T.C. Memo. 2004-1

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

INTERTAN, INC., Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 9599-02. Filed January 5, 2004.

Raymond P. Wexler and David C. Kung, for petitioner.

James M. Cascino, David B. Flassing, and John J. Comeau, for 

respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

CHIECHI, Judge: Respondent determined to impose a
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1Unless otherwise noted, currency amounts are denominated in

United States dollars.

2All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in

effect for the year at issue. All Rule references are to the Tax

Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

$1,000,8191 accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a)2 on

petitioner for its taxable year ended June 30, 1993. The only

issue for decision is whether petitioner is liable for that

penalty. We hold that it is.

FINDINGS OF FACT

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.

Petitioner is a Delaware corporation with its principal

office in Ontario, Canada. 

At all relevant times, petitioner, which was formed in 1986

as part of a reorganization and spinoff of Tandy Corporation, was

a holding company. At such times, petitioner owned stock in

various wholly owned foreign operating subsidiaries (petitioner’s

operating subsidiaries), including InterTAN Canada Ltd. (ITC), a

Canadian corporation, InterTAN U.K. Limited (InterTAN U.K.), and

InterTAN Europe S.A. (InterTAN Europe).

On May 22, 1990, petitioner, as guarantor, and ITC, InterTAN

U.K., and InterTAN Europe, as borrowers, entered into an agreement entitled “REVOLVING CREDIT AND TERM LOAN AGREEMENT” (the

1990 bank agreement) with a syndicate of banks (bank syndicate),

as lenders. During a period of time not disclosed by the record,
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3The record does not disclose whether petitioner was liable

as of June 30, 1993, as guarantor under the bank agreement.

4Petitioner was the only signatory to the guarantee and

assignment.

the bank syndicate extended a revolving credit facility (revolving credit facility) to certain of petitioner’s operating subsidiaries and extended a $40 million term loan (term loan) to its

operating subsidiary ITC. As of June 30, 1993, petitioner’s

operating subsidiaries were in default under the 1990 bank

agreement, and fr76,000,000 (approximately $14,179,000) under the

revolving credit facility and $40 million under the term loan

were due and payable.3

On June 25, 1992, petitioner executed a document entitled

“GUARANTEE AND POSTPONEMENT OF CLAIM” (guarantee and assignment

agreement). The guarantee and assignment agreement provided in

pertinent part: 

FOR VALUABLE CONSIDERATION, receipt hereof is

hereby acknowledged, the undersigned and each of them

(if more than one)[4] hereby jointly and severally

guarantee(s) payment on demand to Royal Bank of Canada

(hereinafter called the “Bank”) of all debts and liabilities, present or future, direct or indirect, absolute or contingent, matured or not, at any time owing

by InterTAN Canada Ltd. (hereinafter called the “customer”) [ITC] to the Bank or remaining unpaid by the

customer to the Bank, heretofore or hereafter incurred

or arising and whether incurred by or arising from

agreement or dealings between the Bank and the customer

or by or from agreement or dealings with any third

party by which the Bank may be or become in any manner

whatsoever a creditor of the customer or however otherwise incurred or arising anywhere within or outside the

country [Canada] where this guarantee is executed and
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whether the customer be bound alone or with another or

others and whether as principal or surety (such debts

and liabilities being hereinafter called the “liabilities”); the liability of the undersigned hereunder

being limited to the sum of Twenty-One Million Canadian

(C$21,000,000.00) Dollars [approximately $16,382,100 on

June 30, 1993] together with interest * * *

AND THE UNDERSIGNED AND EACH OF THEM (IF MORE THAN ONE)

HEREBY JOINTLY AND SEVERALLY AGREE(S) WITH THE BANK AS

FOLLOWS:

* * * * * * *

(5) All indebtedness and liability, present and future, of the customer to the undersigned [petitioner]

or any of them are hereby assigned to the Bank and

postponed to the liabilities, and all moneys received

by the undersigned * * * shall be received in trust for

the Bank and forthwith upon receipt shall be paid over

to the Bank, the whole without in any way limiting or

lessening the liability of the undersigned under the

foregoing guarantee; and this assignment and postponement is independent of the said guarantee and shall

remain in full effect notwithstanding that the liability of the undersigned or any of them under the said

guarantee may be extinct. The term “Liabilities”, as

previously defined, for purposes of the postponement

feature provided by this agreement, and this section in

particular, includes any funds advanced or held at the

disposal of the customer under any line(s) of credit.

At some point between July 1 and October 22, 1992, it was

determined that petitioner’s anticipated Federal income tax (tax)

for its tax year ended June 30, 1993, would be approximately $4.1

million. Petitioner retained Price Waterhouse to review its tax

planning options and to make recommendations to minimize petitioner’s anticipated tax for that year (Price Waterhouse’s review

and recommendation). 

Steve Wolf (Mr. Wolf) was the Price Waterhouse partner
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5In 1970, Mr. Saunders began working for Price Waterhouse as

a staff assistant in its Toronto office. He became a staff

accountant in 1971, a senior staff accountant in 1973, a supervisor in 1975, a manager in 1977, and a partner in 1980. After

becoming a manager in 1977, Mr. Saunders transferred to Price

Waterhouse’s Mississauga office. During his tenure at Price

Waterhouse, Mr. Saunders was involved in dividend planning for

multinational clients. In that role, Mr. Saunders reviewed

proposed transactions of such clients in order to identify any

potential Canadian tax issues, such as the Canadian nonresident

withholding tax on dividends. Mr. Saunders did not provide any

advice about the United States tax consequences of any such

proposed transactions. 

6Mr. Saunders remained as vice president and controller of

petitioner until his retirement. The record does not disclose

the precise date on which Mr. Saunders retired from petitioner. 

As of the time of the trial in this case, Mr. Saunders was

working for petitioner under a three-year consulting arrangement. 

responsible for Price Waterhouse’s review and recommendation. 

Bruce Thorpe (Mr. Thorpe) was the senior manager assigned to

Price Waterhouse’s review and recommendation. Dale Bond (Mr.

Bond) was a senior associate assigned to Price Waterhouse’s

review and recommendation and worked under the supervision of Mr.

Thorpe. Douglas Saunders (Mr. Saunders), who worked in Price

Waterhouse’s office in Mississauga, Ontario (Mississauga

office),5 assisted Mr. Bond in Price Waterhouse’s review and

recommendation. Mr. Saunders continued to provide assistance in

Price Waterhouse’s review and recommendation after he joined

petitioner in March 1993 as vice president and controller.6

As part of Price Waterhouse’s review and recommendation,

Price Waterhouse conducted a study of ITC’s earnings and profits

(ITC’s E&P study). ITC’s E&P study was necessary in order to
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7The complexity of ITC’s E&P study related, inter alia, to a

deficit in ITC’s post-1986 earnings and profits pool and certain

losses of ITC that had been carried back to its prior taxable

years and had thereby created refunds. Such refunds complicated

the calculation of ITC’s post-1986 foreign income taxes and post1986 undistributed earnings. 

determine whether ITC had sufficient earnings and profits to pay

a dividend to petitioner that would generate sufficient foreign

tax credits to minimize petitioner’s anticipated tax liability

for its taxable year ended June 30, 1993. ITC’s E&P study was

very complex and time-consuming.7

On January 13, 1993, Mr. Bond prepared on behalf of Mr.

