Harold A. Logan, Trustee Under the Harold A. Logan Trust Agreement Dated April 30, 

2007 v. Wesley J. Dietz, et al., No. 1761, September Term, 2021. Opinion by Getty, Joseph 

M., J. 

HEADNOTES: 

MARYLAND HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION ACT – DEFINITION OF 

HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION 

The Maryland Homeowners Association Act (“HOA Act”), codified at Md. Code (1974, 

2015 Repl. Vol., 2022 Supp.) Real Prop. (“RP”) § 11B-101, et seq., defines “homeowners 

association” as “a person having the authority to enforce the provisions of a declaration.” 

RP § 11B-101(i)(1). “Person” is defined in Title 1 of the Real Property Article, and its use 

in the context of the HOA Act refers to an entity or organization that operates as a 

homeowners association. A homeowner in an individual capacity cannot be a 

“homeowners association.” 

MARYLAND HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION ACT – DEFINITION OF 

DECLARATION – MANDATORY FEE 

Under the HOA Act, a declaration is a recorded instrument that “creates the authority for 

a homeowners association to impose . . . [a] mandatory fee[.]” RP § 11B-101(d)(1). A 

mandatory fee is a fee that the homeowners anticipate being assessed at regular intervals 

(e.g., monthly, quarterly, or annually) to support the costs for maintaining the common use 

facilities of a development. The requirement to share maintenance costs under a pro rata 

share in a declaration of common use and maintenance obligations is not a “mandatory 

fee.” 

MARYLAND HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION ACT – AMENDMENT OF 

GOVERNING DOCUMENTS

RP § 11B-116(c) allows “a homeowners association [to] amend [a] governing document 

by the affirmative vote of lot owners in good standing having at least 60% of the votes in 

the development[.]” This provision is available to a homeowners association as defined in 

the Act. If a development does not qualify as a homeowners association under the Act, it 

may not amend its declaration under this provision of the HOA Act. 
*At the November 8, 2022 general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a constitutional 

amendment changing the name of the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland to the 

Appellate Court of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022.

Circuit Court for Worcester County 

Case No. C-23-CV-20-000194

REPORTED

IN THE APPELLATE COURT

OF MARYLAND*

No. 1761

September Term, 2021

______________________________________

HAROLD A. LOGAN,

TRUSTEE UNDER THE HAROLD A. 

LOGAN TRUST AGREEMENT DATED 

APRIL 30, 2007

v.

WESLEY J. DIETZ, ET AL.

______________________________________

Reed,

Albright,

Getty, Joseph M.

 (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

 

JJ.

______________________________________

Opinion by Getty, J.

______________________________________

Filed: August 2, 2023
“A growing number of homes in Maryland are 

located in common ownership communities 

(“COCs”) – that is, condominiums, cooperatives and 

homeowners associations. COCs are designed to 

give homeowners control over services and 

amenities that might otherwise be provided (if at all) 

by local governments. However, these communities 

present unique problems and difficulties.”

Final Report – Task Force on Common Ownership 

Communities, December 31, 2006.

1

In the mid-20th century, new forms of housing developments became popular 

within the real estate industry. Following national trends to broaden home ownership, real 

estate developers in Maryland adopted condominiums, cooperative housing, and 

developments governed by homeowners associations—collectively referred to as 

“common ownership communities”—to provide common use amenities and to establish 

design standards to control the land use and appearance within the community. 

By the 1980s, conflicts and issues arose under these alternatives to traditional home 

ownership. In response, Governor Harry R. Hughes appointed a Governor’s Commission 

on Condominiums, Cooperatives and Homeowners Associations (“Governor’s 

Commission”) in 1982. The Governor’s Commission proposed legislation for the 

Maryland Homeowners Association Act (“HOA Act”) in its 1985 and 1986 Final Reports. 

The General Assembly enacted the HOA Act in the 1987 legislative session with the 

1 Task Force on Common Ownership Cmtys., 2006 Final Report, at 7 (Dec. 31, 2006), 

https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/003000/00

3160/unrestricted/20066534e.pdf [https://perma.cc/CU97-V6HT]. 
2

passage of Senate Bill 96. 1987 Md. Laws ch. 321 (codified at Md. Code (1974, 2015 

Repl. Vol., 2022 Supp.) Real Prop. (“RP”) § 11B-101 et. seq.). 

In 2005, the General Assembly again wrestled with the “unique problems and 

difficulties” associated with homeowners associations and passed Senate Bill 229 to create 

the Task Force on Common Ownership Communities. Task Force on Common Ownership 

Comtys., 2006 Final Report, at 7 (Dec. 31, 2006); 2005 Md. Laws ch. 469. One of the 

legislative recommendations of the Task Force was to allow a homeowners association to 

amend its declaration with less than unanimous consent. The legislature passed this 

provision as RP § 11B-116 of the HOA Act in 2008. 2008 Md. Laws ch. 145

In the case before this Court, an eight-unit townhouse community known as 

Captains Quarters Townhouses (“Captains Quarters”) was constructed in Ocean City, 

Maryland in 1978. The developer filed a declaration containing covenants, conditions, 

restrictions, and easements that is recorded in the county land records (the “1978 

Declaration”). The declaration includes provisions for areas and facilities of common use, 

exterior design restrictions unless prior written approval is received from all eight unit 

owners, and maintenance obligations for pro rata cost sharing amongst the eight unit 

owners. The declaration does not authorize a homeowners association or other governing 

body, nor does it authorize a mandatory fee.

When one unit owner made exterior alterations without prior written approval, a 

challenge was filed in the Circuit Court for Worcester County by a neighboring unit owner. 

During the course of litigation, five unit owners joined together to amend the 1978 

Declaration with an amended declaration (“2021 Declaration”) that asserted the authority 
3

of a homeowners association under RP § 11B-116. The 2021 Declaration retroactively 

approved all prior alterations made by any of the unit owners.

Among other findings, the circuit court determined that, under the 1978 Declaration, 

a de jure or implied right existed for a homeowners association, that the one-eighth pro rata 

contribution for maintenance obligations qualified as a “mandatory fee,” and that the 2021 

Declaration controlled and thus required dismissal of the case.

The Appellant presents us with one question: 

Whether the authority for a homeowners association under Title 11B of the 

Maryland Real Property Article must be specifically stated or can be imposed 

as a matter of right (“de jure”) or implied.

In addition, the Appellees present the following question concerning the 2021 

Declaration:

Did the Circuit Court err, as a matter of law, in granting the appellees’ Motion 

for Summary Judgment on the ground that the Maryland Homeowners 

Association Act applies to the declaration at issue such that it could be 

amended by a vote of sixty percent of the units?

To resolve this dispute, we must determine whether there is a de jure or implied 

right to create a homeowners association under a declaration of common use and 

maintenance obligations, whether Captains Quarters has a qualifying declaration with a 

“mandatory fee” under the Act, and whether the 1978 Declaration could be amended under 

RP § 11B-116 of the HOA Act. For the reasons explained below, we conclude that 

Captains Quarters is not subject to the HOA Act, that there does not exist a de jure or 

implied right to create a homeowners association under a declaration of common use and 

maintenance obligations, that a pro rata contribution does not qualify as a “mandatory fee,” 
4

and that the parties to the 2021 Declaration could not rely on RP § 11B-116 to amend the 

1978 Declaration. Accordingly, we shall vacate the judgment of the Circuit Court granting 

summary judgment in favor of Dietz and remand for further proceedings consistent with 

this opinion. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A. The Parties to this Dispute 

The parties to this dispute are townhouse owners in Captains Quarters. In the 

procedural posture of this appeal, the named Appellant is Harold A. Logan, Trustee under 

the Harold A. Logan Trust Agreement dated April 30, 2007 (“Logan”). Logan is the owner 

of Unit 631D in Captains Quarters. The named Appellee is Wesley J. Dietz (“Dietz”). 

