CHAPTER 8. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

**8.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 8­1** 

**8.2 AIR**  **QUALITY ANALYSIS...............................................................................................**  **8­1**

**8.3 AIR**  **POLLUTANT DESCRIPTIONS** 

**................................................................................ 8­1** 

**8.4 AIR**  **QUALITY REGULATIONS** 

**...................................................................................... 8­3** 

**8.5 Global**  **Climate Change** 

**....................................................................................................... 8­5** 

**8.6 ANALYTICAL**  **METHODS FOR**  **AIR QUALITY............................................................**  **8­7**

**8.6.1 Carbon**  **Dioxide.................................................................................................... 8­8** 

**8.6.2 Nitrogen**  **Oxides................................................................................................... 8­8** 

**8.6.3 Sulfur**  **Dioxide**

**..................................................................................................... 8­9** 

**8.7 EFFECTS**  **ON EMISSIONS................................................................................................**  **8­9**

**8.8 EFFECTS**  **ON UPSTREAM**  **FUEL­CYCLE EMISSIONS.............................................. 8­17** 

**8.9 WETLAND,**  **ENDANGERED AND**  **THREATENED SPECIES,**  **AND CULTURAL** 

**RESOURCES.................................................................................................................... 8­17** 

**8.10 ENVIRONMENTAL**  **JUSTICE IMPACTS......................................................................**  **8­17**

**8.11 NOISE**  **AND AESTHETICS.............................................................................................**  **8­18**

**REFERENCES**

**.......................................................................................................................... 8­19** 

LIST OF TABLES

**Table 8.6.1**  **Estimated National**  **Average Emissions**  **Factors for**  **Commercial Fuel** 

**Combustion of**  **Natural Gas**  **and Fuel**  **Oil #2** 

**....................................................... 8­8** 

**Table 8.7.1**  **Summary of**  **Cumulative National**  **Emissions Impact**  **for Commercial** 

**Boilers from**  **2012 to**  **2042 for**  **Adopting ASHRAE**  **Standard 90.1­2007** 

**over the**  **Market Baseline** 

**................................................................................... 8­10** 

**Table 8.7.2**  **Summary of**  **Cumulative National**  **Emissions Impact**  **for Commercial** 

**Boilers from**  **2012 to**  **2042 for**  **Adoption of**  **Analyzed Higher**  **Standards**

**over the**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **90.1­2007 Levels** 

**................................................. 8­11** 

**Table 8.7.3**  **Summary of**  **National Emissions**  **Impact for**  **Commercial Boilers**  **from**

**2012 to**  **2042 for**  **Adopting ASHRAE**  **Standard 90.1­2007**  **over the**  **Market**

**Baseline.............................................................................................................. 8­12** 

**Table 8.7.4**  **Summary of**  **National Emissions**  **Impact for**  **Commercial Boilers**  **from**

**2012 to**  **2042 for**  **Adopting Level**  **1 over**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **90.1­2007.......... 8­13**

**Table 8.7.5**  **Summary of**  **National Emissions**  **Impact for**  **Commercial Boilers**  **from**

**2012 to**  **2042 for**  **Adopting Level**  **2 over**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **90.1­2007.......... 8­14**

**Table 8.7.6**  **Summary of**  **National Emissions**  **Impact for**  **Commercial Boilers**  **from**

**2012 to**  **2042 for**  **Adopting Level**  **3 over**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **90.1­2007.......... 8­15**

**8­i Table**  **8.7.7 Summary**  **of National**  **Emissions Impact**  **for Commercial**  **Boilers from** 

**2012 to**  **2042 for**  **Adopting Level**  **4 over**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **90.1­2007.......... 8­16**

**8­ii**CHAPTER 8. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

8.1 INTRODUCTION

**This chapter**  **describes potential**  **environmental effects**  **that may**  **result from**  **amended**

**energy conservation**  **standards for**  **certain equipment**  **covered by**  **the American**  **Society of** 

**Heating, Refrigerating**  **and Air­Conditioning**  **Engineers, Inc.**  **(ASHRAE)/Illuminating**

**Engineering Society**  **of North**  **America (IESNA)**  **Standard 90.1.**  **Such equipment**  **includes**

**commercial packaged**  **boilers and**  **water­cooled and**  **evaporatively­cooled commercial**  **package**

**air conditioners**  **and heat**  **pumps with**  **a cooling**  **capacity at**  **or above**  **240,000 Btu/h**  **and less**  **than**

**760,000 Btu/h.**  **DOE proposed**  **standards for**  **these two**  **equipment types**  **in a**  **March 20,**  **2009 (74** 

**FR 12000).**  **This chapter**  **only describes**  **the potential**  **environmental effects**  **that may**  **result from** 

**amended energy**  **conservation standards**  **for commercial**  **packaged boilers.**  **DOE did**  **not analyze** 

**the environmental**  **effects that**  **may results**  **from amended**  **national energy**  **conservation standards** 

**for water­cooled**  **and evaporatively­cooled**  **commercial package**  **air conditioners**  **and heat**  **pumps**

**with a**  **cooling capacity**  **at or**  **above 240,000**  **Btu/h and**  **less than**  **760,000 Btu/h**  **because there**  **is**

**no equipment**  **currently being**  **manufactured in**  **this equipment**  **class.**

**The U.S.**  **Department of**  **Energy (DOE)’s**  **proposed energy**  **conservation standards**  **are not** 

**site­specific, and**  **would apply**  **to all**  **50 States**  **and U.S.**  **territories. Therefore,**  **none of**  **the**

**proposed standards**  **would affect**  **land uses,**  **cause any**  **direct disturbance**  **to the**  **land, or**  **directly**

**affect biological**  **resources, or**  **have any**  **other impact**  **on the**  **human environment**  **in any**  **one area.** 

**All of**  **the potential**  **standard levels**  **analyzed are**  **expected to**  **reduce energy**  **consumption**

**in comparison**  **to a**  **baseline. For**  **the purposes**  **of this**  **Environmental Assessment**  **(EA), the** 

**baseline is**  **defined as**  **how much**  **energy would**  **be consumed**  **if DOE**  **adopts the**  **efficiency levels** 

**in ASHRAE**  **Standard 90.1­2007**  **for commercial**  **boilers. The**  **changes in**  **the demand**  **for fossil** 

**fuel, including**  **fuel oil**  **and natural**  **gas, and**  **the costs**  **of achieving**  **these savings**  **are the**  **primary**

**drivers in**  **analyzing environmental**  **effects.**

**The primary,**  **anticipated environmental**  **impact of**  **revised standard**  **levels is**  **on air**  **quality**

**and results**  **from changes**  **in fuel**  **consumption for**  **the equipment**  **examined. Therefore,**  **much of** 

**this chapter**  **describes the**  **air quality**  **analysis. The**  **latter part**  **of the**  **chapter describes**  **potential**

**impacts to**  **other environmental**  **resources.**

8.2 AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS

**The primary**  **focus of**  **the environmental**  **analysis is**  **the impact**  **on air**  **quality of**  **amended**

**energy conservation**  **standards for**  **commercial boilers.**  **The outcomes**  **of the**  **environmental**

**analysis are**  **driven by**  **changes in**  **the quantities**  **of fuel**  **consumed under**  **each of**  **the alternatives.** 

8.3 AIR POLLUTANT DESCRIPTIONS

**An air**  **pollutant is**  **any substance**  **in the**  **air that**  **can cause**  **harm to**  **humans or**  **the**

**environment. Pollutants**  **may be**  **natural or**  **man­made (**  i.e.

**, anthropogenic)**  **and may**  **take the**  **form**

**8­1 of**  **solid particles**  **(** i.e.

**, particulates**  **or particulate**  **matter), liquid**  **droplets, or**  **gases. a**  **For each**  **of**

**the efficiency**  **standards examined**  **in this**  **analysis, DOE**  **calculated total**  **emissions using** 

**emission coefficients**  **or ratios**  **relating the**  **amount of**  **a particular**  **pollutant emitted**  **per unit**  **of**

**source energy**  **consumed. This**  **analysis considers**  **three pollutants:**  **nitrogen oxides**  **(NO**

**x ),**  **sulfur**

**dioxide (SO**  **2 ),**  **and carbon**  **dioxide (CO**  **2 ).**  **A fourth**  **pollutant, mercury**  **(Hg), is**  **emitted in**  **such**

**small amounts**  **that analysis**  **of Hg**  **in this**  **EA would**  **be uninformative;**  **as such,**  **DOE does**  **not**

**discuss Hg**  **emissions in**  **this EA.** 

Sulfur Dioxide

**Sulfur dioxide**  **is a**  **chemical compound**  **that is**  **produced by**  **various natural**  **and industrial** 

**processes and**  **is key**  **contributor to**  **acid rain.**  **Moreover, sulfur**  **dioxide has**  **been shown**  **to impair** 

**human health.**  **In addressing**  **SO 2**  **emissions, the**  **Clean Air**  **Act Amendments**  **of 1990**  **set an**  **SO 2** 

**emissions cap**  **on all**  **power generation,**  **but permitted**  **flexibility among**  **generators through**  **the**

**use of**  **emissions allowances**  **and tradable**  **permits. This**  **SO 2**  **trading process**  **(sometimes called** 

**“cap and**  **trade”) does**  **not, however,**  **cover commercial**  **packaged boilers.**  **Consequently, there**  **is a** 

**direct SO**  **2 environmental**  **benefit from**  **a reduction**  **in fuel**  **consumption resulting**  **from the** 

