smith appealed , raising double jeopardy and collateral estoppel . O ur Supreme Court

determined that Smith’s acquittals on the charges of firearms violations did
not bar the Commonwealth’s subsequent prosecution for murder and
possessing an instrument of crime. Our Supreme Court noted that the
charged firearms offenses prohibited a defendant from carrying a firearm
without a license or on public streets in Philadelphia, but the Commonwealth’s
failure to prove those crimes did not necessarily determine whether Appellant
was in physical possession of a firearm. See Smith , 540 A.2d at 253

- 254.
Stated differently , the Smith Court found that the Comm onwealth failed to
prove that Smith lacked a firearm license or was on public property when

arrest ed . The jury, however, did not make a definitive ruling regarding
possession of the firearm used in the shooting. Thus, the Commonwealth wasJ

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permitted to reprosecute Smith for murder and possessing an instrument of

crime.
In determining the applicabi lity of the principle of collateral estoppel,

the Smith Court explained that a court must
examine the record of a prior proceeding, taking into account the pleadings, evidence, charge, and other relevant matter, and conclude whether a rational jury could have grounded its verdict upon an issue other than that which the defendant seeks to foreclose from consideration. In determining whether a rational jury could have grounded its verdict upon an issue other than that which is sought to be foreclosed [our Su preme Court has] cautioned that the inquiry must be set in a practical frame and viewed with any eye to all the circumstances.
Smith , 540 A.2d at 251 (internal citations and quotations omitted). Collateral
estoppel “is a principle to be applied with realism and rationality, not with the hypertechnical and archaic approach of a 19th century pleading book.” 3 Id.
(internal citations and quotations omitted).

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______
3 We briefly respond to the dissent’s suggestion that in applying “realism and rationality” to this case one cannot ignore “the plain and obvious fact that it would have been impossible for Appellant to have possessed the heroin inside the glassine packets if he did not possess the glassine pa ckets

. ” Dissenting Memorandum at 6. In contrast to the dissent’s view, we read the phrase “realism and rationality” ( when used as a legal test to gage the preclu sive scope of a prior acquittal) with reference to the facts of the Smith case, from which the phrase emerged as set forth at length above. The principal that emerges from Smith is that , in the absence of a definitive ruling negating possession of a firearm, the concept of collateral estoppel did not preclude a subsequent prosecution for murder and possessing an instrument of crime

. Whatever may be said about the logical relationship between the contents and their container in this matter , there is no legal requirement to prove possession of a container in order to prove unlawful pos session of its contents. In other words, as in Smith , where acquittal of certain firearms charges didJ

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In this case, the trial court denied Appellant relief on his double jeopardy

claim for the follo wing reasons:
Here, [] Appellant, relying on the principles in States , supra , presents an argument implicating double jeopardy, asserting that the Commonwealth can neither try him for the first time [for] [c]riminal [c]onspiracy [], nor re

- try him on charg es of [possession of a controlled substance] and [PWID], because the previous jury acquitted him of the charge of [p]ossession of [d]rug [p] arapher nalia []. In other words, Appellant claims he cannot be tried for possessing the substance contained within the paraphernalia because he has already been acquitted of possessing that same paraphernalia. [The trial court] disagreed with Appellant’s position.
In States , the fact finder explicitly determined that the Commonwealth failed to prove [States] was the driver of the vehicle in question, directly implicating a necessary element of the charge of [h]omicide by [v]ehicle. Since [subsequent prosecution of States could only succeed if the Commonwealth also established that States] was the driver, collateral estoppel precluded re

- trial. However, the facts of the present matter differ markedly from those in States . Here, [] Appellant was pulled over for a motor vehicle code violation, a search ensued, and law enforcement discovered large quantities of heroin and various items of

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ not preclude subsequent prosecution for possessing an instrument of crime and murder, an acquittal on the paraphernalia charges in this case is not a leg al impediment to prosecution for unlawful possession of the contraband. States confirms this understanding of the operation of collateral estoppel in the context of double jeopardy. T his decision is unlike States wherein the court definitively determined that States was not driving the car at the time of the accident to bar reprosecution of involuntary manslaughter, homicide by vehicle and driving under the influenc e of alcohol. Here, as discussed, the jury’s acquittal of possession of paraphernalia cann ot be read as a definitive finding, especially in light of deadlocking on the narcotics charges. I mplementing realism and rationality to this case begs the converse question Appellant and the dissent pose

