IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-2045

Filed February 11, 2015

IN THE INTEREST OF N.L.-S., A.L.-S., I.L.-S., I.L.-S., D.L.-S., AND D.L.-T.,

Minor Children,

G.S, Father,

Appellant,

D.L., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Woodbury County, Julie A. 

Schumacher, District Associate Judge.

Parents appeal separately the termination of their parental rights. 

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.

Daniel P. Vakulskas of Vaskulkas Law Firm, P.C., Sioux City, for appellant 

father.

Joseph Flannery of Law Office of Joseph W. Flannery, P.C., Le Mars, for 

appellant mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Janet L. Hoffman, Assistant Attorney 

General, Patrick Jennings, County Attorney, and Dewey Sloan, Assistant County 

Attorney, for appellee State.

Joseph Kertels of the Juvenile Law Center, Sioux City, attorney and 

guardian ad litem for minor children.

Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Doyle and McDonald, JJ.
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PER CURIAM.

A mother and father appeal separately the termination of their parental 

rights—the mother to her six biological children and the father to his five, of the 

six, biological children. The mother argues the court failed to consider her 

positive progress in the case and that she should have been given additional 

time for reunification. The father challenges the grounds for termination and 

asserts termination was not in the children’s best interests. Upon our de novo 

review of the record, we affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

D.L., born in 1991, is the mother of six children, of which D.L.-T. is the 

oldest, born in 2008, and N.L.-S., born in 2014, is the youngest. G.S. is the 

biological father the five youngest children, but he served as a father to eldest 

child as well.1 Both parents have limited cognitive abilities that have affected 

their parenting skills. The father also has a history of substance abuse, as well 

as unsavory affiliations, including gang involvement.

The family first came to the attention of the Iowa Department of Human 

Services (Department) in December 2010 after it was reported the father was 

using and selling methamphetamine and marijuana. It was also alleged the 

mother had punched the eldest child, then two-years old, in the back. At that 

time, the mother only had two children, and the parents were living with and 

receiving significant support from the father’s parents. The parents denied ever 

hitting the child; no bruises were observed, and the child was too young to be 

interviewed. The abuse report was not confirmed, but the father did test positive 

 

1 D.L.-T.’s father’s parental rights are not at issue in this appeal.
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for methamphetamine. The parents agreed to participate in voluntary services, 

and the father attended and ultimately successfully completed substance abuse 

treatment. The case was closed in 2011, when the mother was pregnant with 

her third child.

The family again came to the Department’s attention in 2013, after the 

school reported the oldest child, then five, came to school with bruising, 

puffiness, and redness in his left eye. The child told a school administrator the 

father had struck him in the eye with a spoon for playing soccer in the house. A 

Department worker went to the house and saw the child had a red, puffy eye. 

The child reported to her the father hit him with a belt. Beyond the red eye, the 

worker did not see any injuries and scheduled an appointment at the hospital for 

ultraviolet photographs to be taken. There were also reports of drug use by the 

parents.

A few days after the incident, the child told the interviewer at the advocacy 

center that he “got a bruise and felled on [his] head” because he “didn’t get [his] 

socks on.” The child initially stated no one hurt or hit him, but he amended his 

answer to “When I be naughty.” He stated that when he is naughty his paternal 

grandmother spanks him, but he asked the interviewer not to tell his mother. The 

ultraviolet and white-light photographs taken indicated the child had some 

bruising and discoloration of the skin on his face, back, and leg, and the 

reviewing doctor opined the bruised areas were not in areas normal for 

accidental injury. Thereafter, the father admitted that, in disciplining the child, he 

would hold the child down while the paternal grandmother struck the child two or 

three times over clothing. He denied any physical abuse.
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The mother was then interviewed. At that time, she was pregnant with her 

sixth child. The mother admitted she and the paternal grandmother had 

disciplined the oldest child by spanking, either by hand or belt. She stated the 

father usually held the child down rather than giving the spanking because it was 

believed the father would hit too hard. She denied any physical abuse, including 

the child’s report about his eye injury, at first claiming the child ran into something 

and later that the child got into a fight at school. The grandmother gave a 

different “accidental” account of the child’s eye injury. All five children were then 

removed from the parents’ care and placed in foster care, where they have since 

remained.

