# Pr **ofiling Tr**  **ansmissivity and**  **Con ta**  **mina tion in Fr**  **actur es**  **In te**  **rs ecting**  **Bor eholes** 

**USEP A**  **- USGS**  **Fr actur**  **ed Ro**  **ck W orkshop**  **EP A R**  **egion 2**  **14 January**  **2014** 

## Clair **e Tiedeman and T**

**om Imbrigiot**  **ta , USGS** **2 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes** 

### Motiv **at ion: Hy**  **dr aulic**  **Conductivity Va**  **ries by Or**  **der s**  **of Magnitude in Fr**  **actur ed**  **Ro ck** 

**This v ariability r**  **esults in comple x gr**  **oundw ate**  **r flow and con**  **ta minan**  **t tr**  **ansport pa**  **ths** 

### Char **act eriz**  **es permeability v ariability with depth.**   

### Pr **ovides quan titative**  **or der**  **- of**  **- magnitude**  **T estimat es at a**  **scale of a f ew met**  **er s ar**  **ound bor**  **ehole.**  

### Methods: 

# Pr **ofiling Tr**  **ansmissivity in Bor**  **eholes**

**3**

**Pr ofiling T** **ra nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes** 

**Straddle Packer**  **Testing Flute**  **Liner Installation**  **Borehole Flow**  **Logging 4**  **Pr ofiling T** **ra nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes**  

## Pa **ck er T**  **es ting**  **Eq uipmen**  **t** 

### To **det ermine**  **depths of t**  **est int er**  **va ls, use r**  **esults fr om**  **geoph ysical log**  **ging:**  **Acoustic & optical**  **televiewer : Identify fr**  **actur e loca**  **tions**  **Caliper: A**

**vo id placing pack** **er s on fr**  **actur ed or r**  **ough bor ehole w**  **all sections**  **Flow logs: Fir**  **st cut at revealing permeable fr actur**  **es**  

### Over **view of st eps:**   **Lower pack er**  **s t o fir**  **st interval to be tested.**  **Measur e stabiliz**  **ed water levels bef** **or e and after pack** **er infla tion,**  **so tha t**  **ambient h yd**  **ra ulic head can be calcula**  **ted.**  **If interval is permeable enough, conduct a h**  **yd ra**  **ulic test by pumping. During the test, conduct**  **ge ochemical sampling.**   **If interval is not permeable enough to pump, conduct**  **hyd ra**  **ulic test by fluid injection.**  **No geochemical sampling.**  **Mov e pack** **er s t**  **o the ne xt interval to be tested.**  

## Tr **ansmissivity Pr**  **ofiling using Str addle P**  **ack er**  **s**

**5 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes** **Aft er pack**  **er inflation, allow pressure t o stabiliz**  **e in t es**  **t in te**  **rv al.**   **Tu rn on pump.**   **Datalog ge**  **r re**  **cords pumping r ate**  **, pr essur**  **e in t es**  **t in te**  **rv al, and**  **pressure in borehole above and below in te**  **rv al. Softw**  **ar e shows**  **re al**  **- time dat**  **a.**  **Pressure in test inter va**  **l:**  **If becoming e xtr**  **emely low: Stop, perf orm injection**  **test**  **If not changing much: In**  **terval ma y be too**  **tr ansmissiv**  **e to**  **conduct a**  **hyd ra**  **ulic test with the a vailable pump**   **Con tinue pumping un**  **til pr essur**  **e r oughly**  **sta biliz**  **es –**  **10 -**  **20 min. (Geochemical**  **sampling will require longer pumping).**  **Tu rn off pump.**  

# Hy **dr aulic**  **Te st**  **s b y Fluid Pumping**  **– Pe**  **rmeable In te**  **rv als** 

**6 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes** **Aft er pack**  **er inflation, allow pressure t o stabiliz**  **e.**  **St art injecting w**  **ate r from up**  **- hole t**  **ank. T ank can be at**  **atmospheric pressure or higher .**   **Re cord injection r**  **ate and pressures. Software shows real**  **- time**  **data.**  **Con tinue injection un**  **til pr essur**  **e r oughly stabiliz**  **es. T es**  **ts ar e**  **usually run f or 10 t**  **o 20 minut es.**   **If using a pr essuriz**  **ed water tank, increase tank pressure and conduct a second injection t**  **es t. Conducting t**  **es ts at two**  **pressures allows ev aluating if results are repeatable, and if so**  **, incr**  **eases confidence in T estimat e.**  

