### ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES INDUSTRIES

FY2010 INDUSTRY ASSESSMENT

A. Industry Background / Definition

In general and as well as for the purpose of this report, the environmen tal technologies (ET) industry is defined as all goods a nd services that generate revenue associated with environmental protection, assessment, compliance with envi ronmental regulations, pollution control and prevention, waste management, renewable energy, re mediation of contaminated property, design and operation of environmental in frastructure, and the provision and delivery of environmental resources. According to Environmental Business International (EBI), employment for the U.S. ET industry is approximately 1.6 million for al l segments, producing revenues of $290 billion. The U.S. ET industry revenue is broken down in to the various industry segments as follows: services (47%), equipment (21% ), and resources (32%).

Key subsectors for products and services of the ET industry include: air, wa ter, and soil pollution control; solid and toxic waste management; recy cling; renewable energy; pollution prevention and resource recovery; site remediation; envi ronmental monitoring; and water treatment for industrial and municipal water use. This sector is extremely broa d and includes a wide variety of products and services that cut across many differe nt industry sectors. The ET industry evolved in response to concerns about the risks and costs of pollution and the enactment of pollution control legislation and regulati ons in the United States and around the world. It is now increasingly driven by su stainability concerns.

A key challenge to studies and an alyses of the ET industry is th at there is currently no North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) or any other similar system definition for this industry. The International Trade Administratio n’s (ITA) Office of Energy and Environmental Industries (OEEI) has developed the most compre hensive and representativ e list of products for the ET industry, based on the Harmonized Tariff System (Attachment A). This list was developed in close consultation with industry and the U.S. Inte rnational Trade Commission; it also tracks work done by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The list was used for Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperati on trade negotiations and is currently used by the U.S. Trade Representative in various trade negotiations venues. OEEI has also developed a separate, comprehensive listi ng of ET goods categories.

B. Industry Overview and Global Competitiveness

According to EBI, the global market for the ET sector in 2008 was estimated at $782 billion (Figures 1-2). In the United States, the worl d’s largest producer and consumer of ET goods and services, approximately 119,000 ET firms generate $300 billion in revenues and $43.8 billion in exports, supporting close to 1.7 million jobs.

While 99 percent of U.S. ET private sector comp anies fall under the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) category, they generate only 20 percent of the total U.S. ET revenue. Large

### 2 ET companies, which represent only one percent of all private sector activity, account for 49 percent of total U.S. ET revenue. Public-sector municipalities and similar entities account the remaining 31 percent of revenue and dominate wate r utilities, wastewater treatment works, and solid waste management.

The ET industry continues to experience consolid ation as larger ET comp anies typically arise through mergers and acquisitions, not internal growt h. More change of ownership and structure is likely to continue.

Figure 1

U.S. Environmental Export Competitiveness 2004-2008

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Global Market 638.6 671.2 711.9 757.9 782.4

US Market 245.2 256.3 271.4 289.6 299.5

Non-US Market 393.4 414.8 440.5 468.4 493.8
% Exports 11.4% 12.0% 13.1% 14.2% 14.6%
US Exports 28.7 31.8 36.9 43.1 43.8
% Growth in U.S. Env'l Exports 10% 11% 16% 17% 2%

US Share of Non-US Market 7.3% 7.7% 8.4% 9.2% 8.9%
Trade Surplus 5.9 8.2 10.7 12.8 10.9

Units:$ U.S. billion

SOURCE: Environmental Business International, San Diego, CA



### Industry Subsectors

There are 14 segments or subsectors identified in the ET industry (Figure 2). Most ET goods and services are easily classified w ithin one of these subsectors, while others (e.g. water pumps, monitoring and instrumentation equipment, wate r treatment membranes) may overlap different subsectors outside of the ET sector. The largest segments in the global ET market are: solid waste, water utilities, and water treatment wo rks, renewable energy, a nd water equipment and

chemicals. The water/wastewater treatment s ector and the renewable energy sectors have the greatest opportunities in the international market ; the global water market has grown rapidly over the last decade and alone accounts for over 35 per cent of the total global environmental market.

Figure 2- U.S. Environmental Market by Segment ($billion)

Equipment US ind 2008
Water Equipment & Chemicals 28.5

Air Pollution Control 18.0
Instruments & Info. Systems 5.9

### 3 Waste Mgmt Equipment 11.4

Process & Prevention Tech. 1.9

Services 0.0
Solid Waste Management 53.1
Hazardous Waste Mgmt 9.2
Consulting & Engineering 27.1

Remediation/Industrial Services 12.5
Analytical Services 1.9

Water Treatment Works 40.7

Resources

Water Utilities 39.2

Resource Recovery 28.5
Clean Energy Systems & Power 21.5

Total 299.5

Source: Environmental Business International, Inc. (San Diego, CA) * Data on the ET industry and markets vary significantly because of inexact definitions of the s ector. Key sources of ET data are: EBJ, Environmental Business International, Inc. (EBI), (San Diego, CA ). USDOC data was used for detailed trade flows based on the expanded HTSbased list of ET products. For ET services area, OEEI relie s on EBI only since there are no reliable service-related codes to track trade flows.



### In light of the Administration’s focus on clean energy, we have separated this report in two sections: one focusing on the tradition environmental sector (air, water, waste, etc) and the other on the renewable energy sector. It should also be noted that the Energy Industry Assessment prepared by Office of Energy and Environmenta l Office also includes the same renewable energy section.

TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR Competitiveness

The United States is regarded as a world lead er in many ET categories, including: engineering, design, construction, and consulting services; poll ution prevention and re source recovery; water and wastewater handling and treatment equipmen t; stationary and mobile source air pollution monitoring and control equipment; solid and ha zardous waste management; contaminated site remediation; automation for treatment system s and monitoring equipment; and, information systems/software for environmental management and analysis.

The rate of U.S. market growth has hovered aro und five percent since 2004. At the same time, the rate of growth of U.S. e nvironmental technologies imports , which had been slowing since 2004, jumped to growth rates of over ten percen t in 2007 and 2008. Combined, these two trends have caused U.S.-based environmental technologi es firms to lose market share in the United

States.

Figure 3Source: International Trade Administration (with ITC and EBI data)



### 4 While the American market remains the larges t single market for environmental technologies and the most mature, foreign markets, particular ly those of developing countries, continue to grow at a higher rate and offer the most opportun ity for U.S. companies. The U.S. share of foreign ET markets has also continued to grow (from 5.7 percent in 1997 to 9.8 percent in 2007), giving the U.S. ET industry a positive trade surplus for the past decade. The rate of growth of U.S. ET exports had slowed early in the decade, but has steadily returned; some of this is also influenced by the booming demand for renewa ble energy technology. The U.S. ET industry’s annual rate of export, as a pe rcentage of its total production, was 14 percent in 2007 (Figure 4 below). In contrast, our key competitors (Japa n, Western Europe) export over 20 percent of their domestic production.

Figure 4-



## The Global Environmental Indu stry and Market: Estimated

Global Trade Flow

By Region 2007

Market Exports Imports Balance %
Exports

USA 289.6 43.1 30.3 12.8 14%

Western Europe* 209.5 48.1 35.6 12.5 23%

Japan 99.6 21.2 7.0 14.2 21%

Rest of Asia 59.0 3.1 19.5

‐ 16.4 5%

Mexico 6.2 0.58 3.04

‐ 2.5 9%

Rest of Latin America 22.7 0.9 9.1

‐ 8.2 4%

Canada 19.8 2.49 3.06

‐ 0.6 13% -25% -20% -15% -10%

-5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%Rate of Growth

Year 

### U.S. Environmental Domest ic Market Competitiveness

U.S. Market
Growth

U.S. Import
Growth

### 5 Australia/NZ 13.6 3.2 1.8 1.5 24%

Central & Eastern Europe 18.2 1.0 7.1

‐ 6.1 6%

Middle East 13.0 0.4 4.6

‐ 4.2 3%

Africa 6.8 0.1 3.0

‐ 3.0 1%

Total 758 124.1 124.0

SOURCE: Environmental Business International, Inc., San Diego, Calif. units in $ billion

*Note: each country within the region, not as a block: i.e. German sale to Italy is an export and an import



### In terms of exports as a percentage of tota l U.S. ET production, the le ading subsectors are: resource recovery (58%), instruments and in formation systems (46%), water equipment and chemicals (36%), waste management equipment (25%), and air polluti on control (16%), as illustrated in Figure 5 below.

Figure 5 ET Subsectors Exports in 2008 ($ billion)



## U.S. Environmental Exports By Sector, 2008

Equipment US

ind %export Water Equipment & Chemicals 28.5 36.2%

Air Pollution Control 18.0 16.2% Instruments & Info. Systems 5.9 46.0%
Waste Mgmt Equipment 11.4 25.0%

Process & Prevention Tech. 1.9 8.0%

Services Solid Waste Management 53.1 0.3%
Hazardous Waste Mgmt 9.2 1.0% Consulting & Engineering 27.1 12.8%

Remediation/Industrial Services 12.5 6.0% Analytical Services 1.9 7.4%

Water Treatment Works 40.7 0.6%

Resources

Water Utilities 39.2 0.2%
Resource Recovery 28.5 58.0% Clean Energy Systems & Power 21.5 16.0%

Total 299.5 14.6%

Source: Environmental Business Interna tional, Inc. (San Diego, CA). Note: U.S. Industry is equal to revenues generated by U.S. companie s worldwide. U.S. market refers to revenue from U.S. custome rs. Exports do not include ownership of overseas comp anies but do include repatriated profits.

### The U.S. ET industry should be able to increas e its global competitiveness as it focuses greater attention on key international mark ets and introduces new, state-o f-the art products and services (e.g., particularly technologies applicable to water reuse and recycl ing, desalination, and technologies with comprehensive environmental management system applications). While technological development can undoubtedly help increase U.S. industry’s competitiveness, stricter laws and regulatory enforcement worl dwide are essential to addressing the world’s

environmental issues.

The international market for ET is fueled by se veral important policy and market drivers of demand: greater global focus on climate change and sustainable developm ent; liberalization of trade in environmental goods and services via bilateral and multilateral efforts; growing

industrialization and environmental awareness in key emerging markets; and, application of cleaner production and environmental “best pr actices” not only by multinationals and major foreign companies, but also and increasingly by SMEs.

C. Industry’s Domestic Environment

In 2008, the U.S. ET industry contra cted slightly by 0.3%. The indus try is expected to return to growth as economic conditions improve and indust rial activity rises, increased attention and resources are paid to addressing climate cha nge. The new Administration is strengthening and harmonizing the currently weakened and fragment ed U.S. environmental regulatory framework.

Figure 6. Environmental Industry Growth 1988-2007
(Source: Environmental Business International)



### U.S. Regulatory Issues

6

### 7 While environmental laws and regulations are of ten seen as extra costs and burdens for other industry sectors, the opposite is true for the ET sector: ne w and stricter environmental regulations are the major drivers for increa sing demand for its products. Complying with environmental regulations requires investments in goods and services that prevent, remediate, or alleviate environmental degradation, all of which encompass the ET industry. Relatively speaking, the United States has one of oldest and strongest regul atory environmental regime.

