II 

Calendar No. 401 

111TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 1562 

[Report No. 111–193] 

To provide for a study and report on research on the United States Arctic 

Ocean and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

AUGUST 3, 2009 

Mr. BEGICH introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred 

to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation 

MAY 24, 2010 

Reported by Mr. ROCKEFELLER, with an amendment 

[Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic] 

A BILL 

To provide for a study and report on research on the United 

States Arctic Ocean and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Arctic Ocean Research 

5 and Science Policy Review Act of 2009’’. 


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1 SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 

2 Congress finds the following: 

3 (1) The United States is an Arctic nation 

4 with— 

5 (A) an approximately 700-mile border with 

6 the Arctic Ocean; 

7 (B) more than 100,000,000 acres of land 

8 above the Arctic Circle; and 

9 (C) an even broader area defined as Arctic 

10 by temperature which includes the Bering Sea 

11 and Aleutian Islands. 

12 (2) The Arctic region of the United States— 

13 (A) is home to an indigenous population 

14 which has subsisted for millennia on the abun15 dance in marine mammals, fish, and wildlife, 

16 many of which are unique to the region; 

17 (B) is known to the indigenous population 

18 as Inuvikput or the ‘‘place where we live’’; and 

19 (C) has produced more than 

20 16,000,000,000 barrels of oil and, according to 

21 the United States Geological Survey, may hold 

22 an additional 30,000,000,000 barrels of oil and 

23 220,000,000,000,000 cubic feet of natural gas, 

24 making the region of fundamental importance 

25 to the national interest of the United States. 


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1 (3) Temperatures in the United States Arctic 

2 region have warmed by 3 to 4 degrees Celsius over 

3 the past half-century, a rate of increase that is twice 

4 the global average. 

5 (4) The Arctic ice pack is rapidly diminishing 

6 and thinning, and the National Oceanic and Atmos7 pheric Administration estimates the Arctic Ocean 

8 may be ice free during summer months in as few as 

9 30 years. 

10 (5) Such changes to the Arctic region are hav11 ing a significant impact on the indigenous people of 

12 the Arctic, their communities and ecosystems, as 

13 well as the marine mammals, fish, and wildlife upon 

14 which they depend. 

15 (6) Such changes are opening new portions of 

16 the United States Arctic continental shelf to possible 

17 development for offshore oil and gas, commercial 

18 fishing, marine shipping, and tourism. 

19 (7) Existing Federal research and science advi20 sory programs focused on the environmental and so21 cioeconomic impacts of a changing Arctic Ocean lack 

22 a cohesive, coordinated, and integrated approach and 

23 are not adequately coordinated with State, local, and 

24 private sector Arctic Ocean research programs. 


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1 (8) The lack of research integration and syn2 thesis of findings of Arctic Ocean research has im3 peded the progress of the United States and inter4 national community in understanding climate change 

5 impacts and feedback mechanisms in the Arctic 

6 Ocean. 

7 (9) An improved scientific understanding of the 

8 changing Arctic Ocean is critical to the development 

9 of appropriate and effective regional, national, and 

10 global climate change adaptation strategies. 

11 SEC. 3. UNITED STATES ARCTIC OCEAN DEFINED. 

12 In this Act, the term ‘‘United States Arctic Ocean’’ 

13 means the United States zone of the Chukchi and Beau14 fort seas north of Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska. 

15 SEC. 4. STUDY OF THE UNITED STATES ARCTIC OCEAN. 

16 (a) STUDY.—Not later than 120 days after the date 

17 of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Commerce 

18 shall request that the National Research Council conduct 

19 a study on the existing research and research advisory en20 tities of the United States Arctic Ocean. Such study 

21 shall— 

22 (1) include a review of the breadth, relation23 ship, and overlap of existing research programs and 

24 research advisory entities engaged in or advising on 

25 United States Arctic Ocean research, including reVerDate Mar 15 2010 23:54 May 24, 2010 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6401 E:\BILLS\S1562.RS S1562

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1 search related to any coastal or atmospheric re2 search of United States Arctic Ocean, including the 

3 operating budgets of such entities; 

4 (2) assess the gaps in the research and research 

5 programs referred to in paragraph (1) and in the co6 ordination, integration, and synthesis of research ac7 tivities and research data; 

8 (3) assess existing scientific information and 

9 identify additional information necessary, including 

10 local and traditional knowledge, to ensure adequate 

11 Federal agency environmental reviews; 

12 (4) recommend a comprehensive strategy— 

13 (A) to develop priorities for, and coordina14 tion, integration, and synthesis of, research and 

