Filed 6/26/17 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

IGNACIO CASTEL,

Defendant and Appellant. B271396

(Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. 6PH00808)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. R obert M. Kawahara, Commissioner. Affirmed.

Wayne C. Tobin, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.

Xavier Becerra , Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Shawn McGahey Webb, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, Noah P. Hill, Deputy Attorney General, for Plain tiff and Respondent.

* * * * * *2 When a supervising agency files a petition to modify,
revoke

, or terminate a criminal defendant’s parole or postrelease community supervision , its petition must be accompanied by a written report containing information specified by statute and
the California Rule s of Court . (Pen. Code, § § 1203.2, subd. (b)(1)
& 3000.08, s ubd. (f); 1 Cal. Rules of Court, r ule 4.541.) When a district attorney files such a petition, its petition need not be accompanied by such a report. (§ 1203.2, subd. (b)(1);
cf. § 3000.08, subd. (f).) Does this procedural difference violate equal protection by treating similarly situated defendants differently without a rational basi s for doing so? We conclude there is no equal protection violation

, and affirm the revocation of parole in this case.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND Ignacio Castel (defendant) pled no contest to one count of felony assault ( § 459) , and he was sentenced to three years in state prison. Following his release from state prison, he was pl aced on parole. In 2015, while on parole, defendant threatened to kill two
of his in

- laws. The People charged him with a misdemeanor violation of making criminal threats (§ 422). He pled no contest to the charge, and the trial court sen tenced him to three years of informal probation , including nine days in jail

. Soon thereafter, the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s
Office (District Attorney) filed a petition seeking revocation of
defendant’ s parole.
Defendant filed a demurrer to the petition. He argued that the District Attorney’s petition was facially deficient under

1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.3

People v. Osorio (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 1408 ( Osorio ) because it was not accompanied by the written report that must accompany petitions filed b y supervi sing parole agencies. Defendant also
filed a “ motion for sanctions” in which he sought an order compelling the preparation of a written report, asserting that the Legislature’s failure to require a written report for district
attorney

- filed petitions violated equal protection.
In a nine

- page order, the trial court overruled the demurrer

an d denied the motion for sanctions

. The court overruled the
demurrer because the pertinent statutes authorize a district attorney to file a petition to revoke parole without any

ac companying report. The court also rejected defendant’s equal protection argument. The court accepted that parolees and other supervised persons are similarly situated no matter who (a district attorney or a supervising parole agency) seeks their
revocati on. However, the court concluded that our Legislature had a rational basis for treating t he two groups differently

— namely, (1) that a written report spelling out additional information about the parolee’s or supervised person’s “history and backgro und” as well as an explanation as to why san ctions
short of revocation are appropriate “ is less essential for parole

revocation petitions filed by a district attorney because they typically involve violations amounting to criminal conduct (rather
than technical v iolations) ” ; and (2) that the information necessary to compile the required written report is not available to district attorneys. 2

2 The trial court ordered the district attorney to turn over the investigative reports pertaining to the crime underlying defendant’s alleged parole violation “as discovery materials.” The4 Defendant then waived his rights to a contested hearing and admitted the parole vio lation. The trial court sentenced
defen dant to 150 days in jail and reinstated his parole.
Defendant filed a timel y notice of appeal. Although defendant’s appointed counsel filed a brief pursuant to People

v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436, and defendant filed no supplemental brief, we independe ntly reviewed the record and ordered supplemental briefing on the iss ues set forth in this opinion.
DISCUSSION
Defendant contends that the trial court erred i n (1) overruling his demurrer, and (2) rejecting his equal protection argument. We review both claims de novo. ( Aryeh v. Canon Business Solutions, Inc. (2013) 55 Cal.4th 1185, 1191 [demurrer]; California Grocers Assn. v. City of Los Angeles (2011) 52 Cal.4th 177, 208 [equal protection claim].) As a threshold matter, t he People argue that defendant ’s challenge to his parole violation is now moo t because he has finished serving the 150

- day jail sentence that was the sole penalty for his violation. We have the discretion to reach issues present on appeal, even if they are moot, if they involve “issue s of broad public interest that are likely to recur.” ( Coachella Valley Mosquito & Vector Control Dist. v. California Public Employment
Relations Bd. (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1072, 1079, fn. 3.) The demurrer
and equal protection issue s presented in this appeal quali fy as such.