Thorpe a Price Waterhouse interoffice memorandum addressed to

Cullen Duke of Price Waterhouse’s Houston office (January 13,

1993 interoffice memorandum) regarding the viability of ITC’s

paying a dividend to petitioner. Mr. Thorpe reviewed and approved that memorandum. The January 13, 1993 interoffice memorandum stated in pertinent part:

Our planning idea involves paying another dividend from

InterTAN Canada [ITC] to generate deemed paid credits

that the U.S. parent [petitioner] can use to offset the

tax on the Subpart F income. Since InterTAN Canada

will have a deficit in its post-1986 E&P pool, the

dividend will have to be paid out of pre-1987 E&P. 

When a foreign corporation pays a dividend when there

is a deficit in its post-1986 E&P pool, Notice 87-54

requires the deficit be carried back to offset E&P in

pre-1987 years. If InterTAN Canada’s deficit in its

post-1986 E&P pool is within a certain range, InterTAN

Canada will be able to pay a small dividend out of 1985

E&P and bring up approximately $8 million of deemed

paid foreign taxes. If the deficit in the post-1986

E&P pool is too small, the effective tax rate on the

1985 E&P that remains after carryback of the deficit
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will be too low for the planning strategy to work. If

the deficit in the pool is too large, the carryback

will eliminate all of the 1985 E&P.

With our current projections for the fiscal year 1993

loss, the planning idea appears to be viable, but it

relies on taking a position that we feel is unclear. 

InterTAN Canada has filed for a $17 million (Canadian)

refund due to the carryback of the fiscal year 1992

loss. We have accrued the refund as a receivable and

increased the 1992 E&P for the amount of the refund. 

Regulations §1.905-3T discusses adjustments to the E&P

pool for refunds received. However, Revenue Ruling 64-

146 states that for purposes of paying dividends, a

refund due to the carryback of a net operating loss

increases the E&P of the loss year. Relying upon

Revenue Ruling 64-146 and accruing the refund related

to the 1992 loss will put the deficit in the post-1986

E&P pool at a level that will make the planning strategy possible.

On April 22, 1993, Mr. Saunders, who was at that time

petitioner’s vice president and corporate controller, had a

meeting (April 22, 1993 meeting) with Mr. Wolf, Mr. Thorpe, and

Mr. Bond. Mr. Thorpe prepared a written summary of that meeting

dated April 22, 1993 (April 22, 1993 meeting summary). The April

22, 1993 meeting summary stated in pertinent part under the

heading “PLANNING IDEAS”:

Avoid withholding tax in Canada by making dividend a

repayment of paid-in capital. We must first create

some paid-in capital. This can possibly be done by

having ITI [petitioner] contribute a $30 million note 

* * * from Canada [ITC] to Canada. Canada will then

pay the dividend and ITI will make another loan to

Canada. The IRS shouldn’t really care because the U.S.

tax result is the same as if the planning had not been

done. Doug will look into the Canadian tax issues. We

need to clear all this with MTC [Price Waterhouse’s

Multi-State Consulting group].

On June 15, 1993, Mr. Bond prepared on behalf of Mr. Thorpe
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a memorandum addressed to Keith Wettlaufer (Mr. Wettlaufer),

senior vice president of petitioner and of ITC for finance and

administration (June 15, 1993 memorandum). Mr. Thorpe reviewed

and initialed that memorandum. The June 15, 1993 memorandum set

forth Price Waterhouse’s suggestions as to the steps necessary to

effect a dividend from ITC to petitioner that would avoid Canadian withholding tax and generate sufficient foreign tax credits

to minimize petitioner’s anticipated tax liability for its

taxable year ended June 30, 1993. The June 15, 1993 memorandum

stated: 

As you requested, this memorandum outlines the steps we

feel are necessary to pay a dividend from InterTAN

Canada Ltd (Canada) [ITC] to InterTAN, Inc. (ITI)

[petitioner] and avoid the Canadian withholding tax.

1. Prior to paying the dividend, Canada should

repay all or a portion of the note payable to

ITI.

2. ITI should then make a cash contribution to

Canada. The purpose of this step is to increase Canada’s paid in capital so the dividend can be considered a return of capital

for Canadian tax purposes. This step should

also be completed prior to paying the dividend.

3. Canada should pay the dividend on or before

June 30, 1993.

4. During the 1st quarter of the next fiscal

year ITI can make a new loan to Canada.

We feel that the steps outlined above are necessary to

help prevent the Internal Revenue Service from reclassifying the transaction as something other than a

dividend and disallowing ITI’s deemed paid foreign tax

credits associated with the dividend. We also feel
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that varying the dollar amounts involved in the various

steps by a significant amount (say $1 million) will

help reduce exposure. The actual amounts to be paid

will be determined after final projections are completed. It is our understanding from previous conversations with Doug Saunders that this transaction will

avoid the Canadian withholding tax.

On June 15, 1993, the June 15, 1993 memorandum was sent by

facsimile to Mr. Wettlaufer. On June 24, 1993, a copy of the

June 15, 1993 memorandum was sent by facsimile to Mr. Saunders

who was in Paris, France. 

After reviewing the June 15, 1993 memorandum, Mr. Saunders

suggested certain changes to the steps of the proposed transaction outlined in that memorandum. Mr. Saunders suggested that,

instead of contributing cash to ITC, petitioner should purchase

preferred stock from ITC and ITC should redeem that preferred

stock. Mr. Saunders made that suggestion because he was concerned that the contribution of cash described in the June 15,

1993 memorandum would not result in paid-in capital for Canadian

withholding tax purposes. In that event, the payment of a

dividend by ITC to petitioner would have the undesirable result

of triggering the imposition of such a tax.

Mr. Bond prepared a memorandum to petitioner’s tax file

dated June 28, 1993 (June 28, 1993 file memorandum). That

memorandum incorporated the suggestion made by Mr. Saunders to

avoid imposition of the Canadian withholding tax. The June 28,

1993 file memorandum stated in pertinent part: 
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We have recommended to Doug Saunders that InterTAN

Canada Ltd. (Canada) [ITC] pay a dividend of $20 million (U.S.) to InterTAN, Inc. (ITI) [petitioner]. Our

recommendation was based upon a number of scenarios

regarding Canada’s current year loss and the balance in

Canada’s post-1986 pool of earnings and profits (E&P). 

We have considered the dividend’s consequences based

upon E&P calculated under what we consider to be the

correct methods as well as E&P calculated consistently

with the methods used in prior years, some of which we

believe to be improper. Our calculations and recommendation are based upon the Company’s best estimates of

income (loss) for Canada and ITI available at this

time.

With a $20 million dividend from Canada, ITI’s U.S. tax

for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1993 will be approximately $1.2 million. Without the dividend and the

benefit of the associated deemed paid foreign tax

credits, ITI’s U.S. tax liability will be approximately

$4.9 million. In the “best case” dividend scenario,

ITI will have approximately $3.3 million of excess

credits.

* * * * * * *

In order to avoid the Canadian withholding tax, the

Company plans to structure the transaction as a return

of capital for Canadian tax purposes while still being

considered a dividend for U.S. tax purposes. The

Company plans to take the following action:

1. Canada will borrow $20 million (U.S.) from

the bank and repay a portion of its debt owed

to ITI.

2. ITI will use the $20 million to purchase a

new class of preferred stock issued by Canada.

3. Canada will redeem the preferred stock for

$20 million. It is imperative that this step

be accomplished before the end of the fiscal

year.

