# Importation of Fresh Fruit of Litchi ( **Litchi chinensis ),**  **Longan (**  **Dimocarpus longan ), and Rambutan**  **( Nephelium**  **lappaceum ) into the Continental United States from ASEAN**  **Countries**

**A Qualitative, Pathway**

**- initiated Pest Risk Assessment** 

**August 15**  **, 2011** 

**Ver. 2** 

**Agency Contact:**
Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology
United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 ii 

## Executive Summary

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this document to examine plant pest risks associated with the importation of fresh litchi (or lychee) ( Litchi chinensis Sonn. ) , longan ( Dimocarpus longan Lour. ) , and rambutan (

Nephelium lappaceum L. ) (Sapindaceae) fruit into the continental United States from the following member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.
We developed a list of pests reported in one or more of the ASEAN member countries and reported as attacking litchi, longan, and/or rambutan based on the scientific literature, port

- of

entry pest interception data, an d information provided by the countries. We determined which pests are quarantine pests likely to follow the commodity pathway , and consequently are candidates for risk mitigation measures. Additionally , we determined if the agency

- approved generic dose of irradiation (400 Gy), which mitigates the risk from all insect pests except for Lepidoptera pupae and adults, is adequate to provide phy tosanitary security or if other phy tosanitary measures may

be required. For quarantine pests likely to follow the commo dity pathway and for which irradiation treatment is not currentl y approved b y APHI S, we estimated their unmitigated risks.
From the pest list, we identified 48 quarantine pests as likely to follow one or more of the commodity

pathway s from at least one AS EAN country :

**Pest Taxonomy Pest Scientific Name**  **Pathway Arthropods**  Acari: Eriophyidae Aceria litchii (Keifer) Litchi, Longan Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) Longan Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) Litchi Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock Rambutan Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) Litchi, Rambutan Coccus discrepans Green Longan Coccus viridis (Green) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Drepanococcus chiton (Green) Longan Taiwansaissetia formicarii (Green) Longan (with stems) Hemiptera: Kerridae Kerria greeni (Chamberlin) Longan (with stems) Kerria lacca (Kerr) Litchi, Longan (with stems) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Crisicoccus theobromae Williams & Watson Rambutan Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) Longan, Rambutan Exallomochlus philippinensis Williams Longan, Rambutan Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Longan, Rambutan Maconellicoccus multipori (Takahashi) RambutanPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 iii **Pest Taxonomy Pest Scientific Name**  **Pathway** Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Paracoccus interceptus Lit Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Planococcus litchi Cox Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Planococcus minor (Maskell) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Pseudococcus aurantiacus Williams Rambutan Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) Rambutan Rastrococcus jabadiu Williams Rambutan Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Williams Rambutan Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae Dichomeris indiserta Meyr. Rambutan Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen Rambutan Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley Litchi, Longan Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Deudorix diovis Hewitson Litchi, Longan Deudorix epijarbas (Moore) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae Stathmopoda conioma Mey rick Rambutan Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière Rambutan Tirathaba mundella Walker Rambutan Tirathaba ruptilinea Walker Rambutan Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Archips mimicus Walsingham Rambutan Cryptophlebia illepida Butler Litchi, Rambutan Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Gatesclarkeana erotias Meyrick Litchi Lobesia aeolopa Meyrick Litchi Ophiorrhabda cellifera Meyrick Rambutan Thysanoptera: Thripidae Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood Longan **Fungi** Ascomycetes: Erysiphales Oidium nephelii Hadiwidjaja Rambutan Oomycetes: Pythiales Phytophthora litchii (C.C. Chen ex W.H. Ko, H.S. Chang, H.J. Su, C.C. Chen & L.S. Leu) Voglmayr, Göker, Riethm. & Oberw. Litchi



### The irradiation treatment, along with standard post

- harvest processing, should mitigate the risks from all the insects listed above. Additional measures may be required to mitigate risks associated with the mite pest, Aceria litchii
, and the fungal pathogens, Oidium nephelii and Phytophthora litchii

. Irradiation should cause some mortality in these pests, but will not completely

mitigate the risk. Because irradiation does not completely mitigate these pests, we anal y zed them further

. We found **Medium** Pest Risk Potentials for Aceria litch i i
, Oidium nephelii

, and Phytophthora litchii

.
Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phy tosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHI S and are not addressed in this document.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 iv 

## Table of Contents

**Executive Summary**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ......................**  **ii**
**1. Introduction**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **1** 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 1 1.2. Standard Post

- Harvest Processing and Quarantine Treatment

................................ ....... 2
**2. Risk Assessment**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ .........................**  **3** 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

................................ ................................ ................... 3 2.2. Assessment of the Weed Potential of Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

............................ 3 2.3. Current Status

................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 4 2.4. Pest Categorization

................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 6 2.5. Analy sis of Quarantine Pests

................................ ................................ ........................ 76
**3. Authors and Reviewers**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ ............**  **86**
**4. Literature Cited**

**................................ ................................**  **................................ .......................**  **86**Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 1 

## 1. Introduction

**1.1. Background**

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment to examine the plant pest risks associated with the importation of fresh fruit of litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.), longan ( Dimocarpus longan Lo ur.), and rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum L. ) (Sapindaceae) into the continental United States from the following eight Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) me mber countries: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malay sia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam (Figure 1). The two ASEAN countries not included in this list are Burma (Myanmar), and Singapore. Sy nony ms for the commodities are as follows: Nephelium litchi Cambess for litchi; N. longana Cambess., Euphoria longana Steud., and E. longana Lam. for longan; and E. nephelium DC. and Dimocarpus crinita Lo uri for rambutan (Morton, 1987b).

W e identified wh ich pests are quarantine pests likely to follow the commodity pathway s and consequentl y are candidates for risk mitigation measures. Additionally, we determined if the agency
- approved generic irradiation treatment ( 400 Gy) is adequate to provide phy tosanitary security or if other measures may be required. PPQ recognizes irradiation as an approved generic treatment for all imported fruits and vegetables for all plant pests of the class Insecta other than pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera (PPQ, 2011c).
The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided b y the IPPC, specificall y the International Standard for Phyt osanitary Measures (ISPM) on Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Anal ys is of Environmental Risks and L iving Modified Organisms (IPPC, 2009: ISPM #11). Our use of biological and phy tosanitary terms is consistent with the Glossary

of Phy tosanitary Terms (IPPC, 2009: I S PM #5). Three stages of pest risk anal ys is are described in international standards: Stage 1, Initiation ; Stage 2 Risk Assessment ; and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stages 1 and 2.
This is a qualitative risk anal ys i s; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements related to the probability

and consequences of litchi, longan, and rambutan fruits imported from the ASEAN

c ountries. The details of the methodology and rating criteria are in the Guidelines for Pathway

Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). For the purposes of this assessment, High, Medium, and Low probabilities will be defined as: High: mo re likel y to occur than not to occur Medium: as likely

to occur as not to occur Low: less likel y to occur than not to occur
The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. I dentification of appropriate phyt osanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any , for this commodity

import is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management) and is not addressed in this document.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 2 **Figure 1.** Map of the eight ASEAN member countries considered in this risk asses sment.

**1.2. Standard Post**

**- Harvest Processing**  **and Quarantine Treatment**
Standard post

- harvest processing information is not available for all the country /commodity combinations assessed here. For litchi, longan, and rambutan from Vietnam, and for rambutan from Malay sia, the exporting countries state that the fruit will be sorted (culled) for quality and pest absence, followed by packaging in specific materials, such as plastic film or containers (Othman et al., 2004; PPD, 2005, 2007a, 2007b). Culling and p ackaging are expected standard practices for all commercial quality litchi, longan, and rambutan fruit (e.g., Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Holcroft et al., 2005; Lim and Diczbalis, 1998; Menzel and McConchie, 1998a; Nakasone and Paull, 1998 ), so we assume that all three commodities from all eight ASEAN countries here will undergo, at a minimum, these two steps as part of post

- harvest processing. Also, we assumed that, if warranted by the identification of insect quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway , the commodities would undergo generic irradiation treatment ( 400 Gy) as a phy tosanitary measure. These processes will be subject to verification and compliance checks.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 3 

## 2. Risk **Assessment**

**2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action**
We prepared this commodity

- based, pathway

- initiated pest risk assessment in response to requests for the USDA’s authorization to allow the importation of fresh litchi, longan, and rambutan fruit from multiple ASEAN countries into the continental United States. The

movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries into the United States is regulated in 7 CFR §319.56 (2011). Currentl y, except for Thailand, the entry of fresh litchi, longan, and rambutan fruit from the ASEAN countries into the continental United States is not authorized under 7 CFR §31 9 .56; the governments of multiple ASEAN countries seek a change in this Federal Regulation to allow entry

. **2.2. Assessment of the Weed Potential of Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan**
If the species considered for import poses a risk as a weed pest, then a “pest

- initiated” risk assessment is conducted. The results of the weed potential screenings for litchi, longan, and rambutan did not prompt a pest

- initiated risk assessment (Tables 1

- 3).

**Table 1.** Determining the weed potenti al of litchi

. **Scientific name** : Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Sapindaceae) **Common Names:** Lychee, Litchi, Leechee, Lichee, Lichi, Litchia (NGRP, 2005) **Synonyms:** Nephelium litchi Cambess (Morton, 1987b) **Phase 1:** Distribution in the United States : U.S. distribution includes south Florida,

California, and Hawaii (Morton, 1987b). Litchi is native to China. Currently , it is cultivated worldwide in the subtropical regions. **Phase 2:** Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as weed No 7 CFR § 360, 2005; Gunn and Ritchie, 1988; Holm et al., 1997; Holm et al., 1991; Holm et al., 1977; Randall, 2005; Reed, 1977; Skinner et al., 2005; Swearingen, 2005; Weber, 2003; WSSA, 2005 No Other scientific literature. **Phase 3:** Summary

and Conclusions: A review of the literature did not indicate Litchi chinensis is an invasive species. Thus, litchi fruits may be considered for import following an appropriate pest risk assessment. **Conclusion** Proceed with the pest risk assessment.

**Table 2.** Determining the weed potential of longan

. **Scientific name** : Dimocarpus longan Lo ur. (Sapindaceae) **Common Names:** Longan, L onganier (NGRP, 2005) **Synonyms:** Euphoria longana Steud., Euphoria longana Lam., Nephelium longana Cambess. (Morton, 1987b) **Phase 1:** Distribution in the United States: Native to China and southeast Asia, longan isPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 4

cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including South Florida, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii (Crane et al., 2001; Morton, 1987b). **Phase 2:** Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as weed No 7 CFR § 360, 2005; Gunn and Ritchie, 1988; Holm et al., 1997; Holm et al., 1991; Holm et al., 1977; Reed, 1977; Skinner et al., 2005; Swearingen, 2005; Weber, 2003; WSSA, 2005 Yes A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2005). Yes Other scientific literature (see below). **Phase 3:** Summary

and Conclusions: The Global Compendium of Weeds lists longan as a weedy species (Randall, 2005) . The original reference cited b y the Compendium reports onl y one case where longan has naturaliz ed (IRC, 2005). This single occurrence is insufficient evidence to conclude that longan is an invasive species. This species was introduced to South Florida in 1903 and has not become invasive (Morton, 1987b ) . Furthermore, no other member of this genus has been reported to be weedy (Randall, 2005). Thus, it is recommended that longan fruits be considered for import following an appropriate pest risk assessment. **Conclusion** Proceed with the pest risk assessment.

**Table 3.** Determining the weed potential of rambutan

. **Scientific name:** Nephelium lappaceum L. (Sapindaceae) **Common Names:** Rambutan, Litchi chevelu (NGRP, 2005) **Synonyms:** Euphoria nephelium DC., Dimocarpus crinita Lo uri (Morton, 1987b). **Phase 1:** Distribution in the United States: Rambutan is native to tropical Asia, where it is

cultivated for its edible fruits (Morton, 1987b). It is also cultivated in other tropical areas including Hawaii (Zee, 1995a) and probably Puerto Rico as well. **Phase 2:** Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as weed

No 7 CFR § 360, 2005; Gunn and Ritchie, 1988; Holm et al., 1997; Holm et al., 1991; Holm et al., 1977; Randall, 2005; Reed, 1977; Skinner et al., 2005; Swearingen, 2005; Weber, 2003; WSSA, 2005 No Other scientific literature. **Phase 3:** Summary

and Conclusions: Rambutan is not listed by any available source as an invasive or weedy species (see above). Based on a description of its biology and germination requirements (Morton, 1987b; Zee, 1995a), it seems unlikely that it could become invasive. Therefore, fresh fruits of rambutan seem suitable for import following an appropriate pest risk assessment. **Conclusion** Proceed with the pest risk assessment

.

**2.3. Current Status**
As stated above, with the exception of Thailand, the entry of fresh litchi, longan, and rambutan fruit from ASEAN countries into the United States is currentl y not authorized under 7 CFR §319. Litchi, longan, and rambutan fruit for consumption may enter the continental United States fromPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 5 others areas of Asia/Oceania under certain entry requirements (T able 4) (APHI S, 2011; PPQ, 2011a, 2011b; query

made February

24, 2011).

**Table 4.** Countries or regions in Asia/Oceania from which litchi, longan, and rambutan fruit are permitted entry

into the continental United States (APHI S, 2011; PPQ, 2011a, 2011b, 20 11c). **Commodity Country** **/State Requirement for Entry**  Litchi China 1) cold treatment (T107

-h), 2) prohibited entry into Florida, 3) subject to inspection at the port of entry and all general requirements of 7 CFR 319.56

- 3 India 1) cold treatment (T107

-h), 2) prohibited entry into Florida, 3) subject to

inspection at the port of entry and all general requirements of 7 CFR 319.56

- 3 Taiwan 1) cold treatment (T107

-h), 2) prohibited entry into Florida, 3) subject to

inspection at the port of entry and all general requirements of 7 CFR 319.56

- 3, Thailand 1) commercial consignments only, 2) irradiation treatment (T105

- a
- 2), 2)

subject to inspection at the port of entry and all general requirements of 7 CFR 319.56

- 3, 3) must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate with two additional declarations stating that: "The fruit has been treated with irradiation in Thailand” and "The litchis were inspected during preclearance activities and found free of Peron ophythora litchi " Hawaii 1) hot water immersion (T102

- d), irradiation (T105

- a
- 1), or vapor heat

treatment (T106

- f), 2) prohibited entry into Florida Longan China 1) cold treatment (T107

-h), 2) prohibited entry into Florida, 3) subject to inspection at the port of entry and all general requirements of 7 CFR 319.56

- 3 Taiwan 1) cold treatment (T107

-h), 2) commercial consignments only, 3)

prohibited entry into Florida, 4) subject to inspection at the port of entry and all general requirements of 7 CFR 319.56

- 3, 5) must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate with an additional declaration stating that the fruit is free of Conogethes punctiferalis
, Cryptophlebia ombrodelta
, and Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Thailand 1) irradiation treatment (T105

- a
- 2), 2) commercial consignments only, 3)

prohibited entry into Florida, 4) subject to inspection at the port of entry and all general requirements of 7 CFR 319.56

- 3, 5) must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate with an additional declaration stating that “The fruit has been treated with irradiation in Thailand” Hawaii hot water immersion (T102

- d), irr adiation (T105

- a
- 1), or vapor heat

treatment (T106

- f) Rambutan Thailand 1) irradiation treatment (T105

- a
- 2), 2) commercial consignments only, 3) subject to inspection at the port of entry and all general requirements of 7 CFR 319.56

- 3, 5) must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate with an additional declaration stating that “The fruit has been treated with irradiation in Thailand” Hawaii high temperature forced air (T103

- e), irradiation (T105

- a
- 1), or vapor

heat treatment (T106

- g)Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 6 **2.4. Pest Categorization** 
2.4.1. Pests associated with litchi, longan, and rambutan Below we list the pests associated with litchi, longan, and/or rambutan that are reported in at least one of the countries on any host (Table 5) . We identify and provide references for the presence or absence of these pests in the United States; the affected plant part or parts; the quarantine status of the pest; and if the quarantine pests are likel y to follow the pathway and enter the continental United States on commerc ial litchi, longan, and/or rambutan fruit. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information provided b y ASEAN member countries. Pests in s haded rows are quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

of commercial fruit shipments and selected for further anal ys is because they are candidates for risk mitigation. We summarize these pests in a separate table (Table 6).
We do not provide information on plant part association and if the pest i s likely to follow the pathway for non

- quarantine pests. Even if non

- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway
, phy tosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already occur in the continental United States. Therefore, for non

- quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not applicable).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 7 **Table 5.** Plant pests reported on litchi, longan, and/or rambutan (in any country) and present on any host in one or more of the ASEAN member countries (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malay sia, the P hilippines, Thailand, Vietnam)

. **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **ARTHROPODS Acari: Eriophyidae**  Abacarus euphoriae Keifer TH (Davis et al., 1982) Am rine and Stasny, 1994; Davis et al., 1982 Yes L (Anonymous, 2003) No

Aceria litchii (Keifer) (Syn.: Eriophyes litchi Keifer) TH (Waterhouse, 1993); VN (Tru, 2008); US (HI) (Amrine and Stasny, 1994) Waite and

Elder, 1999; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Waterhouse, 1993 Taiwan, 2002 Yes L, I, F (Biosecurity Australia, 2002) Yes

Aceria longana Boczek & Knihinicki TH (Anupunt, 2003a) Anupunt, 2003a Yes young L, I (Anupunt, 2003a) No

**Acari: Tarsonemidae** Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (C.I.E., 1986) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 No N/A N/A

Tarsonemus sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) 4 Yes

1 BN=Brunei; KH=Cambodia; ID=Indonesia; LA=Laos; MY=Malaysia; PH=Philippines; TH=Thailand; VN=Vietnam; US=United States; HI=Haw aii; a Pest has been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry one or more times on plant commodities originating from one or more of the ASEAN countries in question ( PestID, 2009 ). b This organism may or may not occur in other countries within the ASEAN region; however, because this species is a non

- quarantine pest, additional research to delimit the entire regional distribution was not warranted. c This organism may or may not occur in other countries within the ASEAN region; however, because this species does not follow the pathway, additional researc h to delimit the entire regional distribution was not warranted. 2 Brackets around the quarantine status designation indicate that the pest has a limited distribution in the continental United States and is either under official control or under consideration for official control. 3 Plant Parts: Bk = Bark, Br = Branches, F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, L = Leaves/Foliage, R = Root, Sd = Seed, Sh = Shoot
, S t = Stem , Tr = Trunk, Tw = T wi g, and W = Wood

. 4 Tarsonemus sp

. wa s intercepted seven times at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on longan fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2009 ).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 8 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Acari: Tenuipalpidae** Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) MY, PH, TH (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2005) van den Berg et

al., 2001 No N/A N/A

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2004; Jeppson et al., 1975) CABI, 2006 Biosecurity Australia, 2002 No N/A N/A

**Acari: Tetranychidae** Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) MY, PH, TH, VN (Bolland et al., 1998) Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2004; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (CABI, 2004) No

Oligonychus biharensis (Hirst) (Syn.: Paratetranychus hawaiiensis) MY, PH, TH (Bolland et al., 1998); US (HI) (Bolland et al., 1998) Bolland et al.,

1998; Morton, 1987b; Moutia, 1958 Wongsiri,

1991 Yes L (Moutia, 1958; Wongsiri, 1991) No

Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Bolland et al., 1998); US (CABI, 2005) Bolland et al.,

1998; Waite and Hwang, 2002 No N/A N/A

Oligonychus mangiferus (Rahman & Sapra) TH (Bolland et al., 1998; Waterhouse, 1993); US (HI) (Jeppson et al., 1975) Bolland et al.,

