# Patent

## Title
Differentiation marker and differentiation control of eye cell

## Abstract

The present invention relates to a differentiation marker and a differentiation controlling technique for an eye cell. More particularly, the present invention has attained an object of providing a differentiation marker for an eye cell among the aforementioned problems, by providing a marker for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, the marker comprising GPR49/LGR5, as well as a detection agent or detection method for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, comprising a substance binding to GPR49/LGR5. In addition, the present invention has attained an object of providing a differentiation controlling technique for an eye cell, by providing an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell, comprising R-spondins.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a U.S. National Phase Application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Patent Application PCT/JP2013/068802 filed Jul. 3, 2013 which claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-152960 filed Jul. 6, 2012 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-016848 filed Jan. 31, 2013. The International Application was published on Jan. 9, 2014, as International Publication No. WO 2014/007402 A1. The entire contents of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference.
SEQUENCE LISTING
The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by references in its entirety. Said ASCII copy created on Jan. 6, 2015, is named DS2002PCT.txt and is 272,542 bytes in size.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a cell, particularly, a marker in a differentiated state in the ophthalmological region, a technique and a method for suppressing differentiation and/or stimulating proliferation of an eye cell (particularly, corneal endothelial cell which is difficult in differentiation control), as well as an agent and a culture medium therefor.
BACKGROUND ART
Visual information is recognized in such a manner that light transmitted into the cornea, which is a transparent tissue at the forefront of an eyeball, reaches the retina to excite the nerve cell of the retina, and an electric signal generated is transferred through the optic nerve to the visual cortex of the cerebrum. In order to obtain good visual acuity, it is necessary that the cornea is transparent. The transparency of the cornea is maintained by retaining a constant moisture content with the pumping function and barrier function of a corneal endothelial cell.
The cornea is a transparent tissue which is positioned in front of the eyeball and the structure of cornea is mainly composed of three-layers known as corneal epithelial cell layer, corneal stromal layer and corneal endothelial cell layer. The corneal endothelial cell layer is a single cell layer existing in a corneal deep part, has the barrier function and the pumping function, and plays a role in maintaining the transparency of the cornea by retaining a constant corneal moisture amount. In addition, it is known that even if the corneal endothelial cells are damaged, they do not proliferate in a living body, and also it is known that a serious visual disorder is generated by damaging corneal endothelial cells with trauma, a disease or the like to decrease their number.
Human corneal endothelial cells exist at a density of about 3000 cells per 1 square millimeter at birth, but once the corneal endothelial cells are damaged, they have no ability to regenerate themselves. In endothelial corneal dystrophy or bullous keratopathy which is generated by dysfunction of the corneal endothelium due to a variety of causes, the cornea becomes opaque due to edema, which leads to remarkable reduction in the visible acuity. Currently, penetrating keratoplasty for transplanting the whole three-layered structure of epithelium, stroma and endothelium of the cornea is performed for bullous keratopathy. However, donation of the cornea in Japan is insufficient, and the number of waiting patients for corneal transplantation is about 2600, but the number of corneal transplantation performed by using the cornea from a donor in Japan per year is about 1700.
In recent years, for the purpose of reducing the risk of immunological rejection or the risk of postoperative complications and obtaining better visual function, the idea of “parts transplantation” for transplanting a damaged tissue alone has been drawing the attention. Among the cornea transplantations, deep layer and superficial layer corneal transplantations in which the stromal tissue is transplanted, Descemet's Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty in which the corneal endothelial tissue is transplanted, and the like have been performed. In addition, cultured mucosal epithelial transplantation in which the corneal epithelium or the oral mucosa which has been cultured in vitro is transplanted in place of the corneal epithelium has been already applied clinically, and a method for transplanting the corneal endothelium which has been cultured in vitro similarly has been also studied.
It is known that a corneal endothelial cell is differentiated when cultured, and morphology changes to a fibroblast cell-like form. In addition, it is known that GPR49/LGR5 is expressed in a small intestine epithelial stem cell in a limited manner, and plays an important role. As a ligand of GPR49/LGR5, R-spondins are reported (Non-Patent Documents 1 to 4).
Non-Patent Document 5 describes that a stem cell-like cell exists in a corneal limbal epithelial cell, and GPR49/LGR5 can be a phenotype marker of a remaining human corneal limbal epithelial stem cell.
In Non-Patent Document 6, GPR49/LGR5 is exemplified as a stem cell marker. Non-Patent Document 6 describes that, in two cell populations of mouse corneal epithelial cells, GPR49/LGR5 and ABCG2 are highly expressed.
Non-Patent Document 7 describes GPR49/LGR5 as a stem cell marker.
Non-Patent Document 8 discloses that intestinal tract epithelial stem cell culturing is established.
Non-Patent Document 9 discloses a method of small intestinal culture and a large intestinal culture in a stable manner and for a long term. Non-Patent Document 9 describes that culture growth is markedly stimulated by a fusion protein (RSpol-Fc) between R-spondin 1 and immunoglobulin Fe.
Previously, it has been considered that corneal endothelial cells do not proliferate in vivo, but by molecular biological or cellular biological study in recent years, it has been reported that a cell group very rich in proliferation ability also exists in the corneal endothelial cell layer. Schimmelpfenning et al. revealed that the endothelial cell density is increased more at a peripheral part of the human cornea than at a central part, and proposed a possibility that the proliferation of cells at a corneal peripheral part supplies cells to a corneal central part (Non-Patent Document 10).
In addition, using the rabbit cornea, Whikehart et al. confirmed that telomerase, which is observed to be highly expressed in a stem cell or a precursor cell, is highly expressed in an endothelial cell at a corneal peripheral part. Further, by an evaluation method of using BrdU as a cell proliferation marker, it is shown that a fast response is observed when an endothelial cell at a corneal peripheral part is damaged (Non-Patent Document 11). In addition, Yokoo et al. succeeded in collection of a precursor cell of a corneal endothelial cell from the adult human cornea using a sphere method which is a method for collecting a mesenchymal stem cell (Non-Patent Document 12). This cell expresses an undifferentiated cell marker, and when the ability to form a sphere was compared between corneal endothelial cells at a central part and a peripheral part, it was confirmed that the ability is high in a peripheral endothelial cell (Non-Patent Document 13). Furthermore, McGowan et al. reported that a large number of cells expressing an undifferentiated cell marker exist at a corneal peripheral part, and these cells are activated by being damaged (Non-Patent Document 14).
G protein-coupled receptor 49 (also referred to as “GPR49/LGR5” as used herein) is one kind of seven-transmembrane receptors similar to thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or leuteinizing hormone (LH), and has a unique structure associated with an extracellular N-terminal domain including a leucine rich repeat (FIG. 1, Non-Patent Document 15). It has been reported that since GPR49/LGR5 is a target gene of Wnt-signaling pathway and Hedgehog-signaling pathway involved in oncogenesis, expression of GPR49/LGR5 is elevated by abnormality of these signaling pathways (Non-Patent Document 16, Non-Patent Document 17 and Non-Patent Document 18). Furthermore, since it was confirmed that specific expression of GPR49/LGR5 is seen in an intestinal tract epithelial stem cell (Non-Patent Document 8), GPR49/LGR5 has been drawing attention as a novel protein which is expressed in a stem cell-specific manner. Thereafter, it has been confirmed that expression of GPR49/LGR5 is elevated in a stem cell-specific manner also in a tissue such as hair follicle (Non-Patent Document 19) or stomach epithelium (Non-Patent Document 20), and a possibility that GPR49/LGR5 is involved in construction of stem cell niche and tissue formation has been also reported.
PRIOR ART DOCUMENT
Patent Documents


    Non-Patent Document 1: Carmon K S. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011 Jul. 12; 108(28): 11452-11457
    Non-Patent Document 2: de Lau W. et al., Nature. 2011 Jul. 4; 476(7360):293-297
    Non-Patent Document 3: Glinka A. et al., EMBO Rep. 2011 Sep. 30; 12(10):1055-1061
    Non-Patent Document 4: J. Yoon, J. Lee, Cellular Signalling 24 (2012) 369-377
    Non-Patent Document 5: Brzeszczynska J, et al., Int J Mol Med. 2012 May; 29(5):871-876
    Non-Patent Document 6: Krulova M, et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 September; 49(9):3903-3908
    Non-Patent Document 7: HOLAN V., Ophthalmologica Volume 88, Issue Supplements 246, page 0, September 2010
    Non-Patent Document 8: Barker N., et al., Nature 449: 1003-1007, 2007
    Non-Patent Document 9: Ootani A., Li X. et al., Nat Med. 2009 June; 15(6):701-706
    Non-Patent Document 10: Schimmelpfennig B., et al., IOVS, Vol. 25, pp. 223-229. 1984
    Non-Patent Document 11: Whikehart D R., et al., Mol. Vis., 11, pp. 816-824, 2005
    Non-Patent Document 12: Yokoo S. et al, IOVS. 46, 1626-1631, 2005
    Non-Patent Document 13: Yamagami S., et al., Ophthalmology, 114, 433-439, 2007
    Non-Patent Document 14: McGowan S L., et al., Mol. Vis., 13:1984-2000. 2007
    Non-Patent Document 15: Hsu S Y., et al., J. Mol. Endocrinol. 12, 1830-1845, 1998
    Non-Patent Document 16: Yamamoto Y., et al., Hepatology. 37, 528-533, 2003
    Non-Patent Document 17: McClanahan T., et al., Cancer Biol Ther. 5, 419-426, 2006
    Non-Patent Document 18: Tanese K., et al., Am J Pathol. 173, 835-843, 2008
    Non-Patent Document 19: Jaks V., et al., Nature Genetics. 40, 1291-1299, 2008
    Non-Patent Document 20: Barker N., et al., Cell Stem Cell. 7, 656-670, 2010


SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Solutions to the Problems
The present invention provides a technique for using GPR49/LGR5 as a marker of proliferation/differentiation. The present inventors have found that GPR49/LGR5 is strongly expressed in a cornea endothelial cell (particularly, peripheral part) in a human corneal tissue; found that the expression amount of GPR49/LGR5 is significantly reduced in a cultured cell of a human cornea endothelial cell; and also found that a GPR49/LGR5-positive cell group has a small cell size, and has a high proliferation ability. Based on these findings, the present inventors have applied the above findings to a technique for using GPR49/LGR5 as a marker of proliferation/differentiation.
The present invention also provides use of R-spondins as an agent for suppressing differentiation or promoting proliferation.
The present inventors have found a tendency such that the differentiation of a human cultured corneal endothelial cell is suppressed, and the proliferation of the cell is promoted by R-spondins, particularly R-spondin 1. The present inventors have applied the above finding to a technique for using R-spondins as applications such as a liquid for corneal preservation, a liquid for culturing corneal endothelial cell, a therapeutic agent for corneal endothelial cell disorder (eye drops, cell infusion) and an agent for preventing progression of corneal endothelial cell disorder.
In the previous studies, there is no report on clear presentation of the presence of a corneal endothelial stem cell. In addition, the proliferation ability of a corneal endothelial cell and the mechanism of controlling undifferentiation in a living body have not been elucidated. The present inventors have found that there is GPR49/LGR5 as a protein which is specifically expressed in a precursor cell of a corneal endothelial cell, and have verified the in vivo and in vitro functional role, resulting in an application as a marker.
In one aspect, the present invention provides an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of a cell, comprising at least one kind selected from the group consisting of R-spondins and a functional equivalent thereof.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of a cell selected from an eye cell, a nerve cell including a cell derived from a neural crest cell (including corneal endothelial cell), and epithelial cells such as a conjunctival epithelial cell, an amniotic epithelial cell, an oral mucosal epithelial cell, a nasal mucosal epithelial cell, and a corneal epithelial cell, comprising at least one kind selected from the group consisting of R-spondins and a functional equivalent thereof.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell, comprising at least one kind selected from the group consisting of R-spondins and a functional equivalent thereof.
In another embodiment, the R-spondins in the present invention include at least one selected from R-spondin 1, R-spondin 2, R-spondin 3 and R-spondin 4.
In a specific embodiment, the R-spondins include R-spondin 1.
In another embodiment, the eye cell is a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes at least one kind cell selected from a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, a corneal parenchymal cell and a corneal endothelial cell.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes a corneal endothelial cell.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes a corneal endothelial cell of a primate.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes a human corneal endothelial cell.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell is in the confluent state.
In one aspect, the present invention provides an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of a cell, comprising at least one kind selected from the group consisting of SHH, an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) and a functional equivalent thereof.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of a cell selected from an eye cell, a nerve cell including a cell derived from an neural crest cell (including corneal endothelial cell), and epithelial cells such as a conjunctival epithelial cell, an amniotic epithelial cell, an oral mucosal epithelial cell, a nasal mucosal epithelial cell, and a corneal epithelial cell, comprising at least one kind selected from the group consisting of SHH, purmorphamine and a functional equivalent thereof.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell, comprising at least one kind selected from the group consisting of SHH, an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) and a functional equivalent thereof.
In another embodiment, the eye cell is a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes at least one kind cell selected from a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, a corneal parenchymal cell and a corneal endothelial cell.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes a corneal endothelial cell.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes a corneal endothelial cell of a primate.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes a human corneal endothelial cell.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell is in the confluent state.
In one aspect, the present invention provides an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of a cell, comprising an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of a cell selected from an eye cell, a nerve cell including a cell derived from an neural crest cell (including corneal endothelial cell), and an epithelial cell such as a conjunctival epithelial cell, an amniotic epithelial cell, an oral mucosal epithelial cell, a nasal mucosal epithelial cell, and a corneal epithelial cell, comprising an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell, comprising an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5.
In another embodiment, the agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 is a nucleic acid, an antibody or an antibody fragment, or a functional equivalent thereof.
In another embodiment, the eye cell is a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes at least one kind cell selected from a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, a corneal parenchymal cell and a corneal endothelial cell.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes a corneal endothelial cell.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes a corneal endothelial cell of a primate.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell includes a human corneal endothelial cell.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell is in the confluent state.
In a specific embodiment, the eye cell is provided in the form of a corneal tissue.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a composition for preserving the cornea or culturing a corneal endothelial cell, comprising the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating a corneal endothelial cell disorder or preventing the progression of a corneal endothelial cell disorder, comprising the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a therapeutic agent or a progression preventive agent for a corneal endothelial cell disorder, comprising a corneal endothelial cell which is cultured using the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation described in the present invention.
In one embodiment, the cell exists as a population having cell density higher than that of a normal corneal endothelial cell and/or containing undifferentiated cells in a larger amount.
In a further another aspect, the present invention provides a marker for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, comprising GPR49/LGR5.
In one embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is an undifferentiated cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by a characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a culture which is a corneal endothelial culture, in which the corneal endothelium exits at density higher than the cell density in the confluent state. The corneal endothelial culture in this case usually refers to a culture existing in a state which is different from the state existing in a living body.
In one embodiment, the cell density is about 570 cells/mm2 or more.
In another embodiment, the cell density is about 700 cells/mm2 or more.
In another embodiment, the cell density is about 800 cells/mm2 or more.
In another embodiment, the cell density is about 1000 cells/mm2 or more.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a corneal tissue comprising a corneal endothelial cell, wherein a Ki67-positive cell in the tissue exists at a ratio higher than the ratio in a living body, and/or the density of the corneal endothelial cell is higher than the density in a living body.
In one embodiment, the Ki67-positive cell exists at a ratio of about 4% or more.
In another embodiment, the Ki67-positive cell exists at a ratio of about 7% or more.
In another embodiment, the Ki67-positive cell exists at a ratio of about 10% or more.
In another embodiment, the density of the corneal endothelial cell is about 4000 cells/mm2 or more.
In another embodiment, the density of the corneal endothelial cell is about 4500 cells/mm2 or more.
In another embodiment, the density of the corneal endothelial cell is about 5000 cells/mm2 or more.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for using GPR49/LGR5 as an index for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell.
In one embodiment in the method for using GPR49/LGR5 as an index of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is an undifferentiated cell.
In another embodiment in the method for using GPR49/LGR5 as an index of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment in the method for using GPR49/LGR5 as an index of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment in the method for using GPR49/LGR5 as an index of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by a characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In a further another aspect, the present invention provides a detection agent for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, comprising a substance binding to GPR49/LGR5.
In one embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the direction agent is an antibody or a fragment or functional equivalent thereof, or a nucleic acid primer or a probe.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the detection agent is labeled.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by a characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In a further another aspect, the present invention provides a marker for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, comprising SHH.
In one embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is an undifferentiated cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by a characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for using SHH as an index for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell.
In one embodiment in the method for using SHH as an index of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is an undifferentiated cell.
In another embodiment in the method for using SHH as an index of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment in the method for using SHH as an index of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment in the method for using SHH as an index of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by a characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In a further another aspect, the present invention provides a detection agent for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, comprising a substance binding to SHH.
In one embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the detection agent is an antibody or a fragment or functional equivalent thereof, or a nucleic acid primer or a probe.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the detection agent is labeled.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by a characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In a further another aspect, the present invention provides a marker for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, comprising a factor of the Hedgehog pathway.
In one embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is an undifferentiated cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the factor of the Hedgehog pathway is selected from the group consisting of SHH, PTCT1, GLI1 and GLI2.
In a further another aspect, the present invention provides a method for using a factor of the Hedgehog pathway as an index for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell.
In one embodiment of the method of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is an undifferentiated cell.
In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the factor of the Hedgehog pathway is selected from the group consisting of SHH, PTCH1, GLI1 and GLI2.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a detection agent for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, comprising a substance binding to a factor of the Hedgehog pathway.
In one embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the detection agent is an antibody or a fragment or functional equivalent thereof, or a nucleic acid primer or a probe.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the detection agent is labeled.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the factor of the Hedgehog pathway is selected from the group consisting of SHH, PTCH1, GLI1 and GLI2.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a marker for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, comprising a factor of the Wnt pathway.
In one embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is an undifferentiated cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by at least one characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In another embodiment of the marker of the present invention, the factor of the Wnt pathway is selected from the group consisting of LRP6 and β-catenin.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for using a factor of the Wnt pathway as an index for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell.
In one embodiment of the method of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is an undifferentiated cell.
In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by a characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, the factor of the Wnt pathway is selected from the group consisting of LRP6 and β-catenin.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a detection agent for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, comprising a substance binding to a factor of the Wnt pathway.
In one embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the detection agent is an antibody or a fragment or functional equivalent thereof, or a nucleic acid primer or a probe.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the detection agent is labeled.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the cell having a high proliferation ability is a stem cell.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the corneal endothelial cell is a human cell.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the proliferation ability of the corneal endothelial cell is identified by a characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In another embodiment of the detection agent of the present invention, the factor of the Wnt pathway is selected from the group consisting of LRP6 and β-catenin.
In a further another aspect, the present invention provides a diagnostic, a detection kit, a diagnostic kit, a detection system, a diagnostic system or the like using the detection agent, marker or the like of the present invention.
In a further another aspect, the present invention provides a treatment method, a prevention method, use or the like using the pharmaceutical composition, therapeutic agent or progression preventive agent of the present invention.
It is understood that the aforementioned characteristics can be used in further combining one or more of the aforementioned characteristics therewith.
A person skilled in the art recognizes still further embodiments and advantages of the present invention by reading and understanding the following detailed description, if necessary.
Advantages of the Invention
The present invention can identify the differentiation ability of a cell existing in corneal endothelial cells and can identify a cell having a high proliferation ability, and as a result, it has become possible to effectively identify and collect an undifferentiated cell which exists in the corneal endothelium at a small amount. In addition, the corneal endothelium can proliferate by using R-spondins, and a disease or disorder of the corneal endothelium, which has previously been impossible or difficult to treat or prevent, can be treated or prevented.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The patent or application file contains drawings executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawings will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
FIG. 1 shows the structure of GRP49/LGR5 (see Barker N. et al., Gastroenterology, 2010 May; 138 (5): 1681-96).
FIG. 2 shows expression of GPR49/LGR5 in the human cornea. a. shows, from the left side, the immunostaining in a human corneal slice of GPR49/LGR5, nestin and ABCG2. The scale bar is 100 μm. In each photograph, from the upper side, parts corresponding to epithelium (Epi), stroma (Str) and endothelium (End) are shown. b. shows, from the left side, the real time PCR of GPR49/LGR5, nestin and ABCG2. The vertical axis shows the relative level of mRNA, when the level of corneal endothelium is set to be 1. N=4. Epi: corneal epithelium; Str: corneal stroma; End: corneal endothelium. The error bar shows S.E. *In Student's t-test, p<0.05.
FIG. 2 shows expression of GPR49/LGR5 in the human cornea. c. shows a whole mount of immunostaining of GPR49/LGR5. Center shows a central portion, and Periphery shows a peripheral portion. d. shows an enlarged view of the central region vs. peripheral portion region of the human cornea. Center shows a central portion, and Periphery shows a peripheral portion. e. shows the real time PCR of GPR49/LGR5 at a central portion (Center) and a peripheral portion (Periphery) of the human cornea. The vertical axis shows the relative level of mRNA, when the level of corneal endothelium is set to be 1. N=3. The error bar shows S.E. *In Student's t-test, p<0.05.
FIG. 3 shows expression of GPR49/LGR5 in a cultured corneal endothelial cell. a. shows the immunostaining of GPR49/LGR5 and nestin in a cultured human corneal endothelial cell (cHCEC). From the left side, a phase contrast image, a GPR49 PI image and a nestin PI image are shown. From the upper side, in vivo, primary culturing (P0), and passage first generation (P1) are shown. The scale bar shows 100 μm.
FIG. 3 shows expression of GPR49/LGR5 in a cultured corneal endothelial cell. b. shows, from the left side, expressions in cHCEC of GPR49/LGR5 and a nestin mRNA. The vertical axis shows the relative level of mRNA, when the level of primary culturing (P0) is set to be 1. In vivo, and primary culturing (P0) are shown. N=4. An error bar shows S.E. *In Student's t-test, p<0.05. ND=not detected.
FIG. 3 shows expression of GPR49/LGR5 in a cultured corneal endothelium cell. c. shows the immunostain of GPR49/LGR5 in a cultured monkey corneal endothelial cell (cMCEC). From the left side, a phase contrast image and a GPR49 PI image are shown. From the upper side, in vivo, primary culturing (P0), and passage first generation (P1) are shown. The scale bar shows 100 μm.
FIG. 3 shows expression of GPR49/LGR5 in a cultured corneal endothelium cell. d. shows expression in cMCEC of GPR49/LGR5 mRNA. The vertical axis shows the relative level of mRNA, when the level of primary culturing (P0) is set to be 1. In vivo, primary culturing (P0), passage first generation (P1) and passage second generation (P2) are shown. N=3. An error bar shows S.E. *In Student's t-test, p<0.05.
FIG. 4 shows the characterization of a GPR49/LGR5-positive cell. a. shows the phase contrast of a GPR49/LGR5-positive cell (GPR49+) after cell sorting on the left side, and shows the phase contrast of a negative cell (GPR49−) on the right side. The scale bar shows 100 μm.
FIG. 4 shows the characterization of a GPR49/LGR5-positive cell. b. shows the surface area of each cell. The average cell size of GPR49+ is 184.6±45.8 μm2, and the average cell size of GPR49− is 326.78±78.8 N=35. An error bar shows S.E. *In Student's t-test, p<0.01. c. shows the Ki-67 positivity ratio of GPR49+ and GPR49−. N=4. An error bar shows S.E. *In Student's t-test, p<0.05.
FIG. 4 shows the characterization of a GPR49/LGR5-positive cell. d. shows the cell sorting of the cell proliferation of GPR49+ by double staining (vertical axis: Cy3-Ki67 and transverse axis: FITC-GPR49): GPR49+/Ki-67+; 3.4%, GPR49+/Ki-67−; 3.8%, GPR49−/Ki-67−; 0%, GPR49−/Ki-67−; 92.8%.
FIG. 5 shows the Hedgehog transmission pathway in cHCEC. a. shows expression of a Hedgehog signal-associated gene (In the upper row and from the left side, Shh, Smo and Ptch1, and in the lower row and from the left side, Gli1 and Gli2). The vertical axis shows the relative level of mRNA, when the level of center is set to be 1.
FIG. 5 shows the Hedgehog signal transmission pathway in cHCEC. b. shows, from the left side, the immunostaining of a control, GPR49/LGR5 and Ki-67 in HCEC treated with 100 ng/ml rhShh (second from the left side), 10 μM purmorphamine (Pur) (third from the left side) and 10 μM cyclopamide (Cyc) (the rightmost). The upper row shows GPR49 staining, and the lower row shows Ki67 staining. The control is 0.1% DMSO. The scale bar shows 100 μm.
FIG. 5 shows the Hedgehog signal transmission pathway in cHCEC. c. shows, in the upper row and from the left side, the real time PCR of GPR49/LGR5 and Ptch1, and in the lower row and from the left side, the real time PCR of Gli1 and Gli2. Control means a control, and the vertical axis shows the relative level of mRNA, when the result from the control is set to be 1. rhShh shows treatment with rhShh, Pur shows treatment with purmorphamine, and Cyc shows treatment with cyclopamide. N=4. An error bar shows S.E. *In Student's t-test, p<0.05. **In Student's T-test, p<0.01.
FIG. 5 shows the Hedgehog signal transmission pathway in cHCEC. d. shows expression (relative mRNA level) of GPR49/LGR5 in cHCEC treated with rhSHH. e. shows the immunostaining of GPR49/LGR5 in cHCEC treated with rhSHH. The scale bar shows 100 μm.
FIG. 5 shows the Hedgehog signal transmission pathway in cHCEC. f. shows, from the left side, the immunostaining of a control, Ki-67 in cHCEC treated with 100 ng/ml rhSHH, 2 μM Pur and 2 μM Cyc. The upper row shows GRP49 staining. The lower row shows Ki67 staining. The control is 0.01% DMSO. The scale bar shows 100 μm.
FIG. 5 shows the Hedgehog signal transmission pathway in cHCEC. g. shows, from the light side, the Ki-67 positivity ratio of a control, cHCEC treated with, 100 ng/ml rhShh, 2 μM purmorphamine (Pur) and 2 μM cyclophosphamide (Cyc). N=5. An error bar shows S.E. *In Student's t-test, p<0.01.
FIG. 6 shows the function of GPR49/LGR5 in a corneal endothelial cell. a. shows the knock down effect of GPR49/LGR5 shRNA. The vertical axis shows the relative level of mRNA, when the level of a control (NT) is set to be 1. From the left side, the effect on GPR49 with NT (control), shGPR49-587, shGPR49-588, and shGPR49-589 is shown.
FIG. 6 shows the function of GPR49/LGR5 in a corneal endothelial cell. b. shows expressions of Ptch1, Gli1 and Gli2 (from the left side) treated with shRNA (589). NT: non-target. N=5. An error bar shows S.E. ND=not detected.
FIG. 6 shows the function of GPR49/LGR5 in a corneal endothelial cell. c. shows the effect of overexpression of GPR49/LGR5 on cHCEC. The left side shows a phase contrast image, and the right side shows Na+/K+ ATPase PI staining. The upper row shows GPR49 expression, and the lower row shows NT (control).
FIG. 6 shows the function of GPR49/LGR5 in a corneal endothelial cell. d. shows, in the upper row and from the left side, expressions of GPR49/LGR5 and Ptch1, and in the lower row and from the left side, expressions of Gli1 and Gli2 mRNA. NT shows a control, and ExpGPR49 shows a GPR49/LGR5 expression product. N=3. An error bar shows S.E. *In Student's t-test, *p<0.01.
FIG. 6A shows the action of shLGR5 in a human corneal endothelial cell (CDC). (A) shows, from the left side, real time PCR concerning GPR49/LGR5, Ptch1, Gli1 and Gli2 in NT and shLGR-transfected cell. Average±SEM. **P<0.05. N=3. (A) represents the graphs shown in FIG. 6-2 together with GPR49/LGR5, and is partially overlapped. (B) shows a phase contrast microscope image (left column) of Ki67 and the immunostain (light column) of Ki67 in NT (upper row) and shLGR-transfected human CEC (lower row). An arrow shows a Ki67(+) cell. The scale bar is 100 μm. In (B), the right graph shows the results of implementation of immunocytochemistry study concerning percentage of a Ki67 cell in order to demonstrate influence of GPR49/LGR5 gene knock down on CEC proliferation. The left side shows a control (NT), and the right side shows a shLGR5-treated cell (shLGR5).
FIG. 6B shows the functions of GPR49/LGR5 and RSPO1 in a corneal endothelial cell (CEO). (A) shows a phase contrast microscope image (the leftmost), as well as the immunostaining of GPR49/LGR5 (second from the left side), Na+/K+ ATPase (second from the right side) and ZO1 (the rightmost) in NT (the upper row) and shLGR-transfected human CEC (the lower row). The scale bar=100 μm. FIG. 6B(A) is partially overlapped with FIG. 6-3 (phase contrast image, NaKATP), but for comparison, both of them are shown side by side. (B) shows the cell density of CEC in the presence or absence of RSPO1. Average±SEM. **P<0.01. N=5. (C) shows the cell density of NT and LGR5-transfected cell. Average±SEM. **P<0.01. N=5. (D) shows real time PCR concerning EMT-associated genes (Snail (the leftmost), Slug (second from the left side), Twist (second from the right side) and collagen 1 (the rightmost)) in NT and a LGR5-transfected cell. Average±SEM. **P<0.01. N=3. (E) shows a phase contrast microscope image of human CEC in the presence (RSPO1(+), right) or absence (RSPO1(−), left) of RSPO1 (50 ng/ml). The scale bar=100 μm. (F) shows the western blotting of activated β-catenin (the uppermost row), pLRP6 (second from the upper side), tLRP6 (second from the lower side) and β-actin (the lowermost row) in NT and a LGR5-transfected cell in the presence or absence of RSPO1 (50 ng/ml).
FIG. 6C shows expression and function of RSPO in a human corneal endothelial cell (CEC). (A) the upper panel shows the results of PCR concerning RSPO1 (the uppermost row), RSPO2 (second row from the upper side), RSPO3 (third row from the upper side) and RSPO4 (fourth row from the upper side) in a human corneal epithelial cell (Epi), a parenchymal cell (Stroma) and an endothelial cell (Endo). The lower panel shows the results of PCR concerning RSPO1 (the uppermost row), RSPO2 (second row from the upper side), RSPO3 (third row from the upper side) and RSPO4 (fourth row from the upper side) at a central part (Center) and a periphery part (Periphery), among endothelial cells (Endo) (B) shows a phase contrast microscope image of cultured human CEC in the presence or absence of RSPO1 (the uppermost row), RSPO2 (second row from the upper side), RSPO3 (third row from the upper side) and RSPO4 (fourth row from the upper side) (all are 50 ng/ml). The scale bar=100 (C) shows the immunostaining of Ki67 in human CEC in the presence or absence of RSPO1 (the uppermost row), RSPO2 (second row from the upper side), RSPO3 (third row from the upper side) and RSPO4 (fourth row from the upper side) (all are 50 ng/ml). The scale bar shows 100 μm.
FIG. 6D shows a schematic view of the molecular mechanism of CEC maintenance. Human CEC shows regional diversity regarding GRP49/LGR5 expression. GRP49/LGR5 is expressed peculiarly at a peripheral region of CEC, and herein, HH signal transmission is clearly activated. GRP49/LGR5 is a target molecule in the HE pathway, and under in vitro conditions, the HH pathway could induce CEC proliferation. However, under in vivo circumstances, stimulation of only the HH pathway was insufficient for inducing CEC proliferation. The permanent expression of GRP49/LGR5 maintained a normal CEC phenotype by inhibition of the Wnt pathway. RSPO1 which is a GRP49/LGR5 ligand accelerated CEC proliferation in vivo, and inhibited MT via the Wnt pathway.
FIG. 7 shows an outline of R-spondins 1 to 4.
FIG. 8 shows the detection (magnification ×200) of a proliferating cell using a Click-iT EdU Imaging kit in Example 9. Monkey cultured corneal endothelial cells were seeded, the cells were exchanged with a medium containing R-spondin 1 (from the left side, 0, 10, 50 ng/ml) in the state where the cells were in the approximately confluent, and after 24 hours from the addition of R-spondin 1, EdU was stained with Click-iT EdU, and an EdU-positive cell rate was counted.
FIG. 9 shows an EdU-positive cell ratio in FIG. 8. As a result of counting of EdU-positive cell/DAPI, it was found that the EdU-positive cell was increased two times in a well to which R-spondin 1 was added at 10 ng/ml or 50 ng/ml, as compared with a control.
FIG. 10 shows the endothelial cell density of corneal endothelial cells which are cultured by the method shown in FIG. 8. A photograph was taken with a phase contrast microscope, and the cell density was measured using a corneal endothelial cell density calculating software Konan Storage system KSS-400EB. From the left side, addition of no medium, 10 ng/ml R-spondin 1, and 50 ng/ml R-spondin 1 are shown.
FIG. 11 shows the action of R-spondin 1 in a human cultured corneal endothelial cell. A Ki67-positive cell rate was increased in a corneal endothelial cell to which RSPO1 was added (50 ng/ml (the right upper side), 500 ng/ml (the left lower side)), as compared with a control. The left upper side shows a control, the right upper side shows an example of culturing with 50 ng/ml R-spondin 1, the left lower side shows an example of culturing with 500 ng/ml R-spondin 1, and the right lower side shows an example of culturing with 1000 ng/ml R-spondin 1. Ki67 is stained with green, a color is not seen in the control, Ki67 is remarkably stained at 50 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml, and staining is also observed at 1000 ng/ml. PI is stained with red, and all cells are stained.
FIG. 12 shows the action of R-spondin 2 in a human cultured corneal endothelial cell. In a corneal endothelial cell to which RSPO2 was added, a Ki67-positive cell rate was slightly increased as compared with a control. The left side shows an example of culturing with 50 ng/ml R-spondin 2, the right side shows an example of culturing with 100 ng/ml R-spondin 2, the upper side shows limbus cornea and the lower side shows a central part.
FIG. 13 shows the action of R-spondin 3 in a human cultured corneal endothelial cell. In a corneal endothelial cell to which RSPO3 was added, a Ki67-positive cell rate was slightly increased as compared with a control. The left side shows an example of culturing with 50 ng/ml R-spondin 3, the right side shows an example of culturing with 200 ng/ml R-spondin 3, the upper side shows limbus cornea, and the lower side shows a central part.
FIG. 14 shows the action of R-spondin 4 in a human cultured corneal endothelial cell. In a corneal endothelial cell to which RSPO4 was added, a Ki67-positive cell rate was slightly increased as compared with a control. The left side shows an example of culturing with 50 ng/ml R-spondin 4, the right side shows an example of culturing with 500 ng/ml R-spondin 4, the upper side shows limbus cornea, and the lower side shows a central part.
FIG. 15 shows the results obtained by adding R-spondin 1 to a medium at a concentration of 10 ng/ml at the time point when the subculture of human corneal endothelial cells was performed, thereafter, the cells reached confluent, and were cultured for 2 weeks or longer, and clear change was not recognized in the corneal endothelial density; continuing culturing; observing a cell form with a phase contrast microscope; and calculating the cell density. A photograph shows the number of days after addition (from the left side, 0 day, 7 day, 14 day and 21 day). The lower graph shows a change in the cell density of the group of R-spondin 1 addition on 0 day, 7 day, 14 day and 21 day, as compared with a non-addition group.
FIG. 16 shows the results concerning organ culturing using a rabbit sclerocornea slice, which are obtained by culturing the organ in an incubator at 37° C. for one week in DMEM (INVITROGEN, catalog number: 12320)+10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (BIOWEST, catalog number: S1820-500) in the presence (from the right side, 100 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 1 ng/ml) or absence (the leftmost, control) of R-spondin 1; immunostaining a corneal endothelial cell using Ki67 (Sigma-Aldrich Co., catalog number: P6834) as a marker of cell proliferation; and observing the resultant with a fluorescent microscope. Nuclear staining was performed with DAPI, a Ki67-positive cell rate was calculated, and the results are shown in the left lower panel. In addition, immunostaining was performed with ZO-1, and the cell density was calculated, and results are shown in the right lower panel.



MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The present invention will be described below. It should be understood that expression in a singular form also includes the conception of its plural form, unless specifically defined, throughout the present description. Therefore, it should be understood that an article in a singular form (e.g., “a”, “an”, and “the” in English) also includes the conception of its plural form, unless specifically mentioned. In addition, it should be understood that terms used herein are used in a sense which is usually used in the art, unless specifically mentioned. Therefore, unless defined otherwise, all technical terminology and scientific and technical terminology used herein have the same meanings as those generally understood by a person skilled in the art to which the present invention belongs. In the case of confliction, the present description (including definition) prevails.
As used herein, “GPR49/LGR5” is a seven-transmembrane protein which is a member of LGR family. GPR49/LGR5 is named based on a leucine rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor-5, which is an abnormal G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), that is characterized by a large N-terminal extracellular domain containing leucine rich repeats that in some cases have been shown to be important for interaction with glycoprotein ligands, and recently, the frequency of such a name is increased, and both names are described together herein. This is also known as FEX HG38, GPR67. An amino acid sequence of human GPR49/LGR5 and a gene sequence encoding this are disclosed in NCBI registration number NP 003658.1 (SEQ ID No.: 2) and NM_003667.2 (SEQ ID No.: 1), respectively. In the art, they are also called by a single name such as GPR49 or LGR5. As used herein, “GPR49/LGR5” is described, but it is understood that any expression shows the same meaning. GPR49/LGR5 can be identified by the accession number of OMIM: 606667. It is understood when used for the purpose of the present description, “GPR49/LGR5” means not only a protein having an amino acid sequence described in a specific sequence number or an accession number (or nucleic acid encoding the same), but also a functionally active derivative thereof, a functionally active fragment thereof, or a homolog thereof, or a mutant encoded by a nucleic acid which hybridizes with a nucleic acid encoding this protein under a high stringency condition or a low stringency condition.
In addition, the same shall apply to all other proteins listed in the present invention. Therefore, the already defined name of a protein or a nucleic acid refers to not only a protein or a nucleic acid as shown in Sequence Listing, but also a functionally active derivative, or a functionally active fragment thereof, or a homolog thereof, or a mutant encoded by a nucleic acid which hybridizes with a nucleic acid encoding the protein under a high stringency condition or a low stringency condition, preferably under the aforementioned condition. Preferably, a “derivative” or an “analog of a constituent protein” or a “mutant” used herein, does not intend limitation, but includes a molecule containing a region substantially homologous to a constituent protein. In various embodiments, such a molecule is at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% identical with the comparative lengths of amino acid sequences, or in comparison with sequences which are aligned by a computer homology program known in the art, or a nucleic acid encoding such a molecule can hybridize with a sequence encoding a constituent protein under a stringent condition, under a moderately stringent condition, or under not stringent condition. This is an outcome of modification of a naturally-occurring protein by amino acid substitution, deletion and addition, respectively, and means a protein such that a derivative thereof still exhibits the biological function of a naturally-occurring protein to a degree that may not be necessarily the same. For example, it is also possible to investigate the biological function of such a protein by an appropriately utilizable in vitro assay which is described herein or known in the art. In the present invention, human GPR49/LGR5 is mainly discussed, but since it is known that many mammals other than human, such as chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) (ENSPTRG00000005223 (XR_021586.1)), rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) (ENSMMUG00000020942), mouse (Mus musculus) (ENSMUSG00000020140), rat (Rattus norvegicus) (ENSRNOG00000004221 (LOC687868)), guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) (ENSCPOG00000009492), dog (Canis familiaris) (ENSCAFG00000000451), cat (Felis catus) (ENSFCAG00000008064), and chicken (Gallus gallus) (ENSGALG00000010163), express a GPR49/LGR5 protein, it is understood that these mammals are within the scope of the present invention.
It has been found that GPR49/LGR5 forms a part of different protein complexes, which is involved in abnormal processing of APP with gamma secretase, in an Alzheimer's disease. Since it has been found that GPR49/LGR5 is a part of an Aphla complex, a Fe65L2 complex, an APP-C99 complex and a BACE1 complex, GPR49/LGR5 can be also detected by detecting these complexes. These complexes are named after respective important protein compounds, which are used as TAP technical entry points.
The “functionally active” as used herein refers to the polypeptide of the present invention, that is, a polypeptide having the structural function, controlling function, or biochemical function, such as a biological activity, of a protein, which is a fragment or a derivative, in accordance with an aspect associated with a fragment or a derivative, as used herein.
In the present invention, the fragment of GPR49/LGR5 is a polypeptide comprising an arbitrary region of GPR49/LGR5, and may not have the biological function of natural GPR49/LGR5. Examples of the fragment include fragments comprising an extracellular region of GPR49/LGR5. The extracellular region of GPR49/LGR5 corresponds to 1-556th, 615-637th, 704-722nd, and 792-800th in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 2. A transmembrane region corresponds to 557-579th, 592-614th, 638-660th, 681-703rd, 723-745th, 769-791st and 801-823rd in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 2.
A representative nucleotide sequence of GPR49/LGR5 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 1 or a fragment sequence thereof;
        (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 2 or a fragment thereof;
        (c) a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 2, or a fragment thereof, the variant polypeptide having a biological activity;
        (d) a polynucleotide which is a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 1 or a fragment thereof;
        (e) a polynucleotide encoding a species homolog of a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 2 or a fragment thereof;
        (f) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide hybridizes with the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) under a stringent condition, and the polypeptide has a biological activity; or
        (g) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence in which the identity to the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) or a complementary sequence thereof is at least 70%, and the polypeptide has a biological activity. Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of GPR49/LGR5.
    
    


An amino acid sequence of GPR49/LGR5 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 2 or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 2, and the polypeptide has a biological activity;
        (c) a polypeptide encoded by a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 1;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a species homolog of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 2; or
        (e) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) is at least 70%, and having a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of GPR49/LGR5.

    
    


In a context with the present invention, the “substance binding to GPR49/LGR5” or the “GPR49/LGR5 interaction molecule” is a molecule or a substance which binds to GPR49/LGR5 at least temporarily, and preferably, can indicate that it has bound thereto (e.g., in the state where it is labeled or can be labeled). The substance binding to GPR49/LGR5 may be an inhibitor of GPR49/LGR5, and examples thereof may include an antibody, an antisense-oligonucleotide, siRNA, a low molecular weight (LMW) molecule, a binding peptide, an aptamer, a ribozyme and a peptidomimetic, and for example, a binding protein or a binding peptide directed to GPR49/LGR5, particularly, directed to an active site of GPR49/LGR5, as well as a nucleic acid directed to a GPR49/LGR5 gene are also included. A nucleic acid to GPR49/LGR5 refers to, for example, double-stranded or single-stranded DNA or RNA which inhibits expression of a GPR49/LGR5 gene or the activity of GPR49/LGR5, or a modified product or derivative thereof, and includes, without limitation, an antisense nucleic acid, an aptamer, siRNA (low-molecular interference RNA) and a ribozyme. As used herein, concerning GPR49/LGR5, the “binding protein” or the “binding peptide” refers to a kind of a protein or a peptide which binds to GPR49/LGR5, and includes, but is not limited to, a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody, an antibody fragment and a protein skeleton directed to GPR49/LGR5.
As used herein, “R-spondin(s)” refers to a gene group having the same structure and function as those of R-spondin 1 and the like, and is explained in Non-Patent Document 4 (J. Yoon, J. Lee, Cellular Signalling 24 (2012) 369-377). For example, it is known, as a structure, that R-spondin(s) has a domain of SP, CR, TSR and BR from the N-terminal. In addition, as a function, it is known that R-spondin(s) is a ligand for GPR49. Therefore, R-spondins can be identified using such a structure and function as an index. For example, in human, R-spondin 1 (RSPO1 OMIM: 609595; nucleic acid sequence (gene sequence): SEQ ID No.: 3, 35, 37 or 39; amino acid sequence: SEQ ID No.: 4, 36, 38 or 40), R-spondin 2 (RSPO2 OMIM: 610575, SEQ ID Nos.: 5 and 6), R-spondin 3 (RSPO3 OMIM: 610574, SEQ ID Nos.: 7 and 8), R-spondin 4 (RSPO4 OMIM: 610573: nucleic acid sequence (gene sequence): SEQ ID Nos.: 9 and 41; amino acid sequence: SEQ ID No.: 10 or 42) are known. From the information of Non-Patent Document 4, respective R-spondins are summarized as in FIG. 7.
A representative nucleotide sequence of R-spondin 1 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 3, 35, 37 or 39, or a fragment sequence thereof;
        (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 4, 36, 38 or 40, or a fragment thereof;
        (c) a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 4, 36, 38 or 40, or a fragment thereof, the variant polypeptide having a biological activity;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO.: 3, 35, 37 or 39, or a fragment thereof;
        (e) a polynucleotide encoding a species homolog of a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 4, 36, 38 or 40, or a fragment thereof;
        (f) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotidehybridizes with the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) under a stringent condition, and the polypeptide has a biological activity; or
        (g) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence in which the identity to the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) or a complementary sequence thereof is at least 70%, and the polypeptide has a biological activity. Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of R-spondin 1.
    
    


An amino acid sequence of R-spondin 1 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 4, 36, 38 or 40, or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 4, 36, 38 or 40, and the polypeptide has a biological activity;
        (c) a polypeptide encoded by a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 3, 35, 37 or 39;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a species homolog of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 4, 36, 38 or 40; or
        (e) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) is at least 70%, and having a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers an activity of R-spondin 1.

    
    


A representative nucleotide sequence of R-spondin 2 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 5 or a fragment sequence thereof;
        (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 6 or a fragment thereof;
        (c) a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No: 6, or a fragment thereof, the variant polypeptide having a biological activity;
        (d) a polynucleotide which is a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 5 or a fragment thereof;
        (e) a polynucleotide encoding a species homolog of a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 6 or a fragment thereof;
        (f) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide hybridizes with the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) under a stringent condition, and the polypeptide has a biological activity; or
        (g) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide which consists of a nucleotide sequence in which the identity to the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) or a complementary sequence thereof is at least 70%, and the polypeptide has a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of R-spondin 2.

    
    


An amino acid sequence of R-spondin 2 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 6 or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 6, and the polypeptide has a biological activity;
        (c) a polypeptide encoded by a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 5;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a species homolog of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 6; or
        (e) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) is at least 70%, and having a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of R-spondin 2.

    
    


A representative nucleotide sequence of R-spondin 3 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 7 or a fragment sequence thereof;
        (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 8 or a fragment thereof;
        (c) a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 8, or a fragment thereof, the variant polypeptide having a biological activity;
        (d) a polynucleotide which is a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 7 or a fragment thereof;
        (e) a polynucleotide encoding a species homolog of a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 8 or a fragment thereof;
        (f) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide which hybridizes with the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) under a stringent condition, and the polynucleotide has a biological activity; or
        (g) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence in which the identity to the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) or a complementary sequence thereof is at least 70%, and the polypeptide has a biological activity. Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of R-spondin 3.
    
    


An amino acid sequence of R-spondin 3 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 8 or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 8, and the polypeptide has a biological activity;
        (c) a polypeptide encoded by a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 7;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a species homolog of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 8; or
        (e) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) is at least 70%, and having a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of R-spondin 3.

    
    


A representative nucleotide sequence of R-spondin 4 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 9 or 41, or a fragment sequence thereof;
        (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 10 or 42, or a fragment thereof;
        (c) a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 10 or 42, or a fragment thereof, the variant polypeptide having a physiological activity;
        (d) a polynucleotide which is a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 9 or 41, or a fragment thereof;
        (e) a polynucleotide encoding a species homolog of a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 10 or 42, or a fragment thereof;
        (f) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide hybridizes with the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) under a stringent condition, and the polypeptide has a biological activity; or
        (g) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence in which the identity to the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) or a complementary sequence thereof is at least 70%, and the polypeptide has a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of R-spondin 4.

    
    


An amino acid sequence of R-spondin 4 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 10 or 42, or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 10 or: 42, and the polypeptide has a biological activity;
        (c) a polypeptide encoded by a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 9 or 41;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a species homolog of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 10 or 42; or
        (e) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) is at least 70%, and having a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of R-spondin 4.

    
    


As used herein, “SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH)” is one of five kinds of proteins belonging to Hedgehog (HH) family, and a gene encoding this is shown by shh. SHH has a role in patterning many organs such as limbs and midline structures in the brain, as the most important morphogen in development. It is known that, in mutation of a human sonic hedgehog gene, deletion of ventral midline occurs to cause holoprosencephaly (HPE), and additionally, hyperdactyly is generated due to a cause of change in a cis regulating element. As other proteins of this family, there are Desert Hedgehog (DHH) and Indian Hedgehog (IHH) in a mammal. For example, SHH (SHH OMIM 600725; human: NM_000193 (SEQ ID Nos.: 11 and 12); mouse: NM_009170) is known as a protein of human.
A representative nucleotide sequence of shh can be:

    
    
        (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 11 or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 12 or a fragment thereof;
        (c) a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 12, or a fragment thereof, the variant polypeptide having a biological activity;
        (d) a polynucleotide which is a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 11 or a fragment thereof;
        (e) a polynucleotide encoding a species homolog of a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 12 or a fragment thereof;
        (f) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide hybridizes with the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) under a stringent condition, and the polypeptide has a biological activity; or
        (g) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence in which the identity to the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) or a complementary sequence thereof is at least 70%, and the polypeptide has a biological activity. Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of SHH.
    
    


An amino acid sequence of SHH can be:

    
    
        (a) a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 12 or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 12, and the polypeptide has a biological activity;
        (c) a polypeptide encoded by a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 11;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a species homolog of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 12; or
        (e) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) is at least 70%, and having a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of SHH.

    
    


Examples of the factors of the Hedgehog pathway include SHH, PTCH1, GLI1 and GLI2.
As used herein, “PTCH1” is one of the factors of the Hedgehog pathway, is a receptor called Patched-1, and is a receptor to which SHH binds. A gene encoding this factor is shown by ptch1. It is stated that, by binding between SHH and PTCH1, suppression of Smoothened (SMO) which is also a component of a SHH receptor complex is cancelled, a signal is transmitted into a cell, and finally, transcription of a variety of target genes is activated through a Gli transcription factor to exert a physiological function. It is stated that the gamete mutation of PTCH1 causes a hereditary disease of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) (also called Gorlin syndrome) characterized by minor anomaly and high oncogenesis. PTCH1 is also a cancer suppressing gene. This gene is also known as PTC; BCNS; HPE7; PTC1; PTCH; NBCCS; or PTCH11. For example, the factor in human is NC_000009.11 (NCBI Reference Sequence), and NC_000009 (Accession No.) and NM_001083602.1 (Accession No.) (SEQ ID Nos.: 43 and 44) are known.
A representative nucleotide sequence of ptch1 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 43 <NM_001083602.1> or a fragment sequence thereof;
        (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 44 or a fragment thereof;
        (c) a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 44, or a fragment thereof, the variant polypeptide having a biological activity;
        (d) a polynucleotide which is a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 43 or a fragment thereof;
        (e) a polynucleotide encoding a species homolog of a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 44 or a fragment thereof;
        (f) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide hybridizes with the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) under a stringent condition, and the polypeptide has a biological activity; or
        (g) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence in which the identity to the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) or a complementary sequence thereof is at least 70%, and the polypeptide has a biological activity. Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of PTCH1.
    
    


An amino acid sequence of PTCH1 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 44 or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 44, and the polypeptide has a biological activity;
        (c) a polypeptide encoded by a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 43;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a species homolog of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 44; or
        (e) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) is at least 70%, and having a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of PTCH1.

    
    


As used herein, “GLI1” is a factor of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway, and one of transcription factor Gli family members (GLI1, GLI2, GLI3 etc.). A gene encoding GLI1 is shown by gli1. It is stated that GLI1 is located downstream from PTCH1, and a signal is transmitted to GPR49/LGR5 from this point. It is stated that, by binding between SHH and PTCH1, suppression of Smoothened (SMO) which is also a component of a SHH receptor complex is cancelled, a signal is transmitted into a cell, and finally, transcription of a variety of target genes is activated through a GLI transcription factor to exert a physiological function. For example, as the factors in human, NM_005269.2 (NCBI Reference Sequence), NM_005269 (Genbank Accession) for variant 1; NM_001160045.1 (NCBI Reference Sequence), NM_001160045 (Genbank Accession) for variant 2; NM_001167609.1 (NCBI Reference Sequence), NM_001167609 (Genbank Accession) (SEQ ID Nos.: 45 and 46) for variant 3 are known.
A representative nucleotide sequence of gli1 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 45 <NM_001167609.1> or a fragment sequence thereof;
        (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 46 or a fragment thereof;
        (c) a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 46, or a fragment thereof, the variant polypeptide having a biological activity;
        (d) a polynucleotide which is a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 45 or a fragment thereof;
        (e) a polynucleotide encoding a species homolog of a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 46 or a fragment thereof;
        (f) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide hybridizes with the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) under a stringent condition, and the polypeptide has a biological activity; or
        (g) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence in which the identity to the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) or a complementary sequence thereof is at least 70%, and the polypeptide has a biological activity. Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of GLI1.
    
    


An amino acid sequence of GLI1 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 46 or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 46, and the polypeptide has a biological activity;
        (c) a polypeptide encoded by a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 45;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a species homolog of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 46; or
        (e) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) is at least 70%, and having a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of GLI1.

    
    


As used herein, “GLI2” is a factor of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway, and one of transcription factor GLI family members (GLI1, GLI2, GLI3 etc.). A gene encoding GLI2 is shown by gli2. It is stated that GLI2 is located downstream from PTCH1, and a signal is transmitted to GPR49/LGR5 from this point. It is stated that, by binding between Shh and PTCH1, suppression of Smoothened (SMO) which is also a component of a Shh receptor complex is cancelled, a signal is transmitted into a cell, and finally, transcription of a variety of target genes is activated through a Gli transcription factor to exert a physiological function. For example, NM_005270.4 (NCBI Reference Sequence), NM_005270 (Genbank Accession) (SEQ ID Nos.: 47 and 48) are known as the factors in human.
A representative nucleotide sequence of gli2 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 47 <NM_005270.4> or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 48 or a fragment thereof;
        (c) a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 48, or a fragment thereof, the variant polypeptide having a biological activity;
        (d) a polynucleotide which is a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 47 or a fragment thereof;
        (e) a polynucleotide encoding a species homolog of a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 48 or a fragment thereof;
        (f) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide hybridizes with the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) under a stringent condition, and the polypeptide has a biological activity; or
        (g) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence in which the identity to the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) or a complementary sequence thereof is at least 70%, and the polypeptide has a biological activity. Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of GLI2.
    
    


An amino acid sequence of GLI2 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 48 or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 48, and the polypeptide has a biological activity;
        (c) a polypeptide encoded by a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 47;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a species homolog of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 48; or
        (e) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) is at least 70%, and having a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of GLI2.

    
    


Examples of the factors of the Wnt pathway include LRP6 and β-catenin.
As used herein, “LRP6” is one of the factors of the Wnt pathway, and is abbreviation of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6. A gene encoding this is expressed by lrp6. Gβγ which is G protein activates GSK3, and promotes the transcription activity of β-catenin through LRP6. For example, as the factors in human, NM_002336.2 (NCBI Reference Sequence), NM_002336 (Genbank Accession) LRP6, NM_002336.2 (SEQ ID Nos.: 49 and 50) are known.
A representative nucleotide sequence of lrp6 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 49 <NM_002336.2> or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 50 or a fragment thereof;
        (c) a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 50, or a fragment thereof, the variant polypeptide having a biological activity;
        (d) a polynucleotide which is a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 49 or a fragment thereof;
        (e) a polynucleotide encoding a species homolog of a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 50 or a fragment thereof;
        (f) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide hybridizes with the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) under a stringent condition, and the polypeptide has a biological activity; or
        (g) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence in which the identity to the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) or a complementary sequence thereof is at least 70%, and the polypeptide has a biological activity. Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of LRP6.
    
    


An amino acid sequence of LRP6 can be:

    
    
        (a) a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 50 or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 50, and the polypeptide has a biological activity;
        (c) a polypeptide encoded by a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 49;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a species homolog of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 50; or
        (e) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) is at least 70%, and having a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of LRP6.

    
    


As used herein, “β-catenin” is one of the factors of the Wnt pathway, and a gene encoding this is shown by beta-catenin/CTNNB1. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway regulates the determination of the destiny of a cell in development in a vertebrate and an invertebrate. A Wnt-ligand is a secreted glycoprotein, and binds to a Frizzled receptor. This binding initiates a cascade such that GSK-3β as a multifunctional kinase is eliminated from an APC/Axin/GSK-4 complex. It is stated that, when there is no Wnt-signal, β-catenin, which is a coupling factor of transcription, and at the same time, which is embedded in a cell membrane and exists as an adaptor protein in adhesion between cells, are degraded by an APC/Axin/GSK-3β complex. It is stated that, when β-catenin undergoes proper phosphorylation by the cooperative action of CK1 and GSK-3β, it leads to ubiquitination and degradation with a proteasome through a β-TrCP/SKP complex. When Wnt binds thereto, Dishevelled (Dvl) undergoes phosphorylation and polyubiquitination to be activated, and this activation in turn keeps GSK-3β away from the degradation complex. This causes Rac-1-dependent nuclear translocation to guide to a LEF/TCF DNA-binding factor for stabilizing β-catenin, where it is stated to act as a transcription activation factor by substitution with a Groucho-HDAC co-repressor. It is stated that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway integrates signals from many other pathways such as retinoic acid, FGF, TGF-β, and BMP, in many different types of cells and tissues. For example, as the factors in human, NM_001904.3 (NCBI Reference Sequence), NM_001904, XM_942045, XM_945648, XM_945650, XM_945651, XM_945652, XM_945653, XM_945654, XM_945655, XM_945657 (Genbank Accession) for variant 1; NM_001098209.1 (NCBI Reference Sequence), NM_001098209, XM_001133660, XM_001133664, XM_001133673, XM_001133675 (Genbank Accession) for variant 2; and NM_001098210.1 (NCBI Reference Sequence), NM_001098210 (Genbank Accession), NM_131059.2 (CTNNB, Accession No.) (SEQ ID Nos.: 51 and 52) for variant 3 are known.
A representative nucleotide sequence of β-catenin can be:

    
    
        (a) a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 51 <NM_131059.2> or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 52 or a fragment thereof;
        (c) a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 52, or a fragment thereof, the variant polypeptide having a biological activity;
        (d) a polynucleotide which is a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 51 or a fragment thereof;
        (e) a polynucleotide encoding a species homolog of a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 52 or a fragment thereof;
        (f) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide hybridizes with the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) under a stringent condition, and the polypeptide has a biological activity; or
        (g) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide wherein the polynucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence in which the identity to the polynucleotide of any one of (a) to (e) or a complementary sequence thereof is at least 70%, and the polypeptide has a biological activity. Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of β-catenin.
    
    


An amino acid sequence of β-catenin can be:

    
    
        (a) a polypeptide consisting of an amino acid of SEQ ID No.: 52 or a fragment thereof;
        (b) a polypeptide in which one or more amino acids have one mutation selected from the group consisting of substitution, addition and deletion in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 52, and the polypeptide has a biological activity;
        (c) a polypeptide encoded by a splicing mutant or an allele mutant of a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 51;
        (d) a polypeptide which is a species homolog of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 52; or
        (e) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence in which the identity to the polypeptide of any one of (a) to (d) is at least 70%, and having a biological activity.

Herein, the biological activity representatively refers to an activity of β-catenin.

    
    


