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BO X O F 

# ^0 Ste p 2 : FO R ASR C INTERNA L US E ONL Y (PARTB o

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1 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 6 3 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 8 5 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 0 7 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 2 9 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 4 11 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 6 13 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 8 15 ) 102RQ-RN-5-3 0 17 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 1 19 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 3 21 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 5 23 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 7 25 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 9 27 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 1 29 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 3 31 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 5 33 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 7 35 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 9 37 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 1 39 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 3 Ste p 3 : FO R ASR C INTERNA L US E ONL Y CD :
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## 2 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 7 4 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 9 6 ) (lb2RQ-RN-5-2P ) 8 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 3 10 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 5 12 ) 102RQ-RN-5-2 7 14) 102RQ-RN-5-2 9 16 ) 102RQ-RN-5-3 2 18 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 2 20 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 4 22 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 6 24 ) 102RQ-RN-6- 8 26 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 0 28 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 2 30 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 4 32 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 6 34 ) 102RQ-RN-6-1 8 36 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 0 38 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 2 40 ) 102RQ-RN-6-2 4

Ste p 1 : FO R ASR

C INTERNA L US E ONL Y p^ v Are ther e more document s fo r thi s Docke t i n anothe r box ? *YES/ / N O J "Fil l ou t Continuatio n Shee t an d g o t o Ste p 2
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x Numbe r 3 6 O F 28 3
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^ - n ^ ' ' NUREG-097 1

Regulatio n o f Naturall yOccurrin g an d Accelerator-Produce d Radioactiv e Material s An Updat e

(U.S. ) Nuclea r Regulator yConunission Washington , D C

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. Sinc e tha t time , th e Federa l regulator yrol e ha s no t significantl ychange d bu t Stat e call s fo rincrease d Federa l involvemen t have continued

. I n 1983 , a Nationa l Governors ' Associatio n repor t o n th e NR C Agreemen t Stat e progra m recommende d amendmen

t o f th e Atomi cEnerg yAc t t o authoriz e NR C regulatio n o f thes e materials

. Based o n tha t recommendation , an d wit h th e cooperatio n of.th e Conferenc e o f Radiatio n Contro l Progra m Directors , Inc. , NR C staf f undertoo k

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_JPREVIOU S DOCUMENT S RELATINGT O THI S REPOR T

D.A . Nussbaumer , J.O . Lubenau , W.S . Cool , L . J . Cunningham , J.R . Mapes , S.A . Schwart z andD.A . Smith , "Regulatio no f Naturall y Occurrin g an

d Accelerator-Produce dRadioactiv e Materials , A Tas k Forc e Review, " USNR C Repor t NUREG-0301 , July , 1977 . Availabl e fo r purchas e from Nationa l Technica l Informatio nService , Springfield , Virgini a 22161 .

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ABSTRAC T

I n1977 V NR C publishe da repor t (NUREG-0301 ) o f a tas k forc e revie w o f th e nee dfor , andfeasibilit y of , th e Federa l governmen t regulatin g naturall y occurrin g andaccelerator-produce dradioactiv e material s (NARM) . Sinc e tha t time , th e Federa l regulator y rol e ha s no t significantl y

change dbu t Stat e call s fo r Increase dFedera l Involvemen t hav e continued . I n1983 , a Nationa l Governors ' Associatio nrepor t o n th e NR C Agreemen t Stat e program recommende damendmen t o f th e Atomi c Energy Ac t t o authoriz e NR C regulatio no f thes e materials . Base don tha t recommendation , an dwit hth e cooperatio no f th e Conferenc e o f Radiatio nContro l Progra m Directors , Inc. , NR C staf f undertoo k a review o f th e curren t statu s o f us e an dregulatio no f NARM . Thi s repor t contain s th e result s o f tha t review .

11 1

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## *m ,1^j!ll ? rait III imi^Ua*" H I •> • •**£<• ; p \

### CONTENT S

PREVIOU S DOCUMENT S - H ABSTRAC T ,] ] ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S ' ! JJ J 1 . BACKGROUN

DJ 2 . SCOP E O F REVIE

W ' ' Z 3 . RESULT S . ' * , ' 3 3. 1 Stat e Regulationo f NARM-Status . !!!!! ! i 3.2 . NAR M Usag e I 3.3 . NAR M Incident s J 3. 4 New Application s o f NAR

M ! ! I 3.5 . NAR M Waste s I 4 . CONCLUSION S 5 5 . APPENDICE S !..!!.' . I ' * ' a 5.1 . Appendi xA-NAR

M Questionnair e o 5.2 . Appendi xB-Result s o f NAR M Survey Agreemen t State s 9 

### 5.3 . Appendi xC-Result s o f NAR M Survey Non-Agreemen t State s 1 0 5. 4 Appendi xD-Analys1 s o f Stat e Survey Dat a o nNAR

M Us e n 6 . REFERENCE S 1 2



## Precedin g pag e blan k

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MiiVximf'j-^i^.P. 9

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S Th e cooperatio no f th e Stat e radiati' ncontro l progra m director s an

d thei r staff s 1 ndevelopin g dat a o nwurren t NAR M usag e andregulator y program s wa s essentia l t o thi s review andi s gratefull y

acknowledge db

y th e authors . Th e assistanc e o f th e Conferenc e o f Radiatio nContro l Progra m Directors , Inc. , particularl y tha t o f U s Executiv e Secretary , Charle s M . Hardin , inassemblin g th e dat a i s al ; o appreciated .