-- if the jury definitively determined that Appell ant did not possess the paraphernalia, then why did it not also definit iv ely find that Appellant did not possess the narcotics found inside those glassine packets?J

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paraphernalia, including glassine packets, packaging materials, a glass pipe, and cigars. The jury in this matter found that [] Appellant did not possess [drug paraphernalia] . This finding was not specific in concluding that [] Appe llant did not possess the heroin contained within the glassine packets. Further, unlike in States , possession of the glassine packets here is not an element of the charges to be re

- tried. Based on this analysis, [the trial court] found that Appellant’s
ac quittal of [possession of drug paraphernalia] did not represent an ultimate fact (with regard to the charges to be re

- tried) determined by a valid and final judgment, that the doctrine of double jeopardy did not preclude re

- trial of the charges noted herei n, and [] denied his [m]otion [to dismiss]. Trial Court Opinion, 6/26/2018, at 4

- 5.

Further , in an opinion accompanying the order denying Appellant’s
motion to dismiss, the trial court concluded:
Our appellate courts have also stated, with respect to cl aims of double jeopardy, that inconsistent verdicts are permissible in our Commonwealth. There may have been various reasons why the jury concluded that [Appellant] did not possess the items of paraphernalia herein, including the glassine packets, while d eadlocking on the possession of controlled substance charges. [...] The paraphernalia charge in this case also involved items unrelated to the heroin, including the pipe, cigars and packaging material. Trial Court Order and Opinion, 3/23/2018, at *5 (unpagi nated) (internal
citations omitted).

For this latter proposition , the trial court relied u pon States , as well as

this Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. DeLong , 879 A.2d 234 (Pa.
Super. 2005). In DeLong , 4 a jury convicted DeLong of PWID and delivery of

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

4 Appellant does not challenge the trial court’s reliance upon DeLong on appeal.J

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narcotics, but acquitted him of simple possession. The convictions were set aside, however, due to jury misconduct. The Commonwealth sought to re

- try DeLong for PWID and delivery. DeLong moved to dismiss, arguing that his
acquittal for the lesser

- includ ed offense of simple possession barred a second
prosecution of the greater inclusive offenses of PWID and delivery, even if the
jury convicted him of those offenses at the first trial. The DeLong Court
rejected this argument, finding:
Consistency in verdi cts in criminal cases is not necessary. When an acquittal on one count in an indictment is inconsistent with a conviction on a second count, the court looks upon the acquittal as no more than the jury's assumption of a power which they had no right to exer cise, but to which they were disposed through lenity. The rule that inconsistent verdicts do not constitute reversible error applies even where the acquitted offense is a lesser included offense of the charge for which a defendant is found guilty.
Read in this light, the jury's decision to acquit [DeLong] of the simple possession charge but convict on PWID and [d]elivery charges is understood as an act of lenity in a case where the evidence focused, in any event, predominantly on [DeLong’s] act of delivery during a controlled buy of methamphetamine. The inconsistent verdict, therefore, does not imply error, mistake, or inability to agree as to the two greater inclusive offenses. Nor is there, therefore, a double jeopardy [or] estoppel [] problem with a secon d prosecution of the greater inclusive offenses in this case. Though conceptual and practical differences exist with each principle, they share the purpose of barring retrial for the same offense. Commonwealth v. DeLong , 879 A.2d 234 at 238 (case citation omitted).

F inally , o ur Supreme Court has stated:
Federal and Pennsylvania courts alike have long recognized that jury acquittals may not be interpreted as specific factual findings with regard to the evidence, as an acquittal does not definitivelyJ

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establis h that the jury was not convinced of a defendant's guilt. Rather, it has been the understanding of federal courts as well as the courts of this Commonwealth that an acquittal may merely show lenity on the jury's behalf, or that the verdict may have been th e result of compromise, or of a mistake on the part of the jury. Accordingly, the United States Supreme Court has instructed that courts may not make factual fi ndings regarding jury acquittals[.]
Commonwealth v. Moore , 103 A.3d 1240, 1246 (Pa. 2014) (citations
omitted).
Taking all of the foregoing together, w e agree with the trial court’s

determination s

. First, we cannot interpret Appellant’s acquittal for drug
paraphernalia as a specific factual finding by the jury. Appellant interprets
the jury ’s acquittal of his paraphernalia charge as a finding that he was not in
possession of paraphernalia. However, the jury may have grounded its

decision 5 upon a finding that the Commonwealth failed to prove that the
glassine packets were items of parapherna lia as statutorily defined. 6

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

5 We not e that we do not have a full record of the proceedings. The certified record only contains a transcript of Appellant’s testimony from trial and a transcript of the hearing on Appellant’s motion to dismiss. There are no additional trial transcripts for us to review. Thus, we were not able to discern what evidence was presented at Appellant’s first trial or what instructions and/or legal definitions the trial court provided to the jury prior to its deliberations.