**proposed higher**  **efficiency standards**  **for commercial**  **packaged boilers.** 

Nitrogen Oxides

**Nitrogen oxides,**  **or NO** 

**x ,**  **are the**  **generic term**  **for a**  **group of**  **highly reactive**  **gases, all**  **of**

**which contain**  **nitrogen and**  **oxygen in**  **varying amounts.**  **Many of**  **the nitrogen**  **oxides are** 

**colorless and**  **odorless. However,**  **one common**  **pollutant, nitrogen**  **dioxide (NO**  **2 ),**  **along with** 

**particles in**  **the air,**  **can often**  **be seen**  **as a**  **reddish­brown layer**  **over many**  **urban areas.**  **NO 2**  **is the** 

**specific form**  **of NO** 

**x reported**  **in this**  **document. NO** 

**x is**  **one of**  **the main**  **ingredients involved**  **in**

**the formation**  **of ground­level**  **ozone, which**  **can trigger**  **serious respiratory**  **problems. It**  **can**

**contribute to**  **the formation**  **of acid**  **rain, and**  **can impair**  **visibility in**  **areas such**  **as national**  **parks.**

**NO**

**x also**  **contributes to**  **the formation**  **of fine**  **particles that**  **can impair**  **human health.** 

**Nitrogen oxides**  **form when**  **fossil fuel**  **is burned**  **at high**  **temperatures, as**  **in a**  **combustion**

**process. The**  **primary man­made**  **sources of**  **NO**

**x are**  **motor vehicles,**  **electric utilities,**  **and other** 

**industrial, commercial,**  **and residential**  **sources that**  **burn fossil**  **fuels. NO** 

**x can**  **also be**  **formed**

**naturally. Electric**  **utilities account**  **for about**  **22 percent**  **of NO** 

**x emissions**  **in the**  **United States.** 

Carbon Dioxide

**Carbon dioxide**  **(CO 2**  **) is**  **not a**  **regulated or**  **criteria pollutant**  **(see below),**  **but it**  **is of** 

**interest because**  **of its**  **classification as**  **a greenhouse**  **gas (GHG)**  **and its**  **impact on**  **global climate** 

**change. GHGs**  **trap the**  **sun’s radiation**  **inside the**  **Earth’s atmosphere**  **and either**  **occur naturally**  **in**

**the atmosphere**  **or result**  **from human**  **activities. Naturally­occurring**  **GHGs include**  **water vapor,** 

**CO 2**  **, methane**  **(CH 4**  **), nitrous**  **oxide (N**  **2 O),**  **and ozone**  **(O 3**  **). Human**  **activities, however,**  **add to**  **the**

**levels of**  **most of**  **these naturally­occurring**  **gases. For**  **example, CO**  **2 is**  **emitted to**  **the atmosphere** 

**when solid**  **waste, fossil**  **fuels (oil,**  **natural gas,**  **and coal),**  **wood, and**  **wood products**  **are burned.** 

**a More**  **information on**  **air pollution**  **characteristics and**  **regulations is**  **available on**  **the U.S.**  **Environmental Protection** 

**Agency (EPA)’s**  **website at**  **www.epa.gov**

**.**

**8­2 During**  **the past**  **20 years,**  **about three­quarters**  **of anthropogenic**  **(** i.e.

**, human­made)**  **CO 2** 

**emissions resulted**  **from burning**  **fossil fuels.** 

**Concentrations of**  **CO 2**  **in the**  **atmosphere are**  **naturally regulated**  **by numerous**  **processes,**

**collectively known**  **as the**  **“carbon cycle.”**  **The movement**  **of carbon**  **between the**  **atmosphere and** 

**the land**  **and oceans**  **is dominated**  **by natural**  **processes, such**  **as plant**  **photosynthesis. While**  **these**

**natural processes**  **can absorb**  **some of**  **the anthropogenic**  **CO 2**  **emissions produced**  **each year,** 

**billions of**  **metric tons**  **are added**  **to the**  **atmosphere annually.**  **The Earth’s**  **imbalance between** 

**emissions and**  **absorption results**  **in the**  **continuing growth**  **of GHGs**  **in the**  **atmosphere, causing** 

**surface air**  **temperatures and**  **sub­surface ocean**  **temperatures to**  **rise. In**  **the United**  **States, CO**  **2**

**emissions account**  **for 85.4**  **percent of**  **total U.S.**  **GHG emissions.**  **1**

8.4 AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS

**DOE prepared**  **this EA**  **pursuant to**  **the National**  **Environmental Policy**  **Act of**  **1969**

— **also**

**known as**  **NEPA (42**  **U.S.C. 4321**  et seq **.)**

— **the regulations**  **of the**  **Council on**  **Environmental**

**Quality (40**  **CFR parts**  **1500­1508), and**  **DOE’s regulations**  **for compliance**  **with NEPA** 

**(10 CFR**  **part 1021).**  **This EA**  **assesses environmental**  **impacts from**  **alternate standard**  **levels**

**analyzed for**  **commercial packaged**  **boilers based**  **on the**  **results of**  **the national**  **energy savings** 

**analysis (see**  **chapter 7).**  **Standards for**  **water­cooled and**  **evaporatively­cooled commercial** 

**package air**  **conditioners and**  **heat pumps**  **with a**  **cooling capacity**  **at or**  **above 240,000**  **Btu/h and** 

**less than**  **760,000 Btu/h**  **were also**  **considered in**  **this rule;**  **however, since**  **no products**  **could be** 

**identified on**  **the market**  **in this**  **class, no**  **subsequent energy**  **or environmental**  **impacts were** 

**considered in**  **this EA.** 

**By way**  **of background,**  **title III**  **of the**  **Energy Policy**  **and Conservation**  **Act (EPCA)**  **sets**

**forth a**  **variety of**  **provisions designed**  **to improve**  **energy efficiency.**  **Part A**  **of title**  **III (42**  **U.S.C.**

**6291­6309) provides**  **for the**  **Energy Conservation**  **Program for**  **Consumer Products**  **Other Than** 

**Automobiles. Part**  **A­1 of**  **title III**  **(42 U.S.C.**  **6311­6317) provides**  **for the**  **Energy Conservation** 

**Program for**  **Certain Industrial**  **Equipment. In**  **general, the**  **program covers**  **consumer products** 

**and certain**  **commercial products**  **(referred to**  **hereafter as**  **“covered products”),**  **including**

**commercial furnaces**  **and boilers.**  **EPCA contains**  **mandatory energy**  **conservation standards**  **for**

**commercial heating,**  **air­conditioning, and**  **water­heating equipment**  **(42 U.S.C.**  **6313(a)).**

**Specifically, the**  **statute sets**  **standards for**  **small, large,**  **and very**  **large commercial**  **package air** 

**conditioning and**  **heating equipment,**  **packaged terminal**  **air conditioners**  **(PTACs) and**  **packaged**

**terminal heat**  **pumps (PTHPs),**  **warm air**  **furnaces, packaged**  **boilers, storage**  **water heaters,**  **and**

**unfired hot**  **water storage**  **tanks. In**  **doing so,**  **EPCA established**  **Federal energy**  **conservation**

**standards that**  **generally correspond**  **to the**  **levels in**  **the American**  **Society of**  **Heating,**

**Refrigerating and**  **Air­Conditioning Engineers**  **(ASHRAE) Standard**  **90.1, as**  **in effect**  **on October** 

**24, 1992**  **(** i.e.

**, ASHRAE**  **Standard 90.1­1989),**  **for each**  **type of**  **covered equipment**  **listed in**  **42**

**U.S.C. 6313(a).** 

**Congress further**  **directed DOE**  **through EPCA**  **to consider**  **amending the**  **existing Federal** 

**energy conservation**  **standard for**  **each type**  **of equipment**  **listed, each**  **time ASHRAE**  **Standard**

**90.1 is**  **amended with**  **respect to**  **such equipment**  **(42 U.S.C.**  **6313(a)(6)(A)). For**  **each type**  **of**

**equipment, EPCA**  **directs that**  **if ASHRAE**  **Standard 90.1**  **is amended,**  **DOE must**  **adopt amended** 

**standards at**  **the new**  **efficiency level**  **in ASHRAE**  **Standard 90.1,**  **unless clear**  **and convincing** 

**8­3 evidence**  **supports a**  **determination that**  **adoption of**  **a more**  **stringent level**  **would produce** 

**significant additional**  **energy savings**  **and be**  **technologically feasible**  **and economically**  **justified**

**(42 U.S.C.**  **6313(a)(6)(A)(ii)). EPCA**  **precludes DOE**  **from adopting**  **any standard**  **that would**  **not**

**result in**  **significant conservation**  **of energy**  **(42 U.S.C**  **6295(o)(3); 6313(a)(6);**  **6316(a)).**

**The Clean**  **Air Act**  **Amendments of**  **1990 list**  **188 toxic**  **air pollutants**  **that the**  **U.S.**

**Environmental Protection**  **Agency (EPA)**  **is required**  **to control.**  **EPA has**  **set national**  **ambient air** 

**quality standards**  **for six**  **common pollutants**  **(also referred**  **to as**  **“criteria” pollutants),**  **two of** 

**which are**  **SO 2**  **and NO** 

**x (42**  **U.S.C. 7408­7410).**  **b Also,**  **the Clean**  **Air Act**  **Amendments of**  **1990**

**gave EPA**  **the authority**  **to control**  **acidification and**  **to require**  **operators of**  **electric power**  **plants**

**to reduce**  **emissions of**  **SO 2**  **and NO** 

**x .**  **Title IV**  **of the**  **Clean Air**  **Act established**  **a cap­and­trade** 

**program for**  **SO 2**  **that is**  **intended to**  **help control**  **acid rain.**  **This cap­and­trade**  **program serves**  **as**