Essentially two types of environmental regulati ons drive demand for ET products and services: first, the so-called “end-of-pipe” regulations that address the need to regu late or treat existing pollution; and second, “pollution-pr evention” regulations created in order to prevent pollution from occurring and to encourage or require clean production methods. The principal environmental laws and regulations are related to the management of environmental conditions concerning water, air or soil pollu tion. Domestically, these laws include, for example, the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, the Resource C onservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Co mpensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund). Over the past few years, there has been some weakening of the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act, which has decreased demand for ET goods and services.

Developments around the Clean Air Interstate Ru le and the Clean Air Mercury Rule stand to significantly affect the domestic market for air pollution control sector products and services. Together, these regulatory acti ons under the Clean Air Act would cap emissions of mercury, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides from electric power generators and participate in a cap and trade system. In December 2008, a lengthy legal batt le resulted in EPA being ordered to revise

these rules in line with court guidance. Electric power genera tors and air pollution control companies have been waiting to see what new re gulatory requirements develop, before investing in upgraded air pollution control equipment. A final resoluti on of the status of these rules, expected shortly, could unleash pe nt-up demand for the products a nd services of the U.S. air pollution control industry. Similarly, in January 2010, EPA announced plans to implement stricter emissions on pollutants contributing to ground-level ozone (“smog”). When finalized, these new guidelines will likely also result in additional air pollution control investments by oil

refiners and U.S. ma nufacturers.

ITA also worked with EPA on a revision to th e Definition of Solid Waste (“DSW”) rule under RCRA as part of the Department’s regulator y review program mandated by the Economic Agenda and the American Competitiveness Initia tive. Under the current RCRA, certain waste streams are regulated as hazardous wastes, even wh en they are being recycled. Working in part with ITA industry analysts, EPA clarified the de finition of solid waste under RCRA so that a material destined for recycling is not subject to regulation as hazardous waste as it is not being “discarded.” This rule change is expected to encourage industrial recycling of potentially hazardous materials by lowering the costs and regul atory hurdles. Some in the industry believe

the new rule could cause revenue loss es for the waste management industry.

Recent years have not seen significant new fe deral regulations regarding hazardous or solid waste. As a result, the waste management industry is undergoing a period of consolidation which is likely continue.

### 8 Climate Change Issues

Global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emi ssions and the effects of climate change will provide one of the most significan t drivers in the global ET sector for the foreseeable future. The Kyoto Protocol has historically been the major global mechanism in this area, and its successor treaty will inevitably drive world de mand for new ET technologies as well.

Several GHG trading schemes have emerged. The most prominent one is the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme which began in January 2005. In the United States,

the Chicago Climate Exchange is a voluntary GHG emission re duction and trading program for members operating in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; its members’ (state and local government entities as well as U.S. companie s) commitments are le gally binding . Ten midAtlantic states have capped GHG emissions under the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative-- a cooperative regulatory "cap-a nd-trade" effort. The Western Climate Initiative-- a collaboration to identify, evaluate, and implem ent collective and c ooperative ways to reduce greenhouse gases in the region-- includes Arizona, California , Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. A number of U.S. federal voluntary programs are also being developed including proposed energy tax incentives designed to spur the use of cleaner, renewable energy and more energy-efficient technologies th at reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These developments complement new EPA rules such as the Clean Ai r Interstate Rule and the Clean Air Mercury Rule as GHG-related drivers in the air pollu tion control and othe r ET sub-sectors.

In the December 2009 United Nations climate cha nge talks in Copenhagen, the U.S. and four other nations (South Africa, China, Brazil, and India) agreed to monitor and reduce GHG emissions while exploring ways to provide fundi ng assistance for related mitigation efforts in developing nations. This and any subsequent agreements are likel y to stimulate global market demand for environmental technologie s, specifically for products a nd services in th e air pollution control sector, such as: conti nuous emissions monitoring systems; gas scrubbers and filters, emissions control and assessment consulting; and, nitrous oxide control devices.

Because of increasing droughts around the world combined with a boom in population growth, water efficiency and management is bound to increase exponentially. With regard to ET services, consulting firms and developers of pollution prevention or retrofitting technologies stand the most to gain in the near future.

U.S. leadership in global solutions to clim ate change will benefit the U.S. environmental industry, especially if environmental regulations are unifo rm across countries, allowing American companies to achieve economies of scale and find new markets by expanding on their domestic business plans.

D. Industry’s Trading Environment

According to DOC trade statistics, U.S. ET produc t exports totaled approx imately $39 billion in 2007 (Attachment B). The top ten export markets for U.S. ET exports are: Canada, Mexico, Germany, China, Japan, South Korea, UK, Singa pore, France, and Taiwan (Attachment B). While developed nations are the la rgest markets for U.S. ET, the highest growth rates and export

### 9 opportunities are in major developing markets like China, India, and other selected markets in

Asia and South America.

Industry in Transition

Over the past ten years, the U.S. ET indus try has undergone signifi cant restructuring and consolidation. This change has taken place mostly through mergers and acquisitions and has been concentrated in the water sector. Despite the controversy over pr ivatization, out-sourcing, and the role of industry in th e water business, several Europ ean companies (e.g., Veolia, Suez, RWE, and Siemens) have successfully purchas ed many water sector assets and now hold a commanding competitive position in the United States as well as in the international market. Despite the downturn in the globa l economy, there has been a surg e of financial interest—from all types of investor s—in the water business.

Government Assistance to ET Industry

ET trade associations recognize the need to involve their members in the export arena, as demand in overseas markets is growing rapidly. More recently, several key associations have

introduced their members to U.S. Government agencies’ (e.g. ITA, U.S. Export-Import Bank, Trade and Development Agency, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, U.S. Agency for International Development) export programs fo cusing on the ET industry, and are monitoring international opportunities offered by the multila teral development banks (e.g. World Bank, Asia Development Bank, European Bank for R econstruction and Development).

Several associations participate actively in IT A’s International Buyer Program (Environmental Industries Association, American Water Works A ssociation, Water Qualit y Association, and the Water Environment Federation) to attract fore ign buyer participation and conduct matchmaking

at their annual exhibition events. A few asso ciations are pursuing more formal collaboration agreements with ITA (e.g., MOU signed in 2007 with ITA by the American Water Works

Association. In addition to th ese developments, OEEI is also leading a number of efforts to bring industry closer to devel oping markets. Finally, several key ET associations are actively working with ITA on trade liberalizati on and international standards issues.

Foreign governments devote significantly more resources and provide mo re aggressive trade support and financing for ET than the USG. Member States of the European Union, Japan, and Australia provide significant developmental assi stance and tied-aid specifically focused on the ET sector, resulting in a signifi cant disadvantage for the American ET industry, particularly in the China market. Our competitors often subs idize home-country training, trade promotion events for their environmental companies, and feas ibility studies. In ad dition, they embed public and private-sector officials in the decision making process of buyer nations/entities making it difficult for U.S. companies to compete, particul arly the numerous SMEs that comprise the U.S. ET industry.

A concerted USG strategy, begun in 1994 thr ough the Environmental Technologies Export Initiative, played a major role in helping the U.S. ET industry enhance its international competitiveness and increase its exports. An interagency group was created under the Trade

### 10 Promotion Coordination Committ ee to increase coordination and leverage of USG programs focusing on the ET industry. As underscored by th e Environmental Technologies Trade Advisory Committee (ETTAC), renewed and focused USG suppor t for this industry is still needed.

OEEI and the ETTAC have become the key advisors to the USG on environmental trade issues, including: the expanded and deta iled definition of the ET industry /sector; identification of key barriers to ET trade; and strategies/policies for enhancing ET trade in gene ral, and in China and India in particular.

The U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade’s (JCCT) Environmental Working Group, chaired by the U.S. Department of Commerce, EPA and Ch ina’s Ministry of Environmental Protection, has been actively engaged for the past ten years enhancing ET trade with China through a variety of policy and promo tion projects. Through the JCCT Environmental Working Group, OEEI has helped identify, organize and support events and programs that foster environmental and commercial cooperation between the two countries. In November 2008, the

first biennial U.S.-China Envi ronmental Industries Forum (EIF) was held to foster governmentprivate sector dialogue between th e two countries and encourage th e deployment of environmental technologies. The Second EIF is currently sche duled for October 2010 in New Orleans, alongside

the Water Environment Federation's Annual Techni cal Exhibition and Conference. Past Working Group initiatives have included: technology demonstrations, trai ning workshops, trade missions, publications, exhibitions/conf erences/seminars to help provide capacity-building efforts in China create the optimal business envi ronment for the ET industry.

Obstacles to ET Exports

The developing world is progressively embraci ng environmental protection and is developing new regulatory frameworks, but much work is still needed in this area. Relatively high tariffs on ET products (averaging 15-20 percent) are present in most major emerging markets. In some key markets, such as China, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brazil, tariffs on ET products are as high as 40 percent. Weak environmental regulat ory regimes and enforcement in some foreign

markets also failed to increase demand for the ET s ector at large- thus a ffecting U.S. ET exports.

Numerous non-tariff barriers (NTBs) affect worl dwide trade in ET goods, in cluding: restrictive technical standards; dispr oportionately onerous labeling, packaging and documentation requirements; non-transparent government procurem ent and contracting proc edures; restrictions on professional services, investment, and ownership; and, product design/ life cycle and recycling

issues.

Foreign ET firms enjoy substantial government support for their overseas ventures, and U.S. ET companies find it very difficult to compete on such terms. Generally, most U.S. ET firms lack international experience. U.S. ET firms also lack the capitalization necessary to move into emerging overseas markets and provide necessary large-scale infrastructure investments.

To address these barriers, OEEI cooperates ex tensively with the Export-Import Bank, which has established an “environmental lending program.” O EEI also works closely w ith the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) to lower tari ffs on environmental goods internationally and to

### 11 establish new agreements that will facilitate increased access to global markets for U.S. environmental technology firms. In 2007, USTR announced a joint proposa l by the U.S. and the European Union to place priority action on techno logies directly linked to addressing climate change and energy security by establishing an environmental goods and services agreement in the World Trade Organization (WTO). The agr eement would include a commitment by all WTO Members to remove barriers to trade to a specif ic set of climate-friend ly technologies—a great step for the industry and possibly a giant leap fo r environmental protection and citizens’ health.

RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR

Background

The renewable energy industry includes both es tablished and emerging technologies that generate power from sources that are naturally replenished in a short amount of time. While the term “renewable energy” often encompasses bot h renewable fuels and power generation, this assessment only examines renewable energy power generation equipment.

These include:

• Solar Energy : concentrated solar power (CSP), photovolta ic (PV) solar cells , solar hot water systems – both active or passive

• Wind Energy : wind turbines including the nacelle , hub, tower, blades, and down tower assembly – both onshore and offshore

• Hydroelectric Power : conventional hydropower dams, pump storage plants, ocean energy technologies, tidal energy, and wave energy technologies

• Geothermal Energy : geothermal turbines, geothermal drilling equipment, heat pumps, enhanced geothermal systems, and low-temperature cogeneration systems;

• Biomass : both closed and open loop biomass systems from a wide variety of feedstocks.