People do not challenge this portion of the order, and we accordingl y have no occasion to address its propriety.5

I. Demurrer A defendant in a criminal case may demur to a charging document on several grounds, including the absence of “jurisdiction of the offense charged therein” and any “legal bar to the pr osecution.” (§ 1004, subds. 1 & 5 .) Depending on the offense (s) for which they have been
incarcerated , p ersons released from state prison are placed either (1) on parole

, where they are supervised by the Department of
Corrections and Rehabilitation

, or (2) on postrelease community supervisio n , where they are supervised by a county probation office. (§ § 3000.08, subds. (a), (b) , (i) & 3451.) A petition to revoke a defendant’s parole or postrelease community supervision may be filed by the parole officer (in the case of parole), the probation officer (in the case of postrelease community supervision), or the district attorn ey. (§ 1203.2, subd. (b)(1).) If the petition is filed by the parole or probation officer, the petition must “ include a written report that contains additional
information regarding the petition.” (§ 3000.08, subd. (f).) That additional information includes: (1) “the relevant terms and conditions of parole” or postrel ease community supervision, (2) “the circumstances of the alleged underlying violation

, ” (3) “the history and background of the parolee

, ” (4) “recommended sanctions,” and (5) “the reasons for [ the ] agency’s determination that intermediat e sanctions without court
intervention”

— such as electronic monitoring, additional services or incentives, or “flash incarceration” (that is, a short stint in jail for up to 10 consecutive days )

— “are inappropriate responses to the alleged violations.” ( § § 3000.08, subd s

. (e)

, (f) & 3454, subd. (b) ; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.541(c), (e).)6 If the petition is filed by the district attorney, no such written report is required. (Cf. § 3000.08, subd. (f); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.541.) Inste ad, the court will “refer

. . . the petition to the probation or parole officer,” who must then prepare and
submit a written report to the court. (§ 1203.2, subd. (b)(1).)
A supervising agency’s failure to include the statutorily required written report with a petition for revocation render s the pleading deficient and subject to demurrer. ( Osorio

, supra , 235 Cal.App.4th at p p. 1412

- 1415; see also People v. Hronchak (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 884, 891

- 892 [applying this rule to
information that California Rules of Court, r ule 4.541 specifies
must be in cluded in the writte n report].) The trial court correctly overruled the demurrer in this case. The pertinent statutes detailed above do not require a petition to revoke parole or postrelease community supervision filed by a district attorney to be accompanied by a written report. Accordingly, the district attorney’s failure to include such a report does not render the pleading deficient.
II. Equal Protection Both the federal and California Constitutions guarantee that no person shall be “de n[ied] . . . the equal protection of the laws.” (U.S. Const., 14th Amend. ; Cal. Const., art. I, § 7.) Equal protection of the laws means that similarly situated persons shall be treated similarly unless there is a sufficiently good reason to
treat them d ifferently. ( People v. Morales (2016) 63 Cal.4th 399

, 408 ; Engquist v. Oregon Depart. of Agriculture (2008) 553 U.S. 591, 602; see Johnson v. Department of Justice (2015) 60 Cal.4th 871, 881 ( Johnson ) [federal and state equal protection guarantees
have si milar interpretation].)7 The first step in evaluating any equal protection claim is determining whether the re are two groups of individuals who are

“‘ “ similarly situated with respect to the legitimate purpose of the
law ” ’” but are being treated differently. ( People v. Barrett (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1081, 1107, quoting In re Gary W. (1971) 5 Cal.3d 296,
303 ; accord, Vergara v. State of California (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 619, 644 .) If the two groups are not similarly situated or are not being t reated differently , then there can be no equal protection
violation. However, if these threshold requirements are me t, a
court must next ascertain whether the Legislature has a constitutionally sufficient reason to treat the groups differently. ( In re Ma rriage Cases (2008) 43 Cal.4th 757, 831.) Unless the groups are defined by word or effect as member s of a “suspect class” (such as race, national origin, gender, or illegitimacy, to name a few) or the law affects a fundamental right, a law will be upheld as long as there is any “ ‘“ rational relationship between the disparity of treatment and some legitimate government al