**a model**  **for more**  **recent programs**  **with similar**  **features. However,**  **as a**  **practical matter,** 

**commercial packaged**  **boilers are**  **in general**  **not subject**  **to the**  **emission caps**  **under the**  **Clean Air** 

**Act amendments,**  **for the**  **reasons explained**  **below.**

**NOx emissions**  **from 28**  **eastern States**  **and the**  **District of**  **Columbia (D.C.)**  **are limited** 

**under the**  **Clean Air**  **Interstate Rule,**  **published in**  **the Federal**  **Register on**  **May 12,**  **2005.**

**Although the**  **rule has**  **been remanded**  **to EPA**  **by the**  **D.C. Circuit,**  **it will**  **remain in**  **effect until**  **it**

**is replaced**  **by a**  **rule consistent**  **with the**  **Court's opinion**  **in North**  **Carolina v.**  **EPA. c**  **Under**

**CAIR, States**  **must achieve**  **the required**  **emission reductions**  **using one**  **of two**  **compliance**

**options: (1)**  **meet an**  **emission budget**  **for each**  **regulated State**  **by requiring**  **power plants**  **to**

**participate in**  **an EPA­administered**  **interstate cap­and­trade**  **system that**  **caps emissions**  **in two** 

**stages, or**  **(2) meet**  **an individual**  **State emissions**  **budget through**  **measures of**  **the State’s** 

**choosing. In**  **general, however,**  **CAIR basically**  **covers two**  **general classes**  **of NO** 

**x emitters:**  **(1)**

**stationary, fossil­fuel­fired**  **boilers or**  **stationary, fossil­fuel­fired**  **combustion turbines**  **serving**

**generators with**  **nameplate capacity**  **of more**  **than 25**  **MW of**  **electricity and**  **producing that** 

**electricity for**  **sale, and**  **(2) any**  **unit that**  **has a**  **maximum design**  **heat input**  **rate of**  **greater than** 

**250 million**  **Btu/h (40**  **CFR 96.4).**  **d Commercial**  **packaged boilers**  **are smaller**  **than this**  **second**

**limit and**  **are not**  **used for**  **commercial power**  **production. Hence,**  **requirements of**  **the CAIR**  **do**

**not apply**  **to commercial**  **packaged boilers.** 

**The EPA’s**  **New Source**  **Performance Standards**  **(NSPS) limit,**  **among other**  **things, SO**  **2**

**emission from**  **boilers built**  **after a**  **certain date.**  **In particular,**  **40 CFR**  **part 60**  **subpart Dc,** 

**Standards of**  **Performance for**  **Small Industrial­Commercial­Institutional**  **Steam Generating** 

**Units**

**, requires**  **that small**  **industrial­commercial­institutional steam**  **generating units**  **must limit** 

**the allowable**  **sulfur content**  **in fuel**  **oil to**  **0.5 weight**  **percent for**  **any steam­generating**  **unit that** 

**b In**  **2007, the**  **U.S. Supreme**  **Court ruled**  **that the**  **EPA had**  **authority to**  **regulate CO**  **2 emissions.**  **( Massachusetts**  **v.**

**Environmental Protection**  **Agency**

**, 549**  **U.S. 497**  **(2007). EPA**  **does not**  **currently regulate**  **CO 2,**  **but the**  **agency has** 

**been considering**  **introduction of**  **CO 2**  **emissions regulations.** 

**d On**  **July 11,**  **2008, the**  **U.S. Court**  **of Appeals**  **for the**  **District of**  **Columbia Circuit**  **(D.C. Circuit)**  **issued its**  **decision**

**in North**  **Carolina v.**  **Environmental Protection**  **Agency**

**, in**  **which the**  **Court vacated**  **the CAIR**  **rule. 531**  **F.3d 896** 

**(D.C. Cir.**  **2008). However,**  **in a**  **December 23,**  **2008 opinion,**  **the same**  **panel of**  **the D.C.**  **Circuit reinstated**  **the CAIR** 

**rule pending**  **EPA’s compliance**  **with its**  **July 11,**  **2008 ruling.**  **550 F.3d**  **1176 (D.C.**  **Cir. 2008)(**  remand of vacatur **).**

**As such,**  **CAIR’s trading**  **programs and**  **target deadlines**  **remain in**  **place at**  **present; however,**  **the long**  **term prospects** 

**for and**  **shape of**  **those trading**  **programs are**  **unknown.**

**8­4 has**  **a maximum**  **design heat**  **input capacity**  **of 100**  **million British**  **thermal units**  **(Btu) per**  **hour**

**and is**  **constructed, modified,**  **or reconstructed**  **after June**  **9, 1989.**  **(40 CFR**  **60.40c­60.48c) While** 

**commercial packaged**  **boilers that**  **have a**  **maximum design**  **heat input**  **capacity of**  **100 million**  **Btu**

**per hour**  **would be**  **an extremely**  **small subset**  **of all**  **boilers being**  **considered in**  **this rule,**  **some**

**would likely**  **be covered.**  **In addition,**  **the NSPS**  **does help**  **to limit**  **the quantity**  **of SO**  **2 released** 

**into the**  **atmosphere by**  **limiting the**  **market for**  **fuel oils**  **with higher**  **sulfur content.**  **Note, NSPS** 

**defines a**  **steam generating**  **unit to**  **be a**  **device that**  **combusts any**  **fuel and**  **produces steam**  **or**

**heats water**  **or any**  **other heat**  **transfer medium.**  **This term**  **also includes**  **any duct**  **burner that** 

**combusts fuel**  **and is**  **part of**  **a combined**  **cycle system.**  **This term**  **does not**  **include process** 

**heaters. (40**  **CFR 60.40c­60.48c)** 

8.5 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

**Climate change**  **has evolved**  **into a**  **matter of**  **global concern**  **because it**  **is expected**  **to have** 

**widespread adverse**  **effects on**  **natural resources**  **and systems.**  **A growing**  **body of**  **evidence points** 

**to anthropogenic**  **sources of**  **GHGs, such**  **as carbon**  **dioxide (CO**  **2 ),**  **as major**  **contributors to** 

**climate change.**  **Because this**  **rule, if**  **finalized, will**  **likely decrease**  **CO 2**  **emission rates**  **from the** 

**fossil fuel**  **sector in**  **the United**  **States, the**  **Department here**  **examines the**  **impacts and**  **causes of** 

**climate change**  **and then**  **the potential**  **impact of**  **the rule**  **on CO**  **2 emissions**  **and global**  **warming.**

Impacts of Climate Change on the Environment

**Climate is**  **usually defined**  **as the**  **average weather,**  **over a**  **period ranging**  **from months**  **to**

**many years.**  **Climate change**  **refers to**  **a change**  **in the**  **state of**  **the climate,**  **which is**  **identifiable**

**through changes**  **in the**  **mean and/or**  **the variability**  **of its**  **properties (**  e.g.

**, temperature**  **or**

**precipitation) over**  **an extended**  **period, typically**  **decades or**  **longer.**

**The World**  **Meteorological Organization**  **and United**  **Nations Environment**  **Programme**

**(UNEP) established**  **the Intergovernmental**  **Panel on**  **Climate Change**  **(IPCC) to**  **provide an** 

**objective source**  **of information**  **about climate**  **change. According**  **to the**  **IPCC Fourth**  **Assessment**

**Report (IPCC**  **Report), published**  **in 2007,**  **climate change**  **is consistent**  **with observed**  **changes to** 

**the world’s**  **natural systems;**  **the IPCC**  **expects these**  **changes to**  **continue. 2** 

**Changes that**  **are consistent**  **with warming**  **include: (1)**  **warming of**  **the world’s**  **oceans to**  **a**

**depth of**  **3000 meters;**  **(2) global**  **average sea**  **level rise**  **at an**  **average rate**  **of 1.8**  **mm per**  **year**

**from 1961**  **to 2003;**  **(3) loss**  **of annual**  **average Arctic**  **sea ice**  **at a**  **rate of**  **2.7 percent**  **per decade;** 

**(4) changes**  **in wind**  **patterns that**  **affect extra­tropical**  **storm tracks**  **and temperature**  **patterns;**

**(5) increases**  **in intense**  **precipitation in**  **some parts**  **of the**  **world as**  **well as**  **increased drought**  **and**

**more frequent**  **heat waves**  **in many**  **locations worldwide;**  **and (6)**  **numerous ecological**  **changes. 2** 

**Looking forward,**  **the IPCC**  **describes continued**  **global warming**  **of about**  **0.2 °C**  **per**

**decade for**  **the next**  **two decades**  **under a**  **wide range**  **of emission**  **scenarios for**  **CO 2**  **, other**  **GHGs,**

**and aerosols.**  **After that**  **period, the**  **rate of**  **increase is**  **less certain.**  **The IPCC**  **Report describes** 

**cumulative increases**  **in average**  **global temperatures**  **of about**  **1.1 °C**  **to 6.4**  **°C at**  **the end**  **of the** 

**century relative**  **to today.**  **These increases**  **vary depending**  **on the**  **model and**  **emissions scenarios.**  **2**

**The IPCC**  **Report describes**  **incremental impacts**  **associated with**  **the rise**  **in temperature.** 

**At ranges**  **of incremental**  **increases to**  **the global**  **average temperature,**  **IPCC reports,**  **with either** 

**8­5 high**  **or very**  **high confidence,**  **that there**  **is likely**  **to be**  **an increasing**  **degree of**  **impacts (**  e.g.