15 monitoring carried out on United States Arctic 

16 Ocean; and 

17 (B) to coordinate and integrate such re18 search with pan-Arctic research; and 

19 (5) provide a comprehensive, 10- to 20-year 

20 long-range United States Arctic Ocean research and 

21 monitoring plan with applied emphasis on climate 

22 impacts, adaption, including response to coastal in23 undation issues, resource management, ecosystem 

24 function, marine transportation, pollution, ocean 

25 acidification, and coastal and offshore oil and gas 


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1 development, including cold water oil spill response 

2 and marine mammal noise issues. 

3 (b) COORDINATION.—The Secretary of Commerce 

4 shall consult with the heads of other agencies and depart5 ments of the United States with appropriate Arctic science 

6 expertise or regulatory responsibilities in preparing the 

7 specifications for the study requested under subsection 

8 (a). 

9 SEC. 5. REPORTS TO CONGRESS. 

10 (a) REQUIREMENT FOR REPORT.—Not later than 18 

11 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the 

12 Secretary of Commerce shall submit to Congress a report 

13 on the study described in section 4(a). Such report shall 

14 include— 

15 (1) a description of the findings of such study; 

16 (2) the recommendations of the National Re17 search Council to improve the coordination, integra18 tion, and synthesis of current Arctic research activi19 ties and research data; and 

20 (3) a prioritized and scalable research plan for 

21 the United States Arctic Ocean that is arranged the22 matically and includes budget estimates for research 

23 under such plan. 

24 (b) INTERIM REPORTS.—Not less frequently than 

25 once every 180-day period until the report described in 


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1 subsection (a) is submitted, the Secretary of Commerce 

2 shall submit to Congress a report on the progress made 

3 to carry out the study described in section 4(a). 

4 SEC. 6. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

5 There is authorized to be appropriated to the Admin6 istrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin7 istration $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2010 to carry out this 

8 Act. 

9 TITLE I—ARCTIC OCEAN 

10 RESEARCH 

11 SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE. 

12 This title may be cited as the ‘‘Arctic Ocean Research 

13 and Science Policy Review Act of 2009’’. 

14 SEC. 102. FINDINGS. 

15 Congress finds the following: 

16 (1) The United States is an Arctic nation 

17 with— 

18 (A) an approximately 700-mile border with 

19 the Arctic Ocean; 

20 (B) more than 100,000,000 acres of land 

21 above the Arctic Circle; and 

22 (C) an even broader area defined as Arctic 

23 by temperature which includes the Bering Sea 

24 and Aleutian Islands. 

25 (2) The Arctic region of the United States— 


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1 (A) is home to an indigenous population 

2 which has subsisted for millennia on the abun3 dance in marine mammals, fish, and wildlife, 

4 many of which are unique to the region; 

5 (B) is known to the indigenous population 

6 as Inuvikput or the ‘place where we live’; and 

7 (C) has produced more than 16,000,000,000 

8 barrels of oil and, according to the United States 

9 Geological Survey, may hold an additional 

10 30,000,000,000 barrels of oil and 

11 220,000,000,000,000 cubic feet of natural gas, 

12 making the region of fundamental importance to 

13 the national interest of the United States. 

14 (3) The Arctic Sea ice cover is rapidly dimin15 ishing and thinning, and the National Oceanic and 

16 Atmospheric Administration estimates the Arctic 

17 Ocean may be ice free during summer months in as 

18 few as 30 years. 

19 (4) Such changes to the Arctic region are having 

20 a significant impact on the indigenous people of the 

21 Arctic, their communities and ecosystems, as well as 

22 the marine mammals, fish, and wildlife upon which 

23 they depend. 

24 (5) Such changes are opening new portions of the 

25 United States Arctic continental shelf to possible deVerDate Mar 15 2010 23:54 May 24, 2010 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6203 E:\BILLS\S1562.RS S1562

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1 velopment for offshore oil and gas, commercial fish2 ing, marine shipping, and tourism. 

3 (6) Existing Federal research and science advi4 sory programs focused on the environmental and so5 cioeconomic impacts of a changing Arctic Ocean lack 

6 a cohesive, coordinated, and integrated approach and 

7 are not adequately coordinated with State, local, and 

8 private sector Arctic Ocean research programs. 

