COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Athey, Ortiz and Senior Judge Clements

Argued by videoconference

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1323-22-4 JUDGE DANIEL E. ORTIZ

JANUARY 31, 2023

IRINA S. BARRETT

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAUQUIER COUNTY

James E. Plowman, Jr., Judge

Aaron J. Campbell, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares, 

Attorney General, on briefs), for appellant.

Earl “Trey” Mayfield (Juris Day, PLLC, on brief), for appellee.

Probable cause is a comparatively low standard, requiring only a “probability or 

substantial chance of criminal activity” to be met. Here, after receiving a complaint about a 

deceased dog, as well as other neglected canines, Corporal Aaron Vescovi applied for a search 

warrant for Irina Barrett’s property. Finding probable cause, the magistrate granted the search 

warrant. Although the Fauquier County Circuit Court denied Barrett’s motion to suppress in the 

companion civil forfeiture case, it granted her motion to suppress in the criminal case, finding 

that the search warrant affidavit lacked probable cause and the good faith exception did not 

apply. The Commonwealth assigns error to the granting of the motion to suppress, asserting that 

the affidavits and sworn testimony before the magistrate provided probable cause and, 

alternatively, that the good faith exception applied. Because we find that Vescovi’s affidavit 

demonstrated probable cause, we reverse and remand this matter to the trial court.

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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I. BACKGROUND1

Irina Barrett owns a dog breeding business in Fauquier County. On January 28, 2020, 

police obtained a search warrant for her property based on Corporal Vescovi’s affidavit, which 

alleged that Barrett committed animal cruelty, in violation of Code § 3.2-6570. The affidavit 

stated:

Your affiant is investigating Irina Barrett for animal cruelty. As a 

result of this investigation, your affiant recovered a deceased dog, 

“Yeva”, displaying signs of severe neglect. A necropsy was 

performed on the dog by Dr. Weisman, DVM. The necropsy 

determined that “Yeva” did not receive adequate care and endured 

extreme suffering. Irina Barrett keeps a large number of dogs [at] 

her residence on Beverleys Mill Rd which your affiant has 

personally viewed. There is reasonable concern these dogs are 

also being neglected. Irina runs a website and appears to 

communicate with customers via electronic methods.

Your affiant personally spoke with Dr. Weisman and also viewed 

“Yeva”. Your affiant also spoke with two veterinary technicians 

employed by Main St Vet Hospital where Irina takes her 

companion animals. Vet tech M.S. and L.K. personally attest Irina 

has been bringing neglected dogs into the clinic for an extended 

period of time.

The criminal complaint, attached to the affidavit, stated: “Between 03/31/2019 and 

01/21/2020, Irina Barrett failed to provide adequate care for canine ‘Yeva’. This lack of care 

directly resulted in the death of ‘Yeva’.” The criminal complaint listed Barrett’s charges as Code 

§§ 3.2-6503, -6570. Vescovi also provided sworn testimony in support of his search warrant 

affidavit, which was not preserved verbatim.

Approximately 75 dogs were seized from Barrett’s property when the warrant was 

executed. The Commonwealth brought a civil forfeiture case against Barrett, as well as a 

1 The material facts are undisputed. When reviewing a trial court’s decision to suppress 

evidence, “[w]e view the evidence in a light most favorable to [the defendant], the prevailing 

party below, and we grant all reasonable inferences fairly deducible from that evidence.” 

Commonwealth v. Grimstead, 12 Va. App. 1066, 1067 (1991).
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criminal case for five counts of animal cruelty. In the civil forfeiture case, Barrett moved to 

suppress the evidence, arguing that the search warrant affidavit was insufficient and that the 

resulting warrant lacked probable cause. The general district court granted the motion to 

suppress, and the Commonwealth appealed. On July 28, 2020, the circuit court reviewed de 

novo and denied the motion to suppress in the civil forfeiture case. It found that the search 

warrant was supported by probable cause and, alternatively, that the good faith exception to the 

exclusionary rule applied.