**, coral** 

**reef bleaching,**  **loss of**  **wildlife habitat,**  **loss to**  **specific ecosystems,**  **and negative**  **yield impacts** 

**for major**  **cereal crops**  **in the**  **tropics), but**  **also projects**  **likely beneficial**  **impacts on**  **crop yields**  **in**

**temperate regions.**  **2**

Causes of Climate Change

**The IPCC**  **Report states**  **that the**  **world has**  **warmed by**  **about 0.74**  **°C in**  **the last**  **100 years.** 

**The IPCC**  **Report finds**  **that most**  **of the**  **temperature increase**  **since the**  **mid­20th century**  **is very** 

**likely due**  **to the**  **increase in**  **anthropogenic concentrations**  **of CO**  **2 and**  **other long­lived**  **GHGs**

**(** e.g.

**, methane**  **and nitrous**  **oxide in**  **the atmosphere)**  **rather than**  **from natural**  **causes. 3** 

**Increasing the**  **CO 2**  **concentration partially**  **blocks the**  **earth’s re­radiation**  **of captured** 

**solar energy**  **in the**  **infrared band,**  **inhibits the**  **radiant cooling**  **of the**  **earth, and**  **thereby alters**  **the**

**energy balance**  **of the**  **planet, which**  **gradually increases**  **its average**  **temperature. The**  **IPCC**

**Report estimates**  **that CO**  **2 currently**  **makes up**  **about 77**  **percent of**  **the total**  **CO 2**  **­equivalent e** 

**global warming**  **potential in**  **GHGs emitted**  **from human**  **activities, with**  **the vast**  **majority**

**(74 percent)**  **of the**  **CO 2**  **attributable to**  **fossil fuel**  **use. For**  **the future,**  **the IPCC**  **Report describes**  **a**

**wide range**  **of GHG**  **emissions scenarios.**  **However, under**  **each scenario,**  **CO 2**  **would continue**  **to**

**comprise above**  **70 percent**  **of the**  **total global**  **warming potential.**  **4**

Stabilization of CO 2 Concentrations

**Unlike many**  **traditional air**  **pollutants, CO**  **2 mixes**  **thoroughly in**  **the entire**  **atmosphere**

**and is**  **long­lived. The**  **residence time**  **of CO**  **2 in**  **the atmosphere**  **is long**  **compared to**  **the emission** 

**processes. Therefore,**  **the global**  **cumulative emissions**  **of CO**  **2 over**  **long periods**  **determine CO**  **2**

**concentrations because**  **it takes**  **hundreds of**  **years for**  **natural processes**  **to remove**  **the CO**  **2**

**. Globally,**  **49 billion**  **metric tons**  **of CO**  **2** – **equivalent, anthropogenic**  **(man­made) GHGs**  **are**

**emitted every**  **year. Of**  **this annual**  **total, fossil**  **fuels contribute**  **about 29**  **billion metric**  **tons of** 

**f, 4**  **CO 2** 

**.**

**Researchers have**  **focused on**  **considering atmospheric**  **CO 2**  **concentrations that**  **likely will** 

**result in**  **some level**  **of global**  **climate stabilization,**  **and the**  **emission rates**  **associated with** 

**achieving the**  **“stabilizing” concentrations**  **by particular**  **dates. They**  **associate these**  **stabilized**

**CO 2**  **concentrations with**  **temperature increases**  **that plateau**  **in a**  **defined range.**  **For example,**  **at**

**the low**  **end, the**  **IPCC Report**  **scenarios target**  **CO 2**  **­stabilized concentrations**  **at a**  **range between** 

**350 ppm**  **and 400**  **ppm (essentially**  **today’s value),**  **because of**  **climate inertia,**  **concentrations in** 

**this low­end**  **range would**  **still result**  **in temperatures**  **projected to**  **increase 2.0**  **°C to**  **2.4 °C**  **above**

**pre­industrial levels**  **g (about**  **1.3 oC**  **to 1.7**  **oC above**  **today’s levels).**  **To achieve**  **concentrations**

**between 350**  **ppm to**  **400 ppm,**  **the IPCC**  **scenarios present**  **that there**  **would have**  **to be**  **a rapid** 

**e GHGs**  **differ in**  **their warming**  **influence (radiative**  **forcing) on**  **a global**  **climate system**  **due to**  **their different** 

**radiative properties**  **and lifetimes**  **in the**  **atmosphere. These**  **warming influences**  **may be**  **expressed through**  **a common** 

**metric based**  **on the**  **radiative forcing**  **of CO**  **2 (**  i.e.

**, CO**  **2 ­equivalent).**  **CO 2**  **equivalent emission**  **is the**  **amount of**  **CO 2** 

**emission that**  **would cause**  **the same­time**  **integrated radiative**  **forcing, over**  **a given**  **time horizon,**  **as an**  **emitted**

**amount of**  **other long­lived**  **GHG or**  **mixture of**  **GHGs.**

**f Other**  **non­fossil­fuel contributors**  **include CO**  **2 emissions**  **from deforestation**  **and decay**  **from agriculture**  **biomass,**

**agricultural and**  **industrial emissions**  **of methane,**  **and emissions**  **of nitrous**  **oxide and**  **fluorocarbons.**

**g IPCC**  **Working Group**  **3, Table**  **TS 2.** 

**8­6 downward**  **trend in**  **total annual**  **global emissions**  **of GHGs**  **to levels**  **that are**  **50 percent**  **to**

**85 percent**  **below today’s**  **annual emission**  **rates by**  **no later**  **than 2050.**  **Since it**  **is assumed**  **that**

**there would**  **continue to**  **be growth**  **in global**  **populations and**  **substantial increases**  **in economic** 

**production, the**  **scenarios identify**  **required reductions**  **in GHG**  **emissions intensity**  **(emissions per** 

**unit of**  **output) of**  **more than**  **90 percent.**  **However, even**  **at these**  **rates, the**  **scenarios describe** 

**some warming,**  **and some**  **climate change**  **is projected**  **due to**  **already accumulated**  **CO 2**  **and**

**GHGs in**  **the atmosphere.**  **4**

**As computed**  **for the**  AEO 2008 **reference case**  **h**

**, the**  **cumulative U.S.**  **energy­related CO**  **2**

**emissions between**  **2012 and**  **2042 are**  **described at**  **about 209**  **billion metric**  **tons.**

8.6 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR AIR QUALITY

**To analyze**  **the effect**  **of proposed**  **efficiency standards**  **on air**  **resources, DOE**  **used**

**accepted EPA**  **emission coefficients.**  **In DOE**  **rules related**  **to electrically**  **fueled appliances**  **and**

**equipment, typically**  **a modified**  **version of**  **the National**  **Energy Modeling**  **System (NEMS),** 

**called NEMS­BT**  **(“BT” stands**  **for Building**  **Technologies), is**  **used to**  **determine the**  **emissions**

**that are**  **a result**  **of proposed**  **energy efficiency**  **standards. For**  **the EA,**  **the output**  **is the**  **forecasted**

**physical emissions.**  **The NEMS­BT**  **tracks CO**  **2 and**  **NO**

**x emissions**  **using a**  **detailed module**  **that**

**provides broad**  **coverage of**  **all sectors**  **and includes**  **interactive effects.**  **However, NEMS­BT** 

**does not**  **consider commercial**  **emissions of**  **NO**

**x and**  **SO 2**  **from the**  **combustion of**  **natural gas**  **and**

**heating fuel**  **oil. Because**  **an efficiency**  **standard could**  **result in**  **changes in**  **these emissions,**  **DOE**

**performed a**  **limited literature**  **search to**  **determine appropriate**  **emissions factors**  **for CO**  **2 ,**  **NO**

**x ,**  **and SO**  **2 from**  **commercial appliances.**  **Specifically, this**  **work focuses**  **on establishing**  **emissions**

**coefficients appropriate**  **to commercial**  **packaged boilers**  **for use**  **in calculating**  **emissions impacts** 

**from proposed**  **efficiency standards.** 

**The review**  **attempts to**  **confirm that**  **the emissions**  **factors available**  **from the**  **EPA for** 

**CO 2**  **, NO** 

**x ,**  **and SO**  **2 from**  **natural gas**  **and external**  **combustion of**  **#2 fuel**  **oil (**  e.g.

**, in**  **boilers,**

**furnaces) for**  **commercial boilers**  **are representative**  **of the**  **United States.**  **6 The**  **EPA cautions** 

**against the**  **use of**  **these emissions**  **factors as**  **representative of**  **actual emissions.**  **Rather, they**  **are**

**to be**  **used, and**  **are used**  **here, as**  **general approximations**  **of national**  **average emissions**  **factors in** 

**order to**  **calculate emissions**  **impacts that**  **result from**  **activities such**  **as proposed**  **commercial**

**packaged boiler**  **energy efficiency**  **standards.**

**For each**  **efficiency level,**  **DOE calculated**  **the emissions**  **based on**  **the annual**  **fuel**

**consumption for**  **the different**  **classes of**  **commercial boilers**  **and furnaces.**  **The EA**  **considers**

**impacts from**  **two pollutants**  **that are**  **listed under**  **the Clean**  **Air Act**  **(NO**

**x and**  **SO 2**  **) and**  **are**

**regulated under**  **National Ambient**  **Air Quality**  **Standards (NAAQS).**  **It also**  **considers the**  **impacts**

**of CO**  **2**

**. An**  **air pollutant**  **is any**  **substance in**  **the air**  **that can**  **cause harm**  **to humans**  **or the** 

**environment; the**  **NAAQS regulates**  **emissions of**  **certain air**  **pollutants. Pollutants**  **may be**  **natural**

**or man­made**  **and may**  **take the**  **form of**  **solid particles,**  **liquid droplets,**  **or gases.**  **Table 8.6.1** 

