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ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION III

No. CV-15-275

BRADLEY SANFORD

APPELLANT

V.

ARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF

HUMAN SERVICES AND K.S. AND

A.S., MINOR CHILDREN

APPELLEES

Opinion Delivered October 21, 2015

APPEAL FROM THE MILLER

COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

[NO. 46JV-2013-121-2]

HONORABLE BRENT HALTOM,

JUDGE

AFFIRMED

BART F. VIRDEN, Judge

Appellant Bradley Sanford appeals the January 2015 order of the Miller County Circuit

Court that terminated his parental rights to his two children, K.S. (born 8/25/09) and A.S.

(born 9/10/11).1 K.S. and A.S., along with their stepsibling, D.J., were taken into emergency

custody by the Arkansas Department of Human Services (DHS) in June 2013 because of

allegations of sexual abuse of D.J. and allegations that their mother, Alecia Campbell, was

using methamphetamine. At the time the children were removed from the home, Sanford

was incarcerated in Texas on forgery charges. DHS filed a petition to terminate Sanford’s

parental rights on July 29, 2014, which was granted on January 23, 2015, following a hearing.

Sanford filed this timely notice of appeal, and he asserts that the circuit court’s decision to

1The parental rights of the children’s mother, Alecia Campbell, were also terminated

in the same petition, but she is not a party to this appeal. 
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terminate his parental rights is clearly erroneous because there is insufficient evidence to

support it. We disagree, and we affirm.

I. Facts

In late February 2013, Sanford left his children with their mother in Arkansas to seek

work in Texas and to remove himself from an unhealthy atmosphere created by Campbell’s

methamphetamine abuse. In March, Sanford was arrested on forgery charges, and in May, he

was sentenced to five years’ imprisonment in the Texas Department of Correction. In June

2013, K.S. and A.S. were removed from the home on allegations of the sexual abuse of their

stepsibling and on allegations that Campbell was using methamphetamine. Sanford was

notified by a summons mailed to him in prison in Texas. In response to the summons, Sanford

wrote a letter to the circuit court requesting the appointment of an attorney to represent him

in this matter. Sanford also expressed his interest in financially supporting his children and his

desire to help find an appropriate guardian for his children. The court did not respond. 

A probable cause hearing was held, and K.S. and A.S. were adjudicated dependentneglected in an order entered July 22, 2013. The goal was set as reunification of the family,

and the circuit court ordered DHS to refer services to Campbell. Throughout the case,

services were offered only to Campbell, and the case plan concerned only Campbell’s

progress. In May 2014, the permanency-planning order was entered, and the goal was

changed from reunification to adoption based on Campbell’s noncompliance with the case

plan and her continued drug abuse. The circuit court also found that Sanford had been

incarcerated for a substantial portion of the children’s lives and was still incarcerated in Texas.

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In July 2014, DHS filed a petition for termination of parental rights of both Campbell

and Sanford. In the petition, DHS asserted three statutory grounds relating to Sanford. DHS

asserted that the children had been out of the home for twelve months, and despite

meaningful efforts by DHS, Sanford had failed to remedy the conditions that led to removal.

The second statutory ground asserted by DHS was that the children had been out of the home

for twelve months, and Sanford had failed to provide significant material support. The third

ground asserted by DHS was that Sanford had been incarcerated for a substantial period of his

children’s lives. Sanford wrote a letter to DHS explaining that he had not been informed of

the progress of the case and that he believed his letters had not been received by his children.

In the letter, Sanford also explained that he had given Campbell’s mother, Theresa Johnson,

the authority to cash his quarterly disbursement check from the Ho-Chunk tribe, and she had

kept the money for herself rather than use it for the children as he intended. 

DHS worker LaShama Lee responded to Sanford by letter. In her letter, Lee explained

that Campbell had not availed herself of the services offered and that DHS had requested that

the circuit court terminate Campbell’s parental rights. Lee encouraged Sanford to make copies

of all the certificates of any programs he had completed while in prison and have the

certificates sent to DHS. Lee also explained that if he wrote letters to his children she would

make sure that K.S. and A.S. received them. 