After the removal, hair-stat tests were performed on four of the children, 

and all four tested positive for methamphetamine. Additionally, one child tested 

positive for ingestion of methamphetamine. Both parents tested positive for 

methamphetamine. Several of the children were found to have developmental 

and social delays, and two of the children were not receiving regular nebulizer 

treatments for their asthma as directed. The children were subsequently 

adjudicated children in need of assistance (CINA). The sixth child was 

adjudicated a CINA after her birth in February 2014.

The parents continued to live with the father’s family and were completely 

dependent on them for shelter, transportation, and financial management, as well 

as assistance parenting the children. However, there were numerous concerns 

raised about the environment of the family’s home, including drug usage, gang 

activity, and physical abuse in the home. Additionally, it was reported the 

children lacked developmental opportunities because they were isolated within 
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the family home and the family lacked knowledge of age-appropriate discipline. 

There were also ten people living in the home. It was determined the children 

could not be returned to that residence because of safety concerns, and it was 

recommended the parents obtain their own residence.

Numerous services were offered to the parents, including substance 

abuse and mental health evaluations, and the parents were generally 

cooperative with the recommendations following their evaluations. Following her 

evaluation, the mother’s mental health evaluator opined that, “[c]onsidering [the 

mother’s] intellectual level and personality makeup, the expectation that [she] can 

provide a truly healthy, nurturing environment with responsible parenting seems 

unlikely. Close supervision and services would likely be needed.” The 

assessment following the father’s evaluation was similar, concluding his

“responses often revealed very poor insight into problem situations that might be 

relevant for parenting.”

The parents were particularly open to services and recommendations 

concerning their visits with and parenting of the children. They attended every

visit, arrived on time, brought dinner, and provided the basic necessities for the 

children and their foster families. The parents were motivated to learn new 

parenting skills and techniques, and they attended parenting classes. The 

parents eventually moved into their own apartment, and visits were held there.

Yet, despite the continued supervised visits, receipt of parenting 

information, and the parents’ overall motivation and love of the children, the 

parents never progressed to a point that the Department felt the children could 

be transitioned into semi-supervised visits with just the parents without the 
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possibility of some adjudicatory harm to the children. The service provider 

reported the parents lacked follow through on parenting skills, discipline 

techniques, and assignments given to them. The provider also reported she 

continually worked with the parents on time outs, planned ignoring, staying calm, 

non-violent discipline techniques, and appropriate parenting skills. The parents 

did not believe the children’s safety or welfare were at risk, stating the children 

“are the world to us and [the Department is involved] because of one big mistake 

that we did [and our children] are paying.”

The provider noted the children’s initial developmental delays, such as the 

older children’s very minimal vocabulary and the oldest child’s inability to follow 

simple directions like putting on or taking it a seat belt off. The provider believed 

all three older children had lacked proper structure or routine, and they continued 

to struggle with following rules or listening. After placement in foster care, the 

children began to thrive. The three boys were initially placed together in one 

home, and the twin girls were placed together in a different home. All five

children made developmental gains in the areas of speech, behavior, physical 

health, affect, and personality. The children responded well to the structure and 

consistency provided by the foster parents. The sixth child was placed in the 

foster home with the twins after her birth.

In July 2014, the State filed a petition for termination of the parents’ 

parental rights. At the hearing, the case worker testified the parents loved their 

children very much, but she explained the parents’ progress was stagnant and 

continued services would not aid their parenting ability. She admitted the parents 

had asked the Department to transition a few children to their care at a time, to 
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see if the parents could handle it. However, she explained she did not believe 

that was an available option, noting the children were not “guinea pigs,” there 

would be stress on the children as to whom they picked, and ultimately, the 

parents had six children to care for, not just a few. Following the hearing, the 

court entered its order terminating the parents’ parental rights pursuant to Iowa 

Code subsections 232.116(1)(d) and (h) (2013).

