1

 Neither party has followed the rules of this Court with regard to the proper

form for citation to the appellate record. We remind the bar that the Rules of the Court

of Appeals require that record and transcript citations must be to the volume or part

of the record or transcript and the page numbers that appear on the appellate records

or transcript as sent from the court below. See Rule 25.

THIRD DIVISION

BARNES, P. J.,

BOGGS and BRANCH, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

September 23, 2014

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A14A1388. INGRAM v. THE STATE.

BRANCH, Judge.

Marquis Ingram appeals his conviction of armed robbery and possession of a

firearm during the commission of a crime, as well as the denial of his motion for new

trial. On appeal, he contends the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress

his custodial statement, that his trial counsel was ineffective, and that the evidence

was insufficient to support the verdict. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.1

Construed in favor of the verdict, the evidence shows on the morning of

November 18, 2009, Ingram, co-defendant Alexander Williams, and another man
2

entered Jason Pope’s Stone Mountain apartment under false pretenses. Williams put

a pistol to Pope’s head, and he and the other two men hit Pope with pistols, tied Pope

up, and stated that they wanted “money and . . . weed,” which Pope denied having.

Ingram and his co-defendants then took many items that belonged to Pope and his

roommate, including Pope’s television, jacket, cell phone, and laptop computer. At

trial, Pope identified Ingram as one of the men and testified that he had seen Ingram

in the neighborhood on a prior occasion. 

At approximately 1:40 p.m. on the day of the robbery, police stopped a green

Honda for speeding on Interstate 20 in Dekalb County; the car was occupied by four

men, including Ingram. At some point during the stop, the officer learned that the

police were looking for a green Honda Accord in connection with a suspected crime.

Officers detected the odor of marijuana, the men were removed from the vehicle and

patted down for officer safety, and the officers summoned a drug-sniffing K-9. The

officers found one handgun on Ingram’s person, and they recovered three other

handguns during the stop. The K-9 alerted on the Honda during a free-air sniff, which

led to a search of the car, and three of the men, including Ingram, were placed under

arrest at the scene and then transported to police headquarters. Ingram was found in

possession of Pope’s cell phone at the time of his arrest. During the search of the car,
2

 Although the form states that an officer read the Miranda rights at 1:52,

Officer Zeric explained that the time on the form was a mistake. 

3

the officers recovered Pope’s television and laptop computer, as well as other items

that belonged to Pope’s roommate. 

At police headquarters, Ingram was placed in the interview room at about 3:35

p.m. Officer Zeric of the violent crime task force (gun unit) read Ingram his Miranda

rights at about 3:52 p.m.2 Shortly thereafter, Ingram gave a statement in which he

explained how he had obtained the gun and admitted that he knew the driver of the

Honda. The interrogation by Zeric lasted approximately 20 minutes. Shortly after he

left the interview room, Zeric learned that major-felony detectives suspected that

Ingram may have been involved in the Pope armed robbery. Those detectives,

including Detective Scott Black, took over Ingram’s case, and Black began to

interview the suspects, including Ingram. Zeric told Black that Ingram had already

been read the Miranda warning and had consented to giving a statement. 

Black’s first contact with Ingram occurred sometime between 4:30 and 5:30

p.m., and he interviewed Ingram in the same interview room that Zeric had used.

Black did not reread Ingram his Miranda rights, although he asked Ingram at one point

if he understood his Miranda rights as explained by Zeric. Ingram answered that he
4

did. At approximately 6:30 p.m., Ingram gave a statement. Between 7:00 and 7:59

p.m., Black wrote out Ingram’s statement in which Ingram admitted entering Pope’s

apartment, pointing a gun at Pope’s head, tying Pope up, hitting Pope, and taking

items from Pope’s apartment. 

1. Prior to trial, Ingram moved to suppress his statement on the ground that he

should have been read his Miranda rights a second time at the beginning of Black’s

interrogation. The trial court denied the motion, reasoning that Zeric properly

informed Ingram of his Miranda rights, that there is no duty to repeat the Miranda

warnings when separate interviews are part of a continuing interrogation, and that

Black’s interview of Ingram was part of a continuing interrogation. 