4. After the end of the fiscal year, ITI will

make a new loan to Canada.
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8Mr. Saunders did not review Mr. Bond’s draft June 1993 file

memorandum prior to the trial in this case. 

Doug Saunders believes this will permit the Company to

avoid the Canadian withholding tax since the transfer

of funds to the U.S. should not constitute a dividend

for Canadian tax purposes. Whereas, the U.S. tax laws

rely more on substance, the Canadian tax laws rely

heavily on form.

Sometime after June 15, 1993, and before June 28, 1993, Mr.

Bond prepared a memorandum to petitioner’s tax file (Mr. Bond’s

draft June 1993 file memorandum).8 Mr. Bond’s draft June 1993

file memorandum, which was not finalized until July 9, 1993,

stated in pertinent part: 

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1993, Canada

[ITC] will pay a dividend to ITI [petitioner]. It may

be possible to avoid Canadian withholding tax on the

dividend if the paid-up capital of Canada can be increased prior to the payment of the dividend. In order

to increase Canada’s paid-up capital before paying the

dividend the transaction will be accomplished according

to the following steps:

1. Canada will repay the loan from ITI.

2. ITI will recontribute the cash to Canada.

3. Canada will pay the dividend.

4. ITI will make a new loan to Canada.

* * * * * * *

CONCLUSIONS

1. The various steps involved in the transaction

should be respected for U.S. tax purposes. However, it will be beneficial to spread the steps

over time and vary the amounts involved in each

step.
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* * * * * * *

DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

1. The dividend from Canada is expected to make significant deemed paid foreign tax credits available

to ITI. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect the

IRS to review the transaction. Under the step

transaction doctrine, the IRS may be able to challenge the validity of the dividend and the deemed

paid foreign tax credits with two arguments.

The economic situations of both ITI and Canada are

the same after transaction [sic] as they were

before the transaction. Canada has an obligation

due to ITI both before and after the transaction. 

In addition, the cash ends up back in Canada after

ITI makes the new loan. Therefore, the IRS may

attempt to take a position stating that the entire

transaction is simply a sham undertaken to generate deemed paid foreign tax credits for ITI. To

the extent the amounts in each step of the transaction are comparable and the length of time lapsing between each step is short, the IRS will be

able to build a better case for this position.

To gain a better understanding of the likelihood

of the IRS challenging the transaction under the

step transaction theory, we contacted Larry

Portnoy and Tom Bretz/PW-WNTS who helped develop

the series of steps to accomplish the transaction. 

They did not think there would be a problem with

the transaction structured in this manner. Tom

Bretz also suggested using different dollar

amounts in each step of the transaction. He also

mentioned spreading the steps out over some length

of time. In particular, he thought it important

to make the new loan after the end of the fiscal

year.

On June 30, 1993, prior to the actions described below which

took place on that date, ITC’s account, number 302-8529-6 (ITC’s

Royal Bank account), at the Royal Bank of Canada (Royal Bank) had
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9July 1, 1993, was Canada Day, a federal and bank holiday in

Canada. 

10The $3,552.67 overdraft interest charged to ITC on July 2,

1993, was reversed on July 16, 1993, and new overdraft interest

charges in the amounts of $101.48 and $12,211.91 were imposed. 

a balance of $687,499.91. On July 2, 1993,9 after the actions

described below which took place on June 30 and July 2, 1993,

ITC’s Royal Bank account balance was the same amount as it was on

June 30, 1993, except for reductions attributable to an overdraft

interest charge10 and the clearing of checks unrelated to the

actions described below. The balance in petitioner’s Royal Bank

account, number 302-0402-4 (petitioner’s Royal Bank account), was

the same before and after the actions described below. 

On June 30, 1993, Royal Bank received a letter (June 30,

1993 letter) from Louis G. Neumann (Mr. Neumann), petitioner’s

vice president, secretary, and general counsel and ITC’s vice

president and secretary. The June 30, 1993 letter stated in

pertinent part:

In confirmation of our recent conversation it is hereby

requested that you affect [sic] the following transactions on behalf of InterTAN Inc. [petitioner] and its

subsidiary InterTAN Canada Ltd [ITC]:

1. The sum of US$20,000,000.00 is to be advanced to

InterTAN Canada Ltd. by Royal Bank and deposited

to account number 302-8529-6.

2. The enclosed cheque [dated June 29, 1993] in the

sum of US$20,000,000.00 drawn on account number

302-8529-6 [ITC’s Royal Bank account] and made

payable to InterTAN Inc. is to be deposited in

InterTAN’s account number 302-0402-4 [petitioner’s
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Royal Bank account] in repayment of a loan.

3. InterTAN’s enclosed cheque [dated June 30, 1993]

in the amount of US$20,000,000.00 is to be deposited into account number 302-8529-6 in combination

for the issuance of InterTAN Canada Ltd. preferred

shares.

4. The enclosed cheque [dated June 29, 1993] in the

amount of [US]$20,000,000.00 drawn on account

number 302-8529-6 is to then be deposited in

InterTAN’s account number 302-0402-4 in payment

for the redemption of 200,000 InterTAN Canada Ltd.

preferred shares.

On June 30, 1993, pursuant to the June 30, 1993 letter, the

following actions occurred:

1. A check dated June 29, 1993, drawn upon ITC’s Royal Bank

account and payable to petitioner in the amount of $20 million,

was presented to Royal Bank. Pursuant to the June 30, 1993

letter, Royal Bank deposited that check into petitioner’s Royal

Bank account. Royal Bank honored that check, which resulted in

an overdraft of $19,379,772.65 in ITC’s Royal Bank account (ITC’s

overdraft) as of the close of business on June 30, 1993. Royal

Bank permitted ITC’s overdraft because: (1) Pursuant to the

guarantee and assignment agreement, all indebtedness and liabilities of ITC to petitioner were assigned to Royal Bank (assignment) and were postponed to any debt and liabilities of ITC to

Royal Bank, including any funds advanced under any line of credit

by Royal Bank to ITC (postponement), and petitioner was required

to hold in trust for and pay to Royal Bank any money that it

received from ITC; (2) petitioner and ITC made a commitment to
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11Pursuant to the guarantee and assignment agreement, the

assignment and postponement were independent of petitioner’s

guarantee under such agreement and were to remain in full force

and effect even though the liability of petitioner as guarantor

under that agreement may have been extinct.

Royal Bank that the $20 million withdrawn from ITC’s Royal Bank

account and deposited into petitioner’s Royal Bank account on

June 30, 1993, would be redeposited into ITC’s Royal Bank account

on July 2, 1993, the first Canadian federal and bank business day

after June 30, 1993, in order to satisfy ITC’s overdraft; and 

(3) pursuant to the guarantee and assignment agreement, petitioner guaranteed ITC’s overdraft to the extent of $16,382,100.11

As part of the commitment of petitioner and of ITC to redeposit

into ITC’s Royal Bank account on July 2, 1993, the $20 million

check dated June 29, 1993, and drawn on ITC’s Royal Bank account

and deposited into petitioner’s Royal Bank account on June 30,

1993, petitioner agreed to return that $20 million to ITC in

order to enable ITC to satisfy ITC’s overdraft. 

2. A check dated June 30, 1993, drawn upon petitioner’s

Royal Bank account at Royal Bank and payable to ITC in the amount

of $20 million, was presented to Royal Bank. Pursuant to the

June 30, 1993 letter, Royal Bank deposited that check into ITC’s

Royal Bank account. 