9 (7) The lack of research integration and syn10 thesis of findings of Arctic Ocean research has im11 peded the progress of the United States and inter12 national community in understanding climate change 

13 impacts and feedback mechanisms in the Arctic 

14 Ocean. 

15 (8) An improved scientific understanding of the 

16 changing Arctic Ocean and its influence on, and 

17 feedbacks with, the atmosphere and coasts is critical 

18 to the development of appropriate and effective re19 gional, national, and global climate change adapta20 tion strategies. 

21 SEC. 103. UNITED STATES ARCTIC OCEAN DEFINED. 

22 In this title, the term ‘‘United States Arctic Ocean’’ 

23 means the United States zone of the Chukchi and Beaufort 

24 seas north of Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, and adjacent 

25 marine environments. 


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1 SEC. 104. STUDY OF THE UNITED STATES ARCTIC OCEAN. 

2 (a) STUDY.— Not later than 120 days after the date 

3 of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Commerce 

4 shall request that the National Research Council conduct 

5 a study on the existing research and research advisory enti6 ties of the United States Arctic Ocean. Such study shall— 

7 (1) include a review of the breadth, relationship, 

8 and overlap of existing research programs and re9 search advisory entities engaged in or advising on 

10 United States Arctic Ocean research, including re11 search related to any coastal or atmospheric research 

12 of United States Arctic Ocean, including the oper13 ating budgets of such entities; 

14 (2) assess the gaps in the research and research 

15 programs referred to in paragraph (1) and in the co16 ordination, integration, and synthesis of research ac17 tivities and research data, including gaps in infra18 structure and a common Arctic scientific database; 

19 (3) assess existing scientific information and 

20 identify additional information necessary, including 

21 local and traditional knowledge, to improve the sci22 entific basis for Federal agency environmental re23 views; and 

24 (4) provide a comprehensive plan— 

25 (A) for 10- to 20-year long-range U.S. Arc26 tic Ocean research and monitoring with applied 


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1 emphasis on climate impacts, including poten2 tially enhanced emissions of methane and other 

3 greenhouse gases, adaptation, including response 

4 to coastal inundation and erosion issues, re5 source management, ecosystem function, marine 

6 transportation, pollution, ocean acidification, 

7 and coastal and offshore oil and gas develop8 ment, including oil spill response in cold water 

9 and waters that contain sea ice, and the poten10 tial impacts of anthropogenic sound on marine 

11 mammals and on the peoples that rely on them 

12 for subsistence, and any other information iden13 tified as necessary under subsection (a)(3); 

14 (B) for coordination, integration, and syn15 thesis of research and monitoring carried out on 

16 U.S. Arctic Ocean and coastal areas, along with 

17 priorities for research and monitoring; and 

18 (C) for coordination and integration of such 

19 research with pan-Arctic research, particularly 

20 that pertaining to atmosphere and coasts. 

21 (b) COORDINATION.—The Secretary of Commerce shall 

22 consult with the heads of other agencies and departments 

23 of the United States with appropriate Arctic science exper24 tise or regulatory responsibilities in preparing the specifica25 tions for the study requested under subsection (a). 


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1 (c) EVALUATION.—The Secretary of Commerce shall 

2 evaluate the National Research Council study and develop 

3 a long-term strategy to implement, as appropriate, its rec4 ommendations, including necessary funding. The strategy 

5 should be designed to ensure the study’s recommendations 

6 are integrated into existing agency research and science ad7 visory programs to the extent practicable. 

8 SEC. 105. REPORTS TO CONGRESS. 

9 (a) REQUIREMENT FOR REPORT.—Not later than 18 

10 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Sec11 retary of Commerce shall submit to Congress a report on 

12 the study described in section 104(a). the report shall in13 clude— 

14 (1) a description of the findings of such study; 

15 (2) the recommendations of the National Re16 search Council to improve the coordination, integra17 tion, and synthesis of current Arctic ocean and coast18 al research activities and research data; and 

19 (3) a prioritized and scalable research plan for 

20 the United States Arctic Ocean that is arranged the21 matically and includes budget estimates for research 

22 under such plan. 

23 (b) INTERIM REPORTS.—Not less frequently than once 

24 every 180-day period until the report described in sub25 section (a) is submitted, the Secretary of Commerce shall 


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1 submit to Congress a report on the progress made to carry 

2 out the study described in section 104(a). 

3 SEC. 106. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

4 There are authorized to be appropriated to the Admin5 istrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis6 tration $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2010 to carry out this 

7 title. 