**summarizes the**  **emissions factor**  **estimates for**  **the two**  **fuels of**  **interest. The**  **values presented** 

**here are**  **based on**  **the EPA’s**  **assessment of**  **combustion emissions.**  **These emissions**  **estimates**

**represent an**  **approximate emissions**  **factor for**  **the United**  **States as**  **a whole.**  **They are**  **used,**

**h See**  **www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo08/index.html**

**.**

**8­7 together**  **with estimated**  **energy savings,**  **to calculate**  **end­use site**  **emissions impacts.**  **The**

**emissions factors**  **discussed in**  **this analysis**  **are represented**  **as mass**  **(kg) of**  **the specific**  **emission**

**of interest**  **per million**  **Btu of**  **energy input**  **to the**  **commercial packaged**  **boiler.**

Table 8.6.1 **Estimated National**  **Average Emissions**  **Factors for**  **Commercial Fuel**  **Combustion**

**of Natural**  **Gas and**  **Fuel Oil**  **#2**

**CO 2**  **(kg/million Btu)**  **NO**

**x (kg/million**  **Btu) SO**  **2 (kg/million**  **Btu)**

**Natural Gas**  **53.353 0.084**  **0.000**

**Fuel Oil**  **#2 72.756**  **0.082 0.256** 

8.6.1 Carbon Dioxide

**The CO**  **2 estimates**  **in Table**  **8.6.1 are**  **based on**  **EPA’s assessment**  **of CO**  **2 combustion**  **from**

**natural gas**  **and fuel**  **oil #2**  **use. Other**  **sources of**  **information include**  **DOE’s Energy**  **Information**

**Administration (EIA)**  **and the**  **Canada’s Environment**  **Canada agency.**  **7, 8**  **All agree**  **to within**  **± 2.0** 

**percent of**  **EPA’s assessed**  **estimate of**  **CO 2**  **emissions. EPA’s**  **CO 2**  **emissions factors**  **for natural** 

**gas and**  **fuel oil**  **#2 combustion**  **are, therefore,**  **a reasonable**  **evaluation of**  **averaged CO**  **2 emissions** 

**rates. In**  **the case**  **of both**  **fuels, the**  **estimated CO**  **2 emission**  **rates assume**  **99 percent**  **(or higher)** 

**conversion of**  **fuel carbon**  **content to**  **CO 2** 

**.**

The Beneficial Impact of the Rule on **CO 2**  Emissions

**If finalized,**  **it is**  **anticipated that**  **the rule**  **will reduce**  **energy­related emissions,** 

**particularly those**  **associated with**  **energy consumption**  **in buildings.,**  **The EIA**  **reports in**  **its 2008** 

Annual Energy Outlook **(** AEO 2008 **) that**  **U.S. annual**  **energy­related emissions**  **of CO**  **2 in**  **2005**

**were about**  **5.98 billion**  **metric tons**  **(about 20**  **percent of**  **the world**  **energy­related CO**  **2 emissions** 

**and about**  **12 percent**  **of total**  **global GHG**  **emissions), of**  **which 2.32**  **billion tons**  **were attributed** 

**to residential**  **and commercial**  **buildings sector**  **(including related**  **energy–using equipment,**  **such**

**as commercial**  **packaged boilers).**  **Most of**  **the GHG**  **emissions attributed**  **to residential**  **and**

**commercial buildings**  **are emitted**  **from fossil**  **fuel­fired power**  **plants that**  **generate electricity** 

**used in**  **this sector,**  **although some**  **emissions are**  **the results**  **of direct**  **combustion equipment**  **such**

**as commercial**  **boilers. In**  **the** AEO 2008 **reference case,**  **EIA projected**  **that annual**  **energy­related**

**CO 2**  **emissions would**  **grow from**  **6.0 billion**  **metric tons**  **in 2005**  **to 6.85**  **billion metric**  **tons in** 

**2030, an**  **increase of**  **14.5 percent,**  **while emissions**  **attributable to**  **buildings would**  **grow to**  **2.92**

**billion tons,**  **an increase**  **of 26.1**  **percent.**

8.6.2 Nitrogen Oxides

**The NO** 

**x estimates**  **in Table**  **8.6.1 are**  **based on**  **EPA’s assessment**  **of NO** 

**x combustion** 

**from natural**  **gas and**  **fuel oil**  **#2 use.**  **NO**

**x emissions**  **from natural**  **gas combustion**  **were**

**specifically collected**  **for large**  **scale (>100**  **million Btu/hr**  **of heat**  **input) combustor**  **types. In**  **the**

**case of**  **fuel oil,**  **NO**

**x formation**  **in combustion**  **processes is**  **significantly more**  **complex than**  **the**

**formation of**  **SO 2**  **or CO**  **2**

**. NO** 

**x can**  **result from**  **oxidization of**  **N 2.**  **Fuel is**  **one source**  **of N**  **2 ,**  **but**

**the larger**  **source is**  **N 2**  **is through**  **the combustion­air**  **intake. This**  **process is**  **sensitive to** 

**combustion chemistry,**  **and therefore,**  **quite variable.**  **It also**  **implies that**  **appliance design**  **can**

**lower NO** 

**x emissions.**  **NO**

**x is**  **both an**  **acid precipitation**  **and ozone**  **(O 3**  **) precursor,**  **but because** 

**commercial appliances**  **are a**  **relatively small**  **and dispersed**  **(** i.e.

**, hard**  **to monitor)**  **source,**

**8­8 regulation**  **of these**  **emissions tends**  **to play**  **a small**  **role in**  **government or**  **private sector** 

**orchestrated NO** 

**x control**  **strategies. The**  **O 3**  **hazards of**  **NO**

**x emissions**  **are highly**  **variable both** 

**spatially and**  **over time,**  **as weather**  **conditions favor**  **or disfavor**  **O 3**  **formation. Local**  **NO**

**x emissions**  **rules and**  **State Implementation**  **Plans will**  **control NO** 

**x to**  **different degrees**  **in different** 

**jurisdictions. In**  **fact, sources**  **of NO** 

**x in**  **certain States**  **are subject**  **to the**  **Clean Air**  **Interstate Rule,** 

**which gives**  **States the**  **option to**  **participate in**  **a trading**  **scheme.**

8.6.3 Sulfur Dioxide

**Sulfur dioxide**  **emissions from**  **natural gas**  **combustion are**  **assumed to**  **be zero.**  **In the**  **case**

**of fuel**  **oil, emissions**  **of SO**  **2 are**  **a direct**  **function of**  **the sulfur**  **content of**  **the fuel.**  **Individual**

**State and**  **local regulations**  **limiting the**  **amount of**  **sulfur in**  **fuel oil,**  **however, reveal**  **substantial**

**variability in**  **SO 2**  **emissions factors.**  **A literature**  **survey suggested**  **that an**  **assumed 0.5**  **percent**

**sulfur content**  **by weight**  **resulted in**  **a conservative**  **and representative**  **estimate for**  **the national** 

**average sulfur**  **content for**  **fuel oil.**  **In addition,**  **this 0.5**  **percent sulfur**  **content by**  **weight quantity** 

**was also**  **referenced in**  **the requirements**  **of EPA’s**  **New Source**  **Performance Standards.**  **(40 CFR** 

**60.40c­60.48c). 5**  **A straight**  **multiplication of**  **the fuel**  **energy content**  **and the**  **percentage of**  **sulfur**

**content in**  **the fuel**  **provides the**  **emissions factor**  **as per**  **the EPA’s**  **Compilation of**  **Air Pollutant** 

**Emission Factors**  **(AP­42) guidelines.**  **6 Other**  **references provided**  **similar figures**  **for emission** 

**7,8 factors.** 

8.7 EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS

**This EA**  **examines the**  **environmental impact**  **that standards**  **would have**  **based upon**  **the**

**efficiency levels**  **shown in**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **90.1­2007, and**  **up to**  **four higher**  **efficiency levels.** 

**Generally, in**  **reporting the**  **impacts (including**  **the environmental**  **impacts) of**  **setting standards,** 

**DOE compares**  **the proposed**  **standards against**  **a no**  **action alternative.**  **Each efficiency**  **level**

**examined is**  **considered an**  **alternative action**  **whose costs**  **and benefits**  **are compared**  **with the**  **no**

**action alternative.**  **In the**  **case of**  **commercial packaged**  **boilers, however,**  **DOE is**  **required by**  **law**

**to set**  **standards at**  **the levels**  **indicated by**  **a revised**  **version of**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **90.1 unless**  **it**

**can show**  **by clear**  **and convincing**  **evidence that**  **more stringent**  **efficiency standards**  **are**

**technologically feasible**  **and economically**  **justified and**  **would result**  **in significant**  **additional**

**energy savings.**  **(42 U.S.C.**  **6313(a)(6)(A)(ii)) For**  **this reason,**  **DOE is**  **legally bound**  **to adopt** 

**efficiency levels**  **that meet**  **or exceed**  **those shown**  **in ASHRAE**  **Standard 90.1­2007.** 

**However, for**  **this EA,**  **DOE has**  **chosen to**  **report impacts**  **in two**  **ways. In**  **examining the** 

**environmental impact**  **for DOE**  **to adopt**  **standards equivalent**  **to the**  **requirements in**  **ASHRAE**

**Standard 90.1­2007,**  **DOE has**  **determined that**  **it will**  **analyze and**  **report these**  **impacts against**  **a**

**no­new­standard scenario**  **(** i.e.

**, a**  **“no action”**  **scenario). Under**  **this scenario,**  **DOE assumed**  **a**

**base case**  **in which**  **future shipments**  **in this**  **no­new­standard scenario**  **reflect that**  **of the**  **current**