Investment Trends

Global investment in renewable energy reached $120 billion in 2008 including new capacity, assets, and projects

. Renewable energy investment in 2008 included approximately $51.8 billion for new wind capacity, $33.5 billion in solar PV , $6 billion for small hydropower, $40-45 billion for large hydropower, and $7.2 billion each for biomass and geothermal. 1



### At time of writing (January 2010), investment and installa tion trends for 2009 are still incomplete. However, an initial New Energy Finance report indicates that for the first time Asia’s new clean energy investment valued at $37.3 billion exceeded the $32 billion invested in

the Americas. The wind sector accounted for the ma jority of clean energy investment in Asia. 2



### While the global recession reduced the amount of private sector financing in 2009, governments around the world invested an additional $180 billion in stimulus dollars to promote the industry.

1 Renewable Energy Policy Framework for the 21 st Century (REN21), “Global Status Report 2009

2 New Energy Finance, NewsWatch, January 8, 2010.

### 12 However, helping to offset the effect of th e recession on the sector, governments’ research, development and demonstration and small-scale projects increased in 2009. 3



### Installation Trends

In 2008, U.S. renewable energy accounted for 119 gigawatt (GW) of energy capacity, nearly 11% of total U.S. energy capacity. The solar and wind power sectors continue to lead the renewable industry’s growth, increasing 44% an d 51% respectively in 2008. Yet, hydropower and biomass remain the largest sour ces of renewable energy production.

In 2008, renewable energy, including hydropower, accounted for 18% of all global electricity generation; without hydropower, renewable energy accounts for 2.5% of global generation. 4 

### As the United States becomes the global leader in wind installation, Germany continues to lead in cumulative installed capacity of solar PV. The Un ited States is also the leader in geothermal, biomass and concentrated-solar-power installed ca pacity. China has the largest installment of solar hot water heating and hydropower (mainly small hydro facilities).

Globally, wind generating capacity reached 121 GW, small hydropower 85 GW and biomasspower reached 52 GW in 2008; geothermal power reached 10 GW in capacity; and gridconnected solar PV now accounts for 13 GW.

In 2008, for the first time ever, the United States surpassed Germany as the global leader in wind installed capacity. However, it is anticipated that China will surpass the United States both in terms of 2009 installations, whic h increased by 92.3% from 2008, but also in cumulative terms. China increased its grid-connected wind capac ity in 2009 by 8.97GW, accounting for 10% of the total increased power generati ng capacity, according to a report released by the governmentowned China Electricity Council. 5



### Markets

The five largest markets for each renewable energy technologies are listed below:

Largest Markets for Renewabl e Energy Technologies, 2008

Rank Wind Solar Biomass Geothermal Small Hydro

1 United States Germany United States United States China

2 Germany Spain Brazil Philippines Japan

3 Spain Japan Philippines Indonesia United States

4 China United States Germany Mexico Italy

5 India South Korea Sweden Italy Brazil Source: U.S. Department of Energy, “Renewable Energy Data Book 2009”

3 Ibid.

4 REN 21, Global Status Report, 2008

5 Ibid.

### 13 Domestic Environment

Despite the increased importance of energy security and climate change to U.S. policy-makers, the U.S. renewable energy industry continues to ope rate at a disadvantage to competitors in the European Union, which generally have stronge r government incentives for renewable energy technologies. U.S. industry also operates at a di sadvantage to Chinese competitors that benefit from strengthened domestic incen tives, while producing lower quality, but lower cost renewable energy technologies. General Elec tric (GE) remains the only U.S. firm among the world’s ten largest wind energy companies. First Solar is the only U.S. company represented in the top world’s ten solar companies. The United States does dominate the geothermal sector and has produced several leading compan ies in the biomass sector.

According to the Solar Energy Indu stry Association, solar PV inst allations in the United States nearly doubled in 2008, bringing the industr y’s total capacity to around 1,000 MW. 6 

### U.S. wind installations also nearly doubled in 2008, bringing the wind indus try’s total capacity to about 27,000 MW. The United States is the largest producer of geothermal energy in the world with 2,937 MW of grid-connected capacity in 2007 7 

### . Stationary biomass power capacity also had a banner year in 2007, contributing 11,738 MW of power in the U.S. market. 8 

### Solar panel prices collapsed by nearly 50 percent in 2009; analysts predict prices could drop another 20 percent in 2010, helping the industry become cost-competitiv e with other energy re sources but squeezing some companies out of business.

The structure of the industry differs according to specific technologies. The U.S. wind industry is dominated by a few large firms. GE Wind con tinues to be the leadi ng manufacturer of wind turbines in the United States. In 2008, GE captu red 43% of the global wind market (compared to 45% in 2007). 9 

### Foreign competitors including Vestas (Denmark), Siemens (Germany), and Suzlon (India), also had significant market shar e, followed by Suzlon (India), Gamesa (Spain), Mitsubishi (Japan). 10



### U.S. manufacturing in the wind s ector has experienced substantial growth in recent years with foreign firms adding new manufacturing plants in Minnesota (Suzlon/India), Pennsylvania (Gamesa/Spain), and Colorado (Vestas/Denmark). GE also continues to maintain a substantial U.S. manufacturing base.

Despite this positive trend, growth prospects for 2010 have dimmed considerably as the global recession slowed project development and reduce d the near-term demand for turbines. As a result, some manufacturers have delayed their pl ans to expand into the United States, while

others have had to scale back their efforts and lay off workers. In December 2009, Vestas announced that it would idle a blade plan t it had opened in Colorado in 2008, putting 500 workers on leave until orders pick up agai n, possibly in the second quarter of 2010.

6 Solar Energy Industry Association

7 U.S. Department of Energy, “EERE Renewable Energy Data Book (July 2009)

8 Ibid.

9 Ibid.

10 DOE 2008 Wind Technologies Market Report.

### 14 Domestic manufacturing capacity for solar has al so grown considerably, led by First Solar, SolarWorld, United Solar, BP Solar and GE Energy. First Solar has the la rgest market share in the United States (31%) and a growing player internationally. In 2008, China surpassed Japan and Germany to become the world’s largest exporter of solar cells. China’s dominance exists primarily in mono- and poly-crystalline-based solar cells. The economic downturn and falling power demand in the United States and Europe have contributed to the pr ice collapse in solar cells. The major cost driver has been the fluctuating supply of polysilicon, the primary raw material used the majority of solar cells. Polysi licon has gone from a major shortage to massive oversupply, and analysts have pr ojected an oversupply of polys ilicon until 2012. This provides an opening for thin film solar panels, a technology in which U.S. companies are leaders.

The geothermal industry is led by U.S. firms, bot h domestically and internationally. Chevron is the largest producer of geothermal energy, but th e industry includes a fair ly definitive supply chain consisting of project developers, drilli ng firms, manufacturers, and plant operators. Geothermex, Power Engineers, U.S. Geothermal , Geothermal Development Associates and GE are the leading U.S. firms. Ormat (Israel), An saldo (Italy), Fuji Electric (Japan), and Mannvit (Iceland) are the largest international competitors.

Domestically, 13 states now have active geothermal projects under development – the most of any time in history. The Geothermal Energy A ssociation expects that by 2012 over 25 countries to produce geothermal power. Yet the industry faces significant barriers, including a notoriously difficult financing structure (with most of the risk is up-front), long-lead times, and resource dependent siting.

The biomass industry has grown 7% annually si nce 2005 around the world. The industry now provides 1.1% of global nameplate capacity. Prior ity markets for the sector include the United States, Brazil, Philippines, Germany, and Sweden. Domesti cally, biomass now produces enough electricity to power 8.5 million American homes. Today, over 100 biomass power plants are connected to the nation’s electricity grid; ma ny more operate as st and-alone, off-grid cogeneration facilities, particularly in conjunction within the pulp and paper industry.

The traditional hydropower industry in the United St ates has withered in recent years. Only American Hydro Corporation, speci alizing in runners, remains as a U.S. manufacturer of hydropower equipment. They compete with Voith Siemens (Germany) and other international firms to build new plants and refurbish old f acilities. Newer hydropower technologies include tidal, ocean, and wave energy systems that have emerged as a potential growth industry for the sector. Greentech Media expects investment in these new hydro sectors to reach over $500 million globally by 2015.

Policies

The renewable energy sector hailed Presid ent Obama’s call to double alternative energy

installations within th ree years and to spend $150 billion on renewable energy research over ten years. In addition, the passage of the American Recovery an d Reinvestment Act provided $80 billion for the U.S. clean energy sector.

### 15 Despite these achievements, renewable ener gy companies across the technology continuum

continue to cite the short-term nature of the production tax credit and in vestment tax credits and the lack of both a national renewable portfolio standard (RPS) and a pricing mechanism for carbon as reasons why the U.S. renewable industr y continues to fall behind competitor nations.

RPS, which mandate percentages of power genera tion from renewable sources, are key drivers of the renewable energy industry in states where they exist. As of February 2009, only 29 U.S.

states and the District of Co lumbia had a renewable portfo lio standard. Without specific technology mandates or “cutouts”, a general RPS te nds to favor more mature renewable energy technologies, such as wind, over other emerging fo rms of renewable energy like solar, enhanced geothermal or tidal power.

The lack of uniform national standards and mand ates makes projecting industry growth rates difficult. One good example involves varying stat e interconnection standa rds. Manufacturers often must make different products for each state since each state’s utility commissions mandate differently how distributed energy sources c onnect to the electricity grid. A national interconnection standard, such as exists in the telephone industry, would remove this barrier and improve the economies-of-scale ma nufacturers seek to develop.

Parity among sectors would likely spur additional investment in th ese sectors. Currently, not all renewable energy technologies benefit equally from the Investment Tax Credit and Production Tax Credit, the two most important federal fi nancial incentives. Both hydropower technologies and some biomass technologies receive only half the credit that wind and solar technologies do.

Trading Environment and Barriers to Trade

In 2007, the United States and the European Union initiated a drive to re duce or eliminate WTO tariffs on clean energy technologies . Progress on this initiative depends in part on the outcome of the Doha Round of negotiations.

Numerous nontariff barriers to tr ade exist within European and Asian markets that effectively restrict U.S. exports and prevent meani ngful U.S. industry market penetration.

China and other countries consider the establis hment of a renewable energy manufacturing base to be a national priority and can be expected to maintain a variety of non-tariff trade barriers and investment restrictions to protect their domestic producers. In numer ous consultations with energy industry companies, the Office of Energy and Environmental Industries identified many barriers to U.S. companies doing busin ess overseas. Among them are:

• Intellectual property protection,

• Preferential procurement,

• Lengthy or non-transparent pr oject approval process,

• Central versus provincial gove rnment authority issues,

• Legal framework issues,

• Regulatory framework issues,

• Lack of financing,

### 16 • Limits on foreign equity ownership,

• Lack of adequate energy infrastructure, and

• Incompatible standards.

For additional information on this report, pleas e contact the Office of Energy and Environmental Industries at (202) 482-5225.