8 TITLE II—BLACK CARBON 

9 SEC. 201. SHORT TITLE. 

10 This title may be cited as the ‘‘Black Carbon and Other 

11 Aerosols Research Act of 2009’’. 

12 SEC. 202. PURPOSES. 

13 The purposes of this title are— 

14 (1) to develop a monitoring and research plan— 

15 (A) to identify natural and anthropogenic 

16 sources of black carbon and other aerosols and to 

17 monitor their atmospheric and deposited con18 centrations on both a temporal and a spatial 

19 scale; 

20 (B) to measure, monitor, model, and assess 

21 black carbon and other aerosols in regard to 

22 their atmospheric concentrations and deposited 

23 forms— 


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1 (i) to establish how these substances 

2 impact regional- and global-scale climate 

3 and air quality; 

4 (ii) to determine their regional im5 pacts, with a focus on the polar regions and 

6 other snow and ice covered areas; and 

7 (iii) to estimate, in the United States 

8 and globally, spatial and temporal black 

9 carbon and other aerosol concentrations, 

10 and deposition trends in collaboration with 

11 the National Institute of Standards and 

12 Technology and other appropriate partners; 

13 and 

14 (C) to develop models to assist policy mak15 ers and to increase understanding of— 

16 (i) the transport and transformation of 

17 black carbon and other aerosols to improve 

18 knowledge of their distributions and cli19 mate-forcing properties; and 

20 (ii) the individual and combined roles 

21 of black carbon and other aerosols on re22 gional and global climate on both a tem23 poral and a spatial scale; and 


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1 (2) to establish a black carbon and other aerosols 

2 monitoring and research program within the Na3 tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

4 SEC. 203. DEFINITIONS. 

5 In this title: 

6 (1) ADMINISTRATOR.—The term ‘‘Adminis7 trator’’ means the Administrator of the National Oce8 anic and Atmospheric Administration. 

9 (2) BLACK CARBON.—The term ‘‘black carbon’’ 

10 means the strongly light absorbing aerosol that— 

11 (A) is composed of fine particles containing 

12 carbon produced by the incomplete combustion of 

13 fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass and other activi14 ties; and 

15 (B) exists in both atmospheric and depos16 ited forms. 

17 (3) OTHER AEROSOLS.—The term ‘‘other 

18 aerosols’’ means the components of atmospheric 

19 aerosols, fine particles suspended in air, including in20 organic, organic, dust, and carbonaceous substances, 

21 either separately or in combination. 

22 SEC. 204. BLACK CARBON AND OTHER AEROSOLS MONI23 TORING AND RESEARCH PLAN. 

24 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall develop an 

25 observation, monitoring, modeling, and research plan for 


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1 black carbon and other aerosols in support of the United 

2 States Global Change Research Program that includes— 

3 (1) analysis of gaps in scientific methods and re4 search on— 

5 (A) black carbon and other aerosols; and 

6 (B) the effect of black carbon, both singly 

7 and in combination with other factors, on cli8 mate and air quality on both a regional and a 

9 global scale; and 

10 (2) identification of priorities for Federal re11 search on black carbon and other aerosols necessary to 

12 understand their role on climate and air quality on 

13 both a regional and a global scale; 

14 (3) a framework for— 

15 (A) the temporal and spatial effects of black 

16 carbon and other aerosols on climate, both singly 

17 and in combination, on regional and global 

18 scales and processes; 

19 (B) the transportation and transformation 

20 of black carbon and other aerosols to gain insight 

21 into their distribution and climate-forcing prop22 erties; and 

23 (C) the influence of black carbon on clouds 

24 and cloud particles to understand and quantify 


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1 their role in large-scale circulation and the hy2 drologic cycle; 

3 (4) appropriate methods that— 

4 (A) identify sources of black carbon and 

5 other aerosols, both anthropogenic and naturally 

6 occurring, and 

7 (B) measure, monitor, and increase under8 standing of the atmospheric concentrations and 

9 properties as well as the deposited forms, 

10 on both a temporal and a spatial scale; 

11 (5) a comparative evaluation of the global and 

12 regional climate-forcing properties of black carbon 

13 and other aerosols and their effect on regional and 

14 global climate and the loss of Arctic sea ice; and 

15 (6) observation systems, needs, and assets nec16 essary to develop and implement a black carbon and 

17 other aerosols monitoring and research program with18 in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis19 tration. 

20 (b) ADVISORY PANEL.—The Administrator shall estab21 lish a Black Carbon and Other Aerosols Advisory Panel to 

22 assist in the development and implementation of the plan. 