purpose, ”’ ” even if the rational basis for that law w as never articulated by

— or even relied on by

— the Legislature. ( Johnson

, supra , 60 Cal .4th at p. 881; cf. People v. Wilki n son (2004)
33 Cal.4th 821, 836 ( Wilki n son ) [for laws drawing distinctions based on membership in a suspect class or affecting a fundamental right, courts will apply “ strict ” or “ intermediate ” scrutiny].) Defendant posits that all former state prisoners subject to parole and postrelease community supervision are similarly
situated because all are being supervised. He further posits that the Legislature is treating those whose parole or postrelease community supervision re vocation proceedings are initiated by a petition from the supervising agency differently than those who se8

parole or postrelease community supervision revocation proceedings are initiated by a petition from the district attorney

. The first group is entitle d to have the entity seeking revocation file a written report concurrently with its petition to revoke; the second group is not. There is no possible reason, defendant continues, for the Legislature to draw this distinction and the
statutes on their face consequently violate equal protection. It is far from clear that the two groups defendant
identifies

— those whose revocation proceedings are initiated by a supervising agency and those whose are initiated by a district attorney

— are similarly situated. S up ervising agencies have a broad mandate to rehabilitate the people they supervise and to facilitate their “ transition from inmate to free citizen.” ( People

v. Guzman (2005) 35 Cal.4th 577 , 586; People v. Reyes (19 9 8)
19 Cal.4th 743, 752 ; § 3000, subd. (a)(1) [legislative finding that “the period immediately following incarceration is critical to successful reintegration of the offender into society”]. ) District attorneys, by contrast, have a different mandate

— namely, to “initiate and conduct on behalf of the people all prosecutions for public offenses.” (Gov. Code, § 26500; see also id. , § 100, subd. (b); People v. Birks (1998) 19 Cal.4th 108, 134 [“prosecuting authorities . . . ordinarily have the sole discretion to determine whom to charge with publi c off enses and what charges to bring ”]; People v. Eubanks (1996) 14 Cal.4th 580, 588

- 589 [same].) As a
result

, revocation petitions filed by a district attorney necessarily allege the commission of a public offense, while petitions filed by a supervising agency can allege a far broader universe of more technical parole violations. (E.g., Osorio

, supra , 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 1415 [defendant alleged to have talked to two gang members for 10 minutes, in violation of parole term not to associate with9

gang mem bers].) Although it is possible for a supervising agency to file a revocation based on allegations of criminal conduct , by and large the two groups involve different degrees of parole
violations and are on that basis not similarly situated.
It is also unc lear that the two groups defendant identifies are being treated differently. When a revocation petition is filed by a district attorney, the court is statutorily required to “refer” that petition to the supervising agency for the completion of a
“written report.” (§ 1203.2, subd. (b)(1).) To the extent that written report has the same conte nt as the written report that must accompany a revocation petition filed by a supervising

agency (a point on which the statute is silent but which is undoubtedly a goo d practice) , the only differential treatment between the two groups would be the timing of the production of the report

— concurrently with the petition (when filed by a supervising agency) versus at some point prior to the final revocation hearing (when filed by a district attorney). 3 Given that the absence of this report is not, as discussed above, a basis for demurrer when a revocation petition is filed by a district attorney, the difference in timing would not appear to be a meaningful distinction in treatment. This is true because, no matter when the trial court receives the report, it has the power to deny revocation and instead t o impose lesser sanctions.

3 Both groups are entitled to the same procedural due process protections. (See Williams v. Superior Court (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 636, 6 52

- 654; see generally Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) 408 U.S. 472, 488

- 489; People v. Vickers (1972) 8 Cal.3d 451, 457

- 458; accord, A ssem. B ill No. 1470 (2011

- 2012 Reg. Sess.) § 45 [noting “intent of the Legislature” to incorporat e due process protections into § 1203.2].)10

(§§ 3000.08, subds. (f) & (g); 3004, subd. (a).) Moreover, nothing in the statute precludes the supervising agency from working in tandem with a district attorney by g enerating and providing the report to the court simultaneously with the district attorney’s petition

. Even if we assume that the two groups of supervised persons are similarly situ ated and are being treated differently, our Legislature had a rational basis for doing so