### 17

### 18

### 19 Attachment A

U.S. Environmental Technologies Exports

(Domestic Exports; FAS; $)

HTS DESCRIPTION 2004 2005 2006 2007

3926909887 ARTICLES OF PLASTICS &

ARTICLES OF OTHER MATERIALS

OF HEADING 3901 TO 3914,

NESOI 2,300,149,698 2,395,222,324 2,541,903,741 2,505,061,1 7

3926909987 ART. OF PLASTIC AND OTHER

MAT, HDG 3901

‐ 3914 NESOI 0 0 0

4601200000 MATS, MATTING AND SCREENS

OF VEGETABLE MATERIALS 10,714,363 8,415,917 8,662,750

4601210000 MATS, MATTING AND SCREENS

OF BAMBOO 0 0 0 1,668,0 7

4601220000 MATS, MATTING AND SCREENS

OF RATTAN 0 0 0 292,0 0

4601290000 MATS, MATTING AND SCREENS

OF OTHER VEG MATERIALS 0 0 0 8,182,3 3

5603140000 NONWOVENS, WHETHER OR NOT

IMPREGNATED, COATED,

COVERED OR LAMINATED: OF

MANMADE FILAMENTS

WEIGHING MORE THAN 150 G/M2 101,437,802 124,021,819 147,885,606 165,159,1 1

8404200000 CONDENSERS FOR STEAM OR

OTHER VAPOR POWER UNITS 7,365,136 18,613,088 16,865,299 44,022,7 7

8405100000 PRODUCER GAS, WATER GAS,

ACETYLENE GAS AND SIMILAR

WATER PROCESS GAS

GENERATORS, WITH OR

WITHOUT THEIR PURIFIERS 29,205,947 55,807,938 47,029,282 58,228,3 3

8410110000 HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND

WATER WHEELS OF A POWER

NOT EXCEEDING 1,000 KW 4,432,219 2,907,356 1,679,620 3,788,7 4

8410120000 HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND

WATER WHEELS OF A POWER

EXCEEDING 1,000 KW BUT NOT

EXCEEDING 10,000 KW 785,755 3,912,753 4,216,583 143,4 0

### 20 8410130000 HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND

WATER WHEELS OF A POWER

EXCEEDING 10,000 KW 883,369 1,590,953 1,431,353 2,572,8 7

8410900000 PARTS, INCLUDING REGULATORS,

FOR HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND

WATER WHEELS 14,120,617 25,279,716 34,346,661 28,636,0 5

8413600020 HYDRAULIC FLUID POWER

PUMPS, ROTARY POSITIVE

DISPLACEMENT, VANE TYPE 169,980,882 151,604,274 155,687,665 139,319,1 9

8413600030 HYDRAULIC FLUID POWER

PUMPS, ROTARY POSITIVE

DISPLACEMENT, GEAR TYPE 67,162,457 62,643,330 97,966,687 100,912,0 1

8413600040 HYDRAULIC FLUID POWER

PUMPS, ROTARY POSITIVE

DISPLACEMENT, NESOI 78,036,506 88,822,190 104,604,026 118,501,4 6

8413600070 ROLLER PUMPS, ROTARY

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT 5,815,435 4,930,369 4,840,991 4,361,4 0

8413600090 ROTARY POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

PUMPS, NESOI 108,296,892 116,481,751 128,287,946 139,777,6 4

8413702004 SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS,

CENTRIFUGAL 145,465,889 89,092,117 123,228,311 179,726,0 2

8413702005 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, SINGLE

‐ STAGE, SINGLE

SUCTION, CLOSED

‐ COUPLED,

WITH DISCHARGE OUTLET UNDER

5.08 CM IN DIAMETER 16,012,623 17,427,615 28,506,465 36,985,3 4

8413702015 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, SINGLE

‐ STAGE, SINGLE

SUCTION, CLOSED

‐ COUPLED,

WITH DISCHARGE OUTLET 5.08

CM OR OVER IN DIAMETER 20,716,181 18,322,811 26,439,504 25,554,8 9

8413702022 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, SINGLE

‐ STAGE, SINGLE

‐ SUCTION, FRAME

‐ MOUNTED,

WITH DISCHARGE OUTLET UNDER

7.6 CM IN DIAMETER 25,027,319 30,317,255 24,824,062 40,998,8 5

8413702025 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, SINGLE

‐ STAGE, SINGLE

‐ SUCTION, FRAME

‐ MOUNTED,

WITH DISCHARGE OUTLET 7.6 CM

OR OVER IN DIAMETER 33,072,022 54,270,143 66,091,982 95,321,1 1

### 21 8413702030 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, SINGLE

‐ STAGE, DOUBLE

‐ SUCTION 19,631,828 38,276,961 43,950,872 42,815,9 9

8413702040 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, MULTI

‐ STAGE, SINGLE

OR DOUBLE

‐ SUCTION 67,993,979 83,302,586 75,784,165 78,738,9 4

8413702090 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, NESOI 170,475,582 172,772,568 186,920,682 199,510,3 4

8413810020 TURBINE PUMPS, NESOI 46,075,240 39,107,691 46,374,267 64,917,5 2

8413810030 HOUSEHOLD WATER SYSTEMS,

SELF

‐ CONTAINED; AND

WINDMILL PUMPS 9,417,822 9,995,525 11,092,830 9,129,3 4

8413810040 PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS, NESOI 196,027,900 224,227,153 199,000,035 229,187,6 7

8414100000 VACUUM PUMPS 121,805,393 145,478,240 159,992,221 177,198,9 1

8417800000 INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS,

INCLUDING INCINERATORS,

NONELECTRIC, NESOI 48,558,067 62,236,335 59,396,547 74,302,9 4

8417900000 PARTS OF INDUSTRIAL OR

LABORATORY FURNACES AND

OVENS, INCLUDING

INCINERATORS, NONELECTRIC 88,108,816 117,690,654 118,894,584 159,553,2 5

8419190040 SOLAR WATER HEATERS 2,583,959 2,275,828 4,318,209 2,390,5 8

8419400040 DISTILLING OR RECTIFYING PLANT

FOR FOOD AND BEVERAGES 8,025,614 7,196,624 11,295,201 7,760,0 0

8419400080 DISTILLING OR RECTIFYING

PLANT, FOR THE TREATMENT OF

MATERIALS BY A PROCESS

INVOLVING A CHANGE IN

TEMPERATURE, NESOI 10,773,689 55,795,104 18,657,308 44,571,7 7

8419500000 HEAT EXCHANGE UNITS,

INDUSTRIAL TYPE 375,625,285 419,320,797 582,202,625 668,159,0 5

8419600000 MACHINERY FOR LIQUEFYING AIR

OR OTHER GASES 86,015,212 81,242,971 133,976,056 130,726,0 6

8421190000 CENTRIFUGES, NESOI 114,598,947 144,224,742 153,342,548 174,718,0 5

8421210000 WATER FILTERING OR PURIFYING

MACHINERY AND APPARATUS 598,814,009 692,850,214 775,049,172 944,274,3 0

8421290005 REFRIGERANT RECOVERY AND

RECYCLING UNITS 7,520,898 15,192,570 13,163,610 21,775,5 3

8421290015 OIL

‐ SEPARATION EQUIPMENT 40,482,199 53,817,261 74,502,406 108,156,5 6

### 22 8421290040 HYDRAULIC FLUID POWER

FILTERS, RATED AT 1000 KPA OR

GREATER 29,037,543 33,743,230 46,406,018 58,631,0 1

8421290065 OTHER FILTER AND PURIFYING

MACHINERY FOR LIQUIDS NESOI 370,113,982 410,335,797 491,521,344 544,725,8 5

8421394000 CATALYTIC CONVERTERS 90,160,719 71,119,290 161,637,632 254,860,8 1

8421398005 DUST COLLECTION AND AIR

PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT,

NESOI, FOR MACHINE TOOLS OF

HEADING 8465 THROUGH 8465,

INCLUSIVE. 20,556,863 20,456,585 32,167,214 29,106,8 9

8421398015 DUST COLLECTION AND AIR

PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT NESOI 146,763,692 168,997,497 208,524,731 228,541,0 6

