### IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 48556

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- II Respondent,

v. STARLA RENEE CLEMENS, UNPUBLISHED OPINION Appellant.
L EE , J.

— Starla Renee Clemens appeals her convictions for three counts of delivery of a controlled substance

– methamphetamine within 1,000 feet of a school or school bus route stop and

o ne count of possession of a controlled substance

– methamphetamine. S he c ontends the trial court erred by not entering written findings of fact and con c lusions of law following the CrR 3.5 hearing and sufficient evidence does not exist to support the finding that she delivered the methamphetamine within 1,000 feet of a school o r school bus route stop. In her statement of additional grounds for review (SAG), Clemens claims that the purse in which the of ficers located methamphetamine was not her purse and that the confidential informant used a different last name when signing paperwork. We affirm.
FACTS The State charged Clemens with three counts of delivery of a controlled substance

– methamphetamine a nd one count of possession of a controlled substance

– methamphetamine. The delivery counts included a special allegation that they took place within 1,000 feet of a school or Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two July 25, 2017No. 48556

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school bus route stop. Clemens moved to suppress her statements made at the time of arrest under CrR 3.5 . The trial court concluded that Clemens ’ s statements were admissible. The trial court did
not enter w ritten findings of fact and conclusions of law. During trial, Chivonne Sampson, a confidential informant for the Grays Harbor County Drug Task Force , testified that she made three controlled buys from Clemens

. The controlled buys occurred in June and July of 2013 at Clemens ’ s home located at 208 North Washington Street in Aberdeen. Aberdeen Police Officer Ron Bradbury testified that when he arrested Clemens , he located methamphetamine in her purse. Clemons confess ed that she had “ dealt drugs in the past, ” and that the substance found in her purse was an “ eight ball of metha m phetamine ” for her own personal

use. 2 Verba tim Report of Proceedings (VRP) at 276

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. Regarding the special allegation that the delivery charges occurred with in 1,000 feet of a school or school bus route stop, the State called Hoquiam Police Officer Joe Strong. He testified that during the first controlled buy, his role was to act as surveillance . He set up north of 208 North Washington “ a couple of blocks, near Harbor High School. ” 1 VRP at 33. Officer Strong testified that he estimate d the high school was “ a bout 600 feet ” from 208 North Wash ington. 1
VRP at 68

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. Officer Bradbury also te stified regarding his surveillance on 208 North Washington during the controlled buys

. H e testified that during this time, he observed school bus stops in the area based on his observations of children getting on and off a school bus

. O fficer Bradbury identified

a stop located at the corner of First Street and Alder Street as a school bus stop that he observed at the time he was conducting surveillance of the controlled buys at 208 North Washin gton

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The State also introduced a map showing the locations of the school and school bus route stops within 1,000 feet of Clemens ’ s home at 208 North Washington

. The map shows that both Harbor High School and the bus stop identified by Officer Bradbury at the corner of First Street and Alder Street were within 1,000 feet of 208 North Washington. This map was prepared by Daniel Ehreth, a geographic information syst ems (GIS) analyst for Grays Harbor County ’ s central services department with the assistance of Ernie Lott, transportation director for the Aberdeen and Hoquiam S chool D istricts. Lott testified that the map had been prepared “ [s]everal months ” prior to the J anuary 2016 trial. 2 VRP at 308. Ehreth testified that his final revision on the map was on

“ October 6 th [2015]

. ” 2 VRP at 316. The jury found Clemens guilty of three counts of delivery of a controlled substance

– methamphetamine and one count of possession of a controlled substance

– methamphetamine. The jury also returned special verdicts finding that Clemens was within 1,000 feet of a school or school bus route stop when delivering the methamphetamine. Clemens appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. S CHOOL OR S CHO OL B US R OUTE S TOP Clemens first argues that the State failed to show that the school or school bus route stops testified to at trial existed on the days of her offenses. We disagree. In every criminal prosecution, due process requires that the State prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, every fact necessary to constitute the charged crime. In re Winship , 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970). We review a jury ’ s special verdict finding under the sufficiency of the evidence standard. State v. Stubbs , 170 Wn.2d 117, 123, 240 P.3d 143 (2010). T he proper inquiry is “ whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable toNo. 48556