1998 Yes L (Jeppson et al., 1975) No

Oligonychus thelytokus Gutierrez ID (Bolland et al., 1998) Bolland et al.,

1998; Gutierrez, 1977 Yes L (Gutierrez, 1977) No

Tetranychus urticae Koch [Syn.: Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.)] ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Bolland et al., 1998); US (Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2004) Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Tindall, 1994 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 9 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Coleoptera: Bostrichidae** Sinoxylon anale (Lesne) ID, PH, TH (EPPO, 2005) Biosecurity Australia, 2002 No 5 N/A N/A

Xylopsocus capucinus Fabricius KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (Woodruff et al., 2005); US (Woodruff et al., 2005) Quilici et al.,

1988; Woodruff et al., 2005 Woodruff et al., 2005 No N/A N/A

Heterobostrychus aequalis Waterhouse TH (Anonymous, 1965a); ID, MY, PH, TH (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 1965a No N/A N/A

**Coleoptera: Cerambycidae** Aristobia approximator (Thomson) VN (Kawabe and Ito, 2003); TH (AFFA, 2004) AFFA, 2004 Yes Br (AFFA, 2004) No

Dialeges sp. TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Anonymous, 1965a Yes W (Beeson, 1922; Browne, 1949; Thapa, 1970) No

Niphonoclea albata Newman PH (Waterhouse, 1993) Morton, 1987b Yes Tw (CABI, 2006) No

**Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae** Aulacophora femoralis (Motschulsky) VN (Waterhouse, 1993) AFFA, 2004 AFFA, 2004 Yes L (AFFA, 2004) No
Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) ID, LA, MY, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2006) AFFA, 2004 AFFA, 2004 No N/A N/A

5 Sinoxylon sp. and S. anale are actionable only for HI, the Virgin Islands , and Puerto Rico ; otherwise they are “non

- reportable” ( PestI D, 2009 ).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 10 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Coleoptera: Coccinellidae** Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius) [Syn.: Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius)] IN, LA, MY, TH, VT (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 2003 Yes L, I, F (CABI, 2003) No 6

**Coleoptera: Curculionidae** Apoderus javanica Jek. MY (Yunus and Ho, 1980) Yunus and Ho, 1980 Yes L (Yunus and Ho, 1980) No

Hypomeces squamosus (Fabricius) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); TH (Anonymous, 1965a); MY (Khoo et al., 1991) Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993 Anonymous,

1965a; Anupunt, 2003b; CABI, 2006; Khoo et al., 1991; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L, I (Anupunt, 2003b); L (Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991); L, growing points, R (CABI, 2006) No

**Coleoptera: Nitidulidae** Carpophilus dimidiatus (Fabricius) ID, MY, PH, TH (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2006) Yunus and Ho, 1980 No N/A N/A

Carpophilus marginelius Mot. MY (Yunus and Ho, 1980) Yunus and Ho, 1980 No 7 N/A N/A

Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson PH (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2005) CABI, 2005 No N/A N/A

Carpophilus obsoletus Erichson ID, MY (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006 No N/A N/A

6 The eggs of H

. vigintioctopunctata are laid on leaves, the pupae occur externally on leaves and stems, and both the larvae and adults are external feeders ( CABI, 2006 ). Because of its size and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. 7 Carpophilus marginelius is listed as a "non

- reportable" pest in PestID ( PestID, 2009 ).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 11 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae** Adoretus compressus (Weber) TH, VN, MY, BN, ID (Waterhouse, 1993) Hill, 1983; Ooi et al., 2002 Yes F (Hill, 1983) No 8

Adoretus sinicus Burmeister (Syn.: A. tenuimaculatus Waterhouse) TH, VN, MY (Waterhouse, 1993); ID (CABI, 2006); US (HI) (CABI, 2006) Wen et al., 2002 Yes L (Hill, 1983; Wen et al., 2002) No

Adoretus versutus Harold ID, MY (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006 Yes R, Br, decaying vegetation, L, I (CABI, 2005) No

Anomala antiqua ID, MY, TH, VN (Waterhouse, 1993) Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (Waterhouse, 1993) No
Anomala cupripes Hope TH, VN, MY (Waterhouse, 1993) Anonymous, 1965b Waterhouse,

1993 Yes L (Waterhouse, 1993; Wen et al., 2002); L, R (Wang and Liu, 1991) No

Anomala pallida Fabricius TH, MY, ID (Waterhouse, 1993) Waterhouse, 1993 Waterhouse,

1993 Yes L (Waterhouse, 1993) No

Anomala sp. nr. variegata Hope. TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Anonymous, 1965a Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No
Apogonia cribricollis Burmeister MY (Khoo et al., 1991; Waterhouse, 1993); ID, MY (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 2003 Khoo et al.,

1991; Ooi et al., 2002 Yes L, St, R (Anonymous, 2003) No 9

Apogonia expeditionis Rits. MY (Yunus and Ho, 1980) Yunus and Ho, 1980 Yes L (Yunus and Ho, 1980) No
Aprosterna pallida F. TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Anonymous,

1965a Anonymous,

1965a Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No

8 The adults of A

. compressus feed on the fruit of rambutan (Hill, 1983). Many scarabs feed on plant materials such as grasses, foliage, fruits, and flowers, and some are serious pests of various agricultural crops (Borrer et al., 1989). We assume that only the adults attack the fruit, as the literature does not mention larvae feeding on fruit (White, 19 83). Because of the size and mobility of adults, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. 9 Because of its size, biology, and mobility, A

. cribricollis is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 12 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Lepidiota stigma Fabricius ID, MY, TH (CABI, 2007) Anonymous, 2003 Yes R (Anonymous, 2003); R, L (CABI, 2007) No

Maladera birmanica Brske. TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Anonymous, 1965a Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No

Maladera sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) No 10

Xylotrupes gideon (Linnaeus) BN, KH, ID, LA, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006;

Waite and Elder, 2004; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 Yes F (Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Waite and Elder, 2004); R (Waite and Hwang, 2002) No 11

**Coleoptera: Scolytidae** Coccotrypes sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 Yes F, St ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes
Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff) (Syn.: Xyleborus fornicatus Eichhoff) ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (HI) (CABI, 2005) CABI, 2005;

Rai and Bhandary, 1973; Wang and Yuan, 2003 Yes Bk, St, W (CABI, 2005); Tr, Br, F, Sd (Wang and Yuan, 2003); Br (Rai and Bhandary, 1973) No 12

**Diptera: Cecidomyiidae** Lestodiplosis sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 No 13 N/A N/A

10 The only evidence that Maladera sp. attacks fruit of rambutan is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2009 ). This is insufficient evidence that this beetle

wo uld follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels. 11 Only the adults of X

. gideon are reported to feed on fruit ( Waite and Elder, 2004 ). Because of the size and mobility of adults, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. 12 Euwallacea fornicatus is reported on fruit once ( Wang and Yuan, 2003 ); all other literature reports this species on bark, wood, branches, and stem. CABI ( 2005 ) states that fruit are "not known to carry the pest in trade/transport"
, and "plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport" include bark, stems, and wood. Because the larvae reach up to 3.5 mm long ( CABI, 2005 ), they would be unlikely to feed on the small 5 mm stem attached to the litchi fruit. Thus, this beetle seems highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality litchi fruit. 13 Lestodiplosis sp. is listed as “non

- reportable” in the PPQ interception database ( PestID, 2009 ).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 13 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Diptera: Tephritidae** Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) TH (CABI, 2006; White and Elson

Harris, 1992) Allwood et al., 1999; CABI, 2006 Yes F (CABI, 2006) Yes

Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (HI) (CABI, 2004) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 McBride and

Tanada, 1949; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 Yes F, I, R, L, St (CABI, 2005) Yes

(Litchi)
No ( Lon

gan) 14 Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Syn.: Dacus dorsalis Hendel) KH, ID, LA, TH, VN (CABI, 2007); TH, LA, VN, KH (Drew and Hancock, 1994) 15 ; US (HI) (CABI, 2005) CABI, 2006 Allwood et al., 1999; CABI, 2006 Allwood et

al., 1999; CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes F (CABI, 2005; Waterhouse, 1993) Yes

Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock BN, ID, MY, TH (CABI, 2006) Allwood et al., 1999; CABI, 2004 Yes F (CABI, 2006) Yes

Bactrocera sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes

Xarnuta leucotela (Henning) Southeast Asia (Allwood et al., 1999) Allwood et al., 1999 Yes L (Allwood et al., 1999) No

14 We found only two references listing longan as a host of B. cucurbitae ( McBride and Tanada, 1949; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). T he information for longan is based on old , unconfirmed Hawaiian records (White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ), however, and two other references list longan as a “doubtful” (Mc Bride and Tanada, 1949 ) or “possible” host ( Kunishi, 1998 ). Ron Heu, Survey Entomologist with the Hawaii Department of Agriculture, reports that he has no knowledge of B. cucurbitae attacking longan ( Kunishi, 1998). Furthermore, since 1985, despite nearly 3,000 pest interceptions on longans at U.S. ports

- of

- entry, B

. cucurbitae has never been intercepted ( PestID, 2009 ). Thus , if longan is a host, it seem s to be merely an incidental one that is rarely infested. Therefore, this fruit fly seems highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality longan fruit. 15 Bactrocera dorsalis has been reported in Malaysia and Indonesia ( e.g. , Khoo et al., 1991; Tan and Serit, 1994; Tan and Lee, 1982 ), but those were probably misidentification s (White and Elson

- Harris, 1994 )

. A detailed taxonomic study had B. dorsalis occurring in the following ASEAN member countries ( Drew and Hancock , 1994) : Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Recent conclusion s are that B. dorsalis is not present in Malaysia , as neither the Crop Protection Com pendium ( CABI, 2007 , citing EPPO, 2006) nor EPPO ( EPPO, 2007 ) include s Malaysia in the distribution of B. dorsalis

.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 14 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae** Aleurocanthus sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 Yes L ( PestID, 2009 ) No
Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintance & Baker BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (HI) (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 1994 Yes L (CABI, 2006) No

Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (HI, FL, TX) (CABI, 2005) CABI, 2005 [Yes] 16 L (CABI, 2005) No

Aleurodicus dispersus Russell BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (FL, HI) (CABI, 2006) Wen et al., 2002 [Yes] 17 L (Wen et al., 2002) No

Aleurotuberculatus psidii Singh TH, PH, MY ( PestID, 2009 ) 18 Anonymous, 1965b, 1994 Yes L (Wen et al., 2002) No
Dialeurodes gemurohensis Corbett MY (Evans, 2007) Evans, 2005 Yes L (Hill, 1983) 19 No

**Hemiptera: Aphididae** Aphis craccivora Koch BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2005) Blackman and

Eastop, 2000 No N/A N/A

16 Aleurocanthus woglumi is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2003, 2004a). 17 Aleurodicus dispersus is a quarantine

- significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States (Dooley, 2004; NIS, 2004a, 2004b). 18 Aleurotuberculatus psidii wa s intercepted four times at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on p lant material originating from Thailand (two in baggage, two in permit cargo), twice from Malaysia (baggage, permit cargo), and from Indonesia four times (all in passenger baggage) ( PestID, 2009 ). 19 Plant part association for D

. gemurohensis is based on data at the genus level (Hill, 1983).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 15 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Aphis gossypii Glover BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2005) CABI, 2005;

Hill, 1983 Anonymous,

1994 No N/A N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2005) Morton, 1987b No N/A N/A

Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2006) Blackman and

Eastop, 2000; Hill, 1983 Wongsiri, 1991 No N/A N/A

**Hemiptera: Cicadellidae** Idioscopus clypialis (Lethierry) (Syn.: Idiocerus clypealis Lethierry) KH, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) Li

- zhong, 2000 Yes L, I (Wen et al., 2002) No

**Hemiptera: Coccidae** Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); KH (CABI, 2006); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 CABI, 2006 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; CABI, 2004 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes floridensis Comstock (Syn.: Paracerostegia floridensis Tang) ID, MY, VN (Ben

Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Lamberts and

Crane, 1990 Wen et al.,

2002 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green TH (Anupunt, 2003a) Anupunt, 2003a Anupunt,

2003a; Coates et al., 2003 Anupunt,

2003a Yes Br, St (Anupunt, 2003a); Sh, L, Tw (Ali, 1980) NoPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 16 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Ceroplastes rubens Maskell ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ); US (FL, HI) (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; Hamon and Williams, 1984) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2005; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; PestID, 2009 [Yes] 20 L, St, T w, F (CABI, 2005); St, Br, L (Hamon and Williams, 1984) Yes

Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) ID (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (FL) (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; CABI, 2004 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 [Yes] 21 F, L, St (CABI, 2005) Yes

Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 No N/A N/A

Coccus discrepans Green ID (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007), MY (Hill, 1983) Anonymous, 1965b Yes L, St, F (CABI, 2005) 22 Yes

Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Anonymous,

1994; Biosecurity Australia, 2002 CABI, 2006;

PestID, 2009 No N/A N/A

Coccus longulus ( Douglas) ID, PH, TH (Ben

Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; Elder, 2004 No N/A N/A

20 Ceroplastes rubens is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2003). 21 Ceroplastes rusci is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in th e continental United States (NIS, 2006). 22 Plant part association for C

. discrepans is based on data at the genus level (CABI, 2005).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 17 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Coccus viridis (Green) ID, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); MY (Kwee and Chong, 1990); US (FL, HI) (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; Biosecurity Australia, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; PestID, 2009 23 ; Hollingswort h, 2000 [Yes] 24 L, F (Biosecurity Australia, 2002); L, St, F (CABI, 2002) Yes

Drepanococcus chiton (Green) TH (Anupunt, 2003a); ID, MY, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Anupunt, 2003a PestID, 2009 Yes L, I, F (Anupunt, 2003a) Yes

( Longan)

Drepanococcus sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) No 25

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) ID, MY, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) MY (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 No N/A N/A

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; Waite and Hwang, 2002 No N/A N/A

23 Since 1985, C

. viridis has been intercepted 19 times on rambutan at U.S. ports

- of

- entry, and 11 we re in commercial fruit shipments ( PestID, 2009 ). Adult males have never been recorded (Mau and Martin Kessing, 1992), so these were most likely females. Because C. viridis adult females are wingless and do not move (Mau and Martin Kessing, 1992), they were very unlikely to have be en hitchhikers on non
- host plants. Therefore, we think these interceptions confirm the host status of ram butan fruit for C. viridis

. 24 Coccus viridis is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2003) 25 Since 1985, Drepanococcus sp. has been intercepted twice at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on litchi , three times on longan, and four times on ram butan from ASEAN countries, all in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2009 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this organism would follow the pathways. In addition, the genus is accounted for by the presence of D

. chiton in the list.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 18 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Prococcus acutissimus (Green) (Syn.: Coccus acutissimus Fernald) ID, MY, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; Morton, 1987b Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell (Syn.: Chloropulvinaria polygonata ) PH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Anonymous, 1994 Yes Tw, L (Anonymous, 1994) No

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell [Syn.: Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell)] BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2005; Waite, 2004a; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; PestID, 2009 Astridge,

2001; PestID, 2009 No N/A N/A

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) [Syn.: S. hemisphaerica (Targioni)] ID, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); BN, ID, KH, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov and

Hodgson, 1997; Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007; PestID, 2009 No N/A N/A

Taiwansaissetia formicarii (Green) [Syn.: Coccus formicarii (Green)] PH (Ben

- Dov and Hodgson, 1997); ID, MY, TH (Ben

- Dov, 1993); MY, KH ( PestID, 2009 ) 26 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; Li

zhong, 2000 Yes St (PPQ, 1999) Yes (with St)

26 Coccus formicarii was inter cepted on plant material at U.S. ports

- of

- entry from Malaysia on c e , and from Cambodia on c e ( PestID, 2009 ).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 19 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Leptocorisa acuta Thunberg KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 2003 Yes Sd, L (CABI, 2006); L, Tw (Anonymous, 2003) No

Leptoglossus gonagra (Fabricius) [Syn.: L. membranaceus (Fabricius)] TH, MY, BN, PH (CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993); KH, ID, LA, VN (CABI, 2006) Anonymous,

1965a; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes F (Anonymous, 1965a); Tw, L, F (Ondieki, 1975) No 27

Riptortus linearis (Linnaeus) ID, MY, PH (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 2003 Yes L (Anonymous, 2003) No

**Hemiptera: Coreidae** Amblypelta lutescens (Distant) ID (Cassis and Gross, 2002) Astridge et al.,

2004; Waite, 2005b Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; CABI, 2006; Waite, 2005b; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Astridge,

2001 Yes F (Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Waite, 2005b); I, F, L (Astridge et al., 2004; CABI, 2004); F, St, I (Astridge, 2001) No 28

**Hemiptera: Diaspididae** Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) ID, PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) PPQ

- BATS, 1996 No N/A N/A

Andaspis hawaiiensis (Maskell) PH (Lit, 1988); PH, VN ( PestID, 2009 ) 29 ; US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 No N/A N/A

27 C oreids are general ly large
, and nymphs are gregarious (Borrer et al., 1989), so these pests , such as L

. gonagra, should be readily seen during harvest and eliminated from the pathway. 28 Because the nymphs and adults only feed externally on the fruit and b ecause of their mobility (Astridge et al., 2004), A

. lutescens is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. 29 Andaspis hawaiiensis wa s intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on plant material from the Philippines onc e , and from Vietnam on c e ( PestID, 2009 ).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 20 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Andaspis punicae (Laing) PH, TH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009); US (FL) (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009 [Yes] 30 St, Tr (Ben

- Dov et al., 2009) No

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); MY, PH, TH (CABI, 2006); US (FL) (Ben

- Dov et al., 2005; CABI, 2005) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 No N/A N/A

Aulacaspis sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Yes F, L, St ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes
Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ); US (FL) (Coile and Dixon, 2002a; Hodges et al., 2005) PestID, 2009 31 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 PestID,

2009 32 [Yes] 33 L, St, F (CABI, 2005) Yes ( Lon

gan) 34

Chionaspis sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes
Chrysomphalus aonidium (Linnaeus) (Syn.: C. ficus Ashmead) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2006) Lamberts and

Crane, 1990; Morton, 1987b No N/A N/A

30 Andaspis punicae is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (PestID, 2009). 31 The only evidence that litchi is a host of A. tubercularis is three interceptions in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2009 ). This is insufficient evidence that this pest has a host association with the commodity. 32 Aulacaspis tubercularis wa s intercepted at U.S . ports

- of

- entry 20 times with rambutan; 18 we re in baggage and two were in stores ( PestID, 2009 ). We found no confirming report s of host association in the scientific literature , so we think this species does not have an association with this host. 33 Aulacaspis tubercularis is a quarantine

- significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2006; PestID, 2009 ). 34 Armo red scales (Diaspididae) may enter on c ommercial fruit for consumption
, but they are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway

. Therefore we are not further analyzing them. Please see section 2.4.2 for more information

.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 21 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Fiorinia theae Green BN, ID, MY, PH , KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Anonymous, 1994 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) ID, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; Quilici et al., 1988; Tenbrick and Hara, 1992; Waite and Hwang, 2002 PPQ

- BATS, 1996 No N/A N/A

Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) PH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) PPQ

- BATS, 1996 No N/A N/A

Howardia biclavis (Comstock) ID, PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2006; Watson, 2005b) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006; Watson, 2005b Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 PPQ

- BATS,

1996 No N/A N/A

Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) ID, MY, PH (Ben

Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2005; Quilici et al., 1988 No N/A N/A

Lopholeucaspis cockerelli (Grandpré & Charmoy) ID, PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 No N/A N/A

