United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit 

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No. 21-1335

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United States of America

 Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

Cody Ray Leveke, also known as Cody Meyer, also known as Cody Ray Meyers

 Defendant - Appellant

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the Southern District of Iowa - Central 

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Submitted: January 14, 2022

Filed: June 21, 2022

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Before SMITH, Chief Judge, WOLLMAN and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges. 

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ERICKSON, Circuit Judge.

Following a series of trial delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a jury 

convicted Cody Leveke of two counts of interstate communication of a threat, in 
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violation of 18 U.S.C. § 875(c). The district court1 sentenced him to a term of 60 

months in prison. Leveke appeals and we affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

Leveke, a registered sex offender, spent the better part of a decade trying to

be removed from the Iowa sex offender registry. In 2009, Iowa State Senator 

Herman Quirmbach agreed to try and help Leveke, who was then residing in 

Arizona. Senator Quirmbach repeatedly introduced bills to amend the law to allow 

out-of-state offenders the same opportunity as in-state offenders to petition for 

removal from the Iowa registry; however, his efforts were unsuccessful. 

On September 3, 2019, Leveke sent Senator Quirmbach two emails with the 

subject line, “Mass Shooting of the Iowa Legislature,” and left a voicemail on the 

senator’s home phone. In his first email, Leveke complained about law enforcement 

unfairly targeting him and an invalid law being “still on the books.” He wrote, “I’m 

angry enough to pull a mass shooting down at the State House.” Leveke asserted 

the legislature was in violation of the Constitution and requested an explanation for 

the “illegal behavior” as well as the names of those responsible for “holding the bill 

up.” He told Senator Quirmbach that those responsible “should live in fear.” 

About an hour later, Senator Quirmbach received an angry voicemail on his 

home phone from Leveke. Among other things, Leveke told Quirmbach that the 

senator could not violate the Constitution and get away with it. Concerned by the 

email and voicemail, Senator Quirmbach immediately notified law enforcement and 

the senate minority leader’s office. Legislative administrative staff member, Debbie 

Kattenhorn, then informed the entire Iowa Legislature and capitol security about 

Leveke’s messages. 

1

The Honorable John A. Jarvey, then Chief Judge, United States District Court

for the Southern District of Iowa, now retired. 
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That evening, Senator Quirmbach received a second email from Leveke under 

the same subject line of “Mass Shooting of the Iowa Legislature.” This time, Leveke

“order[ed]” the “Iowa Legislature to stand down with any attempts to violate the 

civil rights of anyone” and demanded that the existing law be taken off the books. 

He wrote that he believed the Second Amendment exists “so we can kill politicians” 

for not acting in accordance with the law. Leveke further stated that “the legislature 

deserves a violent response at this point.” He also attached an article about a mass 

shooting in Texas that had been reported just hours before. 

Leveke was indicted with two counts of interstate communication of a threat, 

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 875(c). The course of the prosecution was impacted by 

the COVID-19 pandemic. Leveke’s trial, originally set for March 30, 2020, in the 

Central Division of the Southern District of Iowa, was cancelled on March 16, 2020, 

when the court issued an administrative order postponing all jury trials in the 

Southern District of Iowa from March 16, 2020, until May 4, 2020, on ends of justice 

grounds related to the pandemic and attendant health risks. See U.S. Dist. Court for 

the S. Dist. of Iowa, Pub. Admin. Order No. 20-AO-3-P (Mar. 16, 2020) (citing 18 

U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7)(A)). 

While Leveke made a number of pro se requests to have his case proceed to 

trial, the relief he was seeking was not entirely plain. At one point, he moved for a 

bench trial while reserving his right to a jury trial. During a status conference, 

Leveke demanded a jury trial. Subsequently, he consented to a bench trial but 

conditioned his consent upon certain circumstances and simultaneously insisted on 

preserving his right to a jury trial. A couple months later, Leveke indicated he 

wanted a bench trial but refused to waive his right to a jury trial. Leveke requested 

his case be moved to another division that was conducting jury trials. Ultimately, 

the district court transferred Leveke’s case to the Eastern Division and ordered a jury 

trial to commence on September 29, 2020. 