As used herein, purmorphamine is another name of N-(4-morpholinophenyl)-2-(1-naphthyloxy)-9-cyclohexyl-9H-purine-6-amine, and is a known compound having a CAS number of 483367-10-8. It is known as an agonist of a Frizzled family (membrane protein responsible for Hedgehog signal transmission route) of a seven-transmembrane protein called Smoothened. Therefore, in the present invention, it can be used as an agonist of SHH, for example, as an agonist of a Frizzled family such as purmorphamine.
As used herein, a “protein”, a “polypeptide”, an “oligopeptide” and a “peptide” are herein used in the same meaning, and refer to a polymer of amino acids having any length. This polymer may be straight or branched, or cyclic. An amino acid may be natural or non-natural, or may be an altered amino acid. This term can also encompass an assembly of a complex of a plurality of polypeptide chains. This term also encompasses a natural or artificially altered amino acid polymer. Examples of such alterations include disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation and any other manipulation or alteration (e.g., binding with a label component). This definition also encompasses a polypeptide containing one, two or more analogs of amino acids (e.g., including non-natural amino acid), a peptide-like compound (e.g., peptoid) and other alterations known in the art.
As used herein, an “amino acid” may be natural or non-natural, as far as the object of the present invention is satisfied.
As used herein, a “polynucleotide”, an “oligonucleotide”, and a “nucleic acid” are herein used in the same meaning, and refer to a polymer of nucleotides having any length. This term also encompasses an “oligonucleotide derivative” and a “polynucleotide derivative”. The “oligonucleotide derivative” or the “polynucleotide derivative” includes a derivative of a nucleotide, or refers to an oligonucleotide or a polynucleotide in which a bond between nucleotides is different from the normal bond, and the terms are used interchangeably. Specific examples of such an oligonucleotide include 2′-O-methyl-ribonucleotide, an oligonucleotide derivative in which a phosphodiester bond in an oligonucleotide is converted into a phosphorothioate bond, an oligonucleotide derivative in which a phosphodiester bond in an oligonucleotide is converted into an N3′-P5′ phosphoramidate bond, an oligonucleotide derivative in which ribose and a phosphodiester bond in an oligonucleotide are converted into a peptide nucleic acid bond, an oligonucleotide derivative in which uracil in an oligonucleotide is substituted with C-5 propynyluracil, an oligonucleotide derivative in which uracil in an oligonucleotide is substituted with C-5 thiazoleuracil, an oligonucleotide derivative in which cytosine in an oligonucleotide is substituted with C-5 propynylcytosine, an oligonucleotide derivative in which cytosine in an oligonucleotide is substituted with phenoxazine-modified cytosine, an oligonucleotide derivative in which ribose in DNA is substituted with 2′-O-propylribose, and an oligonucleotide derivative in which ribose in an oligonucleotide is substituted with 2′-methoxyethoxyribose. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that a specified nucleic acid sequence also includes a preservatively altered variant (e.g., degenerate codon substitution) and a complementary sequence thereof, like an explicitly shown sequence. Specifically, a degenerate codon substitution is attained by making a sequence in which a third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with a mixed base and/or a deoxyinosine residue (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19: 5081 (1991); Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2605-2608 (1985); Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8: 91-98 (1994)). As used herein, a “nucleic acid” is used interchangeably with a gene, cDNA, mRNA, an oligonucleotide, and a polynucleotide. As used herein, a “nucleotide” may be natural or non-natural.
As used herein, a “gene” refers to an agent defining a genetic trait. Genes are usually arranged on a chromosome in a certain order. A gene defining a primary structure of a protein, is referred to as a structural gene, and a gene influencing on the expression thereof is referred to as a regulator gene. As used herein, a “gene” may refer to a “polynucleotide”, an “oligonucleotide” and a “nucleic acid”.
As used herein, “homology” between genes refers to a degree of identity of two or more gene sequences to each other, and having “homology” generally refers to a high degree of identity or similarity. Therefore, as the homology between certain two genes is higher, identity or similarity between those sequences is higher. Whether two kinds of genes have homology or not can be examined by direct comparison of sequences, or in the case of a nucleic acid, by a hybridization method under a stringent condition. In the case where two gene sequences are directly compared, those genes have homology when DNA sequences of the gene sequences are representatively at least 50% identical between the gene sequences, preferably when the DNA sequences are at least 70% identical, more preferably when the DNA sequences are at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical. Therefore, as used herein, a “homolog” or a “homologous gene product” means a protein in another species, preferably a mammal, which exerts the same biological function as that of a protein constituent of a complex which will be further described herein. Such a homolog may also be named as an “ortholog gene product”. The algorithm for detecting an ortholog gene pair from human, a mammal or other species uses the whole genome of these organisms. First, a pairing best hit is recovered using expected complete Smith-Waterman Alignment of proteins. In order to further improve reliability, a cluster of these pairs may be formed using a pairing best hit including Drosophila melanogaster and C. elegans proteins. Such analysis is provided, for example, in Nature, 2001, 409: B60-921. Based on sequence homology on genes of other species of genes encoding proteins provided. As used herein, homologs of the proteins described herein can be isolated by applying a conventional technique to clone respective genes, and expressing proteins from such genes, or by isolating similar complexes according to the method provided herein, or according to another appropriate method well-known in the art.
An amino acid may be referred herein to by any of the generally known three letter symbol, or one letter symbol recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. A nucleotide may be similarly referred to by the generally recognized one letter code. As used herein, comparison of similarity, identity and homology of amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences can be made based on the calculation by using default parameters employing BLAST which is a tool for analyzing sequences. Retrieval of identity can be performed, for example, using BLAST 2.2.9 of NCBI (published on May 12, 2004). A value of identity as used herein usually refers to a value obtained by alignment under the default condition using the BLAST, however, in the case where a higher value is obtained by change in the parameters, the highest value is adopted as the value of identity. In the case where identity is evaluated in a plurality of regions, among the obtained values, the highest value is adopted as the value of identity. Similarity is a numerical value obtained by also considering similar amino acids, in addition to identity.
As used herein, a polynucleotide which “hybridizes under a stringent condition” refers to a well-known condition which is conventionally used in the art. Such a polynucleotide can be obtained by performing a colony hybridization method, a plaque hybridization method or a Southern blot hybridization method using a polynucleotide selected from the polynucleotides of the present invention as a probe. Specifically, such a polynucleotide means a polynucleotide which can be identified by performing hybridization at 65° C. in the presence of 0.7 to 1.0 M NaCl using a filter on which DNA derived from a colony or a plaque is immobilized, and washing the filter under a condition of 65° C. using a SSC (saline-sodium citrate) solution having a 0.1 to 2-fold concentration (the composition of the SSC solution having a 1-fold concentration is 150 mM sodium chloride and 15 mM sodium citrate). Hybridization can be performed in accordance with the methods described in experimental texts such as Molecular Cloning 2nd ed., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Supplement 1-38, DNA Cloning 1: Core Techniques, A Practical Approach, Second Edition, Oxford University Press (1995). Herein, a sequence containing only an A sequence or only a T sequence is preferably eliminated from sequences which hybridize under a stringent condition. Therefore, a polypeptide used in the present invention (e.g., transthyretin) also includes a polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes with a nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide particularly described in the present invention under a stringent condition. These low stringency conditions include hybridization at 40° C. for 18 to 20 hours in a buffer containing 35% formamide, 5×SSC, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA, 0.02% PVP, 0.02% BSA, 100 μg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 10% (weight/volume) dextran sulfate, washing the resultant at 55° C. for 1 to 5 hours in a buffer consisting of 2×SSC, mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 5 mM EDTA, and 0.1% SDS, and washing the resultant at 60° C. for 1.5 hours in a buffer consisting of 2×SSC, 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 5 mM EDTA, and 0.1% SDS.
As used herein, a “purified” substance or biological an agent (e.g., nucleic acid or protein) refers to a substance or a biological an agent from which at least a part of an agent naturally associated with the biological agent has been removed. Therefore, usually, the purity of a biological agent in a purified biological agent is higher than that in the state where the biological agent usually exists (that is, concentrated). The term “purified” used herein means that preferably at least 75% by weight, more preferably at least 85% by weight, further preferably at least 95% by weight, and most preferably at least 98% by weight of the same type of a biological agent exists. A substance used in the present invention is preferably a “purified” substance.
As used herein, a “corresponding” amino acid or nucleic acid refers to an amino acid or a nucleotide which has or is expected to have, in a certain polypeptide molecule or polynucleotide molecule, an action similar to that of a predetermined amino acid or nucleotide in a polypeptide or a polynucleotide as a standard of comparison, and particularly, in the case of an enzyme molecule, refers to an amino acid which exists at a similar position in an active site and makes a similar contribution to the catalytic activity. For example, in the case of an antisense molecule, it can be a similar part in an ortholog corresponding to a specified part of the antisense molecule. A corresponding amino acid can be a specified amino acid which is subjected to, for example, cysteination, glutathionylation, S—S bond formation, oxidation (e.g., oxidation of methionine side chain), formylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, myristylation or the like. Alternatively, a corresponding amino acid can be an amino acid responsible for dimerization. Such a “corresponding” amino acid or nucleic acid may be a region or a domain over a certain range. Therefore, in such a case, as used herein, it is named as a “corresponding” region or domain.
As used herein, a “corresponding” gene (e.g., polynucleotide sequence or molecule) refers to a gene (e.g., polynucleotide sequence or molecule) of a certain species which has or is expected to have an action similar to that of a predetermined gene in a species being a standard of comparison, and when there is a plurality of genes having such an action, the corresponding gene refers to a gene having evolutionarily the same origin. Therefore, a gene corresponding to a certain gene can be an ortholog of the gene. Therefore, regarding RPG49 and R-spondins of a mouse or a rat, corresponding RPG49 and R-spondins can be found, respectively, in human. Such a corresponding gene can be identified using a technique well-known in the art. Therefore, for example, a corresponding gene in a certain animal (e.g., mouse), or a gene being a standard of a corresponding gene (e.g., RPG49, R-spondins, or shh) can be found by retrieval from sequence database of the animal (e.g., human or rat) using sequences such as SEQ ID Nos.: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 as a query sequence.
As used herein, a “fragment” refers to a polypeptide or a polynucleotide having a sequence length of 1 to n−1, relative to a full length polypeptide or polynucleotide (length: n). The length of the fragment can be appropriately changed depending on the purpose thereof. Examples of the lower limit of the length, in the case of a polypeptide, include 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and more amino acids, and a length which is represented by an integer not specifically listed herein (e.g., 11) can also be proper as the lower limit. In addition, in the case of a polynucleotide, examples of the lower limit include 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100 and more nucleotides, and a length represented by an integer not specifically listed herein (e.g., 11) can also be proper as the lower limit. As used herein, concerning such a fragment, it is understood that, for example, when a full length polypeptide or polynucleotide functions as a marker, the fragment itself is also within the scope of the present invention, as far as it has a function as a marker.
According to the present invention, the term “activity” as used herein refers to the function of a molecule in a broadest sense. The activity is not intended to be particularly limited, but generally includes a biological function, a biochemical function, a physical function or a chemical function of a molecule. The activity includes, for example, an enzyme activity, an ability to interact with other molecules, an ability to activate, promote, stabilize, inhibit, suppress, or destabilize the function of other molecules, the stability, and an ability to be localized at a specified position in a cell. When applicable, this term also relates to the function of a protein complex in a broadest sense.
As used herein, the “biological function” used when referring to a certain gene or a nucleic acid molecule or a polypeptide relating thereto, refers to a specified function which can be possessed by the gene, the nucleic acid molecule or the polypeptide in a living body. This function includes, but is not limited to, production of a specific antibody, the enzyme activity, and impartation of resistance. In the present invention, this function includes, but is not limited to, a function of GPR49/LGR5 or the like of recognizing an R-spondin. As used herein, the biological function can be exerted by the “biological activity”. As used herein, the “biological activity” refers to the activity which can be possessed by a certain agent (e.g., polynucleotide or protein) in a living body, includes an activity of exerting a variety of functions (e.g., transcription promoting activity), and for example, includes an activity of activating or inactivating another molecule by interaction with a certain molecule. When two agents interact, the biological activity is binding between two molecules and biological change caused by the binding, for example, when one molecule is settled using an antibody, the other molecule is also settled, and the two molecules are thought to be bound together. Therefore, observation of such coprecipitation is one determination procedure. For example, when a certain agent is an enzyme, the biological activity includes the enzyme activity. In another example, when a certain agent is a ligand, the biological activity includes binding of the ligand to a corresponding receptor. Such a biological activity can be measured by a technique well-known in the art. Therefore, the “activity” refers to a variety of measurable indices which show or reveal a bond (either direct or indirect); and influence on a response (that is, having a measurable influence in response to some exposure or stimulation), and examples thereof include affinity of a compound which directly binds to the polypeptide or the polynucleotide of the present invention, the amount of proteins upstream or downstream after some stimulations or events, or the measure of other similar functions.
As used herein, “expression” of a gene, a polynucleotide, a polypeptide or the like refers to that the gene or the like receives a certain action in vivo to be converted into another form. Preferably, the expression refers to that a gene, a polynucleotide or the like is transcribed and translated into the form of a polypeptide, and transcription to make mRNA can also be one aspect of the expression. More preferably, such a form of a polypeptide can be a form which has undergone processing after translation (derivative referred to herein). For example, the expression level of GPR49/LGR5 can be determined by any method. Specifically, by evaluating the amount of mRNA of GPR49/LGR5, the amount of a GPR49/LGR5 protein, and the biological activity of a GPR49/LGR5 protein, the expression level of GPR49/LGR5 can be known. The amount of mRNA or a protein of GPR49/LGR5 can be determined by the method described herein.
As used herein, a “functional equivalent” refers to any matter having the same objective function but a different structure relative to the original entity as a subject. Therefore, when referring to “R-sporadins or a functional equivalent thereof” or “the group consisting of R-spondins and a functional equivalent thereof”, it is understood that a functional equivalent includes, in addition to R-spondins themselves, a mutant or a variant of R-spondins (e.g., amino acid sequence variant) which has an action of controlling differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell or the like, as well as one which can be changed into R-spondins themselves, or a mutant or a variant of the R-spondins (e.g., including nucleic acids encoding R-spondins themselves or a mutant or a variant of R-spondins, and a vector, a cell or the like comprising the nucleic acid) at the time point of the action. In the present invention, it is understood that a functional equivalent of an R-spondin can be used similarly to an R-spondin, unless particularly referred to.
In addition, when referring to “GPR49/LGR5 or a functional equivalent thereof” or “the group consisting of GPR49/LGR5 and a functional equivalent thereof”, it is understood that they include, in addition to GPR49/LGR5 itself, a mutant or a variant (e.g., amino acid sequence variant) of GPR49/LGR5 which has an action of controlling differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell or the like, or has a function as the marker described herein, as well as one which can be changed to GPR49/LGR5 itself or a mutant or a variant of GPR49/LGR5 (e.g., including a nucleic acid encoding GPR49/LGR5 itself or a mutant or a variant of GPR49/LGR5, and a vector, a cell or the like comprising the nucleic acid) at the time point of the action. In the present invention, it is understood that a functional equivalent of GPR49/LGR5 can be used similarly to GPR49/LGR5, unless particularly referred to.
In addition, when referring to “SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH) or a functional equivalent thereof” or “the group consisting of SONIC HEDGEHOG (SHH) and a functional equivalent thereof”, it is understood that they include, in addition to SHH itself, a mutant or a variant (e.g., amino acid sequence variant) of SHH which has an action of controlling differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell or the like, or has a function as the marker described herein, as well as one which can be changed to SHH itself or a mutant or a variant of SHH (e.g., including a nucleic acid encoding SHH itself or a mutant or a variant of SHH, and a vector, a cell or the like comprising the nucleic acid) at the time point of the action. In the present invention, it is understood that a functional equivalent of SHH can be used similarly to SHH, unless particularly referred to.
When referring to “an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 or a functional equivalent thereof” or “the group consisting of an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 and a functional equivalent thereof”, it is understood that they include, in addition to an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 itself, a mutant or a variant (e.g., synthetic variant) of an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 which is changed so as to have an action of controlling differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell or the like (can be changed to an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 (e.g., a precursor or a prodrug such as an ester)) at the time point of the action. In the present invention, it is understood that a functional equivalent of the agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 can be used similarly to the agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5, unless particularly referred to.
In addition, when referring to “an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) or a functional equivalent thereof” or “the group consisting of an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) and a functional equivalent thereof”, it is understood that they include, in addition to an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine), a mutant or a variant (e.g., synthetic variant) of an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) which is changed so as to have an action of controlling differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell or the like (and is changed to an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) itself or a mutant or a variant of an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) (e.g., a precursor or a prodrug such as an ester)) at the time point of the action. In the present invention, it is understood that a functional equivalent of an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) can be used similarly to the agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine), unless particularly referred to.
As used herein, an “agonist” refers to a substance which makes an entity as a subject (e.g., receptor) expresses the biological action of the receptor. Examples thereof include a synthesized agonist and an altered agonist, in addition to a natural agonist (also named as a ligand).
As used herein, an “antagonist” refers to a substance which, relative to an entity (e.g., receptor) as a subject, inhibits the biological action of the receptor. There are an antagonist which inhibits the action non-competitively with an agonist (or a ligand), in addition to an antagonist which inhibits the action competitively with an agonist (or a ligand). An antagonist can also be obtained by altering an agonist. Since an antagonist inhibits a physiological phenomenon, it can be included in the concept of an inhibitor or a suppressing (suppressing) agent.
As used herein, an “agent inhibiting (GPR49/LGR5 etc.)” refers to an agent which can reduce or eliminate the function of GPR49/LGR5 or the like as a subject temporarily or permanently. Examples of such an agent include, but are not limited to, an antibody, an antigen-binding fragment thereof, a derivative thereof, and agents in the form of a nucleic acid such as antisense and RNAi agent such as siRNA.
A functional equivalent of GPR49/LGR5 and R-spondins used in the present invention can be found by retrieval from database and the like. As used herein, “retrieval” refers to finding out other nucleic acid nucleotide sequences a having specified function and/or nature utilizing a certain nucleic acid nucleotide sequence electronically or by a biological or other method. Examples of electronic retrieval include, but are not limited to BLAST (Altschul et al., J. Mol. Biol. 215: 403-410 (1990)), FASTA (Pearson & Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 85: 2444-2448 (1988)), Smith and Waterman method (Smith and Waterman, J. Mol. Biol. 147: 195-197 (1981)), and Needleman and Wunsch method (Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453 (1970)). Examples of biological retrieval include, but are not limited to stringent hybridization, a microarray in which genome DNA is stuck on a nylon membrane or the like, or a microarray stuck to a glass plate (microarray assay), PCR and in situ hybridization. As used herein, it is intended that a gene used in the present invention should include a corresponding gene identified by such electronic retrieval or biological retrieval.
As the functional equivalent of the present invention, a functional equivalent in which, in an amino acid sequence, one or a plurality of amino acids are inserted, substituted or deleted, or added to one or both ends thereof can be used. As used herein, “in an amino acid sequence, one or a plurality of amino acids are inserted, substituted or deleted, or added to one or both ends thereof” means that the alteration has been performed by a well-known technical method such as site-specific metagenesis, or by substitution of a plurality of amino acids by natural mutation to the extent that they are generated naturally.
An altered amino acid sequence of GPR49/LGR5, R-spondins, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, and the like can be the one in which, for example, insertion, substitution, or deletion, or addition to one or both ends of 1 to 30, preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 9, further preferably 1 to 5, particularly preferably 1 to 2 amino acids is performed. An altered amino acid sequence is preferably a sequence in which an amino acid sequence thereof may be an amino acid sequence in which an amino acid sequence of GPR49/LGR5, R-spondins, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or the like has 1 or a plurality of (preferably, 1 or a few, or 1, 2, 3 or 4) preservative substitutions. Herein, the “preservative substitution” means that 1 or a plurality of amino acid residues are substituted with another chemically similar amino acid residue so that the function of a protein is not substantially altered. For example, there are the case where a certain hydrophobic residue is substituted with another hydrophobic residue, the case where a certain polar residue is substituted with another polar residue having the same charge, and the like. A functionally similar amino acid which can be subjected to such substitution is known in the art for every amino acid. Specific examples thereof include, as a non-polar (hydrophobic) amino acid, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and methionine. Examples of a polar (neutral) amino acid include glycine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, glutamine, asparagine, and cysteine. Examples of a (basic) amino acid having positive charge include arginine, histidine, and lysine. In addition, examples of an (acidic) amino acid having negative charge include aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
As used herein, a “marker (substance or gene)” refers to a substance which serves as a criterion for pursuing whether a subject is in a certain state (e.g., the level, or the presence or absence of a disease state, a disorder state, a proliferation ability, or a differentiated state) or not, or whether there is such a risk or not. Examples of such a marker include a gene, a gene product, a metabolite, and an enzyme. In the present invention, detection, diagnosis, preliminary detection, prediction or advance diagnosis concerning the certain state (e.g., a disease such as differentiation disorder) can be realized using a pharmaceutical, a drug, an agent, a factor or means specific for a marker associated with the state, or a composition, a kit, a system of the like comprising them. As used herein, a “gene product” refers to a protein encoded by a gene or mRNA. As used herein, it was found that a gene product for which association with an eye cell has not been shown (i.e. GPR49/LGR5, etc.) can be used as an index of differentiation of an eye cell.
As used herein, a “nerve cell” is used in a broad sense, and means any cell included in an organ of a nervous system. Particularly, it is understood that a cell derived from a neural crest cell (e.g., corneal endothelial cell) is also included.
As used herein, an “eye cell” is used in a broad sense, and means any cell existing in an eye. The eye cell includes any cell existing in eyelid, sclera, cornea, uvea, crystalline lens, vitreous body, retina, and optic nerve.
As used herein, a “corneal endothelial cell” is used in the ordinary meaning used in the art. The cornea is one of lamellar tissues constituting an eye, is transparent, and is positioned at a part closest to the outside world. In human, the cornea is stated to be composed of five layers from the external side (body surface) in order, and is composed of corneal epithelium, Bowman's membrane (external boundary line), Lamina propria, Descemet's membrane (internal boundary line), and corneal endothelium from the external side. Unless specified, parts other than epithelium and endothelium may be collectively named as “corneal stroma”, and are named so used herein.
As used herein, a “corneal tissue” is used in an ordinary sense, and refers to a tissue itself constituting the cornea. When referring to a corneal tissue, it may include all of corneal epithelium, Bowman's membrane (external boundary line), Lamina propria, Descemet's membrane (internal boundary line), and corneal endothelium (in the case of human; in the case of other animals, all of the above as appropriate depending on the classification corresponding thereto), or may lack a part, or may include another tissue (sclera) in addition to the cornea. In such a case, it may be particularly called sclerocornea. Therefore, it is possible to state that the sclerocornea or a sclerocornea slice is one embodiment of a corneal tissue.
As used herein, a “proliferation ability” refers to an ability of a cell to proliferate. As used herein, unless particularly referred to, the state of proliferation shows a possibility of proliferation in a stationary state. Herein, the “stationary state” refers to a state where homeostasis of a living body is maintained under the normal condition of the living body. Such a state can be easily determined by a person skilled in the art. For example, such a state can be confirmed by analysis of the cell density based on that the cell density is approximately constant and does not change, or that expression of a cell proliferation marker is not recognized.
As used herein, a “high proliferation ability” refers to that a cell has the proliferation ability in the stationary state.
As used herein, “proliferation promotion” refers to that the proliferation state of a certain cell is promoted. In the case where a subject cell has not proliferated, when proliferation is initiated if only a little, this corresponds to proliferation promotion, and in the case of a cell which has been proliferating already, when the proliferation level is maintained or enhanced, preferably, enhanced, this corresponds to proliferation promotion.
As used herein, a “differentiation ability” refers to the ability of a cell to differentiate. It can be said that a cell having the differentiation ability is “undifferentiated” in that sense. Since a stem cell (embryonic stem cell, reproduction cell, iPS cell, tissue stem cell, etc.) can be further differentiated, it can be said as having the differentiation ability.
As used herein, an “undifferentiated cell” refers to any cell having the differentiation ability. Therefore, the undifferentiated cell includes a cell which has differentiated to a certain extent, but can still differentiate, in addition to a stem cell.
As used herein, “differentiation suppression” refers to suppression of differentiation. It is understood that both of the case where the differentiation level is unchanged if a cell is not differentiated, and the case where the differentiation level is advancing toward an undifferentiation direction are included in the “differentiation suppression”.
As used herein, an “agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation”, when referring to a substance or an agent, refers to an agent which can suppress differentiation of the cell as a subject and/or promote proliferation of the cell. As used herein, particularly, the “agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation” includes at least one kind selected from the group consisting of R-spondins, SHH, an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine), an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 (antagonist) and a functional equivalent thereof.
As used herein, a “stem cell” refers to a cell having both of the ability to differentiate into cells of a plurality of lineages (pluripotency), and the ability to maintain pluripotency even after cell division (ability to self-renew). The stem cell includes an embryonic stem cell, a reproduction cell, an IPS cell, and a tissue stem cell.
As used herein, a “specimen” refers to a subject which is to be subjected to diagnosis or detection in the present invention (e.g., an organism such as human or an organ (eye) or a cell which has been taken out from an organism).
As used herein, a “sample” refers to any substance obtained from a specimen or the like, and includes, for example, a cell of an eye. A person skilled in the art can appropriately select a preferable sample based on the descriptions described herein.
As used herein, a “colony forming ability”, when referring to that of a cell, refers to an ability to form a colony. As used herein, the colony forming ability can be determined using, for example, a colony formation test of a cell under culturing conditions known in the art, as a standard test method.
As used herein, “Ki-67” is a cell proliferation marker, and is representatively a cell cycle-associated nucleoprotein represented by the accession number P46013. In a cell during proliferation, Ki-67 is expressed in the G1 phase, the S phase, the G2 phase and the M phase, but Ki-67 does not exist in the G0 phase in which proliferation pauses, and therefore, it is used as a marker of cell proliferation and cell cycle. In addition, since a positive correlation is observed between the Ki-67 expression quantity and malignancy of a tumor, Ki-67 is also useful as a marker for detecting a proliferating cell in a tumor tissue.
As used herein, “Ki-67 positivity” refers to that Ki-67 being a cell marker is expressed in a target cell.
As used herein, “BrdU” is abbreviation of brominated deoxyuridine. Since BrdU is taken as an analog of dTTP during DNA synthesis, DNA (cell nucleus) which has taken BrdU can be detected with an antibody specific for BrdU which has been taken into DNA.
As used herein, “BrdU positivity” refers to that BrdU being a cell marker is expressed in a target cell.
As used herein, an “agent” is used in a broad sense, and may be any substance or other elements (e.g., energy such as light, radioactivity, heat, and electricity), as far as an intended object can be attained. Examples of such a substance include, but are not limited to a protein, a polypeptide, an oligopeptide, a peptide, a polynucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, a nucleic acid (e.g., including DNA such as cDNA and genome DNA, and RNAs such as mRNA), a polysaccharide, an oligosaccharide, a fat, an organic low molecule (e.g., a hormone, a ligand, an information transmitting substance, an organic low molecule, a molecule synthesized by combinatorial chemistry, and a low molecule which can be utilized as a medicine (e.g., a low-molecular weight ligand)), and a composite molecule thereof. Representative examples of an agent specific for a polynucleotide include, but are not limited to a polynucleotide having complementarity by certain sequence homology (e.g., 70% or more sequence identity) relative to a sequence of the polynucleotide, and a polypeptide such as a transcription factor binding to a promoter region. Representative examples of an agent specific for a polypeptide include, but are not limited to an antibody specifically directed to the polypeptide or a derivative thereof or an analog thereof (e.g., single-stranded antibody), a specific ligand or receptor when the polypeptide is a receptor or a ligand, and, when the polypeptide is an enzyme, a substrate.
As used herein, a “detection agent” in a broad sense refers to any drug by which an objective subject can be detected.
As used herein, a “diagnostic agent (or diagnostic)” in a broad sense refers to any agent by which an objective condition (e.g., a disease) can be diagnosed.
As used herein, a “therapeutic agent (or therapeutic)” in a broad sense refers to any agent by which an objective condition (e.g., a disease) can be treated.
As used herein, a “preventive agent (or preventive)” in a broad sense refers to any agent by which an objective condition (e.g., a disease) can be prevented. As used herein, a “progression preventive agent (progression preventive)”, regarding a certain disease or the like, refers to any agent by which progression of the condition can be prevented.
As used herein, “in vivo” refers to the inside of a living body. In a specific context, “inside a living body” refers to a position at which an objective substance should be arranged.
As used herein, “in vitro” refers to a state where a part of a living body is isolated or liberated “outside a living body” (e.g., into a test tube) for a variety of research objectives. This is a term in contrast to in vivo.
As used herein, “ex vivo” refers to a series of motions, in the case where certain treatment is performed outside a body, and thereafter, a part of the body is intended to be returned to the inside of the body. Also in the present invention, it is possible to simulate an embodiment in which a cell in a living body is treated with an agent of the present invention, and is returned to a patient again.
(Preferable Embodiments)
Preferable embodiments of the present invention will be illustrated below. Embodiments provided below are provided for better understanding of the present invention, and it is understood that the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the following descriptions. Therefore, it is clear that a person skilled in the art can appropriately perform the alteration within the scope of the present invention, in view of the descriptions described herein.
(Differentiation Suppression and/or Proliferation Promotion)
In one aspect, the present invention provides an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of a cell, comprising at least one kind selected from the group consisting of R-spondins, SHE, an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine), an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 and a functional equivalent thereof. Examples of the cell which is a subject of the present invention may include, but are not particularly limited to, an eye cell, a nerve cell including a cell derived from a neural crest cell (including a corneal endothelial cell), and epithelial cells such as a conjunctival epithelial cell, an amniotic epithelial cell, an oral mucosa epithelial cell, a nose mucosa epithelial cell, and a corneal epithelial cell. In a preferable embodiment, a cell which is a subject of the present invention is an eye cell. The eye cell which is a subject of the present invention can include, but is not limited to a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, a corneal parenchymal cell and a corneal endothelial cell. A functional equivalent of R-spondins includes a mutant or a variant of R-spondins (e.g., amino acid sequence variant) which has an action of controlling differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell or the like, and as well as one which can be changed to R-spondins themselves or a mutant or a variant of R-spondins (e.g., including a nucleic acid encoding R-spondins themselves or a mutant or a variant of R-spondins, and a vector, a cell or the like comprising the nucleic acid) at the time point of the action. A functional equivalent of SHH includes a mutant or a variant of SHH (e.g., amino acid sequence variant) which has an action of controlling differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell or the like, or has a function as the marker described herein, as well as one which can be changed to SHE itself or a mutant or a variant of SHH (e.g., including a nucleic acid encoding SHH itself or a mutant or a variant of SHH, and a vector, a cell or the like comprising the nucleic acid) at the time point of the action. A functional equivalent of an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) includes a mutant or a variant (e.g., synthetic variant) of an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) which has an action of controlling differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell or the like, or has a function as the marker herein described as well as one which can be changed into an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) itself or a mutant or a variant of this agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine) (e.g., a precursor or a prodrug such as an ester) at the time point of the action. A functional equivalent of an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 includes a mutant or a variant (e.g., synthetic variant) of an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 which is changed so as to have an action of controlling differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of an eye cell or the like (can be changed into an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 (e.g., a precursor or a prodrug such as an ester)) at the time point of the action.
In one embodiment, R-spondins used in the present invention include at least one selected from R-spondin 1, R-spondin 2, R-spondin 3 and R-spondin 4.
In a preferable embodiment, R-sporadins used in the present invention include R-spondin 1.
In one embodiment, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention is a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, the present invention exerts an effect which has not been obtained previously in a point that even a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state can be proliferated by the present invention.
In another embodiment, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes at least one kind of cell selected from a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, a corneal parenchymal cell and a corneal endothelial cell. Particularly, a corneal endothelial cell is a cell which proliferates little in the stationary state, and a point that this cell can be proliferated has an extremely important meaning from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of an ophthalmological disease. Therefore, in one preferable embodiment, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a corneal endothelial cell. In addition, even in other cells, for example, in a corneal epithelial cell, a small fraction of basal cells proliferate, and a majority of cells do not proliferate. Therefore, it is possible to state that even a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, and a corneal parenchymal cell other than a corneal endothelial cell have an extremely important meaning from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of an ophthalmological disease.
In a further preferable embodiment, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a corneal endothelial cell of a primate. In a further more preferable embodiment, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a human corneal endothelial cell.
In another embodiment, a cell which is a subject of the present invention (e.g., eye cell) is in a confluent state. No technique in which a cell can proliferate in such a confluent state has previously been reported as far as the present inventors know. Therefore, such a technique has extremely high usefulness in a point that a cell in an unprecedented category can be proliferated, from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of a disease or a disorder.
In a preferable embodiment, the present invention can utilize a corneal endothelial cell in the confluent state. In the confluent state, in ordinary culturing, it is observed that the form of a cell becomes fibroblast-like. It is one important characteristic of the present invention that even a corneal endothelial cell in the confluent state can further proliferate and differentiation can be further suppressed, and this means that a cell having a high corneal endothelium density which is an important prognosis determination factor after transplantation can be transplanted, toward clinical application of cultured corneal endothelium transplantation. A preferable concentration in that case is not limited, but when R-spondin 1 is used, it can be about 1 ng/ml to about 100 ng/ml, preferably about 10 ng/ml to about 100 ng/ml, further preferably about 10 ng/ml. No technique in which a cell can proliferate in such a confluent state has previously been reported as far as the present inventors know. Therefore, such a technique has extremely high usefulness in a point that a cell in an unprecedented category can be proliferated, from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of a disease or a disorder. For example, the cell density can be preferably about 570 cells/mm2 or more, about 700 cells/mm2 or more, about 800 cells/mm2 or more, or about 1000 cells/mm2 or more.
As used herein, a “culture” refers to what is produced by culturing a cell such as a corneal endothelial cell. Therefore, a “corneal endothelium culture” refers to a culture of the corneal endothelium, and usually refers to a culture which exists in a state different from that of a cell existing in a living body. As a corneal endothelium culture obtained by a previous culturing method, at best, only a confluent culture of about 500 cells/mm2 was obtained, as shown in Examples. Therefore, from the viewpoint of a culture, it is possible to state that such a cell density was not attained concerning a culture obtained by culturing or subculturing for a long term. That is, a corneal endothelial cell is easily reduced in the density by culturing. The corneal endothelium density is clinically one of the most important indices of degree of health. For this reason, it is important to culture a cell to the high density from the viewpoint of regeneration therapy. In addition, after the endothelium density is increased in advance, the cell can be administered to a living body, and this can be an extremely important therapeutic agent. In this sense, it is important that the reduced density was increased again by an ordinary culturing method. A normal value of the human corneal endothelium in a living body is around 2500 to 3000 cells/mm2, and the present invention is meaningful in a point that it provides a technique of bringing the cell density of a culture close to the range, or making the density exceed the range.
In another embodiment, a cell which is a subject of the present invention (e.g., eye cell) can be a corneal tissue itself. Such a corneal tissue itself can be a sclerocornea slice.
Therefore, in another aspect, the present invention provides a corneal endothelium culture, wherein the corneal endothelium exists at a higher density than the cell density in the confluent state.
Preferably, the Ki67-positive cell exits at a percentage of about 4% or more, more preferably at a percentage of about 7% or more, further preferably at a percentage of about 10% or more. Since the ordinary existence percentage is around 1%, a corneal tissue containing such a Ki67-positive cell, that is, a proliferating cell was not present previously, and the corneal tissue is found to be also valuable as a novel graft for treatment.
The density of the corneal endothelial cell is preferably about 4000 cells/mm2 or more, more preferably about 4500 cells/mm2 or more, further preferably about 5000 cells/mm2 or more. An ordinary value of the human corneal endothelium in a living body is around 2500 to 3000 cells/mm2, and it is understood that a novel tissue in which the ratio of a proliferating cell or an undifferentiated cell, or a corneal endothelial cell is increased to an unprecedented extent is provided by applying an agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention to a tissue directly. It is understood that such a tissue is utilized for improving, treating or preventing a disease, a disorder or a condition of the cornea.
(Preservation or Culturing of Cell)
In another aspect, the present invention provides a composition for preserving a cell or culturing a cell, comprising the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention. The agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation used in the present invention may be any agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation described in the item of (Differentiation suppression and/or proliferation promotion) and other items. In addition, a cell which is a subject of the present invention is intended for preserving a cell or culturing a cell, and it is understood that the cell may be any cell embodiment described in the item of (Differentiation suppression and/or proliferation promotion) and other items. That is, a cell which is a subject of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is intended for preserving a cell or culturing a cell, and includes an eye cell, a nerve cell including a cell derived from a neural crest cell (including a corneal endothelial cell), and an epithelial cell such as a conjunctival epithelial cell, an amniotic epithelial cell, an oral mucosa epithelial cell, a nose mucosa epithelial cell, and a corneal epithelial cell. In a preferable embodiment, a cell which is a subject of the present invention is an eye cell. An eye cell which is a subject of the present invention is intended for preserving a cell or culturing a cell, and includes, but is not limited to a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, a corneal parenchymal cell and a corneal endothelial cell.
In one embodiment of a composition for preserving a cell or culturing a cell of the present invention, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention is a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, the present invention exerts an unprecedented effect from the viewpoint of cell preservation or cell culturing in a point that even a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state can be proliferated by the present invention.
In another embodiment of the composition for preserving a cell or culturing a cell of the present invention, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes at least one kind of cell selected from a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, a corneal parenchymal cell and a corneal endothelial cell. Particularly, a corneal endothelial cell is a cell which proliferates little in the stationary state, and a point that this cell can be proliferated has an extremely important meaning from the viewpoint of cell preservation or cell culturing, and as a result, from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of an ophthalmological disease using a cell to be used. Therefore, in one preferable embodiment, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a corneal endothelial cell. In addition, even in other cells, for example, in a corneal epithelial cell, a small fraction of basal cells proliferate, and a majority of cells do not proliferate. Therefore, it is possible to state that even a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, and a corneal parenchymal cell other than a corneal endothelial cell have an extremely important meaning from the viewpoint of cell preservation or cell culturing, and as a result, from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of an ophthalmological disease by cell treatment or the like to be used.
In a further preferable embodiment of the composition for preserving a cell or culturing a cell of the present invention, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a corneal endothelial cell of a primate. In a further more preferable embodiment, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a human corneal endothelial cell.
In another embodiment of the composition for preserving a cell or culturing a cell of the present invention, a cell which is a subject of the present invention (e.g., eye cell) is in the confluent state. A technique in which a cell can proliferate in such a confluent state is extremely meaningful also from the viewpoint of cell preservation or cell culturing. Therefore, such a technique has extremely high usefulness in a point that a cell in an unprecedented category can be proliferated, and also from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of a disease or a disorder using a cell which is obtained as a result of cell preservation or cell culturing.
Therefore, in a preferable embodiment, the present invention provides a composition for preserving the cornea or culturing a corneal endothelial cell, comprising the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention. Such a composition may utilize at least one kind of R-sporadins, SHH, an agonist of SHH (e.g., agonist of Frizzled family such as purmorphamine), an agent suppressing GPR49/LGR5 or a functional equivalent thereof which are an active ingredient of the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention, as it is, or can be prepared by addition of other ingredients. Alternatively, the present invention provides a method for preserving or culturing a cell, using the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for preserving the cornea or culturing a corneal endothelial cell, comprising the step of using the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention. It should be understood that the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation contained in the composition for preserving the cornea or culturing a corneal endothelial cell of the present invention can adopt any embodiment described in (Differentiation suppression and/or proliferation promotion).
In addition, whether a corneal endothelial cell is normally cultured or not can be determined herein by confirming if a corneal endothelial cell maintains at least one characteristic such as its inherent function (as used herein, also referred to as “normal function”). Examples of such a function include ZO-1 and Na+/K+-ATPase, adaptive capacity to corneal transplantation (Matsubara M, Tanishima T: Wound-healing of the corneal endothelium in the monkey: a morphometric study, Jpn J Ophthalmol 1982, 26: 264-273; Matsubara M, Tanishima T: Wound-healing of corneal endothelium in monkey: an autoradiographic study, Jpn J Ophthalmol 1983, 27: 444-450; Van Horn D L, Hyndiuk R A: Endothelial wound repair in primate cornea, Exp Eye Res 1975, 21: 113-124 and VanHorn D L, Sendele D D, Seideman S, Buco P J: Regenerative capacity of the corneal endothelium in rabbit and cat, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977, 16: 597-613), but are not limited thereto. That is, it is understood that the “normal function” may be an index showing a function necessary for realizing corneal transplantation, or sufficiency for realizing corneal transplantation. For example, a method for determining normalization can be performed by observing a change in expression thereof using a functional protein in a corneal endothelial cell such as ZO-1 and Na+/K+-ATPase as an index, or investigating whether the cell is engrafted and functions or not, by transplantation into a monkey or the like. A determination method by transplantation can be performed as follows. That is, the corneal endothelium is cultured on type I collagen to make a cultured corneal endothelium sheet. Under general anesthesia, limbus corneae of a cynomolgus monkey is incised 1.5 mm, an operation tool made of silicon is inserted into an anterior chamber, and a corneal endothelial cell is mechanically curetted to make a bullous keratopathy model. Subsequently, limbus corneae is incised 5 to 6 mm, the cultured corneal endothelium sheet is inserted into the anterior chamber, and the anterior chamber is replaced with the air, thereby, the sheet is adhered to the corneal endothelium surface. The effect of treating bullous keratopathy by transplantation of the cultured corneal endothelium sheet can be obtained by evaluating cornea transparency with a slit lamp microscope.
(Treatment or Prevention of Cell Disorder)
In another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating a disorder of a cell or preventing progression of the disorder of the cell, comprising the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention. The agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation used in the present invention may be any agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation described in the item of (Differentiation suppression and/or proliferation promotion) and other items. In addition, it is understood that a cell which is a subject of the present invention may be any cell embodiment described in the item of (Differentiation suppression and/or proliferation promotion) and other items, as far as it is intended for treating a disorder of a cell or preventing progression of the disorder of the cell. That is, a cell which is a subject of the present invention is not particularly limited, and includes an eye cell, a nerve cell including a cell derived from a neural crest cell (including a corneal endothelial cell), and an epithelial cell such as a conjunctival epithelial cell, an amniotic epithelial cell, an oral mucosa epithelial cell, a nose mucosa epithelial cell, and a corneal epithelial cell, as far as the cell is intended for treating a disorder of a cell or preventing progression of the disorder of the cell. In a preferable embodiment, a cell which is a subject of the present invention is an eye cell. An eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, a corneal parenchymal cell and a corneal endothelial cell, but is not limited to them.
In one embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention is a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, in a point that even a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state can be proliferated by the present invention, the present invention exerts a meaningful effect in a point that treatment of a disorder of a cell or prevention of progression of the disorder of the cell can be performed.
In another embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes at least one kind of cell selected from a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, a corneal parenchymal cell and a corneal endothelial cell. Particularly, a corneal endothelial cell is a cell which proliferates little in the stationary state, and a point that this cell can be proliferated has an extremely important meaning from the viewpoint of treatment of a disorder of a cell or prevention of progression of the disorder of the cell, and from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of an ophthalmologial disease. Therefore, in one preferable embodiment, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a corneal endothelial cell. In addition, even in other cells, for example, in a corneal epithelial cell, a small fraction of basal cells proliferate, and a majority of cells do not proliferate. Therefore, it is possible to state that even a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, and a corneal parenchymal cell other than a corneal endothelial cell have an extremely important meaning from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of an ophthalmological disease, in light of a viewpoint of treatment of a disorder of a cell or prevention of progression of the disorder of the cell.
In a further preferable embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a corneal endothelial cell of a primate. In a further more preferable embodiment, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a human corneal endothelial cell.
In another embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, a cell which is a subject of the present invention (e.g., eye cell) is in the confluent state. A technique in which a cell can proliferate in such a confluent state is meaningful also from the viewpoint of treatment of a disorder of a cell or prevention of progression of the disorder of the cell. Therefore, such a technique has extremely high usefulness in a point that a cell of an unprecedented category can be proliferated, from the viewpoint of treatment of a disorder of a cell or prevention of progression of the disorder of the cell.
In a preferable embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating a corneal endothelial cell disorder or preventing progression of a corneal endothelial cell disorder, comprising the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention. It should be understood that the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation contained in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can adopt any embodiment described in (Differentiation suppression and/or proliferation promotion).
As used herein, “treatment”, concerning a certain disease or disorder (e.g., corneal disease), refers to that, when such a condition occurs, worsening of such a disease or disorder is prevented, preferably the current condition is maintained, more preferably the disease or the disorder is alleviated, further preferably it is eliminated.
As used herein, “prevention”, concerning a certain disease or disorder, refers to avoid such a condition before it occurs. The agent of the present invention can be used to perform diagnosis, and if necessary, the agent of the present invention can be used to, for example, prevent a corneal disease or the like, or take a precaution.