8421398020 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS,

INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING

EQUIPMENT 7,913,773 5,333,853 8,815,326 6,419,2 8

8421398030 INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING

EQUIPMENT, NESOI 42,690,917 36,153,422 46,320,356 59,128,6 5

8421398040 GAS SEPARATION EQUIPMENT 89,022,766 106,326,490 96,543,046 198,516,0 4

8421398060 PNEUMATIC FLUID POWER

FILTERS RATED 550 KPA OR

GREATER 11,318,854 13,599,295 7,957,290 6,226,6 2

8421398090 FILTERING OR PURIFYING

MACHINERY AND APPARATUS

FOR GASES, NESOI 620,089,030 590,098,086 658,923,800 761,124,8 0

8421910000 PARTS OF CENTRIFUGES,

INCLUDING CENTRIFUGAL

DRYERS 67,197,896 63,927,362 86,143,747 97,027,4 1

8421990040 PARTS OF FILTERING OR

PURIFYING MACHINERY AND

OTHER APPARATUS FOR

FILTERING OR PURIFYING WATER 435,561,470 433,235,322 501,333,545 548,048,6 4

8421990080 PARTS OF MACHINERY AND

APPARATUS FOR FILTERING OR

PURIFYING LIQUIDS AND GASES,

NESOI 626,794,249 679,017,401 744,585,473 789,373,5 9

8462910030 HYDRAULIC PRESSES, METAL
FORMING, USED OR REBUILT 6,903,572 8,566,553 23,604,023 9,222,1 8

8462910060 HYDRAULIC PRESSES, METAL

FORMING, NUMERICALLY

CONTROLLED, NEW 8,290,053 7,787,544 17,241,292 6,695,0 0

### 23 8462910090 HYDRAULIC PRESSES, METAL

FORMING, EXCEPT NUMERICALLY

CONTROLLED, NEW 16,360,619 23,466,461 24,622,457 18,575,0 2

8472909000 OFFICE MACHINES, NESOI 80,051,345 103,779,669 103,045,425

8472909002 OFFICE MACHINES, NESOI 0 0 0 103,981,5 0

8474100010 SORTING, SCREENING,

SEPARATING OR WASHING

MACHINES FOR EARTH, STONE,

ORES, OR OTHER MINERAL

SUBSTANCES IN SOLID FORM,

PORTABLE 22,237,087 36,986,169 39,620,994 85,267,7 9

8474100090 SORTING, SCREENING,

SEPARATING OR WASHING

MACHINES FOR EARTH, STONE,

ORES, OR OTHER MINERAL

SUBSTANCES IN SOLID FORM,

STATIONARY 76,871,194 91,206,388 126,525,194 178,374,4 3

8479820040 MIXING, KNEADING OR STIRRING

MACHINES, NESOI 53,807,346 93,761,468 84,599,698 94,819,2 4

8479820080 CRUSHING, GRINDING,

SCREENING, SIFTING,

HOMOGENIZING OR

EMULSIFYING MACHINES, NESOI 65,026,307 78,497,983 104,235,055 111,822,6 6

8479895500 TRASH COMPACTORS 19,304,315 23,404,180 27,292,136 33,315,3 7

8479896500 ELECTROMECHANICAL

APPLIANCES WITH SELF

‐ CONTAINED ELECTRIC MOTORS,

NESOI 53,701,765 58,966,519 62,650,062 223,750,3 5

8479899885 ULTRASONIC CLEANING DEVICES 10,057,542 14,188,543 25,153,463 19,677,0 2

8479899895 INDUSTRIAL VIBRATORS 4,916,416 4,498,085 8,918,362 13,801,4 3

8479899897 MACHINES AND MECHANICAL

APPLIANCES HAVING INDIVIDUAL

FUNCTIONS, NOT SPECIFIED OR

INCLUDED ELSEWHERE IN

CHAPTER 84 1,240,602,195 1,219,456,026 1,335,796,790

8479899898 MACHINES AND MECHANICAL

APPLIANCES HAVING INDIVIDUAL

FUNCTIONS, NOT SPECIFIED OR

INCLUDED ELSEWHERE IN

CHAPTER 84 0 0 0 2,128,335,0 0

### 24 8479909465 PARTS OF MACHINES OR

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES FOR

TREATING METAL,NESOI 50,392,500 123,927,196 127,995,352 150,152,3 0

8479909495 OTHER PARTS OF MACHINES AND

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

HAVING INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONS,

NOT SPECIFIED OR INCLUDED

ELSEWHERE IN CHAPTER 84 1,585,642,219 1,752,546,783 1,928,024,011

8479909496 OTHER PARTS OF MACH &

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES 0 0 0 1,120,151,5 2

8479909498 OTHER PARTS OF MACH &

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES 0 0 0

8481100020 PRESSURE

‐ REDUCING CONTROL

VALVES, HYDRAULIC FLUID

POWER TYPE 50,920,214 75,897,284 77,678,489 88,329,2 1

8481100040 PRESSURE

‐ REDUCING VALVES,

PNEUMATIC FLUID POWER TYPE,

FILTER

‐ REGULATORS AND FILTER

‐ REGULATOR

‐ LUBRICATORS 13,956,859 22,254,868 22,270,560 29,525,0 6

8481100060 PRESSURE

‐ REDUCING VALVES,

PNEUMATIC FLUID POWER TYPE,

NESOI 24,752,355 23,582,439 32,545,654 33,176,9 4

8481100090 OTHER PRESSURE

‐ REDUCING

VALVES, NESOI 110,182,364 109,806,652 112,938,128 208,627,9 9

8481200010 HYDRAULIC VALVES, MANUAL

TYPE, DIRECTIONAL CONTROL 44,574,598 60,744,224 50,253,937 60,172,0 7

8481200020 HYDRAULIC VALVES, SOLENOID

TYPE, DIRECTIONAL CONTROL 37,217,374 32,660,226 58,901,477 78,045,9 7

8481200030 HYDRAULIC VALVES, NESOI,

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL 25,287,916 34,710,907 34,676,780 56,437,9 2

8481200040 HYDRAULIC VALVES, FLOW

CONTROL TYPE 65,764,375 55,285,245 66,704,022 104,715,5 2

8481200050 HYDRAULIC VALVES, NESOI 45,749,144 41,189,340 73,978,369 125,935,6 5

8481200060 PNEUMATIC VALVES, SOLENOID

TYPE, DIRECTIONAL CONTROL 15,532,092 17,287,793 24,781,975 24,436,3 9

8481200070 PNEUMATIC VALVES, NESOI,

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL 16,455,376 14,204,650 13,510,489 17,967,5 8

8481200080 OTHER PNEUMATIC VALVES,

NESOI 59,153,502 109,030,596 86,096,057 126,669,1 9

### 25 8481301010 CHECK VALVES OF COPPER

HAVING A PRESSURE RATING

UNDER 850 KPA 7,632,088 7,632,780 9,853,267 13,173,9 8

8481301090 CHECK VALVES OF COPPER

HAVING A PRESSURE RATING OF

850 KPA OR OVER 2,026,750 2,076,875 3,254,918 3,541,8 3

8481302010 CHECK VALVES OF IRON 13,797,692 13,556,580 23,424,738 28,529,8 0

8481302090 CHECK VALVES OF STEEL 56,147,912 71,053,721 60,024,290 71,259,9 2

8481309000 CHECK VALVES OF MATERIALS

OTHER THAN COPPER, IRON OR

STEEL 68,084,728 82,792,725 95,430,930 117,864,2 5

8481400000 SAFETY OR RELIEF VALVES 262,292,887 308,455,879 409,193,547 436,466,1 3

8481801010 HAND OPERATED TAPS, COCKS,

VALVES AND SIMILAR

APPLIANCES OF COPPER, HAVING

A PRESSURE RATING UNDER 850

KPA (123 LBS PRESSURE) 43,403,634 49,185,266 61,996,733 68,195,4 6

8481801060 GATE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF COPPER, HAND

OPERATED, HAVING A PRESSURE

RATING OF 850 KPA OR OVER 5,455,709 9,340,908 14,701,601 29,371,6 3

8481801070 GLOBE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF COPPER, HAND

OPERATED, HAVING A PRESSURE

RATING OF 850 KPA OR OVER 2,553,885 4,347,932 7,766,375 11,552,2 6

8481801075 PLUG TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF COPPER, HAND

OPERATED, HAVING A PRESSURE

RATING OF 850 KPA OR OVER 2,532,110 4,417,845 5,412,120 7,563,9 5

8481801085 BALL TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF COPPER, HAND

OPERATED, HAVING A PRESSURE

RATING OF 850 KPA OR OVER 11,918,950 15,097,957 22,850,135 20,675,7 8

8481801090 BUTTERFLY TYPE TAPS, COCKS

AND VALVES OF COPPER, HAND

OPERATED, HAVING A PRESSURE

RATING OF 850 KPA OR OVER 4,124,932 10,226,841 6,734,017 14,680,1 7

### 26 8481801095 TAPS, COCKS AND VALVES, NESOI,

OF COPPER, HAND OPERATED,

HAVING A PRESSURE RATING

OF 850 KPA OR OVER 40,259,595 42,918,870 37,000,917 40,611,3 4

8481803010 GATE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF IRON, HAND

OPERATED 26,957,782 29,138,820 41,096,688 50,268,3 9

8481803015 GLOBE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF IRON, HAND

OPERATED 3,987,041 3,339,866 5,158,000 3,785,4 8

8481803020 PLUG TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF IRON, HAND

OPERATED 6,029,580 5,824,491 7,680,869 10,147,4 5

8481803025 BALL TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF IRON, HAND

OPERATED 22,886,573 29,622,520 39,824,205 57,611,9 4

8481803030 BUTTERFLY TYPE TAPS, COCKS

AND VALVES OF IRON, HAND

OPERATED 11,682,633 16,404,861 19,201,955 23,663,5 1

8481803040 TAPS, COCKS AND VALVES, NESOI,

OF IRON, HAND OPERATED 18,094,754 22,551,547 30,581,576 26,998,6 9

8481803055 GATE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF STEEL, HAND

OPERATED 47,063,034 65,398,054 76,414,869 94,958,7 4

8481803060 GLOBE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF STEEL, HAND

OPERATED 43,305,260 57,636,752 58,763,090 68,299,5 5

8481803065 PLUG TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF STEEL, HAND

OPERATED 36,784,121 33,802,246 45,918,837 47,929,0 4

8481803070 BALL TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF STEEL, HAND

OPERATED 84,839,183 96,578,290 138,542,897 151,259,4 3

8481803075 BUTTERFLY TYPE TAPS, COCKS

AND VALVES OF STEEL, HAND

OPERATED 15,328,452 22,229,366 29,860,770 25,110,4 4

8481803090 TAPS, COCKS AND VALVES, NESOI,

OF STEEL, HAND OPERATED 57,267,299 56,858,303 72,210,525 77,131,0 7

### 27 8481805090 TAPS, COCKS, VALVES AND

SIMILAR APPLIANCES, NESOI,

HAND OPERATED, OF MATERIALS

OTHER THAN COPPER, IRON OR

STEEL 102,434,407 106,267,580 128,664,269 113,424,2 1

8481809005 SOLENOID VALVES 191,193,768 179,829,415 193,130,740 221,371,2 1

8481809015 REGULATOR VALVES, SELF

‐ OPERATING, FOR CONTROLLING

VARIABLES SUCH AS

TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, FLOW

AND LIQUID LEVEL 200,468,547 201,302,021 235,684,867 306,129,4 4

8481809020 CONTROL VALVES, ELECTRICALLY

AND ELECTRO

‐ HYDRAULICALLY

ACTUATED, DESIGNED FOR

PROPORTIONAL OPERATION BY A

SIGNAL FROM A CONTROL

DEVICE 69,230,579 73,317,092 96,186,642 111,890,6 0

8481809025 VALVES, NESOI, ELECTRICALLY OR

ELECTRO

‐ HYDRAULICALLY

ACTUATED 34,469,372 46,942,602 46,712,192 46,362,9 0

8481809030 VALVES WITH HYDRAULIC

ACTUATORS, NESOI 78,029,277 118,634,529 135,440,381 175,176,5 5

8481809035 CONTROL VALVES,

PNEUMATICALLY ACTUATED BY

DIAPHRAGM, PISTON OR

BELLOWS TYPE, DESIGNED FOR

PROPORTIONAL OPERATION BY A

SIGNAL FROM A CONTROL

DEVICE 114,684,736 121,550,160 163,622,064 177,693,1 4

8481809040 VALVES, PNEUMATICALLY

ACTUATED, NESOI 51,406,499 73,055,694 67,137,736 57,649,0 4

8481809045 VALVES, NESOI,

THERMOSTATICALLY ACTUATED 19,519,004 18,809,805 16,439,707 20,583,8 0

8481809050 TAPS, COCKS, VALVES AND

SIMILAR APPLIANCES, NESOI 408,834,845 436,156,340 519,429,280 548,964,0 7

8481909090 PARTS OF TAPS, COCKS, VALVES

AND SIMILAR APPLIANCES, NESOI 667,453,742 814,234,281 990,651,555 1,061,874,1 3

8502310000 GENERATING SETS, ELECTRIC,

WIND

‐ POWERED 4,398,305 3,626,370 83,309,704 14,157,8 7

### 28 8514100000 INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS,

RESISTANCE TYPE 90,395,460 112,075,010 167,404,872 302,420,3 6

8514200000 INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS,

INDUCTION OR DIELECTRIC TYPE 0 0 0

8514208000 INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS,

INDUCTION OR DIELECTRIC TYPE,

NESOI 27,263,895 23,121,812 31,719,726 31,624,9 7

8514300000 INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS, NESOI 0 0 0 111,291,3 4

8514304000 INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS, NESOI 443,245,591 392,604,015 440,904,870

8514900000 PARTS FOR INDUSTRIAL OR

LABORATORY FURNACES AND

OVENS, OR OTHER INDUSTRIAL

OR LABORATORY INDUCTION OR

DIELECTRIC HEATING EQUIPMENT 0 0 0

8514908000 PARTS, NESOI, FOR INDUSTRIAL

OR LABORATORY FURNACES AND

OVENS, OR FOR OTHER

INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

INDUCTION OR DIELECTRIC

HEATING EQUIPMENT 217,192,340 216,667,234 237,472,745 234,499,8 3

8541406010 UNMOUNTED CHIPS, DICE OR

WAFERS FOR PHOTOSENSITIVE

DIODES 65,134,527 70,293,767 65,489,263 130,863,6 0

8541406020 SOLAR CELLS ASSEMBLED INTO

MODULES OR MADE UP INTO

PANELS 177,051,158 316,720,230 374,011,275 571,776,8 3

8541406030 SOLAR CELLS NOT ASSEMBLED

INTO MODULES OR MADE UP

INTO PANELS 119,768,831 62,818,258 68,706,138 75,156,8 9

8541406050 PHOTOSENSITIVE DIODES, NESOI 127,362,285 161,052,329 125,072,345 157,672,2 1

8541407040 UNMOUNTED CHIPS, DICE AND

WAFERS FOR PHOTOSENSITIVE

TRANSISTORS 8,957,531 4,507,591 7,167,580 11,535,6 9

8541407080 PHOTOSENSITIVE TRANSISTORS 12,078,539 13,365,483 24,370,124 23,829,4 6

8541408000 OPTICAL COUPLED ISOLATORS (PHOTOSENSITIVE

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES) 35,361,773 38,897,635 53,261,074 54,097,3 5

