Filed 5/13/13 Certified for publication 6/11/13 (order attached)

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

JAMES DO,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 

CALIFORNIA,

Defendant and Respondent.

 D061056

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2011-00083720-

 CU-WM-CTL)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Ronald L. 

Styn, Judge. Affirmed.

Law Office of Jose A. Gonzales and Jose A. Gonzales for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Paul, Plevin, Sullivan & Connaughton, Sandra L. McDonough and Corrie J. 

Klekowski for Defendant and Respondent.

Plaintiff and appellant James Do appeals the judgment denying his petition for a 

writ of administrative mandamus against defendant and respondent Regents of the 
2

University of California (University). (Code Civ. Proc.,1 § 1094.5.) Do's employment at 

a University medical facility was terminated in August 2009, based on administrative 

findings his statements and acts violated an employment policy against workplace 

violence or threats.

On appeal, Do contends the trial court incorrectly failed to apply the independent 

judgment standard of review, because he was a permanent employee deprived of a 

property right in employment and arguably, only legal questions are presented for review. 

(Sarka v. Regents of University of California (2006) 146 Cal.App.4th 261, 271 (Sarka).) 

Do next contends that even if the substantial evidence test is applied, insufficient 

evidence supports the administrative decision that he posed any credible threat to his 

supervisor.

In response, the University argues the trial court correctly applied the authority of 

Ishimatsu v. Regents of University of California (1968) 266 Cal.App.2d 854 (Ishimatsu), 

which held that under the California Constitution, article IX, section 9, the University as 

a constitutionally created state institution has been delegated the quasi-judicial power to 

conduct its own administrative decisionmaking on staff employment matters. (Ishimatsu, 

supra, at pp. 864-865.) That interpretive approach is based on the terms of California 

Constitution, article IX, section 9, subdivision (a), characterizing the University as a 

" 'public trust . . . with full powers of organization and government.' " (Campbell v. 

Regents of University of California (2005) 35 Cal.4th 311, 320 (Campbell), relying on 

 

1 All further statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless noted.
3

Ishimatsu.) California Constitution, article IX, section 9, subdivision (f) likewise 

delegates a broad range of powers and duties to the University ("all the powers necessary 

or convenient for the effective administration of its trust").

The views expressed in Ishimatsu, supra, 266 Cal.App.2d 854, 864-865 have also 

been discussed with evident acceptance and approval by the California Supreme Court in 

Miklosy v. Regents of University of California (2008) 44 Cal.4th 876, 889-890 (Miklosy). 

Because substantial evidence has long been designated the appropriate standard of review 

for an administrative decision made by such an agency, the University argues for 

application of that standard and contends the record substantially supports the dismissal 

decision, giving the trial court no basis to set it aside.

Unlike Sarka, supra, 146 Cal.App.4th 261, this is not a case in which 

predominantly legal questions are presented on a given set of facts. Nor is it a case that 

would require us to re-analyze the authority characterizing the University as an agency 

that is constitutionally delegated quasi-judicial administrative decisionmaking authority, 

even in such employment matters. Instead, the trial court appropriately applied the 

substantial evidence review standard to this set of administrative appeals that involved 

conflicting viewpoints and that was appropriately resolved at the administrative level, 

under the generally accepted line of constitutional authorities. (Ishimatsu, supra, 266 

Cal.App.2d at pp. 864-865.) On this record, the trial court appropriately determined there 

was no basis for setting aside the University's decision that there was substantial cause to 

terminate Do's employment. We affirm.
4

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Events of Employment; Warning Letter and Meeting

In January 2008, the University hired Do, an experienced intellectual technology 

professional (IT), as a Programmer/Analyst II. He was assigned to the University's 

radiation oncology department located at the Moores Cancer Center in La Jolla, 

California (the medical center).

Under University employment policies provided to employees, online and in 

handbook form, there is zero tolerance for "intimidation" or "threats of violence" toward 

colleagues. (Medical Center Policy (MCP) 538.2K; "the Policy"). Intimidation is 

defined by the Policy as "an intentional act towards another person, the results of which 

causes the other person to reasonably fear for his/her safety . . . ." The Policy defines a 

"threat of violence" as "an intentional act that threatens bodily harm to another 

person . . . ." Violation of these standards subjects the employee to discipline up to and 

including dismissal, under University personnel policies.

In February 2008, Do began working with Richard Fletcher, his supervisor, as a 

two-person team for providing computer assistance and maintenance services at the 

medical center. Fletcher's supervisor was the director of physics at the medical center, 

Todd Pawlicki. Fletcher supervised Do as they collaborated on installing, configuring 

and maintaining the computer workstations, servers and software for other personnel. As 

Do's supervisor, Fletcher gave Do a performance review stating he met (not exceeded) 

evaluation standards as of October 29, 2008. The medical center professes a set of "Core 
5

Values" regarding teamwork and honesty, and Do's performance was initially rated 

satisfactory in those respects.