**market. In**  **reporting the**  **impacts of**  **DOE’s adoption**  **of efficiency**  **levels higher**  **than ASHRAE** 

**Standard 90.1­2007**  **(** i.e.

**, efficiency**  **levels 1,**  **2, 3,**  **and 4),**  **DOE has**  **determined that**  **the**

**environmental impacts**  **should be**  **provided as**  **possible impacts**  **over a**  **separate base**  **case that** 

**assumes a**  **standard set**  **at the**  **minimum that**  **DOE can**  **legally adopt**  **(** i.e.

**, ASHRAE**  **Standard**

**90.1­2007 efficiency**  **levels).**

**8­9 Table**  **8.7.1 shows**  **the cumulative**  **emissions impacts**  **between the**  **no­new­standard base** 

**case (also**  **referred to**  **here as**  **the market**  **baseline) and**  **adopting the**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **90.1­**

**2007 efficiency**  **levels over**  **the time**  **range of**  **2012 to**  **2042. In**  **general, the**  **cumulative impact**  **(in**

**terms of**  **emissions reductions)**  **over the**  **market base**  **case is**  **relatively small.**  **Nevertheless, all** 

**equipment classes**  **exhibit emission**  **savings with**  **the exception**  **of large,**  **gas­fired, hot**  **water**

**equipment and**  **large, oil­fired,**  **steam equipment**  **since essentially**  **all equipment**  **sold today**  **meets**

**the ASHRAE**  **level. In**  **addition, no**  **natural gas**  **consuming equipment**  **shows SO**  **2 savings**  **since**

**natural gas**  **has small**  **and essentially**  **negligible quantities**  **of sulfur.** 

Table 8.7.1 Summary of Cumulative National Emissions Impact for Commercial Boilers

from 2012 to 2042 for Adopting ASHRAE Standard 90.1­2007 over the Market Baseline

Equipment Class Cumulative National Emissions

Impact from 2012 to 2042

**CO 2**  **(metric kilotons)**  **NO**

**x (short**  **tons) SO**  **2 (short**  **tons)**

**Small, Gas­fired,**  **Hot Water** 

**Small, Gas­fired,**  **Steam, All**  **Except Natural**  **Draft**

**Small, Gas­fired,**  **Steam, Natural**  **Draft**

**Small, Oil­fired,**  **Hot Water** 

**Small, Oil­fired,**  **Steam**

**Large, Gas­fired,**  **Hot Water** 

**Large, Gas­fired,**  **Steam, All**  **Except Natural**  **Draft**

**Large, Gas­fired,**  **Steam, Natural**  **Draft**

**Large, Oil­fired,**  **Hot Water** 

**Large, Oil­fired,**  **Steam (674)**  **(1,177) 0** 

**(31) (54)**  **0**

**(1,937) (3,382)**  **0**

**(677) (837)**  **(2,628)**

**(327) (404)**  **(1,267)**

**(296) (516)**  **0**

**(177) (308)**  **0**

**(1,525) (2,662)**  **0**

**0 0**  **0**

**0 0**  **0**

***Negative values,**  **shown in**  **parentheses, indicate**  **emissions reductions**  **compared with**  **the base**  **case**

**Table 8.7.2**  **shows the**  **cumulative emissions**  **impacts for**  **selecting standards**  **higher than** 

**the ASHRAE**  **Standard 90.1­2007**  **efficiency levels**  **over the**  **time range**  **of 2012**  **to 2042.**  **With**

**the exception**  **of a**  **few equipment**  **classes at**  **efficiency level**  **1, all**  **equipment classes**  **exhibit**

**greater cumulative**  **emission savings**  **when going**  **beyond the**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **90.1­2007 level.** 

**Table 8.7.3**  **shows the**  **annual emission**  **impact for**  **selecting the**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **90.1­**

**2007 over**  **the market**  **baseline over**  **the time**  **range 2012**  **to 2042**  **for selected**  **years. Lastly,** 

**Table 8.7.4**  **to Table**  **8.7.7 show**  **the annual**  **emission impact**  **for selecting**  **higher energy** 

**efficiency levels**  **above the**  **ASHRAE Standard**  **90.1­2007 levels**  **over the**  **time range**  **2012 to** 

**2042.**

**8­10**Table8.7.2SummaryofCumulativeNationalEmissionsImpactforCommercialBoilersfrom2012to2042forAdoptionofAnalyzedHigherStandardsovertheASHRAEStandard90.1­2007Levels

**8­ 11** CumulativeNationalEmissionsImpactfrom2012to2042*,**EfficiencyLevel1EfficiencyLevel2EfficiencyLevel3EfficiencyLevel4CO2NOxSO2CO2NOxSO2CO2NOxSO2CO2NOxSO2(metric(short(short(metric(short(short(metric(short(short(metric(short(shortEquipmentClasskilotons)tons)tons)kilotons)tons)tons)kilotons)tons)tons)kilotons)tons)tons)**Small, Gas­fired,** **(1,226.76) (2,141.09)** **0.00 (4,038.54)** **(7,048.56) 0.00** **(7,858.32) (13,715.33)** **0.00 (11,879.82)** **(20,734.15) 0.00** **Hot Water** **Small, Gas­fired,** **Steam, All** **Except 3.55** **6.19 0.00** **(797.49) (1,391.87)** **0.00 (1,665.55)** **(2,906.92) 0.00** **(2,540.67) (4,434.29)** **0.00 natural** **Draft Small,** **Gas­fired, 331.90** **579.28 0.00** **(879.08) (1,534.29)** **0.00 (2,354.60)** **(4,109.54) 0.00** **na na** **na Steam,** **Natural Draft** **Small, Oil­fired,** **Hot (1,170.76)** **(1,446.79) (4,542.92)** **(2,595.67) (3,207.67)** **(10,072.08) (4,341.53)** **(5,365.15) (16,846.59)** **na na** **na Water** **Small, Oil­fired,** **(703.69) (869.60)** **(2,730.54) (2,026.48)** **(2,504.27) (7,863.40)** **(5,189.36) (6,412.88)** **(20,136.43) na** **na na** **Steam Large,** **Gas­fired, (799.40)** **(1,395.21) 0.00** **(2,081.94) (3,633.66)** **0.00 (3,425.35)** **(5,978.35) 0.00** **(9,865.63) (17,218.73)** **0.00 Hot** **Water Large,** **Gas­fired, Steam,** **All Except** **(1,217.11) (2,124.26)** **0.00 (3,533.34)** **(6,166.83) 0.00** **(5,888.71) (10,277.71)** **0.00 (8,280.64)** **(14,452.42) 0.00** **Natural Draft** **Large, Gas­fired,** **1,226.11 2,139.97** **0.00 (205.75)** **(359.10) 0.00** **(2,054.11) (3,585.09)** **0.00 (4,240.40)** **(7,400.87) 0.00** **Steam, Natural** **Draft Large,** **Oil­fired, Hot** **(1,032.15) (1,275.50)** **(4,005.07) (1,820.42)** **(2,249.63) (7,063.85)** **(2,590.37) (3,201.11)** **(10,051.49) na** **na na** **Water Large,** **Oil­fired, (3,006.77)** **(3,715.69) (11,667.26)** **(8,109.93) (10,022.04)** **(31,469.21) (15,167.27)** **(18,743.33) (58,854.05)** **(31,353.78) (38,746.21)** **(121,663.10) Steam** ***Negative values,** **shown in** **parentheses, indicate** **emissions savings** **over the** **base case** ****na indicates** **that the** **equipment class** **did not** **have an** **Efficiency Level** **4**Table8.7.3SummaryofNationalEmissionsImpactforCommercialBoilersfrom2012to2042forAdoptingASHRAEStandard90.1­2007overtheMarketBaseline

**8­ 12** EmissionImpactforAdoptingASHRAEStandard90.1­2007OvertheMarketBaseline*2015202020252030203520402042Small,Gas­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** **(4.71) (10.95)** **(17.60) (24.87)** **(33.23) (43.08)** **(47.48) (8.22)** **(19.11) (30.71)** **(43.40) (57.99)** **(75.19) (82.86)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00**Small,Gas­fired,Steam,AllExceptnaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Gas­fired,Steam,NaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Oil­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Oil­fired,Steam**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,Steam,AllExceptNaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,Steam,NaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Oil­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Oil­fired,Steam**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** **(0.50) (0.87)** **0.00 (6.28)** **(10.96) 0.00** **(4.73) (5.85)** **(18.36) (2.28)** **(2.82) (8.85)** **(2.07) (3.61)** **0.00 (1.23)** **(2.15) 0.00** **(0.58) (1.02)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 (0.80)** **(0.80) (1.13)** **(1.51) (1.96)** **(1.40) (1.40)** **(1.98) (2.64)** **(3.43) 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(11.60) (37.24)** **(70.26) (108.28)** **(153.07) (20.25)** **(64.99) (122.63)** **(188.98) (267.16)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 (11.00)** **(17.67) (24.97)** **(33.36) (43.26)** **(13.59) (21.84)** **(30.86) (41.23)** **(53.45) (42.67)** **(68.57) (96.89)** **(129.46) (167.85)** **(5.30) (8.52)** **(12.04) (16.09)** **(20.86) (6.55)** **(10.53) (14.88)** **(19.88) (25.78)** **(20.58) (33.07)** **(46.73) (62.43)** **(80.95) (4.80)** **(7.72) (10.91)** **(14.57) (18.89)** **(8.38) (13.47)** **(19.03) (25.43)** **(32.97) 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(2.87) (4.61)** **(6.51) (8.71)** **(11.29) (5.01)** **(8.05) (11.37)** **(15.19) (19.70)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.02** **(23.29) (55.04)** **(91.14) (133.03)** **0.03 (40.64)** **(96.07) (159.07)** **(232.17) 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(2.16) (3.78)** **0.00 (173.06)** **(302.05) 0.00** **(47.67) (58.91)** **(184.99) (22.99)** **(28.41) (89.21)** **(20.82) (36.34)** **0.00 (12.44)** **(21.71) 0.00** **(151.55) (264.50)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.00**Table8.7.4SummaryofNationalEmissionsImpactforCommercialBoilersfrom2012to2042forAdoptingLevel1overASHRAEStandard90.1­2007