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the State, any rational trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. ” State v. Salinas , 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). “ [A]ll reasonable inferences from the evidence must be drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly against the defendant. ” Id . We give equal weight to circumstantial and direct evidence. State v. Hermann , 138 Wn. App. 596, 602, 158 P.3d 96 (2007). And we defer to the trier of fact on issues of conflicting testimony, credibility of witnesses, and persuasiveness of the evidence. State v. Killingsworth , 166 Wn. App. 283, 287, 269 P.3d 1064, review denied , 174 Wn.2d 1007 (2012). RCW 69.50.435(1)(c) and (d) create sentence enhancements for anyone who delivers drugs

“ [w]ithin one thousand feet of a school bus route stop designated by the school district ” or

“ [w]ithin one thousand feet of the perimeter of the school grounds. ” This requires a showing that the distance from the school or school bus route stop to the location of the drugs was less than 1,000 feet, according to some type of accurate, objective, and verifiable measuring device such as
a map with a measuring scale, measuring tape, pacing, or other commonly accepted method

. State v. Hennessey , 80 Wn. App. 190, 195, 907 P.2d 331 (1995)

. Here, t he State introduced a map showing the locations of the schools and school bus route stops within 1,0 00 feet of Clemens ’ s home. This map was prepared by a GIS analyst. The transportation director for the Aberdeen and Hoquiam S chool D istricts assisted in preparing the map. While the map was prepared in October 2015 and the controlled buys occurred in J une and July, 2013, Officer Strong testified that he conducted surveillance for the buys at the nearby Harbor High School, which he estimated to be a couple blocks or “ a bout 600 feet ” from 208 North Washington. 1 VRP at 68

- 69. Officer Bradbury also testif ied regarding his surveillance on 208 North Washington during the controlled buys. He testified that during this time, he observed aNo. 48556

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school bus route stop on the corner of First Street and Alder Street

. This stop is identified on the prepared map as being within 1,000 feet of 208 North Washington

. Viewing all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the State and giving equal weight to circumstantial and direct evidence, a school or school bus route stop w as within 1,000 feet of Cleme ns ’ s home located at 208 North Washington when Clemens delivered the methamphetamine in June and July 2013 . A ccordingly, we hold that the State produced sufficient evidence to support the jury ’ s special verdicts.
II. C R R 3.5 W RITTEN F INDINGS Clemens n ext contends that the trial court erred by failing to enter written findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to CrR 3.5 (c) and that remand is required. T he State concedes that the f indings and conclusion s were not formally entered and argues the p roper reme dy is remand. W e disagree that remand is necessary

. Under CrR 3.5(c), a trial court is required to enter written findings. But the absence of written findings is harmless if a trial court ’ s oral ruling is sufficient to permit appellate review. State v. Weller , 185 Wn. App. 913, 923, 344 P.3d 695, review denied , 183 Wn.2d 1010 (2015).
O ur record includes the trial court ’ s oral ruling

. And Clemens does not challenge the substance or merit s of the court ’ s ruling regarding the admissibility of h er statements. The a bsence of written findings following a CrR 3.5 hearing is not grounds for reversal without a showing of prejudice. State v. Thompson , 73 Wn. App. 122, 130, 867 P.2d 691 (1994). Since Clemens does not argue that prejudice resulted from the failure of the trial court to enter written findings andNo. 48556

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conclusions and she acknowledges that the court ruled orally, any error would be harmless. Id.
W e , therefore, decline to order the trial court to enter written findings and conclusions in this case

. III. S TATEMENT OF A DDITIONAL G ROUNDS ( SAG ) I SSUES In her SAG, Clemens contends police misidentified her in a photograph, the methamphetamine located at the time of her arrest was actually in a bag that did not belong to her, the automobile she was stopped in did not belong to her, and the informant signed paperwork using a different last name. Clemens does not adequately inform this court of the nature and occurren ce of any alleged errors to warrant review. RAP 10.10(c); State v. Gauthier , 189 Wn. App. 30, 43

- 44, 354 P.3d 900 (2015), review denied , 185 Wn.2d 1010 (2016). Moreover, she raises issues outside our record. Issues involving facts outside of the record are properly raised in a personal restraint petition, rather than a SAG. State v. McFarland , 127 Wn.2d 322, 335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). Accordingly, we decline to reach Clemens ’ s SAG issues.
IV. A PPELLATE C OST S Clemens requests that we decline to impose appellate costs against her if the State prevails on this appeal and makes a proper request. A commissioner of this court will determine appellate costs in due course under RAP 14.2 if the State decides to fil e a cost bill and Clemens objects

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We affirm. A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.

Lee, J. We concur:

Johanson, J.

Maxa, A.C.J.