In the criminal case—the subject of this appeal—Barrett again moved to suppress the 

evidence. On July 29, 2021, the circuit court held a suppression hearing in the criminal case. 

The parties stipulated that the July 28, 2020 proceedings contained identical facts and presented 

no new evidence. The circuit court granted the motion to suppress in the criminal case, finding 

that the search warrant affidavit lacked probable cause and the good faith exception did not 

apply, as the affidavit was so lacking that it was unreasonable for the officers to rely on it. As a 

result, the Commonwealth appealed.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

When reviewing the Commonwealth’s appeal of an order granting a motion to suppress, 

we view the evidence “in the light most favorable to the defendant and findings of fact are 

entitled to a presumption of correctness unless they are plainly wrong or without evidence to 

support them.” Commonwealth v. Peterson, 15 Va. App. 486, 487 (1992). Application of the 

law to the facts is reviewed de novo. Jones v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 375, 380 (2019).
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III. DISCUSSION

Although Barrett contends that a Fourth Amendment violation occurred due to the 

affidavit lacking in probable cause, when viewed together, the criminal complaint and search 

warrant affidavit provide probable cause, independent of Vescovi’s sworn testimony.2 

The Fourth Amendment protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, 

houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures” and prohibits issuing 

warrants without “probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing 

the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. A

search is reasonable when supported by a valid warrant. Buhrman v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 

501, 505 (2008). Probable cause, “as the very name implies, deals with probabilities.” Derr v. 

Commonwealth, 242 Va. 413, 421 (1991). It “requires only a probability or substantial chance of 

criminal activity, not an actual showing of such activity,” Joyce v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 

646, 659 (2010) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243 n.13 (1983)), and “does not 

‘demand any showing that such a belief be . . . more likely true than false,’” Slayton v. 

Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 101, 106 (2003) (quoting Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 742 

(1983) (plurality opinion)). Probable cause is a “flexible, common-sense standard,” Gates, 462 

U.S. at 239, and “does not demand all certitude . . . for a search to be justified,” Evans v. 

Commonwealth, 290 Va. 277, 287 (2015).

2 The Commonwealth alleges that the trial court erred in considering only the written 

search warrant affidavit but not the sworn statements that Vescovi made to the magistrate in 

support of the search warrant. Barrett counters that Code § 19.2-54 limits the trial court’s review 

to only the four corners of a search warrant affidavit and the statements before the magistrate that 

were “made under oath or affirmation and preserved verbatim.” Code § 19.2-54. Because we 

conclude that the criminal complaint and search warrant affidavit provided probable cause to 

support the warrant, we need not consider this question. “[T]he doctrine of judicial restraint 

dictates that we decide cases ‘on the best and narrowest grounds available.’” Commonwealth v. 

White, 293 Va. 411, 419 (2017) (quoting Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194, 196 (2015)).
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We consider “the sworn, written facts stated in the search warrant affidavit” and 

“information simultaneously presented to a magistrate” when determining whether probable 

cause existed. Adams v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 260, 270 (2008). In determining whether an 

affidavit sets forth probable cause, a magistrate must make “a practical, common-sense decision 

whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit before him . . . there is a fair 

probability that . . . evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 

238. In doing so, the magistrate may draw reasonable inferences from the facts alleged in the 

affidavit. Gwinn v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 972, 975 (1993). Because a finding of 

probable cause does not require finding that it is “more likely true than false,” Slayton, 41 

Va. App. at 106, that a crime has been committed, a magistrate “need only conclude that it would 

be reasonable to” believe that a crime may have been committed and that there may be “evidence 

[of that crime] in the place indicated in the affidavit,” Gwinn, 16 Va. App. at 975.

Finally, “courts should not invalidate . . . warrant[s] by interpreting affidavit[s] in a 

hypertechnical, rather than a commonsense, manner.” Anzualda v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 

764, 775 (2005) (en banc) (quoting United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 109 (1965)). 