**8­ 13** EmissionImpactforAdoptingLevel1OverASHRAEStandard90.1­2007*2015202020252030203520402042Small,Gas­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Gas­fired,Steam,AllExceptNaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Gas­fired,Steam,NaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Oil­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Oil­fired,Steam**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,Steam,AllExceptNaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,Steam,NaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Oil­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Oil­fired,Steam**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** **(2.60) (4.54)** **0.00 0.12** **0.20 0.00** **(3.81) (6.65)** **0.00 (2.37)** **(2.93) (9.21)** **(1.69) (2.09)** **(6.57) (2.17)** **(3.80) 0.00** **(4.22) (7.37)** **0.00 (1.19)** **(2.07) 0.00** **(4.08) (5.04)** **(15.83) (11.88)** **(14.68) (46.11)** **(16.08) (28.07)** **0.00 0.12** **0.20 0.00** **(12.89) (22.50)** **0.00 (15.28)** **(18.88) (59.27)** **(9.35) (11.56)** **(36.29) (10.79)** **(18.83) 0.00** **(17.01) (29.69)** **0.00 (6.64)** **(11.59) 0.00** **(14.75) (18.22)** **(57.21) (42.95)** **(53.08) (166.67)** **(30.45) (46.17)** **(64.26) (85.57)** **(53.14) (80.58)** **(112.15) (149.35)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **0.12 0.12** **0.12 0.12** **0.20 0.20** **0.20 0.20** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(4.52) 10.09** **26.94 46.78** **(7.89) 17.62** **47.02 81.65** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(29.03) (44.08)** **(61.39) (81.80)** **(35.87) (54.47)** **(75.87) (101.08)** **(112.63) (171.04)** **(238.23) (317.41)** **(17.52) (26.45)** **(36.73) (48.84)** **(21.65) (32.69)** **(45.39) (60.36)** **(67.97) (102.64)** **(142.52) (189.52)** **(19.96) (30.01)** **(41.57) (55.18)** **(34.84) (52.38)** **(72.55) (96.31)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(30.64) (45.55)** **(62.70) (82.92)** **(53.47) (79.50)** **(109.44) (144.72)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **13.79 43.19** **77.04 116.92** **24.07 75.37** **134.45 204.06** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(26.11) (38.55)** **(52.85) (69.71)** **(32.27) (47.64)** **(65.32) (86.15)** **(101.32) (149.58)** **(205.09) (270.51)** **(76.06) (112.30)** **(153.97) (203.08)** **(94.00) (138.77)** **(190.27) (250.96)** **(295.15) (435.75)** **(597.45) (788.02)** **(95.09) (165.96)** **0.00 0.12** **0.20 0.00** **55.63 97.10** **0.00 (90.91)** **(112.34) (352.75)** **(54.25) (67.04)** **(210.51) (61.26)** **(106.92) 0.00** **(91.94) (160.47)** **0.00 134.71** **235.12 0.00** **(77.24) (95.45)** **(299.71) (225.01)** **(278.06) (873.11)** Table8.7.5SummaryofNationalEmissionsImpactforCommercialBoilersfrom2012to2042forAdoptingLevel2overASHRAEStandard90.1­2007

**8­ 14** EmissionImpactforAdoptingLevel2OverASHRAEStandard90.1­20072015202020252030203520402042Small,Gas­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Gas­fired,Steam,AllExceptnaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Gas­fired,Steam,NaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Oil­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Oil­fired,Steam**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,Steam,AllExceptNaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,Steam,NaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Oil­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Oil­fired,Steam**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** **(13.72) (23.94)** **0.00 (11.33)** **(19.77) 0.00** **(11.04) (19.26)** **0.00 (8.00)** **(9.89) (31.06)** **(6.92) (8.55)** **(26.86) (7.24)** **(12.64) 0.00** **(13.38) (23.34)** **0.00 (7.04)** **(12.28) 0.00** **(7.19) (8.89)** **(27.92) (32.05)** **(39.61) (124.37)** **(56.25) (98.17)** **0.00 (20.15)** **(35.16) 0.00** **(30.19) (52.70)** **0.00 (35.63)** **(44.03) (138.26)** **(28.25) (34.91)** **(109.62) (29.11)** **(50.80) 0.00** **(50.10) (87.44)** **0.00 (27.85)** **(48.61) 0.00** **(26.01) (32.14)** **(100.91) (115.86)** **(143.17) (449.56)** **(101.58) (151.18)** **(208.24) (275.48)** **(177.28) (263.86)** **(363.45) (480.80)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(20.15) (29.80)** **(40.90) (53.99)** **(35.16) (52.01)** **(71.39) (94.22)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(35.16) (35.14)** **(35.07) (35.01)** **(61.36) (61.32)** **(61.21) (61.10)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(65.07) (97.30)** **(134.36) (178.04)** **(80.41) (120.24)** **(166.04) (220.02)** **(252.50) (377.54)** **(521.36) (690.85)** **(50.98) (75.86)** **(104.47) (138.19)** **(63.00) (93.74)** **(129.10) (170.76)** **(197.81) (294.34)** **(405.37) (536.20)** **(52.41) (77.91)** **(107.24) (141.81)** **(91.47) (135.98)** **(187.17) (247.50)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(89.23) (132.06)** **(181.31) (239.36)** **(155.73) (230.48)** **(316.45) (417.75)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(23.84) (11.88)** **3.56 24.03** **(41.60) (20.73)** **6.22 41.94** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(46.05) (67.99)** **(93.22) (122.95)** **(56.91) (84.02)** **(115.20) (151.94)** **(178.69) (263.82)** **(361.72) (477.10)** **(205.16) (302.89)** **(415.30) (547.76)** **(253.53) (374.30)** **(513.21) (676.90)** **(796.07) (1,175.30)** **(1,611.47) (2,125.46)** **(305.50) (533.20)** **0.00 (59.83)** **(104.42) 0.00** **(34.99) (61.07)** **0.00 (197.54)** **(244.12) (766.52)** **(153.24) (189.37)** **(594.62) (157.24)** **(274.43) 0.00** **(265.28) (462.99)** **0.00 33.73** **58.86 0.00** **(136.23) (168.35)** **(528.61) (606.90)** **(749.99) (2,354.96)** Table8.7.6SummaryofNationalEmissionsImpactforCommercialBoilersfrom2012to2042forAdoptingLevel3overASHRAEStandard90.1­2007

**8­ 15** EmissionImpactforAdoptingLevel3OverASHRAEStandard90.1­20072015202020252030203520402042Small,Gas­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Gas­fired,Steam,AllExceptnaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Gas­fired,Steam,NaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Oil­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Oil­fired,Steam**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,Steam,AllExceptNaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,Steam,NaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Oil­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Oil­fired,Steam**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** **(28.81) (50.29)** **0.00 (23.73)** **(41.41) 0.00** **(19.84) (34.63)** **0.00 (14.90)** **(18.42) (57.83)** **(19.42) (24.00)** **(75.36) (12.55)** **(21.91) 0.00** **(22.68) (39.59)** **0.00 (14.58)** **(25.45) 0.00** **(10.24) (12.65)** **(39.72) (59.94)** **(74.07) (232.59)** **(110.82) (193.41)** **0.00 (42.11)** **(73.49) 0.00** **(51.27) (89.48)** **0.00 (60.57)** **(74.85) (235.04)** **(73.43) (90.75)** **(284.95) (48.30)** **(84.30) 0.00** **(83.75) (146.16)** **0.00 (55.24)** **(96.40) 0.00** **(37.01) (45.73)** **(143.59) (216.68)** **(267.76) (840.77)** **(198.20) (293.85)** **(403.85) (533.48)** **(345.93) (512.85)** **(704.84) (931.08)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(42.11) (62.22)** **(85.36) (112.62)** **(73.49) (108.59)** **(148.97) (196.55)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(72.48) (90.24)** **(110.63) (134.67)** **(126.51) (157.50)** **(193.09) (235.03)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(109.24) (162.50)** **(223.76) (295.96)** **(134.99) (200.81)** **(276.52) (365.73)** **(423.87) (630.55)** **(868.27) (1,148.41)** **(130.99) (193.98)** **(266.43) (351.81)** **(161.87) (239.72)** **(329.25) (434.76)** **(508.28) (752.71)** **(1,033.84) (1,365.13)** **(86.39) (128.08)** **(176.04) (232.54)** **(150.78) (223.55)** **(307.24) (405.86)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(148.81) (220.02)** **(301.93) (398.44)** **(259.73) (384.01)** **(526.96) (695.41)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(72.41) (82.96)** **(91.28) (95.89)** **(126.38) (144.79)** **(159.32) (167.35)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(65.53) (96.75)** **(132.65) (174.96)** **(80.98) (119.55)** **(163.92) (216.21)** **(254.27) (375.40)** **(514.71) (678.89)** **(383.69) (566.47)** **(776.69) (1,024.42)** **(474.15) (700.02)** **(959.80) (1,265.94)** **(1,488.83) (2,198.07)** **(3,013.79) (3,975.06)** **(591.36) (1,032.10)** **0.00 (124.79)** **(217.80) 0.00** **(145.41) (253.79)** **0.00 (328.19)** **(405.57) (1,273.48)** **(389.93) (481.86)** **(1,513.05) (257.77)** **(449.89) 0.00** **(441.54) (770.62)** **0.00 (96.63)** **(168.66) 0.00** **(193.85) (239.55)** **(752.19) (1,135.04)** **(1,402.63) (4,404.27)** Table8.7.7SummaryofNationalEmissionsImpactforCommercialBoilersfrom2012to2042forAdoptingLevel4overASHRAEStandard90.1­2007