During April through July 2009, Do communicated by e-mail with a superior, 

associate administrator for oncology services Trisha Lollo, to question certain IT 

purchasing decisions involving Fletcher and others that he considered to be unlawful or 

wasteful. On May 28, 2009, Fletcher asked Do to help other IT personnel install new 

computers in a new building, but Do told him that was not his job and refused. 

While Fletcher was on vacation, Do had problems at work in accessing computer 

records for patients needing radiation treatment, since Fletcher's personal password was 

required but unavailable to him. 

When Fletcher returned from vacation, he asked Do on June 4, 2009 to install a 

fax machine, but Do said he was too busy, or made a similar comment. In any case, Do 

walked away to his workstation and sat down. Fletcher followed Do, and while standing 

somewhat behind and to the right of Do, Fletcher asked Do what else he had going on. 

According to Do, Fletcher said, "I want you to set up the fax machines right now" and Do 

replied, "Can this wait?" Next, Do turned his head and said to Fletcher "Get out of my 

face." Other nearby employees overheard, and Fletcher thought that the situation was 

pretty intense, felt disturbed, and left the area. 

Over the next month, Fletcher talked to Pawlicki many times about his problems 

with Do, who sometimes disregarded his work-related requests. Pawlicki understood 

from Fletcher that Do was demonstrating a pattern of behavior or neglect of the position 

that led up to other issues, such that Fletcher believed he would not have a positive 
6

experience in approaching Do about office work. Pawlicki believed that the June 4 event 

seemed to take it to a different level and increased the existing stress and strain between 

Fletcher and Do.

A few days after the June 4 incident, Fletcher, Pawlicki and a lateral level 

supervisor, oncology department clinical operations manager Laura Adams, decided to 

issue a written warning to Do and referred the matter to the human resources department 

for preparation. Fletcher went on vacation again. Do had not previously been issued any 

warning notices or letters of reprimand.

In early July, Fletcher returned to the office, and within a few days, he met with 

Do to discuss Do's recommendation that all key patient records retrieval personnel should 

be given a password. Fletcher agreed to change the records retrieval practice to accord 

with Do's recommendation. 

In July 2009, Do complained about the ongoing records retrieval issue to his 

manager Adams, telling her that Pawlicki was not very concerned about it, but the 

problems could become dangerous to patients. Do also told her that he thought Fletcher 

was trying to push him out the door by sending him a job announcement from another 

employer.

On July 8, 2009, Adams and Fletcher met with Do. They discussed the records 

retrieval issue, and then Fletcher delivered a "Letter of Warning" to Do. The letter 

referred to Do's May 28 "not my job" comment and another matter, and then stated: "On 

June 4, 2009 you refused to help with my request to set up the new fax machines for the 

new building. When I asked you what else you had going on you replied 'Get out of my 
7

Face.' " Fletcher then asked Do why he said that. Do explained that he had said that so 

that he (Do) "wouldn't 'deck' " him (Fletcher). 

According to later testimony from Fletcher and Pawlicki, the July 8 meeting ended 

soon thereafter, with Fletcher feeling a little "stunned," intimidated and afraid of physical 

harm from Do. According to Do, he intended to explain that at the time, he had been 

trying not to escalate the argument and thus he wanted Fletcher to leave him alone or 

back off. Do felt "shocked" to get a written warning, but not angry. He remembered he 

was slumping in his chair during the meeting. 

Fletcher and Adams reported Do's explanatory comments at the July 8 meeting to 

Pawlicki and to University human resources personnel (including labor specialist Thomas 

Becker). A few days after the July 8 meeting, Adams sent an e-mail to Becker, Fletcher 

and Pawlicki, stating that she had observed the July 8 meeting and heard Do explain to 

Fletcher that on June 4, he had told Fletcher to get out of his face, because "I didn't want 

to deck you," and that he had repeated it again later in the conversation, stating "it is 

better than getting violent."

On July 10, Pawlicki notified Do he was being placed on paid investigatory leave 

because he had threatened violence against his supervisor during a disciplinary meeting. 

By memo dated July 16, 2009, Adams sent Do a notice of intent to terminate his 

employment July 31, based on his response at the July 8 meeting to the question about 

why he told his supervisor to get out of his face ("by indicating so that you wouldn't 'deck 

him' "). Adams stated that the above incident demonstrated unsatisfactory performance 

and inappropriate conduct that was inconsistent with University policy and core values. 
8

Do was notified of his right to respond. He received a "Skelly" hearing August 6, 2009, 

and the decision to terminate was not overturned.2 The University made a final payment 

to him with a termination date of August 7, 2009.

