[Cite as Love v. Crestmont Cadillac, 2017-Ohio-1555.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA 

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

No. 104807

ANGILIQUE LOVE

PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT 

vs. 

CRESTMONT CADILLAC

DEFENDANT-APPELLEE 

JUDGMENT: 

AFFIRMED

Civil Appeal from the 

Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas 

Case No. CV-16-862246 

BEFORE: S. Gallagher, J., Keough, A.J., and Laster Mays, J. 

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: April 27, 2017 
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT 

Thomas J. Connick 

Edward A. Proctor 

Connick Law, L.L.C. 

25550 Chagrin Blvd., Suite 101 

Beachwood, Ohio 44122 

J. Gary Seewald 

820 West Superior Avenue, Suite 100 

Cleveland, Ohio 44113 

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE 

Christopher A. Tipping 

Julie A. Bickis 

Harry A. Tipping 

Stark & Knoll Co., L.P.A. 

3475 Ridgewood Road 

Akron, Ohio 44333 
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J.: 

{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Angilique M. Love appeals the decision of the trial court 

to grant a motion to stay the case pending arbitration. Upon review, we affirm. 

{¶2} In September 2014, Love purchased an automobile from defendant-appellee 

Crestmont Cadillac (“Crestmont”). In the course of the vehicle purchase transaction, 

Love signed an agreement to binding arbitration. The agreement required all disputes 

“arising out of or in any way related to this consumer transaction” to be resolved by 

binding arbitration “conducted by the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) in 

accordance with the commercial rules and supplementary procedures for consumer related 

disputes.” The agreement further stated that “[b]inding arbitration shall be used to 

resolve all claims arising from the purchase * * * of the vehicle * * * financing, 

warranties, repairs, * * * service or maintenance agreements, or aftermarket products 

* * *.” The agreement contained the following clear and conspicuous warnings: 

THE RESULT OF THESE PROVISIONS IS THAT EXCEPT AS 

PROVIDED ABOVE, CLAIMS CANNOT BE LITIGATED IN COURT, 

INCLUDING CLAIMS THAT COULD HAVE BEEN TRIED BEFORE 

JURY OR AS PRIVATE ATTORNEY GENERAL ACTIONS. 

READ BEFORE SIGNING. DO NOT SIGN THIS DOCUMENT 

BEFORE YOU HAVE READ IT AND UNDERSTAND ITS CONTENTS. 

 ARBITRATION IS NOT REQUIRED FOR THE PURCHASE OR 

FINANCING OF YOUR VEHICLE. 

{¶3} Love alleges that shortly after the purchase, she began experiencing 

significant problems with the vehicle that Crestmont was unable to diagnose, replicate, or 

resolve. Love also alleges that Crestmont made certain misrepresentations and sold her 
various products and services for excessive and unconscionable fees. She claims she 

incurred damages as a result. 

{¶4} In April 2016, Love filed a complaint against Crestmont alleging violation of 

the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices Act (“CSPA”), negligent misrepresentation, violation 

of the Magnusson-Moss Warranty Act (“MMWA”), breach of express and implied 

warranties, beach of contract, breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, 

unjust enrichment, and fraudulent concealment. Crestmont filed an answer and a motion 

to stay the case pending arbitration. Following additional briefing by the parties, the 

trial court granted the motion on July 12, 2016. 

{¶5} Love timely filed this appeal. She raises two assignments of error, under 

which she claims the trial court erred by (1) granting the motion to stay pending 

arbitration, and (2) failing to hold an evidentiary hearing on the motion. 

{¶6} The standard of review for a trial court’s ruling on a motion to stay and 

compel arbitration depends on the type of questions raised in the challenge. Wisniewski 

v. Marek Builders, Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104197, 2017-Ohio-1035, ¶ 42. 

Generally, we consider the issue of whether a party has agreed to submit an issue to 

arbitration or questions of unconscionability under a de novo standard of review. 

Hedeen v. Autos Direct Online, Inc., 2014-Ohio-4200, 19 N.E.3d 957, ¶ 9 (8th Dist.). 