Morganella longispina (Morgan) ID, PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2006; Watson, 2005c) Mossler and

Nesheim, 2002 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 22 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2008) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008 No N/A N/A

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) ID, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); TH, MY, LA (Watson, 2005a); US (FL) (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) PestID, 2009 ;

Quilici et al., 1988 Anonymous,

1994; PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 [Yes] 35 Bk, St, L (Kosztarab, 1996); L (PPQ, 2002); F, L ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes

( Litchi
, Longan) 34

No ( Ram

butan) Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) [Syn.: Phenacaspis cockerelli (Cooley)] ID, MY, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2007; CABI, 2005) Quilici et al.,

1988 No N/A N/A

Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) MacGillivray ID, MY, VN (Ben

Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2005) Morton, 1987b No N/A N/A

Rutherfordia major (Cockerell) [Syn.: Pseudaulacaspis major (Cockerell)] ID (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (FL) (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2005; Lamberts and Crane, 1990; Morton, 1987b; Quilici et al., 1988 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (FL) (Ben

Dov et al., 2007); US (CA) (CABI, 2004) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 No N/A N/A

35 Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2006).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 23 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Maskell) (Syn.: Fiorinia nephelii Maskell) TH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (HI) (Ben

Dov et al., 2005); US (FL) (Coile and Dixon, 2002a, 2002b) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; PestID, 2009 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007; PestID, 2009 PestID,

2009 36 [Yes] 37 L (Wen et al., 2002); F, St, L ( PestID, 2009 ); L, F ( PestID, 2009 ); L (Cooper and Oetting, 1987); L (Takagi, 1979); Br (Mesbah et al., 2001); L, St, and Bk (Kosztarab, 1996) Yes ( with

stem) 34, 38

Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008) Anonymous, 1994 Yes F, L, small Br (CABI, 2006) Yes 34

**Hemiptera: Flatidae** Lawana imitata Melichar VN (Waterhouse, 1993) Li

- zhong, 2000; Wen et al., 2002 Yes L (Wen et al., 2002) No

**Hemiptera: Kerridae** Kerria greeni (Chamberlin) PH, TH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Li

- zhong, 2000 Yes St (PPQ, 1999) Yes (with stems) Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Syn.: Laccifer lacca Kerr) MY (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); ID (CABI, 2006) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2005; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Wongsiri, 1991 CABI, 2006 Yes Br (Wongsiri, 1991); St (Wen et al., 2002) Yes (with

stems)

36 The only evidence that ram butan is a host of T

. nephelii are two intercep tions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2009 ). T his is insufficient evidence for a host association with rambutan

. The pest is listed in the table b ecause of its association with the other commodities. 37 Thysanofiorinia nephelii is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2003). 38 Since 1985, F

. nephelii has been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on fruit, but only in passenger baggage or in ship stores, never in commercial fruit ( PestID, 2009 ). In the literature
, this species and other species in the genus only attack leaves (e.g., Cooper and Oetting, 1987; Kosztarab, 1996; Takagi, 1979; Wen et al., 2002), branches (Mesbah et al., 2001 ), and bark or stems (Kosztarab, 1996 ). We found no report that this genus attacks fruit. Thus , this scale is unlikely to follow the pathway of fruit without stem.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 24 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Hemiptera: Largidae** Lohita grandis (Gray) (Syn.: Macroceroea grandis Gray) TH (Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993); ID (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No

**Hemiptera: Lecanodiaspididae** Psoraleococcus multipori (Morrison) ID, PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Yes Br (Bhumannavar and Jacob, 1989) 39 No

**Hemiptera: Margarodidae** Icerya purchasi Maskell ID, MY, PH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Anonymous, 1965b Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; PestID, 2009 No N/A N/A

Icerya seychellarium (Westwood) BN, ID, MY, PH, TH (CABI, 2006) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; CABI, 2004; Caresche and Brenière, 1961; Lacoste, 1970; Quilici et al., 1988; Waite and Hwang, 2002 PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Yes L, St (CABI, 2003); L, Tw, Br, I, F (PPQ, 2002) No 40

Icerya sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 Astridge, 2001; PestID, 2009 Yes F, St (Astridge, 2001) Yes

39 Plant part association for P

. multipori is based on data for the genus (Bhumannavar and Jacob, 1989). 40 T he giant mealybug I. seychellarum is unlikely to be associated with commercial export quality fruit. Despite its wide geographical range and wide host range (CABI, 2007 ; PPQ, 20 02), this species has been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry o n fruit only 11 times, and only one was with commercial fruit ( PestID, 2009 ). W e found no other report of this insect attacking fruit. It usually attacks leaves, twigs, and small branches, except in heavy infestations when it may also attack the petioles of flowers and fruits (PPQ, 2002). Even if individuals infest fruit or the fruit’s associated stem, the mealybug’s physical characterist i cs would make it easily detectable (see PPQ, 2002). T herefore, infested fruit are likely to be culled during standard post

- harvest fruit processing.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 25 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Hemiptera: Pentatomidae** Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2005) Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 No N/A N/A

Rhynchocoris humeralis (Thunberg) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) China, 1997 Yes F (PPQ, 1999) No 41

Tessaratoma javanica (Thunberg) ID, PH, TH, VN (Waterhouse, 1993) Hill, 1983;

Waite and Hwang, 2002 Waterhouse,

1993 Wongsiri,

1991 Yes F (Anonymous, 1965a) No 4 1

Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury) TH (Anupunt, 2003a; CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993); ID, MY, PH, VN (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006;

Waterhouse, 1993 Anupunt,

2003a; CABI, 2006 Hill, 1983 Yes Y oung terminals, I, F (Anupunt, 2003a); F, I, St (CABI, 2006) No 4 1

**Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae** Cataenococcus sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes

Crisicoccus sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 Yes F (Park and Hong, 1992; PestID, 2009 ) Yes

Crisicoccus theobromae Williams & Watson ID, MY, PH (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Yes F (Park and Hong, 1992; PestID, 2009 ) 42 Yes
Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; CABI, 2004) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 ; PPQ

- BATS, 1996 No N/A N/A

41 Because of its size, biology, and mobility, this pest i s highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. 42 P lant part association information for C

. theobromae is based on data for the genus (Park and Hong, 1992; PestID, 2009 )

.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 26 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Dysmicoccus lepelleyi (Betrem) (Syn.: Pseudococcus lepelleyi Betrem) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 PestID, 2009 43 Yes L (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) No

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (HI, FL) (Ben

- Dov et al., 2005; Miller and Miller, 2002) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID, 2009 [Yes] 44 R, St, I, L, F ( PestID, 2009 ); L, St, aerial R, I, F (Martin Kessing et al., 2007) Yes

Dysmicoccus sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes
Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) [Syn.: Cataenococcus hispidus (Morrison)] TH, MY (Waterhouse, 1993); ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); MY (Khoo et al., 1991) PestID, 2009 45 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID, 2009 CABI, 2006;

Khoo et al., 1991; PestID, 2009 ; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes St, F (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Yes

( Longan, Rambu

tan)

Exallomochlus philippinensis Williams PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ); St, F (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) 46 Yes

Ferrisia sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes

43 The only evidence that ram butan is a host of D

. lepelleyi is one interception in baggage at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2009 ) . T herefor e, its association with rambutan is doubtful

. The pest is listed because of its association with another commodity. 44 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes is a quarantine

- significant pest with limited distribution in the continental United States (PestID, 2009). 45 The only evidence we found of Litchi chinensis being a host of Exallomochlus hispidus is six interceptions on litchi at U.S. ports of entry, fo ur in passenger baggage and two in ships ’ stores ( PestID, 2009 ; query June 18, 2009). T his is insufficient eviden ce for a host association

. The pest is listed because of its association with the other commodities. 46 Plant part association is based on information for the genus ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 27 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) TH (Anupunt, 2003b); BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); BN, ID, KH, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2005; CABI, 2005) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006; CABI, 2004 PestID, 2009 Anupunt, 2003b; PestID, 2009 No N/A N/A

Hordeolicoccus eugeniae (Takahashi) ID, MY (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Yes Tw (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) 46 No

Hordeolicoccus heterotrichus Williams ID, MY, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Yes Tw (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) 46 No

Hordeolicoccus invocatus Williams PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Yes Tw (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) 46 No
Hordeolicoccus nephelii (Takahashi) (Syn.: Phenacoccus nephelii Takahashi) MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID, 2009 Yes Tw (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) 46 No

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; CABI, 2006); ID (CABI, 2006); US (CA, FL, HI) (CABI, 2004; Meyerdirk, 2003) PestID, 2009 47 PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 [Yes] 48 Bk, F, I, L, St (CABI, 2004); F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes

( Longan , Rambu

tan)

47 The only evidence that litchi is a host of M. hirsutus is six inte rceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry , of which five were with passenger baggage ( PestID, 2009 ). T his is insufficient evidence that litchi is a host of this scale species. The pest is listed because of its association with the other two commodities. 48 Maconellicoccus hirsutus is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2003).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 28 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Maconellicoccus multipori (Takahashi) ID, MY, PH, TH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) PestID, 2009 49 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ); R (Malsch et al., 2001) Yes

( Ram

butan) Maconellicoccus sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes

Nipaecoccus sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes
Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) [Syn.: N. vastator (Maskell)] ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); KH, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (HI) (Ben

Dov et al., 2005) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 PestID, 2009 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID, 2009 Yes F, L, Tw, Br (CABI, 2005); Tw, Sh, L, I, F, Br, R (Ben

- Dov et al., 2005) Yes

Paracoccus interceptus Lit [Syn.: Planococcus morrisoni (Ezzat & Mconnell)] BN, ID, KH, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; PestID, 2009 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007; PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes

Paracoccus sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes
Paraputo banzigeri Williams TH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Yes R (Bekele, 2001; PestID, 2009 ) No

Phenacoccus madeirensis Green PH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus solani Ferris TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) PestID, 2009 No N/A N/A

Phenacoccus sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes

49 The only evidence that longan is a host of M

. multipori is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry with fruit in passe nger baggage ( PestID, 2009 ). T his is insufficient evidence that litchi is a host of this scale species. The pest is listed because of its association with the other commodity.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 29 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Planococcus citri (Risso) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 PestID, 2009 Biosecurity Australia, 2002; PestID, 2009 ; Waterhouse, 1993 No N/A N/A

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) (Syn.: Pseudococcus lilacinus Cockerell) PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); TH, VN ( PestID, 2009 ); BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 ; Wen et al., 2002 Morton,

1987b; PestID, 2009 Yes F ( PestID, 2009 ); L, I, F (Wen et al., 2002); F (CABI, 2005) Yes

Planococcus litchi Cox BN, PH, VN (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) 50 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 Yes L (Kosztarab, 1996); L, F ( PestID, 2009 ) 51 Yes

Planococcus minor (Maskell) BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Yes I (Williams and Watson, 1988b); R, L (Cox, 1989); F ( PestID, 2009 ) Yes

Pseudococcus aurantiacus Williams BN, ID, MY, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Yes R, L, F, St (Ben

- Dov et al., 2006); Sh, F (Williams and Watson, 1988b) 52 Yes

Pseudococcus baliteus Lit in Lit & Calilung ID, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; PestID, 2009 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007; PestID, 2009 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007; PestID, 2009 Yes R (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) No

50 Ben

- Dov et al. (2007), citing Ben

- Dov (1994), Cox (1989), and Williams (2004)
, lists Thailand as part of Planococcus litchi ’s distribution. All these references appear to base the Thailand report on interceptions at ports

- of

- entry in the United States and England. Since 1985, there have been two interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry of this species on plant material in passenger baggage from Thailand. Because the true origin of plant material in passenger baggage is difficult to know, this interception data is not strong evidence that this organism occurs in Thailand . Also, the Thailand Department of Agriculture states that, based on extensive survey data, there is no record that the pest occurs in Thailand ( Ross, 2004 ). Based on this evidence, we consider this organism to not be present in Thailand. 51 Plant part association informatio n for Planococcus litchi is based on data for the genus ( Kosztarab, 1996; PestID, 2009 ). 52 Plant part association for Pseudococcus aurantiacus is b ased on data at the genus level ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Williams and Watson, 1988b )

.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 30 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) ID, MY, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Hill, 1983;

PestID, 2009 PestID, 2009 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID, 2009 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel (Syn.: P. citriculus Green) BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (HI) (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 PestID, 2009 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Yes R, L (Ben

- Dov et al., 2006); Sh, F (Williams and Watson, 1988b) Yes

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; CABI, 2006; PestID, 2009 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; CABI, 2006; PestID, 2009 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2005) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID, 2009 No N/A N/A

Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) [Syn.: Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell)] ID, PH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007); US (Ben

Dov et al., 2005) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009 PPQ

- BATS, 1996 No N/A N/A

Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) (synonym: Phenacoccus iceryoides Green) BN, MY, TH (Ben

Dov et al., 2007); ID (CABI, 2006) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; CABI, 2006 Yes L, I, F, Sh, Tw (CABI, 2007); L, St, F (Yunus and Ho, 1980) Yes

Rastrococcus jabadiu Williams ID, PH, TH (Ben

Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Yes L, St, I, F (CABI, 2006) 53 Yes

Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson) (Syn.s: Phenacoccus spinosus Robinson, Puto spinosus Morrison) MY (Khoo et al., 1991); BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN, KH (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Khoo et al., 1991 Yes I, F (Otanes, 1936); L, St, I, F (CABI, 2006) 54 No 55

53 Plant part association for this pest is based on data for the genus (CABI, 2006). 54 Plant part association for R

. spinosus is b ased on data for the genus ( CABI, 2006; Otanes, 1936 ).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 31 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Williams MY, PH, TH, VN (Ben

- Dov et al., 2007) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Yes L, St, I, F (CABI, 2006) 5 3 Yes

**Hemiptera: Psyllidae** Neophacopteron euphoriae Yang (Syn.: Cornegenapsylla sinica Yang et Li) TH (Anupunt, 2003a) Anupunt, 2003a; Taiwan, 2002 Yes L (Anupunt, 2003a) No

**Hemiptera: Scutelleridae** Cantao ocellatus (Thunberg) PH, ID, MY, TH, VN (Li

- zhong, 2000) Anonymous,

2003 Anonymous,

2003 Yes L (Anonymous, 2003) No

**Hymenoptera: Formicidae** Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) ID, MY, VN (CABI, 2007) Hill, 1983 Biosecurity Australia, 2002 No 56 N/A N/A

**Lepidoptera: Arctiidae** Asuridia metaphaea Hampson TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 2003; Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Chionaema coccinea Moore TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 1991 Yes L (Wongsiri, 1991) No

Cyana coccinea Moore LA, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 2003; Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2008) No

55 W e found only one reference listing ram butan as a host of R

. spinosus (or Phenacoccus spinosus and Puto spinosus ) ( Khoo et al., 1991 ). T his source notes that mango is the most common host , and is otherwise a very general reference on crop pests in Malaysia
, which does not provide specific information on R. spinosus on rambutan

. Hence , this mealybug may not attack ram butan regularly (Khoo et al. , 1991 ). Furthermore, out of over 5,000 pest interceptions s ince 1985 on rambutan at U.S. ports

- of

entry, R

. spinosus has never been intercepted ( PestID, 2009 ). Thus , ram butan is likel y an incidental, rarely infested host, and we think it is highly unlikely to follow the pathway on commercial rambutan. 56 Oecophylla smaragdina is listed as a "non

- reportable" pest in PPQ’s interception database ( PestID, 2009 ).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 32 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Lepidoptera: Bombycidae** Trilocha varians Walker MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Forsyth, 1966) 57 No

**Lepidoptera: Cossidae** Indarbela dea (Swinhoe) (Syn.: Lepidarbela dea Swinhoe) VN, ID (Zhang, 1994); TH (Robinson et al., 2008) CABI, 2004;

Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 CABI, 2006 Yes Bk, W (CABI, 2006) No

Zeuzera coffeae Neitner TH (Anupunt, 2003a); ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) Waite and

Hwang, 2002; Wongsiri, 1991 Anupunt,

2003a; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Yes Bk, Br (Waite and Hwang, 2002); Br (Wongsiri, 1991) No

**Lepidoptera: Drepanidae**  Tridrepana fulvata Snellen MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Eucleidae** Belippa cyanopasta Hampson TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No

**Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae**  Eupterote amaena Walker MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Hill, 1983) 58 No

Eupterote testacea Walker TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Nair, 1975) No

57 Plant part association for T. varians is based on data for the genus (Forsyth, 1966). 58 Plant part association for E. amaena is based on data at the genus level (Hill, 1983).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 33 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae** Dichomeris indiserta Meyr. MY (Robinson et al., 2008) McQuate et al., 2000; Robinson et al., 2005; Yunus and Ho, 1980 Yes Sd (internal) (Robinson et al., 2001), F (Yunus and Ho, 1980) Yes

**Lepidoptera: Geometridae**  Ascotis selenaria (Denis and Schiffermuller) TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al.,

2001 Robinson et

al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Aporandria specularia Guen. TH (Anonymous, 1965a), TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 1965a Robinson et

al., 2005 Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No

Biston suppressaria Guenée ID (CABI, 2006); MY (Robinson et al., 2008) CABI, 2004 Yes L (CABI, 2006) No

Cleora alienaria Walker ID, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008; Robinson et al., 2001 Yes I, L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Comibaena attenuata Warr. TH (Anonymous, 1965a); TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 1965a Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No

Gymnoscelis imparatalis Walker TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 2003; Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2005 Yes L, I (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Gymnoscelis tibialis Moore MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L, I (Robinson et al., 2001) NoPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 34 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Hemithea tritonaria Walker TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 2003; Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2005 Yes L, I (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Hypomecis transcissa Walker MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes I (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Hyposidra talaca (Walker) BN, ID, MY (Waterhouse, 1993); TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al.,

2001; Kuroko and Lewvanich, 1993 Kuroko and

Lewvanich, 1993 Robinson et

al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993; Kuroko and Lewvanich, 1993 Yes L (Mukhtar et al., 2003; Nasu et al., 2004; Waterhouse, 1993) No

Idiochlora androcmes Prout MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Borrer et al., 1989) 59 No

Jodis subtractata Walker TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 2003; Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2005 Yes I (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Oenospila flavifusata Walter MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 2003; Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Anonymous, 2003; Robinson et al., 2001) No

Pingasa chlora Stoll TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes I, L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Pingasa ruginaria Guenée MY, IN (Zhang, 1994); TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous, 1965a Robinson et

al., 2005 Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a; Wongsiri, 1991) No

59 Plant part association for I

. androcmes is based on data at the family level ( Borrer et al., 1989)

.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 35 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Thalassodes depulsata Walker MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Hill, 1983) No
Thalassodes falsaria Prout TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 1991 Wongsiri, 1991 Robinson et

al., 2005 Yes L (Wongsiri, 1991); L, I (Ross, 2004) No

Thalassodes immissaria Walker LA, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al.,

2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 Yes Bud, L (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Thalassodes quadraria Guenée TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 1991 Wongsiri, 1991 Yes L (Wongsiri, 1991) No

**Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae** Acrocercops delicata Meyrick ID (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2008) No
Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen (Syn.: Acrocercops cramerella Snellen) MY (Khoo et al., 1991); TH (Anupunt, 2003a; Anupunt, 2003b); BN, ID, MY, PH, TH (CABI, 2006), VN (PPD, 2007a) Bose et al.,

2001 60 Anupunt,

2003a 60 Anupunt,

2003b; CABI, 2004; Khoo et al., 1991; McQuate et al., 2000; PestID, 2009 ; Robinson et al., 2005; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes F (borer) (Waterhouse, 1993); L, F (Bose et al., 2001); Sd, Tw (Morton, 1987b); young terminals, F (Anupunt, 2003a) Yes