When the effect of the therapeutic agent of the present invention is confirmed, determination can be conducted by observing adaptive capacity to corneal transplantation. Concerning adaptive capacity to corneal transplantation, generally a transplantation test of a cultured cell can be performed by mechanically curetting the corneal endothelium, as a bullous keratopathy model, in an experimental animal such as a rabbit. However, since a corneal endothelial cell of a rabbit proliferates in a living body, a possibility of spontaneous recovery due to proliferation of a corneal endothelial cell of a host cannot be denied (Matsubara M, et al., Jpn J Ophthalmol 1982, 26: 264-273; Matsubara M, et al., Jpn J Ophthalmol 1983, 27: 444-450; Van Horn D L, et al., Exp Eye Res 1975, 21: 113-124 and Van Horn D L, et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1977, 16: 597-613). Therefore, in order to evaluate the adaptive capacity to transplantation more accurately, it is preferable to evaluate engraftment in a primate. When adaptive capacity to transplantation in human is evaluated, adaptability is evaluated after at least 1 month, preferably at least 2 months, more preferably at least 3 months, further preferably at least 6 months, further more preferably at least 12 months in a cynomolgus monkey or the like which is a primate. It is particularly important in application to human to confirm the adaptive capacity to transplantation in a primate such as a monkey.
When the present invention is administered as a pharmaceutical, a variety of delivery systems are known, and the therapeutic agent of the present invention can be administered using such a system. Examples of such a system include encapsulation into a liposome, a microparticle, and a microcapsule; use of a recombinant cell which can express a therapeutic agent (e.g., polypeptide), use of endocytosis mediated with a receptor; and construction of a therapeutic nucleic acid as a part of a retrovirus vector or another vector. Examples of the administration method include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, extradural and oral routes. It is also possible to administer a pharmaceutical by any of preferable routes, for example, by infusion, by bolus injection, by inhalation through an epithelium or skin mucosal lining (e.g., oral cavity, rectum, and intestinal mucosa), and, if necessary, an inhaler or a sprayer can be employed using an aerosol agent, and the pharmaceutical can also be administered together with other biologically active agents. Administration can be systemic or local. Further, when the present invention is used in the ophthalmological field, the pharmaceutical can be administered by any of appropriate routes, such as direct infusion into an eye.
In the case of treatment of the cornea or the like, a conventional technique such as ocular instillation, eye ointment application, subconjunctival injection, and vitreous body injection can be used.
In a specific aspect in which a therapeutic agent is a nucleic acid encoding a protein, expression of an encoded protein can be promoted by constructing the nucleic acid as a part of an appropriate nucleic acid expression vector, and administering the nucleic acid so as to exist in a cell for in vivo application. This can be performed, for example, by use of a retrovirus vector, by direct injection, by use of a microparticle gun, by coating a nucleic acid with a lipid, a cell surface receptor or a transfection agent, or by administering a nucleic acid connected to a tag sequence which is known to enter a nucleus. Alternatively, the nucleic acid therapeutic agent can be introduced into a cell, and, for expression, can be taken into a host cell DNA by homologous recombination.
Generally, the pharmaceutical, the therapeutic agent, the preventive agent or the like of the present invention comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent or active ingredient, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable” means that the pharmaceutical, agent or the like is approved by a governmental regulatory authority, or listed in pharmacopoeia or other generally accepted pharmacopoeias, for use in an animal, more particularly, human. A “carrier” as used herein refers to a diluent, an adjuvant, an excipient, or a vehicle which is administered together with a therapeutic agent. Such a carrier can be a sterile liquid, for example, water and an oil, includes carries derived from a petroleum, an animal, a plant or a synthetic origin, and includes a peanut oil, a soybean oil, a mineral oil, and a sesame oil without limitation. When the pharmaceutical is orally administered, water is a preferable carrier. When the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously, physiological saline and aqueous dextrose are preferable carriers. Preferably, a physiological saline solution, as well as aqueous dextrose and a glycerol solution are used for a liquid carrier of an injectable solution. An appropriate excipient includes light silicic anhydride, crystalline cellulose, mannitol, starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, wheat flower, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, powdered skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol, carmellose calcium, carmellose sodium, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyvinyl acetal diethyl aminoacetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, medium chain fatty acid tryglyceride, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 60, white sugar, carboxymethylcellulose, corn starch, and an inorganic salt. The composition, when desirable, can contain a small amount of a wetting agent or emulsifying agent, or a pH buffer. These compositions can take the form of a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, a tablet, a pill, a capsule, a powder, a sustained-release formulation or the like. Using a traditional binder and a carrier, for example, triglyceride, the composition can also be formulated as a suppository. An oral formulation can also contain a standard carrier such as pharmaceutical grade mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, saccharin sodium, cellulose, and magnesium carbonate. Examples of an appropriate carrier are described in E. W. Martin, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mark Publishing Company, Easton, U.S.A.). Such a composition contains a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent, preferably, a purified type of a therapeutic agent together with an appropriate amount of a carrier so as to provide an adequate dosage form to a patient. A formulation must be suitable for an administration mode. In addition, for example, a surfactant, an excipient, a coloring agent, a flavoring agent, a preservative, a stabilizer, a buffer, a suspending agent, a tonicity agent, a binder, a disintegrating agent, a lubricant, a flow promoter, and a taste masking agent may be contained.
In a preferable embodiment, a composition can be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition adapted to injection administration to human according to a known method. Representatively, a composition for injection administration is a solution in a sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. If necessary, the composition can also contain a solubilizer and a local anesthetic such as lidocaine which mitigates a pain at an injection site. Generally, ingredients can be supplied as a lyophilized powder or a water-free concentrate by supplying the ingredients separately, or by mixing them together in a unit dosage form in a sealed container such as an ampoule or a sachet indicating the amount of an active agent. When the composition is to be administered by infusion, the composition can also be dispensed using an infusion bottle containing a sterile pharmaceutical grade water or physiological saline. When the composition is to be administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water or physiological saline for injection can be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior to administration.
The pharmaceutical, the therapeutic agent, or the preventive agent of the present invention can also be formulated with another prodrug (e.g., ester) of a neutral type or a salt type. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes salts formed with a free carboxyl group derived from hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid and tartaric acid, salts formed with a free amine group derived from isopropylamine, triethylamine, 2-ehtylaminoethanol, histidine, and procaine, as well as salts derived, from sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, and ferric hydroxide.
The amount of the therapeutic agent of the present invention effective for treating a specific disorder or condition can vary depending on the nature of the disorder or the condition, but a person skilled in the art can determine the amount by a standard clinical technique based on the descriptions described herein. Further, depending on the situation, it is also possible to assist identification of an optimal dose range using an in vitro assay. Since the precise dose to be used in a formulation can also vary depending on an administration route, and severity of a disease or a disorder, the dose should be determined according to the judgment of an attending physician and the situation of each patient. However, a dose range suitable for direct administration to the cornea is generally about 1 to 500 micrograms of an active ingredient per kilogram weight, but is not limited to this, and can be smaller or larger than this range. An effective dose can be presumed from a dose-response curve obtained from an in vitro or animal model test system.
The pharmaceutical composition, the therapeutic agent or the preventive agent of the present invention can be provided as a kit.
As used herein, a “kit” refers to a unit which is usually divided into two or more sections, and which provides a part to be provided (e.g., therapeutic agent, antibody, label, and direction). For the purpose of providing a composition which should not be provided in the form of a mixture but is preferably used by mixing immediately before use, this form of kit is preferable. It is advantageous that such a kit is preferably provided with a part to be provided (e.g., instruction or direction describing how to use the therapeutic agent, or how to treat the reagent). As used herein, when the kit is used as a reagent kit, the kit usually includes an instruction describing how to use an antibody.
As used herein, an “instruction” has a description explaining how to use the present invention to a doctor or other users. This instruction describes wording instructing the reader on the detection method of the present invention, how to use a diagnostic, or administration of a pharmaceutical or the like. In addition, the instruction may describe wording instructing the reader on administration to a skeletal muscle (e.g., by injection) as an administration site. This instruction is written according to the format defined by a regulatory authority of a country where the present invention is implemented (e.g., Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the U.S.), and explicitly describes that the pharmaceutical was approved by the regulatory authority. The instruction is the so-called package insert, and is usually provided in a paper medium, but is not limited thereto. For example, the instruction can be provided in the form such as an electronic medium (e.g., homepage provided on the internet and electronic mail).
In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit, comprising one or more containers filled with one or more ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Depending on the situation, it is possible to indicate on such a container information showing approval by a governmental organization which regulates manufacture, use or sales of a pharmaceutical or a biological product in relation to manufacture, use or sales for administration to human, in a form defined by the governmental organization.
The kit of the present invention can also contain an expression vector encoding a protein used as the therapeutic agent, the preventive agent or the agent of the present invention, and this protein can also be reconstituted in order to form a biologically active complex after expression. Such a kit preferably also contains a necessary buffer and a necessary reagent. Depending on the situation, it is possible to indicate on such a container a direction for the use of the kit and/or information showing approval by a governmental organization which regulates manufacture, use or sales of a pharmaceutical or a biological product in relation to manufacture, use or sales for administration to human, in a form defined by the governmental organization.
In a specific embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid of the present invention can be administered by means of a liposome, a microparticle, or a microcapsule. In various aspects of the present invention, it may be useful to attain sustained release of a nucleic acid using such a composition.
In another aspect, treatment of the present invention can be implemented using a corneal tissue itself prepared using the present invention, for example, a sclerocornea slice. Preferably, the Ki67-positive cell exits at a ratio of about 4% or more, more preferably at a ratio of about 7% or more, further preferably at a ratio of about 10% or more. Since the ordinary existence ratio is around 1%, a corneal tissue containing such a Ki67-positive cell, that is, a proliferating cell was not present previously, and a therapeutic effect better than that of a corneal tissue which is directly transplanted from a living body, as a graft for novel treatment, is expected.
The density of the corneal endothelial cell is preferably about 4000 cells/mm2 or more, more preferably about 4500 cells/mm2 or more, further preferably about 5000 cells/mm2 or more. A normal value of the human corneal endothelium in a living body is around 2500 to 3000 cells/mm2. It is understood that a novel tissue in which the ratio of a proliferating cell or an undifferentiated cell, or a corneal endothelial cell is increased to an unprecedented extent is provided by directly applying the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention to a tissue. It is understood that such a tissue is utilized for improving, treating or preventing a disease, a disorder or a condition of the cornea for the purpose of exerting a therapeutic effect better than that of a corneal tissue which is directly transplanted from a living body.
(Cell Treatment)
In another aspect, the present invention provides a therapeutic agent or a progression preventive agent for a disorder of a cell, or a disease or a disorder due to the cell disorder, comprising a cell which is cultured using the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention. The agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation used in the present invention may be any agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation described in the item of (Differentiation suppression and/or proliferation promotion) and other items. In addition, it is understood that a cell which is a subject of the present invention may be any cell embodiment described in the item of (Differentiation suppression and/or proliferation promotion) and other items. That is, examples of the cell which is a subject of the present invention may include, but are not particularly limited to, an eye cell, a nerve cell including a cell derived from a neural crest cell (including a corneal endothelial cell), and epithelial cells such as a conjunctival epithelial cell, an amniotic epithelial cell, an oral mucosa epithelial cell, a nose mucosa epithelial cell, and a corneal epithelial cell. In a preferable embodiment, a cell which is a subject of the present invention is an eye cell. An eye cell which is a subject of the present invention can include a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, a corneal parenchymal cell and a corneal endothelial cell, but is not limited to them.
In one embodiment of the therapeutic agent or the progression preventive agent of the present invention, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention is a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, the present invention exerts an unprecedented effect in a point that even a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state can be proliferated by the present invention.
In another embodiment of the therapeutic agent or the progression preventive agent of the present invention, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes at least one kind of cell selected from a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell, a corneal parenchymal cell and a corneal endothelial cell. Particularly, a corneal endothelial cell is a cell which proliferates little in the stationary state, and a point that this cell can be proliferated has an extremely important meaning from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of an ophthalmological disease. Therefore, in one preferable embodiment, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a corneal endothelial cell. In addition, even in other cells, for example, in a corneal epithelial cell, a small fraction of basal cells proliferate, and a majority of cells do not proliferate. Therefore, it is possible to state that even a retinal cell, a vitreous body cell, a corneal epithelial cell and a corneal parenchymal cell other than a corneal endothelial cell have an extremely important meaning from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of an ophthalmological disease.
In a further preferable embodiment of the therapeutic agent or the progression preventive agent of the present invention, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a corneal endothelial cell of a primate. In a further more preferable embodiment, an eye cell which is a subject of the present invention includes a human corneal endothelial cell.
In another embodiment of the therapeutic agent or the progression preventive agent of the present invention, a cell which is a subject of the present invention (e.g., eye cell) is in the confluent state. No technique in which a cell can proliferate in such a confluent state has previously been reported as far as the present inventors know. Therefore, such a technique has extremely high usefulness in a point that a cell in an unprecedented category can be proliferated, from the viewpoint of treatment or prevention of a disease or a disorder.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a therapeutic agent or a progression preventive agent for a corneal endothelial cell disorder, comprising a corneal endothelial cell which was cultured using the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention. It should be understood that the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation contained in the therapeutic agent or the progression preventive agent of the present invention can adopt any embodiment described in (Differentiation suppression and/or proliferation promotion), (Treatment or prevention of cell disorder), (Preservation or culturing of cell) and the like.
In one embodiment, particularly, in the case of a corneal endothelial cell, a cell contained in the therapeutic agent or the progression preventive agent of the present invention exists as a population including more cells which have a higher cell density than that of normal cells which exist in a natural state and/or are undifferentiated. Since a therapeutic agent or a progression preventive agent containing such a cell was unable to be produced before, the present invention has high clinical usefulness in that a disease or a disorder which was unable to be treated or prevented, or difficult to treat or prevent before (e.g., including corneal endothelial diseases such as bullous keratopathy and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy without being limited to them) can be treated.
The therapeutic agent or the preventive agent of the present invention can be produced by culturing a cell such as a corneal endothelial cell using the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention. In such a case, the proliferation ability or the differentiation level can be determined using, as an index, GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or known differentiation markers such as Ki-67 and BrdU described in another aspect of the present invention. Determination of the proliferation ability or the differentiation level is explained in detail separately described herein.
The present invention provides a process for producing a therapeutic agent or a progression preventive agent comprising the following steps: (A) a step of providing a cell such as a corneal endothelial cell; (B) a step of contacting the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention with the cell; and (C) a step of culturing the cell which was brought into contact in the step (B). Further, if necessary, the process may include a step of determining the proliferation ability or the differentiation level using, as an index, GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or known differentiation markers such as Ki-67 and BrdU described in another aspect of the present invention, and selecting a cell having a high differentiation ability and a high proliferation ability.
According to the present invention, a method for treating or preventing a corneal endothelial disease, disorder, or condition, comprising a step of administering the agent for suppressing differentiation and/or promoting proliferation of the present invention to a subject in need of treatment, or a step of administering the therapeutic agent or the progression preventive agent of the present invention to a subject in need of treatment. Since the step of administering the therapeutic agent or the progression preventive agent of the present invention to a subject in need of treatment is an act of administering a pharmaceutical containing a cell, it may be called transplantation.
According to the method of treatment or the method of prevention of the present invention, a corneal endothelial disease, disorder or condition can be prevented and/or treated, since an administered or transplanted cell cures or restores damage of the corneal endothelium.
In implementation of the method of treatment in accordance with the present invention, a cell which can contain a corneal endothelial cell can be obtained from a mammal including human, preferably, an individual itself undergoing transplantation or an aborted fetus.
(Marker for Identifying Differentiation Ability and Proliferation of GPR49/LGR5, and/or Factors of Hedgehog Pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and Factors of Wnt Pathway such as LRP6 and β-Catenin)
In one aspect, the present invention provides a marker for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, comprising GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin. GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2 and the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin exist in a living body, and it was found in the present invention that they can be used as an index marker of a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or the differentiation ability.
In one embodiment, a cell having a high proliferation ability which is a subject of the present invention is an undifferentiated cell.
In another embodiment, a cell having a high proliferation ability which is a subject of the present invention is a stem cell.
In another embodiment, a corneal endothelial cell which is a subject of the present invention is a human cell.
In still another embodiment, the proliferation ability of a corneal endothelial cell which is a subject of the present invention is identified by a characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
Expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog route such as SHH (gene), PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2 serves as an index of a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell. Therefore, according to the present invention, by defecting expression of GPR49/LGR5 and/or SHH, a cell having a high proliferation ability (an undifferentiated cell, a precursor cell or a stem cell) among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell can be detected or selected. On the other hand, expression of the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin serves as an index of a cell having a low proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell. Therefore, according to the present invention, by detecting expression of the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, a cell having a low proliferation ability (a relatively differentiated cell, which is not an undifferentiated cell, a precursor cell or a stem cell) among corneal endothelial cells and/or a low differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell can be detected or selected. Alternatively, when suppression or disappearance of expression of the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin has been detected, a cell having a high proliferation ability (an undifferentiated cell, a precursor cell or a stem cell) among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell can be detected or selected.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a detection agent or a diagnostic agent for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, comprising a substance which binds to, or interacts with GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin. For such detection or diagnosis, it is preferable that binding of the substance is specific.
As such a detection agent or diagnostic, any substance may be utilized as far as it can bind to, or interact with GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin Representative examples thereof include an antibody of these factors or a fragment or functional equivalent thereof, or a nucleic acid primer or a probe concerning a nucleic acid encoding these factors, but are not limited to them.
The detection agent or the diagnostic agent of the present invention can be utilized as a detection kit or a diagnosis kit.
In one embodiment, a cell having a high proliferation ability which is a subject of detection or diagnosis of the present invention is an undifferentiated cell.
In another embodiment, a cell having a high proliferation ability which is a subject of detection or diagnosis of the present invention is a stem cell.
In another embodiment, a corneal endothelial cell which is a subject of detection or diagnosis of the present invention is a human cell.
In still another embodiment, the proliferation ability of a corneal endothelial cell which is a subject of detection or diagnosis of the present invention is identified by a characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
The detection agent of the present invention may be a complex or a composite molecule in which another substance (e.g., label) is bound to a portion which allows for detection (e.g., antibody). As used herein, a “complex” or a “composite molecule” means any constituent comprising two or more parts. For example, when one of the parts is a polypeptide, the other part may be a polypeptide, or may be another substance (e.g., a sugar, a lipid, a nucleic acid, or a different hydrocarbon). As used herein, two or more parts constituting the complex may be bound with a covalent bond, or may be bound with another bond (e.g., a hydrogen bond, an ionic bond, hydrophobic interaction, or Van der Waals force). When two or more parts are each a polypeptide, this can also be named as a chimeric polypeptide. Therefore, as used herein, a “complex” includes a molecule obtained by connecting a plurality of kinds of molecules such as a polypeptide, a polynucleotide, a lipid, a sugar, and a low molecule.
As used herein, “interaction”, when referring to two substances, refers to that a force (e.g., intermolecular force (Van der Waals force), a hydrogen bond, or hydrophobic interaction) is exerted between one substance and the other substance. Usually, the two substances which have interacted with each other are in an associated or bonded state.
The term “bond”, as used herein, means physical interaction or chemical interaction between two substances, or between combinations thereof. The bond includes an ionic bond, a non-ionic bond, a hydrogen bond, a Van der Waals bond, and hydrophobic interaction. Physical interaction (bond) can be direct or indirect, and indirect interaction arises through or due to the effect of another protein or compound. A direct bond does not occur through or due to the effect of another protein or compound, and refers to interaction accompanying no other substantial chemical intermediate.
Therefore, as used herein, an “agent” (or a factor, a detection agent or the like) which “specifically” interacts with (or binds to) a biological agent such as a polynucleotide or a polypeptide includes an agent whose affinity for a biological agent such as a polynucleotide or a polypeptide is representatively equal to or higher than, preferably significantly (e.g., statistically significantly) higher than the affinity for other irrelevant (particularly, identity is less than 30%) polynucleotide or polypeptide. Such affinity can be measured, for example, by a hybridization assay, a binding assay or the like.
As used herein, that a first substance or agent “specifically” interacts with (or binds to) a second substance or agent refers to that a first substance or agent interacts with (or binds to) a second substance or agent with higher affinity than that for a substance or agent other than the second substance or agent (particularly, a different substance or agent existing in a sample containing the second substance or agent). Examples of interaction (or bond) specific for a substance or a agent include, but are not limited to a ligand-receptor reaction, hybridization in nucleic acids, an antigen-antibody reaction in proteins, and an enzyme-substrate reaction, and when both of a nucleic acid and a protein are involved, a reaction between a transcription agent and a binding site of the transcription factor, protein-lipid interaction, and nucleic acid-lipid interaction. Therefore, when both of the substances or agents are nucleic acids, a first substance or agent “specifically interacts” with a second substance or agent including that a first substance or agent has complementarity to at least a part of a second substance or agent. In addition, for example, when both of the substances or agents are proteins, that a first substance or agent “specifically” interacts with (or binds to) a second substance or agent includes, for example, interaction by an antigen-antibody reaction, interaction by a receptor-ligand reaction, and enzyme-substrate interaction, but is not limited thereto. When two kinds of substances or agents include a protein and a nucleic acid, that a first substance or agent “specifically” interacts with (or binds to) a second substance or agent includes interaction (or bond) between a transcription factor and a binding region of a nucleic acid molecule which is a subject of the transcription factor.
As used herein, “detection” or “quantitation” of polynucleotide or polypeptide expression can be attained, for example, using an appropriate method including mRNA measurement and an immunological measuring method, that includes binding or interaction with a marker detection agent. Examples of the molecular biological measuring method include a Northern blotting method, a dot blotting method and a PCR method. Examples of the immunological measuring method include, as a method, an ELISA method using a microtiter plate, an RIA method, a fluorescent antibody method, a luminescence immunoassay (LIA), an immunoprecipitation method (IP), a single radical immuno-diffusion method (SRID), turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA), a Western blotting method, and an immunohistological staining method. In addition, as a quantitation method, an ELISA method or an RIA method can be mentioned. Detection or quantitation can also be performed by a genetic analysis method using an array (e.g., DNA array or protein array). The DNA array is widely reviewed in (Cell Technology, separate volume, “DNA Microarray and Advanced PCR method”, edited by Shujunsha Co., Ltd.). The protein array is described in detail in Nat Genet. 2002 December; 32 Suppl: 526-532. Examples of a method for analyzing gene expression include, but are not limited to RT-PCR, a RACE method, a SSCP method, an immunoprecipitation method, a two-hybrid system, and in vitro translation, in addition to the aforementioned methods. Such additional analysis methods are described, for example, in Genome Analysis Experimental Method, Nakamura Yusuke Lab. Manual, edited by Yusuke Nakamura, Yodosha Co., Ltd. (2002), the entirety of descriptions in the document are incorporated herein by reference.
As used herein, an “expression amount” refers to an amount of expression of a polypeptide or mRNA in an objective cell, tissue or the like. Examples of such an expression amount include an expression amount at the protein level of the present polypeptide evaluated by any appropriate method including an ELISA method, an RIA method, a fluorescent antibody method, a Western blotting method, or an immunological measuring method such as an immunohistological staining method using the antibody of the present invention, and an expression amount at the mRNA level of a polypeptide used in the present invention which is evaluated by any appropriate method including a molecular biological measuring method such as a Northern blotting method, a dot blotting method, and a PCR method. “Change in an expression amount” means that an expression amount at the protein level or the mRNA level of a polypeptide used in the present invention, which is evaluated by any appropriate method including the immunological measuring method and the molecular biological measuring method, is increased or decreased. By measuring an expression amount of a certain marker, a variety of detections or diagnoses based on the marker can be performed.
As used herein, “decrease” or “suppression” or a synonym thereof of the activity or an expression product (e.g., a protein or a transcription product (such as RNA)) refers to decrease in an amount, nature or the effect of a specific activity, transcription product or protein, or an activity that decreases them.
As used herein, “increase” or “activation” or a synonym thereof of the activity or an expression product (e.g., a protein or a transcription product (such as RNA)) refers to an increase in an amount, nature or the effect of a specific activity, transcription product or protein, or an activity that increases them.
Therefore, it is understood that an agent which performs differentiation modulation of an eye cell can be detected or screened using the modulation ability such as decrease, suppression, increase or activation of the marker of the present invention as an index.
As used herein, an “antibody” includes, in a broad sense, a polyclonal antibody, a monoclonal antibody, a multi-specific antibody, a chimeric antibody, and an anti-idiotype antibody, as well as a fragment thereof, for example, a Fv fragment, a Fab′ fragment, F(ab′)2 and Fab fragments, as well as other conjugates or functional equivalents produced by recombination (e.g., chimeric antibody, humanized antibody, multifunctional antibody, bispecific or oligospecific antibody, single chain antibody, scFV, diabody, sc(Fv)2 (single chain (Fv)2), and scFv-Fc). Furthermore, such an antibody may be covalently bound, or recombinantly fused with an enzyme, for example, alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, or a galactosidase. An anti-GPR49/LGR5 antibody and a Sonic hedgehog (SHH) antibody used in the present invention may be bound to GPR49/LGR5 and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) proteins, respectively, regardless of the origin, kind, shape or the like thereof. Specifically, known antibodies such as a non-human animal antibody (e.g., a mouse antibody, a rat antibody, or a camel antibody), a human antibody, a chimeric antibody, and a humanized antibody can be used. In the present invention, a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody can be utilized as an antibody, and preferred is a monoclonal antibody. It is preferable that binding of an antibody to each protein of GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin is specific binding.
As used herein, an “antigen” refers to any substrate which can be specifically bound with an antibody molecule. As used herein, an “immunogen” refers to an antigen which can initiate lymphocyte activation that produces an antigen-specific immunological response. As used herein, an “epitope” or an “antigen determinant” refers to a site in an antigen molecule to which an antibody or a lymphocyte receptor binds. A method for determining an epitope is well-known in the art. When a primary sequence of a nucleic acid or an amino acid is provided, such an epitope can be determined by a person skilled in the art using the well-known conventional technique.
As used herein, “means” refers to any matter which can serve as any tool for attaining a certain object (e.g., detection, diagnosis, or treatment). Particularly, as used herein, “means which selectively recognizes” refers to means which can recognize a certain subject differently from others.
It is understood that, as an antibody used herein, an antibody of any specificity may be used as far as pseudopositivity is decreased. Therefore, an antibody used in the present invention may be a polyclonal antibody, or may be a monoclonal antibody. As used herein, a “ligand” refers to a substance specifically binding to a certain protein. Examples of the ligand include lectin, an antigen, an antibody, a hormone, and a neurotransmitter which specifically bind to a variety of receptor protein molecules existing on a cell membrane.
The detection agent or the diagnostic agent or other pharmaceuticals or drugs of the present invention can take a form of a probe and a primer. The probe and the primer of the present invention can specifically hybridize with GPR49/LGR5, R-spondins, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin. As used herein, expression of GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin is an index of the proliferation ability in a corneal endothelial cell, and is also useful as an index of the differentiated state. Therefore, the probe and the primer in accordance with the present invention can be used for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell. The probe and the primer of the present invention, in one embodiment, may detect expression of GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, and refer to a polymer formed of a plurality of nucleotides or nucleotide pairs such as deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) or ribonucleic acids (RNAs). It is known that a double-stranded cDNA can also be utilized in tissue in situ hybridization, and the probe and the primer of the present invention also include such a double-stranded cDNA. Examples of the probe and the primer particularly preferable in detection of RNA in a tissue include an RNA probe (riboprobe).
As used herein, a “(nucleic acid) primer” refers to a substance necessary for initiation of a reaction of a polymer compound to be synthesized, in a polymer synthesizing enzyme reaction. In a reaction of synthesizing a nucleic acid molecule, a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., DNA or RNA) complementary to a part of a sequence of a polymer compound to be synthesized can be used. As used herein, a primer can be used as a marker detection means.
Examples of a nucleic acid molecule which is usually used as a primer include molecules having a nucleic acid sequence having a length of at least 8 consecutive nucleotides, which is complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of an objective gene. Such a nucleic acid sequence can be preferably a nucleic acid sequence of a length of at least 9 consecutive nucleotides, more preferably a length of at least 10 consecutive nucleotides, further preferably a length of at least 11 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 12 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 13 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 14 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 15 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 16 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 17 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 18 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 19 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 20 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 25 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 30 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 40 consecutive nucleotides, or a length of at least 50 consecutive nucleotides. A nucleic acid sequence used as a probe includes a nucleic acid sequence which is at least 70% homologous, more preferably at least 80% homologous, further preferably at least 90% homologous, or at least 95% homologous to the aforementioned sequences. A sequence appropriate as a primer can vary depending on the nature of a sequence which is intended to be synthesized (amplified), and a person skilled in the art can appropriately design a primer depending on the intended sequence. Design of such a primer is well-known in the art, and may be performed manually, or may be performed using a computer program (e.g., LASERGENE, PrimerSelect, or DNAStar).
The primer in accordance with the present invention can also be used as a primer set consisting of two or more of the primers.
The primer and the primer set in accordance with the present invention can be utilized as a primer and a primer set according to a conventional method, in a known method for detecting an objective gene utilizing a nucleic acid amplification method such as a PCR method, an RT-PCR method, a real time PCR method, an in situ PCR method, or a LAMP method.
The primer set in accordance with the present invention can be selected so that a nucleotide sequence of an objective protein such as GPR49/LGR5, R-spondins, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin can be amplified by a nucleic acid amplification method such as a PCR method. The nucleic acid amplification method is well-known, and selection of a primer pair in the nucleic acid amplification method is obvious to a person skilled in the art. For example, in a PCR method, primers can be selected so that one of the two primers (primer pair) pairs with a plus chain of double-stranded DNA of an objective protein such as GPR49/LGR5, R-spondins, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, the other primer pairs with a minus chain of the double-stranded DNA, and the latter primer pairs with an extended chain which is extended by the former primer. In addition, in a LAMP method (WO 00/28082), three regions of F3c, F2c and F1c from the 3′ terminal side, and three regions of B1, B2 and B3 from the 5′ terminal side are defined, respectively, for a target gene, and these six regions can be used to design four kinds of primers. The primer of the present invention can be chemically synthesized based on nucleotide sequences disclosed herein. Preparation of the primer is well-known, and can be performed according to, for example, “Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual 2nd ed.” (Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989)), “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” (John Wiley & Sons (1987-1997)).
As used herein, a “probe” refers to a substance being means for retrieval, which is used in a biological experiment such as in vitro and/or in vivo screening. Examples thereof include, but are not limited to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a specified nucleotide sequence or a peptide comprising a specified amino acid sequence, a specific antibody or a fragment thereof. As used herein, the probe can also be used as a marker detection means.
Examples of a nucleic acid molecule which is usually used as a probe include a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleic acid sequence of a length of at least 8 consecutive nucleotides, which is homologous or complementary to a nucleic acid sequence of an objective gene. Such a nucleic acid sequence can be preferably a nucleic acid sequence of a length of at least 9 consecutive nucleotides, more preferably a length of at least 10 consecutive nucleotides, further preferably a length of at least 11 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 12 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 13 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 14 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 15 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 20 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 25 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 30 consecutive nucleotides, a length of at least 40 consecutive nucleotides, or a length of at least 50 consecutive nucleotides. A nucleic acid sequence used as a probe includes a nucleic acid sequence which is at least 70% homologous, more preferably at least 80% homologous, further preferably at least 90% homologous, or at least 95% homologous to the aforementioned sequences.
In one embodiment, the detection agent of the present invention can be labeled. Alternatively, the detection agent of the present invention may be an agent bound to a tag.
As used herein, a “label” refers to an entity (e.g., substance, energy, or electromagnetic wave) for identifying an objective molecule or substance from others. Examples of such a labeling method include an RI (radioisotope) method, a fluorescence method, a biotin method, and a chemiluminescence method. When a plurality of markers of the present invention, or agents or means for capturing them is labeled by a fluorescence method, labeling is performed with fluorescent substances having different fluorescence maximum wavelengths. A difference in the fluorescence maximum wavelength is preferably 10 nm or more. When a ligand is labeled, any label can be used as far as it does not influence on the function, and as a fluorescent substance, AlexaTM Fluor is desirable. AlexaTM Fluor is a water-soluble fluorescent dye obtained by modifying coumarin, rhodamine, fluorescein, cyanine or the like, is a series in response to a wide range of fluorescent wavelengths, and is very stable, bright, and low in pH sensitivity as compared with other fluorescent dyes of the corresponding wavelengths. Examples of a combination of fluorescent dyes having a fluorescent maximum wavelength of 10 nm or longer include a combination of AlexaTM 555 and AlexaTM 633 and a combination of AlexaTM 488 and AlexaTM 555. When a nucleic acid is labeled, any label can be used as far as it can bind to a base portion thereof, and it is preferable that a cyanine dye (e.g., Cy3 and Cy5 of CyDyeTM series), a rhodamine 6G reagent, 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), AAIF (iodine derivative of AAF) or the like is used. Examples of the fluorescent substances having a difference in the fluorescence maximum wavelength of 10 nm or more include a combination of Cy5 and a rhodamine 6G reagent, a combination of Cy3 and fluorescein, and a combination of a rhodamine 6G reagent and fluorescein. In the present invention, such a label can be utilized to alter an objective subject so that it can be detected with a detection means to be used. Such an alteration is known in the art, and a person skilled in the art can appropriately carry out such a method in accordance with a label and an objective subject.
As used herein, a “tag” refers to a substance for selecting a molecule by a specific recognizing mechanism such as receptor-ligand, more specifically, a substance which plays a role of a binding partner for binding to a specified substance (e.g., a substance having a relationship such as biotin-avidin or biotin-streptavidin), and can be included in the category of “label”. Hence, for example, a specified substance with a tag bound thereto can be selected by contacting the substance with a substrate with a binding partner of a tag sequence bound thereto. Such a tag or label is well-known in the art. Representative tag sequences include a myc tag, a His tag, HA, and an Avi, but are not limited to them. The marker or the marker detection agent of the present invention may be bound to such a tag.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for using GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin as an index for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell, or a method for detecting or diagnosing a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell.
The method of the present invention can be implemented by performing, for example, a step of detecting GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or genes of these factors in a living body, for using GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin as an index for identifying a cell having a high proliferation ability among corneal endothelial cells and/or the differentiation ability of a corneal endothelial cell. For example, in such a case, a detection agent comprising a substance binding to GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or genes of these factors can be used. Such a detection agent is described herein, and it is understood that a person skilled in the art can implement the method of the present invention based on the description.
In the method of the present invention, the detection agent or the diagnostic agent of the present invention is contacted with an objective sample, and whether there are GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or genes of these factors, being an objective subject, in the sample is determined, or the level or amount thereof is measured.
“Contact (contacted)”, as used herein, means that a substance is made to physically approach a polypeptide or a polynucleotide which can function as the marker, the detection agent, the diagnostic, the ligand or the like of the present invention, either directly or indirectly. The polypeptide or the polynucleotide can be made to exist in many buffers, salts, solutions or the like. Contact includes placing a compound on, for example, a beaker, a microtiter plate, a cell culturing flask or a microarray (e.g., gene chip), containing a polypeptide encoding a nucleic acid molecule or a fragment thereof.
In one embodiment, a cell having a high proliferation ability which is a subject in the method of the present invention is an undifferentiated cell.
In another embodiment, a cell having a high proliferation ability which is a subject in the method of the present invention is a stem cell.
In another aspect, a corneal endothelial cell which is a subject in the method of the present invention is a human cell.
In still another embodiment, the proliferation ability of a corneal endothelial cell which is a subject in the method of the present invention is identified by a characteristic selected from the group consisting of colony forming ability, Ki-67 positivity and BrdU positivity.
In one embodiment of the present invention, diagnosis regarding the differentiated state can be performed, based on the method which is an index of the present invention.
A specific method for detecting expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or genes of these factors is not particularly limited, as far as it is a method which can detect expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or genes of these factors, in a test sample (e.g., cell), and includes a hybridization method, a nucleic acid amplification method, and an antigen-antibody reaction method.
Herein, a “test sample” may be a sample that is a corneal endothelial cell or an objective cell, or a substance derived therefrom, which is thought to contain a matter that enables gene expression. For example, a cell which is directly isolated from the corneal endothelium can be used. A cell of the corneal endothelium can be obtained by a known method (Koizumi N, Okumura N, Kinoshita S., Experimental Eye Research. 2012; 95: 60-7.). Preferably, a cell obtained from a donor of the corneal endothelium, a corneal endothelial cell or the like can be used as a test cell sample. Alternatively, a cultured cell containing a corneal endothelial cell which was differentiation-induced in vitro can be used as a sample. In vitro differentiation induction into a corneal endothelial cell can be implemented by performing differentiation treatment using a known cell such as an ES cell, an iPS cell, and a bone marrow parenchymal cell as a starting material by a known method, for example, an AMED method <see Ueno M, Matsumura M, Watanabe K, Nakamura T, Osakada F, Takahashi M, Kawasaki H, Kinoshita S, Sasai Y; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103 (25): 9554-9559, 2006.>.
According to one embodiment of detection in accordance with the present invention, expression of GPR49/LGR5 in a cell sample can be detected by hybridizing the probe in accordance with the present invention with a nucleic acid sample (mRNA or a transcription product thereof), and directly or indirectly detecting a hybridization complex, that is, a double-stranded nucleotide. Regarding a detailed procedure of a hybridization method, see “Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual 2nd ed.” (Cold Spring Harbor Press (1989), particularly Section 9.47-9.58), “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” (John Wiley & Sons (1987-1997), particularly Section 6.3-6.4), and “DNA Cloning 1: Core Techniques, A Practical Approach 2nd ed.” (Oxford University (1995), regarding the condition, see particularly section 2.10).
Detection of expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or genes of these factors utilizing a hybridization method can be implemented by, for example, (a) a step of contacting a polynucleotide derived from a test sample with the probe in accordance with the present invention; and (b) a step of detecting a hybridization complex. In the step (a), mRNA prepared from an objective test sample or complementary DNA (cDNA) transcribed from the mRNA as a polynucleotide derived from a test cell sample can be contacted with the probe. In a detection method using a probe, the probe can be labeled before use. Examples of the label include labels utilizing radioactivity (e.g., 32P, 14C, and 35S), fluorescence (e.g., FITC and europium), or an enzyme reaction such as chemiluminescence (e.g., peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase). Detection of a hybridization product can be performed using a well-known method such as Northern hybridization, Southern hybridization, or colony hybridization. Since a cell from which a hybridization complex was detected is a cell expressing GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the. Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, the cell can be determined to have a high proliferation ability (an undifferentiated cell, a precursor cell or a stem cell) and/or a high differentiation ability.
According to another embodiment of detection in accordance with the present invention, expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHE, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or genes of these factors in a sample can be detected by amplifying a nucleic acid sample (mRNA or a transcription product thereof) by a nucleic acid amplification method using the primer or the primer set in accordance with the present invention, and detecting the amplification product.
Detection of expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or genes of these factors utilizing a nucleic acid amplification method can be implemented, for example, by (i) a step of implementing a nucleic acid amplification method using the primer or the primer set in accordance with the present invention and employing a polynucleotide derived from a test sample as a template; and (ii) a step of detecting the formed amplification product.
In the step (i), mRNA prepared from an objective test sample or complementary DNA (cDNA) transcribed from the mRNA can be used as a template. Detection of an amplification product can be implemented using a nucleic acid amplification method such as a PCR method, an RT-PCR method, a real time PCR method, or a LAMP method. Since a cell from which an amplification product is detected is a cell expressing GPR49/LGR5, the cell can be determined to have a high proliferation ability (an undifferentiated cell, a precursor cell or a stem cell) and/or a high differentiation ability.
According to another embodiment of detection in accordance with the present invention, expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin in a sample can be detected by contacting the antibody in accordance with the present invention with a sample, and detecting an antigen-antibody reaction.
Detection of expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin utilizing an antigen-antibody reaction can be implemented, for example, by the following steps: (I) a step of contacting a protein derived from a test cell sample with the antibody in accordance with the present invention; and (II) a step of measuring an antigen-antibody complex. A method for detecting an antigen-antibody reaction is well-known to a person skilled in the art, and for example, GPR49/LGR5 protein, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin in a test cell sample which is thought to contain a corneal endothelial cell can be detected by an immunological method. As the immunological method, concerning a sample obtained by, if necessary, subjecting a cell sample to an appropriate treatment, for example, separation of a cell or an extraction operation, a known method such as an immunohistological staining method, an enzyme immunometric assay, a Western blotting method, an agglutination method, a competition method, or a sandwich method can be applied. The immunohistological staining method can be performed, for example, by a direct method using a labeled antibody, an indirect method using a labeled antibody to the above antibody, or the like. As a labeling agent, a known labeling substance such as a fluorescent substance, a radioactive substance, an enzyme, a metal, or a dye can be used.
Since a cell from which an antigen-antibody complex is detected is a cell expressing GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, the cell can be determined to have a high proliferation ability (an undifferentiated cell, a precursor cell or a stem cell) and/or a high differentiation ability. For use in treatment of a disease requiring transplantation of the corneal endothelium, for example, bullous keratopathy, corneal edema, leukoma corneae, particularly, corneal dystrophy, and a corneal endothelial disorder caused by trauma or internal eye operation, or other specified corneal endothelial diseases (Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, back polymorphic endothelial corneal dystrophy etc.), it is desirable that a cell having a high proliferation ability (an undifferentiated cell, a precursor cell or a stem cell) has a high purity.
By performing the above-mentioned respective detection steps not only once, but also by repeating or combining the same steps, the precision of detection or selection of a cell having a high proliferation ability/differentiation ability can be enhanced. Therefore, when such an embodiment is adopted, according to the detection method in accordance with the present invention, a cell having a high proliferation ability/differentiation ability can be detected or selected more precisely, by performing the above-mentioned steps two or more times.
In addition, the precision of detection or selection of a cell having a high proliferation ability/differentiation ability can be enhanced by concurrently using another marker gene, preferably, a proliferation marker gene (e.g., Ki-67 and BrdU) other than genes encoding GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, or these factors.
As used herein, “diagnosis” refers to determination of the current status or the future of a disease, a disorder or a condition in a subject by identifying a variety of parameters associated with such a disease, disorder or condition. By using the method, the apparatus or the system of the present invention, the state in a body can be examined, and such information can be used to select a variety of parameters such as a disease, a disorder, or a condition in a subject, and a formulation or a method for treatment or prevention to be administered. As used herein, in a narrow sense, the “diagnosis” refers to diagnosis of the current status, and in a broad sense, it includes “early diagnosis”, “presumptive diagnosis”, and “advance diagnosis”. Since the diagnosis method of the present invention, in principle, can utilize what has moved out of a body, and can be implemented independently of healthcare professionals such as a doctor, it is industrially useful. As used herein, in order to make clear that the diagnosis method can be implemented independently of healthcare professionals such as a doctor, particularly, “presumptive diagnosis, advance diagnosis or diagnosis” may be named as “assistance”.
A procedure of formulating a diagnostic agent or the like of the present invention as a pharmaceutical or the like is known in the art, and is described, for example, in Japanese Pharmacopoeia, U.S. Pharmacopoeia, and other countries' Pharmacopoeias. Therefore, a person skilled in the art can determine the amount of the diagnostic agent to be used with the descriptions described herein without performing undue experiments.
An antibody used in the present invention can be produced as follows.
An antibody used in the present invention (e.g., anti-GPR49/LGR5 antibody, an antibody to the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and an antibody to the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) can be obtained as a polyclonal or monoclonal antibody using known means. As an antibody used in the present invention, particularly, a monoclonal antibody derived from a mammal is preferable. Monoclonal antibodies derived from a mammal include a monoclonal antibody produced by a hybridoma, and a monoclonal antibody produced by a host transformed with an expression vector comprising an antibody gene by a genetic engineering procedure.
As one example, a method for preparing a monoclonal antibody will be described below. The monoclonal antibody can be prepared by preparing a hybridoma by cell fusion between an antibody producing cell obtained from an animal immunized with an antigen and a myeloma cell, and selecting a clone producing an antibody which specifically inhibits the activity of GPR49/LGR5, R-spondins, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin from the resulting hybridoma.