23 (c) REPORT.—No later than 270 days after the date 

24 of enactment of this Act, the Administrator shall submit 

25 a report to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, 


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1 and Transportation and the House of Representatives Com2 mittee on Science and Technology describing the plan re3 quired by subsection (a). 

4 SEC. 205. BLACK CARBON AND OTHER AEROSOLS RE5 SEARCH AND MONITORING PROGRAM. 

6 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall establish 

7 and maintain a black carbon and other aerosols monitoring 

8 and research program that combines observations, research, 

9 monitoring, modeling, and other activities within the Na10 tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, consistent 

11 with the plan required by section 204(a), and in support 

12 of the United States Global Change Research Program, that 

13 includes— 

14 (1) coordinated monitoring and research activi15 ties to improve understanding of the sources, atmos16 pheric concentrations, deposited forms, and inter17 actions among black carbon and other aerosols that 

18 influence their contribution to climate processes on 

19 both a regional and a global scale; 

20 (2) strategic modeling activities that improve 

21 understanding of— 

22 (A) the transportation and transformation 

23 of aerosols, to improve knowledge of their dis24 tributions and climate-forcing properties; and 


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1 (B) the separate and combined roles of black 

2 carbon and other aerosols in regional and global 

3 climate and air quality, on regional, global and 

4 temporal scales, to improve understanding of 

5 these substances and their roles on climate; 

6 (3) educational opportunities that— 

7 (A) encourage an interdisciplinary and 

8 international approach to exploring the associ9 ated sources and impacts of black carbon and 

10 other aerosols; and 

11 (B) increase interactions between the meas12 urement and modeling communities in order to 

13 optimize use of available data; 

14 (4) public outreach activities that improve un15 derstanding of the current scientific knowledge of 

16 black carbon and other aerosols and their impact on 

17 climate; 

18 (5) coordination of black carbon and other 

19 aerosols monitoring research with the National Insti20 tute of Standards and Technology and other appro21 priate international and national government agen22 cies, private entities, and others; and 

23 (6) an assessment of the role black carbon and 

24 other aerosols have in regional and global climate and 

25 air quality. 


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1 (b) GRANT PROGRAM.— 

2 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Administrator shall es3 tablish a grant program to provide grants for critical 

4 research and projects that improve the ability to 

5 measure, monitor, and assess black carbon and other 

6 aerosols with respect to their atmospheric concentra7 tions and deposited forms, including research that 

8 supports means of reducing the impacts of black car9 bon and other aerosols on climate. 

10 (2) CONSULTATION WITH PANEL.—The Adminis11 trator shall consult with the Black Carbon and Other 

12 Aerosols Advisory Panel, and shall work cooperatively 

13 with the National Institute of Standards and Tech14 nology and other Federal agencies, to establish cri15 teria for such research and projects. 

16 (3) PARTICIPATION BY FEDERAL AGENCIES.— 

17 Federal agencies may collaborate with, and partici18 pate in, such research and projects to the extent re19 quested by the grant recipient. 

20 (4) AWARD PROCESS.—Grants under this sub21 section shall be awarded extramurally through a com22 petitive peer-reviewed, merit-based process that may 

23 be conducted jointly with other Federal agencies work24 ing on black carbon and aerosols and their role in 

25 and relationship to climate. 


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1 (c) COORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES.—The Ad2 ministrator shall coordinate development of the plan under 

3 section 204 and the monitoring and research program 

4 under subsection (a) of this section with the Office of 

5 Science and Technology Policy, the National Aeronautics 

6 and Space Administration, the National Institute of Stand7 ards and Technology, and other relevant Federal agencies. 

8 (d) ADDITIONAL AUTHORITY.—In conducting the pro9 gram, the Administrator may execute and perform such 

10 contracts, leases, grants, or cooperative agreements as may 

11 be necessary to carry out the purposes of this title on such 

12 terms as the Administrator considers appropriate. 

13 SEC. 206. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

14 There are authorized to be appropriated to the Admin15 istrator for each of fiscal years 2010 through 2015— 

16 (1) $10,000,000 for grants under section 205(b); 

17 and 

18 (2) $10,000,000 for the National Oceanic and 

19 Atmospheric Administration to carry out the other 

20 provisions of this title. 


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Calendar No. 401 

111TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 1562 

[Report No. 111–193] 

A BILL 

To provide for a study and report on research on 

purposes. the United States Arctic Ocean and for other 

MAY 24, 2009 

Reported with an amendment 


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