### 29 8541409500 PHOTOSENSITIVE

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES,

NESOI 94,213,085 87,990,047 82,989,552 69,397,9 3

9025112000 CLINICAL THERMOMETERS

LIQUID

‐ FILLED, FOR DIRECT

READING 1,467,723 1,379,036 1,369,252 2,038,3 8

9025114000 THERMOMETERS LIQUID

‐ FILLED,

FOR DIRECT READING, EXCEPT

CLINICAL 7,557,297 7,557,370 9,383,878 9,124,7 9

9025194000 PYROMETERS NOT COMBINED

WITH OTHER INSTRUMENTS 10,677,773 13,946,991 19,344,341 26,210,7 7

9025198040 CLINICAL THERMOMETERS, NOT

COMBINED WITH OTHER

INSTRUMENTS, NESOI 16,212,335 20,316,919 12,508,516 14,474,5 7

9025198080 THERMOMETERS, NOT

COMBINED WITH OTHER

INSTRUMENTS, NESOI 72,690,194 75,232,574 93,620,414 103,847,8 2

9025801500 BAROMETERS, NOT COMBINED

WITH OTHER INSTRUMENTS 1,496,934 1,953,406 2,339,202 2,717,4 2

9025805050 HYDROMETERS AND SIMILAR

FLOATING

INSTRUMENTS,HYGROMETERS

AND PSYCHROMETERS, NESOI 53,981,721 52,093,312 47,863,034 63,410,7 7

9025900000 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR

HYDROMETERS AND SIMILAR

FLOATING INSTRUMENTS,

THEROMETERS, PYROMETERS,

BAROMETERS, HYGROMETERS

AND PSYCHROMETERS 29,836,555 40,549,145 42,078,777 47,912,3 3

9026105000 FLOW METERS FOR MEASURING

OR CHECKING THE FLOW OR

LEVEL OF LIQUIDS 173,361,861 188,336,673 229,418,937 294,863,6 2

9026107000 INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING OR CHECKING

THE FLOW OR LEVEL OF LIQUIDS,

NESOI 161,803,085 190,303,801 208,592,907 249,753,7 4

9026200000 INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING OR CHECKING

PRESSURE 450,314,698 496,833,987 613,735,862 750,838,8 2

### 30 9026800000 INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING OR CHECKING

OTHER VARIABLES OF LIQUIDS OR

GASES, NESOI 244,990,276 272,429,429 314,750,648 373,972,0 8

9026900000 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING OR CHECKING

THE FLOW, LEVEL, PRESSURE OR

OTHER VARIABLES OF LIQUIDS OR

GASES 458,440,266 492,025,592 558,843,846 550,937,1 0

9027100000 GAS OR SMOKE ANALYSIS

APPARATUS 254,883,130 280,461,997 335,117,439 402,400,4 7

9027202000 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHS 117,206,209 128,081,844 138,240,424 173,977,7 0

9027205030 ELECTRICAL ELECTROPHORESIS

INSTRUMENTS 56,896,361 55,642,798 48,683,091 48,603,4 1

9027206050 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHS 132,288,664 137,151,329 139,228,675 150,695,0 1

9027209000 CHROMATOGRAPHS AND

ELECTROPHORESIS

INSTRUMENTS, NESOI 158,648,601 133,456,484 118,780,331 136,407,4 2

9027304040 SPECTROPHOTOMETERS USING

OPTICAL RADIATIONS (ULTRAVIOLET, VISIBLE, INFRARED), NONELECTRICAL 149,221,779 172,484,108 210,113,632 231,108,6 7

9027304080 ELECTRICAL SPECTROMETERS

AND SPECTROGRAPHS USING

OPTICAL RADIATIONS (ULTRAVIOLET, WISIBLE, INFRARED) 122,189,718 127,274,373 139,869,835 199,337,2 1

9027308020 SPECTROSCOPES USING OPTICAL

RADIATIONS, NONELECTICAL 1,059,879 1,548,128 1,255,128 1,448,7 1

9027308080 SPECTROMETERS AND

SPECTROGRAPHS USING OPTICAL

RADIATIONS, NONELECTRICAL,

NESOI 36,048,042 57,298,819 48,358,953 82,646,5 3

9027400000 EXPOSURE METERS 6,087,800 5,621,074 8,921,444

9027501000 ELECTROCHEMICAL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS, 0 0 0 12,612,0 7

9027502000 THERMAL ANALYSIS

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS 162,505,354 171,741,092 214,235,842 250,672,2 3

9027504050 PHOTOMETERS 30,462,524 35,678,620 51,425,018 66,224,5 2

### 31 9027505000 OTHER CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS,

NESOI 299,591,956 389,660,332 517,090,696 578,759,9 1

9027509000 INSTRUMENT AND APPARATUS

FOR PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS USING OPTICAL

RADIATIONS, NESOI 305,031,944 384,037,815 378,836,433 514,082,2 0

9027801000 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC

RESONANCES INSTRUMENTS AND

APPARATUS (EXCEPT THOSE OF

HEADING 9018) 68,900,457 81,874,892 76,649,658

9027802000 MASS SPECTROMETERS 236,155,263 242,769,878 321,280,400

9027802500 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC

RESONANCES INST EXC HEADING

9018 0 0 0 19,636,0 8

9027802600 MASS SPECTROMETERS 0 0 0 371,289,5 6

9027803100 ELECTROCHEMICAL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS, 148,188,718 158,592,899 141,887,254 149,037,3 7

9027803200 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS,

NESOI 194,999,943 180,642,726 214,756,249 262,994,2 9

9027803500 PHYSICAL ANALYSIS

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS,

EXCEPT USING OPTICAL

RADIATIONS, NESOI 258,918,098 307,538,931 311,068,194 341,467,1 0

9027808000 INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING/CHECKING

VISCOSITY, POROSITY

EXPANSION, SURFACE TENSION

OR THE LIKE, NESOI 328,385,064 361,951,337 361,405,353 331,257,9 2

9027902000 MICROTOMES 17,307,072 23,929,256 26,334,990 19,812,9 8

9027905430 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE BE

NUMBERS 9027.30.4040 AND

9027.30.4080 91,579,426 143,299,479 128,617,454 130,938,8 1

9027905440 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B

NUMBER 9027.40.0000 27,018,565 39,733,153 22,270,248 13,489,6 1

9027908950 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS

FOR PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS, NESOI 711,930,828 763,686,514 838,807,652 988,568,5 4

### 32 9028100000 GAS METERS 30,686,927 35,226,662 41,712,925 48,622,4 8

9028200000 LIQUID METERS 68,091,813 60,863,377 78,885,608 75,444,9 1

9028300000 ELECTRICITY METERS 65,287,940 86,122,342 118,650,359 166,155,2 0

9028900040 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ELECTRICITY METERS 24,671,928 22,801,554 32,524,171 34,945,0 5

9028900080 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF GAS,

LIQUID OR PRODUCTION

METERS, INCLUDING

CALIBRATING METERS, NESOI 66,448,423 99,382,875 120,069,210 105,251,1 6

9030100000 INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING OR DETECTING

IONIZING RADIATIONS 173,268,799 193,653,540 263,876,128 322,702,6 8

9030200000 CATHODE

‐ RAY OSCILLOSCOPES

AND CATHODE

‐ RAY

OSCILLOGRAPHS 25,107,894 30,087,373 26,406,638

9030200500 OSCILLOSCOPES AND

OSCILLOGRAPHS 0 0 0 78,783,0 5

9030310000 MULTIMETERS 53,337,848 56,711,484 65,853,639 51,041,5 2

9030330040 APPARATUS TO TEST VOLTAGE

OR CURRENT OR RESISTANCE 0 0 0 128,842,3 0

9030330080 INST&APPTS FOR MEASURING/CHECKING POWER,

NESOI 0 0 0 124,830,0 2

9030390040 APPARATUS TO TEST VOLTAGE

OR CURRENT OR RESISTANCE 205,220,331 242,080,763 259,232,963

9030390080 OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND

APPARATUS FOR MEASURING OR

CHECKING POWER, WITHOUT A

RECORDING DEVICE, NESOI 244,507,891 241,663,996 246,269,480

9030830000 INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

WITH A RECORDING DEVICE,

NESOI 360,827,264 308,867,571 334,849,470

9030840000 INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS

WITH RECORDNG DEVICE NESOI 0 0 0 221,564,8 0

9030890000 OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND

APPARATUS FOR MEASURING OR

CHECKING ELECTRICAL

QUANTITIES, NESOI 325,829,922 310,892,136 380,043,292

9030890100 INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS W/O RECORDING DEVICE NESOI 0 0 0 208,688,4 0

### 33 9030904000 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR

ARTICLES OF SUBHEADING

9030.10 101,165,273 114,895,639 132,089,191 111,934,6 3

9030908010 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR

ARTICLES OF SUBHEADING

9030.20 23,727,054 28,249,955 31,095,370 44,193,0 0

9030908020 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES0 OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B

SUBHEADING 9030.31 5,041,991 4,717,384 4,269,409 7,676,8 4

9030908030 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B

SUBHEADING 9030.39 25,377,565 23,353,276 29,985,758 15,023,7 4

9030908040 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B

SUBHEADING 9030.40 111,169,863 77,159,344 110,338,562 70,396,8 5

9030908050 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B

SUBHEADING 9030.82 OR

9030.83 712,917,800 661,515,479 799,225,101 814,560,9 8

9030908060 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B

SUBHEADING 9030, NESOI 308,596,591 274,593,967 242,429,126 202,519,1 9

9031100000 MACHINES FOR BALANCING

MECHANICAL PARTS 56,968,744 93,087,645 100,689,014 116,041,2 3

9031200000 TEST BENCHES 69,211,409 68,620,613 101,611,842 100,827,7 3

9031300000 PROFILE PROJECTORS 5,465,772 7,184,663 4,923,983

9031491000 PROFILE PROJECTORS 0 0 0 4,535,2 6

9031808060 EQUIPMENT FOR TESTING

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

INTERNAL COMBUSTION

ENGINES 108,836,647 137,112,349 110,215,783 141,674,5 2

9031808070 EQUIPMENT FOR TESTING OTHER

THAN ELECTRICAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINES 125,580,335 143,074,938 138,300,585 142,775,9 8

9031808080 OTHER MEASURING OR

CHECKING INSTRUMENTS,

APPLIANCES AND MACHINES,

NESOI IN CHAPTER 90 814,915,904 938,621,921 1,043,795,140 1,152,338,5 0

9031900000 PARTS & ACCESSORIES OF

MACHINES, NESOI IN THIS

CHAPTER AND FOR PROFILE

PROJECTORS 1,042,451,250 741,147,741 1,030,047,371 829,365,4 0

### 34 9032100000 THERMOSTATS 118,204,725 126,935,258 123,706,799 109,290,8 9

9032200000 MANOSTATS 25,643,149 26,607,043 24,385,681 19,929,3 7

9032810040 HYDRAULIC OR PNEUMATIC

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS 41,210,138 41,544,403 43,563,809 45,574,8 2