Leveke’s jury trial took place on September 29, 2020. Pursuant to a series of 

administrative orders, no jury trials were allowed in the Central Division—where 
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Leveke’s case was originally set to take place—until October 12, 2020. See, e.g., 

U.S. Dist. Court for the S. Dist. of Iowa, Pub. Admin. Order No. 20-AO-19-P (Sept. 

3, 2020). The court, after consulting with the United States Attorney, Federal Public 

Defender, and others, agreed the delay was proper given that “the number of new 

cases of COVID-19 in the Central Division ha[d] risen to the highest levels to date.” 

Id. Each time the court delayed Leveke’s jury trial, it found the time was excludable 

under the Speedy Trial Act.

The jury found Leveke guilty, and he was sentenced to a term of 60 months’ 

imprisonment. Leveke appealed and the clerk appointed counsel to represent him. 

II. DISCUSSION

1. Sufficiency of the Evidence 

At trial, Senator Quirmbach and Kattenhorn testified that they believed 

Leveke’s messages posed a real and imminent threat. Leveke also testified, claiming 

his statements were hyperbole and he had no intention of killing anyone. He told 

the jury that his messages were meant to get the attention of the Iowa Legislature. 

On appeal, Leveke contends the government did not have sufficient evidence to 

prove he made “true threats” because his statements were ambiguous and/or political 

hyperbole. 

“We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing the evidence and 

credibility determinations in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict and 

reversing only if no reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty.” United 

States v. Ganter, 3 F.4th 1002, 1004 (8th Cir. 2021). “A conviction may be based 

on circumstantial as well as direct evidence. The evidence need not exclude every 

reasonable hypothesis except guilt.” United States v. Seals, 915 F.3d 1203, 1205 

(8th Cir. 2019) (quoting United States v. Tate, 633 F.3d 624, 628 (8th Cir. 2011)) 

(internal quotation marks omitted).
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This Court has defined a “true threat” as “a statement that a reasonable 

recipient would have interpreted as a serious expression of an intent to harm or cause 

injury to another.” Doe v. Pulaski Cnty. Special Sch. Dist., 306 F.3d 616, 624 (8th 

Cir. 2002) (en banc). When determining whether a reasonable recipient would have 

found the communication conveyed an intent to cause harm or injury, the factfinder

may consider: 

1) the reaction of those who heard the alleged threat; 2) whether the 

threat was conditional; 3) whether the person who made the alleged 

threat communicated it directly to the object of the threat; 4) whether 

the speaker had a history of making threats against the person 

purportedly threatened; and 5) whether the recipient had a reason to 

believe that the speaker had a propensity to engage in violence.

Id. at 623.

Our precedent establishes that the speaker does not have to intend to carry out 

the threat in order for the speech to fall outside of the First Amendment’s protections. 

See United States v. Ivers, 967 F.3d 709, 720 (8th Cir. 2020) (noting whether the

defendant had any intention of acting on the threat is irrelevant); United States v. 

Mabie, 663 F.3d 322, 333 (8th Cir. 2011) (“The government need not prove that 

Mabie had a subjective intent to intimidate or threaten in order to establish that his 

communications constituted true threats.”). 

