UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

 

MINH PHAM, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant, 

v. 

MICHAEL AHRENS, Officer, in his 

official and individual capacity; GLENN 

MAHR, Officer, in his official and 

individual capacity; CITY OF DENVER; 

[GOVERNOR] JOHN W. 

HICKENLOOPER, former Mayor of 

Denver, 

 Defendants - Appellees. 

No. 13-1484 

(D.C. No. 1:12-CV-02155-RBJ-KLM) 

(D. Colo.)

 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

 

Before MATHESON, McKAY, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges. 

 

 Plaintiff Minh Pham, proceeding pro se, sued police officers Michael Ahrens 

and Glenn Mahr, alleging they violated the Fourth Amendment when they searched 

his home and storage shed, handcuffed him too tightly, and detained him in the back 

 *

 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined 

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this 

appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore 

ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding 

precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral 

estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with 

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

June 19, 2014

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
- 2 - 

of a patrol car.1

 Relying on a magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation 

(R&R), the district court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants. It also 

denied Mr. Pham’s motion for leave to file an amended complaint. Mr. Pham 

appeals. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm. 

I. BACKGROUND

 Mr. Pham’s complaint concerned defendants’ actions when they conducted a 

welfare check at his home. The magistrate judge recommended summary judgment 

for the defendants because (1) Mr. Pham gave defendants consent to enter his home 

and the scope of the search was reasonable; (2) the officers had probable cause to 

arrest Mr. Pham for child abuse based on their observations that the house was 

unsanitary, dirty, and dangerous for children; and (3) Mr. Pham did not show he 

timely complained about the allegedly too-tight handcuffs to defendants. 

 The magistrate judge issued her R&R on October 18, 2013. It advised 

Mr. Pham that he needed to file specific, written objections within fourteen days after 

service or he would waive his right to further review by the district court judge and 

the court of appeals. Mr. Pham did not file any specific, written objections to the 

R&R. He noted a general objection to the R&R in the pretrial order filed on October 

28. He also alleged in his motion for leave to file an amended complaint that he had 

 1

 Mr. Pham also named the City and the Mayor of Denver in his complaint. 

But before the deadline for filing an answer, the district court sua sponte dismissed 

the claims against those defendants as legally frivolous under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1915(e)(2)(B). Mr. Pham does not appear to challenge the dismissal of those 

parties in this appeal. 
- 3 - 

objected to the R&R at the pretrial conference on November 4. In that motion, 

Mr. Pham sought to add claims against the City and County of Denver and another 

police officer, Lesley Tucker. 

 The district court denied Mr. Pham’s motion for leave to amend and granted 

the motion for summary judgment. This appeal followed. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. Waiver of Appellate Review 

Mr. Pham seeks to challenge the district court’s summary judgment ruling 

on appeal. The record shows, however, that Mr. Pham did not file timely 

written objections to the magistrate judge’s R&R. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2) 

(“Within 14 days after being served with a copy of the recommended disposition, a 

party may serve and file specific written objections to the proposed findings and 

recommendations.”). Mr. Pham therefore waived appellate review of the district 

court’s summary judgment ruling under the firm waiver rule. Moore v. United States, 

950 F.2d 656, 659 (10th Cir. 1991) (“[W]e have adopted a firm waiver rule when a 

party fails to object to the findings and recommendations of the magistrate. Our 

waiver rule provides that the failure to make timely objection to the magistrate’s 

findings or recommendations waives appellate review of both factual and legal 

questions.” (citations omitted)).

 We have recognized two exceptions to the firm waiver rule. Neither applies 

here. The first exception is when “a pro se litigant has not been informed of the time 
- 4 - 

period for objecting and the consequences of failing to object.” Morales-Fernandez 

v. INS, 418 F.3d 1116, 1119 (10th Cir. 2005). The R&R clearly advised Mr. Pham 

that he had fourteen days to file specific, written objections and that the failure to do 

so would waive appellate review. R. at 546. 

 The second exception is when “the ‘interests of justice’ require review.” 