 “The trial court determines the admissibility of a defendant’s statement under

the preponderance of the evidence standard considering the totality of the

circumstances.” Vergara v. State, 283 Ga. 175, 176 (657 SE2d 863) (2008) (citation

omitted).When the appellate courts review the trial court’s decision on a motion to

suppress, “the trial court’s findings on disputed facts will be upheld unless clearly

erroneous, and its application of the law to undisputed facts is subject to de novo

review.” Barrett v. State, 289 Ga. 197, 200 (1) (709 SE2d 816) (2011) (citation

omitted).
5

Here, the trial court found that the Black interview was part of a continuing

interrogation; that conclusion is supported by the facts and the law. Although Ingram

argues that the break between the Zeric interview and the beginning of the Black

interview amounted to five hours, the evidence presented at the Jackson-Denno

hearing and at trial shows that the break could have been less than 30 minutes. Zeric’s

interview lasted approximately 20 minutes starting 8 or more minutes before 4:00

p.m., and Black testified that he first made contact with Ingram between 4:30 and 5:30

p.m. Thus, the trial court was not clearly erroneous when it concluded that the two

interviews were part of a continuing interrogation. See, e.g., Sosniak v. State, 287 Ga.

279, 285 (1) (B) (695 SE2d 604) (2010) (trial court’s finding that interviews were part

of a continuing interrogation was supported by the record when two interviews were

conducted in one day). Moreover, the Georgia Supreme Court has held that the State

has no duty to repeat Miranda warnings in separate interviews that are part of a

continuing interrogation. Williams v. State, 244 Ga. 485, 488 (4) (b) (260 SE2d 879)

(1979) (no duty to repeat warnings given the day before where they were part of a

continuing interrogation); Carswell v. State, 279 Ga. 342, 344 (2) (b) (613 SE2d 636)

(2005) (additional Miranda warnings not required for a series of five interviews held

over the course of 12 to 14 hours). 
6

Finally, there is no merit to the argument that additional Miranda warnings were

required because Black raised a new topic – the possibility that Ingram was involved

in the armed robbery – without giving a new Miranda warning. See Christenson v.

State, 261 Ga. 80, 86 (3) (402 SE2d 41) (1991) (“a suspect’s awareness of all the

possible subjects of questioning in advance of interrogation is not relevant to

determining whether the suspect voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived his

Fifth Amendment privilege”) (citation and punctuation omitted). 

For all these reasons, the trial court did not clearly err when it denied Ingram’s

motion to suppress.

2. Ingram contends his trial counsel was ineffective because counsel failed prior

to trial to review thoroughly Ingram’s video-taped statement, which led to the court

denying the motion to suppress the statement. According to Ingram’s brief and his

counsel’s testimony at the hearing on the motion for new trial, Ingram specifically

argues as follows: Black testified at the hearing on the motion to suppress that he

asked Ingram at the beginning of the interview whether he remembered the Miranda

warning given by Zeric; at trial, the audio tape of the interrogation shows that Black

failed to ask that question until much later in the interview; had counsel thoroughly

reviewed the tape, of which he was aware, prior to trial, he would have known when
7

Black asked this question; accordingly, counsel was not prepared at trial to crossexamine Black with regard to his testimony. 

This argument is made moot by our holding in Division 1. Ingram could not

have been harmed by this alleged failure on the part of counsel because even if Black

had never asked Ingram whether he remembered the Miranda warning given by Zeric,

Ingram’s statement would have been admissible as a part of a continuing interrogation

that began with a proper Miranda warning. Thus, it is legally irrelevant exactly when

Black asked Ingram whether he remembered the earlier Miranda warning. 

3. As shown by the above statement of facts, the evidence presented at trial,

including Ingram’s statement, was sufficient to support the verdict finding him guilty

of armed robbery and possession of a firearm during the commission of a crime.

OCGA §§ 16-8-41 (a); 16-11-106. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (III)

(B) (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).

Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., and Boggs, J., concur.