In August, Sanford wrote a pro se response to the petition to terminate his parental

rights. In his response Sanford requested again that the court appoint an attorney to represent

him in this matter, and he argued that he had been very involved in his children’s lives until

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he moved out of the home in February 2013. Sanford also explained that he had attempted

to support them financially by allowing the children’s maternal grandmother to cash his

disbursement checks from the Ho-Chunk nation but that she had kept the money for herself. 

Sanford explained that the children’s grandmother had also led him to believe that he was not

allowed to have any contact with K.S. and A.S. 

In December 2014, Sanford was released from the Texas prison and was immediately

returned to Miller County to serve a revocation-of-probation sentence of six months for a

felony domestic-battery charge. Sanford’s release date was expected to be in May 2015. 

In January 2015, the circuit court held a termination hearing. At the hearing, Sanford

admitted that he had prior substance-abuse issues and that these issues had led to the domestic

abuse for which he was currently serving time. He testified that he had taken parenting classes

and attended drug-counseling sessions, and the court acknowledged the certificate for his

completion of drug counseling, though the parenting-class certificate was not in his file.

Sanford explained that he left his children with Campbell to get away from her drug abuse

and to find work. Sanford admitted that the home was an inappropriate environment for the

children. He testified that his projected release date was May 17, 2015, but that it was

possible he would be released at a later date. 

DHS case worker LaShama Lee also testified at the hearing. She explained that it was

not possible for DHS to provide Sanford services while he was incarcerated in Texas but that

she had written him and encouraged him to avail himself of services “on the case plan” and

that he did that in this case. She testified that, due to Sanford’s history of domestic violence

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and his present incarceration, she was not recommending giving the children to Sanford, but

that he had “completed everything he could” while in prison. She also testified that the

children had “particularized needs that require constant supervision.” Both children received

occupational, speech, and physical therapy, and both children had developmental delays. Lee

also noted that A.S. was in therapeutic foster care due to severe allergies and asthma. Lee

reported that K.S. and A.S. were both doing well in foster care. 

Rita Smith, a CASA worker, testified that she had spoken with Sanford several times

and had tried to find out everything she could from him. Smith testified that K.S.’s

development issues were more severe than A.S.’s, and he would require special therapy into

adolescence and adulthood. She expressed concern that Sanford would be paying $1000 a

month to get caught up on his past-due child-support payments and “that’s not gonna leave

a lot” considering the amount of resources K.S. and A.S. would require. Smith testified that

they would require frequent therapy appointments and that she was not sure Sanford could

meet the children’s intense needs. 

After hearing all the testimony, the circuit court ruled from the bench that Sanford’s

rights should be terminated. In its written order, the circuit court found that it was in the

children’s best interest to terminate Sanford’s parental rights because he was incarcerated and

thus, had no residence or employment, and he could not offer a stable environment for the

children. The circuit court found that Sanford’s testimony that the children were not present

during the four acts of domestic violence was not credible. The circuit court also found that

Sanford failed to provide material support to a child born of a previous relationship and that

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Sanford owed more than $9000 in unpaid child support to the mother of that child, which

showed disinterest in his children’s best interest.

The circuit court also found that three statutory grounds defined in Arkansas Code

Annotated section 9-27-341(b)(3)(B) had been proved to support the termination of Sanford’s

parental rights, as alleged by DHS. First, the circuit court found that, if Sanford was released

in May 2015, he would have been incarcerated for one-half of A.S.’s life and one-third of

K.S.’s life and that the sentence constituted a substantial period of the children’s lives. Second,

the circuit court found that, subsequent to DHS’s filing of the original petition for

dependency-neglect, other factors or issues arose demonstrating that return of the children to

Sanford would be contrary to their health, safety and welfare, and despite a meaningful offer

of services the parent has manifested an inability to remedy the circumstances. Specifically, the

circuit court found that Sanford’s substance-abuse issues and domestic-abuse charges involving

the children’s mother had come to light after the children had been removed from the home,

and his probation on a felony charge relating to the domestic abuse had been revoked

subsequent to the original filing. Third, the circuit court found the statutory ground that the

children had been out of the home for twelve months and that, despite DHS’s meaningful

effort to help the parents rehabilitate the home and correct the conditions that led to removal,

those conditions had not been remedied. This appeal follows. 