Dietz is the owner of Unit 631A in Captains Quarters. 

Logan initially filed a complaint in the Circuit Court for Worcester County 

challenging exterior alterations that Dietz made to his unit. Logan claimed that such 

alterations violated the restrictive covenants contained in the 1978 Declaration. The 

remaining townhouse unit owners were added as defendants in an Amended Complaint 

filed by Logan after the circuit court “determined that [its] disposition of this matter may 

impact the interests of other Captain[]s Quarters Plat property owners,” thus making the 

other owners necessary parties. 

As the case progressed in the circuit court, owners of two units—Paul and Christine 

Hawkins (Unit 631G), and Jack Fyock and Shelly Rockwell (Unit 631H)—did not respond 

to the complaint and default was entered against them. They are not parties to this appeal. 
5

On this appeal, the Appellees in addition to Dietz are the owners of four of the 

remaining units in Captains Quarters. Of these, three of the unit owners are aligned with 

the position of Dietz—John M. McKinley and the Janis Ryan Revocable Trust through 

trustees John M. McKinley and Janis M. Ryan (Unit 631C), David A. Vestal and Megan 

M. Park (Unit 631E), and John M. Owens and Patricia L. Owens (Unit 631F). 

However, the owners of the fourth unit—Judith and Edward Cochrane (Unit 

631B)—have also cross-appealed the circuit court’s entry of summary judgment. Although 

listed as defendants in the case, the Cochranes agree with Logan on this appeal, as they did 

at the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, that the 1978 Declaration could not 

be amended pursuant to Maryland’s HOA Act. 

For simplicity throughout this opinion, we will generally refer to the positions of 

Logan and the Cochranes as that of “Logan” and to the other Appellees’ position as that of 

“Dietz.” For example, we may attribute a filing to either Logan or Dietz despite it being 

filed by another unit owner since it generally aligns with the position of either named party.

B. Captains Quarters and Recording the 1978 Declaration

As the developer of Captains Quarters, Terry O. Martin recorded the development’s 

plat, dated May 25, 1978, in the Land Records of Worcester County at Plat Book F.W.H. 

No. 59, folio 52. The next month, Martin filed a declaration containing covenants, 

conditions, restrictions, and easements, dated June 13, 1978, and recorded in the county 

land records at F.W.H. Liber No. 627, folio 356, et seq. 
6

The 1978 Declaration contains six paragraphs of covenants and restrictions, which 

are introduced by a statement of the developer’s intent: 

WHEREAS, although it is the owner[’]s desire and intention to convey title 

to each of the eight (8) townhouse units as separate and distinct entities, it is 

his further intention that said individual units be subject to certain common 

easements, servitudes, covenants, restrictions, and conditions for the 

common benefit of the entire project and/or for the mutual use of abutting 

units, to the end that the aforesaid individual conveyances will be made 

subject to the same[.]

The Declaration continues with subsequent numbered paragraphs that outline the common 

use and maintenance obligations. 

Paragraph 1 provides “that the pilings, concrete columns and beams supporting the 

first floor of the townhouse units, shall be used for the permanent support and maintenance 

of the entire project[;]” that no individual owner may remove or alter support structures;

and that, should the structures need repair or reconstructing, each lot owner would be 

responsible for one-eighth of the total costs and expenses. 

Paragraph 2 provides for the mutual use of the dumpster and dumpster pad.

Paragraph 3 deems the roof a common facility and requires that any repair or 

replacement be the joint expense of the eight unit owners. 

Paragraph 4 allows for the mutual use of the parking, utility, and access easements, 

sewer sanitary lines, underground electric conduit, telephone and cable television lines, 

water lines, and the transformer and transformer pad. This paragraph also requires each 

unit owner to pay for one-eighth of the cost of any associated maintenance and repairs.

Paragraph 5 incorporates easements by plat reference and states “that the property 

. . . and the townhouses constructed thereon, shall be subject to all easements and rights of 
7

way that are set forth on the plats” citing to the aforementioned recorded plat at Plat Book 

F.W.H. No. 59, folio 52. 

Paragraph 6 of the 1978 Declaration contains the restrictions concerning exterior 

design, and these provisions are most relevant to the present underlying dispute:

It is covenanted and agreed that any one unit owner shall not have the 

right to alter, modify or change the exterior walls of the building hereinbefore 

set forth, in any form or fashion, including, but not limited to, painting, 

without the express written consent of the remaining seven (7) unit owners. 

Nothing herein contained shall be construed as to prevent any unit owner 

from performing routine maintenance on their respective units, and/or the 

erection and maintenance of privacy screens on the east and west sides of the 

aforesaid townhouses at the ground level of each townhouse unit.

In short, Paragraph 6 requires that a unit owner receive written consent from the seven 

other units before making exterior changes to a unit. 

The remainder of the 1978 Declaration concludes with paragraphs specifying that 

the easements and covenants “run with the land” and thus are binding upon and inure to 

the benefit of current and future owners. The final paragraph prior to the testimonium 

clause states that the original mortgagee joined in the declaration for the purpose of 

subordinating its mortgage to the provisions of the declaration. 

C. The Current Dispute – Claim & Counterclaim

In the summer of 2020, Dietz renovated the exterior of his townhouse unit without 

receiving the written consent from the seven remaining unit owners. Logan reacted by 

filing a complaint in the Circuit Court for Worcester County claiming that the exterior 

renovations completed by Dietz violated Paragraph 6 of the 1978 Declaration. 
8

The following numbered paragraphs from the amended complaint detail the

allegations regarding the exterior renovations by Dietz that Logan was challenging:

14.In June of 2020, Defendant Dietz, the owner of Unit 631A, altered the 

exterior walls of the building by removing the old exterior siding and 

installing new exterior siding on the exterior walls of Unit 631A. The 

new siding installed is different than the siding that is on the remaining 

seven (7) unit owners [sic]. 

15.In June of 2020, and continuing through July of 2020, Defendant Dietz 

further altered the exterior walls of Unit 631A by removing the exterior 

rear doors and installing new, far larger doors with window panels on 

both the first and second floors. The construction caused portions of the 

exterior wall on Unit 631A to be removed. 

16.Continuing later in the Summer of 2020, Defendant Dietz further altered 

the exterior walls of Unit 631A by fixing to the southern wall of his unit 

two heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) devices as well [as]

installing a new exterior door. This construction caused significant 

alterations to the exterior walls by removing portions of the southern 

exterior wall, covering or removing siding from the southern exterior 

wall, drilling and/or screwing mounting devices to the southern exterior 

wall, installing and fixing plumbing and electric to support those 

[devices] to the southern exterior wall. The condition of the southern 

exterior wall is further described on the photographs attached hereto and 

incorporated herein as Exhibit 12. 

17.Defendant Dietz made the aforementioned alterations to the exterior walls 

while being fully aware that he did not have the required consent of the 

other seven (7) unit owners. 