. V



## Precedin g pag e blan k V1 1

K»•>*» « *OlHHr«— T ammmt il»«M >REGULATIO N O F NATURALL YOCCURRINGAN D ACCELERATOR-PRODUCE D RADIOACTIV E MATERIAL S

A nUpdat e 1 . BACKGROUND P.1 0

Followin g th e Octobe r 197 4 meetin g o f th e Agreemen t State s 1 nBethesda , Maryland , th e Agreemen t State s develope dsevera l request s an d recommendation s fo r NR C (the nAEC ) t o brin g accelerator-produce dan d naturall y

occurrin g radioactiv e materia l (NARM ) unde r It s regulator y jurisdiction . O nMa y 8 , 1975 , th e Executiv e Committe e o f th e Conferenc e o f Radiatio nContro l Program Director s (CRCPD ) me t wit hth e Commission . On e o f th e point s discusse da t th e meetin g an dals o summarize db

y th e CRCP D 1na lette r t o the nCommissione r Kennedy wa s th e nee dfo r Federa l contro l o f radioactiv e materia l no t bein g regulate db y th e non-Agreemen t State s o r th e NRC . Th e Agreemen t State s wer e includin g NAR M unde r th e sam e regulator y

contro l a s material s comin g unde r th e Atomi c Energy Ac t whe nthes e agreement s wer e signed . I t wa s recognize db y th e the n2 5 non-Agreemen t State s tha t ther e wa s a definit e ga pexistin g 1 nthe prope r contro l o f thes e non-agreemen t materials . I nrespons e t o thes e requests , i nJanuary , 197 6 NR C establishe da tas k forc e t o review

th e matte r o f regulatio no f thes e materials . Representative s from

th e Office s o f Stat e Programs , Inspectio nan d Enforcement , Nuclea r Materia l Safet y an dSafeguards , Executiv e Lega l Directo r an

dStandard s Developmen t wer e appointed . Resourc e person s representin g Agreemen t an dnon-Agreemen t State s andFedera l agencie s als o participated . Th e scop e o f wor k an dconclusion s reache dby th e tas k forc e wer e detaile d1 nNUREG-0301 , "Regulatio no f Naturall y Occurrin g andAccelerato r Produce dRadioactiv e Materials " (Ref.l) . Th e ClBC^&gi&VTif^ ^ were : - "1 . p e regulatio no f naturalI v occurrin g andaccelerator-produce d radioactiv e materia l (NARM ) wa s fragmented , non-uniform and^ Incomplet e a t bot hth e Federa l an dStat e level . Ye t thes e radioactive material s ar e widel y used—excludin g thos e wh o woul db e exemp t fro

m licensing , abou t 30 % o f all " user s o f radioactive materia l us e NARM . Ther e ar e a nestimate d6,00 0 iser s o f NAR

M a t present . Th e us e o f accelerator-produce d >d1o1sotopes , particularl y i nmedidne , 1 s growin g rapidly., , On e NAR M radioisotop e - o f radioactiv e materials . 226 r Ra A - I s on e o f th e mos t haiardou s "°R a wa s bein g use db y 1/ 5 o f al l radioactiv e materia l users . Ther e wer e abou t 85,00 0 medica l treatment s usin g Ra eac hyear . HA-

'The Agreemen t States '

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### •2-

program s fo r regulatin g NAR M ar e comparabl e t o thei r program s fo r regulatin g byproduct , sourc e andspecia l nuclea r materia l unde r agreement s wit hNRC . Bu t ther e .ar e 7 - State ? whc

r



## .. —_'^~ imm®£& "~~-" Ther e ar e n o national , uniforml y applie dprogram s t o [egulat e th e design , fabricatio nandqualit y o f source s and ? Jevlce s containin g NAR

M o r consume r product s containin g NAR M Ic har e distribute d1 nInterstat e commerce . & " 4 . Naturall y

occurrin g radioactiv e materia l (excep t sourc e material ) associate dwit hth e nuclea r fue l cycl e 1 s onl y partiall y subjec t t o NR C regulation , I.e. , whe ni t 1 s associate dwit hsourc e o r specia l nuclea r materia l bein g use d unde r anactiv e NR C license . "5 . Becaus e o f th e fragmente dandnon-uniform control s ove r radiu

m andothe r NARM , informatio no nth e Impac t o f th e us e o f NAR M onpubli c healt handsafet y wa s fragmentary . Thus , i t wa s difficul t t o know , 1 na noveral l sense , whethe r prope r protectio nwa s being provide dt o worker s andth e public . A numbe r o f th e Incident s Involvin g NAR M andothe r data , however , whic hha dcome t o th e attentio no f publi c healt h authoritie s giv e definit e indication s o f unnecessar y and possibl y excessiv e radiatio nexposur e o f worker s andth e public . "6 . Althoug houtsid e th e scop e o f th e study , dat a an devidenc e gathere d1 nsuppor t o f th e stud y showe dtha t th e regulator y contro l fo r radiatio nsafet y fo r accelerator s (whic hca nb e use dt o produc e NARM ) ma y als o b e fragmente dandIncomplete. " I nconclusion , th e Tas kForc e recommende dtha t th e NR C see klegislativ e authorit y t o regulat e naturally-occurrin g andaccelerator-produce d radioactiv e material s fo r th e reaso ntha t thes e material s presen t significan t radiatio nexposur e potentia l an dpresen t control s ar e fragmentar y

andnon-uniform

a t bothth e Stat e andFedera l level . I nApril , 197 8 th e staf f briefe dth e Commissio no nth e tas kforce' s fina l recommendation s (Ref.2) . Th e Commissio ndi dno t tak e actio no n th e pape r bu t aske dth e staf f t o resubmi t 1 t fo r reconsideratio nafte r addressin g specifi c question s relatin g t o th e staff' s proposals . Th e staf f response s t o th e question s wer e conveye dt o th e Commissio non Decembe r 18 , 197 8 (Ref . 3) . Th e staf f continue dt o recommendtha t NR C see klegislativ e authorit y ove r NARM . Th e Commission , onMa y 10 , 1979 , returne dth e pape r t o th e staf f wit hInstruction s t o (1 ) forwar dth e repor t t o Federa l Agencies , Stat e 6ovemors , cognizan t Congressiona l committee s andth e Interagenc y Tas kForc e o nIonizin g Radiation , (2 ) discus s th e matte r withstaff s o f Congressiona l committee s andFedera l an dStat e agencie s and(3 ) offe r t o assis t Federa l andStat e agencie s t o furthe r develo pmode l NkJ M contro l program s (Ref . 4) . Th e key Instructio nwa s th e f1rs r 