( Rambu

tan)

Conopomorpha litchiella Bradley TH (Anupunt, 2003a) Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 Anupunt,

2003a Yes young terminals (Anupunt, 2003a); L (Wongsiri, 1991) No

60 Although C

. cramerella reportedly attacks litchi (e.g., Bose et al., 2001; Morton, 1987b ) and longan ( Anupunt, 2003a), the insect identified on litchi in the past was not C. cramerella , but C. sinensis or C. litchiella ( Waite and Hwang, 2002 ). Also, the host range of C. cramerella is restricted to rambutan and cocoa ( Waite and Hwang, 2002 ). Consequently, C. cramerella is listed here as a pest of rambutan only.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 36 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley TH (CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993); VN (PPD, 2005) CABI, 2004;

Waite and Hwang, 2002; Waterhouse, 1993 Waterhouse,

1993 Yes F, Sd (Wongsiri, 1991); F (borer) (Waterhouse, 1993) Yes

**Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae** Gastropacha pardale Walker BN, ID, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2008) No

Paralebeda lucifuga Swinhoe MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Yunus and Ho, 1980) 61 No

Suana concolor Walker PH (CABI, 2006); MY, ID (Zhang, 1994); TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) CABI, 2006 Yes L (Hutson and Jardine, 1923) No

**Lepidoptera: Limacodidae**  Cheromettia sumatrensis Heylaerts ID, MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Idonauton apicalis Walker MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 2003; Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Miresa albipuncta Herrich

Schäffer TH, MY, ID (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al.,

2001; Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Parasa herbifera Walker MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

61 Plant part association for Paralebeda lucifuga is based on data for th e genus (Yunus and Ho, 1980).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 37 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Phocoderma velutina Kollar TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Scopelodes testacea Butler TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008); MY, VN (Waterhouse, 1993) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Scopelodes unicolor Westwood ID (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes I (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Setora fletcheri Holloway TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Limacodidae** Chalcocelis albiguttatus (Snellen) MY (Khoo et al., 1991); ID, MY, TH (CABI, 2006) Khoo et al., 1991; Ooi et al., 2002; Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Ooi et al., 2002) No

Darna diducta (Snellen) ID, MY, PH, TH (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 2003; Robinson et al., 2008 CABI, 2004;

Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (CABI, 2006) No

Griseothosea cruda Walker MY, ID (Zhang, 1994) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (CABI, 2006; Ooi et al., 2002; Waterhouse, 1993); Br, Tr (Fang et al., 2001) 62 No

Parasa lepida (Cramer) MY (Khoo et al., 1991); TH (Anupunt, 2003b); KH, ID, LA, MY, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006 Robinson et al., 2008; Wongsiri, 1991 Anupunt,

2003b; Khoo et al., 1991; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993) No

62 Plant part association information for G

. cruda is based on data for the family ( CABI, 2006; Fang et al., 2001; Ooi et al., 2002; Waterhouse, 1993 ).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 38 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Setora nitens Walker MY (Khoo et al., 1991); BN, ID, LA, MY, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) Khoo et al., 1991; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (Waterhouse, 1993) No

Setora sinensis Moore [Syn.: S. postornata (Hamptson)] MY (Khoo et al., 1991); BN, ID, LA, MY, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) China, 1997 Yes Br, Tr (Fang et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae** Acytolepis puspa Distant MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Anthene emolus Godart TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L, F (Robinson et al., 2001); L (Yunus and Ho, 1980) No 63

Deudorix diovis Hewitson (Syn.: D. epijarbas diovis Hewitson) ID (Edwards et al., 1999) Edwards et al.,

1999; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Yes F (Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Waite and Hwang, 2002) Yes

Deudorix epijarbas (Moore) TH (Anupunt, 2003a); ID (CABI, 2006); MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Storey and

Rogers, 1980; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Anonymous,

1965b; Anupunt, 2003a CABI, 2004;

Robinson et al., 2005 Yes F (Anupunt, 2003a; Storey and Rogers, 1980; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Wen et al., 2002) 64 ; F, I (Verma, 1985); Sd (Wongsiri, 1991) Yes

63 Because it feeds externally on the fruit (Robinson et al., 2001 ), this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. 64 Larvae of D. epijarbas feed on seed s within litchi fruit by burrowing through the outer edible fruit tissue (Storey and Rogers, 1980).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 39 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Hypolycaena erylus Godt. TH (Anonymous, 1965a); TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 1965a Anonymous,

1965a Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No

Nacaduba kurava (Moore) TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes I, Sh (Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005) No

Prosotas dubiosa (Semper) MY, ID (Robinson et al., 2008) Storey and

Rogers, 1980 Yes I (Storey and Rogers, 1980) No
Rapala dieneces Hewitson TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes I (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Rapala iarbus (Fabricius) ID (CABI, 2006); TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) CABI, 2006; Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L, I, F (Robinson et al., 2001) No 6 3

Rapala manea Hewitson PH, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 Yes I, F (Robinson et al., 2001); I (Johnson et al., 1980) No 6 3

Rapala pheretima (Hewitson) MY (Waterhouse, 1993); TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Ross, 2004 Anonymous, 1965a; CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a); I (Waterhouse, 1993) No

Rapala varuna Horsfield TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Lambkin, 1983;

Storey and Rogers, 1980 Robinson et al., 2005 Yes I, young green St (Lambkin, 1983); I (Storey and Rogers, 1980); I, Sh (Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005); L (Yunus and Ho, 1980) NoPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 40 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Remelana jangala Horsfield ID, TH (Robinson et al., 2008); TH, MY, PH, ID (Young, 2000) Young, 2000 Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L, I (Young, 2000) No

**Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae** Arctornis perfecta Walker MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) 65 No
Dasychira mendosa (Hübner) BN, KH, MY, PH (CABI, 2006) Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 Wongsiri,

1991 Yes L ( PestID, 2009 ; Wongsiri, 1991) No
Euproctis fraterna Moore VN (Zhang, 1994); TH (CABI, 2006) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Anonymous, 2003) No
Euproctis scintillans (Walker) (Syn.: Porthesia scintillans Walker) ID, MY, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006; Hill, 1983; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (Hill, 1983; Waterhouse, 1993) No

Euproctis varians Walker MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 2003 Yes I, L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Leucoma cygna Moore TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Lymantria mathura Moore TH (Robinson et al., 2008) CABI, 2004;

Hill, 1983 Yes I (Morton, 1987b) No

Nygmia fraterna Moore TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 1991 Yes L (Wongsiri, 1991) No

Olene mendosa Hübner ID, LA, MY, VN, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al.,

2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Orgyia osseata Walker MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L, I (Robinson et al., 2001) No

65 Plant part association for A. perfecta is based on data for the genus (Robinson et al., 2001).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 41 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Orgyia postica (Walker) (Syn.: Notolophus australis posticus Walker) BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 Yes L (CABI, 2006) No

Orgyia turbata Butler MY, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) Wongsiri, 1991 Yes L (Wongsiri, 1991) No

Orvasca subnotata Walker BN, MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes I, L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Somena scintillans Walker TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L, I (Robinson et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae** Indarbela disciplaga Swinhoe MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes Bk (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Indarbela obliquifasciata Mell TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L, Bk, W (Robinson et al., 2001) 66 No
Indarbela quadrinotata Walker TH (Robinson et al., 2008) CABI, 2004;

Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 Yes L, Bk, W (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Indarbela tetraonis Moore TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Bose et al.,

2001; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 PPQ, 1999 Robinson et al., 2005 Yes Bk, Br (Bose et al., 2001); Tr (Morton, 1987b) No

Squamura disciplaga (Swinhoe) MY (Khoo et al., 1991); MY, ID, PH (Zhang, 1994) Khoo et al., 1991 Yes W, Bk (Khoo et al., 1991) No

66 Plant part association for Indarbela obliquifasciata is based on data for the genus (Robinson et al., 2001).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 42 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Lepidoptera: Noctuidae** Achaea janata (Linnaeus) KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) ; BN, ID (Robinson et al., 2008); US (HI) (CABI, 2005) Astridge and

Fay, 2003b; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 Astridge,

2001; Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Astridge and Fay, 2003b; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Waite and Hwang, 2002); L, F (CABI, 2005); L (Storey and Rogers, 1980) No 67

Athyrma bubo Hubn. TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Anonymous, 1965a Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No
Autoba abrupta Walker LA, MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al.,

2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 Yes I, L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Autoba brachygonia Hampson TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2005 Yes I, F (Robinson et al., 2001) No 6 3

Avatha discolor (Fabricius) MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005) No

Chlumetia transversa (Walker) (Syn.: Salagena transversa ) ID, MY, PH, TH (CABI, 2006) Hill, 1983;

Morton, 1987b Yes Sh (Morton, 1987b) No
Erebus ephesperis Hübner TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes F (Robinson et al., 2001) No 6 3

Erbeus erepuscularis L. TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Anonymous, 1965a Yes F (Anonymous, 1965a) No 68

67 Only the adult stage of Achaea janata feeds on the fruit (CABI, 2004). Because of its mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. 68 Erbeus erepuscularis is a fruit

- sucking moth (Anonymous, 1965a). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 43 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Eublemma abrupta (Walker) (Syn.: Autoba abrupta ) TH (Anonymous, 1965a); TH, MY (Waterhouse, 1993) Ross, 2004 Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993 Anonymous,

1965a; CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a); I (Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991) No

Eublemma brachygonia Hampson (Syn.: Autoba brachygonia ) TH (Anonymous, 1965a); TH, MY (Waterhouse, 1993) Ross, 2004 Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993 Anonymous,

1965a; CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes I (Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993) No

Eublemma versicolor Walker (Syn.: Autoba versicolor Walker) TH (Anonymous, 1965a); ID, MY, PH, TH (Waterhouse, 1993) Storey and

Rogers, 1980; Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous,

1965a; Waterhouse, 1993 Anonymous,

1965a; CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes I (Wongsiri, 1991); F, I, St (Yunus and Ho, 1980); I, F (Storey and Rogers, 1980) No 69

69 Eublemma versicolor apparently fee ds on the inside of litchi fruit (Storey and Rogers, 1980 ), but most reports indicate the specie s and genus feed externally on leaves, flowers, and/or fruit of its hosts ( Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2001; Wongsiri, 1991 ). Related species (e.g., Eublemma olivacea, E. rivula, Autoba sp.) also feed externally on leaves of their hosts ( Hill, 1983 )

. S ince 1985, Eublemma spp. has only been intercepted twice , neither time on fruit or in permit cargo ( PestID, 2009 ). Thus , this species is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 44 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) (Syn.: Othreis fullonia Clerck, O. fullonica Linn.) TH (Anonymous, 1965a; Anupunt, 2003b; CABI, 2006); BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (HI) (CABI, 2006; Zhang, 1994) Astridge and

Fay, 2003a; CABI, 2005; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Anonymous,

1965a; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993 Anonymous,

1965a; Anupunt, 2003b; CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes F (borer) (Waterhouse, 1993); F (Biosecurity Australia, 2002; CABI, 2004; Menzel and McConchie, 1998b ; Waite and Hwang, 2002); F (piercer) (Anonymous, 1965a; Anupunt, 2003b) No 70

Eudocima hypermnestra Stoll TH (Zhang, 1994) Robinson et al., 2008; Zhang, 1994 Yes F (Zhang, 1994) No 71

Eudocima salaminia (Cramer) TH (Zhang, 1994); BN, VN, TH (CABI, 2006) Astridge and

Fay, 2003a; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 Astridge,

2001 Yes F (Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Menzel and McConchie, 1998b); F (piercer) (Astridge, 2001) No 72

Homodes bracteigutta (Walker) ( Syn.: Lophoruza chalcocosma Turner) MY (Zhang, 1994); TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2001 Robinson et

al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2005 Yes I (Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005); F (Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2005) No 73

70 Eudocima fullonia is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export quality fruit, as only the adults feed on fruit, and only externally ( CABI, 2004; Menzel and McConchie, 1998b; Waite and Hwang, 2002 ). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodi ty through harvest and shipping

. Furthermore, this species feed s on fruit at night ( CABI, 2004 ), further decreasing the likelihood of it being associated with fruit at harvest. 71 Eudocima hypermnestra is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export quality fruit, as only the adults feed on fruit, and they only feed on the fruit externally ( Zhang, 1994 ). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and p rocessing. 72 O nly the adults of Eudocima salaminia feed on fruit, and they only feed on the fruit externally ( Menzel and McConchie, 1998b; Waite and Hwang, 2002 ). For those reasons, and b ecause of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export quality fruit.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 45 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Homodes perilitha Hampson TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes I (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Ischyja manlia Cramer MY (Zhang, 1994); TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous, 1965a Yes L (Wongsiri, 1991); F (Anonymous, 1965a) No 74

Mecodina subcostalis Walker TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Mocis undata Fabricius MY, ID, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Ophiusa coronata (Fabricius) ID (Zhang, 1994); TH, VN (CABI, 2006); TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes F (Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005) No 75

Oxyodes scrobiculata Fabricius TH (Anonymous, 1965a; Anupunt, 2003a; Anupunt, 2003b; Waterhouse, 1993); MY (Waterhouse, 1993) Waite and

Hwang, 2002; Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous,

1965a; Anupunt, 2003a; Waterhouse, 1993 Anonymous,

1965a; Anupunt, 2003b; CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a; Anupunt, 2003a; Wongsiri, 1991) No

73 We found no specific information about H

. bracteigutta or L. chalcocosma (Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005 ). We assumed the species wo uld behave like other members of the subfamily Catocal inae, which often pierce fruit as adults and feed on foliage as larvae (Nielson and Common, 1991 ). Homodes bracteigutta is therefore highly unlikely to follow the pathway because minimal processing of the commodity would likely remove the adult prior to shipment. 74 Ischyja manlia is a fruit

-piercing moth ( Anonymous, 1965a). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. 75 Adults of Ophiusa coronata pierce the fruit to suck juice ( Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005 ). Because this species only feeds externally on the fruit and because of its size and mobility, it is highly unlikely to remain on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and pro cessing.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 46 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Pericyma cruegeri (Butler) MY, ID, PH (Zhang, 1994); TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Reddy et al., 1985; Robinson et al., 2005) No

Pseudathyrma bubo Geyer TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L, I, F (Robinson et al., 2001) No 6 3

Pseudathyrma complens Walker TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Pseudathyrma perficiens Walker TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2008) No
Serrodes campana Guenée TH (Anonymous, 1965a); MY (Yunus and Ho, 1980) Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005 Yes I, F (Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005); L (Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005); I, L (Yunus and Ho, 1980) No 76

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Syn.: Prodenia litura Fabricius) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (HI) (CABI, 2006) Robinson et al.,

2006 Wen et al.,

2002 Yes L, R, F (CABI, 2005); L, I, Sh, F (PPQ, 2002) No 77

Sympis rufibasis Guenée MY (Yunus and Ho, 1980), TH (Kuroko and Lewvanich, 1993) Kuroko and

Lewvanich, 1993 Anonymous,

2003; Robinson et al., 2008; Kuroko and Lewvanich, 1993 Yunus and

Ho, 1980; Kuroko and Lewvanich, 1993 Yes L (Yunus and Ho, 1980); I, L (Kuroko and Lewvanich, 1993) No

76 Only adults of Serrodes campana are reported to feed on fruit, and they feed on damaged ripe fruit ( Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005 ). Because of this as well as their size and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity thr ough harvest and standard handling and processing. 77 Spodoptera litura is primarily a leaf

- feeder ( CABI, 2005; CABI/EPPO, 1997; PPQ, 2002 ) , but apparently sometimes feeds on fruit , reportedly causing 5

- 10 percent fruit damage in grapes (CABI, 2005)

. W e fo und no reports of it feeding on litchi or longan fruit. Also, since 1985, the genus Spodoptera has never been intercepted with litchi or longan at U.S. ports

- of

- entry, and the great majority of interceptions of this genus have been with flowers and leaves ( PestID, 2009 ). Of the interceptions with fruit, 38 percent were with Capsicum sp., and other hosts only had 1 to 3 interceptions. Thus , this species is unlikely to follow the litchi and longan fruit pathway s.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 47 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Trigonodes hyppasia (Cramer) (Syn.: Chaciope deliana ) TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2005; Singh and Goel, 1986) No

Vescisa commoda Walker TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes F (Robinson et al., 2001) No 6 3

Zurobata vacillans Walker MY, TH, ID (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 2003; Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Nolidae** Erizada semifervens Walker TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L, Bk (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Nola analis Wileman & West MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Selepa celtis Moore TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Notodontidae** Dudusa distincta Mell. TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No

Dudusa nobilis Walker TH (Anonymous, 1965a); ID, MY (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2004; Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a; Wongsiri, 1991) No

Dudusa synopla Swinhoe TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) NoPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 48 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Hyperaeschrella insulicola (Kiriakoff) MY (Khoo et al., 1991); TH, MY (Waterhouse, 1993) CABI, 2004; Khoo et al., 1991; Ooi et al., 2002; Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Waterhouse, 1993) No

Neostauropus alternus Walker BN, ID, MY, PH, VN, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous,

2003; Robinson et al., 2008 Anonymous,

2003; Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 Yes Br, L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Stauropus alternus (Walker) ID, MY, PH, VN (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 1965b CABI, 2006 Yes L (Hill, 1983) No
Tarsolepis remicauda Butler TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2008) No
Tarsolepis sommeri Hbn. ID (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) 78 No

**Lepidoptera: Nympalidae**  Melanitis leda ismene Cramer ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2004 Yes L (CABI, 2004) No
Polyura schreiber Godart TH, MY, ID, PH (Robinson et al., 2008) CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae**  Athrypsiastis symmetra Meyrick MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L, I, St (Borrer et al., 1989) 79 No
Stathmopoda conioma Mey rick ID, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes I, F (internal), Sd, pods, Tw, Sh (Robinson et al., 2001) 7 8 Yes

78 Plant part association for this pest is bas ed on data for the genus (Robinson et al., 2001). 79 Plant part association for A

. symmetra is based on data for the family (Borrer et al., 1989).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 49 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae** Argyroploce discana Felder. TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Anonymous, 1965a Anonymous,

1965a Yes L, I (Anonymous, 1965a) No

**Lepidoptera: Pieridae** Delias hyparete Linnaeus TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Psychidae** Clania minuscula Butler (Syn.: Eumeta minuscula Butler) VN (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 1994 Yes L, Sh (Simbolon and Yukawa, 1993) No
Dappula tertia Tem

pleton ID, MY (CABI,

2006) Anonymous, 1994 Yes L, Bk (Das, 1956) No

Eumeta variegata (Snellen) (Syn.s: Clania variegata Snellen, Clania pryeri Leech) VN (CABI, 2006); TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous, 1994 Yes L (Sun et al., 1999) No

Heylaertsia griseata Hampson MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Manatha albipes Moore MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Pagodiella hekmeyeri Heylaerts ID, MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Pteroma pendula Joannis MY, ID (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Pteroma plagiophleps Hmps. ID, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Hill, 1983 Yes L (Hill, 1983) No

**Lepidoptera: Pyralidae**  Cadra cautella (Walker) (Syn.: Ephestia cautella Walker) BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, VT (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2005) Kumar and

Lall, 1984 No N/A N/APest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 50 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (Syn.: Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenée) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); MY (Khoo et al., 1991); TH (Anonymous, 1965a); ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 Anonymous,

1965a; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; PestID, 2009 ; Waterhouse, 1993 Anonymous,