The whole of an amino acid sequence of a protein such as a mature protein, such as GPR49/LGR5, R-spondins, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin used as an antigen in immunization of an animal, or a fragment thereof having immunogenicity can be used as an immunogen. In addition, it is preferable to use a peptide consisting of any 10 or more in an amino acid sequence of a protein of the marker of the present invention as an antigen, as a monoclonal antibody for specifically detecting a protein existing on a cell surface. Concerning any of the other factors of the present invention (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, R-spondins, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin as well as proteins corresponding to them), an antigen can be designed similarly.
After binding to the resulting GPR49/LGR5, R-spondins, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin for an antigen, an adjuvant is added. The adjuvant includes a Freund complete adjuvant and a Freund incomplete adjuvant, and any of them may be mixed.
The antigen obtained as described above is administered to a mammal, for example, a mouse, a rat, a horse, a monkey, a rabbit, a goat, or sheep. Any method can be used for immunization as far as it is an existing method, and immunization is mainly performed by intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, intraperitoneal injection or the like. In addition, an interval of immunization is not particularly limited, and immunization is performed at an interval of a few days to a few weeks, preferably at an interval of 4 to 21 days.
After 2 to 3 days from the day of last immunization, an antibody producing cell is collected. Examples of the antibody producing cell include a spleen cell, a lymph node cell, and a peripheral blood cell, and a spleen cell is generally used. As the immunization amount of an antigen, for example, 100 μg of an antigen is used once per mouse.
A monoclonal antibody producing hybridoma can be basically produced as follows using a known technique. First, an objective protein (e.g., a protein such as GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) as a sensitizing antigen is immunized according to a normal immunization method. An immune cell obtained from an immunized animal is fused with a known parent cell by a normal cell fusion method to obtain a hybridoma. Further, by screening a cell producing an objective antibody from this hybridoma by a normal screening method, a hybridoma producing an objective antibody can be selected.
Specifically, production of the monoclonal antibody is performed, for example, as shown below. First, by expressing an objective gene (a GPR49/LGR5 gene, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin), an objective protein used as a sensitizing antigen for obtaining an antibody can be obtained. A nucleotide sequence of the objective gene is described in other places of the present description (e.g., disclosed in NCBI registration number NM_003667.2 (SEQ ID No.: 1) and NM_000193 (SEQ ID No.: 11)). That is, after a gene sequence encoding the objective gene is inserted into a known expression vector to transform an appropriate host cell, an objective protein can be purified from the host cell or the culture supernatant by a known method. Alternatively, a purified natural protein can also be used similarly. Alternatively, as used in the present invention, a fusion protein obtained by fusing a desired partial polypeptide of an objective protein with a different polypeptide can also be utilized as an immunogen. In order to produce the fusion protein as an immunogen, for example, a Fc fragment of an antibody or a peptide tag can be utilized. A vector expressing the fusion protein can be produced by fusing genes encoding desired two or more kinds of polypeptide fragments in frame, and inserting the fused gene in an expression vector. A method of producing the fusion protein is described in Molecular Cloning 2nd ed. (Sambrook, J et al., Molecular Cloning 2nd ed., 9.47-9.58, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. press, 1989).
The thus purified objective protein (e.g., a protein such as GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) can be used as a sensitizing antigen used in immunization of a mammal. A partial peptide of an objective protein can also be used as a sensitizing antigen. For example, the following peptides can be used as a sensitizing antigen: a peptide obtained by chemical synthesis based on an amino acid sequence of an objective protein (a protein such as human GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin); a peptide obtained by incorporating a part of an objective gene (a gene encoding human GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) into an expression vector to express the gene; and a peptide obtained by degrading an objective protein (a protein such as human GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLT2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) with a protease.
The region and size of a protein used as a partial peptide are not limited. As an example of the region, in the case of GPR49/LGR5, a region can be selected from an amino acid sequence constituting an extracellular domain of GPR49/LGR5 (1-556th, 615-637th, 704-722nd, and 792-800th amino acids in an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.: 2). It is preferable that the number of amino acids constituting a peptide used as a sensitizing antigen is at least 3, for example, 5 or more, or 6 or more. More specifically, a peptide of 8 to 50, preferably 10 to 30 residues can be used as a sensitizing antigen. Also in the case of the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, an appropriate peptide can be used as a sensitizing antigen similarly based on information such as sequences described herein, for example, SEQ ID Nos.: 12, 44, 46, 48, 50, and 52.
A mammal to be immunized with the sensitizing antigen is not particularly limited. In order to obtain the monoclonal antibody by a cell fusion method, it is preferable to select an immune animal in view of compatibility with a parent cell to be used in cell fusion. Generally, rodent animals are preferable as an immune animal. Specifically, a mouse, a rat, a hamster or a rabbit can be used as an immune animal. In addition, a monkey and the like can also be used as an immune animal.
The animals can be immunized with a sensitizing antigen according to a known method. For example, as a general method, a mammal can be immunized by injecting a sensitizing antigen intraperitoneally or subcutaneously. Specifically, the sensitizing antigen is administered to a mammal several times every 4 to 21 days. The sensitizing antigen is diluted with PBS (Phosphate-Buffered Saline) or physiological saline at an appropriate dilution rate, and is used in immunization. Furthermore, the sensitizing antigen can be administered together with an adjuvant. For example, the sensitizing antigen can be mixed with a Freund complete adjuvant, and emulsified to obtain a sensitizing antigen. In addition, in immunization with the sensitizing antigen, an appropriate carrier can be used. Particularly, when a partial peptide having a small molecular weight is used as the sensitizing antigen, it is desirable to bind the sensitizing antigen peptide with a carrier protein such as albumin or keyhole limpet hemocyanin to perform immunization.
In addition, the monoclonal antibody can also be obtained by DNA immunization. DNA immunization is a method for imparting immune stimulation by administering vector DNA constructed in such a form that a gene encoding an antigenic protein can be expressed in an immune animal to the immune animal, and expressing an immunizing antigen in a living body of the immune animal. In order to obtain the monoclonal antibody of the present invention by DNA immunization, first, DNA expressing an objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) is administered to the immune animal. DNA encoding an objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) can be synthesized by a known method such as PCR. The resulting DNA is inserted into an appropriate expression vector, and is administered to the immune animal. As the expression vector, for example, a commercially available expression vector such as pcDNA3.1 can be utilized. As a method of administering the vector to a living body, a generally used method can be utilized. For example, by shooting gold particles with an expression vector adsorbed thereon into a cell with a gene gun, DNA immunization can be performed.
After a mammal is immunized in this way, and an increase in the amount of the desired antibody in serum is confirmed, an immune cell is collected from the mammal, and is subjected to cell fusion. As a preferable immune cell, particularly, a spleen cell can be used.
As a cell to be fused with the immune cell, a myeloma cell of a mammal is used. It is preferable that the myeloma cell has an appropriate selection marker for screening. The selection marker refers to a character that a cell can survive (or cannot survive) under specified culturing conditions. As the selection marker, hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency (hereinafter, abbreviated as HGPRT deficiency) or thymidine kinase deficiency (hereinafter, abbreviated as TK deficiency) is known. A cell having deficiency of HGPRT or TK has hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine sensitivity (hereinafter, abbreviated as HAT sensitivity). A HAT-sensitive cell cannot synthesize DNA in a HAT selective medium, and dies. However, when the cell is fused with a normal cell, it comes to be able to proliferate even in the HAT selective medium since the cell can continue synthesis of DNA utilizing a salvage circuit of a normal cell.
A HGPRT-deficient or TK-deficient cell can be selected in a medium containing 6-thioguanine, 8-azaguanine (hereinafter, abbreviated as 8AG), or 5′-bromodeoxyuridine. Since a normal cell takes these pyrimidine analogs into DNA, it dies. However, a cell deficient in these enzymes cannot take in these pyrimidine analogs, it can survive in a selective medium. In addition, a selection marker called G418 resistance imparts resistance to a 2-deoxystreptamine antibiotic (gentamycin analog) by a neomycin resistance gene. A variety of myeloma cells suitable for cell fusion are known. Basically, cell fusion between an immune cell and a myeloma cell is performed in accordance with a known method, for example, Koehler C. and Milstein C., Methods Enzymol. (1981) 73, 3-46. More specifically, for example, cell fusion can be carried out in a normal nutrient culture solution in the presence of a cell fusion promoter. As the fusion promoter, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a sendaivirus (HVJ) can be employed. Further, in order to enhance the fusion efficiency, an assistant such as dimethyl sulfoxide can be optionally added. The use ratio between an immune cell and a myeloma cell can be arbitrarily set. For example, it is preferable that 1 to times of the immune cells are used relative to the myeloma cells. As a culture solution used in cell fusion, for example, an RPMI1640 culture, solution suitable for proliferation of a myeloma cell strain, an MEM culture solution, and a normal culture solution used in this kind of cell culturing can be utilized. Further, a serum replenisher solution such as fetal calf serum (FCS) can be utilized.
In cell fusion, by mixing predetermined amounts of the immune cell and the myeloma cell in a culture solution well, and mixing a PEG solution which has been warmed to around 37° C. in advance, an objective fused cell (hybridoma) is formed. In a cell fusion method, for example, PEG having an average molecular weight of around 1000 to 6000 can be added usually in a concentration of 30% (w/v) to 60% (w/v). Subsequently, by repeating an operation of sequentially adding suitable culture solutions listed above, and centrifuging the resultant to remove the supernatant, a cell fusion agent and the like which are not preferable for the growth of a hybridoma are removed.
The thus obtained hybridoma can be selected by utilizing a selection culture solution appropriate for a selection marker possessed by a myeloma used in cell fusion. For example, a cell having deficiency of HGPRT or TK can be selected by culturing in a HAT culture solution (a culture solution containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine). That is, when a HAT-sensitive myeloma cell is used in cell fusion, a cell succeeded in fusion with a normal cell can be selectively proliferated in a HAT culture solution. Culturing using the HAT culture solution is continued for a period sufficient for a cell other than an objective hybridoma (non-fused cell) to die. Specifically, generally, the objective hybridoma can be selected by culturing for a few days to a few weeks. Then, by performing a normal limiting dilution method, screening and single cloning of a hybridoma producing an objective antibody can be performed. Alternatively, an antibody recognizing an objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) can be produced by the method described in International Publication WO 03/104453.
Screening and single cloning of an objective antibody can be appropriately performed by a screening method based on a known antigen-antibody reaction. For example, an antigen is bound to a carrier such as beads made of polystyrene or the like, or a commercially available 96-well microtiter plate, and the resultant is reacted with the culture supernatant of a hybridoma. Then, after the carrier is washed, the carrier is reacted with a secondary antibody or the like labeled with an enzyme. When an objective antibody reacting with a sensitizing antigen is contained in the culture supernatant, the secondary antibody binds to the carrier via this antibody. By finally detecting the secondary antibody binding to the carrier, whether the objective antibody exists in the culture supernatant or not can be determined. It becomes possible to clone a hybridoma producing a desired antibody having an ability to bind to an antigen by a limiting dilution method or the like. In this case, as an antigen, a protein such as GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, which is substantially of the same nature, including those used in immunization can be preferably used. For example, a cell strain expressing an objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin), an extracellular domain of an objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin), or an oligopeptide consisting of a partial amino acid sequence constituting the region can be utilized as an antigen.
In addition, an objective antibody can also be obtained by antigen-sensitizing a human lymphocyte, in addition to a method of obtaining the hybridoma by immunizing an animal other than human with an antigen. Specifically, first, a human lymphocyte is in vitro sensitized with a protein such as GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin. Then, an immunized lymphocyte is fused with an appropriate fusion partner. As the fusion partner, for example, a myeloma cell which is derived from human and has a permanent division potential can be utilized (see JP-H01-59878 B (Kokoku)). An anti-GPR49/LGR5 antibody obtained by this method is a human antibody having an activity of binding to a GPR49/LGR5 protein. This also applies to the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, Ptch1, Gli1, and Gli2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin.
Further, by administering an objective protein (e.g., a protein such as GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and (β-catenin) which is to be an antigen to a transgenic animal having the whole repertory of a human antibody gene, or immunizing the animal with DNA which was constructed so as to express an objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5) in the animal, a human antibody to an objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) can be obtained. An antibody producing cell of an immune animal can be immortalized by cell fusion with an appropriate fusion partner or treatment such as infection with an Epstein-Barr virus. From the thus obtained immortalized cell, a human antibody to an objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) can be isolated (see International Publications WO 94/25585, WO 93/12227, WO 92/03918, and WO 94/02602). Further, by cloning the immortalized cell, a cell producing an antibody having objective reaction specificity can be cloned. When a transgenic animal is an immune animal, an immune system of the animal recognizes an object human protein (e.g., human GPR49/LGR5) as a foreign substance. Therefore, a human antibody to an objective human protein (e.g., human GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) can be easily obtained.
The thus produced hybridoma producing a monoclonal antibody can be subcultured in a normal culture solution. Alternatively, the hybridoma can also be preserved in liquid nitrogen over a long term. The hybridoma is cultured according to a normal method, and from the culture supernatant, an objective monoclonal antibody can be obtained. Alternatively, a monoclonal antibody can also be obtained as ascites by administering the hybridoma to a mammal having compatibility therewith and proliferating the hybridoma. The former method is suitable for obtaining an antibody having high purity.
In the present invention, an antibody encoded by an antibody gene which was cloned from an antibody producing cell can also be utilized. By incorporating the cloned antibody gene into an appropriate vector and introducing it into a host, the gene can be expressed as an antibody. Isolation of the antibody gene, introduction into the vector, and a method for transforming a host cell have already been established (e.g., see Vandamme, A. M., et al., Eur. J. Biochem. (1990) 192, 767-775).
For example, for the purpose of obtaining an antibody to an objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin), it is further preferable that binding of an antibody to an objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) is specific. An antibody binding to an objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) can be screened, for example, by a method comprising (1) a step of contacting an antibody comprising a V region encoded by the resulting cDNA with the objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and (β-catenin); (2) a step of detecting binding between the objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and (β-catenin) and an antibody, and (3) a step of selecting an antibody binding to the objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin).
A method for detecting binding between an antibody and the objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) is known. Specifically, a test antibody is reacted with the objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and (β-catenin) immobilized on a carrier and, then, the resultant is reacted with a labeled antibody recognizing an antibody. When a labeled antibody is detected on a carrier after washing, binding of the test antibody to the objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) can be demonstrated. For labeling, an enzymatically active protein such as peroxidase and β-glactosidase, or a fluorescent substance such as FITC can be utilized. For evaluating the binding activity of an antibody, a fixed specimen of a cell expressing the objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) can also be utilized.
As a method for screening an antibody using the binding activity as an index, a panning method utilizing a phage vector can also be used. When an antibody gene is obtained as a library of a subclass of a heavy chain and a light chain as described above, a screening method utilizing a phage vector is advantageous. Genes encoding variable regions of a heavy chain and a light chain can be prepared into a single chain Fv(scFv) by linking with an appropriate linker sequence. When a gene encoding scFv is inserted into a phage vector, a phage expressing scFv on a surface can be obtained. When this phage is contacted with an objective antigen, and a phage bound to the antigen is recovered, DNA encoding scFv having the objective binding activity can be recovered. By repeating this operation, if necessary, scFv having the objective binding activity can be concentrated.
In the present invention, a polynucleotide encoding an antibody may encode the full length of an antibody, or may encode a part of an antibody. A part of an antibody refers to any part of an antibody molecule. Hereinafter, as used herein, an antibody fragment may be used in implementation of the present invention. A preferable antibody fragment in the present invention comprises a complementarity determination region (CDR) of an antibody. Further preferably, the antibody fragment of the present invention comprises all of three CDRs constituting a variable region.
In one embodiment, the antibody of the present invention includes not only a divalent antibody, a representative of which is IgG, but also a monovalent antibody, and a polyvalent antibody, a representative of which is IgM, as far as it binds to the objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin). The polyvalent antibody of the present invention includes a polyvalent antibody all having the same antigen-binding site, and a polyvalent antibody having a partially or entirely different antigen-binding site. The antibody of the present invention is not limited to a full length molecule of an antibody, and may be a low-molecular antibody or a modification product thereof, as far as it binds to the objective protein (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin).
In order to confirm the immune response level of an immunized animal, and select an objective hybridoma from a cell after cell fusion treatment, the antibody titer in the blood of an immunized animal, or the antibody titer in the culture supernatant of an antibody producing cell is measured. Examples of a method for detecting an antibody include a known technique, for example, EIA (enzyme immunoassay), RIA (radioimmunoassay), and ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay).
According to the immunoassay, even when a sample contains a large amount of contaminating substance, the concentration of a marker can be accurately measured. Examples of the immunoassay include a classical method such as a precipitation reaction of directly or indirectly measuring an antigen-antibody bound product, an agglutination reaction, and a hemolytic reaction, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) whose detection sensitivity has been enhanced by combining a labeling method therewith, radioimmunoassay (RIA), and fluorescent immunoassay (FIA). In addition, an antibody specific for a marker used in these immunoassays may be monoclonal or polyclonal.
As a method for ionization when the concentration of a marker is measured by mass spectrometry, either of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) can be applied, and MALDI producing little polyvalent ions is preferable. Particularly, according to MALDI-TOF-MS which is a combination with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF), the concentration of a marker can be measured more accurately. Further, according to MS/MS using two mass spectrometers, the concentration of a marker can be measured more accurately.
When the concentration of a marker is measured by electrophoresis, for example, a test material is subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to separate an objective marker, the gel is stained with an appropriate dye or fluorescent substance, and the concentration or fluorescent intensity of a band corresponding to an objective marker may be measured. When separation of the marker is insufficient only by SDS-PAGE, two-dimensional electrophoresis which is a combination with isoelectric electrofocusing (IEF) can also be used. Further, not by direct detection from a gel, but by performing Western blotting, the amount of the marker on a membrane can be measured.
When the concentration of the marker is measured by chromatography, for example, a method by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be used. That is, by subjecting a sample to HPLC to separate an objective marker, and measuring the peak area of the chromatogram, the concentration of the marker in a sample can be measured.
As a myeloma cell to be fused with an antibody producing cell, an established cell which is derived from a variety of animals such as a mouse, a rat, or human, and is generally available to a person skilled in the art is used. As a cell strain to be used, a cell strain which has drug resistance, and has such a nature that it cannot survive in a selective medium (e.g., HAT medium) in an unfused state, and can survive only in a fused state is used. Generally, an 8-azaguanine-resistant strain is used, and this cell strain is deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase, and cannot be grown in a hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) medium.
As the myeloma cell, already known various cell strains, for example, P3 (P3x63Ag8.653) (J. Immunol. (1979) 123: 1548-1550), P3x63Ag8U.1 (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology (1978) 81: 1-7), NS-1 (Kohler, G. and Milstein, C., Eur. J. Immunol. (1976) 6: 511-519), MPC-11 (Margulies D. H. et al., Cell (1976) 8: 405-415), SP2/0 (Shulman M. et al., Nature (1978) 276: 269-270), FO (Lazekas de St. Groth, S. and Scheidegger, D., J. Immunol. Methods (1980) 35: 1-21), 5194 (Trowbridge, I. S., J. Exp. Med. (1978) 148: 313-323), and R210 (Galfre G. et al., Nature (1979) 277: 131-133) are preferably employed.
An antibody producing cell is obtained from a spleen cell, a lymph node cell or the like. That is, a spleen, a lymph node or the like is isolated or collected from the animals, and these tissues are crushed. The resulting crushed product is suspended in a medium or a buffer such as PBS, DMEM, and RPMI1640, and the suspension is filtered with a stainless mesh or the like, and centrifuged, thereby, an objective antibody producing cell is prepared.
Then, the myeloma cell and the antibody producing cell are fused. Cell fusion is performed by contacting the myeloma cell with the antibody producing cell at a mixing ratio of 1:1 to 1:10 at 30 to 37° C. for 1 to 15 minutes in a medium for culturing an animal cell such as MEM, DMEM, and RPME-1640 media in the presence of a fusion promoter. In order to promote cell fusion, a fusion promoter or a fusion virus such as polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 1,000 to 6,000, polyvinyl alcohol or a sendaivirus can be used. Alternatively, the antibody producing cell can be fused with the myeloma cell using a commercially available cell fusion apparatus utilizing electric stimulation (e.g., electroporation).
From the cells after cell fusion treatment, an objective hybridoma is selected. Examples of a method for selection include a method that employs selective proliferation of a cell in a selective medium. That is, a cell suspension is diluted with an appropriate medium, and seeded on a microtiter plate, a selective medium (HAT medium etc.) is added to each well, and thereafter, the selective medium is appropriately exchanged to perform culturing. As a result, a growing cell can be obtained as a hybridoma.
Screening of the hybridoma is performed by a limiting dilution method, a fluorescence excitation cell sorter method or the like, and finally, a monoclonal antibody-producing hybridoma is obtained. Examples of a method for collecting a monoclonal antibody from the obtained hybridoma include a normal cell culturing method and an ascites forming method. In the cell culturing method, the hybridoma is cultured in an animal cell culturing medium such as an RPMI-1640 medium containing 10 to 20% fetal calf serum, a MEM medium, or a serum-free medium for 2 to 14 days under normal culturing conditions (e.g., 37° C., 5% CO2 concentration), and an antibody is obtained from the culture supernatant. In the ascites forming method, the hybridoma is administered into the abdominal cavity of an animal of the same species as a mammal from which the myeloma cell is derived, and the hybridoma is proliferated in a large amount. Then, after 1 to 4 weeks, ascites or serum is collected.
In the method for collecting an antibody, when purification of an antibody is required, the antibody is purified by appropriately selecting a known method such as an ammonium sulfate salting-out method, ion exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography, or combining them.
Therefore, a substance contained as an antigen in antibody production may be a partial sequence, as far as it comprises at least one epitope which can induce immunization, although the full length of a marker as a subject is preferable. An epitope can be used even if the precise position and the precise structure thereof have not been necessarily found, but if necessary, identification of an epitope in a predetermined protein can be easily attained using a technique well-known in the art. For example, Geysen et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 3998; U.S. Pat. No. 4,708,871; and Geysen et al. (1986) Molecular Immunology 23: 709 can be referred to. Antibodies recognizing the same epitope can be identified by a simple immunoassay. In this way, a method for determining an epitope including a peptide is well-known in the art, and such an epitope, when a primary sequence of a nucleic acid or an amino acid is provided, can be determined by a person skilled in the art using such a well-known conventional technique.
Therefore, for use as an epitope including a peptide, a sequence of a length of at least 3 amino acids is necessary, and preferably, a sequence of a length of at least 4 amino acids, more preferably at least 5 amino acids, at least 6 amino acids, at least 7 amino acids, at least 8 amino acids, at least 9 amino acids, at least 10 amino acids, at least 15 amino acids, at least 20 amino acids, or at least 25 amino acids may be required. The epitope may be straight, or may be in a conformation form.
In one aspect, according to the present invention, there is provided a detection kit for implementing the detection method in accordance with the present invention.
In one embodiment, the detection kit in accordance with the present invention includes a detection kit for implementing detection of an embodiment in accordance with the present invention, specifically, a kit for detecting expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHE, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, comprising at least the probe in accordance with the present invention. This probe may be labeled. This kit for detection detects expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHE, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin by a hybrid forming method. Therefore, a detection method of a first aspect can optionally further comprise a variety of reagents for carrying out the hybrid forming method, for example, a substrate compound used in detection of a label, a hybridization buffer, a direction, and/or an instrument.
The detection kit of this embodiment in accordance with the present invention may further comprise a probe, a primer, a primer set, or an antibody which can detect expression of a differentiation marker gene (e.g., Ki-67, or BrdU) other than GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, in order to perform detection precisely. These probe, primer, primer set and antibody may be labeled. This kit for detection further detects expression of a differentiation marker gene other than GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, by any of a hybrid forming method, a nucleic acid amplification method, and an antigen-antibody reaction method.
In another embodiment, the kit for detection in accordance with the present invention includes a detection kit for carrying out detection of another embodiment in accordance with the present invention, specifically, a kit for detecting expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, comprising at least the primer in accordance with the present invention or the primer set in accordance with the present invention. This kit for detection detects expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, by a nucleic acid amplification method. Therefore, a detection method of a second aspect may optionally further comprise a variety of reagents for carrying out a nucleic acid amplification method, for example, a buffer, an internal standard which can indicate that PCR can normally progress, a direction, and/or an instrument.
The detection kit of this embodiment in accordance with the present invention may further comprise a probe, a primer, a primer set, or an antibody which can detect expression of a differentiation marker gene other than GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, in order to perform detection precisely. These probe, primer, primer set, and antibody may be labeled. This kit for detection further detects expression of a differentiation marker other than GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, by any of a hybrid forming method, a nucleic acid amplification method, and an antigen-antibody reaction method.
In a further embodiment, the detection kit in accordance with the present invention includes a detection kit for carrying out detection of a further embodiment in accordance with the present invention, specifically, a kit for detecting a protein of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, comprising at least the antibody in accordance with the present invention. This antibody may be labeled. This kit for detection detects expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHE, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, by detecting an antigen-antibody reaction. The detection method of this embodiment may optionally further comprise a variety of reagents for carrying out an antigen-antibody reaction, for example, a secondary antibody, a coloring reagent, a buffer, a direction, and/or an instrument used in an ELISA method or the like.
In this embodiment, the detection kit in accordance with the present invention may further comprise a probe, a primer, a primer set, or an antibody which can detect expression of a differentiation marker other than GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, in order to perform detection precisely. These probe, primer, primer set, and antibody may be labeled. This kit for detection further detects expression of a differentiation marker other than GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, Ptch1, Gli1, and Gli2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, by any of a hybrid forming method, a nucleic acid amplification method, and an antigen-antibody reaction method.
It can be understood that, in these kit, composition or system, a marker in a sample derived from any subject, the factors specifically interacting with the marker, or means selectively recognizing the marker can be used, as far as the marker of the present invention (e.g., GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin) can be identified. Therefore, it is understood that not only a factor or means specifically described herein, but also any equivalent factor or means known in the art can be used.
In one embodiment, the factor used in the present invention is selected from the group consisting of a nucleic acid molecule, a polypeptide, a fat, a sugar chain, an organic low molecule and a complex molecule thereof, and preferably, the factor is a protein or a complex molecule (e.g., a glycoprotein or a lipoprotein). Preferably, the factor is an antibody (e.g., a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody). It is preferable that such a factor is labeled, or can be labeled. This is because diagnosis becomes easy.
In a preferable embodiment of the present invention, means to be used is selected from the group consisting of a mass spectrometry apparatus, a nuclear magnetic resonance measuring apparatus, an X-ray analysis apparatus, SPR, chromatography (e.g., HPLC, thin layer chromatography, or gas chromatography), an immunological means (e.g., Western blotting, EIA (enzyme immunoassay), RIA (radioimmunoassy), or ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)), a biochemical means (e.g., pI electrophoresis, Southern blotting, or two-dimensional electrophoresis), an electrophoresis instrument, a chemical analytical instrument, a fluorescent two-dimensional differential electrophoresis method (2DE-DIGE), an isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT), a tandem affinity purification method (TAP method), a physical means, laser microdissection and a combination thereof.
In a preferable embodiment of the present invention, the system or the kit of the present invention further comprises a standard of a marker. It is preferable that such a standard is used in order to confirm whether means for detecting a marker (a factor specifically interacting with the marker, or means selectively recognizing the marker) normally functions or not.
In a preferable embodiment, the present invention can further comprise means for purifying a sample as a subject. Examples of such a purification means include chromatography. Since the precision of diagnosis can be enhanced by purification, the purification means can be used in a preferable embodiment, but it is not essential.
In one embodiment, the factor or the means used in the present invention has an ability to quantitate the marker of the present invention. Such quantitation may be performed by such means or factor that enables a proper calibration curve to be drawn when a standard curve is drawn. Preferable examples thereof include an antibody, mass spectrometry, and chromatography analysis. Therefore, in a certain embodiment, the system of the present invention further comprises a quantitation means for quantitating a marker.
In one embodiment, a quantitation means comprises a determination means for determining whether the marker is within the range of a normal value or not, by comparing the standard curve with the measured result. Such a determination means can be realized using a computer.
In one embodiment, the kit or the system of the present invention comprises a composition comprising a marker or the factor specifically interacting with a marker.
In one aspect, the present invention provides use of a marker in a sample derived from a subject, a factor specifically interacting with the marker, or means selectively recognizing the marker, in production of a pharmaceutical for presumptively diagnosing, pre-diagnosing or advancingly diagonsing, predicting, detecting or diagnosing the level of the proliferation ability or the differentiated state, or a disease, a disorder or a condition associated therewith. Herein, a sample may be obtained by any means. Usually, when a person in charge other than a doctor is engaged in measurement, the sample may be one that was obtained by a doctor in some way. Determination of the level of the proliferation ability or the differentiated state, or whether there is a possibility of a disease, a disorder or a condition associated therewith or not, from the measurement result, can be implemented by determining whether the result is abnormal or not as compared with each marker, or as compared with a normal value. In the method of the present invention, it is understood that a marker to be used or the like may have any one or a plurality of characteristics described in other places of the present description, as far as they are not contradictory. In the detection or the diagnosis of present invention, as a method for measuring the concentration of a marker, a method which is generally used for quantitating a protein can be used as it is, as far as it is a method which can specifically measure the concentration of the marker. For example, various immunoassays, mass spectrometry (MS), chromatography, and electrophoresis can be used.
One preferable embodiment in the detection or the diagnosis of the present invention is to trap a marker on a carrier, and measure the concentration of the trapped marker. That is, a substance having affinity for the marker is immobilized on a carrier, and the marker is trapped on the carrier via the substance having affinity. According to the present embodiment, influence of a contaminating substance contained in a sample can be reduced, and the concentration of the marker can be measured precisely at higher sensitivity.
In one embodiment, when an immunoassay is used in a method for measuring a marker, it is preferable to use a carrier on which an antibody is immobilized. Such use enables easy construction of a system of an immunoassay using an antibody immobilized on a carrier as a primary antibody. For example, a system of sandwich EIA can be constructed by preparing two kinds of antibodies which are specific for the marker and are different in the epitope, immobilizing one of them on a carrier as a primary antibody, and labeling the other as a secondary antibody with an enzyme. In addition, a system of an immunoassay by a binding inhibition method or a competition method can also be constructed. Further, when a substrate is used as a carrier, an immunoassay by an antibody chip is possible. With the antibody chip, the concentrations of a plurality of markers can be measured simultaneously, and rapid measurement is possible.
On the other hand, in one embodiment, when mass spectrometry is used in a method for measuring a marker, the marker can be trapped on a carrier by an ionic bond or hydrophobic interaction, in addition to an antibody. An ionic bond or hydrophobic interaction has no higher specificity than that of bioaffinity such as that between an antigen and antibody, and a substance other than the marker is trapped, but they have no problem since mass spectrometry performs quantitation by a mass spectrometer spectrum reflecting the molecular weight. Particularly, when surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (referred to as “SELDI-TOF-MS” as used herein) is performed using a protein chip employing a substrate as a carrier, the concentration of the marker can be measured more precisely. As the kind of substrate which can be used, a cation exchange substrate, an anion exchange substrate, a normal phase substrate, a reverse phase substrate, a metal ion substrate, an antibody substrate and the like can be used, and a cation exchange substrate, particularly, a weak cation exchange substrate and a metal ion substrate are preferably used.
When the marker is trapped on a carrier by an ionic bond, an ion exchanger is immobilized on a carrier. In this case, as an ion exchanger, either of an anion exchanger and a cation exchanger can be used, and further, any of a strong anion exchanger, a weak anion exchanger, a strong cation exchanger, and a weak cation exchanger can be used. Examples of the weak anion exchanger include exchangers having a weak anion exchange group such as dimethylaminoethyl (DE) and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE). In addition, examples of the strong anion exchanger include exchangers having a strong anion exchange group such as quaternary ammonium (trimethylaminomethyl) (QA), quaternary aminoethyl (diethyl, mono-2-hydroxybutylaminoethyl) (QAE), and quaternary ammonium (trimethylammonium) (QMA). In addition, examples of the weak cation exchanger include exchangers having a weak cation exchange group such as carboxymethyl (CM). Further, examples of the strong cation exchanger include exchangers having a strong cation exchange group such as sulfopropyl (SP). On the other hand, when the marker is trapped on a carrier by hydrophobic interaction, a substance having a hydrophobic group is immobilized on a carrier. Examples of the hydrophobic group include a C4-C20 alkyl group and a phenyl group. Further, the marker can be trapped on a carrier on which a metal ion such as Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Co2+, or Mg2+ is immobilized.
In one embodiment, as an example of a carrier to be used, known carriers such as beads, a microtiter plate, and a resin can be employed. Particularly, beads and a microtiter plate have previously been used in an immunoassay, and construction of a measuring system is easy. On the other hand, a carrier having a flat part such as a substrate can also be used. In this case, it is preferable to immobilize a substance having affinity for the marker on a part of the flat part. As an example, there can be mentioned a carrier including a chip as a substrate, and an antibody specific for the marker is immobilized on a plurality of places on the chip in a spot-like manner.
Since a cell which was selected by using, as an index, the detection agent or the diagnostic agent such as a probe, a primer, or an antibody in accordance with the present invention is an undifferentiated cell or a precursor cell having a proliferation ability (e.g., an undifferentiated cell or a precursor cell existing in a corneal endothelial cell), it is preferable for treating or preventing a corneal endothelial disease, disorder or condition such as bullous keratopathy or corneal endotheliitis or other ophthalmological diseases, from the viewpoint of safety, the survival rate, and the network forming ability, as compared with the previous miscellaneous cell populations or a precursor cell in which a foreign gene is introduced. Since a cell which can be selected is an undifferentiated cell or a precursor cell before division arrest, that is, during proliferation, and has a possibility that it is differentiated and matured at an optimal place in a brain, and there is a possibility that an undifferentiated cell or a precursor cell further proliferates in vivo, a therapeutic effect for a longer term can be expected. Therefore, it is possible to state that the present invention paves the way for practical application of effective treatment or prevention of a corneal endothelial disease, disorder or condition such as bullous keratopathy or corneal endotheliitis or other ophthalmological diseases.
(Screening)
The detection method in accordance with the present invention can be applied to screening of a substance effective in inducing differentiation into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells. That is, by determining whether or not a cell was differentiation-induced into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells by addition of a test substance using, as an index, expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, a substance effective in inducing differentiation into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells can be screened.
Therefore, according to the present invention, a method for screening a substance effective in inducing differentiation into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells is provided, and this method includes (i) a step of contacting a test substance with a cell (e.g., an ES cell or an iPS cell) which can differentiate into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells; and (ii) a step of detecting expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin in the cell after contact with the test substance. In the step (i), the cell which can differentiate into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells can be preferably collected from a cultured cell containing an iPS cell and an ES cell, or a neural precursor cell or a neural crest cell which was differentiation-induced from these cells.
In the step (i), “contacting a test substance” can be performed by adding a test substance to a cultured cell containing a cell which can differentiate into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells.
Examples of the usable “test substance” include, but are not limited to a synthetic low-molecular weight compound, a protein, a synthetic peptide, a purified or partially purified polypeptide, an antibody, a bacterium-releasing substance (including a bacterial metabolite), and a nucleic acid (antisense, ribozyme, RNAi, etc.), preferably, a compound or a salt thereof or a solvate thereof (e.g., a hydrate). The “test substance” may be a novel substance, or may be a known substance.
In the step (ii), according to the detection method of the present invention, expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin can be detected.
As a specific embodiment, by appropriately implementing detection utilizing a hybridization method, detection utilizing a nucleic acid amplification method, and detection utilizing an antigen-antibody reaction described herein, expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin can be detected.
In the step (ii), when the test substance is contacted with the cell, and expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2 is detected in a cell sample, it can be determined that the substance is a substance effective in inducing differentiation into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells. When suppression or disappearance of expression of the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin is detected, it can be determined that the substance is a substance effective in inducing differentiation into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells.
A substance specified by the screening method in accordance with the present invention can be used as a substance effective in inducing differentiation into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells. According to the present invention, a method for screening a substance effective in inducing differentiation into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells is provided, and this method may further comprise (iii) a step of detecting expression of a differentiation marker gene other than GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin, in the cell after contact with the test substance. When expression of GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin is detected in the step (ii), and expression of a differentiation marker gene (e.g., Ki-67 or BrdU) other than GPR49/LGR5, and/or the factors of the Hedgehog pathway such as SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, and GLI2, and/or the factors of the Wnt pathway such as LRP6 and β-catenin is detected in the step (iii), the substance can be precisely determined to be a substance effective in induction into a cell having a high proliferation ability and/or an undifferentiated cell existing in corneal endothelial cells. In addition, the step (iii) has only to be performed after the step (i), and may be performed before or after the step (ii).
(General Technique)
A molecular biological procedure, a biochemical procedure and a microbiological procedure as used herein are well-known and conventionally used in the art, and are described, for example, in Sambrook J. et al. (1989). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor and its 3rd Ed. (2001); Ausubel, F. M. (1987). Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates and Wiley-Interscience; Ausubel, F. M. (1989). Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates and Wiley-Interscience; Innis, M. A. (1990). PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press; Ausubel, F. M. (1992). Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates; Ausubel, F. M. (1995). Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Pub. Associates; Innis, M. A. et al. (1995). PCR Strategies, Academic Press; Ausubel, F. M. (1999). Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley, and annual updates; Sninsky, J. J. et al. (1999). PCR Applications: Protocols for Functional Genomics, Academic Press, and Experimental Medicine, separate volume, “Gene Introduction & Expression Analysis Experimental Method” Yodosha Co., Ltd., 1997, the relevant part (which can be the whole) of them is incorporated herein by reference.
A DNA synthesis technique for producing an artificially synthesized gene and nucleic acid chemistry are described, for example, in Gait, M. J. (1985). Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach, IRL Press; Gait, M. J. (1990). Oligonucleotide Synthesis: A Practical Approach, IRL Press; Eckstein, F. (1991). Oligonucleotides and Analogues: A Practical Approach, IRL Press; Adams, R. L. et al. (1992). The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids, Chapman & Hall; Shabarova, Z. et al. (1994). Advanced Organic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Weinheim; Blackburn, G. M. et al. (1996). Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology, Oxford University Press; and Hermanson, G. T. (1996). Bioconjugate Techniques, Academic Press, the relevant part of them is incorporated herein by reference.
For example, as used herein, the oligonucleotide of the present invention can also be synthesized using, for example, an automated DNA synthesizer (e.g., a synthesizer commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems) by a standard method known in the art. For example, a phosphorothioate-oligonucleotide can also be synthesized by the method of Stein et al. (Stein et al., 1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 3209), and a methyl phosphonate-oligonucleotide can also be prepared by using a pore-adjusted glass polymer support (Sarin et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 7448-7451).
Reference literatures such as scientific literatures, patents, and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference to the same extent that the entirety of them is specifically described.
As described above, the present invention has been illustrated by showing preferable embodiments for ease of understanding. The present invention will be illustrated below based on Examples, but the aforementioned illustration and the following Examples are provided only for the purpose of exemplification, and are not provided for the purpose of limiting the present invention. Therefore, the scope of the present invention is not limited to embodiments and Examples specifically described herein, and is limited only by the scope of claims.
EXAMPLES
If necessary, handling of animals used in the following Examples were performed in compliance with a standard defined in Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine or Doshisha University, and based on Helsinki Declaration. In addition, according to the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research, animals were fed and handled. In addition, as reagents, products specifically described in Examples were used, but equivalent products of other manufacturers (Sigma, Wako Pure Chemical Industries Co., Ltd., Nacalai Tesque, Inc., abcam, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, R & D Systems, Abnova, Assay Pro, Origene, Biobyt, Biorad, Cell Signaling Technology, GE Healthcare, IBL, and the like) can be used as substitutes.
(Experimental Material and Method)
(Material)
(Corneal Tissue)
All human corneal tissues used in the present experiment were tissues imported from SightLifeTM (Northwest Lions Foundation) of American Seattle Eye Bank. All monkey corneal tissues used were tissues of a cynomolgus monkey euthanized for other research purposes (Nissei Bilis Co., Ltd., Ohtsu, Japan, or Keari Co., Ltd., Wakayama, Japan). All corneas were preserved at 4° C. in a preservation medium (Optisol; Chiron Vision Corporation, Irvine, Calif.). All experiments were performed according to doctrine of Helsinki Declaration.
(Cell Culture)
In primary culture of a human corneal endothelial cell, a Descemet's membrane containing an endothelial cell layer was peeled from a corneal tissue, and placed into 2 mg/ml Collagenase A (catalog No.: 70164923; Roche Applied Science, Penzberg, Germany) dissolved in OPTIMEM-I, and incubated at 37° C. After 3 hours, the resultant was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes to remove the supernatant, a culture medium was added to a precipitated corneal endothelial cell mass for admixing, and the total amount was seeded on a 12-well plate coated with FNC Coating Mix (catalog No.: 0407; Athena Enzyme Systems, Baltimore, Md., USA). As a culture medium, OPTIMEM-I (catalog No.: 51985; Gibco-Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.), to which 5% fetal bovine serum (catalog No.: 10437-028; fetal bovine serum; FBS; BioWest, France), 50 μg/ml Gentamicin (Invitrogen), and 10 μg/ml Y-27632 (Calbiochem, La Jolla, Calif.) were added, was used.
In primary culture of a monkey corneal endothelial cell, a Descemet's membrane containing an endothelial cell layer was peeled from a corneal tissue, placed in 1.2 U/ml Dispase I [(Sanko Pure Chemical Co., Ltd.) catalog No.: GD81060] dissolved in DMEM (Gibco-Invitrogen), and incubated at 37° C. After 1 hour, a corneal endothelial cell was peeled and recovered from a Descemet's membrane by pipetting, and the resultant was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes to remove the supernatant. A culture medium was added to a precipitated corneal endothelial cell for admixing, and the total amount was seeded on a 6-well plate coated with FNC Coating Mix. As a culture medium, DMEM (catalog No.: 12320; Gibco-Invitrogen), to which 10% FBS, 50 μg/ml Gentamicin (catalog No.: 15710-064; Invitrogen), 10 μg/ml Y-27632 (catalog No.: 6880005; Calbiochem, La Jolla, Calif.), and a 2 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (catalog No.: 13256-029; bFGF; Invitrogen) were added, was used.
As a human cornea, a cornea, in which the period before primary culture was less than 14 days, was used. For culture of human and monkey corneal endothelial cells (CEC), a system previously reported [Tan D T et al., Lancet., 2012; 379: 1749-1761; Koizumi N et al., Exp Eye Res., 2012; 95: 60-67; Koizumi N et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; 48: 4519-4526; Okumura N Et al., Am J Pathol. 2012; 181: 268-277] was used.
A medium was exchanged every 2 days. Subculture was performed at the time point of 50 to 80% confluent. As a subculture method, cells were washed with Ca2+Mg2+-not containing (free) PBS (PBS-; Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), TrypLETM Select (catalog No.: 12563; Invitrogen) was added, and the resultant was incubated at 37° C. for 5 minutes. Cells were peeled and recovered from the plate, and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, and a culture medium was added to provide a cell suspension. Cells were seeded on a plate coated with FNC Coating Mix at a density of 1:2.
(Immunostain)
Immunohistochemical study was performed according to the method previously described by the present inventors [Nakamura T et al., Stem Cells, 2007; 25: 628-638; Nakamura T et al., Stem Cells, 2008; 26: 1265-1274].
A corneal tissue was embedded with OCT compound (catalog No.: 4583; Sakura Finetek, Tokyo, Japan), and frozen in liquid nitrogen to prepare a frozen corneal tissue section. The frozen block was sliced to 8 μm, applied on a silane-coating slide, and air-dried. For preparing the whole tissue section, a Descemet's membrane containing a corneal endothelial cell was peeled from a corneal tissue, allowed to stand in ice-cooled 100% acetone for 30 seconds, applied on a silane-coating slide, and air-dried. As a cultured corneal endothelial cell, a cell cultured on a LabTek 8-well plastic chamber slide was used. Ice-cooled 100% acetone was added to a corneal tissue and the cultured cell, the resultant was allowed to stand at 4° C. for 15 minutes to fix the cell. After shaking and washing with 0.15% TritonX/PBS-, 1% bovine serum albumin (catalog No.: A4503BSA; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) was added, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes to perform blocking. A primary antibody was diluted with 1% BSA, and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. As a primary antibody to be used, anti-rabbit GPR49/LGR5 (catalog No.: GTX71143; 1: 200; GeneTex Inc., San Antonio, Tex.), anti-rabbit Nestin (catalog No.: PRB-570C; 1: 200; COVANCE, Berkeley, Calif.), anti-mouse ABCG2 (catalog No.: NC_236; 1: 2; Kamiya biomedical CO., Seattle, Wash. USA), anti-mouse Ki-67 (catalog No.: 556003; 1: 200 BD PharmingenTM NJ, USA), anti-rabbit Na+/K+ ATPase (catalog No.: A132; 1: 100; Zymed), and anti-rabbit ZO1 (Zymed Laboratries Inc., South San Francisco, Calif.) were used. The resultant was washed with 0.15% Triton/PBS- twice, and PBS- once.
A secondary antibody was diluted with a mixed solution of 1% BSA and 0.15% TrironX/PBS-, and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. As a secondary antibody to be used, AlexaTM Fluor 488-labeled (conjugated) goat anti-rabbit IgG (catalog No.: A11034; 1: 1500; Molecular Probe-Invitrogen) and AlexaTM Fluor 488-labeled (conjugated) goat anti-mouse IgG (catalog No.: A11029; 1: 1500; Molecular Probe-Invitrogen) were used. The secondary antibody was shaken and washed with 0.15% Triton/PBS- twice, and PBS- once, subjected to nuclear staining with propidium iodide (catalog No.: SP29004-41; PI; Nacalai Tesque, Inc. Kyoto, Japan), and embedded while covered with a cover glass. This was observed with a confocal laser microscope (Olympus Fluoview, Tokyo, Japan), and a photograph was taken.
(Real Time PCR)
A real time PCR experiment was performed according to the method previously described by the present inventors [Nakamura T et al., Stem Cells., 2007; 25: 628-638].
For extracting RNA from a corneal tissue and a cultured cell, RNeasy Mini Kit (catalog No.: 74106; QIAGEN, Valencia, Calif.) was used. Added was 1 μl of OligodT Primer (catalog No.: 18418-020; Invitrogen) per 1 μg of the extracted RNA, and the resultant was incubated at 70° C. for 2 minutes, and immediately ice-cooled. Further, a reaction liquid including 5× First-Strand buffer, 100 mM DTT (catalog No.: 772590; Invitrogen), SuperScriptTM II Reverse Transcriptase (catalog No.: 18064-014; Invitrogen), 2.5 mM dNTP (catalog No.: BG7401A; Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan), and 40 unit/μl RNase Inhibitor (catalog No.: SIN-101; Toyobo Co., Ltd., Osaka Japan) was added, and incubated at 42° C. for 45 minutes and 70° C. for 15 minutes to synthesize cDNA. For preparing a primer, BLAST programs (NCBI) were utilized (Table 1). A primer and SYBR (registered trademark) Green PCR Master Mix (catalog No.: 4367659; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) were added to 2 of the synthesized cDNA, and the resultant was reacted on ABI Prism 7000 (Applied Biosystems) at 40 cycles of 95° C. for 15 seconds and 60° C. for 1 minute. The resulting data were analyzed by ABI PRISM (registered trademark) 7000 Sequence Detection System. In addition, the amount of expression of each gene was corrected with the amount of a gene expressing β-actin, and was shown as a relative value to a control.