B. Administrative Appeals

Do appealed his dismissal through three levels of University administrative 

review, but each adhered to the termination decision. Do originally raised issues 

regarding his arguable whistleblower activities (complaining about excessive spending), 

but he has not pursued them, instead focusing on the threat/intimidation reason given for 

termination, as arguably insufficient.

Trisha Lollo, associate administrator for oncology services, denied Do's Step 1 

appeal, stating that her review showed that his termination for unsatisfactory performance 

and inappropriate conduct was justified, due to violation of the University's zerotolerance standard and core values regarding threats, intimidation or violence in the 

workplace.

In a letter dated April 19, 2010, Do's Step 2 appeal was denied by Paul Craig 

(Chief Human Resources, Safety and Risk Officer for the medical center), as follows: 

"On July 8, 2009 during a disciplinary meeting . . . you stated to your supervisor 

[Fletcher] in the presence of your manager [Adams] that the reason for the inappropriate 

communication of June 4, 2009 was, 'So I wouldn't deck him.' [This] was a verbally 

 

2 Skelly v. State Personnel Board (1975) 15 Cal.3d 194, 215 ["preremoval 

safeguards must include notice of the proposed action, the reasons therefor, a copy of the 

charges and materials upon which the action is based, and the right to respond, either 

orally or in writing, to the authority initially imposing discipline"].
9

communicated threat of violence in direct violation of MCP 538.2K and UCSD Medical 

Center's Core Values." 

Third, an evidentiary hearing before a non-university hearing officer was held on 

November 17, 2010. Do, Fletcher and Pawlicki testified and a tape-recorded transcript is 

in the record. Do agreed that saying "get out of my face" had been inappropriate and 

explained that he often associated with younger people who talk that way. He did not 

remember using the term "deck you," and did not think he would have used it. Do 

explained that in light of his 18 years of experience in IT matters, he did not really need 

instructions from Fletcher on how to accomplish a certain task. Do did not want to return 

to the same IT department, in light of all that had happened, although he could do so and 

improve his communication if necessary.

On December 20, 2010, the hearing officer issued his decision upholding the 

termination of Do's employment. The hearing officer acknowledged that Do may have 

been overqualified for his job as number two on the team, which could have led to his 

frustrations there. The hearing officer ruled that on July 8, 2009, Do had committed an 

act that violated Policy 538.2K: "The act in question is the statement [Do] made to 

Fletcher in response to the inquiry about what he meant by his June 4 remark." This was 

determined to amount to an "intentional act" within the meaning of the policy, since it 

was made voluntarily and because Do intended to say what he said: "The response was 

not involuntary; it was volunteered, and thus meets the Webster definition of an 'act.' It 

also is intentional; what he [Do] said was intended to be said." Do's statement was an act 

that "create[d] a fear of harm," and he had intentionally "caus[ed] Fletcher to be fearful 
10

that [Do] might respond to his attempts to supervise him by a physical attack on 

Fletcher." The University adopted the hearing officer's recommendation of termination.

C. Administrative Mandamus Petition and Ruling

On January 13, 2011, Do filed a petition for writ of administrative mandamus 

seeking reinstatement and lost compensation. He lodged the administrative record and 

contended that the trial court should apply its independent judgment in reviewing the 

decision. Do argued that the hearing officer's findings of intentional threats were not 

supported by the weight of the evidence and Fletcher could not have developed a 

reasonable fear of harm. Do claimed that he was dismissed based only on speculation, 

and that his later expressed thoughts and explanation about why he said what he said on 

June 4 did not provide an adequate basis for termination

In opposition, the University contended that a substantial evidence standard of 

review applied, because it is a constitutional agency authorized to conduct quasi-judicial 

review of employment-related decisionmaking. (Cal. Const., art. IX, § 9.) Once that 

standard was applied, the termination decision was proper for Do's demonstrated 

insubordination, even if his comments on July 8 were not technically threats or did not 

amount to intimidation at a criminal level. They were nevertheless implied threats that 

were willfully made and therefore dismissal was justified for violation of University 

policies.

A court hearing on the petition was held on September 23, 2011. Do argued there 

was no evidence that he intended to carry out any threat, or that he intended to cause 

Fletcher to fear for his safety, but instead, he had been obligated to answer questions put 
11

to him at the disciplinary hearing. In reply, the University said no one had forced Do to 

explain himself in that manner, but when he did so, the employer was entitled to 

determine that his acts were in violation of University policy. (See City of Palo Alto v. 

Service Employees Internat. Union (1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 327 [an employee's threat at 

the workplace did not necessarily require the employee to be fired; interpreting prior 

version of section 527.8].)

At the close of the argument, the trial court indicated Do's petition would be 

denied, while expressing this reservation: "I'm not sure I would come to the same result 

if I were the hearing officer or if it was an independent standard of review, but using the 

substantial evidence test in the context of the language, I think I'm compelled to make the 

finding that I do in my tentative. I think it's a very close case. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] . . . I'll be 

very candid. When I first looked at it, I said wow, how could they fire a guy for this. 

