FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

JANUARY 25, 2007

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 06-13915

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 05-00110-CV-BBM-1

TINA MARIE SMITH,

RYAN ANDREW LOLLEY,

Plaintiffs-CounterDefendants-Appellants, 

versus

DELTA AIRLINES, INC,

DELTA FAMILY CARE RETIREMENT PLAN,

JAMES F. MERNA,

BEVERLY HORD,

MARGIE D. RACE,

Defendants-Appellees, 

DELTA FAMILY-CARE DISABILITY AND SURVIVORSHIP PLAN,

DELTA FAMILY CARE MEDICAL PLAN,

Defendants-CounterClaimants-Appellees, 

L.S.,

Counter-Defendant, 
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TERRI MARTINEZ,

in her capacity as parent

and guardian of L.S.,

Counter-DefendantCounter-Claimant-Appellee. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

_________________________

(January 25, 2007)

Before ANDERSON, DUBINA, and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Tina Marie Smith (“Ms. Smith”) and Ryan Andrew Lolley (“Mr. Lolley”)

appeal from the district court’s grant of summary judgment dismissing their claims

asserting violations of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974

(“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001 et seq. Ms. Smith sought benefits from the Delta

Family-Care Disability and Survivorship Plan (“the Plan”) after her husband Jerry

D. Smith, Jr. (“Mr. Smith”), a Delta employee, died from a self-inflicted gunshot

wound in the early morning hours of July 9, 2002. The Plan denied the benefits,

concluding that Ms. Smith was not an eligible beneficiary because on the day of

Mr. Smith’s death, she did not “[l]ive in the Employee’s household or only
Mr. Lolley, Ms. Smith’s natural-born son and Mr. Smith’s stepson, is not independently

1

eligible for benefits. He is eligible for benefits under the Delta Family Care Medical Plan if Ms.

Smith is found to be eligible under the Survivorship Plan. Our discussion will therefore focus on

her eligibility.

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temporarily reside outside the Employee’s household,” as required by the

Survivorship Plan. On appeal, Ms. Smith contends that the Survivorship Plan’s 1

administrator acted arbitrarily and capriciously in reaching this conclusion. After

careful review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we find no error in the district

court’s grant of summary judgment.

That grant of summary judgment is subject to “plenary review,” and this

court applies the “same legal standards as those controlling the district court.” 

Paramore v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 129 F.3d 1446, 1449 (11th Cir. 1997). The

Supreme Court of the United States has established three standards for reviewing a

denial of benefits by an ERISA plan administrator: (1) de novo review where the

plan does not grant discretion to the administrator, (2) arbitrary and capricious

review where the plan does grant discretion to the administrator, and (3)

heightened arbitrary and capricious review where the plan grants discretion to the

administrator, but the administrator operates under a conflict of interest. See

Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115, 109 S.Ct. 948, 956-57

(1989); Williams v. BellSouth Telecomms., Inc., 373 F.3d 1132, 1134 (11th Cir.
 We agree with the district court that this definition is a reasonable construction of the 2

term and thus within the Plan’s grant of discretionary authority. See Hunt v. Hawthorne Assoc.,

Inc., 119 F.3d 888, 912 (11th Cir.1997) (applying arbitrary and capricious standard of review

where ERISA plan “contains express language conferring discretionary authority upon the

administrator to construe its terms”). In fact, the Plan’s definition adopts verbatim the dictionary

definition of the word “household.” See Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 562 (10th ed.

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2004). Here, the appellant does not suggest there was a conflict of interest and

agrees that the plan grants discretion to the administrator; thus, as conceded by the

appellant, we review the decision to deny benefits only under the arbitrary and

capricious standard. This standard of review applies to “both the administrator’s

construction of the plan and concomitant factual findings with respect to each

case.” Paramore, 129 F.3d at 1451. An “administrator’s fact-based

determinations will not be disturbed if reasonable based on the information known

to the administrator at the time the decision was rendered.” Id.