TABLE 1 







Primer sequence for real time PCR










GenBank 




Accession



Gene
Number
Sequence













Human GPR49
NM_003667
Forward 5′-GAGGATCTGGTGAGCCTGAGAA-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 13)




Reverse 5′-CATAAGTGATGCTGGAGCTGGTAA-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 14)


 


Human Nestin
NM_006617
Forward 5′-ATGCTCCTCTCTCTCTGCTACCA-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 15)




Reverse 5′-CTAGTGTCTCATGGGTCTGGTTTTC-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 16)


 


Human ABCG2
NM_004827.2
Forward 5′-AGTGGCTTTCTACCTTGTCG-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 17)




Reverse 5′-ACAGAAACCACACTCTGACC-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 18)


 


Human SHH
NM_000193.2
Forward 5′-ACGGCCCAGGGCACCATTCT-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 19)




Reverse 5′-GGACTTGACCGCCATGCCCA-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 20)


 


Human Ptch1
NM_000264.3
Forward 5′-TCGCTCTGGAGCAGATTTCCAAGGG-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 21)




Reverse 5′-GCAGTCTGGATCGGCCGGATTG-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 22)


 


Human Smo
NM_005631.4
Forward 5′-GTGAGTGGCATTTGTTTTGTGGGC-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 23)




Reverse 5′-CAGGCATTTCTGCCGGGGCA-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 24)


 


Human Gli1
NM_005269.2
Forward 5′-GCCCCCATTGCCCACTTGCT-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 25)




Reverse 5′-TGCAGGGGACTGCAGCTCC-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 26)


 


Human Gli2
NM_005270.4
Forward 5′-GGCCGCCTAGCATCAGCGAG-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 27)




Reverse 5′-CACCGCCAGGTTGCCCTGAG-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 28)


 


Human  beta-actin
NM_001101
Forward 5′-GGACTTCGAGCAAGAGATGG-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 29)




Reverse 5′-ATCTGCTGGAAGGTGGACAG-3′
(SEQ ID NO: 30)









(Flow Cytometry)

A cultured monkey corneal endothelial cell was seeded on a 6-well plate coated with FNC Coating Mix, and cultured under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO2 for 14 days. Cells were peeled with TrypLETM Select and recovered. For fractionating GPR49/LGR5-positive cells, 1% BSA was added to recovered cells, and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes to perform blocking. As a primary antibody, anti-rabbit GPR49/LGR5 and AlexaTM Fluor 488-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG <concerning both of them, see the above Example> were used, and each was incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. Using a flow cytometer (FACS Aria II (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, N.J.)), GPR49/LGR5-positive cells and GPR49/LGR5-negative cells were fractionated, and the respective cells were seeded on a S-well chamber slide, and cultured. After 3 days, the cells were immunostained with anti-mouse Ki-67, and the number of Ki-67-positive cells was counted.
For studying the cell proliferation rate in GPR49/LGR5-positive cells, 70% ethanol was added to recovered cells, and the resultant was incubated at −20° C. for 2 hours to fix the cells. After washing with PBS- twice, 1% BSA was added, and incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes to perform blocking. As a primary antibody, anti-rabbit GPR49/LGR5 (1:100) and anti-mouse Ki-67 (1:100) were used, and the resultant was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. As a secondary antibody, AlexaTM Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:1500) and AlexaTM Fluor 594-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (1:1500; Molecular Probe-Invitrogen) were used, and the resultant was incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. For sorting cells, FACS Aria II (BD Bio-sciences, Franklin Lakes, N.J.) was used. For analysis of data, an attached software was used.
(Measurement of Cell Area)
Each isolated cell fraction was centrifuged, and re-suspended in a culture medium. Cells (about 100 cells/ml) were placed in a 6-well plate, and photographed under an inverted microscope. The areas of cells were randomly measured using the Scion Image software (200 cells/fraction), and statistically analyzed [Nakamura T et al., Stem Cells., 2007; 25: 628-638].
(Gene Introduction; RNA Interference)
For preparing a lentivirus particle containing GPR49/LGR5 shRNA virus vector, GPR49/LGR5 MISSION (registered trademark) shRNA Plasmid DNA (Sigma-Aldrich) was purchased (Table 2).