3. A check dated June 29, 1993, drawn upon ITC’s Royal Bank

account at Royal Bank and payable to petitioner in the amount of

$20 million, was presented to Royal Bank. Pursuant to the June
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30, 1993 letter, Royal Bank deposited that check into petitioner’s Royal Bank account. 

On July 2, 1993, Royal Bank received a letter (July 2, 1993

letter) from Mr. Neumann. The July 2, 1993 letter stated in

pertinent part:

Would you please accomplish the following on behalf of

InterTAN Inc. [petitioner] and its wholly owned subsidiary InterTAN Canada Ltd. [ITC]:

1. The enclosed cheque in the amount of

US$20,000,000.00 drawn on InterTAN Inc. account

number 302-0402-4 [petitioner’s Royal Bank account] is to be deposited in InterTAN Canada Ltd.

account number 302-8529-6 as a loan from InterTAN

Inc. to InterTAN Canada Ltd.

2. Withdraw the sum of US$20,000,000.00 from the

account of InterTAN Canada Ltd. account number

302-8529-6 to satisfy an overdraft owing to Royal

Bank by InterTAN Canada Ltd.

On July 2, 1993, pursuant to the July 2, 1993 letter, the

following actions occurred:

4. The check enclosed with the July 2, 1993 letter that was

drawn upon petitioner’s Royal Bank account at Royal Bank and

payable to ITC in the amount of $20 million was presented to

Royal Bank. Pursuant to the July 2, 1993 letter, Royal Bank

deposited that check into ITC’s Royal Bank account. 

5. Royal Bank debited ITC’s Royal Bank account in the

amount of $20 million, which ITC had received from petitioner on

July 2, 1993, as described above as action 4, in order to satisfy

ITC’s overdraft. 
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12The foreign dividend gross-up under sec. 78 of $18,295,867

claimed in petitioner’s 1993 return included foreign dividend 

gross-up under sec. 78 of $18,236,696 attributable to the claimed

dividend from ITC and $59,170 attributable to petitioner’s

Belgium subsidiary. 

13The total tax before and after foreign tax credits also

reflected an alternative minimum tax of $927,944 and an environmental tax of $62,417. 

(We shall refer collectively to the above-described actions 1

through 5 as the disputed transaction and individually as steps

1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 as the case may be.)

On March 15, 1994, petitioner filed Form 1120, U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return, for its taxable year ended June 30, 1993

(petitioner’s 1993 return), with the Internal Revenue Service

Center in Austin, Texas. In that return, petitioner reported

dividends received of $52,486,578, of which $20 million was the

dividend that petitioner reported it received from ITC, and

foreign dividend gross-up under section 78 of $18,295,867.12

Petitioner claimed total tax (1) before foreign tax credits of

$18,696,569 and (2) after foreign tax credits of $1,146,387.13

Schedule C, Dividends and Special Deductions (petitioner’s 1993

Schedule C), of petitioner’s 1993 return reported a dividend of

$20 million and a foreign dividend gross-up under section 78 of

$18,236,696. In Schedule J, Tax Computation, of petitioner’s

1993 return, petitioner claimed foreign tax credits of

$18,540,543, of which $18,236,696 was attributable to the $20

million dividend that petitioner reported it received from ITC in
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petitioner’s 1993 Schedule C. 

In the fall of 1996, respondent began an examination of

petitioner’s taxable years ended June 30, 1990, 1991, 1992, and

1993. On October 8, 1996, petitioner mailed to respondent a

letter on petitioner’s letterhead, entitled “STATEMENT FURNISHED

UNDER REVENUE PROCEDURE 94-69", which respondent received on

October 11, 1996 (October 11, 1996 disclosure letter). Price

Waterhouse had drafted that letter. The October 11, 1996 disclosure letter stated in pertinent part: 

As previously disclosed to the Internal Revenue Service

(IRS) in July 1995, and on September 24, 1996,

InterTAN, Inc. [petitioner] is facing under Internal

Revenue Code Section 905(c) a potential redetermination

of the foreign tax credits claimed on its U.S. income

tax returns for the years ended June 30, 1990 through

June 30, 1993. The redetermination could arise from a

potential deficit in the post-1986 pool of foreign

taxes for InterTAN Canada Ltd. (InterTAN Canada) [ITC].

In this eventuality, InterTAN, Inc.’s foreign tax

credits would be required to be redetermined pursuant

to Treasury Regulation Section 1.905-3T(d)(4)(iv) with

notification made by InterTAN Inc. pursuant to Treasury

Regulation Section 1.905-4T(b).

The dividends paid by InterTAN Canada from the 1988

through 1992 tax years are as follows:

Tax

Year

Type of

Dividend Amount 

 Deemed-paid 

Foreign Tax

 Credit 

Grossed-up

 Dividend 

1988 Preferred

Stock

Redemption

$23,910,500 $15,720,834 $39,631,334

1989 Preferred

Stock

Redemption

 13,570,739 8,745,782 22,316,521

1992 Preferred

Stock

Redemption

 20,000,000 18,236,696 38,236,696
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InterTAN Canada incurred losses in the 1990 through

1992 tax years and carried them back to obtain refunds

of Canadian income taxes. The refunds obtained are as

follows:

Tax Year for

Which Taxes

Originally Paid

Amount of

Refund in

Canadian $

Exchange

 Rate 

Amount of Refund in

 U.S. $ 

6/30/88 $ 901,411 .8141 $ 733,868

6/30/89 16,621,759 .8320 13,829,147

6/30/90 9,782,191 .8610 8,422,855

The reductions to InterTAN Canada’s post-1986 pool of

foreign taxes resulting from the distributions and the

refunds could create a deficit in the pool. Presently,

however, it is unclear whether InterTAN Canada’s post1986 pool of taxes is, in fact, in a deficit position. 

The uncertainty arises from two factors.

First, in the examination of InterTAN Inc’s 1986

through 1988 tax returns, the IRS has proposed to

recharacterize the June 30, 1989 preferred stock redemption. The taxpayer reflected the transaction as a

dividend distribution; but the IRS has argued the

instrument was debt and the distribution, a repayment. 

Should the IRS position be sustained, there would have

been no deemed distribution of foreign taxes to reduce

the post-1986 pool. The examination is currently in

the jurisdiction of the appellate division of the IRS. 

In addition, Revenue Canada is currently examining

InterTAN Canada’s income tax returns and has proposed

adjustments that could significantly increase the

balance of InterTAN Canada’s pool of foreign taxes. 

The characterization of the 1989 distribution as a

repayment of debt or significant assessments by Revenue

Canada could each independently affect InterTAN Canada’s pool of foreign tax such that the pool would not

have a deficit balance. [Emphasis added; footnotes

omitted.]

On December 17, 2001, respondent accepted Form 870-AD, Offer

to Waive Restrictions on Assessment and Collection of Tax Deficiency and to Accept Overassessment (Form 870-AD), which peti-
- 20 -

tioner had signed and submitted to respondent with respect to

petitioner’s taxable years ended June 30, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992,

1993, and 1994. With respect to petitioner’s taxable year ended

June 30, 1993, Form 870-AD reflected petitioner’s agreement to an

overassessment of $712,316. That agreement was explained in Form

3610, Audit Statement, and Form 5278, Statement--Income Tax

Change, which were prepared on November 27, 2001 (collectively,

respondent’s November 27, 2001 audit report). In respondent’s

November 27, 2001 audit report, respondent determined that: 

(1) Petitioner’s income attributable to the claimed dividend from

ITC should be decreased by $38,236,696, representing a decrease

of dividends received of $20,000,000 and a decrease in foreign

dividend gross-up under section 78 of $18,236,696; (2) the

foreign tax credits that petitioner claimed as a result of the

claimed dividend income from ITC were disallowed; and (3) petitioner had a loss of $8,906,122 attributable to a net operating

loss carried back from petitioner’s taxable year ended June 30,

1995. 