Under the provisions of the plan at issue, Ms. Smith was entitled to receive

survivorship benefits as an eligible spouse only if, at the time of her husband’s

death, she (1) “[l]ive[d] in [her husband’s] household” or (2) “only temporarily

reside[d] outside [her husband’s] household.” The Plan determined that neither

criterion applied to Ms. Smith on the event date. Evaluating the first criterion, the

Plan concluded that she did not live in her husband’s “household,” defining that

term under its discretionary authority to mean “those who dwell under the same

roof and compose a family.” At the time of Mr. Smith’s death on July 9, Ms.

2
1999) (“those who dwell under the same roof and compose a family”). Ms. Smith argues that the

Plan’s determination that the Smiths no longer constituted a household conflicts with state law

on the definition of a marital household. See Varnadoe v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 112

Ga. App. 366, 369 (1965) (noting that while husband and wife “may temporarily sojourn to

another place or abode, . . . they are still a part of the same household so long as no action is

taken to end the marital relationship”). However, the Plan was not bound to follow state law

when it defined the term “household” as used in the Plan provisions so long as its definition was

not arbitrary and capricious.

5

Smith resided at the family’s residence in Henry County, Georgia. Mr. Smith had

been arrested at his home on July 5 on charges of battery and child cruelty after an

incident of domestic abuse. He was released on July 8. That day, Ms. Smith

sought and received a protective order making it illegal for Mr. Smith to stay at the

Henry County residence or enter it without police escort. It is uncertain whether

Mr. Smith established another residence in the few hours before his suicide,

although he did list his parents’ address in Cobb County, Georgia on an

application for a checking account at the Delta Credit Union on the day of his

release. He also retrieved some of his belongings from the Henry County

residence (under the required police escort) the same day. 

Ms. Smith contends that she “[l]ive[d] in [her husband’s] household”

because she continued to reside at the Henry County residence and that Mr. Smith

did not establish another household. We need not decide whether Mr. Smith

successfully established another household; as the district court observed, nothing

in the Plan’s definition of “household” requires that a person have one. However,
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the Plan’s definition does require that the employee and his or her spouse “dwell

under the same roof.” It is clear that the protective order prevented Mr. and Ms.

Smith from satisfying this condition. Accordingly, Ms. Smith failed to qualify

under the first eligibility criterion.

 The second criterion presents a closer question. In order for the Plan to

determine whether Ms. Smith “only temporarily reside[d] outside [her husband’s]

household,” it was necessary to divine the future intentions of Mr. and Ms. Smith. 

The Plan based its conclusion that the separation was not temporary on the

following facts: (1) the extraordinary relief granted Ms. Smith by the protective

order, which awarded her sole and exclusive use of the residence; (2) information

provided by Mr. Smith’s parents stating that their son was planning to see an

attorney on July 10 to begin divorce proceedings; (3) information provided by Ms.

Terri Martinez (Mr. Smith’s previous wife) that Ms. Smith stated she would not

take Mr. Smith back for fear that the Georgia Department of Family and

Children’s Services (DFACS) would remove her son if she moved back in with

Mr. Smith; (4) information from the Delta Employees Credit Union showing that

Mr. Smith changed his account address from the Henry County address to his

parents’ address and listed his mother as his nearest living relative, not Ms. Smith. 

Based upon this information, the Plan concluded that Mr. and Ms. Smith had
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permanently separated.

We find no grounds for invalidating the Plan’s determination as arbitrary

and capricious. To be sure, Ms. Smith cites several facts that would permit

reasonable minds to reach a contrary conclusion. First, it is true that Mr. Smith

failed to take many steps normally associated with a permanent separation from

one’s spouse. He did not change his address with Delta’s human resource

department, change his telephone number, change his driver’s license, forward his

mail, or hire movers. Ms. Smith maintains that this evidence (or rather absence of

evidence), when combined with the couple’s history of fighting and reconciling,

supports her view that there was no permanent separation. Still, it is not surprising

that Mr. Smith accomplished little in the way of rearranging his affairs given the

few hours he had between his release from jail and his death. The Plan was

justified in placing greater weight on the steps Mr. Smith did take—such as 

changing the address on his credit union account, which evinced a desire to

separate financially from his wife—than on the steps he did not.

Second, Ms. Smith points to several objective facts tending to link Mr.