1965a; Astridge, 2001; CABI, 2004; Khoo et al., 1991; McQuate et al., 2000; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes F (Biosecurity Australia, 2002); F ( PestID, 2009 ); I (Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993); F, St, L, Bk (CABI, 2005); F (CSIRO, 1991; Gupta and Arora, 2001; Ooi et

a l., 2002; Wongsiri, 1991); F (borer) (Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993); F 80 , (Storey and Rogers, 1980) 81 Yes

Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière TH (CABI, 2006); MY (Robinson et al., 2008); US (HI) (CABI, 2006) PestID, 2009 82 PestID, 2009 82 McQuate et al., 2000 Yes F (internal) (McQuate et al., 2000); F (internal), L, St (internal) (CABI, 2006) Yes

( Rambu

tan)

Doloessa ochrociliella Ragonot MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2008) No
Hedylepta barcalis Walker TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Anonymous,

1965a Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No

80 Larvae of C

. punctiferalis feed on litchi seed s within fruit by burrowing through the edible fruit tissue ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ). 81 Because wecould not locate D

. punctigeralis elsewhere in the literature, we assume the name in Storey and Rogers ( 1980 ) is a misspelling of D

. punctiferalis

. 82 The only evidence that litchi and longan are hosts of C

. gnidiella is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on litchi in passenger baggage and one interception on longan in mail ( PestID, 2009 ). T his is insufficient evidence that th ese species are associated with those hosts. It is listed here on the basis of its assoc iation with

ram butan

.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 51 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Herpetogramma licarsisalis Walker MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008), PH (CABI, 2007); US (HI) (Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005) Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005; Robinson et al., 2001) No

Heterocrasa expansalis Warren MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005; Yunus and Ho, 1980 Yes L (Yunus and Ho, 1980) No

Nacoleia octasema (Meyrick) ID (Zhang, 1994); ID, MY (CABI, 2006); TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes I, L, St, F (CABI, 2004); F (Robinson et al., 2005) No 83

Prasinoxena monospila Meyrick TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes Bk (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Psara basalis Walker ID, TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes I (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Pycnarmon quinquepuncta Swinhoe MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) 78 No

Tirathaba mundella Walker ID, MY (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes F (borer) (Waterhouse, 1993); F (internal), growing points, I (CABI, 2006) Yes

83 L arvae of Nacoleia octasema feed externally on the fruit ( CABI, 2004 ). Because of the size and mobility of the larvae, this pest is highly unlikely to remain on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 52 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Tirathaba rufivena Walker MY (Khoo et al., 1991); ID, MY, PH, TH (CABI, 2006) Storey and

Rogers, 1980 Khoo et al., 1991; McQuate et al., 2000; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 199398 Yes I, growing points, young F (CABI, 2005); F (Yunus and Ho, 1980); F (Storey and Rogers, 1980) No 84

Tirathaba ruptilinea Walker ID, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes F (internal) (Robinson et al., 2001; Wongsiri, 1991) Yes

**Lepidoptera: Saturniidae** Attacus atlas (Linnaeus) MY (Khoo et al., 1991); BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2004 CABI, 2004; Khoo et al., 1991; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993) No

Cricula trifenestrata (Helfer) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2004 Yes L (CABI, 2006) No

**Lepidoptera: Scythrididae** Eretmocera impactella Walker TH (Zhang, 1994) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Baloch et al., 1978; Srivastava and Pant, 1974) No

**Lepidoptera: Sphingidae** Cephonodes picus Cram. TH (Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2008) Anonymous,

1965a Yes L (Anonymous, 1965a) No

84 Field surveys found T. rufivena damaging litchi fruit by burrowing through the outer edible fruit tissue to feed on the seed, w hich causes the fruit “to drop if young, or makes it unmarketable” ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ). Any such fruit will likely be detec ted during post

- harvest processing

. Also, the larvae of this species are relatively large (up to 30 mm) and very active when disturbed, and they cause immature fruit to abort ( CABI, 2005 ). Thus , this species is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 53 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Theretra latreillii (Macleay) TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes F (Robinson et al., 2005); L, St (Hawkeswood, 1993) No 85

**Lepidoptera: Thyrididae** Striglina asinina Warren TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2008) No
Striglina divisata Warr. TH (Anonymous, 1965a) Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005 Yes I (Anonymous, 1965a) No

**Lepidoptera: Tineidae** Erechthias leucopogon Meyrick TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes Bk, Sd (Robinson et al., 2001) No 86

**Lepidoptera: Tortricidae** Adoxophyes fasciculana Walker MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) 78 No
Adoxophyes perstricta Meyrick ID (CABI, 2006) Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2000 Yes L (Waterhouse, 1993); L, F (Hill, 1983) No 87

Adoxophyes privatana Walker MY (Khoo et al., 1991); ID, MY, VN (Waterhouse, 1993); TH, MY, PH (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004) Taiwan, 2002 CABI, 2004; Khoo et al., 1991; Ooi et al., 2002; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (Waterhouse, 1993) No

85 Theretra spp. feed externally on host plants ( CABI, 2004 ) and the adults and larvae are large and mobile. Therefore, T. latreillii is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. 86 Erechthias leucopogon attacks only the bark, not the seed, of longan ( Robinson et al ., 2001 ) . T herefore, this species is highly unlikely to follow the pathway on longan. 87 Plant part association for A

. perstricta is based on data for the genus. Adoxophyes larvae feed only on the leave s and the surface of fruit (Hill, 1983)
, so this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 54 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Archips dispilana Walker MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Archips machlopis Meyrick MY (Waterhouse, 1993); TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Ross, 2004 Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991 Yes L (Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991) No

Archips micaceana (Walker) TH (Anupunt, 2003a); LA, MY, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) Anupunt,

2003a; Hill, 1983; Robinson et al., 2001 Anupunt,

2003a; Robinson et al., 2001 Robinson et

al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L, I (Anupunt, 2003a; Robinson et al., 2001); L (Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991) No

Archips mimicus Walsingham MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L, I, F (internal) (Robinson et al., 2001) Yes
Archips tabescens Meyrick MY (Waterhouse, 1993) Zhang, 1994 Yes L (Zhou and Deng, 2004) No

Cerace sardias Meyrick TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Cnesteboda celligera Meyrick ID, MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al.,

2001; Robinson et al., 2008 PPQ, 1999 Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2008 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001) No

Cryptophlebia illepida Butler TH, MY, US (HI) (Robinson et al., 2008) CABI, 2004 McQuate et al., 2000 Yes F (internal) (McQuate et al., 2000) YesPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 55 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) KH, ID, LA, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); MY (Robinson et al., 2008); US (HI) (Chang, 1995; McQuate et al., 2000) Hill, 1983;

Waite, 2004b; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; Hyde, 2000; PestID, 2009 ; Waite and Hwang, 2002 McQuate et

al., 2000 Yes F (Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Hill, 1983; Waite, 2004b; Waite and Hwang, 2002) Yes

Dudua aprobola Meyrick (Syn.: Platypeplus aprobola Meyrick, Argyroploce aprobola Meyrick) VN (Kuznetzov, 2003); BN, TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; Bose et al., 2001; Morton, 1987b; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 Anonymous,

1994 Yes I (Abraham and Jayanthi, 1999; Bose et al., 2001); L (Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Bose et al., 2001; Mann and Singh, 1984; Punnaiah and Devaprasad, 1996; Wen et al., 2002); L, I (Storey and Rogers, 1980) No

Gatesclarkeana erotias Meyrick ID (Zhang, 1994) Robinson et al., 2001; Zhang, 1994 Yes L, Sh, I, F (internal) (Robinson et al., 2001) Yes

Gatesclarkeana idia Diakonoff TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2005 Yes L, I (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Homona coffearia (Nietner) ID, MY, PH, VN (CABI, 2006); TH (Robinson et al., 2008) CABI, 2004;

Waite and Hwang, 2002 Anonymous,

1994 CABI, 2004;

Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993 Yes L (CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983; Waterhouse, 1993); I (Storey and Rogers, 1980) No

Homona difficilis Meyrick TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 Anonymous,

2003; Waite, 2005b Waite and

Hwang, 2002 Yes L (Robinson et al., 2001; Waite, 2005b) No

Homona eductana Walker MY, TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al.,

2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 Yes I (Wongsiri, 1991), L (Robinson et al., 2001) NoPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 56 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Lobesia aeolopa Meyrick MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Zhang, 1994 Yes F (internal), L, I (Robinson et al., 2001) Yes
Lobesia genialis Meyrick TH (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2008 Yes I (Robinson et al., 2001) No
Ophiorrhabda cellifera Meyrick MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes L, F (internal) (Robinson et al., 2001) Yes

Statherotis discana (Felder & Rogenhofer) LA (CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993); ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006 Robinson et al., 2008; Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991 CABI, 2006 Yes L (CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993) No

Statherotis leucaspis Meyrick ( Syn s

. : Argyroploce leucaspis Meyrick, Olethreutes leucaspis Meyrick) TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Bose et al.,

2001; Hill, 1983; Morton, 1987b; Zhang, 1994 Robinson et

al., 2008; Wongsiri, 1991 Robinson et

al., 2005 Yes L (Bose et al., 2001; Wongsiri, 1991); I (Bose et al., 2001) No

**Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae**  Comocritis pieria Meyrick TH, MY (Robinson et al., 2008) Robinson et al., 2005 Yes Bk, F (Robinson et al., 2001) No 88

**Orthoptera: Acrididae** Chondracis rosea (De Geer) ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 2003 CABI, 2006 Yes L (Anonymous, 2003) No
Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyton) KH, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 2003 Yes L, growing points, I, Sd, F, St (CABI, 2006) No 89

88 Comocritis pieria feeds externally on the fruit ( Robinson et al., 2001 ), so it is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. 89 Because of its size, biology
, and mobility, L. migratoria manilensis is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 57 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **Orthoptera: Gryllidae**  Tarbinskiellus portentosus (Lichtenstein) (Syn.: Brachytrupes portentosus Lichtenstein) VN (CABI, 2007), KH (Nickel, 1979) Anonymous,

1994 Anonymous,

1994, 2003 Yes S eedling (Hill, 1983) No

**Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae** Haplothrips sp. ASEAN a ( PestID, 2009 ) PestID, 2009 Ross, 2004 Yes I, L ( Ross, 2004 ) No

**Thysanoptera: Thripidae** Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton) ID, MY (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2005) CABI, 2005 No N/A N/A

Ermothrips lobatus Bhatti TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 1991 Yes I (Wongsiri, 1991) No Megalurothrips distalis (Karny) (Syn.: Taeniothrips distalis Karny) ID, PH, TH (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2004;

Hill, 1983; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Yes L, I (CABI, 2004); I (Morton, 1987b) No

Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood TH (Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991); ID (Li

- zhong, 2000) Wen et al., 2002 Yes L (CABI, 2003; Wen et al., 2002); F (Gima et al., 2001) Yes

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood TH (Anupunt, 2003a; Anupunt, 2003b); BN, ID, MY, PH, TH (CABI, 2006); US (FL, HI) (CABI, 2006) Li et al., 2004;

Waite and Hwang, 2002 Anupunt,

2003a Anupunt,

2003b; Wongsiri, 1991 [ Yes ] 90 Sh (Waite and Hwang, 2002); Bk, L, Sh (Li et al., 2004); Sh, L, F, I (CABI, 2004); I (Wongsiri, 1991); L, I, young F (Anupunt, 2003a) No 91

90 Quarantin e significant species with limited distribution in the United States (NIS, 2009d)

. 91 Scirtothrips dorsalis only attack s immature fruit ( CABI/EPPO, 1997 ) . T herefore, this species is highly unlikely to be on harvested fruit and follow the pathway

.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 58 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) ID, MY, PH, TH (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 1994 Astridge,

2001 No N/A N/A

Thrips coloratus Schmutz TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 1991 Wongsiri, 1991 Yes L (Wongsiri, 1991) No
Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN (CABI, 2006); US (CABI, 2006) Wongsiri, 1991 Wen et al., 2002 Wongsiri,

1991 No N/A N/A

**PATHOGENS Nematodes**  92 Aphelenchoides ritzema

- bosi Steiner [Aphelenchoididae] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Criconemella sp. De Grisse & Loof [Criconematidae] TH (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2007; PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 Yes 93 R (CABI, 2007) No

Discocriconemella limitanea (Luc) De Grisse & Loof [Criconematidae] TH (Ross, 2004) c PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 Yes R (PPQ, 2007) No

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher [Hoplolaimidae] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus exallus Sher [Hoplolaimidae] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US ( PestID, 2009 ; USDA

-ARS, 2007) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Helicotylenchus multicinctus Golden [Hoplolaimidae] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

92 Taxonomy according to Nickle (1991) 93 “ Criconemella sp. ” is reportedly present in both Thailand and the United States (CABI, 2007), but because species were not reported we do not know if they are the same species in both countries.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 59 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus Golden [Hoplolaimidae] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi [Criconematidae] TH (Ross, 2004), VN (PPD, 2005) c (CABI, 2006); US (CA, FL) (MacGowan, 1984) Ploetz et al.,

2003; PPD, 2005; PPQ, 2007 Liu and

Zhang, 1999; PPQ, 2007 [Yes] 94 R (CABI, 2006; Ploetz et al., 2003) No

Hemicriconemoides sp. [Criconematidae] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes R (PPQ, 2007) No
Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc [Hoplolaimidae] TH (Ross, 2004), PH (CABI, 2006) c PPQ, 2007 Yes R (PPQ, 2007) No
Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood [Heteroderidae] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Paralongidorus sacchari Siddiqi Hooper & Khan [Longidoridae] TH (Ross, 2004) c PPQ, 2007 Yes R (PPQ, 2007) No

Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran) Siddiqi [Trichodoridae] VN (PPD, 2005), PH (CABI, 2006) b ; US (CABI, 2006) PPD, 2005 No N/A N/A

Pratylenchus zeae Graham [Pratylenchidae] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne [Pratylenchidae] TH, PH, ID, BN (CABI, 2007) c ; US (FL, HI, LA, TX) (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007 [Yes] 95 R (PPQ, 2007) No

94 Hemicriconemoides mangiferae is a quarantine

- significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2008). 95 Radopholus similis is a quarantine

- significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States (N IS, 2008).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 60 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford Olievera [Hoplolaimidae] TH (Ross, 2004),VN (PPD, 2005) b ; US (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007;

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Tylenchorhynchus clavicaudatus Seinhorst [Belonolaimidae] TH (Ross, 2004) c PPQ, 2007 Yes R (PPQ, 2007) No
Tylenchorhynchus crassicaudatus [Belonolaimidae] TH (Ross, 2004) c PPQ, 2007 Yes R (PPQ, 2007) No
Tylenchorhynchus dactylurus Das. [Belonolaimidae] TH (Ross, 2004) c PPQ, 2007 Yes R (PPQ, 2007) No
Tylenchorhynchus sp. [ Belonolaimidae] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes R (PPQ, 2007) No
Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb [Tylenchulidae] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Xiphinema americanum Cobb [Longidoridae] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007;

Raabe et al., 1981 No N/A N/A

Xiphinema radicicola Goodey [Longidoridae] TH (Ross, 2004) c ; US (FL) (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007 [Yes] 96 R (PPQ, 2007) No

**Algae** Cephaleuros sp. TH (Ross, 2004), VN (PPD, 2005) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 Yes L (CABI, 2006) No

96 Xiphinema radicicola is a quarantine

- significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2009c).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 61 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Cephaleuros virescens Kunze TH (PPRDO, 2003; Ross, 2004; Salakpetch, 2005), BN (Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982; Ross, 2004) b ; US (Alfieri Jr. et al., 1984; Brannen, 2004; Mossler and Nesheim, 2003 Ploetz et al.,

2003; PPQ, 2007 Anonymous,

2002; Ploetz et al., 2003; PPQ, 2007; PPRDO, 2003 Lim and

Diczbalis, 1998; Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982; Ploetz et al., 2003; Salakpetch, 2005 No N/A N/A

**Bacteria 97**  Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young [Syn.: Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend) Conn; A. radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Conn] [Rhizobiales] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (CABI, 2007) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Pseudomonas syringae pv

. syringae van Hall [Pseudomonadales] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (CABI, 2006) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

**Fungi and Chromistans 98**  Alternaria sp. [Ascomycetes : Pleosporales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes P anicle (Ross, 2004) Yes
Aspergillus niger van Teighem [Ascomycetes : Eurotiales] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (CABI, 2007) PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

97 Taxonomy according to Euzeby ( 2009 ). 98 Taxonomy according to Farr et al., 2009Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 62 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Botryosphaeria rhodina Berk. & M.A. Curtis (Anamorph: Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.; Syn.: Diplodia theobromae (Pat.) W. Nowell; Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl.) [Ascomycetes : Dothideales] TH (Ross, 2004), BN (Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982) b ; US (CABI, 2007) Ploetz et al.,

2003; PPQ, 2007; Rawal, 1998 Ploetz et al.,

2003 Lim and

Diczbalis, 1998; Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982; Ploetz et al., 2003; Rawal, 1998; Turner, 1971 No N/A N/A

Botrytis sp. [Ascomycetes : Helotiales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes I (Ross, 2004) No
Brachysporium sp. [Ascomycetes : Incertae sedis ] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes St (Ross, 2004) No
Capnodium ramosum Cooke [Ascomycetes : Capnodiales] TH (PPRDO, 2003; Ross, 2004) b PPQ, 2007; PPRDO, 2003 No 99 N/A N/A

Chaetomium sp. [Ascomycetes : Sordariales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes R (Ross, 2004) No

Cercospora sp. [Ascomycetes] MY (Johnston, 1960) Johnston, 1960 Yes L (Johnston, 1960) No
Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen) De Vries [Ascomycetes : Mycosphaerellales] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Farr et al., 2009) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Cladosporium sp. [Ascomycetes : Mycosphaerellales] TH (Ross, 2004); VN (PPD, 2005) PPQ, 2007;

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 Yes L (Ross, 2004) No

Colletotrichum sp. [Ascomycetes : Incertae sedis ] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 Yes L (Ross, 2004) No

99 This species belongs to the Capnodiaceae family; members of this family are considered true “sooty mold” species that live saprobically on the honeydew excrement of sap
- feeding insects (Alexopoulos et al., 1996; Cannon and Kirk, 2007). These fungi can be rubbed or washed off from the surface of plant tissues since they do not penetrate the host tissues (Nameth et al., 2003). Presence of sooty molds is an indication of sap

- feeding insect infestation. Quarantine action is not taken on these types of organism s (NIS, 2009b).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 63 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curtis) Wei [Ascomycetes : Pleosporales] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Farr et al., 2009) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & Haasis (Anamorph: Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn [Ascomycetes : Pleosporales] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Farr et al., 2009) PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Curvularia sp. [Ascomycetes : Pleosporales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 Yes F (Coates et al., 2003) Yes
Cyphella sp. [Basidiomycetes : Agaricales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes St (Ross, 2004) No
Diplodia sp. [Ascomycetes : Dothideales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes Sd (Ross, 2004) Yes
Dolabra nepheliae C. Booth & W.P. Ting [Ascomycetes : Dothideales] MY (Booth and Ting, 1964; Rossman et al., 2007); US (HI, Puerto Rico) (Rossman et al., 2007) Rossman et al.,

2007 Booth and Ting, 1964; Lim and Diczbalis, 1998; Rossman et al., 2007 Yes St (Booth and Ting, 1964; Lim and Diczbalis, 1998; Rossman et al., 2007; Tindall, 1994 ) No

Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burdsall [Syn.: Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome) [Basidiomycetes: Polyporales] TH (CABI, 2006; Salakpetch, 2005), VN, MY, PH, KH (CABI, 2006); BN (CABI, 2006; Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982) b ; US (CABI, 2006) PPQ, 2007;