{¶7} Love argues that a substantial portion of her claims do not fall within the 

scope of the arbitration provision. She asserts that many of the alleged unfair, deceptive 

and/or unconscionable acts occurred prior to the execution of the agreement and, 
therefore, are not subject to arbitration. In support of her argument, Love cites Zalecki 

v. Terminix Internatl., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-95-156, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 593 (Feb. 

23, 1996), wherein the court held that CSPA claims involving deception and/or 

unconscionable acts in the procurement of the contract were not subject to arbitration. 

However, the Ohio Supreme Court has since held that “to defeat a motion for stay 

brought pursuant to R.C. 2711.02, a party must demonstrate that the arbitration provision 

itself in the contract at issue, and not merely the contract in general, was fraudulently 

induced.” Abm Farms v. Woods, 81 Ohio St.3d 498, 500, 1998-Ohio-612, 692 N.E.2d 

574. No such allegation has been made herein. Furthermore, as this court has 

previously recognized, “‘an arbitration clause that is very broad and purports to 

encompass “all” claims arising from the contract creates a presumption that the parties 

agreed to arbitrate all disputes, unless the dispute is expressly excluded, or if there is very 

strong evidence to show that the claim should be excluded.’” Wallace v. Ganley Auto 

Group, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95081, 2011-Ohio-2909, ¶ 34, quoting Burkey v. Speegle, 

11th Dist. Portage No. 2003-P-0113, 2004-Ohio-4388, ¶ 18. 

{¶8} Love also asserts that claims asserted under the MMWA are not subject to 

arbitration. Contrary to this assertion, courts have found that binding arbitration is not 

prohibited under the MMWA. McDaniel v. Gateway Computer Corp., 4th Dist. Athens 

No. 04CA12, 2004-Ohio-5368, ¶ 11; Sikes v. Ganley Pontiac Honda, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 

No. 79015, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 4065, 8 (Sept. 13, 2001). Insofar as Love relies on 
the FTC’s regulations and interpretation of the MMWA, we are not bound thereby. 

McDaniel at ¶ 17. As found in McDaniel, 

[T]he appellee has not persuaded us that Congress intended to bar the 

arbitration of these sorts of claims. We find nothing in the text of the 

MMWA or in its legislative history to suggest that arbitration was intended 

to be barred under these circumstances. Moreover, as arbitration has 

become more accepted in this country as an alternative form of dispute 

resolution, Congress could have amended the MMWA but has taken no 

action to do so. For all these reasons, we join those jurisdictions that have 

held that the MMWA does not preclude binding arbitration of warranty 

disputes. 

Finally, we point out that sending this matter to binding arbitration 

does not circumvent the protections of the MMWA. Appellee may still 

assert her legal rights under that act in the context of arbitration rather than 

a court of law. Compelling arbitration does not deprive a person of a legal 

right. Rather, it changes the forum in which those rights are asserted. 

Id. at ¶ 18-19. Accordingly, we are not persuaded by Love’s argument. We find that 

all of the claims asserted by Love fall within the scope of the arbitration agreement. 

{¶9} Ohio public policy favors arbitration. Hayes v. Oakridge Home, 122 Ohio 

St.3d 63, 2009-Ohio-2054, 908 N.E.2d 408, ¶ 15. A party to such an arbitration 

agreement may obtain a stay of litigation in favor of arbitration under R.C. 2711.02(B). 

Id. at ¶ 17. Pursuant to R.C. 2711.01(A), an arbitration agreement is enforceable unless 

grounds exist at law or in equity for revoking the agreement. Id. at ¶ 19. 

{¶10} One ground for revocation of an arbitration agreement is unconscionability, 

which requires both an absence of meaningful choice by one party to the agreement 

together with contract terms that are unreasonably favorable to the other party. Hayes at 

¶ 20. The party asserting unconscionability bears the burden of proving “a quantum” of 
both procedural and substantive unconscionability. Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am. v. 

Benfield, 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, ¶ 52. 