That was my first reaction. But then when I got more into it, I think that under the law, 

they had the right to do what they did, but I think it's very, very close." A ruling was 

issued denying the petition, and Do appeals the judgment.

DISCUSSION

I

STANDARD OF REVIEW AND ISSUES PRESENTED

Section 1094.5 sets forth the procedure for judicial review of an order or a 

decision by an administrative agency. (Bixby v. Pierno (1971) 4 Cal.3d 130, 137

(Bixby).) Under section 1094.5, subdivision (b), an agency's abuse of discretion may be 

established if its decision is not supported by the findings, or the findings are not 
12

supported by the evidence. The next step of the procedure, determining the applicable 

standard of review as specified in section 1094.5, subdivision (c), depends on the type of 

administrative agency decision that is involved, due to principles protecting the 

separation of powers. (Bixby, supra, at p. 141.)

It is well recognized that certain types of administrative agencies are "of 

constitutional origin" and "have been granted limited judicial power by the Constitution 

itself." (Strumsky v. San Diego County Employees Retirement Assn. (1974) 11 Cal.3d 28, 

35 (Strumsky); Boren v. State Personnel Board (1951) 37 Cal.2d 634; Covert v. State 

Board of Equalization (1946) 29 Cal.2d 125; Palm Springs Turf Club v. California Horse 

Racing Board (1957) 155 Cal.App.2d 242.) As explained by a commentator: "A 

relatively few state agencies derive their quasi-judicial or adjudicating powers from the 

Constitution itself. Their findings are not subject to reexamination in a trial de novo 

[citation], but will be upheld if supported by substantial evidence." (8 Witkin, Cal. 

Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Extraordinary Writs, § 260, p. 1168.) Such constitutionally 

authorized quasi-judicial agency decisions are subject under section 1094.5, subdivision 

(c), to substantial evidence review, in which "abuse of discretion is established if the 

court determines that the findings are not supported by substantial evidence in the light of 

the whole record." (8 Witkin, Cal. Procedure, supra, at p. 1168.)

Do argues that such a constitutional delegation of quasi-judicial power must be 

express and specific, as opposed to the more general delegation of quasi-judicial 

administrative decisionmaking power that was analyzed in Ishimatsu, supra, 266 

Cal.App.2d 854, 864-865, regarding the language of the California Constitution, article 
13

IX, section 9. Absent very specific language of express delegation, Do contends that the 

alternative provisions of section 1094.5, subdivision (c) may be applied to his case, to 

allow or require the trial court to exercise its independent judgment on the evidence, and 

to determine the agency has abused its discretion "if the court determines that the 

findings are not supported by the weight of the evidence." He justifies this request by 

pointing to the nature of his property interest in his previous, permanent employment.

This was a close case, as the trial court candidly acknowledged, and thus the 

standard of review utilized on appeal is critical for evaluating the validity of Do's claimed 

property right to continued employment, as opposed to the University's right to 

administratively interpret and apply its employment policies. However, as next 

explained, Do can point to no authority requiring the University to assert a more explicit 

constitutional delegation of quasi-judicial administrative decisionmaking power, even in 

an employment rights case.

II

EXTENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY AUTHORITY

A. Development of Case Law

Do's petition and appeal allege that the hearing officer committed a prejudicial 

abuse of discretion, his decision was not supported by the findings, and the findings were 

not supported by the evidence. (§ 1094.5, subd. (b).) Do argues the explanatory 

statements he made on July 8 did not amount to intimidation or threats that were made at 

that time toward anyone in particular, within the meaning of the University policies and 
14

employee handbook, and if the trial court were allowed to utilize independent judgment, 

it would have agreed with him.

Do fails to recognize that not every circumstance of public employment creates 

vested property rights to continue it. Instead, statutory or due process entitlement to 

independent judgment review in a particular case depends upon the type of public agency 

involved and whether the agency was created by the Constitution in such a manner as to 

delegate quasi-judicial decisionmaking powers. This was made clear in Strumsky, supra, 

11 Cal.3d 28, 34-35: A right to "a full and independent judicial review" of an agency's 

decision to terminate an individual's public employment does not exist in the case of 

agencies "of constitutional origin which have been granted limited judicial power by the 

Constitution itself." (Ibid., italics omitted, citing Ishimatsu, supra, 266 Cal.App.2d 854, 

among others.) Thus:

"It is established that when a review of a decision of an agency 

falling within [such] categories is sought pursuant to section 1094.5 

of the Code of Civil Procedure, the court's scrutiny of the agency's 

factual findings is limited to a determination whether those findings 

are supported by substantial evidence in light of the whole record --

and this is so whether or not the decision of the agency affects a 

fundamental vested right." (Strumsky, supra, 11 Cal.3d 28, 35; 

italics added.)