### : (The transmitta l letter ) "shoul dnot e that , whil e NR C coul dlogicall y regulat e NAR

M —give nlegislativ e authorit y — NR C 1 s no t pursuin g tha t authorit y becaus e i t believe s suc heffort sP.1 2



### -3 -

shoul db e Integrate dint o th e large r effor t t o properl y allocat e Federa l responsibilitie s fo r radia t i c protection. " Th e staf f prepare dletter s t o forwar dth e staf f report . Th e Interagenc y Tas k Forc e recommende dth e establishmen t o f a Federa l Radiatio nPolic y Counci l to , amon g othe r things , addres s th e overal l directio nand effectivenes s o f Federa l regulator y

programs . Th e Federa l Radiatio nPolic y Counci l wa s Informe d o f th e Issu e b

y NR C staff . Howev e , 1 t di dno t full y addres s th e Issu e befor e It s demise . I n1978 , Congres s enacte dth e Uraniu m Mil l Tailing s Radiatio nContro l Ac t (UMTRCA ) (Ref . 5) . Amon g othe r things , UMTRCA amende dth e Atomi c Energy Ac t definitio no f byproduc t materia l t o Includ e certai nmil l tailings , 1 neffec t expandin g NR C authorit y t o regulat e naturall y occurrin g radioactiv e materia l bu t onl y t o th e exten t Lha t i t occur s 1 n mil l tailing s covere db y Sectio n11.e.(2 ) o f th e Act . I nJanuar y

1983 , th e Nationa l Governors ' Associatio nIssue da repor t o n It s stud y o f th e Agreemen t Stat e progra m (Ref . 6) . A

numbe r o f recommendation s wer e offere da s a resul t o f thi s stud y includin g a recommendatio ntha t th e Atomi c Energy Ac t b e amende dt o authoriz e th e regulatio no f radioactiv e material s no t presentl y affecte db

y th e Act , tha t is , NARM . Base do nthi s reconmendatior . NR C staf f undertoo k a review t o updat e th e NR C report , NUREG-030 1 "Regulatio no f Naturall y Occrrrln g and Accelerator-Produce dRadioactiv e Materials, " publishe di nJun e 1977 . 2 . SCOP E O F TH E REVIEW
A questionnair e wa s develope dfo r distributio nt o al l Agreemen t an d non-Agreemen t States . Th e Conferenc e o f Radiatio nContro l Progra m Directors , Inc. , assiste d1 nassemblin g th e data . Th e questionnair e 1 s show n1 nAppendi xA . I t wa s designe dt o gaug e th e exten t o f NAR M regulatio nb

y th e Stat e radiatio ncontro l agencie s a s o f Jun e 1983 . Additiona l Informatio nwa s obtaine dthroug hmeeting s and discussion s wit hIndividua l Stat e representatives . 3 . RESULT S 3. 1 Stat e Regulatio no f NAR M - Statu s

„***.'•£&•* >yproduct , sourc e and specia l nuclea r materia l (agreemen t material). ; ;U 1 Agreemen t State s Inspec t NAR M users . I nth e 2 3 non-Agreemen t y !>tates , 5 State s hav e NAR M licensin g programs , 2 State s hav e voluntar y

: ) r partia l licensin g program s ai^vllf e StatesVhav e ^ ^

_"

_JE T Ther e ar e 1 4 non-Agreemen t State s wit hNAR M nspectio nprograms , 4 additiona l State s conduc t partia l Inspection s an d 5 State s d o no t conduc t NAR M Inspections . (Individua l Stat e response s t o th e questionnair e ar e tabulate d1 nAppendice s B an d C. )

.•laajaarailMtUmaP.1 3

-4 -

3. 2 NAR M Usag e Analysi s o f th e Stat e dat a show s tha t sinc e 1977 , overal l us e o f NAR M ha s no t change dsignificantl y (Se e Appendi xp);

_ Discussion s wit hStat e staff s sugges t tha t accelerato r produce d material s use d1 nmedica l diagnosi s hav e Increased , bu t earlie r prediction s o f a ver y

rapi dgrowt h1 nthi s are a apparentl y di dno t occur . Counte r balancin g thi s ha s bee na gradua l declin e 1 nth e us e o f radiu m a s medica l andIndustria l seale dsource s ar e replace db y othe r Isotopes . , . •y-yy ^ &•:-*..*• .-., Th e overal l figur e o f 5.6 % fo r NAR M onl y user s a s a fractio no f al l license s 1 s clos e t o th e figur e o f 5 * c1t1ed N 1 nNUREG-030 1 Indicatin g little , I f any , chang e ha s occurre dsinc e 1977 . Mor e striking , however , 1 s th e disparit y

betwee nth e figure s fo r Agreemen t andnon-Agreemen t States : 2.6 Xvs . 10.OX . Thi s breakou t wa s no t availabl e fo r th e 197 7 report . I t support s th e notio ntha t whe nstron g regulator y program s (typicall y

Including licensing ) ar e Implemented , a significan t numbe r o f NAR M onl y user s wh o hav e n o stron g incentiv e t o retai nthei r source s elec t t o dispos e o f thes e sources . t 3. 3 NAR M Incident s Sinc e th e NAR

M tas k forc e report , NUREG-0301 , wa s Issue d1 n1977 , ther e continu e t o b e numerou s NAR M Incidents . Th e number s o f incident s reporte dt o Stat e agencie s Involving NAR M (bot hmedica l an dIndustria l users ) rang e from