# Hy **dr aulic**  **Te st**  **s b y Fluid Injection**  **– Less P**  **ermeable In te**  **rv als** 

**7 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes 8**  **Pr ofiling T** **ra nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes**  

### Theim **equation fo**  **r ste**  **ady -**  **state r**  **adial flow**  **to a pumping**  **well** **T v alues calculat**  **ed by Theim**  **equation are order -**  **of -**  **magnitude es**  **timates because:**  **Te st conditions**  **typically do not perf ectly conf** **orm to the conditions assumed by the**  **Theim equa**  **tion (steady -**  **state purely r adial flow with**  **constant Q )**   **Uncertainty and variability in measur ements of Q**   **Uncertainty in r adius of influence of test (this**  **uncertainty has a much smaller eff** **ect because the log arithm of R appear**  **s in the equa tion).**   **Because of the lar ge**  **ra nge of T at fr**  **actur ed r**  **ock sit**  **es, these or**  **der -**  **of -**  **magnitude estimat es ar**  **e still v aluable!**   **These limit ations apply t**  **o T estimat es fr**  **om both str addle**  **pack er and**  **FL UT** 

**e liner methods**  

# Limit **at ions**  **of Tr**  **ansmissivity Es**  **tima te**  **s**

**9 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes 10**  **Pr ofiling T** **ra nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes**  

## Cry **sta lline**  **Ro ck** 

# Sedimen **ta ry**  **Ro ck** 

**11 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes** 

### Ev **ert liner in to**  **bor ehole.**   

### Bor **ehole wat er below bot**  **to m**  **of liner is pushed**  **in to**  **the r ock.**   

### Flow **ra te**  **in to**  **r ock over a**  **bor ehole in**  **te rv**  **al is calcula te**  **d fr**  **om liner descen t v**  **elocities and**  **‘e xc**  **ess head’**  **that drives liner installation.**   

### Tr **ansmissivity calculat**  **ed fr**  **om this flow r**  **ate .**  

# Tr **ansmissivity Pr**  **ofiling using the FL**  **UT e** 

**12 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes Installation of Liner** 

From Carl K

eller **The 3 methods compar e**  **we ll f** **or the high -**  **T in**  **te rv**  **als.**  **Greater diff er**  **ences between pack**  **er and FL**  **UT e**  **re sults f** **or lower -**  **T in**  **te rv**  **als.** 

# Comparison **of T Es tima**  **te s**  **in Schis t** 

**13**

**Pr ofiling T** **ra nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes**  **Packers FLUTe**  **Flow Logging** 

### FL **UT e**  **:**  **Cost -**  **eff ective**  **means of obt aining T es**  **tima te**  **s if liner is**  **installed to**  **pr event**  **cr oss**  **- contamination.**   **Simpler equipmen t**  **and easier to**  **c onduct**   **Po te**  **ntially has higher spa**  **tial r esolution**  **(but small -**  **scale va**  **riability ma y be caused by bor**  **ehole eff** **ects).**  

### Pa **ck er**  **s** 

### :  **Conditions conf orm**  **much bet te**  **r to**  **assumptions of Theim**  **equa tion,**  **so T es tima**  **te s**  **are lik**  **ely more accur**  **ate .**   **Lower detection**  **limit f or T**  **.**  **In addition t o**  **T estima te**  **s, te**  **sts yield ambien**  **t heads of**  **pack ed off**  **in te**  **rv als, and opportunity**  **fo r**  **sampling geochemistry** **.** 

# Comparison **of P ack**  **er s and**  **FL UT**  **e fo**  **r T Pr ofiling** 

**14 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes** 

### Identification **of high T fr actur**  **es tha**  **t ma y be**  **adv ectiv**  **e contaminant tr**  **ansport pathwa**  **ys.**  

### Identification **of low T fr actur**  **es and r**  **ock in te**  **rv als**  **wher e**  **diffusion is lik ely**  **a dominan t tr**  **ansport pr**  **ocess.**  

### Use T r **esults together**  **with con taminant and**  **ge ochemical**  **pr ofiling**  **re sults,**  **ambien t h**  **yd ra**  **ulic head**  **es tima**  **te s,**  **and other bor ehole**  **inf orma**  **tion to guide**  **design of multilev el**  **monitoring s yste**  **ms.** 