On February 7, 2002, respondent issued a notice of deficiency (notice) to petitioner. In that notice, respondent

determined that petitioner is liable for the year at issue for

the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a). That is

because respondent determined that there was an understatement of

$5,004,095 in petitioner’s 1993 return that was attributable to
- 21 -

14Respondent’s examination of the year at issue began before

July 23, 1998. We conclude that sec. 7491(c) is not applicable

in the instant case.

the foreign tax credits which petitioner claimed with respect to

the $20 million dividend that it reported it received from ITC

and that that understatement is substantial within the meaning of

section 6662(d)(1)(A) and (B).

OPINION

Petitioner bears the burden of proving that the determination in the notice is erroneous.14 See Rule 142(a); Welch v.

Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). 

Section 6662(a) imposes an accuracy-related penalty equal to

20 percent of the tax resulting from a substantial understatement

of income tax. An understatement is equal to the excess of the

amount of tax required to be shown in the tax return over the

amount of tax shown in such return, see sec. 6662(d)(2)(A), and

is substantial in the case of a corporation if the amount of the

understatement for the taxable year exceeds the greater of 10

percent of the tax required to be shown in the tax return for

that year or $10,000, see sec. 6662(d)(1)(A) and (B). 

The amount of the understatement may be reduced to the

extent that it is attributable to, inter alia, the tax treatment

of an item for which there is or was substantial authority. See

sec. 6662(d)(2)(B)(i). The substantial authority standard is an

objective standard involving an analysis of the law and the
- 22 -

application of the law to relevant facts. Sec. 1.6662-4(d)(2),

Income Tax Regs. That standard is not so stringent that a

taxpayer's treatment must be one that has a greater than

50-percent likelihood of being sustained in litigation. See id.

However, the substantial authority standard is more stringent

than the reasonable basis standard as defined in section 1.6662-

3(b)(3), Income Tax Regs. Sec. 1.6662-4(d)(2), Income Tax Regs. 

There may be substantial authority for more than one position

with respect to the same item. Sec. 1.6662-4(d)(3)(i), Income

Tax Regs.

In order to satisfy the substantial authority standard of

section 6662(d)(2)(B)(i), a taxpayer must show that the weight of

the authorities supporting the tax return treatment of an item is

substantial in relation to the weight of authorities supporting

contrary treatment. Antonides v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 686, 702

(1988), affd. 893 F.2d 656 (4th Cir. 1990); sec.

1.6662-4(d)(3)(i), Income Tax Regs. All authorities relevant to

the tax treatment of an item, including the authorities contrary

to the treatment, are taken into account in determining whether

substantial authority exists. Sec. 1.6662-4(d)(3)(i), Income Tax

Regs. The weight of authorities is determined in light of the

pertinent facts and circumstances. Id. The weight accorded an

authority depends on its relevance and persuasiveness and the

type of document providing the authority. Sec. 1.6662-
- 23 -

15The parties do not dispute that petitioner is the type of

taxpayer to which the rules of Revenue Procedure 94-69 apply.

4(d)(3)(ii), Income Tax Regs. An authority which is materially

distinguishable on its facts or otherwise inapplicable to the tax

treatment at issue is not particularly relevant and is not

substantial authority. Id. There may be substantial authority

for the tax treatment of an item despite the absence of certain

types of authority. Id. Thus, a taxpayer may have substantial

authority for a position even where it is supported only by a

well-reasoned construction of the pertinent statutory provision

as applied to the relevant facts. Id.

The amount of the understatement may also be reduced to the

extent that it is attributable to, inter alia, an item for which

the relevant facts affecting the item’s tax treatment were

adequately disclosed in the return or in a statement attached to

the return. Sec. 6662(d)(2)(B)(ii). In order to satisfy the

adequate disclosure standard of section 6662(d)(2)(B)(ii), a

taxpayer must disclose the relevant facts on a properly completed

form (i.e., Form 8275, Disclosure Statement (Form 8275)) attached

to the return or to a qualified amended return. Sec.

1.6662-4(f)(1), Income Tax Regs. In Revenue Procedure 94-69,

1994-2 C.B. 804 (Revenue Procedure 94-69), the Internal Revenue

Service (IRS) promulgated procedures under which certain taxpayers15 may meet the requirements for adequate disclosure under
- 24 -

section 6662(d)(2)(B)(ii). Under Revenue Procedure 94-69, a

qualifying taxpayer may submit a statement to the IRS which will

qualify as adequate disclosure under section 6662(d)(2)(B)(ii)

and the regulations thereunder if, inter alia, the statement

discloses “information that reasonably may be expected to apprise

the Internal Revenue Service of the identity of the item, its

amount, and the nature of the controversy or potential controversy.” Rev. Proc. 94-69, sec. 3.02(2), 1994-2 C.B. at 806.

If the disputed transaction is a tax shelter within the

meaning of section 6662(d)(2)(C)(ii), a taxpayer may not avoid

liability for the accuracy-related penalty by adequately disclosing the transaction in question. Sec. 6662(d)(2)(C)(i)(I). 

Moreover, in the case of a tax shelter, in order to avoid liability for the accuracy-related penalty, a taxpayer not only must

demonstrate that there is or was substantial authority for the

tax return treatment of the transaction in question, but also

must prove that it reasonably believed that that treatment is

more likely than not the proper treatment. Sec.

6662(d)(2)(C)(i)(II).

The accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) does not

apply to any portion of an underpayment if it is shown that there

was reasonable cause for, and that the taxpayer acted in good

faith with respect to, such portion. Sec. 6664(c)(1). The

determination of whether the taxpayer acted with reasonable cause
- 25 -

and in good faith depends on the pertinent facts and circumstances, including the taxpayer's efforts to assess such taxpayer’s proper tax liability, the knowledge and experience of the

taxpayer, and the reliance on the advice of a professional, such

as an accountant. Sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax Regs. Reliance on the advice of a professional, such as an accountant, does

not necessarily demonstrate reasonable cause and good faith

unless, under all the circumstances, such reliance was reasonable

and the taxpayer acted in good faith. Id. In this connection, a

taxpayer must demonstrate that its reliance on the advice of a

professional concerning substantive tax law was objectively

reasonable. Chamberlain v. Commissioner, 66 F.3d 729, 732-733

(5th Cir. 1995), affg. in part and revg. in part T.C. Memo. 1994-

228; Goldman v. Commissioner, 39 F.3d 402, 408 (2d Cir. 1994),

affg. T.C. Memo. 1993-480. In the case of claimed reliance on

the accountant who prepared the taxpayer's tax return, the

taxpayer must establish that correct information was provided to

the accountant and that the item incorrectly omitted, claimed, or

reported in the return was the result of the accountant's error. 

Westbrook v. Commissioner, 68 F.3d 868, 881 (5th Cir. 1995),

affg. T.C. Memo. 1993-634; Weis v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 473, 487

(1990); Ma-Tran Corp. v. Commissioner, 70 T.C. 158, 173 (1978).