II. Points on Appeal

On appeal, Sanford asserts that the circuit court erred in finding sufficient evidence of

each statutory ground relied upon in terminating his parental rights. Sanford argues that the

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amount of time to which he was sentenced does not constitute a substantial portion of the

children’s lives. Sanford also argues that he was not given proper notice of any subsequent

factors that arose after the filing of the original petition because he had not been included in

the case plan and because the first notice he received of the subsequent factors was in the

petition for termination. 

Sanford also asserts that termination of his parental rights is not in his children’s best

interest because he presents no potential harm to them as set forth in Arkansas Code

Annotated section 9-27-341(b)(3)(A)(ii).2 Specifically, Sanford contends that the circuit court

erred by considering his conduct that occurred before the emergency petition was filed. He

also argues that the best-interest determination was in error because he would be employed

and have a home upon his release from prison in four months. 

Having conducted a de novo review of the evidence, we are not left with a distinct

and firm conviction that a mistake was made; and therefore, we affirm. 

III. Standard of Review

We review termination-of-parental-rights cases de novo. Dinkins v. Ark. Dep’t of

Human Servs., 344 Ark. 207, 40 S.W.3d 286 (2001). At least one statutory ground must exist,

in addition to a finding that it is in the child’s best interest to terminate parental rights; these

must be proved by clear and convincing evidence. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-341 (Supp. 2013); 

The question we must answer on appeal is whether the circuit court’s finding that the

2Sanford does not challenge the second factor of the best-interest determination,

adoptability, and concedes that the children are adoptable. 

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disputed fact was proved by clear and convincing evidence is clearly erroneous. Fields v. Ark.

Dep’t of Human Servs., 104 Ark. App. 37, 43, 289 S.W.3d 134, 138–39 (2008). In determining

whether a finding is clearly erroneous, we give due deference to the opportunity of the circuit

court to judge the credibility of the witnesses. Matlock v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs., 2015

Ark. App. 184, at 6, 458 S.W.3d 253, 256. 

IV. Applicable Law and Analysis

Termination of parental rights is an extreme remedy and in derogation of the natural

rights of the parents. Osborne v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs., 98 Ark. App. 129, at 133, 252

S.W.3d 138, 141 (2007). Parental rights, however, will not be enforced to the detriment or

destruction of the health and well-being of the child. Id. The intent behind the terminationof-parental-rights statute is to provide permanency in a child’s life when it is not possible to

return the child to the family home because it is contrary to the child’s health, safety, or

welfare, and return to the family home cannot be accomplished in a reasonable period of time

as viewed from the child’s perspective. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-341(a)(3). A parent’s past

behavior is often a good indicator of future behavior. Stephens v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs.,

2013 Ark. App. 249, 427 S.W.3d 160. In deciding whether to terminate the parental rights

of a party, the circuit court has a duty to look at the entire picture of how that parent has

discharged his duties as a parent. Friend v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs., 2009 Ark. App. 606,

at 14, 344 S.W.3d 670, 677.

A. Best Interest

To terminate parental rights, a circuit court must find by clear and convincing evidence

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that doing so is in the best interest of the juvenile, while considering (1) the likelihood that

the juvenile will be adopted if the termination petition is granted and (2) the potential harm,

specifically addressing the effect on the health and safety of the child, caused by returning the

child to the custody of the parent. Hamman v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs., 2014 Ark. App.

295, 435 S.W.3d 495. The potential-harm inquiry must be viewed in a forward-looking

manner and in broad terms; there is no requirement that actual harm would result or that the

circuit court identify the potential harm. Knuckles v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs., 2015 Ark.

App. 463, ___ S.W.3d ___. There is no requirement that every factor considered be

established by clear and convincing evidence; instead, after considering all factors, the

evidence must be clear and convincing that termination is in the child’s best interest. Hamman,

supra. 

Here, Sanford concedes that his children are adoptable, and he challenges only the

court’s finding of potential harm. He asserts that he has a job with a tree service available to

him upon his release in a few months, and he explains that, as a member of the Ho-Chunk

tribe, he is eligible for assistance in finding a place to live and receives a quarterly disbursement

check of $2700 as income, in addition to what he would make with the tree service. The crux

of his argument is that if the court were to allow him more time, he would be able to provide

a stable home for his children. 