Ishimatsu, supra, 266 Cal.App.2d 854, 864, and Amluxen v. Regents of University 

of California (1975) 53 Cal.App.3d 27, 32, are generally accepted authorities stating that 

the California Constitution has granted the University quasi-judicial powers regarding 

matters falling within its broad powers to organize and govern the university, and this 

includes quasi-judicial adjudication of employment rights. (Cal. Const., art. IX, § 9, 
15

subd. (a); Apte v. Regents of University of California (1988) 198 Cal.App.3d 1084, 1091 

(Apte).) Such University administrative decisions are subject to review under the 

substantial evidence rule. (8 Witkin, Cal. Procedure, supra, Extraordinary Writs, § 290, 

pp. 1208-1209.)

Similar to the state personnel board in Skelly, supra, 15 Cal.3d 194, the University 

is " 'a statewide administrative agency which derives [its] adjudicating power from 

[article IX, section 9, of] the Constitution . . . [; therefore, its factual determinations] are 

not subject to re-examination in a trial de novo but are to be upheld by a reviewing court 

if they are supported by substantial evidence. [Citations.]' " (Skelly, supra, at p. 217, fn. 

31.) The California Constitution, article IX, section 9, subdivisions (a) and (f) together 

enumerate the University's powers and duties regarding management and disposition of 

its property, and also specify it shall have "all the powers necessary or convenient for the 

effective administration of its trust" (Cal. Const., art. IX, § 9, subd. (f)), such as engaging 

in litigation and delegating to its committees and faculty "such authority or functions as it 

may deem wise." (Ibid.)

More recently, in Miklosy, supra, 44 Cal.4th 876, 889, our Supreme Court 

confirmed, or took as established, this "unique constitutional status of the University of 

California," in the course of applying certain procedural provisions of the California 

Whistleblower Protection Act (Gov. Code, § 8547 et seq.). In Miklosy, the court relied 

on Campbell, supra, 35 Cal.4th at pages 320 to 321, for this same concept: " 'The 

California Constitution establishes the [University] as a "public trust . . . with full powers 

of organization and government." (Cal. Const., art. IX, § 9, subd. (a).) We have observed 
16

that 'Article IX, section 9, grants the [R]egents broad powers to organize and govern the 

university and limits the Legislature's power to regulate either the university or the 

[R]egents. . . .' This grant of constitutional power to the University includes the grant of 

quasi-judicial powers, a view that is generally accepted in our jurisprudence." (Miklosy, 

supra, at p. 889; italics added; citing Ishimatsu, supra, 266 Cal.App.2d 854, 864; Apte, 

supra, 198 Cal.App.3d 1084, 1091.)3 "In short, the University functions in some ways 

like an independent sovereign, retaining a degree of control over the terms and scope of 

its own liability." (Miklosy, supra, at p. 890.) " 'It is apparent that the Regents as a 

constitutionally created arm of the state have virtual autonomy in self-governance.' " 

(Campbell, supra, 35 Cal.4th at pp. 320-321.)4 Staff discipline matters fall within these 

powers.

Moreover, there is no reason to believe that these statements in Campbell, supra,

35 Cal.4th at pages 320 through 321, or Miklosy, supra, 44 Cal.4th at page 889 are 

confined to the factual context of interpreting whistleblowing statutes, simply because the 

analyses were delivered in such cases. Nothing new has been presented to require us to 

 

3 In Apte, the court noted that the decision in Ishimatsu, supra, 266 Cal.App.2d 854, 

864, has found "general acceptance" regarding the constitutional grant of power to the 

University as including the grant of quasi-judicial powers. (Apte, supra, 198 Cal.App.3d 

at pp. 1090-1091, citing Smith v. Regents of University of California (1976) 58 

Cal.App.3d 397, 400; Amluxen v. Regents of University of California, supra, 53 

Cal.App.3d 27, 33.)

4 As early as 1975, an appellate court in Arroyo v. Regents of University of 

California (1975) 48 Cal.App.3d 793, 798, noted that Ishimatsu, supra, 266 Cal.App.2d 

854, has been referred to "without disapproval" in Regents of University of California v. 

Superior Court (1970) 3 Cal.3d 529, 534.)
17

find lacking the basic constitutional language of article IX, section 9, that delegates 

quasi-judicial administrative decisionmaking powers to the University. (See Amluxen v. 

Regents of University of California, supra, 53 Cal.App.3d 27, 32-33 [discussing 

delegation language issue].)

In Goldbaum v. Regents of University of California (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 703, 

709, this court acknowledged the authority that the University is a " 'statewide 

administrative agency' " and as " ' "a constitutionally created arm of the state [it has] 

virtual autonomy in self-governance." ' " (Ibid.) The few exceptions to this rule of 

" 'general immunity from legislative regulation' " are not implicated in Do's case: the 

Legislature's powers of (a) appropriation for salaries; (b) enaction of general police power 

regulations to be applied to the University; and (c) legislation that regulates "matters of 

statewide concern not involving internal university affairs." (Ibid.)