TABLE 2 







Structure of GPR49 shRNA











Insert sequence (Mspi-Sense-


shRNA
Clone ID
loop-antisense-terminator)





shGPR49-
NM_03667.2-
CCGGCCGTCTGCAATCAGTTACCTACTCG


587
1085s1c1
AGTAGGTAACTGATTGCAGACGGTTTTT




(SEQ ID NO: 31)


 


shGPR49-
NM_03667.2-
CCGGCTTACATTTATCAGTCCTGAACTCG


588
2425s1c1
AGTTCAGGACTGATAAATGTAAGTTTTT




(SEQ ID NO: 32)


 


shGPR49-
NM_03667.2-
CCGGGCTCTACTGCAATTTGGACAACTCG


589
2286s1c1
AGTTGTCCAAATTGCAGTAGAGCTTTTT




(SEQ ID NO: 33)


 


Non-
none
CCGGCAACAAGATGAAGAGCACCAACTCG


Target

AGTTGGTGCTCTTCATCTTGTTGTTTTT


(NT)

(SEQ ID NO: 34)









In addition, as a GPR49/LGR5 expression vector, a vector assigned from Satoshi Kawasaki, Ophthalmology Department, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine was used. A method for preparing this vector is as follows.
That is, for constructing this vector, a lentivirus plasmid vector expressing an objective gene (herein, GPR49/LGR5) was used. As a vector for inserting the objective gene, the present inventors used a commercially available lentivirus vector (pLenti6.3_V5-TOPO; Invitrogen). An amplification reaction was performed using a primer pair including the whole coding sequence of a specified gene and using cDNA as a template, and the resultant was gel-purified, and ligated with a lentivirus plasmid vector.
Upon expression of this lentivirus, for production and infection, a protocol used for shRNA previously reported by a part of the present inventors (Nakatsukasa M. Kawasaki S, Yamasaki K, Fukuoka H, Matsuda A, Tsujikawa M, Tanioka H, Nagata-Takaoka M, Hamuro J, Kinoshita S, Am J Pathol. 2010 September; 177 (3): 1344-55.) was modified for use. In brief, lentivirus plasmid DNA was transfected into HEK 293T cells using ViraPowerTM Lentiviral Packaging Mix (Invitrogen) which was a packaging plasmid mixture containing pLP1, pLP2 and pLP/VSVG plasmids, and 14 μl of Fugene HD as a transfection reagent. After 18 hours, a medium was removed by suction, and replaced with a complete medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS; hereinafter, also referred to as “culture medium”), and the quality of lentivirus particles was evaluated.
More particularly, HEK293T cells were seeded on a culture medium obtained by adding 10% FBS to DMEM, at a density of 9.0×105 cells/25 cm2. After culture for 24 hours, OPTIMEM-I, FuGENE (registered trademark) HD Transfection Reagent (Roche Applied Science) and Lentiviral Packaging Mix (Sigma-Aldrich (MISSION Lentiviral Packaging Mix) or Invitrogen) were added, and the resultant was incubated under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO2. After 18 hours, the medium was exchanged with a culture medium, and cells were cultured under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO2. After 24 hours, a culture medium containing lentivirus particles was recovered. For measuring the titer of the recovered lentivirus, the HIV-1 p24 Antigen ELISA kit (ZeptoMetrixCorporation, Buffalo, N.Y., USA) was used. In addition, as a control, Non-Target shRNA Control Vector (Sigma-Aldrich) having a random sequence was used. Cultured human and monkey corneal endothelial cells were seeded on a 6-well plate (5000 cells/well; 6-well plate coated with FNC Coating Mix (registered trademark)) or an 8-well chamber slide (500 cells/well), and cultured under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO2. After 24 hours, lentivirus particles prepared and 4 μg/ml hexadimethrine bromide (Sigma-Aldrich, also referred to as Polybrene) were added, and the cells were transfected under a conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO2. After 24 hours, a medium was exchanged with a culture medium containing 0.4 μg/ml puromycin (Calbiochem), and a puromycin-resistant cell was selected. A puromycin-resistant colony was cultured in the presence of 0.4 μg/ml puromycin, and a medium was exchanged every 2 days.
(Construction of Lentivirus Plasmid Vector for Gene Expression)
For constructing a lentivirus plasmid vector expressing an objective gene, a commercially available lentivirus vector (pLenti6.3_V5-TOPO; Invitrogen) was used. A primer pair surrounding the whole coding sequence of a specified gene was used to amplify cDNA, gel-purified and, then, ligated into a lentivirus plasmid vector.
Production and infection of a lentivirus for expression were performed by a modified version of a protocol by the present inventors, which was used with respect to shRNA [Nakatsukasa M et al., Am J Pathol., 2010; 177: 1344-1355]. In brief, lentivirus plasmid DNA was transfected, together with a plasmid packaging plasmid mixture ViraPowerTM Lentiviral Packaging Mix (Invitrogen) containing pLP1, pLP2 and pLP/VSVG plasmids, into HEK293T cells by using FuGENE (registered trademark) HD as a transfection reagent. After 18 hours, the medium was sucked and exchanged with a complete medium, and the amount of lentivirus particles was evaluated.
(Gene Introduction)
The culture supernatant containing virus particles having infection ability were recovered, and transferred to human CEC of 5000 cells/well in a 6-well plate containing FNC Coating Mix (registered trademark). The supernatant was applied on cultured CEC in the presence of 4 μg/ml Polybrene. Upon collection of a puromycin-resistant colony, cells were cultured in the presence of 0.4 μg/ml puromycin, and the medium was exchanged every 2 days.
(Western Blotting)
For Western blotting, the following rabbit polyclonal antibodies: anti-LRP6, p-LRP6 (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Beverly, Mass.), as well as the following mouse monoclonal antibodies: β-catenin (BD Biosciences) and β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.); were used. As a secondary antibody, HRP-labeled anti-rabbit or mouse IgG (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, N.J.) was used. Recombinant human SHH, purmorphamine, cyclopamine and RSpos were purchased from R&D Systems Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.).
Cultured human CEC was washed with PBS, and then, rinsed with a lysis buffer containing PBS, 1% TRITONTM X-100, 0.5 M EDTA, phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 (Sigma-Aldrich) and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Roche). Detection of activated β-catenin (non-membrane-bound type) was implemented according to the protocol previously reported [Aghib D F et al., Exp Cell Res., 1995; 218: 359-369]. In brief, a cell lysate treated with Con A SepharoseTM 4B (GE Healthcare) was incubated at 4° C. for 1 hour. After centrifugation at 4° C. for 10 minutes, the supernatant was transferred into a new tube, Con A SepharoseTM was added to each tube, and the resultant was incubated at 4° C. for 1 hour. Finally, after simple centrifugation, the supernatant was transferred into a new tube, and the protein concentration was determined.
Then, the protein was separated by SDS-PAGE, and transferred to a PVDF membrane. Thereafter, the membrane was blocked with 1% ECL Advance Blocking Reagent (GE Healthcare) in a TBS-T buffer, and incubated at 4° C. overnight together with a primary antibody. After washing in a TBS-T buffer three times, the PVDF membrane was incubated together with an appropriate HRP-labeled anti-rabbit or mouse IgG secondary antibody at room temperature for 1 hour. The membrane was photosensitized with ECL Advance Western Blotting Detection Kit (GE Healthcare), and observed by LAS3000S imaging system. (Fuji Film Co., Ltd., Tokyo).
Each Example and results are shown below.
Example 1
Expression of Stem Cell Marker in Whole Layer Human Corneal Tissue
An in vivo expression pattern of GPR49/LGR5 in human CEC was investigated by an indirect immunostaining method. For comparison, Nestin and ATP binding set subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) which were markers of an immature cell and a precursor cell were also investigated.
In order to retrieve a protein to be expressed specifically for corneal endothelial cells, immunostaining was comprehensively performed using the already reported stem cell marker (FIG. 2a). As a result, strong expression of GPR49/LGR5 was recognized specifically for corneal endothelial cells. As a comparison subject, Nestin (Lendahl U et al., Cell, 1990) which was an undifferentiated cell marker and ABCG2 (Chen et al., Stem Cells, 2004) which was expressed specifically for limbus corneae basal cells were used.
When CEC of these tissues were investigated in this manner, strong expression of GPR49/LGR5 was observed, particularly, in a peripheral region. However, GPR49/LGR5 was only minimally expressed in a corneal epithelium and a corneal stroma (FIG. 2a). It was found that Nestin is expressed over the whole cornea to a moderate degree, and that ABCG2 is expressed mainly in the basal cell layer of a corneal epithelium, and is weakly expressed in a stroma and an endothelium of a cornea (FIG. 2a).
Strong expression of Nestin was observed in the whole corneal layer. Strong expression of ABCG2 was observed in corneal epithelial basal cells, and expression was also observed in a corneal parenchyma and a corneal endothelium. The amounts of expression of mRNA of GPR49/LGR5, Nestin and ABCG2 were compared by real time PCR (FIG. 2b). The amounts of expression of Nestin mRNA and ABCG2 mRNA were significantly elevated in a corneal epithelium and a corneal parenchyma as compared with a corneal endothelium. On the other hand, the amount of expression of GPR49/LGR5 mRNA was significantly elevated in a corneal endothelium.
In this way, real time PCR showed that the average GPR49/LGR5 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in CEC as compared with parenchymal cells and epithelial cells of a cornea (*p<0.05) (FIG. 2b). To the contrary, the expression levels of Nestin and ABCG2 in the parenchymal cell and the epithelial cell of a cornea were higher than the expression levels in CEC (FIG. 2b). Therefore, it was found that expression of GPR49/LGR5 is most remarkable in CEC among corneal tissues.
Therefore, GPR49/LGR5 was determined to be one of proteins which were expressed specifically for corneal endothelial cells.
Example 2
Localization of Expression of GPR49/LGR5 in Human Corneal Whole Tissue Section
Then, the present inventors studied a localization pattern of GPR49/LGR5 using the whole mount immunofluorescence method.
In the present Example, in order to investigate localization of expression of GPR49/LGR5 in a corneal endothelial tissue, a Descemet's membrane containing corneal endothelial cells was peeled from a corneal tissue, and the amount of expression was compared and studied by immunostaining and real time PCR (FIG. 2c).
As a result of the immunostaining, as shown in FIGS. 2d to e, strong expression of GPR49/LGR5 was recognized in a cell membrane and a cytoplasm of an endothelial cell in a corneal periphery (FIG. 2d). In addition, the amount of expression of GPR49/LGR5 mRNA was also elevated in a peripheral corneal endothelium as compared with the central portion (FIG. 2e).
It was found that expression of GPR49/LGR5 is increased in a peripheral region, in CEC, and that the expression level thereof is gradually decreased towards the central region of CEC (FIGS. 2c, d). Real time PCR clearly showed that expression of GPR49/LGR5 in a peripheral region is upregulated as compared with the central region (diameter 7 mm) (*p<0.05) (FIG. 2e). These findings show that GPR49/LGR5 is inherently expressed in peripheral CEC, in a corneal tissue.
Example 3
Expression of GPR49/LGR5 in Cultured Human Corneal Endothelial Cell
In the present Example, expression of GPR49/LGR5 in a cultured human corneal endothelial cell was investigated.
A human corneal endothelial cell is poor in the proliferation ability in a living body, and cell culture outside a living body is also extremely difficult. Previously, a variety of culture methods have been studied, but a subculture method in the state where a hexagonal cobblestone cell form is maintained has not been established. Then, the amount of expression of GPR49/LGR5 upon culture of a human corneal endothelial cell was studied by the existing method. As a comparison subject, Nestin was used.
As a result of immunostain, in a corneal tissue (in vivo), very strong expression was observed in both of. GPR49/LGR5 and Nestin (FIG. 3a). In a primary cultured cell, expression of GPR49/LGR5 was not recognized, but expression of Nestin was confirmed. In a subculture cell (in vitro P0), expression of GPR49/LGR5 could not be confirmed, but expression of Nestin was confirmed, although expression was reduced. In addition, in a subculture cell (in vitro P1), cell differentiation was made, and an increase in nucleous was observed. When the amount of each mRNA of a corneal endothelial cell cultured under the same condition was analyzed, the amount of expression of GPR49/LGR5 mRNA was significantly decreased in the culture envelopment, but little decrease in the amount of expression of Nestin mRNA was recognized (FIG. 3b).
In this way, a phase contrast microphotograph of in vivo human CEC revealed that these presented a confluent monolayer of uniform hexagonal cells having a smaller size (FIG. 3a). To the contrary, it was found that cultured CEC (P0, P1) is extended, and is not uniform hexagon (FIG. 3a). Immunostaining showed that GPR49/LGR5 is sufficiently expressed in an in vivo peripheral CEC (FIG. 3a). It is worthy of special mention that, in in vitro cultured CEC (P0, P1), only minimum expression of GPR49/LGR5 was recognized (FIG. 3a). Real time PCR showed that the average GPR49/LGR5 mRNA expression is significantly downregulated in in vitro CEC, as compared with expression in in vivo CEC (*p<0.05) (FIG. 3b). To the contrary, the expression revels of Nestin in both of in vivo and in vitro were the same (FIGS. 3a, b).
Example 4
Expression of GPR49/LGR5 in Cultured Monkey Corneal Endothelial Cell
A monkey corneal endothelial cell has a nature that the proliferation ability in a living body is poor like human, but establishment of a stable subculture method has been succeeded (Okumura et al., IOVS 2009, Vol. 50, No. 8, 3680-3687). Then, the amount of expression of GPR49/LGR5 when a monkey corneal endothelial cell was subjected to subculture was evaluated.
As a result of immunostaining, it was found that expression of GPR49/LGR5 can be stably maintained in a corneal endothelial cell subjected to subculture (FIG. 3c). The amount of expression of GPR49/LGR5 mRNA tended to be reduced by subculture as compared with a monkey corneal tissue, but the amount of expression could be maintained (FIG. 3d).
In this way, a phase contrast microphotograph of monkey CEC showed that both of in vivo and in vitro (P0, P1) cells present a confluent monolayer of a uniform hexagonal cell having a smaller size (FIG. 3c). Immunostaining of these cells showed that GPR49/LGR5 is expressed to a moderate degree in both of in vivo and in vitro (FIG. 3c), but the in vitro average GPR49/LGR5 mRNA expression was gradually decreased, as subculture progressed (*p<0.05) (FIG. 3d). In view of these findings, it seems that, when cells of human and monkey are used, GPR49/LGR5 can be an important regulating factor for maintaining the undifferentiated state of in vitro CEC.
From the forgoing results, it is understood that GPR49/LGR5 possibly has an important function in in vitro stable culture of a corneal endothelial cell.
Example 5
Study of Cell Biological Characteristic of GPR49/LGR5-Positive Cell
In order to study the cell biological characteristic of a GPR49/LGR5-positive corneal endothelial cell, analysis was performed using FACS. Using a cultured monkey corneal endothelial cell which was confirmed to be able to be subjected to subculture in the state where expression of GPR49/LGR5 was maintained, the cell sizes and the proliferation abilities of a GPR49/LGR5-positive cell (GPR49/LGR5+) and a GPR49/LGR5-negative cell (GPR49/LGR5−) were compared and studied.
In order to investigate the characteristics of a GPR49/LGR5(+) cell and a GPR49/LGR5(−) cell, a subset of cells was isolated by flow cytometry. In order to inspect a procedure of cell sorting, expression at the protein level was confirmed in a purified fraction by immunofluorescence regarding GPR49/LGR5 (FIG. 4a). Since the highest colony forming ability is found in a minimum keratin-producing cell according to a report [Barrandon Y et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1985; 82: 5390-5394], the size of a cell in each of isolated fractions was measured using the Scion Image software.
After cell sorting by FACS, when GPR49/LGR5+ and GPR49/LGR5− were photographed with a fluorescent microscope and the size of each of 35 cells was randomly measured by Image J (Wayne Rasband (NIH) free software), it was found that GPR49/LGR5+ is significantly smaller as compared with GPR49/LGR5− (FIG. 4a, FIG. 4b). Then, it was found that the average size of a GPR49/LGR5(+) cell is significantly smaller than the average size of a GPR49/LGR5(−) cell (184.6±45.8 μm2 vs. 326.78±78.8 μm2, N=35, **p<0.01).
Then, in order to evaluate the state of the cell cycle of each of isolated cell fractions, an isolated cell fraction was cultured on a cell chamber slide. The ratio of a Ki67-labele cell in a GPR49/LGR5(+) cell and that in a GPR49/LGR5(−) cell were 14.2±3.87% and 0.58±0.5%, respectively, and the difference in a Ki67-label index was statistically significant (*p<0.05) (FIG. 4c). As a result, it was revealed that the Ki-67-positive cell rate is significantly higher in GPR49/LGR5+ (FIG. 4c). Then, in order to investigate the proliferation ability of each of isolated cell fractions in further detail, FACS was employed concerning double staining of GPR49/LGR5 and Ki67, and in order to make a relationship between GPR49/LGR5 and cell proliferation more clear, a cultured monkey corneal endothelial cell (passage number 3) was double stained with anti-rabbit GPR49/LGR5 and anti-rabbit Ki-67, and analysis by FACS was tried. As a result, among all the cells, GPR49/LGR5+ was 7.2%, and in particular, GPR49/LGR5+/Ki-67+ was 3.4% (FIG. 4d). In addition, a cell of GPR49/LGR5−/Ki-67+ was not observed. FACS analysis showed that while a GPR49/LGR5high/Ki67high cell fraction was 3.4%, a GPR49/LGR5high/Ki67low cell fraction was 3.8% (FIG. 4d). Most interestingly, all GPR49/LGR5low cell fractions show the low Ki67 level (92.8%), and it is understood that CEC has no proliferation ability without expression of GPR49/LGR5.
Example 6
GPR49/LGR5 as Target Gene of Hedgehog Signal
In the present Example, the function of GPR49/LGR5 in a Hedgehog signal was investigated.
A Hedgehog signal was identified as a signal involved in morphosis at a fetal stage, and thereafter, it was revealed that a Hedgehog signal is also profoundly associated with a stem cell and tumorogenesis of an adult tissue. In addition, it has been reported that HH signaling has an important role in various kinds of biological processes such as differentiation, proliferation and growth of a cell [Barker N et al., Nature, 2007; 449: 1003-1007; Stanton B Z et al., MolBiosyst., 2010; 6: 44-54; Tsuru T et al., Jpn J Ophthalmol., 1984; 28: 105-125]. As a ligand of human, three kinds of proteins of SHH, Indian Hedgehog (Ihh), Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) have been identified. A twelve transmembrane protein Patched1 (Ptch1) which is a receptor suppressively functioning to a signal, in the state where there is no ligand, suppresses cell membrane localization of a seven transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo), and also inhibits transmission to a downstream signal molecule. Under this situation, a signal is not transmitted to a transcription factor Gli family (Gil1, Gli2, Gli3) located downstream of Smo, and transcription of a target gene does not occur. By binding of a ligand to Ptch1, suppression of Ptch1 on Smo is lost, a signaling pathway from Smo to a transcription factor Gli family is activated, and a target gene such as Cyclin D/E, Myc is transcribed. Both Ptch1 and Gli1 are associated molecules of a signal, a target gene, and an index of activation of a signal.
As described above, GPR49/LGR5 has a high amount of expression in a corneal peripheral part (FIG. 2c, FIG. 2d, FIG. 2e). Then, in order to compare the amounts of expression of mRNA of Hedgehog signal-associated molecules (Shh, Smo, Ptch1, Gli1, Gli2) in a human corneal central endothelial cell and peripheral endothelial cell to define the property of GPR49/LGR5 in CEO at the molecular level, first, expression of a HH signal transmission-associated molecule was investigated.
As a result, it was observed that the amounts (levels of mRNA) of expression of Shh being a ligand, and transcription factors, Gli1 and Gli2, were increased in CEC in a peripheral region, as compared with the amounts of expression in a central region, the amount of expression of a peripheral endothelial cell was elevated, and activation of a signal was recognized (FIG. 5a). On the other hand, the expression levels of Smoothened (Smo) and protein patched homolog 1 (Ptch1) which were each a receptor molecule of the HH pathway were the same, and no difference was seen between such Ptch1 and Smo. Therefore, it was suggested that HH signaling is clearly activated in CEC in a peripheral region and there is variation depending on the place of the HH signaling activity.
In order to investigate a relationship between GPR49/LGR5 and a Hedgehog signal, and determine whether expression of GPR49/LGR5 in CEC was regulated by a HH signaling pathway or not, a relationship between influence of activation or suppression of a Hedgehog signal on GPR49/LGR5 expression, and cell proliferation was studied using recombinant human Sonic hedgehog (rhShh), Purmorphamine being an agonist of Smo (Sinha et al., Nat. Chem. Biol. 2: 29-30, 2006), and Cyclopamine being an antagonist (Chen et al., Genes Dev. 16 (21): 2743-2748, 2002). A human corneal tissue was treated with 100 ng/ml rhShh, 10 μM purmorphamine, and 10 μM cyclopamine, and incubated under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO2 for 3 days. A Descemet's membrane was peeled from a cornea, and applied to a silane-coating slide, and GPR49/LGR5 and Ki-67 were immunostained. In addition, RNA of a corneal endothelial cell incubated under the same conditions was extracted, and the amount of expression of mRNA was measured by real time PCR.
As a result of immunostaining, in expression of GPR49/LGR5, remarkable increase (upregulation) was observed in both rhShh addition group and purmorphamine addition group, as compared with a control (FIG. 5b). The number of CPR49/LCR5 expressing cells was increased, particularly, in a rhShh addition group, and there was a tendency in a purmorphamine addition group that a GPR49/LGR5-positive cell was strongly expressed. From this, it was presumed that while rhShh functions to activate a signal by binding to Ptch1, purmorphamine is activated by binding to Smo, and thus functions to activate a signal of a GPR49/LGR5 expressing cell. In addition, clear expression suppression was confirmed in cyclopamine. The same result was also confirmed at the mRNA expression level (FIG. 5c). In addition, an expression pattern of Gli1 and Gli2 was the same as that of GPR49/LGR5, but HH activation had no dramatic influence on a HH receptor (Ptch1) (FIG. 5c).
In addition, in order to reveal whether the HH pathway induced CEC proliferation in vivo or not, an immunohistochemical study on Ki67 was performed. Since human CEC is mitotically inactive, and exhibits a weak proliferation ability, or exhibits no proliferation ability in vivo [Joyce N C, Prog Retin Eye Res. 2003; 22: 359-389], a Ki-67-positive cell could not be detected in all groups (FIG. 5b), and therefore, it is considered that promotion of cell proliferation by a Hedgehog signal in a human corneal tissue does not occur, and it is understood that stimulation of only the HH pathway is insufficient for inducing in vivo CEC proliferation.
In order to inspect whether the same result was obtained in a cultured human corneal endothelial cell or not, a primary human corneal endothelial cell was seeded on an 8-well chamber slide, and 100 ng/ml rhShh, 2 μM purmorphamine, and 2 μM cyclopamine were added to a culture medium, and thereafter, the resultant was incubated under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO2. After 3 days, immunostain of GPR49/LGR5 and Ki-67 was performed. In addition, RNA of a corneal endothelial cell incubated under the same conditions was extracted, and the amount of expression of mRNA was measured by real time PCR.
A cell expressing GPR49/LGR5 was confirmed only in a rhShh addition group (FIG. 5d, FIG. 5e). There was no Ki-67-positive cell in a corneal tissue, but in a cultured corneal endothelial cell, the amount of expression was elevated as compared with a control, with respect to a rhShh addition group and a purmorphamine addition group (FIG. 5f). In a cyclopamine addition group, abnormality of cell morphology and suppression of cell proliferation were recognized.
CEC maintains the ability to proliferate in vitro, according to a report [Engelmann K et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 1988; 29: 1656-1662], and therefore, the present inventors studied whether the HH pathway induced in vitro proliferation of CEC or not, as described above. Expression of Ki67 was found to be upregulated in response to SHH and purmorphamine stimulation, but this was not upregulated in response to cyclopamine (FIG. 5g). These findings show that the HH pathway can induce CEC proliferation under an in vitro situation. The present inventors determined that CEC treated with cyclopamine could not maintain a normal hexagonal form thereof (FIG. 5f). In consideration of these findings, the present inventors first found that GPR49/LGR5 is a target molecule of HH signaling in CEC, and maintenance of CEC is regulated partially by the HH pathway.
Example 7
Suppression of GPR49/LGR5 Gene Expression Using shRNA
In order to make clear a relationship between GPR49/LGR5 and a hedgehog signal, suppression of GPR49/LGR5 expression by shRNA was carried out using a cultured monkey corneal endothelial cell highly expressing GPR49/LGR5.
When the condition under which expression of GPR49/LGR5 mRNA was significantly decreased was first studied by real time PCR, it was confirmed that shGPR49/LGR5-589 can suppress the amount of expression of GPR49/LGR5 mRNA by about 60% as compared with a control (FIG. 6a). Then, in order to study the influence of suppression of expression of GPR49/LGR5 on a Hedgehog signal, the amounts of expression of mRNA of Hedgehog signal-associated molecules (Ptch1, Gli1, Gli2) were analyzed using a monkey corneal endothelial cell transfected with shGPR49/LGR5-589. As a result, no changes in the amounts of expression of Hedgehog signal-associated molecules could be confirmed (FIG. 6b). Without being bound to any theory, there is a possibility that suppression of expression of a PR49/LGR5 gene influenced proliferation ability.
Example 8A
Force Expression of GPR49/LGR5 Gene
In order to analyze the function of GPR49/LGR5 in a corneal endothelial cell, forced expression of GPR49/LGR5 by a gene introduction method was tried using a cultured human corneal endothelial cell in which GPR49/LGR5 expression was remarkably reduced under normal culture conditions.
In a cultured human corneal endothelial cell transfected with a GPR49/LGR5 expression vector, about 60 times of expression elevation was recognized as compared with a control (FIG. 6d). In a cell with a gene of GPR49/LGR5 introduced therein, cell differentiation was suppressed, and expression of Na+/K+ ATPase used for evaluating the pumping function of a corneal endothelial cell was elevated (FIG. 6c). Using a cell under this condition, the amounts of expression of mRNA of Hedgehog signal-associated molecules (ptch1, gli1, gli2) were investigated. As a result, the amount of expression was suppressed (negative feedback) in all the associated molecules (FIG. 6d).
(Discussion)
From the above Example, it was made clear that GPR49/LGR5 is specifically expressed in a stem cell and a precursor cell of a corneal endothelial cell existing in a peripheral part of a corneal tissue. In addition, it was made clear that a Hedgehog signal has the function of promoting proliferation of a corneal endothelial cell, and GPR49/LGR5 being a downstream gene of a Hedgehog signal plays a particularly important role in maintaining undifferentiation property of a cell by suppressively functioning on a Hedgehog signal.
From the result of flow cytometry using a cultured monkey corneal endothelial cell, expression of a Ki-67-positive cell being a cell proliferation marker was observed only in a GPR49/LGR5-positive cell (FIG. 4c, d). In a cultured human corneal endothelial cell, expression of GPR49/LGR5 was elevated by activation of a Hedgehog signal (FIGS. 5d, e), and promotion of cell proliferation was confirmed (FIGS. 5f, g). Since the occurrence of cell proliferation by activation of a Hedgehog signal has been reported by promotion of proliferation of an adult neural stem cell by addition of rhShh (Lai et al., Nature neuroscience 6: 21-27, 2003), and promotion of proliferation and differentiation of a stromal stem cell by addition of purmorphamine (Wu et al., Chem. Biol. 11, 1,229-1,23B, 2004), it was considered that a corneal endothelial cell similarly has the cell proliferation promoting action by activation of a signal. Since a stable method for culture of a corneal endothelial cell is not currently established, it is understood that the present invention can be possibly applied to establishment of a novel culture method utilizing the cell proliferation promoting effect by Hedgehog signal activation. It is understood that, in the present Example, by activation of SHH, proliferation is elevated in a cultured endothelial cell. In addition, it is understood that SHH can be used as a marker of the degree of differentiation. In contrast, in a corneal endothelial tissue, by activation of a Hedgehog signal, expression of GPR49/LGR5 was elevated, but the effect of promoting cell proliferation was not obtained (FIG. 5b). It has been reported that human corneal endothelial cells in a living body are extremely close to each other, and unless adhesion between cells is alleviated using EDTA, the cell cycle does not work (Senoo et al., IOVS 41 2930-2935, 2000). Therefore, it was presumed that expression of a target gene is elevated by activation of a Hedgehog signal, but adhesion between cells in a living body is very intimate to not lead to cell proliferation. In addition, by an experiment of forced expression of GPR49/LGR5, the present inventors paid an attention to that expression of Ptch1, Gli1 and Gli2 which were each an associated molecule of a Hedgehog signal and also an index of signal activation was reduced (FIG. 6d). That is, there is a possibility that, although GPR49/LGR5 exists as a target gene of a Hedgehog signal, it has a role as a negative control factor which suppresses expression of associated molecules of a Hedgehog signal. Therefore, it is presumed that expression of a cell proliferation-associated gene such as Cyclin D/E or Myc which is other target gene is also suppressed by suppression of a Hedgehog signal. Further, GPR49/LGR5 forced-expressed cells tend to be in contact with each other at a high density, and the function of a corneal endothelial cell is high. It was presumed that controlling of progression into proliferation and differentiation due to Hedgehog signal activation by GPR49/LGR5 contributes to maintenance of undifferentiation property. There is a possibility that GPR49/LGR5 is associated with adhesion between cells, and it is considered that further research is necessary as a study theme in the future.
(Summary)
In summary, there is a possibility that cell proliferation of a corneal endothelial cell in a living body is controlled by a Hedgehog signal with Sonic hedgehog as a ligand. In addition, it is considered that GPR49/LGR5 being a target gene of a Hedgehog signal is involved in the undifferentiation property-maintaining mechanism of a corneal endothelial cell.
Example 8B
Further Analysis of GPR49/LGR5
(Downregulation of GPR49/LGR5 Decreased Proliferation of CEC)
The direct action of GPR49/LGR5 on CEC was revealed by knockdown of GPR49/LGR5 by shRNA. Due to the fact that cultured human CEC expresses GPR49/LGR5 rarely (FIGS. 3a, b), cultured CEC of a primate was employed in this experiment. Nine sets of shRNA were designed, and validity of the knocking down ability thereof was studied. It was found that shRNA-589 among them is most effective in knocking down GPR49/LGR5 mRNA expression (about 60% knockdown) (FIG. 6A-A). Real time PCR with respect to Ptch1, Gli1 and Gli2 showed that a significant difference is not seen between a shLGR5 group and a control (FIG. 6A-A). In order to verify influence of GPR49/LGR5 gene knockdown on GEC proliferation, immunocytochemical study with respect to Ki67 was conducted. As compared with a control, cell morphology of a shLGR5-treated cell did not change dramatically, but the number of Ki67(+) cells in the shLGR5-treated cell was greatly decreased (FIG. 6A-B). These findings showed that downregulation of GPR49/LGR5 has no influence on the HH pathway, but decreases in vitro CEC proliferation.
(Permanent GPR49/LGR5 Expression Inhibited Mesenchymal Transition (MT) via Wnt Pathway)
In order to investigate the direct action of permanent GPR49/LGR5 expression on CEC, the present inventors tried to allow GPR49/LGR5 to be overexpressed using a lentivirus containing CMV-LGR5-mRFP. In this experiment, human cultured CEC was employed. This is because it expresses GPR49/LGR5 rarely (FIG. 3a). Real time PCR showed that expression of GPR49/LGR5 in a cell transfected with GPR49/LGR5 is about 60 times higher than expression in a cell transfected with a NT vector (FIG. 6B-B). When an immunofluorescence method was used, it was confirmed that expression of GPR49/LGR5 in a cell transfected with GPR49/LGR5 is increased as compared with expression in a NT cell (FIG. 6B-A). Very interestingly, the relative mRNA level of a HH signaling molecule in a cell transfected with GPR49/LGR5 is downregulated as compared with that in a NT cell (FIG. 6B-B), and it is understood that GPR49/LGR5 functions as a negative feedback regulation factor of the HH pathway.
Human CEC easily undergoes fibroblast-like morphological change under normal culture conditions, according to a report [Peh G S et al., Transplantation., 2011; 91: 811-819]. After transfection with a lentivirus, NT cells showed an enlarged elongate form (fibroblast-like change), and the shape was not a uniform hexagonal shape (FIG. 6B-A). Very interestingly, it was shown that a cell transfected with GPR49/LGR5 is gradually changed in terms of its morphology and becomes a compact uniform hexagonal cell having a smaller size, and takes normal physiological morphology again (FIG. 6B-A). The cell density of a cell transfected with GPR49/LGR5 was greatly increased as compared with that of a NT cell (FIG. 6B-C). In order to investigate the function of cultured CEC transfected with NT and LGR5 vectors, an immunohistochemical method was performed with respect to Na+/K+ ATPase and ZO1. It was found that these two functional proteins are considerably highly expressed in a cell transfected with GPR49/LGR5 than in a NT cell (FIG. 6B-A). In consideration of these findings, it seems that GPR49/LGR5 can be an important molecule for maintaining a normal CEC phenotype.
From very interesting finding observed in a cell transfected with GPR49/LGR5, the present inventors further studied whether permanent expression of GPR49/LGR5 can block a MT process or not. The expression levels of epithelium NT (EMT)-associated molecules (Snail, Slug, Twist and collagen 1) [Lee J M et al., J Cell Biol., 2006; 172: 973-981] were investigated using real time PCR. Most importantly, the relative mRNA levels of EMT markers except for Slug were lower in a cell transfected with GPR49/LGR5 than in a NT cell (FIG. 6B-D), and it is understood that permanent GPR49/LGR5 expression blocked a MT process. The present inventors further investigated which pathway regulated endothelial MT observed in CEC. Recent research suggests that a Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in EMT [Lee J M et al., J Cell Biol., 2006; 172: 973-981]. For this reason, using Western Blotting analysis, the expression level of a Wnt/β-catenin-associated molecule was investigated. It is worthy of special mentioning that the protein levels of cytosol (non-membrane-bound type) β-catenin and phosphorylation LDL receptor-associated protein 6 (p-LRP6) were greatly decreased in a cell transfected with GPR49/LGR5 (FIG. 6B-F). These findings showed that permanent GPR49/LGR5 expression inhibits corneal endothelial MT through a Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
(RSPO1 Accelerated CEC Proliferation and Inhibited MT Through Wnt Pathway.)
GPR49/LGR5 was an orphan receptor of a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, and a ligand thereof was not known previously. However, some reports in recent years have demonstrated that RSPO functions as a ligand of GPR49/LGR5, and regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling [Carmon K S et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA., 2011; 108: 11452-11457; de Lau W et al., Nature, 2011; 476: 293-297; Glinka A et al., EMBO Rep., 2011; 12: 1055-1061]. Interestingly, the present inventors found that RSPO1, 2, 3 and 4 are expressed in cells of an epithelium, a parenchyma and an endothelium of a cornea, and RSPO1, 2 and 3 are expressed only in CEC in a peripheral region (FIG. 6C-A). In order to determine the function of RSPO on CEC differentiation, the present inventors cultured primate CEC with human recombinant RSPO, or without human recombinant RSPO. It is worthy of special mention that only cultured human CEC treated with RSPO1 showed a compact and uniform hexagonal cell having a smaller size, and on the other hand, other RSPOs had no influence on in vitro CEC differentiation (FIG. 6C-B). In order to determine the function of RSPO on CEC proliferation, the present inventors performed immunohistochemical research on Ki67. Most surprisingly and very interestingly, CEC incubated with RSPO1 showed a dramatically increased level of the Ki67(+) cell ratio as compared with other RSPOs (FIG. 6C-C). In view of these findings, the present inventors considered that among a RSPO family, particularly, RSPO1 can play an important role in maintenance of CEC.
Finally, in order to further determine influence of RSPO1 on CEC, the present inventors maintained a secondary culture of human CEC in the presence or absence of RSPO1. Through culturing of CEC under both the conditions, the present inventors clearly observed that while a cell cultured with RSPO1 maintained its hexagonal form, a cell cultured without RSPO1 showed a fibroblast-like phenotype (FIG. 6B-E). The cell density of a RSPO1-treated cell increased as compared with that of a non-treated cell (FIG. 6B-E). In order to verify which pathway regulated this type of corneal endothelial MT, the present inventors investigated the expression level of a Wnt/β-catenin-associated molecule using Western blotting analysis. Surprisingly, the protein level of cytosol β-catenin and p-LRP6 in a cell transfected with GPR49/LGR5 and treated with RSPO1 clearly decreased as compared with that of a NT cell. Further, the protein level of a cell transfected with NT and GPR49/LGR5 and treated with RSPO1 decreased as compared with that of a cell group not treated with RSPO1 (FIG. 6B-F). These results suggested that stimulation of a cell overexpressing GPR49/LGR5 with RSPO1 accelerates degradation of pLRP and turnover of β-catenin.
(Discussion)
Since a majority of mammals gains a majority of external information through a cornea, a corneal tissue is extremely important. In recent years, from the fact that cornea transplant technique has undergone paradigm shift from keratoplasty to corneal endothelium transplantation, CEC has particularly attracted attention. For this reason, in order to scientifically and clinically establish novel therapy of the next generation for treating cornea-associated blindness in the world, it is considerably important to understand the molecular mechanism of a corneal endothelial stem cell/precursor cell. However, with respect to the molecular mechanism of them, only little is currently known.
It has been reported that the characteristics and the proliferation ability of CEC are different between CEC positioned in a central region of a cornea, and CEC positioned in a peripheral region of a cornea [Bednarz J et al., In vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim., 1998; 34: 149-153], and it has been shown by research that a cornea has a higher endothelial cell density in a peripheral region than in a central region [Schimmelpfennig B H, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 1984; 25: 223-229]. Further, CEC derived from a peripheral region maintains a higher replicating ability than that of CEC derived from a central region, according to a report [Mimura T et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 2006; 47: 1387-1396], and CEC in a peripheral region contains a large number of precursor cells, and has a stronger self-renewal ability than CEC in a central region [Mimura T et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 2005; 46: 3645-3648]. Therefore, there is a high possibility that a human corneal endothelial stem cell/precursor cell are distributed mainly in a peripheral region. In fact, a stem cell/precursor cell marker concerning CEC has not been previously revealed. The result of the present research first verified that CEC exhibits regional diversity regarding GPR49/LGR5 expression. When these findings and an especial expression pattern of GPR49/LGR5 are considered, there is a possibility that this serve as a first marker concerning a population including a corneal endothelial stem cell.
It has been reported that a keratin-producing cell stem cell can be identified from a temporarily proliferating cell or a differentiated cell [Barrandon Y et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1985; 82: 5390-5394]. In an epidermis, a response to a phorbol ester of the minimum of keratin-producing cells is different from that of other cells. These keratin-producing cells also exhibited the highest colony forming ability. CEC was different from that of a keratin-producing cell derived from an ectoderm, and the average diameter of a GPR49/LGR5(+) cell by the present inventors was, in fact, smaller than that of a GPR49/LGR5(−) cell. Based on these findings, and the size of peripheral CEC reported, it seems that the size of a cell serves as a latent index of a cornea endothelial stem cell/precursor cell.
The present inventors have found that GPR49/LGR5 is an important molecule for maintenance of the undifferentiated state of CEC, and in vitro regulation of a normal cell phenotype. The present inventors have also found that an isolated cell fractionated based on the GPR49/LGR5 expression intensity can generate different cell populations having different properties. Only a cell in a GPR49/LGR5(+) population exhibited an exceptionally high proliferation ability which was the characteristic associated with a stem cell/precursor cell population. Based on these findings, a peculiar expression pattern and unavoidability under the in vitro condition, there is a possibility that there is some relationship between GPR49/LGR5 and the function of a corneal endothelial stem cell/precursor cell.
The previous research has shown that SSH in a high concentration results in a remarkable increase in retinal precursor cell population, and the total increase in accumulation of a differentiated cell [Stanton B Z et al., Mol Biosyst., 2010; 6: 44-54]. The finding of the present application shows that, under the in vitro situation, a HH pathway can induce proliferation of CEC, in agreement with the previous report. HH is a family of a secretory molecule which functions as a morphogen during a plurality of aspects of generation of a wide range of tissue types. HH regulates proliferation and living of a cell to be involved in determination of left and right asymmetry and determination of an antero-posterior axis in determination of a limb pattern. In CEC, there is regional variation in the HH signal activity, and based on the findings by the preset inventors, there is a possibility that HH signaling controls corneal endothelial morphosis.
RSPO is a family of a 4 cysteine-rich secretory protein, isolated as a strong enhancing substance of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. A large amount of information regarding the cell biological function of RSPO has been revealed, particularly regarding a role of an orphan receptor LGR4/5/6 as a ligand, over past several years. From these updated important findings, the present inventors further studied whether RSPO could influence the function of human CEC or not. Since human CEC is mitotically inactive, and has substantially no regeneration ability in vivo, compensating extension of a remaining endothelial cell is generated after loss of a corneal epithelium due to a disease or trauma. As far as the present inventors know, there is no report regarding a useful induction reagent or molecule which increases proliferation of human CEC and the level of the CEC density. The finding of the present research first showed that CEC incubated with RSPO1 exhibits a dramatically increased level of cell proliferation and the cell density, and it is suggested that there is a possibility that this molecule serves as a first candidate molecule for reconstituting a corneal which has received damage by local administration or a culture reagent.
Some research have suggested that a Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays an important role in EMT, and Wnt/β-catenin-dependent signaling regulates expression of an EMT-associated gene [Lee J M et al., J Cell Biol., 2006; 172: 973-981]. However, the previous reports have shown that RSPO, in fact, enhances Wnt/β-catenin signaling by functioning as a ligand of GPR49/LGR5 [Carmon K S et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA., 2011; 108: 11452-11457; de Lau W et al., Nature, 2011; 476: 293-297; Glinka A et al., EMBO Rep., 2011; 12: 1055-1061]. The actual mechanism regarding this activation has unknown yet, and there are some contradictory findings, concerning whether GPR49/LGR5 is a positive regulatory factor or a negative regulatory factor of the Wnt pathway [Garcia M I et al., DevBiol., 2009; 331: 58-67; Schuijers J et al., EMBOJ., 2012; Walker F et al., PLoSOne., 2011; 6: e22733]. One possible explanation is that the molecular mechanism depends on a tissue, an organ and a species thereof. A cornea is a peculiar blood vessel-free tissue which is maintained by tear and aqueous humor. To the contrary, a majority of other organs are maintained by supporting of a blood vessel structure, and it is suggested that the characteristics and the mechanism of a corneal cell are fundamentally different from those of an epithelial cell of other tissues. Therefore, based on the findings of the present research, RSPO1 dramatically accelerates proliferation of CEC, and inhibits corneal endothelial MT through the Wnt pathway.
(Conclusion)
As conclusion, the findings of the present research first verify the function of GPR49/LGR5 in human CEC (FIG. 6D). It was demonstrated that GPR49/LGR5 serves as a powerful tool upon identification of many stem cell/precursor cell populations. By regulation of GPR49/LGR5 through HH and Wnt pathways, completeness of CEC was sufficiently systemized, and maintained. In addition, it is understood that RSPO1 being a GPR49/LGR5 ligand can develop a novel sufficient protocol for providing an effective increase in CEC, and RSPO1-based three-dimensional culture or medical treatment promises the future regenerative medicine not only for treatment of corneal dysfunction, but also treatment of a variety of serious systemic diseases.
Example 9
Cell Proliferation Promoting Effect of R-Spondins
In the present Example, an experiment was performed for the purpose of studying the cell proliferation promoting effect of R-spondins, particularly R-spondin 1 in culture of a corneal endothelial cell.
(Method)
After addition of an R-spondin 1 protein to a cultured monkey corneal endothelial cell and culturing for 48 hours, a cell during proliferation was detected using the Click-iT Edu imaging Kit, and the positivity rates of EdU and the cell densities of a control cell and a cell to which R-spondin 1 was added were compared.
EdU (5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine) is a modified nucleic acid taken into DNA at a DNA synthesis phase by a chemical reaction, and is widely used in place of a conventional BrdU for identifying a DNA synthesis phase cell. By measuring the positivity rate of EdU, the proliferative cell rate in a cultured cell is found.
(Reagents Used)