In the instant case, respondent determined that there was an

understatement of $5,004,095 in petitioner’s 1993 return that was
- 26 -

attributable to the foreign tax credits which petitioner claimed

with respect to the $20 million dividend that it reported it

received from ITC and that that understatement is substantial

within the meaning of section 6662(d)(1)(A) and (B). In support

of that determination, respondent advances two alternative

positions. First, respondent argues: The disputed transaction

is a tax shelter within the meaning of section 6662(d)(2)(C)(ii);

petitioner’s treatment of the disputed transaction in petitioner’s 1993 return is not supported by substantial authority;

petitioner did not reasonably believe that its treatment of the

disputed transaction was more likely than not the proper treatment; and petitioner did not have reasonable cause for, or act in

good faith with respect to, its treatment of the disputed transaction in petitioner’s 1993 return. Alternatively, respondent

argues that, even if the disputed transaction were not a tax

shelter within the meaning of 6662(d)(2)(C)(ii), petitioner’s

treatment of the disputed transaction is not supported by substantial authority; the relevant facts affecting the tax treatment of the disputed transaction were not adequately disclosed in

petitioner’s 1993 return or in the October 11, 1996 disclosure

letter; and petitioner did not have reasonable cause for, or act

in good faith with respect to, its treatment of the disputed

transaction in petitioner’s 1993 return (respondent’s alternative

position). 
- 27 -

With respect to respondent’s position that the disputed

transaction is a tax shelter within the meaning of section

6662(d)(2)(C)(ii), petitioner argues that the disputed transaction did not have any of the common indicia of a tax shelter

(e.g., marketing by a promoter, dissemination of a confidential

prospectus, and a special fee or premium paid to a promoter). 

According to petitioner, the disputed transaction was nothing

more than normal dividend planning that was typical of multinational companies like petitioner. 

We need not resolve the parties’ dispute over whether the

disputed transaction is a tax shelter within the meaning of

section 6662(d)(2)(C)(ii). That is because, assuming arguendo

that we were to accept petitioner’s argument and find that the

disputed transaction is not a tax shelter under that section, on

the record before us, we accept respondent’s alternative position

that petitioner is nonetheless liable for the accuracy-related

penalty under section 6662(a).

With respect to respondent’s argument under respondent’s

alternative position that there is and was no substantial authority for petitioner’s tax treatment of the disputed transaction,

petitioner counters that its reporting of the disputed transaction in petitioner’s 1993 return “was mandated by the provisions

of Code §§ 301 and 302.” On the record before us, we reject

petitioner’s position.
- 28 -

16With respect to whether the disputed transaction resulted

in any change in the economic position of petitioner or ITC, Mr.

Saunders testified as follows:

Q InterTAN Canada’s [ITC’s] financial position

before this transaction began was exactly the same as

it was after this transaction began. Correct?

A That’s correct.

Q InterTAN U.S.’s [petitioner’s] financial

position before this transaction began was exactly the

same as its financial condition after this transaction

began.

A Except for the deemed foreign tax credits. 

Yes.

Q Other than--of course, other than for tax

benefits, it was the same. Right?

A Yes.

In structuring and implementing the disputed transaction,

petitioner was not motivated by any nontax business purpose;

petitioner’s sole intention was to generate a tax benefit in the

form of foreign tax credits. The disputed transaction resulted

in no change in the economic position of either petitioner or

ITC.16 Petitioner did not have any benefits or burdens associated with the preferred stock that ITC purportedly issued to it. 

The purported issuance to petitioner of ITC’s preferred stock was

but one fleeting, transitory step in the disputed transaction

that was undertaken so that ITC could purportedly immediately

redeem that stock, thereby enabling petitioner to claim that such

redemption resulted in a dividend to it under sections 302 and
- 29 -

17Instead of having petitioner purportedly contribute money

to ITC and having ITC declare a dividend payable to petitioner as

two steps of the transaction in question, the steps of the

disputed transaction consisting of the purported issuance of

ITC’s preferred stock and the purported immediate redemption of

that stock were used in order to help avoid the Canadian nonresident withholding tax on dividends. 

301.17 On the record before us, we find that the disputed transaction, including the purported issuance to petitioner of ITC’s

preferred stock and the purported redemption by ITC of that

stock, should be disregarded for tax purposes. On that record,

we further find there was no ITC preferred stock owned by petitioner that could have been redeemed by ITC. On the record

before us, we conclude that sections 302 and 301 have no application to, and do not constitute substantial authority under

section 6662(d)(2)(B)(i) and the regulations thereunder for

petitioner’s tax treatment of, the disputed transaction.

In addition to relying on sections 302 and 301 as substantial authority for its tax treatment of the disputed transaction,

petitioner relies on Estate of Crellin v. Commissioner, 203 F.2d

812 (9th Cir. 1953), affg. 17 T.C. 781 (1951), and Soreng v.

Commissioner, 158 F.2d 340 (7th Cir. 1946), affg. 4 T.C. 870

(1945). Both of those cases involved the declaration of a

dividend, and not the purported issuance and the purported

immediate redemption of stock under section 302. Estate of

Crellin and Soreng are materially distinguishable from the

instant case and do not constitute substantial authority for
- 30 -

18Petitioner also argues that, even if the purported issuance and the purported immediate redemption of ITC’s preferred

stock lacked economic substance or are otherwise disregarded for

tax purposes, there nonetheless is substantial authority for

treating the remaining steps of the disputed transaction as a

dividend from ITC to petitioner. On the record before us, we

reject that argument. The disputed transaction did not involve

the declaration of a dividend by ITC to petitioner. If we were

to disregard the purported issuance and the purported immediate

redemption of ITC’s preferred stock, the steps of the disputed

transaction that would remain are: (1) A purported loan by Royal

Bank to ITC, (2) a purported repayment by ITC to petitioner of an

outstanding loan from petitioner to ITC, and (3) a purported loan

by petitioner to ITC in order to pay off the purported loan by

Royal Bank to ITC. Petitioner cites no authority or facts that

would support the recharacterization of those remaining steps as

a dividend.

petitioner’s tax treatment of the disputed transaction. Sec.

1.6662-4(d)(3)(ii), Income Tax Regs.

On the record before us, we find that petitioner has failed

to carry its burden of showing that there is or was substantial

authority within the meaning of section 6662(d)(2)(B)(i) and the

regulations thereunder for the position that it took in petitioner’s 1993 return with respect to the disputed transaction.18

We conclude that the amount of the understatement attributable to

the disputed transaction is not reduced under section

6662(d)(2)(B)(i).

With respect to respondent’s argument under respondent’s

alternative position that there was no adequate disclosure of the

relevant facts affecting the tax treatment of the disputed

transaction in petitioner’s 1993 return or in the October 11,

1996 disclosure letter, respondent contends that: (1) Petitioner
- 31 -

did not attach Form 8275 to petitioner’s 1993 return as required

by section 1.6662-4(f)(1) and (2), Income Tax Regs., and (2) the

October 11, 1996 disclosure letter failed to provide information

that reasonably could have been expected to apprise the IRS of

the nature of the controversy or potential controversy that the

disputed transaction raised. Petitioner does not dispute respondent’s position concerning petitioner’s failure to attach Form

8275 to petitioner’s 1993 return, but disputes respondent’s

position concerning the October 11, 1996 disclosure letter.