Logan argued that these unapproved renovations completed by Dietz violated the

covenant in Paragraph 6 of the 1978 Declaration that an “owner shall not have the right to 

alter, modify or change the exterior walls of the building hereinbefore set forth, in any form 

or fashion, including, but not limited to, painting, without the express written consent of 

the remaining seven (7) unit owners.” Logan requested declaratory and injunctive relief to 

define the rights and obligations of the parties under the 1978 Declaration, enjoin Dietz 
9

from further altering the exterior walls of the building, and direct Dietz to restore the 

exterior walls to their condition prior to the renovation. 

In his answer to Logan’s complaint, Dietz generally admitted that the alterations 

had been made but denied that the Declaration had been violated or that the Declaration 

had any remaining force and effect. Dietz also filed a counterclaim, arguing that certain 

provisions of the 1978 Declaration had been abandoned. Dietz alleged that, although 

Paragraph 3 of the 1978 Declaration required that the roof over the development be “the 

joint expense of all eight (8) unit owners[,]” this covenant had been abandoned because 

various unit owners had repaired or replaced the portion of the roof over their respective 

units without contribution from the others. 

Dietz also responded that, although Paragraph 6 of the 1978 Declaration prohibited 

alteration to the exterior of the townhouses without the consent of all remaining owners, 

owners within the development had made many alterations over the years without the 

consent of the other owners. He asserted that “[i]t ha[d] become impossible to obtain siding 

materials that duplicate the color and design of the original siding, and [that] developments 

in heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems mandate[d] changes that [were]

necessary to perform routine maintenance of the respective units and to maintain modern 

living standards.” 

In conclusion, Dietz requested that the court determine that Paragraphs 3 and 6 of 

the 1978 Declaration had been abandoned and were unenforceable and declare that he did 

not have to comply with Paragraph 6 regarding the alterations to the exterior of his 

townhouse. 
10

D. Dietz “Amends” the 1978 Declaration

After the original complaint and counterclaims had been filed, Dietz pursued a legal 

strategy outside of the courtroom to amend the 1978 Declaration by joining forces with the 

owners of four other units. The owners of these five units—making up 62.5% of the units 

in Captains Quarters—created the 2021 Declaration by entering into and recording in the 

land records an Amended Declaration dated June 30, 2021, and a First Amendment to 

Amended Declaration dated July 29, 2021. Owners of the three other units—Logan, the 

Cochranes, and the owners of another unit—were not parties to the 2021 Declaration. 

In the recitals of the 2021 Declaration, the five unit owners wrote, “the Parties, 

[Dietz and the owners of four other units], comprise a homeowners association governed 

by the Declaration pursuant to Title 11B of the Real Property Article of the Maryland 

Annotated Code[.]” The 2021 Declaration cites § 11B-116 of the HOA Act as authority to 

amend the 1978 Declaration with fewer than all units consenting: 

WHEREAS, the Parties, desiring to amend the [1978] Declaration pursuant 

to Section 11B-116 of the aforesaid Real Property Article have secured the 

affirmative vote of 5 unit votes out of the total of 8 unit votes in the 

development in accordance with the requirements of Section 11B-116 of 

Title 11B aforesaid.

The 2021 Declaration made material changes to the 1978 Declaration. 

While the 1978 Declaration required unanimous consent of unit owners to make changes 

to an owner’s townhouse, the 2021 Declaration—in Paragraph 1, Subparagraph A—

provides that “upon the express written consent of four (4) of the remaining seven (7) lot 

owners, any lot owner may add additional stories of vertical and/or horizontal space to any 
11

improvement on his/her lot and shall have the right to erect a party wall or walls with 

neighboring units at such unit owner’s sole cost and expense.” 

Similarly, the 2021 Declaration in Paragraph 6 provides that “[n]o lot owner may 

alter, modify or change the exterior walls of the residential building located on his or her 

lot in any form or fashion, including but not limited to painting, without the express written 

consent of four (4) of the remaining seven (7) lot owners.”2 

In addition, Paragraph 6 of the 2021 Declaration retroactively approved the 

alterations made by Dietz that were being challenged in the pending court case by stating 

that “[a]ll of the parties hereto hereby give their written consent to all alterations, 

modifications and changes to the exterior walls that exist on the date of execution hereof.” 

E. Amended Claims & Circuit Court Proceedings

After the actions by Dietz to adopt and record the 2021 Declaration, Logan filed a 

Second and Third Amended Complaint against Dietz and the other unit owners. In part, 

he alleged that “Defendants . . . allegedly voted on and subsequently signed an amendment 

to the Declaration . . . and filed the same among the Land Records for Worcester County[.]” 

Logan requested that the court declare the 2021 Declaration null and void because the HOA 

Act did not apply to the original 1978 Declaration. 

2 The first iteration of the 2021 Declaration, dated June 30, 2021, had required five of the 

seven remaining lot owners to consent to certain changes. The amendment, dated July 29, 

2021, lowered this threshold from five to four of the seven remaining lot owners. At a 

motions hearing, counsel explained that they “ha[d] to amend the [2021] [D]eclaration 

because [they] made a mistake in the first amended declaration where we wanted to lower 

the vote threshold . . . because the owner who’s making an improvement can’t vote[,]” 

acknowledging that they had “got it wrong, so [they] had to amend it.” 
12

In response, Dietz filed amended counterclaims against Logan. The amended 

counterclaims first asserted that the restrictive covenants had been abandoned because they 

had not been enforced in forty-three years. One counterclaim alleged that, “[t]he restrictive 

covenants . . . serve no purpose since the original appearance of the eight units, through 

unique improvements made by the various unit owners individually over the past fortythree (43) years, has changed the overall appearance significantly without objection.” 

The counterclaims further argued that enforcing the 1978 Declaration would be 

unreasonable and impossible:

To impose the restrictive covenants . . . to one unit owner and not to require 

a complete return of all units to their original state would be arbitrary and 

unreasonable, much less impossible to do since the materials for roofing, 

siding, windows, HVAC and other exterior materials of 1978 can no longer 

be found in 2021 and those of 1978 are obsolete.

In addition to the abandonment claim, the amended counterclaims requested that the court 

declare that Dietz’s renovations had been approved by the 2021 Declaration. 

Logan and Dietz both moved for summary judgment on the issue of whether the 

2021 Declaration was applicable to the underlying dispute. Logan argued that the 1978 

Declaration governed the dispute because the HOA Act did not apply to Captains Quarters 

as the development did not have a homeowners association. In support, he asserted that 

[t]he lots/units on the Captains Quarters Plat have no governing body or 

directors/board member of any kind. There are no common elements that 

require the maintenance of an association. There ha[ve] never been any 

assessment or dues. There are no association documents kept in the 

depository with the Clerk of the Court as contemplated by [the HOA Act]. 

There ha[ve] never been any disclosures provided to any unit owner by the 

developer or thereafter by any selling owner during a re-sale as to any 

information regarding a homeowners association as contemplated by [the 

HOA Act].
13

On that account, Logan sought summary judgment on the third count of his Third Amended 

Complaint which asked the court to declare the 2021 Declaration null and void. Logan 

subsequently moved for summary judgment on the first and second counts of his complaint 

which asked the court to declare that Dietz had violated the 1978 Declaration, enjoin him 

from making additional alterations, and direct him to return his unit to its prior condition.