The parents now appeal, separately.

II. Discussion.

In determining whether parental rights should be terminated under chapter 

232, the juvenile court “follows a three-step analysis.” In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 

703, 706 (Iowa 2010). Step one requires the court to “determine if a ground for 

termination under section 232.116(1) has been established” by the State. Id. If 

the court finds grounds for termination, the court moves to the second step of the 

analysis: deciding if the grounds for termination should result in a termination of 

parental rights under the best-interest framework set out in section 232.116(2). 

Id. at 706-07. Even if the court finds “the statutory best-interest framework 

supports termination of parental rights,” the court must proceed to the third and 

final step: considering “if any statutory exceptions set out in section 232.116(3) 

should serve to preclude termination of parental rights.” Id. at 707. We review 

the parents’ claims on appeal de novo. See In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 113 

(Iowa 2014).
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A. The Father’s Appeal.

1. Grounds for Termination.

The grounds for termination must be proved by clear and convincing 

evidence. Iowa Code § 232.116(1) (2013); see also D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 706. 

When the juvenile court terminates parental rights on more than one statutory 

ground, we may affirm on any ground we find supported by the record. D.W., 

791 N.W.2d at 707; In re R.R.K., 544 N.W.2d 274, 276 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995). We 

choose to focus on subsection 232.116(1) paragraph (h), which requires the 

State to prove by clear and convincing evidence that (1) the child is three years 

of age or younger, (2) has been adjudicated a CINA, (3) has been removed from 

the physical custody of the child’s parents for at least six months of the last 

twelve months, and (4) there is clear and convincing evidence that the child 

cannot be returned to the custody of the child’s parents at the present time. 

Here, there is no question the first three elements were established: the father’s 

five biological children were age three or under, were adjudicated CINA in 2013, 

and removed from his care for the requisite time period. The only debatable 

issue is the fourth element, and, upon our de novo review, we find the State has 

met its burden on this element as to both parents.

As we have stated many times, children lack pause buttons. Their crucial 

days of childhood cannot be suspended while waiting for a parent to remedy a 

lack of parenting skills. “At some point, the rights and needs of the child rise 

above the rights and needs of the parents.” In re J.L.W., 570 N.W.2d 778, 781 

(Iowa Ct. App. 1997), overruled on other grounds by In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 

40 (Iowa 2010); see also P.L., 778 N.W.2d at 39-40. At the time of the 
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termination hearing, these young children had been out of the father’s care for 

over six months. And, despite the receipt of numerous services, the father was 

unable to progress to a point where he could resume care of his five children 

without exposing the children to the risk of adjudicatory harm. While lower 

mental functioning alone is not sufficient grounds for termination, it is a relevant 

consideration where it affects the child’s well-being. See A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 

111. Here, the father hit a five-year-old in the eye for playing soccer in the 

house, and he never accepted responsibility for his actions. These children 

suffered developmental delays for which he and the mother did not seek 

assistance. His children tested positive for methamphetamine—one had even 

ingested it—yet he did not think his children were at risk. Moreover, although the 

father was attending substance abuse treatment, his recent marijuana relapse, 

coupled with his continued unsavory social associations, make his continued 

commitment to sobriety at this time or for the foreseeable future unlikely. While 

the father was making an effort to participate in services, there was simply not 

evidence he understood, internalized, or retained the information necessary to 

parent successfully and keep safe five young children. Upon our de novo review, 

we agree with the juvenile court that the evidence presented at the terminationof-parental-rights hearing clearly established the children could not be returned to 

the father’s care at that time. We therefore agree the State established 

termination of the father’s parental rights was appropriate under Iowa Code 

section 232.116(1)(h).
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2. Best Interests.