According to respondent, the October 11, 1996 disclosure

letter failed to disclose that

the purported dividend was “paid” solely to generate

deemed foreign tax credits, the funds to “pay” the

“dividend” were furnished by RBC [Royal Bank], the

“dividend” was prearranged to be and was returned by

petitioner to ITC the next business day, etc. * * *

Petitioner counters that the October 11, 1996 disclosure

letter qualifies as a qualified amended return under Revenue

Procedure 94-69 because it contained information that reasonably

could have been expected to apprise the IRS of the nature of the

controversy or potential controversy that the disputed transaction raised. According to petitioner, the October 11, 1996

disclosure letter

disclosed the preferred stock redemption, its treatment

of the proceeds of the redemption, the amount of the

proceeds, and the fact that Respondent was currently

challenging Petitioner’s characterization of a prior

ITC preferred stock redemption. 
- 32 -

19The reason for a possible redetermination of ITC’s pool of

foreign taxes disclosed in the October 11, 1996 disclosure letter

was the possibility that, for reasons undisclosed by the record,

a prior claimed dividend from ITC to petitioner would be characterized as a repayment of a loan and a reassessment by Canada of

ITC’s Canadian taxes. 

Petitioner maintains that the information set forth in the

October 11, 1996 disclosure letter was sufficient under Revenue

Procedure 94-69 to constitute adequate disclosure of the disputed

transaction under section 6662(d)(2)(B)(ii) and the regulations

thereunder.

On the record before us, we agree with respondent that the

October 11, 1996 disclosure letter did not reasonably apprise the

IRS of the nature of the controversy or potential controversy

that the disputed transaction raised, as required by Revenue

Procedure 94-69. The only potential controversy revealed in that

letter was a redetermination of the foreign tax credits claimed

by petitioner because of a potential deficit in ITC’s post-1986

pool of foreign taxes (ITC’s pool of foreign taxes).19 The

October 11, 1996 disclosure letter, by failing to disclose all

the steps of the disputed transaction, did not provide information that reasonably could have been expected to apprise the IRS

that: (1) Petitioner and ITC engaged in the disputed transaction

solely to generate foreign tax credits; (2) the terms of the

guarantee and assignment agreement required that any money

received by petitioner from ITC be held in trust for and paid
- 33 -

20As noted above, the purported redemption of ITC’s preferred stock was disclosed in the October 11, 1996 disclosure

letter. However, none of the remaining steps of the disputed

transaction was disclosed in that letter.

over to Royal Bank; (3) on June 30, 1993, ITC purportedly borrowed $20 million from Royal Bank; (4) on June 30, 1993, ITC

purportedly used that $20 million to make a payment to petitioner

on an outstanding loan from petitioner to ITC; (5) on June 30,

1993, petitioner purportedly used the $20 million that it received from ITC in order to make a purported purchase of ITC’s

preferred stock; (6) on July 2, 1993, the next bank business day

after June 30, 1993, petitioner purportedly lent ITC the $20

million that it received from ITC on June 30, 1993, in the

purported redemption of ITC’s preferred stock;20 and (7) on July

2, 1993, the next bank business day after June 30, 1993, ITC

repaid the $20 million that it purportedly borrowed from Royal

Bank on June 30, 1993.

On the record before us, we find that petitioner has failed

to carry its burden of proving that it adequately disclosed

within the meaning of section 6662(d)(2)(B)(ii), the regulations

thereunder, and Revenue Procedure 94-69 the relevant facts

affecting the tax treatment of the disputed transaction in

petitioner’s 1993 return or in the October 11, 1996 disclosure

letter. Assuming arguendo that we had found that the disputed

transaction was not a tax shelter within the meaning of section
- 34 -

6662(d)(2)(C)(ii), we conclude that the amount of the understatement attributable to the disputed transaction would not be

reduced under section 6662(d)(2)(B)(ii).

With respect to respondent’s argument under respondent’s

alternative position that petitioner did not have reasonable

cause for, or act in good faith with respect to, its treatment of

the disputed transaction in petitioner’s 1993 return, petitioner

counters that petitioner relied generally on Price Waterhouse for

tax compliance and tax planning, that the disputed transaction

was based upon recommendations that Price Waterhouse made, and

that Price Waterhouse prepared petitioner’s 1993 return. According to petitioner, it was reasonable for it to rely upon Price

Waterhouse’s advice because Mr. Saunders knew that Price Waterhouse was a reputable accounting firm with expertise in tax

matters. 

Respondent contends that petitioner failed to provide Price

Waterhouse all of the necessary information regarding the disputed transaction, including the following: 

the funds for the purported dividend were to be provided by an overdraft of ITC’s RBC [Royal Bank] account

guaranteed by petitioner; * * * that preferred stock

would be purportedly issued and redeemed on the same

day * * *; and that petitioner had committed to RBC to

return the purported dividend to ITC’s RBC account the

next business day. * * * In addition, [Mr.] Bond testified that he did not know if PW [Price Waterhouse] was

aware of petitioner’s guarantee of ITC’s debts to RBC 

* * *. 

Respondent further contends that, even if petitioner had provided
- 35 -

Price Waterhouse all the necessary information regarding the

disputed transaction, petitioner failed to follow the advice

given by Price Waterhouse to petitioner because petitioner failed

to (1) vary the amount involved in each step of the disputed

transaction and (2) spread those steps “over some length of

time.” 

With respect to respondent’s contention that petitioner did

not provide Price Waterhouse all the necessary information

regarding the disputed transaction, on the instant record, we

agree with respondent. At trial, Mr. Bond testified that he did

not know whether anyone at Price Waterhouse was aware of the

guarantee and assignment agreement at the time Price Waterhouse

was advising petitioner concerning the disputed transaction. The

disputed transaction, as initially proposed by Price Waterhouse

and as modified by Mr. Saunders, required, as the initial step of

that transaction, that ITC make a payment to petitioner on an

outstanding loan from petitioner to ITC. Under the guarantee and

assignment agreement, any payment by ITC to petitioner “shall be

received in trust for the [Royal] Bank and paid over to the

Bank”. On the record before us, we find that petitioner has

failed to establish that Price Waterhouse was aware of the

foregoing guarantee and assignment agreement at the time Price

Waterhouse was advising petitioner about the disputed transaction

or at the time Price Waterhouse was preparing petitioner’s 1993
- 36 -

21July 1, 1993, was a bank holiday in Canada. 

return.

In addition to failing to establish that petitioner made

Price Waterhouse aware of the provisions of the guarantee and

assignment agreement that would apply if the disputed transaction

were effected, on the record before us, we find that petitioner

has failed to establish that it made Price Waterhouse aware at

the time Price Waterhouse was advising petitioner about the

disputed transaction or at the time Price Waterhouse was preparing petitioner’s 1993 return that steps 4 and 5 (i.e., petitioner’s relending $20 million to ITC and ITC’s using that $20

million to repay the $20 million that it borrowed from Royal Bank

on June 30, 1993) were to, and did, take place on the next

Canadian bank business day (i.e., July 2, 1993)21 after June 30,

1993, the date on which steps 1, 2, and 3 were effected (i.e.,

ITC’s purportedly borrowing $20 million from Royal Bank to make a

payment to petitioner on an outstanding loan from petitioner to

ITC, the purported issuance of ITC’s preferred stock to petitioner in exchange for that $20 million, and ITC’s purported

redemption of that preferred stock for that $20 million).