Dietz argued that the 2021 Declaration applied because the HOA Act was applicable

and allowed the original 1978 Declaration to be amended with at least 60% of lot owners 

approving. According to Dietz, he and the owners of four other units had satisfied this 

requirement because they made up 62.5% of the lots. Dietz relied on the definitions of 

“homeowners association” and “declaration” under the Act to argue that, despite the lack 

of authority in the 1978 Declaration to create a homeowners association and the 

nonexistence of a governing body, the HOA Act still applied to the Captains Quarters 

development because the development and the declaration satisfied the relevant definitions 

under the statute. The Act defines a “homeowners association” as “a person having the 

authority to enforce the provisions of a declaration.” RP § 11B-101(i)(1). A “declaration” 

is defined as “an instrument . . . that creates the authority for a homeowners association to 

impose . . . any mandatory fee in connection with the provision of services or otherwise for 

the benefit of some or all of the lots, the owners or occupants of lots.” RP § 11B-101(d)(1). 

According to Dietz, the 1978 Declaration and the 2021 Declaration created the 

authority of a homeowners association because each unit owner was entitled to enforce the 

declaration’s provisions. In addition, he argued that, despite the absence of an existing

homeowners association, each unit owner should be considered an association in this case: 
14

While Captains Quarters Townhouses does not have a governing body 

as required by [the HOA Act], each individual homeowner is . . . an 

association entitled to enforce the recorded covenants and restrictions – e.g. 

the Declaration and any amendments. The declarant (e.g. the developer) was 

responsible for establishing the governing body and the unit owners could 

have pursued the enforcement of this provision at anytime, but have never 

chosen to have a governing body. [citation omitted] Absent the governing 

body taking action in this case, each lot owner has been empowered by the 

governing document through their respective deeds, to enforce the provisions 

of said document because the covenants and restrictions run with the land.

Accordingly, he requested summary judgment in his favor on all counts of Logan’s 

complaint and Dietz’s counterclaim. 

The court held a hearing on the dueling motions for summary judgment. Logan 

argued that “if you look in the Homeowners Association Act, declaration is defined as an 

instrument recorded among the land records [where] the property of the declarant is located 

that creates the authority for a homeowners association to impose [fees] on lots. [Captains 

Quarters’] declaration that was signed in 1978 simply doesn’t create the authority for a 

homeowners association.” 

He noted that the term “homeowners association” is not used in the 1978 

Declaration. Moreover, he said that nothing in the provisions of the governing document 

grants the authority typically assigned to a homeowners association: “There’s no dues. 

There’s no governing body. No election. No budget. No meetings. They didn’t deposit 

a copy of any governing documents with the clerk of the court. There’s never been a resale 

certificate issued . . . . [I]t simply isn’t a homeowners association.” He further asserted that 

“not every set of covenants and restrictions is a homeowners association. [There are] tons 

that are not.” 
15

Logan rebutted Dietz’s argument that there was a homeowners association based on 

the definition of a declaration: 

So in order to be a homeowners association, [Dietz has]

looked to the term of the definition of declaration and that is a 

document that creates the authority to impose fees on its 

members. So in order to have a declaration you have to have a 

homeowners association that can impose fees. We don’t have 

that because it first requires a homeowners association. Their 

definition that they’re pointing to of a homeowners association 

is simply someone that can enforce a declaration. And so they 

can’t enforce a declaration in this case because they don’t have 

a declaration as it’s defined under the law because a declaration 

requires that you first have a homeowners association. 

Dietz, on the other hand, argued that there was a homeowners association under the 

HOA Act. He maintained that the 1978 Declaration was a declaration as defined in the 

HOA Act because it included mandatory fees and expenses required to be paid by all unit 

owners. These “mandatory fees” under the original 1978 Declaration, according to Dietz, 

include the shared obligation to pay repair expenses for the roof, structural support 

elements, underground elements, and parking area. He reasoned that, just because the 

development did not have the typical characteristics of a homeowners association, does not 

mean that there was not legally a homeowners association under the statutory definition. 

The court granted summary judgment in part in favor of Dietz and dismissed 

Logan’s complaint entirely.3 In so doing, the circuit court ruled as follows: 

1) That there is not any genuine dispute as to any material fact necessary for 

this Court to resolve the controversy . . . as a matter of law;

3 The Circuit Court issued two orders. The first Opinion and Order, dated October 19, 

2021, denied summary judgment to Logan on his claim that the Amended Declaration was 

null and void; granted summary judgment to Dietz on his claim that there was a de jure 

homeowners association under the HOA Act; and directed the parties to address the cross-
16

2) The [1978] Declaration created a private right of enforcement as to 

maintenance of the roof, parking lot, and utility infrastructure such that 

each unit owner is a “homeowners association” under the Maryland 

Homeowners Association Act, defined as “a person having the authority 

to enforce the provisions of a declaration;” and 

3) By providing for shared financial responsibility for maintenance of 

common elements, the [1978] Declaration “creates the authority for a 

homeowners association to impose on lots, or on the owners or occupants 

of lots . . . mandatory fee[s] in connection with the provision of services 

or otherwise for the benefit of some or all of the lots, the owners or 

occupants of lots, or the common areas,” such that the [1978] Declaration 

qualifies as a Declaration under the Homeowners Association Act. 

The circuit court thus concluded “that the original [1978] Declaration [gave] rise to a de 

jure homeowners association[.]” It further determined that the 2021 Declaration complied 

with the HOA Act having received more than 60% of votes required for approval. As a 

result, the 2021 Declaration governed the dispute between Logan and Dietz and mandated 

the lawsuit’s dismissal because the 2021 Declaration had retroactively approved Dietz’s 

alterations to his unit. 

Logan now appeals the circuit court’s decision to this Court. 

motions for summary judgment on the issue of declaratory and injunctive relief pertaining

to the alterations Dietz made to his townhouse and the continued enforceability of the 

covenants in the 1978 Declaration. Following a hearing, the circuit court issued a 

Memorandum Order, dated December 16, 2021, dismissing Logan’s lawsuit in its entirety

because the 2021 Declaration was lawful and had retroactively approved Dietz’s 

alterations. 
17

DISCUSSION 

A. Standard of Review

The Court reviews a circuit court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Friends 

of Frederick Cnty. v. Town of New Market, 224 Md. App. 185, 192 (2015). The circuit 

court should grant summary judgment “when there is no genuine dispute as to any material 

fact and the party in whose favor judgment is entered is entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law.” Worsham v. Ehrlich, 181 Md. App. 711, 723 (2008). In determining if the circuit 

court’s grant of summary judgment was proper, the Court “independently review[s] the 

record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party to decide whether there are 

issues of material fact.” Friends of Frederick Cnty., 224 Md. App. at 192. 

“The interpretation of a statute is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo.” 

Berry v. Queen, 469 Md. 674, 686 (2020). In addition, the interpretation of a written 

instrument establishing easements and covenants is a question of law that the Court

likewise reviews de novo. White v. Pines Cmty. Improvement Ass’n, Inc., 403 Md. 13, 31 

(2008). 

B. Parties’ Contentions

There is no dispute over the material facts in this case. The only issue before the 

Court is whether Dietz was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In our de novo review, 

we must determine whether the circuit court correctly interpreted the HOA Act and 

correctly applied it to the 1978 Declaration and the 2021 Declaration. 