3 0 t o 5 0 pe r year . A s recentl y

a s 1981 , a larg e numbe r of.radioactiv e contaminate dgol d Items wer e discovere d1 nth e Northeast* . Fou r shipment s o f radioactiv e gol dwer e Identifie da s having originate dfrom on e gol dreprocesso r 1 n 1982 . A nInvestigatio nb

y on e Stat e agenc y

reveale dtha t betwee n197 7 and198 1 a forme r rado nplan t los t 2. 3 kg . o f gol dfrom it s Inventory . Th e dispositio no f th e gol dI s unknow nbu t on e canno t rul e ou t th e possibilit y

tha t i t ha s entere dth e gol dmarket .
*Radon-222 , a short-live d(3. 8 day ) nobl e ga s daughte r o f Radiu m 22 6 ca n b e collecte dInt o an

dseale d1 ngol dseed s whic hca nb e permanentl y implante d1 ntissue . Afte r deca y o f th e rado nandIt s Immediat e shor t live ddaughters , collectivel y a strong gamm

a source , th e residua l activit y 1 s fro m Pb-21 0 (2 2 yea r half-Ufe ) andIt s daughter s (B i 21 0 an dP o 210) . Thi s chai n1 s ofte nterme d"Radiu m DEF. " Tw o o f thes e Isotope s ar e bet a emitter s andon e 1 s a nalph a emitter . Thes e emission s ar e containe dby

th e gold . Gamm

a andbremsstrahlun g emission s ar e relativel y

Insignificant . Therefor e th e seed s ca nb e lef t permanentl y 1 nplace . I f th e seed s ar e subsequentl y remove do r 1f N unuse dseed s ar e collecte dandthes e recycle dInt o th e gol dmarket ; th e resultin g gol d wil l b e contaminated . Th e activity , n o longe r containe dInsid e th e seed , bu t Intimatel y

mixe dwit hgold , 1 s now a nexposur e source , particularl y

1 f place dadjacen t t o ski na s 1 nrings .

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Th e State s hav e reporte dothe r HARM Incident s suc ha s improper:packagin g /.' . fo r ai r transpor t an dwide-sprea dcontaminatio na t a nelectronic s plan t 'where'radiu m

paintedaircraf t gauges-wer e bein g refurbished . •'"-" •

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: <. '\yyy-- •-••.-•• • -?=-•' • ••— : :--.$«*?? > ^'i5^|M i A new'appTibationVo f HARM 1 nth e United^ ^ States : ha s occurre dsinc e th e las t NR C revie w

o f NARM ; lightnin g rod s containin g radiu m ar e bein g Importe danddistribute d1 nth e Unite dStates . .Th e utilizatio no f radloactlvVsources ; t o 'enhanc e th e performance'o f Tightening ; rod s Was reporte da t i : symposiu

m o nradlbactlvityMn*consume r product s i n ; Atlanta , Georgi a 1n'l977 v (Ref.7)V/ t 'Altho'ugh r ther e appeare dt o b e som e controvers y

ove r th e effectivenes s o f radioactive'source s fo r thi s purpose ; evidentl y

thei r us e 1 s permitted'1 natplfas t some 2 Europea n countries . Th e Isotope s tha t ar e utilized-ara. f A m an dRa . NR C ha s neve r receive da napplication 5 fo r th e us e o f *-A m fo r thi s purpos e an d th e 197 7 study

o f NAR M di dno t disclos e domesti c utilizatio no f NARM fo r thi s purpose . Sinc e 1977;*however,' 1 a Ne w Yor kfir m

ha s bee nimportin g from Grea t Britai nanddistributin g lightnin g rod s containin g Ra . Fou r model s ar e availabl e containin g betwee n7. 5 t o 8 0 microcurie s o f radiu m pe r unlt v

Th e Stat e 'licensin

g agenc y impose da licens e "conditio n upo nth e distributo r limitin g transfer s toleas e arrangements^onl y an d prohibitin g sale s o f th e sources ^ -TheMrtten t i s to ' hel passur e tha t whe nth e source s ar e n o longe r used-the y wil l b e returne dt o th e distributo r fo r dlsnc^a " :' • •••' • -y^'- . :'.*.-••,*».••'.y:.

v »<} ;:•..—.-•

• Unde r th e Atomi c Energ y Act , as ; amended , th e NR C regulate s th e impor t o f source, ' by-produc t andspecia l nuclea r material s (see'Section s 53. , 57.a. ; 62. ri and81. ) (Reif . 5). ; "'Thi s authorit y 1 s reserve dt o th e NR C wher e sectio n274.b . agreement s hav e bee nentere dint o wit hState s (se e Sectio n274.c:(2) ) (Ref . 5);' ^ Implementin g regulation s ar e containe di n 1 0 CF RPar t 11 0 andessentiall y requir e prio r approva l o f possessio nb y th e Commissio no r a nAgreemen t Stat e fo r nuclea r equipment , sourc e o r byproduc t material . N o suc hrequirement , o f course , exist s 1 nNR C regulation s fo r radiu

m o r othe r NARM . ' - <•.'-••'•

v - ,' . '•'•••v . ... : .»;. . . ..•i-^y^; : .- • • £-••:... ' • Th e onl y presentl y

know nimporte r an ddistributo r o f radioactiv e lightnin g rod s 1 s locate dI na nAgreemen t State . Thus , i nthi s case , ther e i s existin g authorit y t o requir e prio r approva l o f possessio n throug hlicensin g o f th e distributo r andb y licens e conditio nImpos e control s o ndistribution . Thi s cas e Illustrate s th e poin t tha t sinc e onl y th e 2 7 Agreemen t State s an da fe w non-Agreemen t State s hav e implemente dlicensin g program s fo r NARM* , effectiv e regulator y control s ove r distributio no f radiu m o r othe r NAR

M fo r radiatio nprotectio n purpose s wil l no t alway s b e assure dbu t rathe r wil l b e a nacciden t o f locatio no f th e plac e o f busines s o f th e distributor . Wit hrespec t t o contro l of-importatio no f NARM , notwithstandin g Individua l Stat e efforts , i t ca nb e argue dtha t thi s 1 s mor e properl y th e responsibilit y o f th e Federa l government . i 