Thus, it is well settled that the delegated powers that are necessary or convenient 

for the effective administration of the University's business include quasi-judicial 

administrative authority to resolve individualized employment disputes, by applying 

University policies to particular cases. (Ishimatsu, supra, 266 Cal.App.2d 854, 861.) 

The underlying rationale is that the University and its Board of Regents are public legal 

entities " 'charged with the government of a public trust.' " (Regents of University of 

California v. Superior Court, supra, 3 Cal.3d 529, 539, fn. 12.)

Such "governance" of University activities requires due process in the carrying out 

of its personnel functions, such as adopting and administering employment policies. In 

Miklosy, supra, 44 Cal.4th 876, 890, footnote 4, it is clarified that in general, the 
18

University's consideration of an employment-related complaint "cannot be so perfunctory 

or arbitrary as to violate the due process guarantee of the state or federal Constitutions." 

Earlier, in Ishimatsu, supra, 266 Cal.App.2d 854, 861, the court noted " '. . . the power [to 

dismiss public employees] may not be exercised arbitrarily in disregard of the employee's 

constitutional rights.' " (Citing Bagley v. Washington Township Hospital Dist. (1966) 65 

Cal.2d 499, 503-504; Ball v. City Council of City of Coachella (1967) 252 Cal.App.2d 

136, 141.)5

Such constitutional grants of quasi-judicial adjudicative power do not offend due 

process standards. "Although administrative agencies are not courts in any manner, 

administrative agencies exercising adjudicatory powers are judicial bodies in effect or in 

a broad sense have and exercise 'adjudicatory' or 'determinative' powers and functions 

and, in some cases, perform the same functions as a court would in the court's absence. 

This power is not judicial in a sense that constitutes a violation of the principle of 

separation of powers, but is administrative and therefore described as 'quasi-judicial.' " 

(2 Cal.Jur.3d, supra, Administrative Law, § 359, pp. 429-430, fns. omitted.)

Generally, a court's determination of whether an agency's hearing procedures are 

in compliance with relevant statutes and regulations, and with an agency's own policies, 

requires application of the rules of statutory interpretation and construction. (Yamaha 

 

5 "While the right to practice a profession is a property right which should not be 

denied without clear proof of violation of the law, employment as a public officer or 

employee is not such a property right and no hearing is required unless mandated by 

statute or agency rules or public policy." (2 Cal.Jur.3d (2007) Administrative Law, 

§ 434, pp. 499-500, fns. omitted.) There is no claim that Do was not afforded his 

administrative remedies.
19

Corp. of America v. State Bd. of Equalization (1998) 19 Cal.4th 1, 12.) In such cases, 

" 'The appropriate mode of review . . . is one in which the judiciary, although taking 

ultimate responsibility for the construction of the statute, accords great weight and 

respect to the administrative construction. [Citation.]' " (Ibid.; see also Aguilar v. 

Association for Retarded Citizens (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 21, 28 [general rule of judicial 

deference to agency's interpretation of its own regulations, unless interpretation is clearly 

erroneous or unreasonable].)

B. Independent Judgment Standard for Trial Court Does Not Apply Here

Despite the above generally accepted case law approach that allows the University 

a broad scope of quasi-judicial administrative authority for resolving job-related disputes, 

Do continues to argue that the trial court was required or authorized to apply the 

independent judgment standard of review in light of Sarka, supra, 146 Cal.App.4th 261, 

271. In that case, the appellate court did not disagree with the trial court's utilization of 

the independent judgment standard for evaluation of the facts and law underlying a 

University employment decision. Plaintiff Dr. Sarka, a medical doctor, had been

discharged from University employment "for repeatedly refusing to follow the directions 

of his superior to modify his approach to patient care." (Id. at p. 263.) The University 

administrative hearing officer upheld the termination, as did the trial court.

In Dr. Sarka's appeal, the court determined as a matter of law that the hearing 

officer and the trial court had each appropriately considered and properly applied a 

statute that declares a public policy that employers may not penalize physicians 

"principally for advocating for medically appropriate health care." (Bus. and Prof. Code, 
20

§ 2056, subd. (c); Sarka, supra, 146 Cal.App.4th 261, 271.) Further, the appellate court 

ruled that substantial evidence supported the trial court's conclusion that Dr. Sarka was 

discharged for insubordination, not for any improper reason, and judgment for the 

University was affirmed. (Ibid.)