Logan asserts that the circuit court incorrectly interpreted the HOA Act. He claims 

that the circuit court improperly implied the existence of a homeowners association or 
18

incorrectly created one de jure when, in fact, the 1978 Declaration controls and provides 

no authority for a homeowners association. Instead, he argues that the 1978 Declaration 

was a declaration of common use and maintenance obligations that did not authorize a 

homeowners association. As such, the 1978 Declaration established only restrictive 

covenants and contractual relationships that could be self-enforced. Logan explains that 

Captains Quarters did not have any of the characteristics required by statute of a 

homeowners association—a governing body, books and records, bylaws, common 

elements to the community, assessment of fees, and required disclosures. He further 

contends that each individual unit owner cannot be a “homeowners association” as a matter 

of right (“de jure”) or by implication. 

Logan further argues that the 1978 Declaration is not a “declaration” under the HOA 

Act. He contends that, while the 1978 Declaration calls for shared financial responsibility 

for certain maintenance expenses, it does not impose a “mandatory fee” which would 

transform the agreement into a “declaration” as specified by the HOA Act. 

He reasons that, because there is no homeowners association or “declaration” as 

contemplated under the Act, the 1978 Declaration could not be amended under the 

procedures outlined in the HOA Act. Accordingly, the 1978 Declaration would govern the 

dispute between Logan and Dietz instead of the 2021 Declaration. 

In response, Dietz argues that the circuit court correctly applied the HOA Act to the 

declarations governing Captains Quarters. He contends that each unit owner is individually

a “homeowners association” under the Act because each unit owner has the authority to 

enforce the governing declaration. Likewise, he claims that Captains Quarters had a 
19

qualifying declaration under the Act because the 1978 Declaration contained a “mandatory 

fee.” It did so, according to Dietz, by requiring the owners of each unit to contribute oneeighth of the cost for joint expenses of the development, such as repairs to the structural 

support, roof, and parking pad. 

Altogether, Dietz asserts that, because the unit owners of Captains Quarters qualify 

as “homeowners associations,” they could amend the 1978 Declaration according to the 

Act with the approval of 60% of unit votes. Thus, according to Dietz, the 2021 Declaration 

governs the present dispute between him and Logan and renders the controversy moot by 

retroactively approving his alterations. 

C. A “Homeowners Association” and “Declaration” Under the HOA Act 

The circuit court in this case found that under the definitions of “homeowners 

association,” “person,” and “declaration,” each unit owner qualified to be a “homeowners 

association” because the 1978 Declaration allowed each owner a private right to enforce 

the provisions of the declaration. Thus, the circuit court ruled “that the original [1978] 

Declaration [gave] rise to a de jure homeowners association[.]”

We disagree with the circuit court’s interpretation of the HOA Act and conclude 

that there was not a homeowners association authorized or established under the 1978 

Declaration. Our analysis of the plain language and legislative history of the HOA Act 

follows.

We begin by examining the plain language of the HOA Act. Our ultimate purpose 

when conducting statutory interpretation “is to ascertain the General Assembly’s purpose 

and intent when it enacted the statute.” Berry, 469 Md. at 687. The statutory interpretation 
20

framework begins with the plain language of the statute, Blackstone v. Sharma, 461 Md. 

87, 113 (2018), because “[w]e assume that the legislature’s intent is expressed in the 

statutory language[.]” Phillips v. State, 451 Md. 180, 196 (2017). 

While much of the HOA Act has changed over the years since 1987, the definition 

of “homeowners association” has not. That term has always been defined as “a person 

having the authority to enforce the provisions of a declaration.” Compare RP § 11B-101(i),

with 1987 Md Laws ch. 321, RP § 11B-101(f). It follows, then, that the meaning that the 

legislature intended for the term when the law was first enacted in 1987 remains the 

meaning for it today. This definition yields two questions: what is a “person,” and what is 

a “declaration”? 

1. What is a “Person”?

The HOA Act defines a homeowners association using the word “person”:

(a) In this title the following words have the meanings indicated, unless the 

context requires otherwise.

* * *

(i) (1) “Homeowners association” means a person having the authority to 

enforce the provisions of a declaration.

(2) “Homeowners association” includes an incorporated or 

unincorporated association.

RP § 11B-101(a), (i).

We begin with the plain language analysis of the word “person.” However, instead 

of turning to a dictionary definition, we must start with the definitions found at Title 1 of 

the Real Property Article, which defines “person” for purposes of the entire Article:
21

(a) In this article the following words have the meaning indicated unless 

otherwise apparent from the context.

* * *

(j) “Person” includes an individual, receiver, trustee, guardian, executor, 

administrator, fiduciary, or representative of any kind, or any partnership, 

firm, association, public or private corporation, or any other entity.” 

RP § 1-101(a), (j). 

Applying this definition to the HOA Act, the word “person” paired with “having the 

authority to enforce . . . a declaration” sheds light on how “person” should be interpreted 

within the HOA Act. The definition of “person” in Title 1 uses the word “includes.” Again, 

instead of turning to the dictionary, the General Assembly has provided a statutory 

definition for the words “includes” or “including.” In the General Provisions Article, these 

two words are defined under the Title 1 rules of interpretation for the entire Maryland Code: 

“‘Includes’ or ‘including’ means includes or including by way of illustration and not by 

way of limitation[,]” Md. Code (2014, 2019 Repl. Vol., 2022 Supp.) Gen. Prov. § 1-110,

4

unless the statutory context would indicate otherwise, Gen. Prov. § 1-101. 

When the General Assembly uses “includes” in a definition instead of “means,” it 

establishes a non-exhaustive list of potential items that can satisfy the statutory definition. 

See Clark v. State, 473 Md. 607, 619–20 (2021) (addressing the use of “includes” in a

4 The definition of the words “includes” and “including” were added to the Rules of 

Interpretation for the entire Maryland Code by Chapter 3 of the 1986 Laws of Maryland at 

the request of the Revisor of Statutes. 1986 Md. Laws ch. 3; S.B. 73, 1986 Leg., 396th 

Sess. (Md. 1986). The preamble includes an explanation that the legislation intended “[t]o 

make it clear that words such as ‘includes’ or ‘including’ are used through the Annotated 

Code of Maryland by way of illustration and expansion, and not by way of limitation or 

restriction, unless the context requires otherwise[.]” 1986 Md. Laws ch. 3. 
22

statutory definition of “firearm”). “Includes” designates that the words following the term 

defined are illustrative and non-exhaustive. Id. This also means that, where an illustrative 

list follows a definition using the word “includes,” not every item of the list will necessarily 

apply in every context in which the word is used throughout the provisions to which the 

definition applies. This is especially the case since the term “person” applies to the entire 

Real Property Article and is used over 200 times throughout this statute. 

Thus, applying this Title 1 definition, the term “person” within the context of the 

definition of “homeowners association” refers to the entity or someone in their 

representative capacity authorized to act on behalf of an association. As such, it is logical,

then, that a person acting in their individual capacity cannot be a homeowners association. 

This is reinforced by the clause at RP § 11B-101(i)(2) which states that the association may 

be incorporated or unincorporated, thus inferring some type of governing body and not an 

individual.

To confirm this interpretation, let’s take a closer look at the two series of words 

found in the definition of “person” at RP § 1-101(j). The word “individual” is in the first 

series which concludes with a “representative of any kind”: “‘Person’ includes an 

individual, receiver, trustee, guardian, executor, administrator, fiduciary, or representative 

of any kind[.]” (Emphasis added.) The definition follows with a second series that 

concludes with “any other entity”: “‘Person’ includes . . . any partnership, firm, association, 

public or private corporation, or any other entity.” (Emphasis added.) 