# i

•Non-Agreemen

tState s reportin g Implemente d licensin g program

s ar e Delaware , Illinois , Ne

w Jersey , Pennsylvani aan d Virginia
. Se e . Appendi x C. ; ••••'• < -- ; ^y;:^ . • •• >

: . .-^v*»4* M ^ii£iifi3 & iH-imSm.-6 - P.1 5

3. 5 NAR M Waste s - . , • Dat a fro m th e Cente r fo r Devices.andRadiologica l Healt ho f th e Foo dan d Healt hAdministratio nIndicat e tha t 1 n196 8 ther e wer e 50,00 0 radiu m source s totalin g 33 0 curies . Sinc e 1965 , abou t 10,00 0 source s totalin g 9 5 curie s hav e bee nshippe dfo r disposal . 'Base do nthi s dat a ther e remains,abou t 40,00 0 source s wit ha tota l activit y o f abou t 23 5 curie s 1 nus e o r storage . • i :t
. V > i • y

. • .M.-. :-*i'i,i:

- ..•.,•:' " ..:;..t ' '••'•'.' '
. ' j '•; • iv. t •.';•'. ' • , •••;
. . • .. . Assuming , that:50 Xo f this.materia l wil l be.dispose dof,by th e yea r 2000 , thi s result s In,a nestimate dannua l rat e o f abou t 7 curie s pe r year , (abou t 120 0 source s pe r year ) o f radiu m sources , tha t wil l nee ddisposal . Du e t o th e closin g anddecommissionin g o f the , EPA radiu m storag e , facilit y a t Montgomery , Alabama , ther e hav e been.extensiv e problem s an d uncertaintie s wit hth e disposa l o f radiu m waste . A t present , ther e ar e .onl y two license ddisposa l site s acceptin g radiu m wast e (i nBeatty , Nevad a andHanford , Washington) . ,Th e NR C staff , a t th e reques t o f th e States , i s developin g limit s fo r sha11ow ; lan dburia l o f radiu m usin g th e methodology

fo r establishin g radioisotop e limitation s i n1 0 CF R61 . j < Since . NRC' s las t examinatio no f NAR M regulation , a . significan t ne w developmen t ha s arise nInvolvin g possibl e dua l regulation , o f low-leve l radioactiv e wast e buria l site s by . NR C and.,EPA . v ! Presently , a t low-Tleve l radioactiv e wast e buria l sites , NR C and-th e .Agreemen t State s regulat e material s covere dby

th e Atomi c Energy

Ac t an dth e State s regulat e NAR M disposal . Ina lette r date dAugus t 17 , 198 3 fro m EP A t o U S Ecology

EP A state d"W

e hav e conclude dtha t th e waste s anddisposa l facilitie s whic h yo udiscus s ar e no t completely,exempt , from regulatio nunde r RCRA" . (Ref . 8 ) . U S Ecology

wa s advise dto-submi t permi t application s t o EPA. ; Th e U S Ecology

reques t whic hprompte dthi s respons e pertained,t o disposa l o f NAR M andt o toxi c waste s contaminate dwit hradioactiv e material . : Th e Resourc e Conservatio nandRecover y Ac t (RCRA/.^whic hEP A

administers , exempt s byproduct , sourc e andspecia l nuclea r materia l bu t no t NARM. . Th e principa l difficult y create dby

th e dua l regulatio ni s tha t th e basi c regulator y

approache s ar e different . EP A regulation s unde r RCR

A permi t n o degradatio nof , groundwate r from^th e burie dmaterial s wherea s NR C regulation s unde r the . Atomic , Energy Ac t specif y

limitation s o n concentration s o f radioactivit y and.performanc e objective s i nterm s o f radiatio ndos e limits . . Dua l regulatio nunde r suc hdifferen t philosophica l approache s woul db e counterproductive . A mor e detaile d discussio no f thi s problem i s containe d1 nChairma nPalladino' s lette r t o Congressma nUdal l date dMarc h16 , 198 4 (Ref . 9) . Addin g NAR M t o NR C authorit y (e.g. , b

y addin g anothe r categor y t o th e definitio no f byproduc t material ) woul deliminat e thi s problem andprovid e a uniform standar dfo r low-leve l radioactiv e wast e disposal , whil e leaving EPA it s traditiona l rol e o f developin g generally ; applicabl e environmenta l standard s fo r disposa l o f radioactiv e wastes ; :;; > Th e S&^BlliiP t tha t mus t b e resolve dt o mak e th e regulatio nand managemen t o f radiu

m andothe r NAR

M waste s consisten t wit htha t o f othe r low-ieve l radioactiv e waste s ar e $9EII^S?lSEellcl| ^

' v vft^2p ^ Fragmentar y

controls , o r i nsom

e jurisdiction s a tota l lac k o f contro l ove r NARM , pos e a potentia l threa t t o publi c healt han

dsafety . 

### 1'V :

..f^ifflsftE^sft^^ y r -v«W»t f fW, v .P.1 6

-7 -

••.'..-. " ' •-s.-.Ji'VF-VtA y' y 4 . CONCLUSION S .-.,.• , tlly*!&k. *'? :- :

- "•'.
. Fragmentar y

contro l o f NARM , a s i s currentl y th e case , lead s t o confusio no nth e par t of i theJ.1censees?enda.rea l potentia l fo r excessiv e radiatio nexposur e t o worker s an dth e public . Th e regulatio n o f NAR M should'be^unlform^th e reSpbnslblllty^o f a singl e Federa l agenc y whic hwoul dse t nationa l standard s t o b e followe dby th e othe r Federa l agencies;'-'th

e Agreement-St a tes'andthe'licensees: ' Tha t agenc y woul dregulat e th e design.andfabricatio no f seale dsource s an dth e processing , use.anddisposa l o f NARM ; Th e NR C andth e Agreemen t State s ar e already

conductin g slmllar^programs'for*th e regulatio no f reactor-produce dradioactiv e material . '• • :-'F.h-i-.-M A nImportan t issu e t o b e considered'1 nan y proposa l t o ad dNAR