Since the principal issue in Sarka, supra, 146 Cal.App.4th at pages 263 and 271 

through 272, was "whether the hearing officer and the trial court committed legal error by 

failing to apply Business and Professions Code section 2056," the appellate court 

appropriately decided that issue on a de novo basis, "[t]o the extent the trial court [had] 

decided pure questions of law on undisputed facts," and determined that the trial court did 

not err in that respect. Next, the appellate court stated it had reviewed the "trial court's 

exercise of independent review of an agency determination for substantial evidence." (Id.

at p. 271, citing Fukuda v. City of Angels (1999) 20 Cal.4th 805, 824.) However, in 

neither aspect of its review did the appellate court in Sarka, supra, 146 Cal.App.4th 261, 

271 expressly or impliedly address the precise issues of law presented in Ishimatsu, 

supra, 266 Cal.App.2d 854, concerning the nature of the University under the California 

Constitution, article IX, section 9, as a constitutionally created statewide agency that has 

been delegated "quasi-judicial power by the Constitution." (Ishimatsu, supra, at p. 862.) 

Rather, the principal challenge in Sarka presented pure statutory interpretation questions, 

which could properly be treated as questions of law, before any substantial evidence 

review of the record was conducted by the appeals court.

Do's case is not so narrowly focused on a purely legal issue. He was not 

discharged in violation of any public policy, statutory or contractual right. (See 
21

Ishimatsu, supra, 266 Cal.App.2d at p. 861.) Rather, he was dismissed because he failed 

to comply with University policy and core values. He has not been deprived of the right 

to work elsewhere, only at the University. (Ibid.; see Arroyo v. Regents of University of 

California, supra, 48 Cal.App.3d 793, 798.) Accordingly, the standard set forth in 

Ishimatsu, supra, 266 Cal.App.2d 854, 862, for an employee's challenge of the 

administrative decisions of a constitutional agency that were rendered in a quasi-judicial 

forum, applies here: "[T]he reviewing court is limited to determining whether there was 

substantial evidence supporting the agency's decision." (Ibid.) Sarka, supra, 146 

Cal.App.4th at page 270, is not to the contrary, because of the nature of the legal issues 

actually decided in it. In ruling on Do's case, the trial court correctly distinguished Sarka

and therefore it properly declined to exercise its independent judgment to determine 

whether the weight of the evidence supported the findings. (§ 1094.5, subd. (c).)

III

MERITS OF DO'S ARGUMENTS

A. Substantial Evidence Review and Standards

As outlined above, the trial court appropriately applied substantial evidence 

review to examine the entire administrative record, to determine whether the agency's 

findings were supported by substantial evidence. (JKH Enterprises, Inc. v. Department 

of Industrial Relations (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 1046, 1058; MHC Operating Limited 

Partnership v. City of San Jose (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 204, 217-220.)

On review, our task is similar. Here, as in Apte, supra, 198 Cal.App.3d 1084, 

1090, "we are not free to indulge in an independent reconstruction of the events: our 
22

view of the record must be circumscribed by a limited appellate review of University 

proceedings." We examine all relevant evidence in the administrative record and view 

that evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, resolving all conflicts in the 

evidence and drawing all inferences in support of the judgment. (Young v. Gannon 

(2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 209, 225; Taylor Bus Service, Inc. v. San Diego Bd. of Education 

(1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 1331, 1340; Hosford v. State Personnel Bd. (1977) 74 Cal.App.3d 

302, 306-307.)

The burden is on Do, the appellant, to prove there was an abuse of discretion 

through the issuance of a decision that was unsupported by substantial evidence. (Young 

v. Gannon, supra, 97 Cal.App.4th at p. 225.) Only if no reasonable person could reach 

the conclusion reached by the administrative agency, based on the entire record before it, 

will a court conclude that the agency's findings are not supported by substantial evidence. 

(Torres v. Dept. of Alcoholic Beverage Control (1961) 192 Cal.App.2d 541, 545; Oskooi 

v. Fountain Valley Regional Hospital (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 233, 243 [a reviewing court 

must uphold administrative findings unless they are so lacking in evidentiary support as 

to render them unreasonable].)

B. Issues Presented; Analysis

Do attacks the evidentiary support for the dismissal decision in several ways. 

First, he contends there was no evidence he had any intent to cause Fletcher to fear for his 

own safety, and no termination decision would be proper unless Do could be proven to 

have such an intent. He acknowledges that the standards for evaluating threats or 

intimidation in the workplace are different from those for evaluating criminal threats. 
23

(See People v. Toledo (2001) 26 Cal.4th 221, 229-233 [discussing Pen. Code, § 422].) 

He argues that his June 4 statement, "get out of my face" was less than seriously 

threatening, nor did his explanatory comment on July 8 about not "decking" Fletcher 

(upon receiving the written warning) amount to a threat at that time. He contends his 

statements at the July 8 meeting were nothing more than an expression of his internal 

thoughts or interpretation about what previously happened, and he was not acting 

aggressively on July 8, but was slumped in his chair, so evidence of intimidation is 

completely lacking.