Terms should be “interpreted in conformity with the meaning of [their] companion 

terms.” 100 Harborview Drive Condo. Council of Unit Owners v. Clark, 224 Md. App. 
23

13, 40 (2015). The canon of statutory construction—noscitur a sociis—“suggests ‘that 

words grouped in a list should be given related meaning[.]’” Manger v. Fraternal Order of 

Police, Montgomery Cnty. Lodge 35, Inc., 227 Md. App. 141, 149 (2016) (quoting 

Massachusetts v. Morash, 490 U.S. 107, 114–15 (1989)). Accordingly, we determine that 

an “individual” in this definition relates to a “representative,” just as “partnership, firm, 

association,” and “corporation” relate to a form of “entity” given the proximity of the terms 

within their respective series. 

While the circuit court viewed each individual homeowner as a de jure homeowners 

association, it is clear from the statutory language that this is incorrect. The “person” or 

“individual” in this context is a “representative” with authority to act on behalf of the 

governing body of the homeowners association but not in their own individual or personal 

capacity. The statute anticipates that, for some small homeowners associations, there might 

be just one individual serving as the representative of the governing body. But that does 

not make each homeowner within the development their own homeowners association. 

As illustrated above, we view the plain language “within the context of the statutory 

scheme to which it belongs, considering the purpose, aim or policy of the Legislature in 

enacting the statute.” Johnson v. State, 467 Md. 362, 372 (2020) (quoting State v. Johnson, 

415 Md. 413, 421 (2010)). “To this end, it may be beneficial to ‘analyze the statute’s 

“relationship to earlier and subsequent legislation, and other material that fairly bears on 

the fundamental issue of legislative purpose or goal, which becomes the context within 

which we read the particular language before us in a given case.”’” Berry, 469 Md. at 687 

(quoting Blackstone, 461 Md. at 114). Ultimately, we strive to reach an interpretation that 
24

is reasonable, “not one that is absurd, illogical or incompatible with common sense.” State 

v. Bey, 452 Md. 255, 266 (2017) (quoting Johnson, 415 Md. at 421–22).

The HOA Act contains other definitions that shed light on our plain language 

interpretation of the term of “homeowners association.” For example, the term “governing 

body” appears just before “homeowners association” in the definitions section of the HOA 

Act: 

(h) “Governing body” means the homeowners association, board of 

directors, or other entity established to govern the development. 

RP § 11B-101(h) (emphasis added). 

Under the same principle of noscitur a sociis, the fact that the General Assembly

concluded this definition with the phrase “other entity” implies that the preceding terms—

homeowners association and board of directors—are also forms of entities. Thus, although 

the definition of “homeowners association” uses the term “person,” which itself includes 

an individual, the inclusion of “homeowners association” within this list of entities

reinforces the intent of the General Assembly that the term encompasses a form of entity

or organization—not a homeowner acting in his or her individual capacity to enforce 

covenants. 

It is important to recognize that this interpretation does not contradict the definition 

of “person” in Title 1. The definitions section at RP § 1-101(a) begins by stating that the 

stated definitions “have the meanings indicated unless otherwise apparent from context.” 

(Emphasis added.) It is apparent from the statutory context of the term “homeowners 

association” that the use of the word “person” is limited to those entities included in its
25

definition—partnership, firm, association, public or private corporation, or other entity—

and those persons acting in a representative capacity of the association—an individual, 

receiver, trustee, guardian, executor, administrator, fiduciary, or other representative.

Another statutory section—RP § 11B-106.1—supports this interpretation as well. 

This section governs the election of the governing body of the homeowners association. It 

requires that the “meeting of the members of the homeowners association to elect a 

governing body of the homeowners association . . . be held within” a certain time period. 

RP § 11B-106.1(a). The phrasing of this provision indicates that a homeowners association 

is itself an organization of which the lot owners are members and that a governing body is 

a subset of the members elected by the lot owners to handle homeowners association 

matters. 

The circuit court’s determination that each unit owner was individually a 

homeowners association was based upon a misreading of the use of the word “person” 

under its ordinary dictionary definition and not under the statutory definition at 

RP § 1-101(j) that controls the entire Real Property article. Our foregoing statutory 

analysis of the term “homeowners association” compels the conclusion that a homeowners 

association must be a more formal organization or entity, whether incorporated or 

unincorporated, instead of every individual unit owner being a separate homeowners 

association.

This conclusion is further underscored by a different article of the Maryland Code 

that addresses legal claims against a homeowners association. Section 5-422(b) of the 

Courts & Judicial Proceedings (“CJP”) Article requires that “a person sustaining an injury 
26

as a result of the tortious act of an officer or a director of a governing body [as defined in 

the HOA Act] while the officer or director is acting within the scope of the officer’s or 

director’s duties may recover only in an action brought against the governing body for the 

actual damages sustained.” Further, CJP § 5-422(d) adds that “a claimant shall name only 

the governing body as a party defendant” in the suit unless the governing body cannot be 

readily determined. We explained in Reiner v. Ehrlich that, under CJP § 5-422, a 

homeowner aggrieved by the action of a homeowners association must sue the entity 

representing the homeowners association instead of individual homeowners. 212 Md. App. 

142, 161–62 (2013). 

Under the statutory interpretation proposed by Dietz that each person who owns a 

unit is their own homeowners association, the CJP § 5-422(d) requirement that only a 

governing body be named as a party defendant could be averted and suit could be filed 

against each unit owner as their own homeowners association. Such an interpretation 

would render meaningless the CJP § 5-422 requirement that only the organization or entity 

operating as the governing body of a homeowners association be named as a defendant. 

2. What is a “Declaration”?

The circuit court determined that the one-eighth contribution required by a Captains 

Quarters unit owner for common use and maintenance obligations under the 1978 

Declaration qualified as a “mandatory fee” under the HOA statute. Specifically, the circuit 

court order dated October 19, 2021 stated:

3) By providing for shared financial responsibility for maintenance of 

common elements, the original [1978] Declaration “create[d] the authority 

for a homeowners association to impose on lots, or on the owners or 
27

occupants of lots . . . mandatory fee(s) in connection with the provision of 

services or otherwise for the benefit of some or all of the lots, the owners or 

occupants of lots, or the common area,” such that the Declaration qualifies 

as a Declaration under the Homeowners Association Act.

This ruling by the circuit court runs contrary to the plain language of the statute and the 

caselaw of Maryland appellate courts that examines the definition and characteristics of a 

mandatory fee under the HOA Act. 

Again, we begin with the plain language of the statute. The definition of 

“declaration” in the HOA Act specifies the requirement that there be authority for a 

mandatory fee as follows:

(a) In this title the following words have the meanings indicated, unless the 

context requires otherwise.

* * *

(d) (1) “Declaration” means an instrument, however denominated, recorded 

among the land records of the county in which the property of the 

declarant is located, that creates the authority for a homeowners 

association to impose on lots, or on the owners or occupants of lots, or on 

another homeowners association, condominium, or cooperative housing 

corporation any mandatory fee in connection with the provision of 

services or otherwise for the benefit of some or all of the lots, the owners 

or occupants of lots, or the common areas.

(2) “Declaration” includes any amendment or supplement to the 

instruments described in paragraph (1) of this subsection.