M t o NR C regulatio ni s the'matte r o f how t o recogniz e existin g State'regulator y program s fo r NARM . Fo r example , Agreemen t State s anda few non-Agreemen t State s currentl y regulate'NAR

M in-th e same fashio na s agreemen t materials . (I nth e Agreemen t States , NARM 1 s Incorporate d Int o th e Agreemen t Stat e program . Fiv e non-Agreemen t State s repor t the y hav e Implemente dsimila r licensin g program s fo r NARMl ) Thus , 1 f NR C wer e t o receive'authorit y ove r NARM , NR C staf f believe s Agreemen t State s shoul db e allowe dt o continu e t o regulat e NAR

M withou t Interruptio nsubjec t t o the-same Commissio n Polic y fo r review

tha t i s currentl y

applie dt o their.Agreemen t materia l program s (Ref . 10) . Amendmen t o f th e 2 7 Agreement s shoul dno t b e mad e necessary. - Wit hrespec t t o th e othe r licensin g - State s ;;.-1 t woul db e 1 n th e NRC' s interes t (t o conserv e resources ) t o tak e int o accoun t thei r programs;*provide dthe y me t applicabl e criteri a fo r demonstratin g the y ar e adequat e t o protec t publi c healt hand-safet y andar e compatibl e wit h NRC' s program .

\ c.x; ;<(**• [.xi\

: . ' y.yj"!Cj-:n«v.v ;

: : ' : : C'i\

r-. '•', ) .-•ibtT:!*.-.: ':.

. •

: i: !•:• '»• " " L '"jj:.J')Ut--V . : ' •-.'• • -ir :>:. •icia , r • < F- • :yy~"- • : ~*.V".' .

-.•,. ' • *t.

.


### ' I . APPENDICE S 5. 1 Appendi xA ? 2 Vi ? •irA

. •'..:• : ;. . NAR M Questionnaire * : , ,-:M: :,..M yyr ;:.; • .'

. •'..•• • v : " (•••• ; ?'»*^>-.rv ^ -ii ; 'i"\yy:- ••••• A s o f dune : 3p, ; 1983 , doe s you rStat e o n Territory. , have : '"- , i : < y '.vtrj.,'-•. ; n r .v-.•• ' y' f •:•':

. ':•;:.• : :•:;<•" > J- " i o«vo. ; ;*: / v -.-- . •
. . . • v:,l i •.• * Enablin g legislatio n t o regu l ate-radiatio n sources , "•••..,-;': i ^Includin g NARM?;: y ; .-i;.yy Y e s y ; V i -^'••-.•.- > No

. ; ;«•;•• ' ••::-ftfe-,^'ftff!>l-

. ::•!''':• • ^• v '.'#»

• -y.F''F^W

iy-Fiyy^ •: ; ••:•",!:
. :: . Comprehensiv e Regulat1ons r ,for l - i Rad1ationVProtect1o.n , includin g NAR

M ••'•:

; y^Yes.:.'--
. .-j;. * v ••

: N o • • y - 

### 2 . 3 . Requirement s fo r Registratio n, v , • - OfNARM ? ; ••' . i'r."'j:: a ; • Ye s >

• •..:•.-' • ' ':••• • •• . .' • .-•''.:••>•••/'.:•:'

. . + '»•:.: 

### 4 . Requirement s fo r Licensing,c f ,

. : ,-:-,NARM ? v , * • •

, .:,•,.;._>

. Ye s .. . 5
. A n Implemente d progra m fo r licensin g NARM

?

. Ye s

•: • • .. . ••'...
. : • >• • ••)••' : *v.- 1 '-:.
. .-. ' • " >-:

. -

.-:• •

. 

### 6 . ; 

### A NARM Inspectio nProgram licensin g NARM?•.• < •••

Yes.. , N o

N o
N o


### No l Partiall y 7 . Ho w man y NARM onl y user s ar e locate dI nyou r jurisdiction ?

f 

### 8 i ,'Wha t proportio no f licensees.in . youiv.State;or . Territory , wh o ar e

. i,v . license dt o us e source , < byproduc t o r specia l nuclea r materia l als o us e NARM ? .:,-.,.. v9 . D o yo usuppor t th e regulatio no f NARM by NR C (assumin g provision s ar e mad e fo r recognizin g existin g Stat e program s whic hmee t th e same guidelines , a s appropriate , tha t Agreemen t Stat e Progres s mus t meet) ? An y additiona l comment s yo uma y hav e o nNARM

regulatio nwoul db e appreciated .

*NARM , a s use dfo r thi s questionnaire , doe s no t includ e naturall y occurrin g radioactiv e material s (NORM ) excep t fo r activitie s wher e th e concentratio n(o r introductio nint o product ) o f NOR M 1 s deliberat e an d ha s a s a purpos e utilizatio no f it s radioactiv e properties .' » '-.fr-.'-S'•':•':'. . ;'<,- . -'.'v. - V-9 T

5. 2 Appendi xB .i^£l^y^l^-.r.':V.J..'.:': - -' " Result s o f NAR

M Surve y Agreemen t State s

Stat e i i ^ , ; 1 . Alabama ^ • ..-•

* 2 . Arizon a y 3 / ' 3 . Arkansa s ^ J 4 . Californi a 5 . Colorad o 6 . Florid a 7 . Georgi a 8 . Idaho 9 . Kansa s 10 . Kentucky

r 11 . Louisian a 12 . Marylan d- ' 13 . Mississipp i 14 . Nebrask a ••-•

• 15 . Nevad a 16 ; Ne w Hampshir e 17 . Ne w Mexic o 18 . Ne w Yor k - • 19 . Nort hCarolin a 20 . Nort hDakot a 21 . Orego n*•'* 22 . Rhod e Islan

d 23 . Sout hCarolin a 24 . Tennesse e 25 . Texa s ' 26 . Uta hy . 27 . Washingto n fTota l 