Search warrants are presumed valid; the defendant has the burden of “proving that the warrant is 

illegal or invalid.” Lebedun v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 697, 711 (1998). 

All search warrant affidavits—“statements, made under oath or affirmation and preserved 

verbatim”—may be considered by a magistrate to determine whether probable cause exists. 

Adams, 275 Va. at 270; Code § 19.2-54. Both parties agree that the criminal complaint and the 

written affidavit may be used to determine whether probable cause existed. When considered 

together, the criminal complaint and Vescovi’s written affidavit provide probable cause that 

Barrett engaged in animal cruelty and that such evidence would likely be found on her property.
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On its face, Vescovi’s search warrant affidavit connects the deceased dog to Barrett, 

provides the time and location of the offense, and contains non-conclusory information 

supporting probable cause. The plain language of the affidavit connects “Yeva” to Barrett. It 

states: “Your affiant is investigating Irina Barrett for animal cruelty. As a result of this 

investigation, your affiant recovered a deceased dog, ‘Yeva’ . . . .” (Emphasis added). It also 

provides the time and location of the offense. Magistrates “may draw reasonable inferences” 

from the information presented, and their determinations are afforded “great deference by 

reviewing courts.” Gates, 462 U.S. at 236; Anzualda, 44 Va. App. at 775. Here, Vescovi stated 

that “Yeva” displayed “signs of severe neglect . . . did not receive adequate care and endured 

extreme suffering.” Although Barrett argues that no specific time frame was provided in the 

affidavit,3neglect, particularly severe neglect, does not occur quickly. It can take weeks or 

months to occur. Vescovi provided sufficient information in his affidavit for the magistrate to 

draw the reasonable inference that the crime of animal cruelty likely occurred over many weeks. 

The affidavit also provides a clear location where the alleged crimes occurred. It states: “Irina 

Barrett keeps a large number of dogs [at] her residence on Beverleys Mill Rd which your affiant 

has personally viewed.” Additionally, the magistrate properly considered the criminal complaint 

together with Vescovi’s affidavit. The criminal complaint plainly contains the time and location 

of the alleged offense and explicitly connects Barrett to the deceased dog, “Yeva.”

Finally, although Barrett contends that a blanket statement of “neglect” is conclusory, the 

affidavit provides much more than a conclusory statement of neglect. Vescovi provided his 

personal knowledge of the “signs of severe neglect” on “Yeva.” He also included information 

from three witnesses at the veterinary clinic about “Yeva’s” lack of “adequate care” and 

3 Alternatively, she argues that the time period articulated in the criminal complaint is too 

large.
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“extreme suffering” and their concerns and knowledge about other neglected dogs in Barrett’s 

care. And the caselaw is clear: “[C]ourts should not invalidate . . . warrant[s] by interpreting 

affidavit[s] in a hypertechnical, rather than a commonsense, manner.” Anzualda, 44 Va. App. at 

775 (quoting Ventresca, 380 U.S. at, 109).

Viewed together, the criminal complaint and affidavit provide time and location, a nexus 

between the dead dog and Barrett, and non-conclusory information supporting probable cause, 

giving the magistrate sufficient evidence to decide that Barrett was “fair[ly] probab[ly]”

committing animal cruelty on her property. Gates, 462 U.S. at 238. Thus, the magistrate had 

probable cause to issue the search warrant for Barrett’s property. Because we find that probable 

cause existed, we do not address the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule.4

IV. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, we reverse the trial court’s decision to grant the motion to suppress.

Reversed and remanded.

4 Courts often “bypass the issue of probable cause and proceed directly to the question of 

whether the good faith exception applies”; however, such analysis is unwise. Anzualda, 44 

Va. App. at n.3. “[C]onsistently sidestepping the issue of probable cause in favor of applying the 

good faith exception will inevitably permit the exception to swallow the rule.” Id.