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| (a)   | Designed                such disclosure controls                and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures                to be                designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information                relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries,                is                made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during                the                period in which this report is being                prepared; |
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| (b)   | Evaluated                the effectiveness of the                registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in                this                report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure                controls                and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report                based                on such evaluation; and |
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| (c)   | Disclosed                in this report any                change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting                that                occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the                registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report)                that                has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect,                the                registrant's internal control over financial reporting;                and |
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| (a)   | All                significant deficiencies and                material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control                over                financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect                the                registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial                information; and |
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| (b)   | Any                fraud, whether or not                material, that involves management or other employees who have a                significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial                reporting. |
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