At the termination hearing, Sanford admitted that he had left his children with their

drug-abusing mother, in part, because he recognized that it was an unhealthy environment

for him. He admitted that it was not a healthy environment for the children, either. Sanford

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also agreed that he owed around $10,000 in unpaid child support to the mother of his child

from a previous relationship. Sanford testified that, though he had a job lined up and would

receive help finding a home, he was incarcerated and would continue to be incarcerated for

four more months, possibly longer. 

The court’s findings that Sanford failed to protect his children from the environment

created by the mother’s drug abuse, that Sanford had a history of not supporting his child

from a previous relationship, and the court’s finding that Sanford was currently incarcerated

and therefore had no stable home at the time of the termination hearing and for the next few

months, support the court’s finding of potential harm. Looking at the testimony overall, the

potential harm to the children if his parental rights were not terminated is clear: Sanford had

a history of putting his needs above those of his children, and the children would remain in

DHS’s custody for an undetermined amount of time waiting for Sanford to be released from

incarceration, get a suitable home, and begin employment. K.S. and A.S., who have already

been in DHS’s custody for approximately nineteen months, would be required to linger in

DHS custody until Sanford is released from jail, and perhaps longer to allow Sanford to find

a suitable home. We have held that “this kind of wait-and-see is the definition of the

instability that the termination statute is intended to protect children from.” Hamman, 2014

Ark. App. 295, at 11, 435 S.W.3d at 502. We find no error in the circuit court’s finding that

it was in the children’s best interest to terminate Sanford’s parental rights. 

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B. Statutory Grounds

1. Incarcerated a substantial period of the children’s lives

Having affirmed the circuit court’s best-interest determination, we turn to the separate,

but closely related, point that Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-27-341(b)(3)(B)(viii) (Supp.

2013) provides for termination “when [t]he parent is sentenced in a criminal proceeding for

a period of time that would constitute a substantial period of the juvenile’s life[.]” We look

at the length of the prison sentence, not the potential release date, when reviewing whether

this statutory ground was met. Fields, 104 Ark. App. at 43, 289 S.W.3d at 148. Only one

statutory ground is necessary to terminate parental rights. Smith v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs.,

2013 Ark. App. 753, at 5, 431 S.W.3d 364, 367. The statutory ground of incarceration for

a substantial portion of a child’s life does not require DHS to provide meaningful efforts to

rehabilitate the parents. Moses v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs., 2014 Ark. App. 466, 5, 441

S.W.3d 54, 57. A child’s need for permanency and stability may override a parent’s request

for more time to improve the parent’s circumstances. Dozier v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs.,

2010 Ark. App. 17, 372 S.W.3d 849. 

 The uncontroverted evidence is that Sanford was incarcerated for the entire nineteen

months of the case–from the original removal from the home in June 2013 to the time of the

termination hearing in January 2015–and still had four months to serve. Sanford had begun

serving his six-month sentence in the Miller County jail in December 2014, and he testified

that he expected to be released in May 2015, bringing his total time of incarceration to

twenty-three months. This amount of time constituted nearly one-third of A.S.’s life and one11
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half of K.S.’s. We hold that the circuit court did not clearly err in terminating Sanford’s

parental rights. 

We need not address the issues Sanford raises concerning the other statutory grounds

because only one statutory ground is necessary to terminate parental rights. Ark. Code Ann.

§ 9-27-341(b)(3)(B); See, Tankersley v. Ark. Dep’t of Human Servs., 2012 Ark. App. 109, at 8,

389 S.W.3d 96, 100. 

VI. Conclusion

We hold that the circuit court did not clearly err in finding clear and convincing

evidence of the statutory ground under Arkansas Code Annotated section 9-27-

341(b)(3)(B)(viii) and that it was in the children’s best interest to terminate Sanford’s parental

rights. Because the circuit court did not clearly err, we affirm. 

Affirmed. 

GLOVER and VAUGHT, JJ., agree. 

Dusti Standridge, for appellant.

Tabitha B. McNulty, Office of Chief Counsel, for appellee.

Chrestman Group, PLLC, by: Keith L. Chrestman, attorney ad litem for minor children.

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