Smith to the Henry County residence that he and Ms. Smith shared. For instance,

the plan hired an investigator to determine the residence of Mr. and Ms. Smith at

the time of Mr. Smith’s death. The investigator’s report, while not drawing a
 Neither Ms. Smith nor the Plan has cited any decision treating a plan administrator’s 3

discretion to consider statements made by potentially biased parties, nor have we uncovered one. 

We think a blanket prohibition on considering such statements would conflict with the deference

owed to the plan administrator’s conclusions under the arbitrary and capricious standard. See

Williams, 373 F.3d at 1137.

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conclusion from the facts uncovered, does show that searches based on social

security numbers, interviews with acquaintances, and other various searches

showed that records still reflected that Mr. and Ms. Smith shared the same address. 

Also, Mr. Smith’s death certificate lists the Henry County residence as his last

address. Again, however, it is not surprising that the Smiths’ brief separation was

not yet found in the records and memories of those they came into contact with. 

Even if the investigator’s report and the death certificate have the advantage of

objectivity, they say little about the future intentions of Mr. and Ms. Smith. The

Plan chose to rely instead on evidence like Mr. Smith’s plans to see a divorce

attorney and the changing of his credit union account address, which more directly

reflect his intent to separate permanently from his wife.

Third, and most significantly, Ms. Smith argues that the Plan acted

arbitrarily and capriciously in crediting the self-serving statements made by Mr.

Smith’s parents and by Ms. Martinez (whose minor child, fathered by Mr. Smith,

now receives the Plan benefits in place of Ms. Smith and her son) over the more

objective evidence recounted above. The Plan did not ignore the self-serving

3
9

nature of these statements; rather, it expressly acknowledged the potential for bias

and gave reasons for accepting their veracity nonetheless. In evaluating Ms.

Martinez’s statement that Ms. Smith said she would not take Mr. Smith back, the

Plan specifically found that 

this statement indicative of Ms. Smith’s intentions that she would no

longer reside in the same household as Mr. Smith, and despite any

potential bias that might exist on the part of Ms. Martinez, was

credible information. The [Plan] noted that Ms. Martinez, a resident

of Oklahoma, might not have otherwise been familiar with the term

DFACS in the absence of Ms. Smith making such a statement.

One could quibble with this reasoning. Ms. Martinez, who had ties to the state of

Georgia through her former husband and father of her child, could have heard

about DFACS through a source independent of Ms. Smith. And Ms. Martinez

could certainly be viewed as having a substantial potential for bias. Yet this type

of judicial second-guessing is exactly what the arbitrary and capricious standard is

meant to curb. See Williams, 373 F.3d at 1137. As for the statement by Mr.

Smith’s parents that Mr. Smith planned to institute divorce proceedings, the Plan

“considered th[e] potential [for bias] in weighing the significance that should be

placed on this assertion.” The Plan has the discretion to make credibility

determinations and to weigh conflicting evidence. See Paramore, 129 F.3d at

1452 (upholding plan administrator’s authority to evaluate conflicting medical
 Ms. Smith contends that the Plan’s determination was “contrary to law” because the ex 4

parte protective order would automatically expire by operation of law unless it were made

permanent after a hearing and order. See O.C.G.A. § 19-13-4(c). Thus, in her view, the Plan

erred in considering the protective order—and the Smiths’ separation—to be permanent. It is

clear, however, that the Plan understood that the order was not permanent; it acknowledged that

the order was scheduled to be reviewed on July 29, 2002. Moreover, the Plan did not base its

decision on the understanding that the protective order was itself permanent, but merely on the

finding that the order evinced the Smiths’ intention to separate permanently. The order clearly

supports such a finding. 

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evaluations). The Plan has given adequate and rational reasons for its decision to

accept the truth of these statements. Furthermore, these statements do not operate

in isolation. The protective order and Mr. Smith’s changing of his credit union

account address unquestionably buttress the conclusion that the separation was

permanent. 

4

Although Ms. Smith has presented many reasons for reaching a different

conclusion from the one reached by the Plan, we cannot say that the Plan’s

decision was an unreasonable reading of “the information known to the

administrator at the time the decision was rendered.” Id. at 1451. Therefore, we

affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.

AFFIRMED.