Contrary to Leveke’s argument that his statements were mere political 

hyperbole, a jury could have reasonably concluded that Leveke’s messages 

constituted a true threat of present or future violence and that he intended to 

communicate a threat. Section 875(c) is violated if the government proves the 

defendant communicated a true threat and “transmitted [that] communication for the 

purpose of issuing a threat or with knowledge that the communication would be 

viewed as a threat.” United States v. Dierks, 978 F.3d 585, 591 (8th Cir. 2020) 

(quoting Elonis v. United States, 575 U.S. 723, 740 (2015)) (cleaned up). Here, 

Leveke’s statements were neither ambiguous nor ambivalent. Leveke explicitly 
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threatened to conduct a mass shooting of the Iowa Legislature for the lawmakers’ 

alleged constitutional violation. He communicated his intent directly to Senator 

Quirmbach. Leveke expressed a belief that the Second Amendment was created so 

politicians (and perhaps others) may be killed for failing to act in accordance with 

the law. Both Senator Quirmbach and Kattenhorn testified that they found Leveke’s 

statements to be threatening and frightening. Leveke testified that he wrote his 

emails to get the Senate’s attention to provoke action. Leveke’s statements were 

objectively threatening, and neither ambiguous nor political hyperbole. The 

evidence is sufficient to satisfy the elements required for convictions under § 875(c). 

2. Jury Instructions

Leveke contends the jury instructions were erroneous because (1) they failed 

to define a “true threat” as a statement made by a defendant only when he 

subjectively intends to threaten the victim(s), (2) they did not require the jury to 

consider whether the statements were objectively “true threats,” and (3) the court 

issued a sua sponte instruction regarding the First Amendment. 

Before the district court, Leveke raised only one of these three challenges. 

Because Leveke challenged the subjective intent instruction below and on appeal, 

we review that argument for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Wilkins, 25 

F.4th 596, 600 (8th Cir. 2022). We review Leveke’s other arguments for plain error. 

See United States v. Spencer, 998 F.3d 813, 818 (8th Cir. 2021). We will reverse

only if the error was not harmless. Dierks, 978 F.3d at 591. 

At trial, Leveke argued that a statement constitutes a “true threat” only if the 

defendant actually intended to commit unlawful violence against the object of the 

threat. Leveke’s argument misstates the law. See id. at 592 (stating § 875(c) 

requires a subjective finding of intent to send a threat or knowledge that the 

communication could be viewed as a threat plus an objective finding that the 

communication was threatening); see also Ivers, 967 F.3d at 720–21; Mabie, 663 

F.3d at 333. Even assuming the district court erred by not making the objective 
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component of § 875(c) clearer in the instructions, any error is harmless because 

Leveke’s statements were objectively threatening, and a rational jury would have 

found Leveke guilty beyond a reasonable doubt absent the purported error. See

Dierks, 978 F.3d at 592. 

As to Leveke’s final claim regarding the court’s sua sponte instruction about 

the applicability of the First Amendment, Leveke repeatedly claimed his emails were 

not threats but constitutionally protected political hyperbole. He specifically 

testified: “I can say whatever I want as long as it’s not a true threat, and this ain’t a 

true threat.” In response to the testimony and without objection, the court told the 

jury that it need not concern itself with the First Amendment regardless of whether 

the government proved its case. “We will not find error when the jury instruction 

fairly and adequately submitted the issue to the jury and will only reverse when the 

ailing instruction by itself so infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction 

violates due process.” United States v. Mink, 9 F.4th 590, 610–11 (8th Cir. 2021) 

(cleaned up). Because we find that, when taken as a whole, the instructions 

sufficiently articulated the elements for the charges and the matters were fairly and 

adequately submitted to the jury, there was no reversible error.

3. Sufficiency of the Indictment 

Leveke has submitted a pro se supplemental brief in which he argues the

indictment failed to state an essential element of his offense: that a statement may 

only be considered a true threat if a reasonable person would interpret that statement 

as a threat. While we generally do not accept pro se briefs when a party is 

represented by counsel, United States v. Parks, 902 F.3d 805, 815 (8th Cir. 2018), 

we may quickly dispose of Leveke’s argument. “An indictment is legally sufficient 

on its face if it contains all of the essential elements of the offense charged, fairly 

informs the defendant of the charges against which he must defend, and alleges 

sufficient information to allow a defendant to plead a conviction or acquittal as a bar 

to a subsequent prosecution. United States v. Sholley-Gonzalez, 996 F.3d 887, 893 

(8th Cir. 2021) (cleaned up). The indictment pleaded the essential elements for
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§ 875(c) offenses. See Elonis, 575 U.S. at 732, 740 (stating elements of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 875(c) include: (1) a communication transmitted in interstate commerce, (2) that 

contains a threat, and (3) which is transmitted for the purpose of issuing a threat or 

with knowledge the communication will be viewed as a threat).