(3) “Declaration does not include a private right-of-way or similar 

agreement unless it requires a mandatory fee payable annually or at more 

frequent intervals. 

RP § 11B-101(a), (d).

The phrase “mandatory fee” is not defined in the HOA Act. Apart from its inclusion 

in the definition of “declaration,” the term appears nine other times throughout the Act. 
28

See RP §§ 11B-105(a)(2)-(3); 11B-105(b)(9); 11B-106(a)(2)-(3); 11B-107(a)(2)-(3); 11B108(c). In each instance, the term is used to refer to a fee that the homeowners anticipate

being assessed at regular intervals (e.g., monthly, quarterly, or annually) to support the 

costs for maintaining the development. 

If we again look at the statutory context, the fact that the mandatory fee is an 

established amount assessed at regular intervals is reinforced by RP §§ 11B-105(a)(2)-(3), 

11B-106(a)(2)-(3), and 11B-107(a)(2)-(3), which each provide that contracts for sale or 

resale of lots are not enforceable unless “[t]he purchaser is given any changes in mandatory 

fees and payments exceeding 10 percent of the amount previously stated to exist[.]” In 

addition, RP § 11B-105(b)(9) requires that the purchaser be given “[a] statement of current 

or anticipated mandatory fees or assessments to be paid by owners of lots within the 

development for the use, maintenance, and operation of common areas and for other 

purposes related to the homeowners association[.]” Finally, RP § 11B-108(c) allows a 

purchaser to cancel a contract “following receipt of a change in mandatory fees and 

payments exceeding 10 percent of the amount previously stated to exist” if it “adversely 

affects” them. 

Similarly, subparagraph (3) in the definition of “declaration” underscores this 

interpretation. Its emphasis on subjecting those more casual arrangements—such as “a 

private right-of-way or similar agreement”—only if they involve “a mandatory fee payable 

annually or at more frequent intervals” demonstrates that the Act was intended to cover 

communities subject to mandatory fees that are assessed at regular intervals. In some 

respects, the 1978 Declaration operates as one of those “similar” agreements excluded from 
29

the definition. With certain shared easements and the requirement to share pro rata in 

certain repair expenses, it did not establish an arrangement whereby the homeowners would 

anticipate regularly assessed fees. 

It is clear that the General Assembly intended that the authority to assess a

“mandatory fee” must be specifically stated in the declaration. In this regard, it is different 

from a pro rata contribution by unit owners to common use maintenance obligations on an 

as-needed basis.

5

 The language of the 1978 Declaration does not contain any authority in 

the document which would create “authority for a homeowners association to impose . . . 

any mandatory fee[.]” See RP § 11B-101(d)(1). The 1978 Declaration did not provide for

regular, pre-determined payments by unit owners. No mechanism was put in place to 

collect assessments. No recurring assessments were established. The document only 

establishes a right of contribution for a one-eighth share for common use maintenance 

obligations as specified in the declaration. 

This interpretation is bolstered by the common meaning of the word “impose.” The 

definition language of “declaration” requires that the homeowners association be 

authorized to “impose any mandatory fee.” RP § 11B-101(d)(1) (emphasis added). Black’s 

5 We should distinguish here the terms “mandatory fee” and “special assessment.” In 

addition to the “mandatory fee,” a declaration for a homeowners association typically

provides for a “special assessment” that the governing body may impose for common use 

improvements where the one-time costs exceed the funds available in the budget reserve 

fund. See, e.g., Wilbert Washington, II, A Model Homeowners Association Declaration of 

Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions, 23 No. 4 Prac. Real Est. Law. 23, 34 (July 2007). 

In addition, Maryland’s HOA Act allows a governing body to increase an assessment to 

cover its required reserve funding even if a provision of a governing document says 

otherwise. RP § 11B-117(a)(2). 
30

Law Dictionary defines “impose” as “[t]o levy or exact[.]” Impose, Black’s Law 

Dictionary (11th ed. 2019); accord State ex rel. Stevens v. Nickerson, 151 N.W. 981, 982 

(Neb. 1915) (using “to . . . levy or exact as by authority” as the definition of “impose” in 

the context of licenses to fish and hunt). The Supreme Court of Montana noted that the 

word “impose” “is derived from the Latin word ‘imponere,’ meaning literally ‘to lay 

upon.’” State v. Camp Sing, 44 P. 516, 520 (Mont. 1896). 

The use of the term “impose” in defining “declaration” signifies that the HOA Act 

was meant to apply to those developments in which a formal organization, acting under 

specified authority from the declaration, could issue charges on lots, owners, or occupants, 

which they are required to pay. “Impose” conveys more than an arrangement to share costs 

among neighbors should the need arise. In the common vernacular, no one would refer to 

such an arrangement as a neighbor’s ability to “impose” the requirement to pay on another. 

Such a term is reserved for situations where a formal entity or organization is capable of 

issuing a charge that individuals are required to pay. 

This Court examined the issue of mandatory fees, as well as the distinctions between 

a declaration creating a homeowners association and a declaration that does not, in White 

v. Pines Community Improvement Association, Inc., 173 Md. App. 13, 28–29 (2007), aff’d 

and vacated in part, 403 Md. 13 (2008). In that case, homeowners sought access to 

community land in the development which was owned by the neighborhood improvement 

association. Id. at 28–29. Deeds to the owners in the community conveyed “the use in 

common with others entitled thereto of the lots of ground designated as Community Lot” 

on the development’s recorded plat. Id. at 30. This Court determined that the “use in 
31

common” language contained in the deeds within the development created an “express 

easement” allowing homeowners within the development to use the community land and 

associated riparian rights but that the improvement association held title to that land and 

the riparian rights. Id. at 39, 45. 

This Court described the community improvement association as “a voluntary 

membership organization that presently has a regular membership of approximately 114 

lot owners[,]” id. at 30 (emphasis added), of “approximately 250 single family lots[,]” id. 

On appeal, our Supreme Court6also noted the voluntary nature of the community 

association. White, 403 Md. at 23. It further explained that “the record d[id] not reveal 

that the creation of a community association was provided for by covenants in the relevant 

instruments in the chain of title[,]” thus suggesting that an organization operating as a 

homeowners association would be expressly created in a recorded instrument associated 

with the development. Id. at 23 n.8. 

The circuit court had determined that the improvement association could assess fees 

or fines on community members that had not joined the association for their use of piers 

extending from the community land. White, 173 Md. App. at 62. In deciding to the 

contrary, we further described the nature of community improvement association:

The [Pines Community Improvement Association] does not qualify as 

a homeowner[]s association under authority of the Maryland Homeowner[]s 

Association Act (The Act). A duly qualified homeowner[]s association 

6 At the November 8, 2022 general election, the voters of Maryland ratified a constitutional 

amendment changing the name of the Court of Appeals of Maryland to the Supreme Court 

of Maryland. The name change took effect on December 14, 2022. See Md. Rule 1-

101.1(a).
32

under The Act requires that a declaration be recorded and absent such filing, 

the [Pines Community Improvement Association] may not enforce the 

collection of mandatory fees as a homeowner[]s association. 

Id. at 63 (citing RP § 11B-101(d)) (footnote omitted). Although we focused on the lack of 

a declaration being recorded, restrictive covenants and an easement relating to community 

land were specified in the Pines Community resident’s recorded deeds. Id. at 30, 74. The 

more pertinent fact in concluding that the improvement association was not a homeowners 

association was that no recorded documents had provided the Pines Community 

Improvement Association the authority to assess mandatory fees. See id. at 68 (“[T]he title 

instruments . . . do not provide for any charge to be assessed to lot owners.”); White, 403 

Md. at 45 (noting that the Court was “unable to find . . . any conveyance” that authorized 

the association “to charge any fee for the use of the piers”). 