### , 1

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

. V * '•.€" • 

### 2 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y ' Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Questions'from

Survey 

### 3 

### Y N N N V> H 

### N N N N N N N Y N N N N Y N^W

### Y N Y N N Y N •y 4- fFyYV * - • ' • v Y • ' 

### Y M y 

### Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y *'V:

" F Y • 

### Y Y Y Y Y Y , . :5- - ••;"vY- ^ ,"' • Y:: H 

### Y Y : Y 

### Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y \ : TM 

### Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 6 

### Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 

### 7 " 4 1 2 v

### 2 1 0 3 1 6 1 2 30 2 2 5 1 0 1 7 0 5 2 ^0 3 20 U 1 0 3 U 4 1 0 U 8 0 33 . 342 1 

### 8 TO X U * 25 % 10 X 22 % - 

### 10 % 33 % U 5 % 50% 10 % 22% 50% 33 % 25 % 25% U 75%* * Ui , 

### 31 % 10% 41% 7% U 10% U U

_ 25%l # 

### 9 

### Y Y Y Y Y Y ' Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

* U- stand s fo r unknown . * * Valu e i s fo r Ne w

Yor k Stat e Healt hDept . only . # Tota l fo r 2 4 State s reportin g 1 s 304 . 30 4 divide db y 2 4 x2 7 « 342 . ##Averag e fo r 2 0 State s reporting .

':1> •••" • • . •• ' y • • : •
•••'.J-.c-.rr ,

"V •.•'' , •••'..'
. •.-.•••' • y y;-F^y\F'y>ria-yiFyii'^y. > .•.•.• • • '•-..
. .ww^j^rtsatfsssssEBfcs^ ^ iiiii. 

# m-10 -



### Stat e -"S T ~"i. 1 . Alask a ,c0

i 2 . Connecticu t 3 . Delawar e v y 4 . Distric t of : Columbi a y ; 

### 5 . Hawai i ;..)•:• 6 . Illinoi s y 7 . Indiana 8 . Iow a 9 . Main e 10 . Massachusett s 11 . Michiga n.--,

; 12 . Minnesota y 13 . Missour i i->y 14 . Montan a . - c

v 15 . New Jerse y 16 . Ohio ; 17 . Oklahom

a 18 . Pennsylvani a 19 . Puert o Ric o 20 . Sout hDakot a 21 . Vermon t >;*• 22 . Virgini a : 23 . Wes t Virgini a 24 . Wisconsi n•

< 25 . Wyoming #Tota l . • .



### 1 Y Y 

### V T MF. 

### 5 Y Y Y Y Y O Y Y Y Y : Y Y Y Y

, Y
; : 

### Y Y Y Y Y Y • •' . '. ' F 5. 3 Append l

F fry it •>*>i6 ^ Result s o f NAR M v<i y 

### No r V-i £ MAVlMt.! 

### x"Cyy:, \

;$'fh\y*y-.F Surve y ••>•' '.fliJ-'fi»*l " i-Agreemen t StatesT " tiij.Z ^.Question s 

### 2 - 

### Y Y v;.Y -

• r ' 

### 3
• 'T: ' 

### Y

' ! 'Y.-/ ;

. / [X-iiHi t*T2*.- ; .'.'•.-• '

-"^F y fro m Surve y 4 '

T ••••' • 

### N Y '• ' :. '

• 5 •••;,;• : 6- " '•T.->.T-.\ N £•'•• : Y- > 

## yyyr" ••>t:yVV r •• N o Repl y t o Survey y 

### N Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y U Y N o N . 

### Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y N Repl y 

### N Y N Y Y Y N Y N N N N Y N N Y Y N N Y N N 

### y Y N P * N Y N N N Y N Y N P N Y N N YY P Y N Y YY 

### t o Surve y ; Y N Y N N N P P N Y YY N P N N N N '-

' .•'' • y y . . .'{1 8 

### *T T 5 * v:U* * 5 % ,2 0 33 % : y.''
. .:,)r 

### "v'' 2 30 % 17 5 20 % .7 5 25 % 1 5 20 % 3 30% , 11 0 80% . ; 

### 5 0 50 % v2 2 24%,' , *2 0 .30%' , y UU ,2 0 ; 

### 32% - 2 5 55 % 5 10 % 6 3 33%, .

, * * • l I ' i 0 10 % v 0 10 1 -65 ; 25 % U50 % UU

, 0 1 % 9 .y-,,.

r. b T " X'•'-'' ^,Y'< . • 

### l : 

### .,n.y.

. ' • ; "•v. Y . 

### Y Y

, y y - Y 4;. Y• •

.:•'• H •

, N

•• • ,-'.-;.Y;..-

. 

### ' •.wY.,r,„: ; 

### undecide d undecide d N . Y

, , •

. "..••Y? ; , • ' Y•: : -.'•'li:-,: .-••.Yy . n o repl y 

### Y , 882 1 27%##

* P - stand s fo r partially . ** U- stand s fo r unknown . I Tota l fo r 1 9 State s reportin g 1 s 670 . IIAverag e fo r 2 1 State s reporting . 67 0 dividedb y 1 9 x2 5 - 882 .-11 -

?:s;--v . P.2 0

•• : y<. :•'::•./*.••::•'.';( • 5 ^^Ot^o^y^Hi M i••;•.