4. Right to a Speedy Trial 

When a defendant brings a speedy trial challenge under both the Speedy Trial 

Act and the Sixth Amendment, we review the claims separately. United States v. 

Johnson, 990 F.3d 661, 666 (8th Cir. 2021). We review the “district court’s findings 

of fact for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.” United States v. FloresLagonas, 993 F.3d 550, 562–63 (8th Cir. 2021). 

A. The Speedy Trial Act

While the Speedy Trial Act provides that the trial of a criminal defendant who 

has pled not guilty must begin within seventy days from the date of the indictment 

or arraignment, whichever is later, the Act excludes certain periods of delay from 

this calculation. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1) & 3161(h). One such excludable period is 

when the judge overseeing the trial grants a continuance “on the basis of his findings 

that the ends of justice served by taking such action outweigh the best interest of the 

public and the defendant in a speedy trial.” Id. § 3161(h)(7)(A). 

Leveke asserts the district court unlawfully used the “ends of justice” 

provision to postpone all jury trials due to the COVID-19 pandemic without

consideration as to whether relatively straight-forward trials could be held. He 

argues his jury trial was not especially complex, had limited witnesses, and revolved 

around the interpretation of two emails and thus should have occurred within seventy 

days of his indictment. This Circuit has not yet decided whether the “ends of justice” 

may be properly invoked to delay jury trials due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 

Ninth Circuit and Sixth Circuit have generally answered this question in the 

affirmative. See United States v. Olsen, 21 F.4th 1036, 1044–47, 1049 (9th Cir. 
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2022) (per curiam) (announcing certain factors district courts should consider when 

granting trial continuances due to the COVID-19 pandemic and holding the district 

court erred by dismissing the defendant’s indictment with prejudice); United States 

v. Roush, No. 21-3820, 2021 WL 6689969, at *2 (6th Cir. Dec. 7, 2021), cert. 

denied, 142 S. Ct. 1187 (2022) (determining the district court did not abuse its 

discretion when it found postponing or limiting jury trials during the COVID-19 

outweighed the defendant’s right to a speedy trial). 

Here, the district court issued numerous administrative orders explaining how 

and why the COVID-19 pandemic was interrupting jury trials in the entire district. 

See, e.g., U.S. Dist. Court for the S. Dist. of Iowa, Pub. Admin. Order No. 20-AO8-P (Apr. 8, 2020) (explaining the continuances were necessary given the severity 

of the risk posed to the public and recommendations from the Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention, among other reasons). As COVID-19 infection rates in the 

surrounding counties fluctuated, so too did the availability of jury trials. Compare 

U.S. Dist. Court for the S. Dist. of Iowa, Pub. Admin. Order No. 20-AO-14-P (June 

29, 2020) (reopening all divisions other than the Central Division), with Admin. 

Order No. 20-AO-19-P (suspending jury trials in the Central Division due to recordhigh rates of infection and an “extraordinary outbreak” in the Polk County Jail). 

Aside from general administrative orders, the court also made findings relating to 

Leveke’s individual case. While responding to Leveke’s litany of motions, the 

district court elaborated on COVID-19’s disruption to the entire judicial system and 

how Leveke’s jury trial could not have taken place sooner given the safety hazards

posed by the rising COVID-19 infection rate in Leveke’s area. It is evident the 

district court considered the factors in § 3161(h)(7)(B) and did not err in continuing 

Leveke’s jury trial under § 3161(h)(7)(A). 