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007;

Turner, 1971 Peregrine and

Bin Ahmad, 1982; Ploetz et al., 2003; PPQ, 2007; Turner, 1971 No N/A N/A

Fusarium sp. [Ascomycetes : Hypocreales] TH (Ross, 2004), VN (PPD, 2005) PPQ, 2007;

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 Yes F (Ross, 2004) YesPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 64 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Galactomyces geotrichum (Butler & Peterson) Redhead & Malloch (Syn.: Dipodascus geotrichum (Butler & Peterson); Anamorph: Geotrichum candidum Link ) [Sacchromycetes: Saccharomycetales] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Farr et al., 2007) Anonymous,

2002; Tsai and Hsieh, 1998 PPQ, 2007;

Tsai and Hsieh, 1998 Liu, 1977 No N/A N/A

Gliocephalotrichum simplex (J.A. Mey.) B. Wiley & E.G. Simmons (Syn.: Cylindrocladium simplex J. A. Mey.)[Ascomycetes : Hypocreales] MY (Liu, 1977); US (FL, HI) (Alfieri Jr. et al., 1984; Nishijima et al., 2002) Liu, 1977 No (NIS, 2007) 100 N/A N/A

Gliocephalotrichum sp. [Ascomycetes : Hypocreales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 No (NIS, 2007) 1 0 0 N/A N/A

Gloeosporium sp. [Ascomycetes : Helotiales] TH (Ross, 2004); VN (PPD, 2005) PPQ, 2007;

PPD, 2005 Yes F, L (Ross, 2004) Yes
Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & Schrenk (Anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Sacc.) [Ascomycetes: Incertae sedis ] VN (PPD, 2005); TH (Ross, 2004), BN (Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982) b ; US (CABI, 2006) Anonymous,

2002; Ploetz et al., 2003; PPD, 2005; Rawal, 1998 Anonymous,

2002; PPQ, 2007 Lim and

Diczbalis, 1998; Ploetz et al., 2003; PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broom) Samuels & Rossman (Anamorph: Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.) [Ascomycetes: Hypocreales] VN (PPD, 2005), TH (PPQ, 2007) b ; US (Farr et al., 2007) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Lasiodiplodia sp. [Ascomycetes : Dothideales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 No 101 N/A N/A

100 Gliocephalotrichum is the anamorph of Leuconectria spp. Leuconectria spp. are members of the family Bionectriaceae within the order Hypocreales. Mem bers are associated with dead plant material or other fungi and are cosmopolitan. Rarely are they pathogenic (NIS, 2007)

.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 65 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Leuconectria clusiae (Samuels & Rogerson) Rossman, Samuels & Lowen (Anamorph: Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium Ellis & Hesselt) [Ascomycetes : Hypocreales] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (HI) (Farr et al., 2007) PPQ, 2007 No 100 N/A N/A

Macrophoma sp. [Ascomycetes : Botryosphaeriales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes L, F (Ross, 2004) Yes

Marasmiellus scandens (Massee) Denis & D.A. Reid (Syn.: Marasmius scandens Massee) [Basidiomycetes : Agaricales] MY (Turner, 1971) Turner, 1971 (one record) Turner, 1971 No 102 L, St (CABI, 2007) N/A

Marasmius equicrinis F. Muell. ex Berk. [Basidiomycetes : Agaricales] MY (Turner, 1971) Turner, 1971 No 103 L, St (CABI, 2007) No

Marasmius sp.[Basidiomycetes : Agaricales] MY (Johnston, 1960) Johnston, 1960 No 1 0 3 L, St (CABI, 2007) No
Meliola nephelii Sacc. var. singalensis Hansf. [Ascomycetes : Meliolales] MY (Turner, 1971); TH (Ross, 2004) b PPQ, 2007; Turner, 1971 No 104 N/A N/A

Meliola sp. [Ascomycetes : Meliolales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 No 1 0 4 N/A N/A

101 The genus Lasiodiplodia is not of quarantine concern in the United States (NIS, 2007). 102 Marasmiellus i s not listed in the pest i dentification database , but action would not likely be taken on the genus , which typically infests downed trees and plant debris (NIS, 2009b). 103 The genus Marasmius i s not listed in interception database, however National Identification Services reports action would not likely be taken on members of genus due to their typical habit on downed tr ees and plant debris (NIS, 2009b ). 104 Mem bers of this order of fungi (Meliolales) are among the least economically important of the plant parasitic fungi (Alexopoulos et al., 1996). Meliolales species grow

on plant surface s, forming dark
, superficial coveri ng s (Alexopoulos et al., 1996 ; Moore

- Landecker, 1982). Heavy infestations may cause leaf chlorosis due to the black grow th blocking sunlight and reducing photosynthesis, but they rarely kill plant cells (Moore

- Landecker, 1982; Nameth et al., 2003). This sp ecies i s a sooty mold that grows on the honeydew excrement of plant sucking insects and mites ( Coates et al.
, 2003) . Quarantine action is not taken on these fungi (NIS, 2009a).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 66 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Microsphaeropsis sp. [Ascomycetes] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes L (Ross, 2004) No
Mycosphaerella sp. [Ascomycetes] TH (Ross, 2004); VN (PPD, 2005) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 Yes L (Ross, 2004; PPD, 2005) No
Nectria pseudotrichia Berk. & M.A. Curtis (Syn.: Thyronectria pseudotrichia (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Seeler; Anamorph: Tubercularia lateritia (Berk) Seifert) [Ascomycetes : Hypocreales] MY (Johnston, 1960; Turner, 1971); US (Farr et al., 2009) Johnston, 1960; Lim and Diczbalis, 1998; Turner, 1971 No N/A N/A

Oidium nephelii Hadiwidjaja [Ascomycetes : Erysiphales] TH (Ross, 2004; Salakpetch, 2005); BN (Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982); ID, PH, MY (Farr et al., 2007) PPQ, 2007; Rawal, 1998; Salakpetch, 2005; Turner, 1971 Yes I, L, F (Coates et al., 2003; Rawal, 1998); young Sh (Rawal, 1998) Yes 105

Oidium sp. [Ascomycetes: Erysiphales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes F, I (Coates et al., 2003) Yes
Phytophthora litchii (C.C. Chen ex W.H. Ko, H.S. Chang, H.J. Su, C.C. Chen & L.S. Leu) Voglmayr, Göker, Riethm. & Oberw. (Syn.: Peronophythora litchii C.C. Chen ex W.H. Ko, H.S. Chang, H.J. Su, C.C. Chen & L.S. Leu) [Oomycetes: Pythiales] TH, VN (Coates et al., 2003; Vien et al., 2001) 106 Anonymous,

2002; Ko et al., 1978; PPQ, 2007; PPD, 2005 Yes F, I, L (Coates et al., 2003; Ross, 2004) Yes

105 Powdery

mildews are primarily foliar pathogens but may sometimes occur on fruits (Cooke, 1975; Ploetz et al., 1994). This dis ease, however, is the most serious disease of rambutan in the field and affects mainly young and actively growing leaves, inflores cences , and fruit. 106 This pathogen is present in Vietnam and Thailand (Coates et al., 2003 ). We found no evidence that P

. litchii occurs in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, or Malaysia
, but

—unless additional data is provided

—weassume the pest is present in these countries due to the ir proximity to Vietnam and Thailand

.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 67 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Pestalotia sp. [Ascomycetes: Xylariales] TH (Ross, 2004) Ross, 2004 PPQ, 2007 Yes F (Farr et al., 2007) Yes
Pestalotiopsis cruenta (Syd.) Steyaert [Ascomycetes: Xylariales] MY (Johnston, 1960) Johnston, 1960 Yes L (Johnston, 1960) No

Pestalotiopsis disseminata (Thum.) Steyaert [Ascomycetes: Xylariales] MY (Liu, 1977); US (FL) (Alfieri Jr. et al., 1984); US (VA) (Roane and Roane, 1996) Liu, 1977 [ Yes ] L (Farr et al., 2009; Liu, 1977) No

Pestalotiopsis pauciseta (Sacc.) Chen (Syn.: Pestalotia pauciseta Sacc.) [Ascomycetes: Xylariales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007; Rawal, 1998 Farr et al.,

2007; Zhang and Qi, 1996 Yes L, St (Farr et al., 2007) No

Pestalotiopsis sp. [Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Farr et al., 2007; PPQ, 2007 Yes I, L, F (Coates et al., 2003) Yes

Pestalotiopsis theae (Saw.) Stey. [Ascomycetes: Xylariales] TH (Ross, 2004); BN (Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982); ID, PH, MY (Farr et al., 2007) PPQ, 2007 Yes L (Farr et al., 2009; Ross, 2004) No

Phaeosphaeria sp. [Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes F (Ross, 2004) Yes

Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn (Syn.: Fomes noxius Corner) 107 [Basidiomycetes: Hymenochaetales] VN (PPD, 2005); ID, MY (CABI, 2006) c Anonymous,

2002; PPD, 2005 Anonymous,

2002 Turner, 1971 Yes R, Tw (Farr et al., 2007) No

Phialophora sp. [Ascomycetes] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes L (Ross, 2004) No Phoma sp. [Ascomycetes: Pleosporales] TH (Ross, 2004); VN (PPD, 2005) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 Yes F, St (Ross, 2004; PPD, 2005) Yes

107 Synonym for P

. noxius is from Index Fungorum: http://www.indexfungorum.org/

.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 68 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Phomopsis sp. [Ascomycetes: Diaporthales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 Yes L, St (Ross, 2004) No
Phyllosticta sp. [Ascomycetes] TH (Ross, 2004); another Phyllostickta sp. was reported in MY (Johnston, 1960) PPQ, 2007 Johnston, 1960; PPQ, 2007 Yes L (Johnston, 1960; Ross, 2004) No

Phytophthora botryosa Chee [Oomycetes: Pythiales] TH (Ross, 2004); MY, VN (CABI, 2006) c PPQ, 2007; Rawal, 1998 Yes L, St, R (Ross, 2004) No

Phytophthora capsici Leonian [Oomycetes: Pythiales] TH (PPRDO, 2003; Ross, 2004) b ; US (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPQ, 2007; PPRDO, 2003 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands [Oomycetes: Pythiales] TH (Ross, 2004); VN (PPD, 2005) b ; US (Westcott and Horst, 2001) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Hann var. parasitica (Dastur) G.M. Waterhouse [Oomycetes: Pythiales] TH (Ross, 2004) b ; US (Farr et al., 2009) PPQ, 2007; Rawal, 1998 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler [Oomycetes: Pythiales] TH (PPRDO, 2003; Ross, 2004); PH, MY, ID, VN (Farr et al., 2007) b ; US (AZ, CA, FL, HI) (CABI, 2006) PPQ, 2007 Ploetz et al., 2003; PPQ, 2007; PPRDO, 2003 No N/A N/A

Phytophthora sp

. [Oomycetes: Pythiales] VN (PPD, 2005); TH (Coates et al., 2003) PPD, 2005 Coates et al., 2003 Coates et al.,

2003 Yes L, F (Coates et al., 2003) Yes
Pseudoperonospora sp. [Oomycetes: Peronosporales] VN (PPD, 2005) PPD, 2005 Yes I, F (PPD, 2005) Yes
Pythium sp. [Oomycetes: Pythiales] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes R (Ross, 2004) NoPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 69 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  Rhabdospora sp. [Ascomycetes] TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Yes (NIS, 2007) branch, Tw (Ross,

2004) No

Rhizoctonia sp. [Basidiomycetes] TH (Ross, 2004); US (Agrios, 1997) PPQ, 2007 No R (Ross, 2004) No
Rigidoporus microporus (Fr.) Overeem (Syn.: Fomes lignosus Klotzsch) 108 [Basidiomycetes : Polyporales] TH (Ross, 2004); VN, PH, MY (CABI, 2006) b ; US (CABI, 2006) PPQ, 2007; Rawal, 1998; Turner, 1971 No N/A N/A

Septobasidium sp. [Urediniomycetes : Septobasidiales] MY (Turner, 1971) Turner, 1971 Yes Bk (Turner, 1971) No

Sphaeropsis sp. [Ascomycetes] VN (PPD, 2005) PPD, 2005 Yes L, St, F (Coates et al., 2003) Yes
Thanatephorus cucumerus (Frank) Donk. (Anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) [Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales] TH (CABI, 2006; Ross, 2004); VN (CABI, 2006; PPD, 2005); PH, MY (CABI, 2006) b ; US (Agrios, 1997; CABI, 2006) PPD, 2005;

PPQ, 2007 No N/A N/A

Uredo nephelii (S. Ito & Muray.) Hirats. f. (Syn.: Skierka nephelii S. Ito & Muray.)[Urediniomycetes : Uredinales] TH (Ross, 2004) c Anonymous, 2002; Farr et al., 2007; PPQ, 2007 Yes L (Farr et al., 2007); St (Ross, 2004) No

108 Synonym for Rigidoporus microporus is from Index Fungorum: http://www.indexfungorum.org/

.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 70 **Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.**  **distribution 1**  **Reported on Quaran** 

**** **tine pest 2**  **Plant part(s)**

**association 3**  **Follow**

**pathway Litchi**  **Longan Rambutan**  **DISEASE OF UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY** Witches’ broom disease 109 TH (Batten, 1986; Coates et al., 2003) Koizumi, 1995 Batten, 1986; Coates et al., 2003 Yes Potentially whole plant via systemic

mo ve ment (Agrios, 1997; Siddique et al., 1998; Waigmann et al., 2004) No 110

109 Scientists debate whether or not witches’ broom disease is a phytoplasma or virus (Coates et al., 2003). 110 Coates et al. (2003) report that the pathogen for witches’ broom disease causes crowded panicles that lose flowers prematurely. If flowers drop prematurely, fruit

wo uld not be produced. Even if fruit were able to develop, these types of disease agents are typically moved to new hosts by insect vectors or propagative measures such as grafting, budding
, or cuttings ( Coates et al., 2003 ; Agrios, 1997 ). T his pathogen is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of fruit for consumption.Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 71 2.4.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation Quarantine pests not listed below ( Table 6 ) could be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or

ecos ys tems, but we do not consider them for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they

may be mainly

associated with plant parts other than the commodity ; associated with the commodity , but not likely to remain with the commodity through standard harvest and post

- harvest processing; have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agricultural port

- of

- entry inspection, but are not likely to be present in commercial shipments; or were identified only to the genus level, and the genus in question occurs in the continental United States.

**Doubtful host association**

. Multiple species were not listed above because their association with the hosts is doubtful. For example, without further information, we consider one or a few interceptions at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on a commodity

to be insufficient evidence of a host association, especially

if the interception occurred on produce in passenger baggage, because the origin of the goods may

be unclear. This was the case for the following species: Tuckerella knorri Baker and Tuttle (Acari: Tuckerellidae), Araecerus sp. ( Coleoptera: Anthribidae), Glyphonyx sp. ( Coleoptera: Elateridae), Hypothenemus sp. ( Coleoptera: Scoly tidae), Contarinia sp., Resseliella sp. ( Diptera: Cecidomyiidae ), Dacus sp. ( Diptera: Tephritidae), Batracomorphus sp., Myzus persicae (Sulzer) ( Hemiptera: Aphididae), Graminella expansa Linnavuori ( Hemiptera: Cicadellidae ), Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) ( Hemiptera: Coccidae), Fromundus pygmaeus (Dallas) ( Hemiptera: Cydnidae ), Nilaparvata sp., Diaspis sp., Fiorinia sp., Lepidosaphes laterochitinosa Green, Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) ( Hemiptera: Delphacidae ), Navarrus phaeophilus (Walker) ( Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), Crypticerya sp., Drosicha sp. ( Hemiptera: Margarodidae ), Campylomma sp. ( Hemiptera: Miridae), Exallomochlus camur Williams, Exallomochlus sp., Parac occus burnerae (Brain), Planococcus angkorensis (Takahashi) ( s yn.: P. dorsospinus Ezzat & McConnell), Planococcoides sp., Rastrococcus biggeri Williams & Watson ( Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Bactericera sp. ( Hemiptera: Triozidae ), Hendecasis duplifascialis Hampson, ( Lepidoptera: Py ralidae ), and Frankliniella schultzei (Try bom) ( Th ys anoptera: Thripidae ).

In addition
, we did not list Hypsipyla robusta Moore ( Lepidoptera: P yralidae ). Py ralids in Hypsipyla generall y attack plants in the family Meliaceae, subfamily Swietenioideae (Biosecurity

Australia, 2007; Griffiths, 2001). Although this genus reportedly feeds on plants in other groups, these reports “probabl y constitute misidentification of the insects and/or misinterpretation of the damage,” and “some recor ds may represent chance feeding events” (Griffiths, 2001). Besides the report b y Zhang (1994) (which is simply a catalog, not an original reference source), we found no other report of litchi as a host of H. robusta . Finally , since 1985, the genus Hypsipyla has never been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on litchi or any

other Sapindaceae plants (PestID, 2009).
Finally , we also did not list Parlatoria cinerea Danne & Hadden (syn.: P. pseudopyri Kuwana) ( Hemiptera: Delphacidae ). We found no reports of P. cinerea or P. pseudopyri attacking any plants in the family

Sapindaceae, and onl y two original references (Butani, 1977a; Butani, 1977b) for litchi as a host. Those sources are general articles on litchi pests that provide no specific information on P. cinerea or P. pseudopyri (e.g., collector’s name, date and location of collection, etc.), so they

are not strong evidence of a regular host association. Indeed, they notePest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 72 that this pest and other listed scales do not severely damage litchi (Butani, 1977a; 1977b). The primary host of this pest is Citrus (e.g., Watson, 2005a; Williams and Watson, 1988a). Furthermore, since 1985, out of the 2,249 pest interceptions on litchi at U.S. ports

- of

- entry , the genus Parlatoria has never been intercepted (PestID, 2009) . Consequentl y, litchi is likely rarel y a host, if at all.
**Doubtful presence in exporting country** : Other species were not listed above because their presence in any of the exporting countries is doubtful. For example, without further information, we consi der one or a few interceptions at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on a commodity

to be insufficient evidence of a pest occurring in a country , especially if the interception occurred on produce in passenger baggage, because the origin of the goods may be unclear. Thi s was the case for the following species here: Anastrepha sp., Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) ( Diptera: Tephritidae), Aleurocanthus husaini Corbett, Aleurotuberculatus murrayae Singh ( Hemiptera: Aley rodidae ), and Thrips imaginis Bagnall ( Thy sanoptera: Thri pidae).
**Identification only to genus**

. Generally, we do not consider risk mitigation measures for organisms identified only to the genus level if the genus in question is reported in the United States. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species o ccurs in the United States and, consequently , whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the United States. In this pest list document, the preceding statement applies to the arthropods Tarsonemus sp. (Acari: Tarsonemidae)
, Aulacaspis sp

. , Ch ionaspis sp. (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) , Icerya sp. (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), Cataenococcus sp. , Crisicoccus sp. , Dysmicoccus sp. , Ferrisia sp. , Maconellicoccus sp. , Nipaecoccus sp. , Paracoccus sp. , and Phenacoccus sp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). All of th ese genera are reported to occur in the United States, including the continental United States (Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Hill, 1987). The above statement also applies to the following fungi: Alternaria sp., Curvularia sp., Diplodia sp., Fusarium s p., Gloeosporium spp., Macrophoma sp., Oidium sp., Phoma sp., Pestalotia sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phaeosphaeria sp., and Sphaeropsis sp. (Ascom ycet es), as well as Phytophthora sp

. and Pseudoperonospora sp. (Oomycetes). All of these genera are reported to o ccur in the United States, including the continental United States ( Westcott and Horst, 2001 ; Agrios, 1997; CABI, 2007 ; Farr et al., 2009). Lack of specific identification may

indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, the life stage, or the quality of the specimen submitted for identification. By necessity , pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is available. Lack of specific identification does not rule out the possibility

that a high risk quarantine pest was intercepted. Conversel y, the development of detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests, allow effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms as well as similar but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, w e may reevaluate their risk.
**Lepidopterans**

. We identified Lepidoptera species in the genera Archips
, Conogethes, Conopomorpha, Cryptoblabes, Cryptophlebia, Deudorix, Dichomeris, Gatesclarkeana
, Lobesia
, Ophiorrhabda, Stathmopoda
, and Tirathaba as quarantine pests likel y to follow one or more of the commodity

pathways (Table 6), but their pupae and adults are unlikel y to do so. Due to their mobility, free

- living adults of L epidoptera are unlikely to be in the pathway of commercially produced litchi, longan , and rambutan fruits. As for the pupal stage, in most of these genera ofPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 73 concern , the pupae are either associated with plant parts other than fruit or they occur externally on their host’s plant parts (Ahmed, 1977; Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; CABI, 2007; Hal l, 1931; Hill, 1987; Hwang and Hsieh, 1989; IPM DANIDA, 2003; Nair, 1975; Ohta, 1940; Ooi et al., 2002; Popich et al., 1995; Underhill, 1943; van den Berg et al., 2001; Verma, 1985). Or, if the pupae occur inside the fruit or seed of their host plants (Atw al, 1976; CABI, 2007; Franssen, 1936; Gupta et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2002; Verma, 1985; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zaka ur Rab, 1980), they

would be associated with premature fruit drop and/or obvious damage and s ymptoms (CABI, 2007; Gupta et al., 2005; Sin gh et al., 2002; Waite and Hwang, 2002), thereb y making it likely for the fruit to be culled during standard harvest or post

- harvest handling and processing. We found no information on pupation behavior of the genera Gatesclarkeana
, Ophiorrhabda, and Stath mopoda . However, since 1985, inspectors at U.S. ports

- of

- entry have not intercepted pupae of these three genera associated with commercial fruit shipments (of any kind), and they have not intercepted them with litchi, longan, or rambutan in any pathway, co mmercial or non

commercial (PestID, 2009). Also, except for two interceptions of Conopomorpha in permit cargo with litchi fruit, inspectors at U.S. ports

- of

- entry have not intercepted pupae of the other Lepidoptera genera of concern associated with commerc ial fruit shipments (of any type of fruit) (PestID, 2009). This lack of interception is evidence of the low likelihood of any of the Lepidoptera pupae following the pathway of commercial fruit.