Our legislature has constructed a time frame to balance a parent’s efforts 

against the children’s long-term best interests. In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 494 

(Iowa 2000). We measure best interests by the statutory language, giving 

primary consideration to the children’s safety, and to the best placement for 

promoting their long-term nurturing and growth and their physical, mental, and 

emotional conditions and needs. Iowa Code § 232.116(2). “The mental capacity 

of a parent and the existence of a preadoptive foster family in the life of a child” 

are relevant considerations in the statutory best-interest analysis. D.W., 791 

N.W.2d at 708. Consequently, “the termination analysis considers the ability of 

the parent to properly care for the child and the presence of another family to 

provide the care.” Id. “[W]e cannot deprive [children] of permanency after the 

State has proved a ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping 

someday a parent will learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable home.” 

A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 113. Termination is the appropriate solution when a parent 

is unable to regain custody within the time frames of chapter 232. See In re C.K., 

558 N.W.2d 170, 174 (Iowa 1997) (“An appropriate determination to terminate a 

parent-child relationship is not to be countermanded by the ability and willingness 

of a family relative to take the child.”). Upon our de novo review, we agree with 

the juvenile court that the considerations guiding the decision support 

termination.

Here, despite ongoing services from the Department, the father failed to 

show the kind of progress during this case while the children have been out of his

care to merit prolonging the uncertainty. The case progress reports and the case 
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worker’s testimony indicate the father has difficulty overcoming his intellectual 

impairment to provide an adequately safe and reliable home for the children 

without relying heavily on service providers or his parents. As his five children 

continue to grow and develop, their need for physical, mental, and emotional 

guidance, as well as financial support, will only become more challenging. The 

children have made significant developmental gains in their preadoptive foster 

homes, and all evidence suggests that they will continue to do so. We are simply 

not convinced that the father has developed the skills necessary to cope with the 

critical needs of five young children in the statutory time frame allotted to him and 

accordingly find the factors of section 232.116(2) support termination.

B. The Mother’s Appeal.

The mother makes a passionate argument asserting the juvenile court 

ignored the positive reports and accomplishments the mother made during the 

duration of the case, including her commitment to attending mental health and 

substance abuse treatment. She essentially asserts she deserved, based upon 

her efforts, additional time for reunification and a trial-visitation period with a few 

of her children so she could demonstrate she could safely parent them. While 

we applaud her efforts, we disagree for the same general reasons stated 

addressing the father’s appeal.

Here, the mother’s mere participation in services was not enough to 

evidence she could safely care for six young children. Her children tested 

positive for methamphetamine, but she did not believe her children were at risk, 

stating she only believed the Department was involved because of the one 

incident concerning the child’s eye, and she minimized that incident. These 
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children suffered developmental delays in her care. While she went through the 

motions in cooperating with the services provided, she, like the father, 

demonstrated no real progress or follow through to show she understood the 

risks to her children and why the services were necessary. We do not “‘gamble 

with the children’s future’” by asking them to wait continuously for a stable 

biological parent, particularly at such tender ages. In re D.W., 385 N.W.2d 570, 

578 (Iowa 1986) (citation omitted). There is no question the mother loves her 

children, but unfortunately, that was not enough to keep them safe prior to the 

Department’s most recent involvement, and it is still not enough now. Upon our 

de novo review, we find the juvenile court appropriately considered the mother’s 

progress and participation in services in the case in its determination that 

termination of her parental rights was in their best interests. We, like the juvenile 

court, find the children’s need for permanency outweigh the mother’s limited 

progress, and the children should not have to wait any longer. The children are 

doing well in their preadoptive placements, and all evidence suggests the 

children will continue to thrive in their foster families’ care. Taking into account 

the relevant factors, we agree with the juvenile court that the children’s best 

interests are served by severing their legal tie with the mother.

III. Conclusion.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the juvenile court’s order terminating 

the parents’ parental rights.

AFFIRMED ON BOTH APPEALS.