{¶11} In determining whether an arbitration agreement is procedurally 

unconscionable, courts consider the circumstances surrounding the contracting parties’ 

bargaining. Hayes at ¶ 23. Those circumstances may include the parties’ age, 

education, intelligence, business acumen, and experience; who drafted the contract; 

whether alterations to the printed terms were possible; and whether there were alternative 

sources of supply for the goods in question. Id., citing Taylor at ¶ 43. Other factors 

that may contribute to a finding of unconscionability in the bargaining process include the 

following: 

“belief by the stronger party that there is no reasonable probability that the 

weaker party will fully perform the contract; knowledge of the stronger 

party that the weaker party will be unable to receive substantial benefits 

from the contract; knowledge of the stronger party that the weaker party is 

unable reasonably to protect his interests by reason of physical or mental 

infirmities, ignorance, illiteracy or inability to understand the language of 

the agreement, or similar factors.” 

 

Taylor at ¶ 43, quoting Restatement of the Law 2d, Contracts, Section 208, Comment d 

(1981). 

{¶12} Love asserts the arbitration clause is procedurally unconscionable because 

the agreement is adhesive in nature, Crestmont possesses superior knowledge of its 

contracts, Love was not provided information about the AAA rules and protocols, and 

Love was neither represented by counsel nor advised that she had the right to have an 

attorney review the agreement. 
{¶13} A “contract of adhesion” is, “a standardized form contract prepared by one 

party, and offered to the weaker party, usually a consumer, who has no realistic choice as 

to the contract terms.” Taylor, 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, at ¶ 

48, citing Black’s Law Dictionary 342 (8th Ed.2004). However, even a contract of 

adhesion is not in all instances unconscionable per se, and they can provide advantages to 

consumers. Taylor at ¶ 49. “[I]t is incumbent upon the complaining party to put forth 

evidence demonstrating that the clause is adhesive and, moreover, that as a result of the 

adhesive nature, the clause is unconscionable.” Sikes v. Ganley Pontiac Honda, Inc., 8th 

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82889, 2004-Ohio-155, ¶ 15. 

{¶14} “[S]imply showing that a contract is preprinted and that the arbitration 

clause is a required term, without more, fails to demonstrate the unconscionability of the 

arbitration clause.” Taylor at ¶ 45. “[T]here is no requirement that an arbitration 

clause be explained orally to a party prior to signing where the provisions at issue were 

not in fine print, were neither hidden nor out of the ordinary, and were not misrepresented 

to the signatory.” Garcia v. Wayne Homes, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2001 CA 53, 

2002-Ohio-1884, ¶ 41, citing Abm Farms, 81 Ohio St.3d at 503, 1998-Ohio-612, 692 

N.E.2d 574. 

{¶15} Further, unequal bargaining power alone is insufficient to invalidate an 

otherwise enforceable arbitration contract. Taylor at ¶ 44; Wallace v. Ganley Auto 

Group, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95081, 2011-Ohio-2909, ¶ 29. Love was an educated 

individual, holding two master’s degrees. She executed the arbitration contract that 
included clear and conspicuous warnings. A party to a contract is responsible for 

reading what he signs. “‘A person of ordinary mind cannot be heard to say that he was 

misled into signing a paper which was different from what he intended, when he could 

have known the truth by merely looking when he signed.’” Abm Farms at 503, quoting 

McAdams v. McAdams, 80 Ohio St. 232, 240-241, 88 N.E. 542 (1909). 

{¶16} Additionally, there is nothing to show that Love was prevented from seeking 

legal counsel prior to signing the agreement. Although Love claims she was led to 

believe she had no ability to negotiate any of the preprinted terms and that the documents 

were presented to her in a rapid fashion, there is no evidence that she was prevented from 

reading the arbitration agreement, that she was incapable of reading or understanding its 

terms, or that she ever attempted to negotiate or alter any of the terms of the agreement. 

Love has not sustained her burden of demonstrating that the arbitration agreement is 

procedurally unconscionable. 

{¶17} In determining whether an arbitration agreement is substantively 

unconscionable, courts consider the terms of the agreement and whether they are 

commercially reasonable. Hayes, 122 Ohio St.3d 63, 2009-Ohio-2054, 908 N.E.2d 408, 

at ¶ 33. “The factors to be considered vary with the content of the agreement at issue.” 