6 Possession of paraphernalia is defined as: The use of, or possession with intent to use, drug paraphernalia for the purpose of planting, propagating, cultivating, growing, harvesting, manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, preparing, testing, analyzing, packing, repack ing, storing, containing, concealing, injecting, ingesting, inhaling orJ

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Moreover, the acquittal may merely show lenity on the jury's behalf, or the
result of compromise, or of a mistake on the part of the jury

. 7 Additionally ,

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ otherwise introducing into the human body a controlled substance in violation of this act. 35 P.S. § 780

- 113(a)(32).

7 We note the following. The Commonwealth filed a bill of cri minal information against Appellant on June 29, 2015 alleging, at Count IV, that Appellant
use[d] or possess[ed] with intent to use, drug paraphernalia, to wit, glassine packets , packaging material , a glass pipe and cigars , items used for the purpose of planting, propagating, cultivating, growing, harvesting, manufacturing, compounding, converting, producing, processing, preparing, testing, analyzing, packing, repacking, storing, containing, concealing, injecting, ingesting, inhaling, or otherwise introdu cing into the human body, a controlled substance. Bill of Criminal Information, 6/29/2015, at *2 (emphasis supplied). The Commonwealth also advised Appellant that it intended to try him and Robinson together in a joint trial. However, as Appellant notes, “[a]fter jury selection but before opening statements began, [] Robinson[,] Appellant’s alleged co

- defendant, pleaded guilty to possession of marijuana and paraphernalia which was found in her purse” and “the Commonwealth dismissed Count II of the [i]nfor mation which charged Appellant with [c]onspiracy to possess heroin with intent to deliver.” Appellant’s Brief at 11. The Commonwealth, however, did not amend the criminal information filed against Appellant with regard to the paraphernalia recovered. As such, the Commonwealth, via Count IV of the information, continued to charge Appellant with possession of all the paraphernalia police recovered, i.e. , glassine packets, packaging material, a glass pipe and cigars . The verdict slip, which is contained in the certified record, listed individually each of the recovered items of paraphernalia ( i.e. , glassine packets, packaging material, a glass pipe and cigars ). The verdict slip asked the jury that, if it found Appellant guilty of possessing paraphernalia, t o identify which paraphernalia items it found Appellant to have possessed. When the jury found Appellant not guilty of possessing paraphernalia, it obviously did not identify items ofJ

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here , the jury did not definitively determine whether Appellant was in
possession of the recovered heroin. In a subsequent prosecution, t he
Commonwealth simply does not have to prove that Appellant was in
possession of paraphernalia in order to prove that Appellant was in simple
possession of heroin or that he possessed the drugs with the intent to deliver

them

. 8 Thus, collateral estoppel does not apply. Based upon our standard of
review and the record before us, we discern no abuse of discretion or trial
court error in denying Appellant relief on his double jeopardy claim.

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ paraphernalia on the verdict slip. Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the Commonwealth’s single paraphernalia charge , despite the recovery of multiple items , was carelessly confusing, as some of the recovered items are used typically to facilitate personal consumption of marijuana ( i.e ., pipe and cigars) while the glas sine packets at issue are used specifically for packaging and storing narcotics. As such, we conclude the jury’s acquittal on the paraphernalia charge certainly could have been the result of lenity, compromise, or mistake. A rational, but confused, jury could have grounded its verdict by focusing on the lack of evidence regarding the other items seized from Robinson’s purse

– the cigars and glass pipe

– to conclude that Appellant was not in possession of any paraphernalia.

8 In a subsequent prosecut ion for simple possession and PWID, the Commonwealth could seek to prove the crimes without evidence of glassine packets and/or packaging materials. The intent to deliver may be inferred from the possession of a large quantity of a controlled substance, t he defendant’s behavior in the presence of police, and sums of cash found in possession of the defendant . See Commonwealth v. Roberts , 133 A.3d 759, 768 (Pa. Super. 2016). Expert opinion testimony is also admissible concerning whether the facts surroundi ng the possession of controlled substances are consistent with an intent to deliver. Id.J

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Order affirmed.
Judge Stabile joins the memorandum

. Judge S trassburger files a dissenting m emorandum.
Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary

Date: 3/13/20