Do also argues that the evidence does not support any conclusion that Fletcher 

could have had any "reasonable" fear of harm on the day of the "get out of my face" 

incident, or a month later, when Do was confronted and questioned about it. He objects 

that the hearing officer should not have relied in this matter upon Adams's e-mail, 

because it was hearsay. He contests the probative value of its statement that she was at 

the July 8 meeting and she understood Do to explain that he had told Fletcher to get out 

of his face, because it was "better than getting violent" to tell him so. Adams did not 

testify at the hearing about those understandings, so she cannot supply the only 

corroboration of Fletcher's testimony about his beliefs. (Gov. Code, § 11513, subd. (d) 

[hearsay evidence cannot by itself support an administrative finding].)

The trial court's order analyzes all the evidence presented and acknowledged there 

was a dispute about the events leading up to the June 4 statement, but in any case, the 

court found that the statement itself and at least one of the July 8 statements at the 

meeting (so that Do would not "deck" Fletcher), were undisputed. We agree with Do that 
24

the trial court's ruling is mistaken in referring to Adams as "testifying" at the 

administrative hearing, regarding Do saying, "it's better than getting violent." Her 

statement to that effect only appears in an e-mail sent to Becker, the labor specialist, to 

summarize the events of the meeting at which she was present.

Adams's e-mail was not the only evidence presented on the intimidation issue. Do 

did not deny making the statement, "so that I wouldn't deck him," but testified that he did 

not remember it or think he would have done so. Fletcher testified he felt threatened after 

the July 8 meeting, and it seemed like Do was trying to intimidate him then. There was 

testimony from Pawlicki that after the June 4 statement and up until the time of the July 8 

meeting, Fletcher was expressing growing discomfort in managing Do. As the hearing 

officer noted in his decision, Do may have been overqualified for his job as number two 

on the team, and he showed frustration in taking supervision. The trial court found there 

was substantial evidence to support the hearing officer's finding that Do's July 8 

statement caused Fletcher to reasonably fear for his safety, in light of the nature of their 

work as a two-person team who worked closely together. The record supports the court's 

conclusion that under the evidence presented, "[w]orking in close physical proximity to 

an individual who has made statements indicating he at least contemplated a physical 

attack is sufficient to establish a reasonable fear for one's safety."

Do next argues that since he did not intend to create fear, and since Fletcher 

should not reasonably have felt fear, no more than speculation was brought forward to 

support the charges of threats or intimidation. Do therefore contends no "serious 

misconduct" was committed that would have justified the dismissal remedy, so the 
25

University should have followed its own procedures for progressive, lesser discipline, 

and not doing so amounted to violation of his substantive due process rights. (University 

Personnel Policies 62 (Mar. 1, 2002), 64 (Jan. 1, 2001) [providing for corrective action 

before discharge].) However, as outlined above, the hearing officer did not rely merely 

on speculation of future harm, because the evidence demonstrated instances of growing 

stress and strain in the working relationship, over time, that could have caused Fletcher to 

have developed a reasonable fear for his safety. This was sufficient to show Do's 

statement was an intentional act within the meaning of the zero tolerance policy, as the 

University officials were entitled to interpret the policy. (Aguilar, supra, 234 Cal.App.3d 

21, 28.)

As acknowledged by the trial court, progressive discipline is not warranted under 

University policy when acts of insubordination or other "serious misconduct" have been 

proven. Under all of the circumstances, the hearing officer was justified in finding that 

Do's intentional statements were acts of intimidation in violation of University policy, so 

that a lesser remedy was not required. For the same reasons, Do's argument that he is 

unfairly being punished for his private thoughts is not justified, when his statements are 

viewed in context of the work circumstances and the delivery of the warning letter.

On substantial evidence review, we do not "weigh the evidence, consider the 

credibility of witnesses, or resolve conflicts in the evidence or in the reasonable 

inferences that may be drawn from it." (Huang v. Board of Directors (1990) 220 

Cal.App.3d 1286, 1293-1294.) Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

judgment, resolving conflicts and drawing inferences in support of the judgment, we 
26

conclude that although this was a close case, as the trial court frankly acknowledged, the 

University provided substantial evidence from which the hearing officer could reasonably 

conclude that the University's personnel policies were violated. (Young v. Gannon, 

supra, 97 Cal.App.4th at p. 225; JKH Enterprises, Inc. v. Department of Industrial 

Relations, supra, 142 Cal.App.4th p. 1058.) The judgment must be affirmed.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Each party shall bear its own costs.

HUFFMAN, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

 IRION, J
Filed 6/11/13

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

JAMES DO,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 

CALIFORNIA,

Defendant and Respondent.

 D061056

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2011-00083720-

 CU-WM-CTL)

ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION 

FOR PUBLICATION

THE COURT:

The opinion filed May 13, 2013, is ordered certified for publication.

McCONNELL, P. J.

Copies to: All parties