9032810080 HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

EXCEPT INDUSTRIAL PROCESS

CONTROL 56,387,633 51,916,556 47,286,729 63,904,7 0

9032893000 AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE AND

VOLTAGE

‐ CURRENT REGULATORS 69,941,869 87,240,899 103,004,003 87,565,0 0

9032896020 CONTROL INSTRUMENTS FOR AIR

CONDITIONING, REFRIGERATION

OR HEATING SYSTEMS 86,605,674 140,639,749 196,669,440 228,083,1 4

9032896030 PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR COMPLETE SYSTEMS 186,185,330 156,997,646 177,003,878 263,567,3 8

9032896040 PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL 101,819,390 99,445,061 124,770,180 121,065,0 1

9032896050 PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR PRESSURE DRAFT CONTROL 32,743,560 32,007,329 46,330,225 47,605,3 1

9032896060 PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR FLOW AND LIQUID LEVEL

CONTROL 95,988,177 53,559,547 86,813,432 103,250,9 1

9032896070 PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR HUMIDITY CONTROL 4,372,035 4,857,561 6,243,923 6,868,3 1

9032896075 OTHER PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS,

NESOI 484,644,861 560,574,895 629,565,157 518,662,7 9

9032896085 AUTOMATIC REGULATING OR

CONTROLLING INSTRUMENTS

NESOI 823,361,470 780,988,343 726,233,214 666,917,9 9

9032900000 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

AUTOMATIC REGULATING OR

CONTROLLING INSTRUMENTS

AND APPARATUS 633,238,503 584,913,079 590,182,138 589,501,4 5

### 35 9033000000 PARTS AND ACCESSORIES (NOT

SPECIFIED OR INCLUDED

ELSEWHERE IN THIS CHAPTER)

FOR MACHINES, APPLIANCES,

INSTRUMENTS OR APPARATUS

OF CHAPTER 90 470,280,327 360,392,652 378,958,948 544,410,7 7

Totals 29,750,428,761 31,606,478,280 35,794,019,896 38,505,408,81



### Attachment B

### 36 

## U.S. Environmental Technologies Export Markets

2004

‐ 2008; FAS Value; USD

COUNTRY 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 % Change

04

‐ 08

Canada 6,268,984,121 6,664,480,081 7, 271,979,741 7,422,332,336 7,639,024,213 22%

Mexico 4,213,132,647 4,231,789,253 4,540,033,273 4,713,142,982 4,895,821,404 16%

China 1,694,064,569 1,903,301,676 2,32 0,997,517 2,633,059,290 3,119,086,349 84% Germany 1,739,958,172 1,991,139,878 2,372,641,280 2,651,324,033 2,716,987,605 56% Japan 2,252,036,789 2,192,819,095 2,68 0,854,504 2,315,687,873 2,047,274,983 -9%

Korea 1,051,669,025 1,116,473,837 1,256,221,142 1,746,257,602 1,498,626,625 42% United Kingdom 1,193,513,121 1,218,719,318 1,290,678,511 1,410,954,081 1,467,667,698 23% Singapore 930,234,294 961,458,767 1,170,927,325 1,226,134,163 1,195,918,608 29%

France 874,150,848 947,399,245 1,149,983,055 1,096,345,708 1,086,273,874 24%

Brazil 342,419,523 396,679,075 492,495,904 637,449,908 881,123,829 157%

Netherlands 727,973,707 818,911,989 815,491,067 778,054,963 807,449,354 11%

Taiwan 1,428,829,897 1,328,369,166 1,339,631,411 1,095,831,898 778,812,011 -45%

Australia 462,257,428 495,240,242 547,967,273 617,922,692 754,579,447 63% Italy 432,353,278 496,521,667 566,419,390 613,943,780 692,694,674 60% Belgium 421,366,565 411,061,682 47 2,147,330 598,349,769 688,891,690 63%

India 256,903,706 350,043,658 403,779,253 597,174,845 631,085,301 146% Hong Kong 564,023,555 536,026,871 545,086,196 561,081,453 554,423,517 -2%

Saudi Arabia 188,138,722 219,401,019 367,210,970 493,188,565 554,256,150 195%

United Arab Em 176,819,403 188,804, 599 257,978,690 376,452,111 484,650,286 174% Spain 197,754,947 233,241,163 281,731,965 355,707,589 479,746,275 143% Malaysia 415,248,257 407,747,895 499,214,004 451,875,888 455,015,977 10%

Venezuela 122,461,602 198,595,050 246,770,796 290,556,597 387,243,309 216%

Thailand 267,349,723 313,955,260 31 2,229,188 326,693,421 363,550,961 36%

Russia 197,862,024 151,366,376 206,859,580 290,911,172 286,003,025 45%

Israel 200,970,623 218,665,459 252,907,047 259,944,780 251,556,376 25%

Colombia 82,399,292 111,853,249 122,230,616 196,613,179 238,643,810 190% Philippines 258,117,247 232,113,961 253,988,570 279,963,974 237,668,532 -8%

Switzerland 180,306,478 194,804,734 245,738,217 207,088,289 234,122,431 30%

Sweden 183,817,730 190,760,943 197,729,568 216,555,716 234,005,659 27% Qatar 23,618,985 75,257,796 95,579,419 288,724,953 228,156,803 866%

Chile 92,886,835 127,269,855 14 3,059,365 168,648,567 225,338,335 143%

Ireland 237,814,085 268,289,363 272,696,625 249,311,838 221,970,374 -7%

South Africa 103,841,078 123,164,325 151,260,938 163,207,945 212,065,757 104% Argentina 86,146,878 112,002,472 114,850,973 156,855,924 172,944,757 101%

### 37 Turkey 75,024,745 105,188,280 106,060,150 122,440,767 172,202,245 130% Norway 63,888,771 91,677,390 112,808,774 137,740,268 165,373,562 159%

Peru 35,574,498 55,662,711 10 2,608,452 119,936,013 144,660,091 307% Nigeria 95,268,436 38,452,629 84,842,456 81,668,801 136,358,460 43% Trin & Tobago 55,218,413 77,053,4 83 65,074,028 90,052,041 126,157,371 128% Egypt 84,711,865 78,580,973 90,795,093 106,162,381 120,143,268 42%

Poland 47,618,093 58,089,857 84 ,860,437 89,417,865 116,451,577 145%

Indonesia 48,554,333 61,611,657 65,684,989 85,287,612 112,879,912 132%

Costa Rica 119,654,376 123,506,309 118,129,304 99,415,025 111,004,782 -7%

Denmark 80,437,086 89,580,387 91,465,614 126,653,781 109,788,936 36%

Kuwait 46,359,411 59,303,841 97 ,069,431 109,236,264 105,475,676 128%

Finland 54,656,084 75,694,096 69,218,657 88,222,998 89,105,946 63% Hungary 34,300,912 38,535,383 43 ,799,833 65,327,823 88,591,348 158% Dominican Rep 73,546,299 81,637,100 100,362,231 98,556,266 83,850,842 14%

Austria 102,538,232 102,070,839 100,285,208 102,711,630 83,799,440 -18% Angola 8,801,452 14,773,176 29,121,663 66,420,902 80,311,097 812%

New Zealand 52,763,097 54,253,267 54,408,795 60,190,302 74,054,853 40% Iraq 45,624,133 41,860,104 55,869,526 52,420,528 69,301,658 52%

Pakistan 40,141,002 39,164,666 56,781,670 49,096,286 64,493,062 61%

Ecuador 22,741,064 26,776,129 40,247,060 46,460,389 64,437,660 183% Algeria 19,024,937 33,938,320 45 ,189,039 73,556,771 63,916,654 236%

Oman 46,944,720 18,627,774 30,518,573 42,520,334 63,327,707 35% Czech Republic 52,559,3 90 52,729,128 57 ,715,671 66,807 ,420 58,267,825 11%

Vietnam 18,153,453 25,164,924 34,101,480 65,989,643 58,041,892 220%

Kazakhstan 23,827,444 36,083,060 26, 589,281 35,714,3 22 53,932,759 126%

Romania 20,694,652 30,777,078 25,531,087 31,222,620 50,174,093 142%

Ukraine 16,630,467 25,302,585 21 ,166,060 34,397,023 45,443,485 173%

Greece 34,322,308 33,612,362 34,553,157 49,304,606 39,224,686 14%

Guatemala 28,009,988 30,496,378 35,853,479 46,413,208 39,069,072 39%

Panama 20,033,853 23,394,192 16,738,362 24,150,017 38,319,061 91% Portugal 18,610,625 23,783,377 29,199,269 34,298,331 35,297,930 90%

Honduras 34,354,560 50,597,743 48,327,959 34,818,562 34,832,908 1%

Jamaica 17,900,778 22,899,871 24 ,674,136 27,090,956 29,462,292 65%

Jordan 24,421,292 58,794,700 19,989,601 19,356,338 28,172,020 15% Azerbaijan 8,725,729 13,411,284 16,835,352 31,183,185 26,348,916 202% Libya 704,549 3,586,482 11,391,959 17,536,822 24,398,595 3363%

Bahrain 11,584,761 17,432,641 19 ,562,956 23,264,005 23,389,633 102% Nicaragua 8,128,819 7,141,984 9,132,250 10,470,798 21,630,481 166%

Bahamas 18,219,989 17,415,067 29 ,723,660 19,399,683 21,529,713 18% Eq Guinea 23,240,514 17,049,981 28,192,484 24,923,362 20,928,118 -10%

El Salvador 9,423,935 13,378,781 16,894,594 19,350,229 18,952,412 101%

### 38 Congo (ROC) 1,103,436 3,648,896 7,452,114 5,303,347 17,995,545 1531%

Netherlands Ant 6,392,985 4,326,844 6,953,842 8,322,019 17,698,609 177% Kenya 6,420,677 5,389,804 6,998,482 8,448,111 16,819,435 162%

Tunisia 2,709,481 4,354,174 6,768,266 15,695,991 16,211,651 498%

Morocco 5,928,709 5,629,734 9,369,812 11,501,834 16,077,290 171% Bulgaria 6,374,614 7,186,359 10,168,014 8,631,971 16,039,155 152% Slovak Republic 10,126,192 9,178,554 11,887,717 19,305,926 15,884,880 57% Afghanistan 5,683,665 11,209,531 8,342,711 14,876,628 15,648,611 175%

Slovenia 7,151,814 6,127,325 8,695,063 11,075,891 14,798,784 107% Georgia 3,392,854 3,504,263 3,545,256 5,209,226 14,638,754 331%

Aruba 2,537,051 13,568,489 13,629,635 17,297,019 14,562,231 474% Uruguay 4,982,733 5,839,541 11,203,603 10,203,759 14,145,177 184%

Bolivia 7,464,748 9,664,246 7,088,214 8,918,821 14,091,380 89%

Croatia 5,479,139 3,359,542 5,418,070 6,940,968 13,442,026 145% Luxembourg 5,297,414 7,924,961 4,923,846 9,554,036 13,423,398 153%