**Armored scales**

. Also, the four armored scales (Hemiptera: Dia spididae) identified in this risk assessment as quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

— Aulacaspis tubercularis
, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, Thysanofiorinia nephelii
, and Unaspis yanonensis

—are not potential candidates for mitigation measures because, although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highl y unlikely

to establish via this pathway (Miller et al., 1985; PERAL , 2007). A critical review of the literature, APHI S Plant Protection and Quarantine operational data, and expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highl y fecund, poly phagous, invasive, theoreticall y able to survive in most of the United States, an d capable of causing high level consequences, the specific pathway represented by

commercially

produced fruit shipped without leaves, stems, or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL
, 2007). This low risk is explained by poor ability

of armo red scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently , by their low probability

of establishment (PERAL , 2007). The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities:

 Legs and wing s are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings but are short

- lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.

 Self

- dispersal of armored scales occurs b y immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most vulnerable life stage; their survival decreases with long

- distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can be passivel y dispersed b y wind from one plant to another only during a period of approximately

24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as th ey lose their legs during the first molt and their mouthparts are deepl y inserted in the host, anchoring them firml y to the substrate.

 Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peel. There is a low probability of active dispersal of crawlers by walking fromPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 74 their natal host since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough surfaces.
2.4.3. Quarantine pests that follow the pathway and are candidates for risk mitigation We identified 48 quarantine pests that are likel y t o follow one or more of the commodity pathway s (Table 6). All of these pests are potential candidates for mitigation m easures. For each quarantine pest of concern, we provide the reported distribution in the ASEAN region (Table 7).
As noted in the Introduction, PPQ recognizes 400 Gy irradiation as an approved treatment for all plant pests of the class Insecta other than pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera for all imported fruits and vegetables (PPQ, 2011c) . The irradiation treatment, along with standard postharvest processes, will likely mitigate the risks from all the insects listed in Table 6. Additional measures may be required to mitigate risks associated with the mite pest Aceria litchii and the fungal pathogens Oidium nephelii and Phytophpathora litchii . Irradiation will likely cause some mortality in these pests, but will not completely mitigate the risk; therefore, we selected these pests for further analy sis (section 2.5).

**Table 6.** Quarantine pests identified as likely to follow the pathway

of fresh litchi, longan, and/or rambutan fruit imported from one or more of the ASEAN member countries into the continental United States

. **Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name**  **Pathway Arthropods**  Acari: Eriophyidae Aceria litchii Litchi, Longan Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera correcta Longan Bactrocera cucurbitae Litchi Bactrocera dorsalis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Bactrocera papayae Rambutan Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Ceroplastes rusci Litchi, Rambutan Coccus discrepans Longan Coccus viridis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Drepanococcus chiton Longan Taiwansaissetia formicarii Longan (with stems) Hemiptera: Kerridae Kerria greeni Longan (with stems) Kerria lacca Litchi, Longan (with stems) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Crisicoccus theobromae Rambutan Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Exallomochlus hispidus Longan, Rambutan Exallomochlus philippinensis Longan, Rambutan Maconellicoccus hirsutus Longan, Rambutan Maconellicoccus multipori Rambutan Nipaecoccus viridis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Paracoccus interceptus Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Planococcus lilacinus Litchi, Longan, RambutanPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 75 **Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name**  **Pathway** Planococcus litchi Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Planococcus minor Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Pseudococcus aurantiacus Rambutan Pseudococcus cryptus Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Rastrococcus iceryoides Rambutan Rastrococcus jabadiu Rambutan Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Rambutan Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae Dichomeris indiserta Rambutan Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Conopomorpha cramerella Rambutan Conopomorpha sinensis Litchi, Longan Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Deudorix diovis Litchi, Longan Deudorix epijarbas Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae Stathmopoda conioma Rambutan Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Conogethes punctiferalis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Cryptoblabes gnidiella Rambutan Tirathaba mundella Rambutan Tirathaba ruptilinea Rambutan Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Archips mimicus Rambutan Cryptophlebia illepida Litchi, Rambutan Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Gatesclarkeana erotias Litchi Lobesia aeolopa Litchi Ophiorrhabda cellifera Rambutan Thysanoptera: Thripidae Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Longan **Fungi** Ascomycetes: Erysiphales Oidium nephelii Rambutan Oomycetes: Pythiales Phytophthora litchii Litchi



### Table 7. Distribution in the ASEAN countries of the quarantine pests identified as potential candidates for mitigation measures. Key :  

### = present; BN =Brunei; KH = Cambodia; ID = Indonesia; LA = Laos; MY = Malay sia; PH = Philippines; TH = Thailand; VN = Vietnam **Pest BN**  **KH ID**  **LA MY**  **PH TH**  **VN** Aceria litchii   Archips mimicus  Bactrocera correcta  Bactrocera cucurbitae         Bactrocera dorsalis      Bactrocera papayae     Ceroplastes rubens      Ceroplastes rusci  Coccus discrepans   Coccus viridis       Conogethes punctiferalis        Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 76 **Pest BN**  **KH ID**  **LA MY**  **PH TH**  **VN** Conopomorpha cramerella       Conopomorpha sinensis   Crisicoccus theobromae    Cryptoblabes gnidiella   Cryptophlebia illepida   Cryptophlebia ombrodelta        Deudorix diovis  Deudorix epijarbas    Dichomeris indiserta  Drepanococcus chiton     Dysmicoccus neobrevipes     Exallomochlus hispidus      Exallomochlus philippinensis  Gatesclarkeana erotias  Kerria greeni   Kerria lacca   Lobesia aeolopa  Maconellicoccus hirsutus         Maconellicoccus multipori     Nipaecoccus viridis       Oidium nephelii      Ophiorrhabda cellifera  Paracoccus interceptus        Phytophthora litchii   Planococcus lilacinus         Planococcus litchi    Planococcus minor        Pseudococcus aurantiacus      Pseudococcus cryptus         Rastrococcus iceryoides     Rastrococcus jabadiu    Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus     Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus   Stathmopoda conioma   Taiwansaissetia formicarii      Tirathaba mundella   Tirathaba ruptilinea  



### 2.5. Analysis of Quarantine **Pests**
For the quarantine pests selected for further analy sis, we assessed their likelihood of introduction into the continental United States and the undesirable consequences that may result from their introduction. We rated the pests using the criteria i n the Guidelines for Pathway

-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02 (PPQ, 2000). We calculated a cumulative risk rating, or PestPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 77 Risk Potential, for each pest by summing all risk element values. Below we summarize the values for each pest (Table 10)

. The major sources of uncertainty present in this risk assessment include the use of a developing or evolving process (Orr et al., 1993; PPQ, 2000), the approach used to combine risk elements (Bier, 1999; Morgan and Henrion, 1990), and the evaluation of risk by comparisons to lists of factors within the guidelines (Kaplan, 1992; Orr et al., 1993). To address this last source of uncertainty, the lists of factors were interpreted as illustrative and not exhaustive, implying that additional biological inform ation, even if not explicitly part of the criteria, can be used when relevant to a rating. Other sources of uncertainty include the quality of the biological information and the amount of information available on the regional flora and fauna. Inherent biol ogical variation within a population of organisms introduces uncertainty as well (Morgan and Henrion, 1990).
2.5.1. Consequences of Introduction We rated potential consequences of introduction using five risk elements: Climate

- Host Interaction, Host Range , Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. These elements reflect the biology , host ranges and climatic/geographic distributions of the pests. For each risk element, pests are assigned a rating of L ow (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) (PPQ, 2000). A Cumulative Risk Rating is then calculated b y summing all risk element values. We summarized the risk ratings determined for each pest below (Table 8).

**Aceria litchii Risk ratings**  **Risk Element #1: Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  Aceria litchii is reported in China (He and He, 2001; Waite and Hwang, 2002), Taiwan (Huang, 1967; Taiwan, 2002; Waite and Hwang, 2002), India (Kumar, 1992; Waite and Hwang, 2002), Hawaii (Amrine and Stasny , 1994), Pakistan (Jeppson et al., 1975; Waite and Hwang, 2002), and Australia (Waite and Hwang, 2002). Based on the distribution and reported host range of this species, we estimate that it could establish in the continental United States in Plant Hardiness Zones 10

- 11 ( Magarey et al., 2008 ). Neither lon gan nor litchi occur naturally in the United States (NRCS, 2008), but longan is commercially grown in southern Florida ( Crane and Mossler, 2008 ) and in backyard gardens in southern California (Gaskell, 2008). Similarly, litchi is commerciall y grown in southern Florida and Hawaii and is grown as an ornamental in southern California ( Crane and Mossler, 2008; Erickson et al., 1999). Because Zone 11 only comprises approximately 0.1 percent of the United States (PERAL , 2008), we do not count it toward the total number of zones for determining the Climate/Host Interaction risk rating

. Therefore, we rate d this element **Low**

. Low ( 1 )

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Aceria litchii ’s host range includes Dimocarpus longan (Sapindaceae) (Huang, 1967; Taiwan, 2002) and Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae) (Huang, 1967; Jeppson et al., 1975). Because this pest attacks multiple species within a single plant family, we rated it **Medium**

. Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 78 **Aceria litchii Risk ratings**  **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** In India and China, 13

- 15 overlapping generations are produced each ye ar (Waite and Hwang, 2002). On litchi in India, A. litchii completes one life cycle in 15

- 20 days and can have up to 10

- 12 generations per year (Prasad and Singh, 1981) . A related species, A. guerreronis , has a high reproductive rate (CAB I, 2007), producing up to 51 eggs over a maximum of 43 day s longevity (Ansaloni and Perring, 2004). All stages are quite mobile and can easily move from infested leaves to new leaves (Waite and Hwang, 2002). Erinose mites can be transported from tree to tr ee b y phoresy (e.g., on honeybees at flowering), human activity , or other agents, but wind currents are the most common method of movement (Waite and Hwang, 2002). There is evidence that this mite may be dispersed via the human

- mediated movement of plants and plant products. For instance, since 1985, the genus Aceria has been intercepted 29 times at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on various plant parts (fruit, leaf, plant, etc.), mostly in cargo ( PestID, 2009 ). In India, this mite moves with the importation of plants from affected orchards (Prasad and Singh, 1981). However, because of the small amount of commercial production of its hosts, litchi and longan, in the continental United States (see Risk Element #4 ), the potential for spread through human

- assisted movement would be relatively limited. Because this pest exhibits both high biotic potential and a capability for rapid dispersal, we rated this mite **High** for this element. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Aceria litchii is a serious pest of litchi (Kumar, 1992). I t is the most important pest of litchi in Bihar, I

ndia (Mathur and Tandon, 1974; Prasad and Singh, 1981), and one of the most important pests in the Guangdong litchi

-producing areas of China (He and He, 2001). I

n Taiwan, A. litchii is a “serious” pest of litchi, damaging 20

- 83 percent of the commodity

(Huang, 1967), and a pest of “major economic significance” to longan (Taiwan, 2002). InBihar, India, young and mature litchi trees are attacked and seriousl y damag ed by A. litchii , causing losses as high as 80 percent in severel y infested orchards (Prasad and Singh, 1981). This mite is the most important pest of litchi in Hawaii and Pakistan (Jeppson et al., 1975). Damage b y this mite includes a felt

- like erineum on leaves and fruit, deformed terminals, leaf fall, prevention of fruit set, and malformed fruit (Waite and Hwang, 2002). Such fruits may

be unmarketable. Introduction of this mite could incre ase production costs due to the implementation of control measures

. Also, its introduction has the potential to impact the litchi and longan industries economicall y due to its status as a quarantine pest for other countries (e.g., Korea, Chile) ( CERI S, 200 9 ). However, the United States is not a major producer of either litchi or longan (Evans et al., 2011; Importation of L ongan from Taiwan, 2009). Florida is the main producer of longan and litchi in the United States (Crane and Mossler, 2008; Evans et al., 2011). There are 1,200 acres of litchi in Florida, compared to 300 acres in Hawaii and 60 in California (Evans et al., 2011). Florida has approximately 400 acres of longan acreage (Crane and Mossler, 2008 ), accounting for at least 94 percent of U.S. longan production (Importation of Longan from Taiwan, 2009). Although the presence of A. litchii in the continental United States could restrict foreign or domestic trade, we assumed this ty pe of impact would be Medium (2 )Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 79 **Aceria litchii Risk ratings**  small because 1) we found no evidence that litchi and longan fruits are exported from the continental United States
, 2) only domestic trade to California (where the mite does not already occur and where litchi and longan are grown) would likely be affected
, and 3) as stated above, the United States is not a major producer of either of these commodities

. For these reasons, we rated the mite A. litchii **Medium** for this element. **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** The genera Litchi and Dimocarpus are not listed as Threatened or Endangered in 50 CFR §17.12 (USFWS, 2006). Although the introduction of A. litchii into the continental United States does not present any foreseeable impacts on Threatened or Endangered plants, its establishment in the continental United States could initiate increased chemical control , as m anagement of A. litchii includes the use of chemical pesticides (He and He, 2001; Waite, 2005a). Currentl y, the main arthropod pests of litchi and longan production in Florida include various scale insects, citrus root weevils, the lychee webworm, and a barkminer moth (Crane and Mossler, 2008). Because there are no mites included among the main arthropod pests, we assume the introduction of A. litchi i may lead to an overall increase in pesticide use for litch i and/or longan producers in Florida. Based on this evidence, we rated this pest **Medium**

. Medium (2)

**Oidium nephelii Risk rating**  **s Risk Element #1: Climate** 

**- Host Interaction**  The fungus Oidium nephelii has only been reported from southern Asia (Brunei, Indonesia, Malay sia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand) (Farr and Rossman, 2011; Rajapakse et al., 2006). These areas correspond to P lant H ardiness Z ones 10

- 13 (Magarey et al., 2008). In the United States, these zones comprise approximately

1 percent of the total area of the United States and include approximately

7 percent of the population (PERAL , 2008). Based on this, we rated this pathogen **Low**

. Low (1)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** The only known host for this fungus is rambutan (Farr and Rossman, 2011; Rajapakse et al., 2006). Production areas for rambutan are found only in Florida, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico (Lightfield, 1996). The **Low** rating for this element reflects the limited host availability in the United States. Low (1)

**Risk Element # 3: Dispersal Potential** Conidia of Oidium nephelii form on infected leaves, flowers, and fruit and are readil y dispersed b y wind (Coates et al., 2003; Rajapakse et al., 2006). Young and activel y growing plant parts are most susceptible to infection (Garcia, 1983). Conidia can germinate and infect plant tissue in the absence of free water if the relative humidity

is sufficient (Agrios, 1997). Rambutan powdery mildew outbreaks have been observed in b oth humid and dry conditions (Garcia, 1983; Rajapakse et al., 2006; Rukmana and Oesman, 2002). Based on this evidence, we assigned O. nephelii a rating of **High**

. High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 80 **Oidium nephelii Risk rating**  **s Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**  Powdery mildew is considered the most important dise ase on rambutan (Coates et al., 2003; Rajapakse et al., 2006). In Indonesia, severe flower, bud, and fruit losses were experienced, with a disease incidence of 10

- 93 percent (Rukmana and Oesman, 2002). In Sri Lanka, rambutan powdery mildew has reached an epidemic level, and reduced fruit quality and production has resulted in economic losses to growers (Rajapakse et al., 2006). Oidium nephelii is not listed as a prohibited pe st by any country

(CERIS, 2011) and due to its limited host range, is also unlikely to result in a loss of domestic markets. For these reasons, we rated this pathogen **Medium** for this element. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** The only known host for O. nephelii is rambutan (Farr and Rossman, 2011; Rajapakse et al., 2006). Rambutan is believed to be native to Malay sia and Indonesia and has been introduced to Florida, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico (Lightfield, 1996; Zee, 1995b). There is one endang ered species in Hawaii, mahoe ( Alectryon macrococcus ), that is in the same family (Sapindaceae) as rambutan (USFWS, 2009) ; however, because this import request is for the continental United States, we do not expect this plant species in Hawaii to be threat ened by this pathogen . If introduced, fungicide applications will likely be necessary to control this pathogen (Rajapakse et al., 2006). Based on this evidence, we assigned a **Medium** rating for this risk element. Medium (2)

**Phytophthora litchii Risk**  **rating s**  **Risk Element #1: Climate**

**- Host Interaction**  Phytophthora litchii has been identified in Asia in China (Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi Provinces) (CABI, 2011; Farr and Rossman, 2011; Tang et al., 2011), Japan (Farr and Rossman, 2011; Kobayashi, 2007), Taiwan (CABI, 2011; Farr and Rossman, 2011), Thailand (Coates et al., 2003), and Vietnam (Vien et al ., 2001) and in Oceania in Papua New Guinea (CABI, 2011). These areas correspond to P lant H ardiness Z ones 4