. o<i- ' .••• . v •»• • . r ^ v ; 5. 2 Appendi xDr. . -^."*•••..... ••.•?:"•. ; i"i' * . . : Analysi s o f Stat e Surve y Data,o hNAR M

Us e dJ(f . Agreemen t State s Non-Agreemen t State s 1 . NARM onl y user s •,...- -

o - . r • -..^y ^ *«,***»#<.; ? .- • -..- , : , (no . licenses ) >-?.-.342; : ;.. . .-.** ..^yj.-,»••< yyo 8 8 2 '
:?'" • • V - i " ; • y^ . • .;','.'": , ••• : :-•.•• . . • •' v Vyv~'v'./j.- ! ".•.,,••,' } .VT. 1 ;--; - • .'.•' . 2 . NARM onl y user s . i^ - ; > , % o f al l licenses * 2.6 % 10.0 % 3 . % o f al l license s .' . r . , wher e NARM,1 s als o i . used * 25 % ii; '

•.*';. ' 2 7 % Tota l

122 4

5. 6

(26% ) 4 . Numbe r o f curren t , '. ;

. J 1 1 censes ' wher e NARM".. • i s als o used** / •' . 325 0 238 0 563 0

?M'.:'y : Fyy j y - : '••'

•

• '•'•' • ..-irV-

. .'x.-\.-\

••!» • ••'.;><• • » ' • . .• ; 'V * • ^ . - ^ s ' • !. ' M^..yi-:''--^y y ••'

:F xyF, , , -.;•,-.•., ?

? •£••• •'.•.". - ':?•'•;; - *TJ I

:•<:'' • * Base do n13,ou o license s I nAg>eement$tate s an d8,80 0 license s 1 n non-Agreemen t States . Th e lattervlncludes , abou t 1,00 0 NR C license s i n

• " » a. aaa. a. ........ . <sl » ...,... „ J sr..—...'_" • At« s- ' • •* • I . Agreemen tStates
. • ^Obtained.b y multiplyin g line , 3 by , 13,000,i n Agreemen tState s .an

d 8,80 0 ••«:.
. M^^ n o ^ 9 r € ^ w : n

. t ; 5 * a t e s t y f *•'.<<,-»«£ ' r^wy^crryi'r : iVi.-iiff':».) ; *«

. w-i i

, ' • 'T^<t!h ~ ..:.-. ; ; i SVC?-' I -'•'.: ! .Cft '•[, f C j

. C ! ' ,w l £

. . f

2 7 , " .i j i • <>

f < ! -P- V -.7 : ; '-jtirVl S

pSFfW ^ " •••*& :*a 1 

### --12- ' P.2 1



### 6 . REFERENCE S 1
.

2
.

3
.

4
. - 1 - 5 r

6
.
7 .

8
.

9
.



### io ; U.S
. NuclearRegulator y Commission, "Regulatio n o f Naturall y Occurring an

d Accelerator-Produce d Radioactiv e Materials, " USNR C Repor tNUREG-0301

, July,^1977.23^8 1 labl e fo rpurchas e fro m NatlonalxTechhlcaVanformatloa^Servite^SpHngfleld , Virgini a 2216 U ••••,•.- . ••••••^•fti??--iftt»*»-'-'ii>' ' 

### U.S . Nuclea r Regulator y

Commission , "Fina l Recomnendation s o f th e Tas kForc e o nRegulatio no f Naturall y Occurring'andV'•?••'• Accelerator-Produce dRadioactiv e Material s (NARM); " USNR C Commissio nActio nPape r SECY-78-211 , Apri l 14 , 1978 . Availabl e 1 n NR C PDRfo r inspectio nan

dcopyin g fo r a fee . " - ' "*. f 

### ~ ; 

### U.S . Nuclea r Regulator y

Commission , "NR C Actio no nNAR M Tas kForc e Recommendation, " USNR C Commissio nPolic y Sessio nIte

m SECY-78-667 , Decembe r 18 , 1978 . Availabl e i nNR C PD Rfo r inspectio nan dcopyin g fo r a fee . •

• M ; 

### '-*'i::



### - : 

### "••• ' Memorandu m fro m S.J . Chllk , NR C t o L.V.Goss1ck,"SECY-78-667-NR C Actio nonNAR

M Tas kForc e Recommendation, " Ma y 10 , 1979 . Availabl e i nNR C PD Rfo r inspectio nandcopyin g fo r a fee.- - U.S . Nuclea r Regulatory

Commission , "Nuclea r Regulator y Legislation,".USNR C Repor t NUREG-0980 , June , 1984 . Availabl e fo r purchas e fro

m Nationa l Technica l Informatio nService , Springfield , Virgini a 22161 . H . Brown , T h Nationa l Governor s

\greemen t Stat e Program ; A Stat e Perspective . Association , Washington , D.C , January , 1983 . A.A . Mogh1ss1 , P . Par?s , M.W . Carte r andR.F . Barker , "Radioactivit y

1 nConsume r Products, " USNR C Repor t NUREG/CP-0001 , August , 1978 . Availabl e fo r purchas e from Nationa l Technica l Informatio nService , Virgini a 22161 . Lette r fro m JohnH . Skinner , EP A

t o S . Y . Wright , Jr. , U S Ecology , Inc , Subject : Regulatio no f waste s tha t ar e bot hradioactiv e and hazardous , date dAugus t 17 , 1983 . Availabl e I nNR r PDRfo r Inspectio nan

dcopying fo r a fee . Lette r fro m Chairma nN . J . Palladlno , NR C t o Congressman , M . K . Udall , Subject : Response s t o question s concernin g th e orderl y development ( 

### o f low-leve l radioactiv e wast e disposa l site s unde r interstate ; compacts,'date dMarch>16 y 1984 V Availabl e 1 nNR C PD R •fo r inspectio nandcopyin g foi4 

### ; a " fee. ; : 

### '^ •-'-'
- y '• U.S V Nuclear " Regula^ry N 

### 'Ci^^ssfo^^^EvaTuat.1b ho f Agreemen t Stat e Radiation*Contro l Programs ; Genera l Statemen t o f Policy, " publishe d 1 nFedera l Register . Vol . 46 , No.233 , pp.59341-53951 , Decembe r 4 , 198T : •

. .y:FF/:-MF-,y-. 

# I

I

m

w w 

# m