**8­ 16** EmissionImpactforAdoptingLevel4OverASHRAEStandard90.1­2007*2015202020252030203520402042Small,Gas­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Gas­fired,Steam,AllExceptnaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Gas­fired,Steam,NaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Oil­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Small,Oil­fired,Steam**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,Steam,AllExceptNaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Gas­fired,Steam,NaturalDraft**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Oil­fired,HotWater**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** Large,Oil­fired,Steam**CO 2** **(metric kilotons/year)** **NO x** **(short tons/year)** **SO 2** **(short tons/year)** **(44.70) (78.02)** **0.00 (36.23)** **(63.23) 0.00** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na (38.00)** **(66.33) 0.00** **(32.14) (56.09)** **0.00 (23.51)** **(41.04) 0.00** **na na** **na (123.91)** **(153.13) (480.81)** **(168.27) (293.68)** **0.00 (64.24)** **(112.13) 0.00** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na (140.30)** **(244.88) 0.00** **(117.92) (205.80)** **0.00 (87.62)** **(152.93) 0.00** **na na** **na (447.91)** **(553.51) (1,738.03)** **(299.94) (444.04)** **(609.78) (805.10)** **(523.48) (774.99)** **(1,064.26) (1,405.14)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(64.24) (94.91)** **(130.17) (171.72)** **(112.13) (165.64)** **(227.18) (299.71)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **(249.31) (368.62)** **(505.83) (667.53)** **(435.13) (643.35)** **(882.83) (1,165.05)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(209.32) (309.36)** **(424.41) (560.00)** **(365.33) (539.93)** **(740.73) (977.37)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **(129.86) (167.04)** **(203.47) (237.72)** **(226.65) (291.53)** **(355.12) (414.90)** **0.00 0.00** **0.00 0.00** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **(793.16) (1,171.00)** **(1,605.57) (2,117.69)** **(980.16) (1,447.08)** **(1,984.11) (2,616.96)** **(3,077.70) (4,543.84)** **(6,230.10) (8,217.24)** **(892.30) (1,557.34)** **0.00 (190.28)** **(332.10) 0.00** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na na** **na (739.73)** **(1,291.06) 0.00** **(620.54) (1,083.03)** **0.00 (250.83)** **(437.78) 0.00** **na na** **na (2,346.35)** **(2,899.53) (9,104.51)** **“na” indicates** **that the** **technology did** **not have** **an energy** **efficiency level** **4.**8.8 EFFECTS ON UPSTREAM FUEL­CYCLE EMISSIONS

**Fuel­cycle emissions**  **often refer**  **to the**  **emissions associated**  **with the**  **amount of**  **energy**

**used in**  **the upstream**  **production and**  **downstream consumption**  **of electricity,**  **including energy** 

**used at**  **the power**  **plant. However,**  **there are**  **additional energy**  **costs associated**  **with the** 

**extraction, refining,**  **and transport**  **of fuel**  **oil and**  **the extraction,**  **physical preparatory**  **and**

**cleaning processes,**  **and transportation**  **to the**  **point of**  **end use**  **of natural**  **gas. The**  **analysis of** 

**emissions impacts**  **calculated for**  **this rule**  **used emission**  **coefficients based**  **on the**  **point of**  **use**

**and the**  **site energy**  **savings from**  **higher­efficiency equipment.**  **The analysis**  **does a**  **thorough**

**accounting of**  **emissions at**  **the point**  **of use,**  **but does**  **not account**  **for upstream**  **emissions (**  i.e.

**, emissions**  **from energy**  **losses during**  **fuel oil**  **and natural**  **gas production).**  **While the**  **site­to**

**source energy**  **conversion factor**  **of approximately**  **10 percent**  **was used**  **in the**  **development of** 

**source energy**  **savings estimates,**  **some fraction**  **of this**  **would occur**  **in the**  **form of**  **larger**

**equipment that**  **would likely**  **have more**  **emission controls**  **on them**  **than are**  **seen in**  **commercial**

**packaged boilers.**  **A very**  **rough estimate**  **might be**  **that an**  **additional 10**  **percent impact**  **(typically,**

**this will**  **be savings)**  **might result**  **due to**  **impacts on**  **upstream fuel­cycle**  **emissions.**

8.9 WETLAND, ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPECIES, AND CULTURAL

RESOURCES

**DOE’s proposed**  **action is**  **not site­specific,**  **nor would**  **it affect**  **land disturbance**  **or use** 

**resulting from**  **the installation**  **of commercial**  **boilers in**  **commercial buildings.**  **Therefore, none**  **of**

**the proposed**  **possible standard**  **levels is**  **expected to**  **affect the**  **quality of**  **wetlands, or**  **threatened**

**or endangered**  **species or**  **their critical**  **habitat. Further,**  **this action**  **is not**  **expected to**  **affect**

**cultural resources**  **such as**  **historical or**  **archaeological sites.** 

8.10 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IMPACTS

**Under Executive**  **Order 12898,**  **“Federal Actions**  **to Address**  **Environmental Justice**  **in**

**Minority Populations**  **and Low­Income**  **Populations,” 59**  **FR 7629**  **(Feb. 16,**  **1994), DOE**  **is**

**required to**  **make achieving**  **environmental justice**  **part of**  **its mission**  **by identifying**  **and**

**addressing, as**  **appropriate, disproportionately**  **high and**  **adverse human**  **health or**  **environmental**

**effects of**  **its programs,**  **policies, and**  **activities on**  **minority populations**  **and low­income** 

**populations in**  **the United**  **States. In**  **examining each**  **of the**  **possible energy**  **conservation**

**standards for**  **commercial packaged**  **boilers, DOE**  **did not**  **identify any**  **high and**  **adverse human** 

**health or**  **environmental effects**  **that it**  **believes would**  **disproportionally or**  **negatively impact** 

**minority or**  **low­income populations.**  **In general,**  **the environmental**  **impacts associated**  **with**

**adoption of**  **higher­efficiency commercial**  **packaged boiler**  **standards are**  **positive in**  **that they**  **are**

**found to**  **result in**  **reduced overall**  **emissions of**  **air pollutants**  **where such**  **boilers are**  **used, with** 

**correspondingly positive**  **local environmental**  **impacts for**  **all populations.** 

**In terms**  **of standard­setting,**  **DOE is**  **legally mandated**  **to adopt**  **standards at**  **the ASHRAE** 

**Standard 90.1­2007**  **efficiency levels,**  **unless more**  **stringent energy**  **conservation standards**  **are**

**technologically feasible,**  **economically justified,**  **and would**  **result in**  **significant additional**  **energy**

**savings. (42**  **U.S.C. 6313(a)(6)(A)(ii))**  **Because of**  **the ANSI/ASHRAE**  **consensus process**  **in**

**developing ASHRAE**  **Standard 90.1,**  **the representation**  **of industry**  **groups like**  **the Gas** 

**Appliance Manufacturers**  **Association (GAMA)**  **in that**  **process, and**  **the opportunity**  **for public** 

**8­17 comment**  **in that**  **process, DOE**  **believes that**  **there would**  **be no**  **highly negative**  **disproportionate**

**impacts on**  **small businesses**  **used by**  **minority or**  **low­income commercial**  **customers resulting** 

**from adoption**  **of national**  **energy conservation**  **standards at**  **the ASHRAE**  **Standard 90.1­2007** 

**efficiency levels.**  **Accordingly, DOE's**  **LCC analysis**  **(see TSD**  **Chapter 7)**  **did not**  **include small** 

**or disadvantaged**  **businesses or**  **populations as**  **a subgroup.**  **If DOE**  **determines that**  **more**

**stringent standards**  **are in**  **fact justified,**  **DOE would**  **do an**  **LCC Subgroup**  **analysis to**  **ascertain**

**whether there**  **would be**  **impacts on**  **specific populations**  **subgroups, including**  **certain types**  **of**

**commercial customers,**  **that would**  **need to**  **be examined**  **in the**  **light of**  **the overall**  **justification**

**necessary to**  **adopt more**  **stringent standards.** 

8.11 NOISE AND AESTHETICS

**Improvements in**  **efficiency of**  **commercial boilers**  **and furnace**  **equipment are**  **expected to** 

**result from**  **changes in**  **the choice**  **of components**  **and other**  **design features.**  **These changes**  **are**

**described in**  **Chapter 5**  **of this**  **TSD. Efficiency**  **improvements are**  **not expected**  **to change**  **noise**

**levels in**  **comparison to**  **equipment in**  **today’s market.**  **Equipment that**  **is currently**  **manufactured**

**in the**  **existing market**  **that would**  **meet the**  **proposed standards**  **is no**  **louder than**  **less­efficient**

**equipment. Changes**  **to the**  **design to**  **improve the**  **efficiency levels**  **are not**  **anticipated to**  **affect**

**the equipment’s**  **aesthetics.**

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**Bosch, R.**  **Dave, L.A.**  **Meyer (eds)]**  **(2007) (Last**  **accessed April**  **2009)**

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**8­19**