    Click-iT EdU Imaging Kit (Invitrogen Cat. C10337)
    Recombinant Human R-spondin 1 (R&D Cat. 4645-RS)

(Cell Used)

    Cultured monkey corneal endothelial cell (Lot. 20111222-4 P2)

(Experiment: Study of Cell Proliferation Promoting Effect of R-Spondin 1 in Cultured Monkey Corneal Endothelial Cell Culture)

(Procedure)

(1) Seeding of Cultured Monkey Corneal Endothelial Cell and Addition of R-Spondin 1



A cultured monkey corneal endothelial cell (Lot. 20111222-4 P2) was treated with 0.05% trypsin at 37° C. for 10 minutes, peeled from a T-25 flask, and suspended in a culture medium (10% FBS+bFGF/DMEM). The number of cells was counted, and the suspension was adjusted with a culture medium to 3×104 cells/300 μl. Cells were seeded on a Lab-TekII chamber Slide (8 well) coated with FNS, in 300 μl/well.
(2) Detection of Proliferating Cell Using Click-iT EdU Imaging Kit
At 7 days after cell seeding, a medium was exchanged with a medium containing R-spondin 1 (0, 10, 50 ng/ml) in the state where cells were almost confluent, and at 24 hours after addition of R-spondin 1, Click-iT EdU was added so that the final concentration was 10 μM. (Although a manual of Kit recommended that a half of a medium was exchanged, a medium was not exchanged) After additional 24 hours (48 hours after addition of R-spondin 1), cells were fixed with 4% PFA/PBS, EdU was detected according to a manual of Kit, and the EdU-positive cell rate was counted (FIGS. 8 and 9).
(3) Measurement of Cell Density
A chamber slide after staining was photographed with a phase contrast microscope, and the cell density was measured using the corneal endothelial cell density calculating software, Konan Storage System KSS-400EB (FIG. 10).
(Result)
As a result of counting of EdU-positive cell/DAPI, an EdU-positive cell was found to be increased twice in a well to which 10 ng/ml or 50 ng/ml R-spondin 1 was added, as compared with a control. In addition, as a result of measurement of the cell density, the cell density was found to be increased 1.3 times in a well to which 10 ng/ml or 50 ng/ml R-spondin 1 was added, as compared with a control.
(Discussion)
The cell proliferation promoting effect of R-spondin 1 was recognized in a cultured monkey corneal endothelial cell. In addition, the same effect is expected to be exerted in a cultured human corneal endothelial cell and a human corneal endothelial tissue.
Example 10
Cell Proliferation Promoting Effect of R-Sporadins in Cultured Human Corneal Endothelial Cell
In order to investigate a relationship between R-sporadin 1 (RSPO1), R-spondin 2 (RSPO2), R-spondin 3 (RSPO3), or R-spondin 4 (RSPO4) and differentiation of a corneal endothelial cell, the relationship was studied using RSPO1. Reagents used are as follows.

    RSPO1 R&D systems catalog No.: 4645-RS
    RSPO2 R&D systems catalog No.: 3266-RS
    RSPO3 R&D systems catalog No.: 3500-RS
    RSPO4 R&D systems catalog No.: 4575-RS


A cultured human corneal endothelial cell was cultured for 7 days under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO2, with being divided into a group of addition of RSPO1 (50 ng/ml) and a group of addition of no RSPO1. As a result, morphology of a cell was maintained in a cobblestone manner in the RSPO1 addition group, while a cell was differentiated into fibroblast-like cells in the non-addition group. From the above result, the effect of suppressing differentiation of a corneal endothelial cell was recognized in RSPO1.
Then, for the purpose of investigating the influence of RSPO on cell proliferation, RSPO1 to 4 were incubated into a human corneal endothelial cell under conditions of 37° C. and 5% CO2 for 1 day. Thereafter, Ki-67 being a cell proliferation marker was immunostained. As a result, a proliferation tendency was seen in all RSPO1 to 4, but only RSPO1 statistically significantly promoted proliferation of a human corneal endothelial cell.
Example 11
Effect of R-Spondins on Confluent Cell
In the present Example, whether R-spondins had the proliferation effect on a corneal endothelial cell which reached the confluent state or not was confirmed.
(Method)


    (Source and culture method): As a human corneal endothelial cell, a corneal endothelial cell was mechanically peeled together with a basal membrane from a cornea for research, purchased from Seattle Eye Bank, and the corneal endothelial cell was peeled and recovered from the basal membrane using collagenase (ROCHE catalog No.: 10 103 586 001), and was subjected to primary culturing. As a medium, for human, Opti-MEM I Reduced-Serum Medium, Liquid (INVITROGEN catalog No.: 31985-070), 8% fetal bovine serum (FES) (BIOWEST, catalog No.: S1820-500), 200 mg/ml CaCl2.2H2O (SIGMA catalog No.: C7902-500G), 0.08% chondroitin sulfate (SIGMA catalog No.: C9819-5G), 20 μg/ml ascorbic acid (SIGMA catalog No.: A4544-25G), 50 μg/ml gentamicin (INVITROGEN catalog No.: 15710-064) and 5 ng/ml EGF (INVITROGEN catalog No.: PHG0311), acclimated for a 3T3 feeder cell, were used.


After subculturing, at the time point where cells reached confluent and were cultured for 2 weeks or longer, and no clear change in the corneal endothelium density was recognized, R-spondin 1 was added into a medium in a concentration of 10 ng/ml, and culture was continued. Observation of cell morphology was performed with a phase contrast microscope, and the cell density was calculated.
(Result)
The results are shown in FIG. 15. The average corneal endothelial cell density at the time point where cells reached confluent and no clear change in the corneal endothelial density was recognized was 566.8 cells/mm2, and the density was increased with time, reached about 695 cells/mm2 on 7th day, reached about 875 cells/mm2 after 14 days, and reached 995.8 cells/mm2 after 21 days. On the other hand, when a cell in the same lot was cultured as a control in a medium not containing R-spondin 1 for 21 days being the same period, the density was 535.4 cells/mm2.
(Discussion)
These results mean that, in a corneal endothelial cell, the density of which is easily decreased by culturing, the corneal endothelial cell density can be increased by culturing using R-spondin 1. This means that cells having a high corneal endothelium density being an important prognosis determinant after transplantation can be transplanted, towards clinical application of cultured corneal endothelial transplantation. In addition to usefulness for regenerative medicine of a corneal endothelium, it is understood that, also in other cells, use of R-spondin 1 allows for transplantation of cells having a higher function.
Example 12
Production of Tissue in Which Corneal Endothelium Density is Increased by R-Spondins
In the present Example, it is demonstrated that a tissue having an increased corneal endothelium density can be prepared by treatment of a corneal tissue with R-spondins.
(Method)
Eyeballs of white rabbit (Nacalai) euthanized for another object were purchased, and a sclerocorneal section was prepared. The sclerocorneal section was cultured in an incubator at 37° C. for 1 week in DMEM (INVITROGEN, catalog No.: 12320) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (BIOWEST, catalog No.: 51820-500). After one week, the sclerocorneal section was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 10 minutes, and after fixing, Ki67 (Sigma-Aldrich Co., catalog No.: P6834) was used as a marker of cell proliferation to immunostaining a corneal endothelial cell, and this was observed with a fluorescent microscope. A corneal endothelial cell was subjected to nuclear staining with DAPI, and the Ki67-positive cell rate was calculated. In addition, a corneal endothelial cell was immunostained with ZO-1, and the cell density was calculated.
(Result)
The results are shown in FIG. 16. When the culturing was performed in a medium containing R-spondin 1, a Ki67-positive cell was recognized at a higher ratio as compared with a control, also in the sclerocorneal section. That is, while the rate of a Ki67-positive cell was about 1.0% in a control to which R-spondin 1 was not added, the rate was 4.49% in addition of 1 ng/ml R-spondin 1, was 10.58% in addition of 10 ng/ml R-spondin 1, and was 7.94% in addition of 100 ng/ml R-spondin 1.
Further, the corneal endothelial cell density showed a significantly high value by R-spondin 1. That is, the corneal endothelial cell density was 3674 cells/mm2 in a control to which R-spondin 1 was not added, and was increased to 4314 cells/mm2 in addition of 1 ng/ml R-spondin 1, increased to 4626 cells/mm2 in addition of 10 ng/ml R-spondin 1, and increased to 5037 cells/mm2 in addition of 100 ng/ml R-spondin 1.
(Discussion)
The result means that a tissue having an increased corneal endothelium density being an important prognosis determinant after transplantation can be transplanted by allowing R-spondin 1 to act on a corneal tissue, in corneal transplant medicine. In addition to usefulness in corneal transplant medicine, it is understood that, also in other tissues, use of R-spondin 1 allows for transplantation of a tissue having a higher function.
Example 13
Proliferation Effect in Cells of Corneal Parenchyma, Epithelium, Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE), Vitreous Body, and the Like
In the present Example, the proliferation effects of R-spondins in cells of a corneal parenchyma, an epithelium, RPE, a vitreous body and the like are confirmed, respectively. Culturing methods are listed below. In each culturing method, by culturing in the presence or absence of R-spondins according to the above Example, it can be confirmed that the effect on proliferation is promoted.
(Corneal Parenchymal Cell Culture Method)
A corneal parenchymal cell is cultured based on the procedure of Yamamoto M, Quantock A J, Young R D, Okumura N, Ueno M, Sakamoto Y, Kinoshita S, Koizumi N. Mol Vis. 2012; 18: 1727-39. In brief, a rabbit cornea is incubated with 1.2 U/ml Dispose (Invitrogen) at 37° C. for 1 hour. Thereafter, a corneal epithelium and a corneal endothelium are removed by mechanical scraping. Then, a corneal parenchyma is cut into about 1 cm2 sections, and these are incubated in DMEM/F12 containing 1 mg/ml collagenase A (Roche Diagnostics Japan) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin at 37° C. overnight. After centrifugation at 1500 rpm (440×g) for 3 minutes, cells are successively cultured in a cell-free medium (DMEM/F12 containing 10 μg/ml 1 mM ascorbic acid, and 1% penicillin-streptomycin) for 48 hours. Cells thus obtained can be used to perform an experiment.
(Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Cell Culture Method)
RPE cells are cultured based on the procedure of Hatanaka H, Koizumi N, et al., Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2012; 53(11): 6955-6963. In brief, a monkey retinal pigment epithelial cell (MRPEC) is cultured from a rear region of eyeballs taken out from cynomolgus monkey (3 to 5 years old, corresponding to 5 to 20 years old in human; obtained from Nissei Bilis Co. Ltd., Otsu Japan). Then, a RPEC fragment of MRPEC (cell mass of MRPEC) is separated and prepared based on the procedure (Maminishkis A, Chen S, Jalickee S, et al. Confluent monolayers of cultured human fetal retinal pigment epithelium exhibit morphology and physiology of native tissue. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006; 47: 3612-3624) previously reported regarding a human fetal RPE. Then, MRPEC is cultured, in DMEM/F12 supplemented with 10% FBA, 50 U/ml penicillin and 50 μg/ml streptomycin, on a dish coated with FNC Coating Mix (registered trademark), and further expanded at 37° C. under a humidified environment in 5% CO2. Then, a culture medium is exchanged every 2 days. When cells reach confluent in 5 to 7 days, cells are rinsed with the Dulbecco's phosphate buffered physiological saline (PBS) not containing Ca2+ and Mg2+, trypsin-treated with 0.05% trypsin-EDTA (Life Technologies) at 37° C. for 5 minutes, and subjected to subculture at a ratio of 1:2 to 4. Cultured MRPEC at 1 to 3 passages is used in all experiments.
(Corneal Epithelial Cell Culture Method)
An amnion was collected according to the method approved by Ethics Committee of Kyoto Prefectural University of medicine, and used for research. After written consent was obtained from a pregnant woman scheduled to receive Caesarean section, having neither an infectious disease nor complication, an amnion was sterilely collected in Caesarean section, washed, immersed in a 50% glycerol DMEM solution, and frozen and preserved at −80° C. Then, a corneal epithelial stem cell collected from a human sclerocorneal tissue for which authorization was gained to use for the research purpose from Northwest Lion Eye Bank (Seattle, Wash., USA) was cultured. In order to prepare a cultured corneal epithelial sheet containing a corneal epithelial stem cell, a corneal epithelial cell was recovered as a cell suspension by enzyme treatment using 1.2 U Dispase at 37° C. for 1 hour. Then, the cell suspension was seeded on an amnion, and cultured in an incubator at 37° C. in 5% CO2 for about 2 weeks.
(Vitreous Body Cell (Hyalocyte) Culture Method)
A vitreous body cell is cultured in accordance with the method reported in Sommer F, Pollonger K, et al. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2008. First, a vitreous body is collected from monkey eyeballs, and washed with DMEM with 1% penicillin/streptomycin added thereto three times. The sample is immersed in 1 mg/ml collagenase, and incubated overnight at 37° C. with rotations. After centrifugation, the supernatant is removed, and the resultant is washed with DMEM with 1% penicillin/streptomycin added thereto. DMEM, 10% FBS, and 1% P/S are added, and the resultant is seeded on a culture dish.
Example 14
Experiment Concerning Other Cells
In the present Example, concerning a nerve cell, a conjunctival epithelium, an amniotic epithelium, an oral mucosa epithelium, and a nose mucosa epithelium, the proliferation effect of R-spondins is confirmed, respectively. A culture method can be performed in accordance with a known method. In each culture method, by culturing in the presence or absence of R-spondins in accordance with the above Examples, it can be confirmed that the effect on proliferation is promoted.
Example 15
Preparation Example: Cornea Preservation Solution Containing Agent for Stimulating Proliferation or Controlling Differentiation
In the present Example, as Preparation Example, the cornea preservation solution containing a culture-normalizing agent of the present invention is produced as follows.
According to a conventional method, the following preservation solution is prepared.

    R-spondin 1 10-500 ng/ml (appropriately adjusted)
    Optisol-GS (Bausch-Lomb) proper quantity
    Total amount 100 mL


Each ingredient can be obtained from R&D Systems Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.).
Example 16
Preparation Example of Infusion
Preparation Example of Eye Drops
The composition of each test substance in each concentration is shown below.













R-spondin 1
10-500 ng/ml (appropriately adjusted)









Sodium chloride
0.85
g


Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
0.1
g


dihydrate


Benzalkonium chloride
0.005
g








Sodium hydroxide
proper quantity


Purified water
proper quantity


Total amount
100 mg (pH 7.0)









Eye drops can also be diluted with a base.
The composition of a base is as follows.

















Sodium chloride
0.85
g



Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
0.1
g



dihydrate



Benzalkonium chloride
0.005
g










Sodium hydroxide
proper quantity



Purified water
proper quantity



Total amount
100 mg (pH 7.0)










Each ingredient can be obtained from R&D Systems Inc. (Minneapolis, Minn.).
As described above, the present invention has been exemplified using preferable embodiments of the present invention, but it is understood that the scope of the present invention should be construed only by the scope of claims. It is understood that patents, patent applications and literatures cited herein are incorporated herein as reference, as if the contents thereof themselves are specifically described herein.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
A differentiation marker and a differentiation controlling technique of an eye cell are provided, and a technique which can be utilized in industries involved in a technique associated with corneal transplant (cell culture industry, pharmacy, and the like) is provided.
SEQUENCE LISTING FREE TEXT


    SEQ ID No.: 1: Gene sequence encoding human GPR49/LGR5 (OMIM: 606667; NM_003667.2)
    SEQ ID No.: 2: Amino acid sequence of human GPR49/LGR5 (OMIM: 606667; NP 003658.1)
    SEQ ID No.: 3: Gene sequence encoding R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) (OMIM: 609595; NM_001038633) (transcript variant 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 4: Amino acid sequence of R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) (OMIM: 609595; NM_001038633) (transcript variant 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 5: Gene sequence encoding R-spondin 2 (RSPO2) (OMIM: 610575; NM_178565)
    SEQ ID No.: 6: Amino acid sequence of R-spondin 2 (RSPO2) (OMIM: 610575; NM_178565)
    SEQ ID No. 7: Gene sequence encoding R-spondin 3 (RSPO3) (OMIM: 610574; NM_032784)
    SEQ ID No.: 8: Amino acid sequence of R-spondin 3 (RSPO3) (OMIM: 610574; NM_032784)
    SEQ ID No.: 9: Gene sequence encoding R-spondin 4 (RSPO4) (OMIM: 610573; NM_001029871) (transcript variant 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 10: Amino acid sequence of R-spondin 4 (RSPO4) (OMIM: 610573; NM_001029871) (transcript variant 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 11: Gene sequence encoding SHH (SONIC HEDGEHOG) (OMIM: 600725; NM_000193)
    SEQ ID No.: 12: Amino acid sequence of SHH (SONIC HEDGEHOG) (OMIM: 600725; NM_000193)
    SEQ ID No.: 13: Forward primer of HumanGPR49 (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 14: Reverse primer of HumanGPR49 (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 15: Forward primer of HumanNestin (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 16: Reverse primer of HumanNestin (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 17: Forward primer of HumanABCG2 (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 18: Reverse primer of HumanABCG2 (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 19: Forward primer of HumanSHH (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 20: Reverse primer of HumanSHH (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 21: Forward primer of HumanPtch1 (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 22: Reverse primer of HumanPtch1 (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 23: Forward primer of HumanSmo (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 24: Reverse primer of HumanSmo (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 25: Forward primer of HumanGli1 (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 26: Reverse primer of HumanGli1 (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 27: Forward primer of HumanGli2 (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 28: Reverse primer of HumanGli2 (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 29: Forward primer of Humanbeta-actin (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 30: Reverse primer of Humanbeta-actin (Table 1)
    SEQ ID No.: 31: Insertion sequence of shRNA shGPR40-587 (Table 2)
    SEQ ID No.: 32: Insertion sequence of shRNA shGPR40-588 (Table 2)
    SEQ ID No.: 33: Insertion sequence of shRNA shGPR40-589 (Table 2)
    SEQ ID No.: 34: Insertion sequence of shRNA BNon-Target (NT) (Table 2)
    SEQ ID No.: 35: Gene sequence encoding R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) (OMIM: 609595; NM_001242908) (transcript variant 2)
    SEQ ID No.: 35: Gene sequence encoding R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) (OMIM: 609595; NM_001242908) (transcript variant 2)
    SEQ ID No.: 36: Amino acid sequence of R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) (OMIM: 609595; NM_001242908) (transcript variant 2)
    SEQ ID No.: 37: Gene sequence encoding R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) (OMIM: 609595; NM_001242909) (transcript variant 3)
    SEQ ID No.: 38: Amino acid sequence of R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) (OMIM: 609595; NM_001242909) (transcript variant 3)
    SEQ ID No.: 39: Gene sequence encoding R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) (OMIM: 609595; NM_001242910) (transcript variant 4)
    SEQ ID No.: 40: Amino acid sequence of R-spondin 1 (RSPO1) (OMIM: 609595; NM_001242910) (transcript variant 4)
    SEQ ID No.: 41: Gene acid sequence encoding R-spondin 4 (RSPO4) (OMIM: 610573; NM_001040007) (transcript variant 2)
    SEQ ID No.: 42: Amino acid sequence of R-spondin 4 (RSPO4) (OMIM: 610573; NM_001040007) (transcript variant 2)
    SEQ ID No.: 43: Nucleic acid sequence of ptch1 <NM_001083602.1>
    SEQ ID No.: 44: Amino acid sequence of ptch1 <NM_001083602.1>
    SEQ ID No.: 45: Nucleic acid sequence of gli1 <NM_001167609.1>
    SEQ ID No.: 46: Amino acid sequence of gli1 <NM_001167609.1>
    SEQ ID No.: 47: Nucleic acid sequence of gli2 <NM_005270.4>
    SEQ ID No.: 48: Amino acid sequence of gli2 <NM_005270.4>
    SEQ ID No.: 49: Nucleic acid sequence of lrp6 <NM_002336.2>
    SEQ ID No.: 50: Amino acid sequence of lrp6 <NM_002336.2>
    SEQ ID NO.: 51: Nucleic acid sequence of β-catenin <NM_131059.2>
    SEQ ID No.: 52: Amino acid sequence of β-catenin <NM_131059.2>

## Claims

1. A method for suppressing morphological change of a cultured corneal endothelial cell, comprising contacting one or more R-spondins with the corneal endothelial cell, wherein the R-spondins comprise R-spondin 1.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the corneal endothelial cell is a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the corneal endothelial cell comprises a corneal endothelial cell of a primate.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the corneal endothelial cell comprises a human corneal endothelial cell.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the corneal endothelial cell is in the confluent state.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the corneal endothelial cell is provided in the form of a corneal tissue.

7. A method for suppressing morphological change and promoting proliferation of a cultured corneal endothelial cell, comprising contacting R-spondins with the corneal endothelial cell, wherein the R-spondins comprise R-spondin 1.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the R-spondins further comprise an R-spondin selected from R-spondin-2, R-spondin 3 and R-spondin 4.

9. The method according to claim 7, wherein the corneal endothelial cell is a cell which does not proliferate in the stationary state.

10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the corneal endothelial cell comprises a corneal endothelial cell of a primate.

11. The method according to claim 7, wherein the corneal endothelial cell comprises a human corneal endothelial cell.

12. The method according to claim 7, wherein the corneal endothelial cell is in the confluent state.

13. The method according to claim 7, wherein the corneal endothelial cell is provided in the form of a corneal tissue.