Morales-Fernandez, 418 F.3d at 1119. When considering this exception, we have 

looked at “a pro se litigant’s effort to comply, the force and plausibility of the 

explanation for his failure to comply, and the importance of the issues raised.” Id. at 

1120. Mr. Pham has not demonstrated that he made an effort to comply, nor has he 

provided a plausible explanation for his failure to comply. Mr. Pham asserts he did 

not receive the R&R from the court. This explanation is not plausible because the 

R&R was mailed to the address where all of the other court correspondence was sent 

and the court did not receive any notice of returned or undeliverable mail. 

 Moreover, in the final pretrial order, which was submitted before the time for 

filing written objections expired, Mr. Pham acknowledged the magistrate judge had 

issued an R&R on October 18 and noted his general objection.2

 This general 

objection, however, does not satisfy Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2)’s requirement that a 

litigant file specific, written objections to the magistrate judge’s R&R. Mr. Pham has 

 2

 The pretrial order indicated under “Pending Motions” that the court had not 

ruled on the R&R and further noted: “Plaintiff objects to the Recommendation. U.S. 

Magistrate Judge Mix issued a Recommendation (Doc. #65) on October 18, 2013 

much before Plaintiff’s second Responses to Doc. #43. For at least this reason, 

Plaintiff objects to this Summary Judgment Recommendation.” Supp. R. at 21. 
- 5 - 

not provided a plausible explanation for why he could not timely comply with this 

requirement. 

 When considering whether the importance of the issues raised might trigger 

the “interests of justice” exception, we have reviewed the unobjected-to claims for 

plain error. See Duffield v. Jackson, 545 F.3d 1234, 1238 (10th Cir. 2008). To 

demonstrate plain error, Mr. Pham must show: “(1) error, (2) that is plain, which 

(3) affects substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or 

public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

 In his appellate brief, Mr. Pham’s main argument appears to be that the R&R 

is flawed because it is based on allegedly untruthful declarations from Officers Mahr, 

Ahrens, and Tucker. Mr. Pham fails, however, to cite to any record evidence to 

contradict the declarations or otherwise demonstrate a dispute as to any material fact. 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The magistrate judge issued a well-reasoned and wellsupported R&R, which the district court approved. Mr. Pham’s appellate brief fails 

to show the district court committed any error, let alone a plain error. We therefore 

see no basis for the “interests of justice” exception to permit appellate review of 

Mr. Pham’s claims. 

B. Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint

 Mr. Pham also challenges the district court’s denial of his motion for leave to 

amend his complaint. We see no abuse of the court’s discretion. Frank v. U.S. West,

Inc., 3 F.3d 1357, 1365 (10th Cir. 1993). 
- 6 - 

 The court concluded the motion was untimely because Mr. Pham 

had ample opportunity to amend his complaint properly to include 

Officer Tucker and to attempt to reassert claims against the City and 

County of Denver. He was informed as to what he needed to do when 

his previous attempts to file amendments failed, but he did not further 

amend his complaint. He cannot wait until the whole process of 

summary judgment briefing and magistrate judge review has occurred, 

and the opportunity to object has expired, and then expect the Court to 

accept another version of his complaint, moot all that had gone before 

and start the process of a motion for summary judgment, briefing, 

review and recommendation over again. 

R. at 748. 

 A court may refuse leave to amend on “a showing of undue delay, undue 

prejudice to the opposing party, bad faith or dilatory motive, failure to cure 

deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, or futility of amendment.” Duncan 

v. Manager, Dep’t of Safety, City & Cnty. of Denver, 397 F.3d 1300, 1315 (10th Cir. 

2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). The deadline for joinder of parties and 

amendment of pleadings in this case was May 29, 2013, but Mr. Pham did not request 

leave to amend until November 6, 2013, more than a year after he filed his original 

complaint. As the district court noted, Mr. Pham filed the motion after briefing on 

defendants’ motion for summary judgment was complete and after the magistrate 

judge had issued her R&R. Moreover, Mr. Pham did not provide an adequate reason 

for the delay. Frank, 3 F.3d at 1365-66 (“[U]ntimeliness alone is sufficient reason to 

deny leave to amend, especially when the party filing the motion has no adequate 

explanation for the delay.” (citations omitted)). The district court did not abuse its 

discretion. 
- 7 - 

III. CONCLUSION

 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court. We 

also grant appellees’ motion to supplement the record on appeal. 

 ENTERED FOR THE COURT, 

 Scott M. Matheson, Jr. 

 Circuit Judge