United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

___________________________

No. 22-3424

___________________________

United States of America,

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee,

v.

William Howard Proto, Jr.,

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant.

 ____________

Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of Minnesota

 ____________

 Submitted: October 20, 2023

Filed: January 29, 2024

____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, LOKEN and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges. 

____________

COLLOTON, Circuit Judge.

William Proto, Jr., was convicted on drug trafficking and firearms charges. At

a jury trial, the district court*

 admitted evidence of a prior arrest and conviction for

*The Honorable Nancy E. Brasel, United States District Judge for the District

of Minnesota.
unlawful possession of a firearm as a felon. On appeal, Proto challenges the

admissibility of this evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). We conclude

that the district court did not abuse its discretion, and we affirm the judgment.

I.

The charges in this case arose from two incidents in 2021. In June 2021, police

found Proto in a stolen car. A search of the vehicle revealed a host of evidence: a

black duffle bag containing drugs, digital scales, over $56,000 in cash, a high-speed

money counter, a loaded firearm, ammunition, and documents bearing Proto’s name. 

A grand jury charged Proto with possession with intent to distribute a controlled

substance and unlawful possession of a firearm as a felon. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1);

18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). 

In August 2021, while Proto was released from custody pending trial, officers

arrested him while he was leaving a hotel room with luggage. Officers seized from

Proto’s person a handgun, $1,700 in cash, and two cell phones. In his luggage and

vehicle, police found methamphetamine, a rifle without a serial number, loaded

magazines, boxed ammunition, and documents bearing Proto’s name. A grand jury

returned a superseding indictment with another drug trafficking charge, another felonin-possession gun charge, and a charge of possessing a firearm in furtherance of a

drug trafficking offense. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). The case proceeded to trial

on all five counts. 

Before trial, the district court ruled that the government could introduce

evidence of prior bad acts by Proto under Rule 404(b). The evidence concerned an

event in February 2016 when police officers found Proto in a vehicle with a firearm

under his seat and methamphetamine in a boot. Proto admitted that he possessed the

gun because he was “back in the game” of selling drugs. He was convicted in 2016

of unlawful possession of a firearm as a felon. 

-2-
At trial of the present case, the government introduced testimony from the

officer involved in Proto’s 2016 arrest and a certified copy of the 2016 conviction. 

The district court gave a limiting instruction to the jury that it could consider the

evidence only for certain purposes among those specified in Rule 404(b)(2). The

court further instructed that “you may not convict a person simply because you

believe he may have committed similar acts in the past.” 

Proto pleaded guilty during trial to one of the gun charges, and the jury found

him guilty on the rest. The district court sentenced him to 280 months’ imprisonment. 

Proto appeals the conviction and argues that the court erred by admitting evidence

from the arrest and conviction in 2016. We review the district court’s ruling for

abuse of discretion. United States v. Bartunek, 969 F.3d 860, 862 (8th Cir. 2020). 

II.

“Rule 404(b)(1) prohibits use of a defendant’s prior act to prove his character

in order to show that on a particular occasion he acted in accordance with the

character.” Id.; see Fed. R. Evid. 404(b)(1). But such “evidence may be admissible

for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,

knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” Fed. R. Evid.

404(b)(2).

Under settled law, the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the

404(b) evidence. The evidence is (1) relevant to a material issue, (2) similar in kind

and not overly remote in time to the crime charged, (3) supported by sufficient

evidence to support a jury finding that the defendant committed the prior act, and

(4) of probative value not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. 

See United States v. Monds, 945 F.3d 1049, 1052 (8th Cir. 2019). 

-3-
First, the 2016 arrest and conviction were relevant to a material issue at trial. 

The government was required in the present case to prove Proto’s knowledge of the

presence of the firearm and his intent to possess a firearm in furtherance of drug

trafficking. Evidence that Proto previously possessed a firearm in connection with

drug trafficking is relevant to show his knowledge and intent. United States v.

Williams, 796 F.3d 951, 959 (8th Cir. 2015). We routinely have affirmed the

admission of similar evidence in cases involving drug trafficking and related gun

charges. See United States v. Bragg, 44 F.4th 1067, 1074 (8th Cir. 2022). 

Second, the 404(b) evidence was similar in kind and close in time to the crimes

charged in this case. All three arrests involved the same scenario: Proto was carrying

a firearm in connection with his drug trafficking activity. The previous conviction

was close enough in time to support admissibility. Fewer than six years separated the

arrests, and Proto was incarcerated for most of the time in between. See Williams,

796 F.3d at 959-60.

Third, sufficient evidence supported Proto’s commission of the prior acts. The

government presented testimony from the officer who arrested and interviewed Proto

in 2016. The certified copy of the 2016 judgment was unimpeached. The jury had

ample basis to conclude that Proto committed the prior acts. See United States v.

Loveless, 139 F.3d 587, 592 (8th Cir. 1998). 

Fourth, the potential prejudice of the disputed evidence did not substantially

outweigh its probative value. The evidence here was highly probative of Proto’s

knowledge and intent, and we give deference to a district court’s balancing of the

prejudicial effect and probative value of evidence. United States v. Ruiz-Estrada, 312

F.3d 398, 403 (8th Cir. 2002). To mitigate the risk that a jury would misuse evidence

of prior bad acts, a district court ordinarily gives a limiting instruction to the jury on

proper use of the evidence. Bartunek, 969 F.3d at 863. The district court here

employed an appropriate instruction that matched this circuit’s model. 

-4-
Proto’s argument challenges existing circuit law and urges reconsideration. He

cites social science evidence for the proposition that limiting instructions are

ineffective, and suggests that juries inevitably use evidence of prior bad acts for

purposes disallowed by Rule 404(b)(1). The Supreme Court long ago concluded,

however, that “the jury is expected to follow instructions in limiting this evidence to

its proper function,” and “limiting instructions on this subject are no more difficult

to comprehend or apply than those upon various other subjects.” Spencer v. Texas,

385 U.S. 554, 562-63 (1967). To be sure, the effectiveness of limiting instructions

has been debated in various contexts. E.g., id. at 575 (Warren, C.J., dissenting); Delli

Paoli v. United States, 352 U.S. 232, 247 (1957) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting);

Krulewitch v. United States, 336 U.S. 440, 453 (1949) (Jackson, J., concurring); Nash

v. United States, 54 F.2d 1006, 1007 (2d Cir. 1932) (L. Hand, J.). But absent an

extraordinary situation not present here, we see no warrant to disavow “the crucial

assumption underlying our constitutional system of trial by jury that jurors carefully

follow instructions.” Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 324 n.9 (1985); see

Tennessee v. Street, 471 U.S. 409, 415 n.6 (1985); Marshall v. Lonberger, 459 U.S.

422, 438 n.6 (1983); Parker v. Randolph, 442 U.S. 62, 73 (1979) (plurality opinion). 

Proto’s position, moreover, offers no practical alternative for implementing

Rule 404(b). This is not a case in which evidence was erroneously admitted and a

jury was instructed to disregard it. The rule contemplates that evidence of prior bad

acts is admissible for certain purposes. The jury must be informed about how

properly to use the evidence. If it is truly not feasible for a jury to apply the existing

rule, then that is a concern more properly directed to the rulemakers—although it is

hardly clear that the better all-or-nothing solution would be to exclude all evidence

of prior bad acts. See United States v. Crowder, 87 F.3d 1405, 1416 (D.C. Cir. 1996)

(Silberman, J., concurring).

The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

______________________________

-5-