— two such bases

, in fact. We review the classification at issue in this case between supervised persons only for rationality because it is not based upon membership i n any suspect class and because laws that draw distinctions in criminal cases do not, except when demarking “the boundaries between the adult and juvenile
criminal justice systems,” implicate a fundamental right. ( Wilki n son , supra , 33 Cal.4th at pp. 836

- 838.) We can hypothecate two reasons why our Legislature would require a revocation petition filed by a supervising agency to be

accom panied by a written report detailing the supervised person’s terms of parole, history and background, and reasons fo r rejecting lesser sanctions, but forego that requirement for a petition filed by a district attorney.
F irst , the nature of the allegations set forth in the revocation petitions filed by supervising agencies is likely to be
different than th e nature of the allegations set forth in petitions filed by district attorneys. Because, as noted above, it is the job of district attorneys to prosecute public offenses, petitions filed by the district attorney will n ecessarily allege th e supervised person’s commission of a crime . The directive not to commit more crimes is almost always a term of parole or postrelease community supervision , and the violation of this directive falls on11

the severe end of the spectrum of violations for which revocation of parole or postre lease community supervision is , as a general rule, more likely to be the appropriate sanction . The written report specified by statute and court rule d etai l s the terms of probation, the supervised person’s history on parole, and reasons for not seeking le sser sanctions ; this content is directed toward a determination of whether to impose sanctions short of revocation,
a determination less relevant to a revocation proceeding when
the basis for revocation is the commission of a further crime

. It is
certainl y rational not to require a district attorney to expend its finite and limited resources preparing a written report that will be of limited utility in assisting a court in evaluating the revocation petitions the district attorney files. (Accord, Genesis
E nvironmental Services v. San Joaquin Valley Unified Air
Pollution Control Dist. (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 597, 607, fn. 11 [noting how prosecutors have “limited resources” and are “granted greater deference” in how to allocate them]; Moreno

v. Draper (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 886, 8 9 7 [noting rationality of distinctions acknowledging the “limited fiscal resources” of state agencies].) By contrast, petitions filed by the supervising agency
can and do i nvolve more technical violations

— violations for
which the supervised person’s history on parole and the availability of sanctions short of revocation are far more pertinent. Second, supervising agencies and district attorneys do not have the same degree of access to the information necessary to compile the wr itten report called for by statute. Supervising agencies have ready access to that information; they have all of the terms of the person’s parole or postrelease community supervision, know his or her full history of violations under12

supervision, and ha ve tools to evaluate the propriety of various sanctions. ( Osorio

, supra , 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 1413 [discussing “parole violation decisionmaking instrument” available to Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation].) D istrict attorney s do not. To be sure, a supervising agency may share its information with the district attorney. But it is not required to
do so. Requiring a district attorney to compile a written report based on information it has no right to obtain

— on pains of having a revocation petition dismissed on demurrer

— is an
absurd result , one the Legislature may well have opted not to chance. ( See B.H. v. County of San Bernardino (2015) 62 Cal.4th 168, 190 [courts assume legislatures do not draft statutes leading to absurd consequences].)
Defenda nt raises two further arguments. First, he
contends that People v. Chatman (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 561, review granted November 16, 2016 , S237374, mandates a
different result. It does not. Chatman held that the Legislature
had no rational basis for declaring persons who had previously
been on probation for a felony offense ineligible to obtain a certificate of rehabilitation under section 4852.01, while declaring eligible persons who had previously been imprisoned for a felony
offense . ( Chatman

, at pp. 572

- 573.) As discussed above, we have identified two legitimate grounds on which the Legislature could rationally distinguish supervised persons facing revocation due to a petition filed by a district attorney from those facing revocation due to a pet ition filed by a supervising agency. Second, defendant asserts that there are no standards to govern when a district attorney files a revocation proceeding (and, consequently, when a petition will be filed by a district attorney instead of a supervising ag ency). Although there is no13

standard expressly se t forth in s ection 1203.2, the scope of a district attorney’s statutory authority effectively delineates that district attorney

- based revocation petitions will be based on the alleged c ommission of a public offense.
DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION.

______________________, J. HOFFSTADT We concur:

_________________________, Acting P. J. ASHMANN

- GERST

_________________________, J. CHAVEZ