 

While Leveke contends his trial could have been held sooner because he 

requested a bench trial, the record demonstrates Leveke continually waffled on his 

desire to have a bench trial and did not waive his right to a jury trial. During the 

status conference shortly before Leveke’s desired date for a bench trial, the district 

court went through in-detail with Leveke his right to a jury trial and waiver of that 
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right. The court informed Leveke that a conditional waiver would not be accepted

since trial was only four days away and withdrawal of a waiver would be unworkable 

for the prosecution and its witnesses, not to mention the difficulty of summoning a 

jury on such short notice. Armed with this information, Leveke refused to 

unconditionally waive his right to a jury trial. Trial commenced a few weeks later. 

On this record, the district court did not abuse its discretion in not accepting Leveke’s 

conditional waiver. See Zemunski v. Kenney, 984 F.2d 953, 954 (8th Cir. 1993) 

(finding a motion to withdraw a jury waiver may be untimely and properly denied if 

it would “unduly interfere with or delay the proceedings”) (cleaned up). 

Leveke also contends the district court should have granted his initial request 

sooner to move his trial to another division where jury trials had resumed. Criminal 

defendants have no constitutional right to be tried in a particular division within the 

district and state where the alleged crime took place. United States v. Worthey, 716 

F.3d 1107, 1112 (8th Cir. 2013). “The court must set the place of trial within the 

district with due regard for the convenience of the defendant, any victim, and the 

witnesses, and the prompt administration of justice.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 18. Because 

district judges have broad discretion to determine where to hold the trial, a defendant 

must show abuse of that discretion or prejudice. United States v. Stanko, 528 F.3d 

581, 584 (8th Cir. 2008).

The government resisted Leveke’s request to move the case to another 

division, stating its witnesses were located in the Central Division and Leveke’s 

transportation to another detention facility would potentially spread COVID-19. 

While Leveke repeated his request at a status conference on September 4, 2020, he 

proceeded to make indefinite statements about wanting a jury trial or a bench trial. 

Ultimately, the court granted Leveke’s request to move divisions on September 16, 

2020, ordering that a jury trial would take place in the Eastern Division on September 

29, 2020. The trial took place on that date in that division. We find no abuse of 

discretion in the court’s timing of granting Leveke’s request to change divisions. 
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 Additionally, Leveke has not shown prejudice caused by the delay. While he 

points to a longer period of detention, repossession of his vehicle, increased pretrial 

anxiety, and an in-custody assault, none of these circumstances demonstrate he was

deprived of an opportunity to properly defend himself at trial. See id. 

B. The Sixth Amendment 

To show a Sixth Amendment speedy trial violation, the defendant must allege 

the interval between accusation and trial has crossed a line from ordinary to 

presumptively prejudicial delay. United States v. Saguto, 929 F.3d 519, 523 (8th 

Cir. 2019) (quoting United States v. Aldaco, 477 F.3d 1008, 1019 (8th Cir. 2007)) 

(cleaned up). If the defendant makes that threshold showing, then we proceed to

analyze the following factors: “[l]ength of delay, the reason for the delay, the 

defendant’s assertion of his right, and prejudice to the defendant.” Flores-Lagonas, 

993 F.3d at 563 (quoting Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972)) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). 

Leveke’s constitutional claim fails because he has not shown that a ninemonth delay was presumptively prejudicial. See United States v. Walker, 840 F.3d 

477, 485 (8th Cir. 2016) (determining eleven-and-a-half-month delay meets 

threshold for first factor, but barely). Having failed to satisfy the first factor, our 

analysis ends. See United States v. Titlbach, 339 F.3d 692, 699 (8th Cir. 2003) 

(stating if no presumptively prejudicial delay exists, the court need not examine the 

remaining three Barker factors). 

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Leveke’s convictions.

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