Id. 

{¶18} The arbitration agreement was in a separate document clearly identified as 

“AGREEMENT TO BINDING ARBITRATION,” and it provided that the purchaser 

agreed to voluntarily “waive any right to a trial in any state or federal court to resolve any 
dispute and will submit any dispute to binding arbitration.” The agreement contained 

clear language that specifically informed the parties that the arbitration would be 

conducted by the AAA in accordance with the AAA rules and procedures, and included a 

website and phone number for obtaining additional information. Because the arbitration 

agreement provided detailed information about how disputes would be resolved, it was 

not substantively unconscionable. See Seyfried v. O’Brien, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

104212, 2017-Ohio-286, ¶ 32-33 (upholding similar arbitration agreement); Riggs v. 

Patriot Energy Partners, L.L.C., 7th Dist. Carroll No. 11 CA 877, 2014-Ohio-558, ¶ 

51-52; Peltz v. Moyer, 7th Dist. Belmont No. 06 BE 11, 2007-Ohio-4998, ¶ 77-78 

(upholding arbitration agreement that clearly required arbitration and referred the parties 

to governing rules). Also, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that a failure to disclose the 

costs of arbitration does not make the arbitration provision per se unconscionable. 

Taylor, 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, ¶ 56-58; see also Seyfried at 

¶ 33; Peltz at ¶ 77. The terms of the arbitration agreement are commercially reasonable. 

{¶19} Nevertheless, Love asserts that the arbitration agreement fails to comply 

with the AAA’s consumer due process protocol, which indicates that “[t]he AAA will 

only administer your dispute if the arbitration clause meets certain fairness standards that 

are contained in the AAA Consumer Due Process Protocol,” and further provides that 

“[i]f the AAA has determined that the arbitration clause does not comply with the 

standards contained in the protocol, and the business does not comply, the AAA will not 

handle your claim.” This language clearly provides that the determination as to whether 
the AAA protocol has been complied with is to be made by the arbitrator in the first 

instance. In the event arbitration is denied, the matter may be referred back to the trial 

court. 

{¶20} Love also asserts that the arbitration provision is against public policy 

because the provision that “no claim may be brought as a private attorney general action” 

prohibits her from bringing claims under the CSPA. This provision does not hinder any 

of Love’s substantive rights and remedies under the CSPA. As stated by one court, “We 

do not consider this limitation alone, however, tantamount to substantive 

unconscionability, nor do we believe it eviscerates any substantive rights to which 

[plaintiffs] are entitled under the CSPA.” Bozich v. Kozusko, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 

09CA009604, 2009-Ohio-6908, ¶ 18, citing Hawkins v. O’Brien, 2d Dist. Montgomery 

No. 22490, 2009-Ohio-60, ¶ 33-34 (noting that nothing in the arbitration clause denied 

the plaintiff any of the substantive rights conferred to him under the CSPA that were 

sought in his complaint). 

{¶21} Upon our de novo review, we find the arbitration agreement is enforceable. 

Appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶22} Finally, we do not find that the trial court erred by failing to hold an 

evidentiary hearing. “[A] trial court considering whether to grant a motion to stay 

proceedings pending arbitration filed under R.C. 2711.02 need not hold a hearing 

pursuant to R.C. 2711.03 when the motion is not based on R.C. 2711.03.” Maestle v. 

Best Buy Co., 100 Ohio St.3d 330, 334, 2003-Ohio-6465, 800 N.E.2d 7; see also 
Brownlee v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97707, 2012-Ohio-2212, ¶ 

14. Rather, the trial court has discretion to hold a hearing to consider whether an R.C. 

2711.02 stay was warranted. Maestle at 334. Here, the trial court ordered 

supplemental briefing on the matter and had an adequate record upon which to make its 

decision. We find no abuse of discretion. Appellant’s second assignment of error is 

overruled. 

{¶23} Judgment affirmed. 

It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed. 

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into 

execution. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of 

the Rules of Appellate Procedure. 

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, JUDGE 

KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, A.J., and 

ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR