RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)

File Name: 12a0412p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

YU YUN ZHANG,

Petitioner,

v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,

 Respondent.

X

-

-

-

-

>

,

-

-

N

No. 11-4251

On Petition for Review from the 

Board of Immigration Appeals.

No. A075 841 942.

Decided and Filed: December 18, 2012 

Before: KEITH, CLAY, STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

_________________

ORDER

_________________

Yu Yun Zhang, proceeding through counsel, petitions this court to review an

order from the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA” or “Board”) that denied her

motion to reopen her immigration proceedings based on changed country conditions.

The parties have waived oral argument and this panel unanimously agrees that oral

argument is not needed in this case. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a). For the following

reasons, we REVERSE.

Zhang is a Chinese national and citizen. She was stopped by INS upon her entry

to the United States without valid travel documents in May 2001. In 2002, Zhang was

ordered removed by an immigration judge (“IJ”) and the BIA affirmed the order.

However, Zhang did not leave the country; she converted to Roman Catholicism, was

married in the Catholic Church, and had two children.

1
No. 11-4251 Zhang v. Holder Page 2

In July 2011, Zhang filed the instant motion to reopen her case based upon the

claim that conditions in China had materially worsened with respect to: (1) the religious

persecution of Christians in general, including Catholics; and (2) the enforcement of

China’s coercive population control program in her native province of Fujian. She also

challenged the adverse credibility finding made during her 2002 proceedings and alleged

that she was denied an opportunity to seek new legal representation at her prior removal

hearing after her counsel withdrew. The Board denied the petition on all claims.

A BIA denial of a motion to reopen is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Liu

v. Holder, 560 F.3d 485, 489 (6th Cir. 2009). An abuse of discretion occurs if the denial

was made “without a rational explanation, inexplicably depart[s] from established

policies, or rest[s] on an impermissible basis such as invidious discrimination.” Zhang

v. Mukasey, 543 F.3d 851, 854 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). In

general, an applicant may file one motion to reopen and it must be filed within 90 days

of the entry of a final judgment. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A) & (C); Haddad v. Gonzales,

437 F.3d 515, 517 (6th Cir. 2006). However, the 90-day limitation is waived if the

motion to reopen is based on “changed country conditions arising in the country . . . to

which removal has been ordered, if such evidence is material and was not available and

would not have been discovered or presented at the previous proceeding.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii). Nonetheless, a change in personal circumstances that is

unaccompanied by a change in country conditions is insufficient to reopen proceedings.

Liu, 560 F.3d at 492; see also Haddad, 437 F.3d at 517 (holding that petitioner’s

“divorce was a purely personal change in circumstances that [did] not constitute changed

conditions or circumstances in Jordan”).

Zhang essentially concedes that her motion is untimely, but argues that her

motion is not subject to the applicable time limit because it is based upon changed

country conditions.
No. 11-4251 Zhang v. Holder Page 3

I. Changed Country Conditions

A petitioner seeking to reopen a hearing after the 90-day deadline must show that

conditions in the country to which the petitioner will be removed have materially

changed, with evidence of such change being unavailable or unable to have been

discovered at the previous proceeding. Liu, 590 F.3d at 490 (quoting 8 U.S.C.

§ 1229a(c)(7)(ii)). On her religious persecution claim Zhang submitted evidence that

persecution of Christians in China escalated beginning in 2002. It appears that the BIA

found changed country conditions; the Board acknowledged that Zhang had presented

evidence that “the Chinese Government has intensified its repression of Christian groups

in recent years.” AR at 4. Personal conversion to a group does not foreclose the

possibility that a country can “for its own reasons, become[] more hostile towards an

alien or his group” at the same time. Zhang v. Holder, 385 F. App’x 546, 547 (6th Cir.

2010). The separate but simultaneous changes distinguish these facts from a purely

personal change in circumstances. See, e.g., Liu, 560 F.3d at 492 (upholding denial of

a motion to reopen based upon the petitioner’s “membership and participation in the

[China Democratic Party] and its activities in the United States” because the motion

“demonstrated a change in [the petitioner’s] personal circumstances but did not

demonstrate changed country conditions in China”). In the instant case, the BIA

conflated the question of whether there were changed country conditions with the

question of whether Petitioner had made out her prima facie case for asylum. See AR

at 4 (“Upon consideration of the country conditions . . . the motion fails to set forth a

prima facie claim.”).

II. Prima Facie Claim for Asylum and Withholding of Removal

 Once a petitioner establishes changed country conditions, she must then

establish a prima facie claim, or a “reasonable likelihood” of succeeding on the merits,

for obtaining asylum or withholding of removal. Alizoti v. Gonzales, 477 F.3d 448, 452

(6th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because her asylum claims are based

on events arising after she left China, Zhang must establish a well-founded fear of future

persecution; this can be based on either a likelihood of harm specifically targeted at the
No. 11-4251 Zhang v. Holder Page 4

applicant or a “pattern or practice” of persecuting others similarly situated. 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.3(b)(2)(C)(iii); see Akhtar v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 399, 404 (6th Cir. 2005).

Zhang is a Roman Catholic from the Fujian Province of China. The BIA found

that the persecution of Christians by the Chinese Government varies by sect and region;

and additionally found that there had been recent religious persecution of Catholics in

Zhang’s native Fujian Province. AR at 4; see also AR at 152, 157–64, 174–80, 184–88,

192–93, 203, 205, 208. However, the Board found this evidence unconvincing to

establish her claim because the evidence only documented persecution of Catholic

leaders rather than Catholic laymen. AR at 4. Though the Board explained that it found

region and sect to be relevant, it gives no explanation as to why the distinction between

leaders and laymen suddenly became pertinent. Therefore, the denial was made

“without a rational explanation” and constituted an abuse of discretion. Zhang, 543 F.3d

at 854.

III. Evidentiary Weight of Unsworn Statements

Zhang also alleges that the BIA failed to accord proper evidentiary value to two

letters purportedly from Catholics residing in the Fujian Province, which detail religious

persecution they have experienced from the Chinese government. Pet’r Br. at 56. The

Board found that it could not be “certain of the reliability of the substance contained”

in the letters because “the statements were not made before a notary public in China.”

AR at 4.

Under Board precedent, an applicant “may successfully reopen his or her asylum

case if, on a case-by-case analysis,” there is “genuine, authentic, and objectively

reasonable evidence” to support her or his claim. Matter of S-Y-G, 24 I. & N. Dec. 247,

251 (BIA 2007) (footnote omitted). Such evidence may be in the form of “affidavits or

other evidentiary material.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(B). Neither Zhang nor the

Government present binding precedent squarely on the issue of unsworn statements. The

Board has found that corroborating statements from individuals are entitled, at the very

least, to be evaluated for their evidentiary value, even when they are not notarized or

sworn. See In re Casillas, 22 I. & N. Dec. 154, 157, n.3 (BIA 1998) (“Relevant evidence
No. 11-4251 Zhang v. Holder Page 5

would include such items as . . . letters or affidavits from family, friends, or

acquaintances.”); Matter of H-L-H & Z-Y-Z, 25 I. & N. Dec. 209, 215–16 (BIA 2010)

(according little evidentiary weight to personal letters submitted with an asylum

application because they were “not current” and failed to show that the “individuals

referenced [were] similarly situated to [the applicant]”) (abrogated on other grounds by

Hui Lin Huang v. Holder, 677 F.3d 130 (2d Cir. 2012).

Other circuits have admonished the Board for dismissing or according little

weight to a statement due to its unsworn nature. See Zavala-Bonilla v. INS, 730 F.2d

562, 565, 567 (9th Cir. 1984) (directing that five letters from the applicant’s friends and

former union members be “fully considered” because “[t]here is no evidence that the

letters are false”); Zuh v. Mukasey, 547 F.3d 504, 509 (4th Cir. 2008) (noting that

“without so much as pausing to note the unsworn nature of a document, numerous

courts—including this one—have relied on [unsworn documents] when considering

claims of asylum”); see also Peci v. Holder, 379 F. App’x 499, 505 (6th Cir. 2010)

(unpublished) (considering evidence of “statements from the people who helped [the

applicant] after her attack” and “statements from the family members [the applicant]

lived with”). Therefore, while “sworn affidavits may often deserve greater weight than

simple letters[,] . . . no statute or case law suggests that documents at immigration

proceedings must be sworn.” Zuh, 547 F.3d at 509. However, we have not addressed

how to treat unsworn documents submitted as evidence. We now adopt the holdings and

the reasoning of Zavala-Bonilla and Zuh.

In this case, the Board failed to evaluate the credibility of the letters at all; it

simply dismissed the letters because they were not notarized in China. AR at 4. Given

the documented persecution of Christians in China, it seems an arbitrarily high threshold

to require that letters attesting to government abuse and admitting membership in a

persecuted organization be notarized. See Hor v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 497, 501 (7th Cir.

2005) (“It seems unlikely that [petitioner’s] co-workers, who surely have a healthy

respect for the murderous potential of [a radical Islamic group in Algeria], would submit

affidavits to the U.S. immigration authorities.”); Zavala-Bonilla, 730 F.2d at 565
No. 11-4251 Zhang v. Holder Page 6

(reasoning that the petitioner’s co-workers, who wrote unsworn, un-notarized letters on

behalf of the applicant “undoubtedly placed themselves at risk merely by writing”); Zuh,

547 F.3d at 509 (observing that “it seems untenable to require a sworn statement from

a person . . . potentially endangered by helping [the] applicant”).

Contrary cases from this circuit are not binding and, furthermore, are

distinguishable. In Liu v. Holder, 412 F. App’x 860 (6th Cir. 2011), we affirmed the

Board discrediting a purported letter from a family planning office because it needed

notarization as an official business publication. Id. at 864. Here, the letters are personal

letters unaffiliated with any institution. In Linadi v. Gonzales, 167 F. App’x 515

(6th Cir. 2006), we affirmed the Board discrediting witness statements that were

unsworn, undated, and unnotarized; however, the Board also found that the letters were

contradicted by sworn evidence and the petitioner’s own application. Id. at 517.

Furthermore, the letters at bar could be distinguished by the fact that they are sworn

under religious authority. AR at 217–23, 243–47. Finally, it does not matter that the

letters may have been written for the express purpose of supporting Zhang’s motion to

reopen. See Zavala-Bonilla, 730 F.2d at 565 (rejecting the inference that petitioner’s

“friends in El Salvador would tend to write supportive letters” to be a basis to denigrate

the credibility of the letters).

While the Board does have broad discretion to weigh the evidence before it,

summarily dismissing personal letters documenting government abuse and admitting

membership in a persecuted organization for the simple reason that the statements were

not made before a notary public constituted an abuse of discretion. We therefore hold

that, absent any evidence of falsity, the unsworn nature of a document relied on provides

no basis to refuse to credit it. Instead, such documents may be fully considered if they

otherwise appear to be credible under the circumstances. See Zuh, 547 F.3d at 509;

Zavala-Bonilla, 730 F.2d at 567.

For these reasons, we REVERSE and remand for further hearings on this issue.
No. 11-4251 Zhang v. Holder Page 7

IV. Remaining Claims 

We AFFIRM the Board’s dismissal of the claim regarding the enforcement of

coercive population control because Zhang failed to demonstrate that country conditions

in this respect have worsened in her native province. We also DISMISS Zhang’s claims

regarding the adverse credibility finding and the BIA’s refusal to exercise sua sponte

authority due to lack of jurisdiction. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(1) (providing a thirty day

time limit to file a petition to review a final removal order); Barry v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d

721, 724 (6th Cir. 2008) (BIA determination to “forgo the exercise of its sua sponte

authority is a decision we are without jurisdiction to review”).