Lithuania 4,848,432 10,451,759 13,776,600 15,730,690 13,273,200 174% Madagascar 136,491 257,522 151,527 323,454 13,262,050 9616%

Uzbekistan 2,213,117 5,417,234 3,556,926 4,684,013 12,542,512 467%

Yemen 5,852,303 3,774,219 4,540,052 12,215,559 11,110,911 90%

Latvia 2,064,353 4,142,019 8,679,238 8,816,143 9,900,833 380%

Gabon 1,229,964 2,316,831 3,700,179 8,265,897 9,646,869 684%

Liberia 3,769,676 5,616,650 7,227,285 14,517,332 8,738,381 132%

Sri Lanka 6,007,810 7,465,238 6,343,479 6,525,479 8,717,706 45%

Ghana 3,076,556 3,438,416 5,904,325 11,086,227 8,604,916 180% Bangladesh 9,933,899 13,628,435 16,836,097 9,376,595 8,594,222 -13%

Belize 1,333,398 2,476,417 3,909,033 5,674,410 8,521,842 539% Cyprus 3,377,560 2,620,866 4,918,033 4,429,548 7,796,418 131%

Suriname 5,043,621 4,588,673 7,782,757 6,627,302 7,723,614 53%

Bermuda 5,659,548 4,813,279 7,091,474 7,040,832 7,683,922 36%

Lebanon 5,172,658 7,067,448 4,025,350 6,708,004 7,491,030 45%

Estonia 4,730,553 6,264,703 8,718,062 8,215,358 7,338,044 55%

Serbia 0 0 0 14,178,094 7,314,297

Iceland 3,750,458 6,417,608 7,784,598 10,320,095 7,297,070 95%

Barbados 5,311,752 4,619,945 5,858,080 7,404,305 7,063,416 33%

Tanzania 1,365,896 4,453,574 15,103,372 3,325,645 6,795,520 398%

Brunei 1,387,190 1,974,607 3,115,226 5,651,790 6,165,353 344% Congo (DROC) 1,102,539 501,165 1,162,866 1,502,266 6,133,749 456%

Turks & Caic Is 4,090,318 2,410,945 3,919,962 5,233,149 5,877,378 44%

Belarus 1,643,059 2,448,942 6,065,926 5,500,273 5,355,954 226% Senegal 2,353,351 2,725,423 1,780,599 4,988,162 4,894,638 108%

Malta 7,311,400 7,126,759 7,863,521 6,080,505 4,845,651 -34%

### 39 Cayman Is 2,230,541 5,325,945 6,116,361 4,435,552 4,716,532 111%

Laos 368,800 1,374,685 1,326,668 711,828 4,261,054 1055%

Zambia 773,929 1,032,679 1,613,310 2,844,333 4,185,470 441% Paraguay 5,013,515 11,151,723 3,566,553 5,099,284 4,141,141 -17% Br Virgin Is 963,279 1,394,399 2,380,118 2,542,330 3,890,483 304%

Haiti 2,110,799 5,058,718 3,061,900 2,333,558 3,674,755 74% Mongolia 813,010 1,056,377 1,342,169 691,122 3,636,781 347%

Macao 614,532 1,881,331 2,115,164 2,417,528 3,420,299 457% Guyana 1,742,813 3,927,617 2,547,957 2,092,925 3,396,258 95%

Benin 377,121 107,335 693,440 8,123,476 3,233,552 757%

Cote d`Ivoire 1,668,847 2,150,163 3,262,843 2,937,394 3,196,944 92%

Tokelau Is 1,324,204 1,316,194 1,614,436 3,179,037 3,192,629 141%

Turkmenistan 1,632,598 5,491,611 639,124 2,450,115 3,170,662 94%

New Caledonia 1,035,830 773,313 3,080,496 12,323,872 3,095,225 199%

Namibia 513,799 582,374 400,443 1,244,432 3,041,186 492% Ethiopia 723,996 2,194,547 1,518,549 2,064,202 2,983,214 312%

Albania 539,747 782,411 3,059,137 556,006 2,934,203 444% Papua New Guin 1,725,656 1,517,129 2,770,999 1,300,842 2,625,565 52% Antigua Barbuda 1,110,895 1,757,545 3,434,971 4,147,466 2,461,638 122%

St Lucia Is 769,943 1,864,842 8,003,942 2,633,647 2,196,780 185%

Cameroon 789,848 945,037 1,217,351 854,084 1,988,128 152%

French Guiana 2,095,546 3,431,979 1,271,861 2,259,690 1,914,737 -9%

Sierra Leone 594,845 212,700 581,995 1,328,350 1,879,737 216%

Marshall Is 620,827 773,104 353,783 1,119,301 1,722,600 177% Uganda 1,292,191 1,585,514 774,058 1,613,837 1,657,781 28% Anguilla 894,472 900,642 1,034,746 15,521,648 1,586,188 77% Martinique 664,958 1,386,466 1,165,817 1,013,397 1,549,014 133%

Liechtenstein 245,076 1,114,435 1,217,115 1,665,315 1,526,855 523%

Guinea 814,999 2,597,159 683,121 1,390,528 1,412,739 73% Fiji 1,166,520 318,981 313,412 1,133,458 1,333,679 14%

St Vinc & Gren 642,251 420,115 652,025 1,543,642 1,232,580 92%

St Kitts-Nevis 1,182,890 1,087,421 1,201,254 2,017,407 1,222,358 3%

Maldive Is 1,260,921 813,383 1,723,916 1,567,033 1,191,713 -5% Kyrgystan 692,013 752,620 501,031 690,825 1,185,617 71% Mozambique 149,206 371,000 1,511,852 3,338,748 1,089,748 630% Djibouti 351,962 239,075 1,841,826 707,148 1,079,066 207%

Mauritius 1,876,025 621,254 817,496 599,914 1,054,678 -44% Seychelles 57,601 704,180 102,620 761,226 1,050,556 1724%

Armenia 570,063 453,134 778,338 443,447 1,041,031 83%

Cambodia 326,349 477,120 342,271 3,228,101 1,024,839 214%

Macedonia 444,163 221,779 1,834,422 528, 591 995,408 124%

### 40 Niger 727,419 68,363 319,034 2,005,435 946,295 30%

Dominica Is 399,225 823,529 403,795 3,201,556 912,399 129%

Moldova 380,316 470,382 399,456 537,839 880,147 131%

Grenada Is 1,733,080 1,378,231 1,017,223 1,419,063 879,099 -49% Nepal 536,258 435,775 404,154 636,494 863,946 61% Fr Polynesia 467,597 733,228 1,391,349 686,018 842,370 80%

Rwanda 306,024 153,920 80,622 258,697 789,667 158%

Zimbabwe 346,286 185,216 408,631 530,864 724,167 109% Guadeloupe 626,681 2,690,770 1,178,141 569,481 701,209 12%

Iran 1,325,955 438,404 582,422 590,081 693,854 -48%

Sudan 59,109 0 169,034 29,320 665,690 1026%

Botswana 382,170 520,830 228,314 1,306,493 661,240 73%

Burkina Faso 49,343 123,999 82,110 832,077 625,528 1168%

BosniaHercegov 566,333 459,227 891,650 719,907 566,593

0%

Mali 1,335,637 1,051,706 745,135 1,066,808 564,666 -58%

East Timor 348,686 84,643 124,837 306,574 553,993 59% Montenegro 0 0 0 1,192,808 457,749

Chad 100,260 65,236 3,187,861 3,318,367 404,571 304%

Malawi 250,580 601,886 113,848 290,869 394,298 57%

Swaziland 208,283 274,683 539,715 122,939 362,144 74%

Monaco 154,638 347,368 107,955 261,846 352,272 128% Syria 1,519,606 62,718 252,938 115,326 328,683 -78%

F St Micronesia 175,810 33,605 57,525 386,692 325,966 85%

Samoa 44,838 94,965 46,491 60,893 322,831 620%

Gambia 355,293 362,144 409,049 309,511 299,947 -16%

Gibraltar 99,967 41,854 6,685 143,244 272,814 173% Togo 106,886 90,918 1,023,324 820,506 260,108 143%

St Helena 14,669 0 48,095 395,200 245,015 1570%

Mauritania 508,578 643,409 1,062,379 182,083 216,187 -57%

Andorra 345,104 1,304,016 14,290 30,671 199,540 -42%

Solomon Is 0 13,130 34,068 57,908 192,301

Burma (Myanmar) 214,152 267,907 834,052 216,811 192,175 -10%

Faroe Islands 0 8,510 14,322 75,345 178,537

Christmas Is 99,469 5,978 72,230 127,159 178,202 79% Tajikistan 644,131 557,386 261,344 440,513 156,530 -76%

Reunion 133,629 35,791 448,565 325,162 132,576 -1% Cen African Rep 198,229 85,567 108,802 137,054 124,797 -37%

Cook Is 5,225 3,600 16,945 15,927 119,069 2179%

Vanuatu 36,660 10,882 170,550 74,416 111,898 205%

Montserrat Is 69,296 57,213 69,772 94,710 103,968 50%

### 41 Cape Verde 66,393 246,961 114,226 175,251 93,510 41%

Kiribati 26,153 33,230 22,260 89,402 82,473 215%

Nauru 3,050 24,598 93,103 25,106 81,054 2558%

Greenland 12,132 79,028 46,795 71,896 77,970 543%

Guinea-Bissau 76,058 33,027 9,470 11,045 69,762 -8%

Eritrea 70,503 60,977 87,845 89,780 64,900 -8%

Somalia 52,256 75,415 228,569 29,132 62,771 20% Tonga 6,956 267,470 0 453,805 60,162 765%

Falkland Is 6,464 124,083 194,262 46,131 59,600 822%

Br Indian O Ter 4,305 17,728 6,609 24,139 51,000 1085%

Bhutan 32,020 28,825 223,471 42,130 49,450 54%

Palau 297,328 204,769 157,315 113,237 46,527 -84%

West Bank 7,916 26,919 0 19,984 44,346 460%

Cuba 0 181,598 203,283 98,641 31,720

San Marino 199,205 19,267 169,217 22,144 29,672 -85%

Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 29,567

Lesotho 5,160 44,056 864,336 144,913 21,615 319%

Burundi 107,096 24,459 41,373 2,997 18,612 -83%

Sao Tome &

Prin 0 4,918 8,720 38,349 14,400

Pitcairn Is 20,809 44,873 9,527 15,824 13,779 -34%

Niue 0 0 0 0 11,200

Cocos Is 53,436 16,340 263,951 85,510 6,368 -88% Vatican City 113,862 19,673 75,365 9,000 4,366 -96%

Comoros 0 4,363 22,118 0 0

Western Sahara 22,234 16,039 0 0 0

Svalbard,May Is 0 0 116,325 59,081 0

St Pierre & Miq 0 0 0 0 0

Serbia/Monteneg 5,319,241 5,331,424 8,258,498 0 0

Norfolk Is 0 43,267 0 15,120 0

North Korea 0 0 0 0 0

Mayotte 0 0 3,961 0 0

Internat Org 0 0 0 0 0

Heard & McDn

Is 88,549 0 0 0 0

Fr S & Ant land 0 0 0 138,155 0

Gaza Strip 0 0 0 0 0

Totals 29,750,428,761 31,606,478,280 35,794,019,896 38,505,408,813 40,194,969,747 35%

### 42 •