- 13 (Magarey et al., 2008). In the United States, these zones comprise approximately 85 percent of the total area of the United States and include ov er 99 percent of the population (PERAL, 2008).
The only known natural host for this pathogen is litchi (CABI, 2011; Farr and Rossman, 2011), and production areas for litchi are found onl y in California (select locations), Florida, and Hawaii (Evans and D egner, 2005; Morton, 1987a). The rating for this element reflects the low host availability in the United States. Experimental hosts (tomato, papaya, and loofah) (Chi et al., 1984) were not considered for this risk element, resulting in a rating of **Medium**

. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** The host range is limited to litchi (CABI, 2011; Farr and Rossman, 2011). Experimental hosts (tomato, papaya, and loofah) (Chi et al., 1984) were not considered for this risk element. Low (1)Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 81 **Phytophthora litchii Risk**  **rating s**  **Risk Element # 3: Dispersal Potential**  Phytophthora litchii infects the flowers, fruits, and leaves of litchi and is considered a facultative necrotroph (CABI, 2011; Coates et al., 2003). Phytophthora species can persist in the soil and on plant debris, and given favorable environmental conditions, even low levels of inoculum in the soil or on foliage can increase exponentially (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996). Natural spread occurs when sporangia (containing motile zoospores) produced on infected plant tissues (Vien et al., 2001) spread b y rain splash to uninfected host plant tissue (CABI, 2011). Free water is important for sporangia release and disease development (CABI, 2011), and motile zoospores can swim in flooded soils, streams, and other waterway s (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996). Human

- assisted movement of infested soil or infected plant material (including fruit) can aid in long

- distance spread. For these reasons, we assigned a **High** rating for dispersal potential. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Phytophthora litchii is an important pathogen of litchi, infecting young and mature fruit in addition to leaves, flowers, and pedicels (CABI, 2011; Coates et al., 2003; Vien et al., 2001). L itchi downy blight can result in fruit rot and premature drop of infected fruit (Coates et al., 2003; Kao and Leu, 1980), although sometimes onl y blossoms are affected (Vien et al., 2001). In Vietnam, the price received b y farmers for affected fruit was reduced b y 25

- 35 percent (Vien et al., 2001). Crop losses as high as 60 percent have been reported (Kao and Leu, 1980). Phytophthora litchii is listed as a quarantine pest by Chile, French Poly nesia, Israel, New Caledonia, and the Republic of Korea (CERIS, 2011) ; however any impact of P. litchii on foreign or domestic trade is expected to be minimal. We found no evidence that litchi fruits are exported from the continental United States; only

domestic trade to California, Florida, and Hawaii (where litchi are grown) would likel y be affected; and the United States is not a major litchi producer. We rated this pest **Medium** for this element. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Litchi is the onl y plant P. litchii is known to infect in nature (CERI S, 2011; Farr and Rossman, 2011). Litchi is native to China and is cultivated only in limited regions of California, Florida, and Hawaii where the climate is favorable for this tropical plant (Morton, 1987a). There is one endangered species in Hawaii, mahoe ( Alectryon macro coccus ), that is in the same family (Sapindaceae) as litchi (USFWS, 2009) ; however, because this import request is for the continental United States, we do not expect this plant species in Hawaii to be threatened by this pathogen . If introduced, fungicide applications will likely be necessary to control this pathogen (Coates et al., 2003; Tang et al., 2011). Based on this information, P. litchii was assigned a **Medium** rating. We did not consider

e xperimental hosts (tomato, papaya, and loofah) (Chi et al., 19 84) here , but if P. litchii is found to infect additional hosts, its potential impact on the environment would be more severe. Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 82 **Table 8.** Summary

of the risk ratings and values for the Consequences of Introduction **Pest Climate** 

****

**Host interaction**  **Host**

**Range Dispersal** 

**Potential Economic** 

**Impact Environmen** 

****

**tal Impact Cumulative** 

**rating a** 

Aceria litchii Low ( 1 ) Med (2) High (3) Med ( 2 ) Med (2) Medium ( 10 ) Oidium nephelii Low (1) Low (1) High (3) Med (2) Med (2) Medium ( 9 ) Phytophthora litchii Med (2) Low (1) High (3) Med (2) Med (2) Medium ( 1 0 )

a Low is 5

- 8 points, Medium is 9

- 12 points, and High is 13

- 15 points



### 2.5.2. Likelihood of Introduction Likelihood of Introduction is a function of the quantity of the commodity

imported annuall y and pest opportunity . Pest opportunity consists of five criteria that consider the potential for pest survival along the pathway (PPQ, 2000). We summarized the ratings below ( Table 9 )

. **Quantity Imported Annually**

**.** The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduc ed depends in part on the amount of potentially infested commodity

that is imported. Volume imported is assessed in terms of the expected number of 40

- foot long sea shipping containers (approximately 20 metric tons, or 40,000 pounds, each; FAS, 2008). Low (1 point): < 10 containers/year Medium (2 points): 10

– 100 containers/ye ar High (3 points): > 100 containers/year We do not have estimated quantities of litchi, longan, and rambutan exports from all the ASEAN countries to the United States. Consequently , we rated this element based on the information available for four of the country /commodity

combinations. The government of Vietnam estimates that growers in its country can export 5,000 or more metric tons each of rambutan, litchi, and longan fruit to the United States (PPD, 2005, 2007a, 2007b). Malay sia exports close to 4,000 metric tons total of rambutan fruit to 15 different countries (Othman et al., 2004). Based on this data, we assume the amount of exports for any of the country /commodity

combinati ons could be over 100 containers per ye ar, resulting in a **High** risk rating for all the pests for this sub

element.

**Survive Post**

**- harvest Treatment.**  In this risk element, we evaluate the efficacy of standard post

harvest treatments in terms of the mortality or removal of pests exposed to the treatments. As noted in section 1.2 of this risk assessment, we assumed that all three commodities from all ASEAN countries would undergo culling and packaging as part of the minimal standard post

- harvest processing.

As an external pest, the mite A. litchii is less likely to survive post

- harvest processing compared to internal arthropod pests, such as fruit flies or fruit

- boring Lepidoptera, because they would generall y be more visible upon inspection during culling. Also, attack b y this mite can cause cosmetic damage to host fruit (Mathur and Tandon, 1974; Waite, 2005a). However, due to its very small size, if concealed in protected areas of the fruit commodity or if present in the egg stage or in low numbers, this organism would be difficult to detect. This mite species can be difficult to detect even with a 10 x magnification hand

- lens (Waite, 2005a). The PPQ TreatmentPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 83 Manual (PPQ, 2011c) states that “Eriophyes litchii [ Aceria litchii ] cannot be effectivel y detected b y inspection” on litchi fruits from Hawaii. Consequently , we rated this mite **Medium** for this sub

- element.
Signs and s ymptoms of powdery mildew and downy

blight on fruit with moderate to severe infections will be visible (Coates et al., 2003; Rajapakse et al., 2006), and these fruit are likel y to be removed b y culling. Newly infected fruit will not show visible signs or sy mptoms. Oidium nephelii and Phytophthora litchii are therefore likely to survive post

- harvest treatment and are both rated **High** for this sub

- element.
**Survive Shipment**

**.** Anticipated shipping conditions for litchi, longan, and rambutan fruits from the ASEAN countries are unknown, so we assumed standard shipping conditions for these fruits. To maintain high fruit quality, the recommended temperature and relative humidity for the transport and storage of litchi and longan fruit are 1.5  C (35  F) and 90

- 95 percent (McGregor, 1987). If properly packaged and held close to the recommended storage temperature and relative humidity
, the time available for transit and storage is estimated to be three to five weeks for these fruits (McGregor, 1987). Rambutan fruit have a shorter shelf life than litchi and longan fruits, the shelf life only lasting approximately

2

- 7 days depending on storage conditions (Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Othman et al., 2004). Storage conditions at 10 to 12  C (50

- 54  F) with 85 to 95 percent relative humidity

are optimal for rambutan fruit (Biosecurity Australia, 2002); in Malaysia, the storage life of the fruit can be extended bey ond three days by

keeping the fruit at high humidity and 8 to 10  C (46

- 50  F) (Othman et al., 2004). Based on this data, we assumed the minimum time for transit and storage of imported litchi, longan, and rambutan fruits would be two days, and the maximum would be five weeks.
We do not expect these relatively benign shipping environmental conditions and time frames to reduce the population level of A. litchii

. PPQ does not recognize cold treatment as a quarantine treatment for this mite on any commodity (PPQ, 2011c), and we did not find evidence in the scientific literature that exposure to temperatures near 35  F would significantly kill this pest. In this risk assessment, we estimated that the geographic distribution of A. litchii corresponds to approximately USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 9

- 11. The average annual extreme minimum temperature for Zone 9 is 20 to 30  F (

- 7 to

- 1  C) (Cathey , 1990). The occurence of this mite in geographical areas with these minimum temperatures provides further evidence that it would likely easily survive shipment temperatures. We therefore rated this organism **High** for this sub

element.
Humidity is not expected to be a factor in the survival of Oidium nephelii as rambutan powdery mildew outbreaks have been observed in both humid and dry conditions (Garcia, 1983; Rajapakse et al., 2006; Rukmana and Oesman, 2002). The temperature range reported for storage of rambutan fruit (46 to 54  F, 8 to 12  C) (Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Othman et al., 2004) is well within the average temperatures found where this pathogen is already present ( P lant H ardiness Z ones 10 to 13) (Cathey , 1990). Oidium nephelii is expected to easily survive shipment on infected rambutan fruit and is rated **High**

.
We estimated above for risk element #1 that Phytophthora litchii would be able to survive in P lant H ardiness Z one 4, which has an average annual minimum temperature range of

- 25 to

- 20Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 84  F (

- 13 to

- 4  C) (Cathey, 1990), well below the temperatures we anticipate for shipping of litchi fruit. The high humidity levels during shipping favor growth of this pathogen (CABI, 2011; Coates et al., 2003). We rated P. litchii **High** for this sub

- element.

**Not Detected at Port**

**- of** 

**- Entry** 

**.** As with assessing the risk of pests surviving post

- harvest treatment, esti mating the risk that these pests will not be detected at a port

- of

- entry involves consideration of pest size, mobility, s ymptoms, and degree of concealment.
For the same reasons presented above for the Survive Post

- harvest Treatment sub

- element, we rated the mite A. litchii **Medium** for this sub

- element and the pathogens Oidium nephelii and Phytophthora litchii **High**

.
**Moved to Suitable Habitat**

**.** For this sub

- element, we consider the geographic location of likely markets and the chance that the commodity will be moved to locations suitable for pest survival. Fruit imported into the United States ty pically arrives at multiple ports and is distributed according to market demand. As litchi, longan, and rambutan are Asian fruits, the demand may be concentrated in A sian American populations (Evans and Nalampang, 2008). However, these fruits may also be in demand with consumers who purchase “exotic” fruit. Demand for exotic tropical fruits has grown in recent years in the United States and continues to grow (Evans and Nalampang, 2008; Holcomb, 1989; Pollack, 2001). Consequently, we assume d markets c ould occur throughout the continental United States.

We estimated that both A. litchii and O. nephelii could establish in Plant Hardiness Zones 10

- 11 in the continental United States

. Based on the latest census data, approximately 7 percent of the population resides in areas of the United States within Zones 10 and 11 (PERAL , 2008). Therefore, we gave both species a **Medium** rating for this sub

- element.

In contrast, Phytop hthora litchii has the potential to establish in P lant H ardiness Z ones 4

- 13 (Magarey et al., 2008). These zones include approximately 85 percent of the total area of the United States and over 99 percent of the population (PERAL , 2008). The likelihood that fruit infected with P. litchii would be moved to a suitable habitat is **High**

.
**Contact with Host Material.** Even if the final destination of infested commodities is suitable for pest survival, suitable ho sts must be available in order for the pest to survive. This sub

- element considers the likelihood that the pest species can come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction, and it depends on two factors: the presence of host material in the region and the pest’s potential for dispersal.

The hosts of A. litchii have a limited distribution in the continental United States. Neither of its hosts, longan nor litchi, occur naturall y in the United States (NRCS, 2008) , and these plants are only grown in southern Florida and southern California (Erickson et al., 1999; Gaskell, 2008; NCSU CIPM, 2003 ). Therefore, the hosts are much less likely to be encountered and colonized compared to pests whose hosts also include temperate

- zone or widely cultivated plants. Because they lack wings, mites in general have limited natural mobility and usuall y s tay

on or near their host. They

are capable only

of passive dispersal, such as on air currents (Jeppson et al., 1975; Waite and Hwang, 2002 )

. Therefore, compared t o other arthropod pests such as fruit flies, theyPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 85 are less likel y to rapidl y disperse from discarded fruit onto a new host. Based on this evidence, we rated A. litchii **Low** for this sub

- element.
The only known host for O. nephelii is rambutan (Farr and Ros sman, 2011; Rajapakse et al., 2006) , which does not occur naturally in the United States. Production areas are found onl y in Florida, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico (Lightfield, 1996). Conidia of O. nephelii are readil y dispersed by wind (Agrios, 1997; Coates et al., 2003; Rajapakse et al., 2006). Although the pathogen is easily dispersed, the low availability of hosts makes it unlikely that spores from infected imported fruit would come into contact with hos t plants. We therefore rate this pathogen **Low** for this sub

- element.
Phytophthora litchii naturally infects litchi (CABI, 2011; Farr and Rossman, 2011) ; experimental hosts (tomato, papaya, and loofah) (Chi et al., 1984) were not considered for this risk el ement. Phytophthora species can persist in the soil and on plant debris and disperse long distances in water (flooded soils, streams, waterway s) or b y human

- assisted movement of infested soil or infected plant material (including fruit) (Erwin and Ribeiro, 1996). However, o pportunities for contact with litchi host plants in the United States would be limited as production areas are found only in California (select locations), Florida, and Hawaii (Evans and Degner, 2005; Morton, 1987a). For this reason, we c onsidered P. litchii unlikely to come into contact with host material
, and we assigned a **Low** score for this sub

- element.

**Table 9.** Summary

of the ratings for the quantity i mported annuall y, pest opportunity , and the overall Likelihood of Introduc tion. **Pest Quantity** 

**imported annually**  **Ratings for Pest Opportunity Overall**  **rating (value)**  **a Survive**  **post**

**- harvest**  **treatment Survive** 

**shipment Not detected** 

**at port(s)**

**- of** 

**** **entry Moved to** 

**suitable habitat**  **Contact**

**with Host Material**  Aceria litchii High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Med ( 2 ) Low (1) Med ( 13 ) Oidium nephelii High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) Low (1) High (15) Phytophthora litchii High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) Low (1) High ( 16 )

aLow is 6

- 9 points, Medium is 10

- 14 points, and High is 15

- 18 points



### 2.5.3. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusions In this risk assessment, we assumed that, in addition to minimal post

- harvest handling, the commodity

would undergo irradiation (400 Gy) as a phy tosanitary measure. Of the organisms associated with litchi, longan, and rambutan worldwide and reported in one or more of the ASEAN countries, we identified 45 insects, one mite, and two fungal pathogens that are quarantine pests for the continental United States and likely to follow one or more of the pathway s of imported fruit. As the irradiation treatment is hi ghly likel y to mitigate all the insect pests of concern, we onl y did a more detailed analysis on the mite and pathogens.

For these anal yz ed pests, we sum the values for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction to produce the pe st risk potential (Table 10). Pest risk potential is aPest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 86 baseline estimate of the risks associated with the importation of the commodity in the absence of phy tosanitary measures specific for the pests of concern.

Pests with a **Low** pest risk potential do not ty pically require mitigation measures, other than port

of

- arrival inspection (PPQ, 2000). A rating of **Medium** indicates that specific phy tosanitary measures may

be necessary . A rating of **High** indicates that specific phyt osanitary measures, supplemental to p ort

- of

- arrival inspection, are strongl y recommended. A detailed examination and choice of appropriate phy tosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is undertaken as part of the pest risk management phase and is not discussed in this document.

**Table 10.** Pe st Risk Potentials for pests on litchi, longan, and rambutan from the ASEAN member countries of Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, L aos, Malay sia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. **Pest Consequences of** 

**Introduction rating Likelihood of** 

**Introduction rating Pest**  **Risk Potential a** 



### Aceria litchii Medium ( 10 ) Medium ( 13 ) Medium ( 2 3 ) Oidium nephelii Medium ( 9 ) High (15) Medium ( 24 ) Phytophthora litchii Medium ( 1 0 ) High ( 16 ) Medium (26)

aLow is 11

- 18 points, Medium is 19

- 26 points, and High is 27

- 33 points



## 3. **Authors and Reviewers**

**Authors:** Leah C. Millara 

### (primary

contact; entomology) Jeanne M. VanDersal b 

### (plant pathology) Kimberly A. Schwartzburg a 

### (plant pathology)

**Reviewers:** Heather M. Hartzog a 

### (plant pathology) Robert G. Ahern a 

### (entomology) Ashley M. Jackson a 

### , Editorial Assistant

**Contributors:** Glenn Fowlera 

### (production of map)

a

### USDA

- APHI S

- PPQ

- CPHST, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Anal ys is Laboratory b 

### USDA

- APHI S, Policy

and Program Development



## 4. Literature Cited

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- Foreign Quarantine Notices), Subpart 56 (7 CFR § 319.56

- Fruits and Vegetables).Pest Risk Assessment for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Ver. 2 August 15 , 2011 87 7 CFR § 360. 2005. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 360 (7 CFR §360

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- 38. Alexopoulos, C. J., C. W. Mims, and M. Blackwell. 1996. Introductory M ycology 4th Edition. John Wiley

& Sons, Inc. Alfieri Jr., S. A., K. R. Langdon, C. Wehlburg , and J. W. Kimbrough. 1984. Index of Plant Diseases in Florida (Revised). Florida Dept. Agric. and Consumer Serv., Div. Plant Ind. Bull. 389 pp. Ali, M. 1980. A report on the wax scales, Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green and Chloropulvinaria polygonata (C kll.) (Homoptera: Coccidae) on mango and their natural enemies. Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 6(1):69

- 70. Allwood, A. J., A. Chinajariyawong, R. A. I. Drew, E. L . Hamacek, D. L. Hancock, C. Hengsawad, J. C. Jipanin, M. Jirasurat, C. K. Krong, S. Kritsaneep aiboon, C. T. S. Leong, and S. Vijay segaran. 1999. Host plant records for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South East Asia. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology : An International Journal of Southeast Asian Zoology Supplement No. 7:1

- 92. Amrine, J. W., and T. A. Stasny . 1994. Catalog of the Eriophyoidea (Acarina: Prostigmata) of the world. Indira Publishing House, West Bloomfield, Michigan. 798 pp. Anony mous. 1965a. A host list of the insects of Thailand. Thailand Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Operations Mission to Thailand. 149 pp. Anony mous. 1965b. List of phy tophagous insects in Taiwan. Ministry of Economic Affairs, Bureau of Commodity

Inspection and Quarantine, Republic of China. Anony mous. 1994. Harmful pests of China fruit trees. Second Edition

. (English translation arranged b y Ray Mi yam oto, USDA APHI S International Services). China Agriculture Science Institute, China Agriculture Press. 1063 pp. Anony mous. 2002. List of plant diseases in Taiwan, Fourth Edition. Taiwan Phy topathological Society
, Taiwan, Republic of China. 404 pp. Anony mous. 2003. Longan and litchee fruit from the People's Republic of China and Thailand: draft import anal ys is report. Australian Government, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry , Canberra, Australia. 243 pp. Ansaloni, T., and T. M. Perring. 2004. Biology of Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae) on queen palm, Syagrus romanzoffiana (Arecaceae) [Abstract]. International Journal of Acarology

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