Not only did petitioner not provide Price Waterhouse all the

necessary information regarding the disputed transaction, on the

record before us, we find that petitioner failed to follow the

advice that Price Waterhouse gave it based upon the information
- 37 -

22It is significant that the June 15, 1993 memorandum from

Mr. Bond to Mr. Wettlaufer did not even outline the steps of the

disputed transaction as they occurred. Instead, that memorandum

referred to: (1) ITC’s making a payment to petitioner on an

outstanding loan; (2) a cash contribution to ITC by petitioner;

(3) the declaration of a dividend by ITC to petitioner; and 

(4) petitioner’s making a new loan to ITC in the first quarter of

the next fiscal year. 

that petitioner made available to Price Waterhouse at the time

the disputed transaction was being planned. The June 15, 1993

memorandum from Mr. Bond to Mr. Wettlaufer, petitioner’s and

ITC’s senior vice president for finance and administration,

advised petitioner that “varying the dollar amounts involved in

the various steps by a significant amount (say $1 million) will

help reduce exposure” to the IRS’s “reclassifying the transaction

as something other than a dividend and disallowing * * * [ITC’s]

deemed paid foreign tax credits associated with the dividend.”22

Petitioner did not follow that advice; the dollar amount in each

step of the disputed transaction was the same, i.e., $20 million. 

Mr. Saunders testified that he did not recall why petitioner

failed to vary the amounts involved in the various steps of the

disputed transaction, as Price Waterhouse advised it to do in the

June 15, 1993 memorandum. 

Mr. Bond’s draft June 1993 file memorandum also advised

petitioner that the dollar amount in each step of the disputed

transaction should be varied. In addition, that memorandum

advised petitioner that the steps of the disputed transaction
- 38 -

23It is significant that Mr. Bond’s draft June 1993 file

memorandum did not even outline the steps of the disputed transaction as they occurred. Instead, that memorandum referred to: 

(1) ITC’s making a payment to petitioner on an outstanding loan;

(2) a cash contribution to ITC by petitioner; (3) the declaration

of a dividend by ITC to petitioner; and (4) petitioner’s making a

new loan to ITC. 

should be spread out “over some length of time”.23 Mr. Bond’s

draft June 1993 file memorandum gave the foregoing advice to

petitioner for the following reasons set forth in that memorandum: 

The economic situations of both ITI [petitioner] and

Canada [ITC] are the same after transaction [sic] as

they were before the transaction. Canada has an obligation due to ITI both before and after the transaction. In addition, the cash ends up back in Canada

after ITI makes the new loan. Therefore, the IRS may

attempt to take a position stating that the entire

transaction is simply a sham undertaken to generate

deemed paid foreign tax credits for ITI. To the extent

the amounts in each step of the transaction are comparable and the length of time lapsing between each step

is short, the IRS will be able to build a better case

for this position. 

Petitioner did not follow the advice in Mr. Bond’s draft

June 1993 file memorandum. The dollar amount in each step of the

disputed transaction was the same, i.e., $20 million. Moreover,

the first three steps of the disputed transaction (i.e., ITC’s

purportedly borrowing $20 million from Royal Bank to make a

payment to petitioner on an outstanding loan from petitioner to

ITC, the purported issuance of ITC’s preferred stock to petitioner in exchange for that $20 million, and ITC’s purported

redemption of that preferred stock for that $20 million) occurred
- 39 -

virtually simultaneously on June 30, 1993, and the last two steps

(i.e., petitioner’s relending $20 million to ITC and ITC’s using

that $20 million to repay the $20 million that it borrowed from

Royal Bank on June 30, 1993) occurred virtually simultaneously on

July 2, 1993, the next Canadian bank business day. 

If, as petitioner claims, it relied on Price Waterhouse’s

advice set forth in the June 15, 1993 memorandum and in Mr.

Bond’s draft June 1993 file memorandum, it seems to us that

petitioner would have followed such advice or would have been

able to explain why it ignored such advice, which it has not.

The June 28, 1993 file memorandum from Mr. Bond is the only

written memorandum from Price Waterhouse personnel that sets

forth the steps of the disputed transaction as they occurred. 

However, that memorandum did not provide any advice by Price

Waterhouse about the tax consequences of those steps. Instead,

the June 28, 1993 file memorandum merely set forth what petitioner intended to do, as follows:

In order to avoid the Canadian withholding tax, the

Company plans to structure the transaction as a return

of capital for Canadian tax purposes while still being

considered a dividend for U.S. tax purposes. The

Company plans to take the following action:

1. Canada will borrow $20 million (U.S.)

from the bank and repay a portion of its

debt owed to ITI.

2. ITI will use the $20 million to purchase

a new class of preferred stock issued by

Canada.
- 40 -

24At the time of the trial in this case, Mr. Saunders was

(continued...)

3. Canada will redeem the preferred stock

for $20 million. It is imperative that

this step be accomplished before the end

of the fiscal year.

4. After the end of the fiscal year, ITI

will make a new loan to Canada.

Doug Saunders believes this will permit the Company to

avoid the Canadian withholding tax since the transfer

of funds to the U.S. should not constitute a dividend

for Canadian tax purposes. Whereas, the U.S. tax laws

rely more on substance, the Canadian tax laws rely

heavily on form.

The only advice in the June 28, 1993 file memorandum is attributed to Mr. Saunders and concerns the Canadian withholding tax

issue.

With respect to respondent’s argument under respondent’s

alternative position that petitioner did not have reasonable

cause for, or act in good faith with respect to, its treatment of

the disputed transaction in petitioner’s 1993 return, petitioner

further counters that it relied on oral advice (Mr. Wolf’s

alleged oral advice) given by Mr. Wolf, the Price Waterhouse

partner responsible for Price Waterhouse’s review and recommendation, to Mr. Saunders. In this connection, Mr. Saunders testified that Mr. Wolf orally advised him that the disputed transaction would be respected if challenged by respondent. The only

evidence of Mr. Wolf’s alleged oral advice is Mr. Saunder’s

uncorroborated testimony, which was self-serving to petitioner.24
- 41 -

24(...continued)

performing services for petitioner under a consulting arrangement. 

Petitioner did not call Mr. Wolf to testify about Mr. Wolf’s

alleged oral advice. We presume that petitioner did not call Mr.

Wolf as a witness because his testimony would have been unfavorable to petitioner’s position in this case. Wichita Terminal

Elevator Co. v. Commissioner, 6 T.C. 1158, 1165 (1946), affd. 162

F.2d 513 (10th Cir. 1947). We are unwilling to rely on Mr.

Saunders’ testimony regarding Mr. Wolf’s alleged oral advice.

On the record before us, we find that petitioner has failed

to establish that it provided all the necessary information

concerning the disputed transaction to Price Waterhouse. On that

record, we further find that petitioner has failed to establish

that it followed the advice of Price Waterhouse with respect to

the disputed transaction. On the record before us, we find that

petitioner has failed to carry its burden of proving that there

was reasonable cause for, and that it acted in good faith with

respect to, the underpayment in this case.

Based upon our examination of the entire record before us,

we find that petitioner has failed to carry its burden of establishing that petitioner is not liable for the accuracy-related

penalty under section 6662(a).

We have considered all of the contentions and arguments of

petitioner and respondent that are not discussed herein, and we
- 42 -

find them to be without merit, irrelevant, and/or moot.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decision will be entered for

respondent.