# Summary: V

**alue of Inf orma**  **tion fr**  **om Tr**  **ansmissivity Pr**  **ofiling**

**15**

**Pr ofiling T** **ra nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes**  

### Wa **te r**  **- quality**  **pr ofiling**  **conduct ed in same in**  **te rv**  **als being**  **pumped f or**  **tr ansmissivity**  **te st**  **ing**  

### Samples collect **ed using a submer**  **sible pump ins**  **talled be**  **tween two pack**  **er s**   

### Sampling **me thod**   

### Wa **te r**  **pumped to surf ace thr**  **ough split**  **te r**  **and flow**   ** thr** **ough cell**  

### Field **WQ**

**par ame**  **te rs**  **m easur**  **ed to s**  **tability**  

### Samples collect **ed fo**  **r V OCs and**  **inor ga**  **nics** 

# Wa **te r**  **- Quality**  **Pr ofiling** 

**16**

**Pr ofiling T** **ra nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes** 

# Wa **te r**  **- Quality**  **Sampling**

**17 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes 0** 

**10 20**  **30 40**  **50 60**  **70 80**  **90 100**  **110 120**  **1 10**  **100 1,000**  **10,000 100,000** **D e** **p t** **h (** **f t** **B L** **S E** **) Concentration**  **(ug/L) VOCs vs**  **Depth NA**  **WC 71BR Packer T** 

**est Samples 06/07**

**TCE transDCE**  **11DCE VC**  **cisDCE** 

# Pa **ck er T**  **es t W** **ate r**  **- Quality**  **Pr ofiling** 

**18 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes 0** 

**20**
**40**
**60**
**80**
**100**
**120 0**  **20 40**  **60 80**  **100 120**  **140 160**  **180 D** **e p** **t h** **( f** **t B** **L S** **E )**  **Concentration (mg/L)** 

**Major Anions vs Depth**  **NA WC**  **71BR Packer T**

**est Samples 6/07**

**Alkalinity Chloride**  **Sulfate** 

# Pa **ck er T**  **es t W**  **ate r**  **- Quality**  **Pr ofiling** 

**19 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes 0** 

**20**
**40**
**60**
**80**
**100**
**120 0**  **5 10**  **15 20**  **25 30**  **35 40**  **45 50** **D e** **p t** **h (** **f t** **B L** **S E** **) Concentration**  **(mg/L)**

**Major Cations vs**  **Depth NA**  **WC 71BR Packer T** 

**est Samples 6/07**

**Ca Mg**  **Na K**  

# Pa **ck er T**  **es t W** **ate r**  **- Quality**  **Pr ofiling** 

**20 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes**

# Pa **ck er T** 

**es t W** **ate r**  **- Quality**  **Pr ofiling** 

**21 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes Sample**  **ID Sample**  **Inter val**  **Depths Sample** 

**Inter val**  **Length Tr**  **ansmis**

**- sivity**  **Pumping**

**Rate CFC**  **- 12**  **(CCl 2**  **F 2**  **)**

**Concentrations** Replicates Mean Std Dev (ft amsl) (ft) (ft 2 /da y) (gpm ) (n) ( pg/L) ( pg/L) **H1 Open**  684 - 459 225 2.6 0.53 3 168 5

**H1 -**  **1** 657 - 642 15 1.3 0.32 3 92 1 **H1 -**  **2** 586 - 571 15 0.7 0.98 3 77 5 **Mirror Lake Well H1 –**  **Depth Dependent CFC -**  **12 Concs**  

### Identification **of depths with diff ering**  **contaminant concentr**  **at ions**  **ma y help de**  **fine which fr**  **actur ed**  **ro ck**  **inter va**  **ls ma**  **y be along tr ansport**  **pathwa ys.**   

### Identification **of depths with diff ering**  **water chemis**  **tries ma**  **y help de fine**  **which in te**  **rv als**  **ha ve**  **diff er**  **ent te**  **rminal electr**  **on accepting**  **pr ocesses**  **ong oing.**   

### Wa **te r**  **- quality**  **re sults t**  **og et**  **her with**  **tr ansmissivity**  **pr ofiling**  **re sults and other**  **bor ehole**  **inf orma**  **tion can**  **be used to guide design of multilev**  **el monitoring**  **sy ste**  **ms.** 

# Va **lue of Inf orma**  **tion fr om**  **Wa te**  **r -**  **Quality Pr**  **ofiling**

**22 Pr**  **ofiling T ra**  **nsmissivity and Contamination in Boreholes**