Without having the authority of a homeowners association to impose fees, we 

explained that users of an easement should contribute to its maintenance “in proportions 

that closely approximate their usage.” Id. at 66 (quoting Drolsum v. Luzuriaga, 93 Md. 

App. 1, 22 (1992)). We also said, however, that the fees that the community improvement 

association was attempting to charge community members that were not members of the 

association could not “be considered reasonable maintenance fees in proportion of use of 

the easement” and thus could not be assessed against the non-members. Id. Further, we 

said that “[t]he fact that those sharing a common easement may be responsible for its 

maintenance does not make the several landowners a common-interest community[.]” Id. 

at 67. “The [Pines Community Improvement Association’s] right to require reasonable 
33

maintenance fees comes from a shared right of use in the easement and not from its status 

as a community association or by a covenant in lot owners’ deeds.” Id. at 68. 

The Supreme Court generally agreed with our decision with regard to the 

association’s imposition of fees, White, 403 Md. at 21–22, and further noted that it “ha[d] 

found no conveyance that expressly grant[ed] [the association] such power[,]” id. at 46. 

Thus, our appellate courts distinguished between those communities with declarations that 

authorize a homeowners association, which is created in a recorded instrument and 

authorized to impose fees, and those communities with a declaration creating a use in 

common easement with shared maintenance obligations. 

From the foregoing statutory analysis, we can conclude that a development subject 

to a homeowners association is created by the developer under a declaration or other 

recorded instrument that authorizes an entity to govern the community and empowers it to 

impose anticipated, recurring fees that must be paid by homeowners. The developer, 

governing organization, and members of the organization must abide by the HOA Act. On 

the other hand, developers may impose restrictive covenants through a declaration of 

common use and maintenance obligations without the creation of a homeowners 

association. Under the HOA Act, such communities would be subject to the Act only if 

they have a mandatory fee structure such as we have described above in this opinion. 

D. Legislative History of the HOA Act 

It is the “modern tendency” of Maryland appellate courts “to continue the analysis 

of the statute beyond the plain meaning” of the statutory language. In re S.K., 466 Md. 31, 

50 (2019). An examination of the legislative history helps confirm that our plain language 
34

interpretation of the statute is consistent with the legislature’s intent. Id. In doing so, the 

courts may examine “the context of the statute, the overall statutory scheme, and archival 

legislative history of relevant enactments.” Id. (quoting Brown v. State, 454 Md. 546, 551 

(2017)).

Our conclusions above are supported by the legislative history of the original HOA 

Act and the many revisions to the Act passed over the subsequent years.

7

 The passage of 

the original HOA Act was recommended by a blue-ribbon panel that examined model 

statutes for condominiums, cooperative housing, and developments with homeowners 

associations, and made legislative recommendations to the General Assembly. As the use 

of these housing types expanded across Maryland, citizens raised concerns about 

inconsistent standards, lack of public disclosure and the need for uniform practices in the 

creation, regulation, and management of common ownership communities.

In response to citizen concerns, Governor Harry R. Hughes appointed the 

Governor’s Commission on Condominiums, Cooperatives and Homeowners Associations

in February 1982, “charging the Commission with the responsibility of studying problems 

with state law governing condominiums and similar homeowners associations, and asking 

the Commission to make legislative recommendations for improved state law in these 

areas.” Governor’s Comm’n on Condos., Coops. and Homeowners Ass’ns., Final Report 

7 The General Assembly has made 52 revisions to the HOA Act since its enactment 35 

years ago by legislation enacted in each of the following years: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1998, 

1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2016, 2017, 

2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022. 
35

– 1985 Legislative Session, at 1 (Feb. 14, 1985). The Governor’s Commission held a 

public hearing in 1984, which yielded consistent public testimony on “the need to disclose 

to prospective purchasers that they were buying into a homeowners association and their 

legal obligations as a result of that” and the ability of the governing body to enforce rules 

and collect assessments. Id. at 9. 

As a result of its study concerning homeowners associations, the Governor’s 

Commission issued Final Reports in 1985 and 1986. It “recommend[ed] legislation[8]

which [was] basically intended to provide consumers with adequate disclosure about the 

homeowners association in which they [would] become members, to provide basic 

warranties on common areas in the homeowners association, and to provide fundamental 

provisions governing the operation of homeowners associations.” Id. 

In its 1985 Final Report, the Governor’s Commission defined a homeowners 

association as “any organization or association of homeowners, not including a 

condominium or cooperative housing corporation, that is authorized by a legally recorded 

instrument to impose fees or assessments on lots or the owners or occupants of lots for the 

provision of services to lots or common areas within the association property.” Id. at 10. 

It explained further in 1986 Final Report that the HOA Act was only intended to affect

developments with a homeowners association that has authority to impose mandatory fees. 

Governor’s Comm’n on Condos., Coops. and Homeowners Ass’ns, Final Report – 1986 

Legislative Session, at 7 (Jan. 27, 1986). It described a homeowners association as “that 

8 An early version of the HOA Act was introduced but failed in 1985. S.B. 630 & H.B. 

1548, 1985 Leg., 393d Sess. (Md. 1985). 
36

entity, whether incorporated or unincorporated, governing the affairs of the owners within 

the development, having the authority to enforce the provisions of a declaration.” Id. 

(emphasis removed). The Commission further explained that “not all residential projects 

fall within the purview of the Act. For example, the Act does not extend to those projects 

whose homeowners associations have the power to enforce restrictive covenants but lack 

the authority to impose a mandatory fee.” Id. 

In 1986, both chambers of the General Assembly passed Senate Bill 475, an early 

version of the HOA Act, but it failed to become law due to a procedural oversight. A 

dispute over amendments was resolved when both chambers concurred on the same 

amendments, but, when the Senate concurred, it “neglected to actually vote on” the bill for 

final passage.

9

 Roger D. Winston, Homeowners Associations in Maryland, in Condos, Co9 Under Rule 59(a)(2) of the Senate Rules, after the Senate concurs with House 

amendments to a bill, there must be a vote for final passage: 

59. Bills Amended in the Opposite House. (a)(1) When a Senate Bill or 

Joint Resolution has been returned to the Senate from the House of 

Delegates, endorsed “read the third time and passed by yeas and nays, with 

amendment,” or with words of similar import, the President shall call each 

amendment to the attention of the Senate and cause it to be read. In the 

absence of a motion from the floor, the President shall put the question “Will 

the Senate concur in the House amendment?” (2) If the Senate concurs in 

the House amendment, the Bill or Joint Resolution in its amended form shall 

be immediately put upon its final passage by yeas and nays. (3) If the Senate 

refuses to concur in the House amendment, the Bill or Joint Resolution fails, 

except that the Senate by message accompanied by the Bill or Joint 

Resolution may request the House to recede from its amendment.

Rules of the Senate of Maryland, at 39–40 (Regular Session 1986) (second emphasis 

added). For Senate Bill 475, there were three House amendments of which the Senate 

concurred on two and requested that the House recede from one amendment. Later, the 
37

Ops & HOA’s: New Alternatives, New Concerns For Developers 199, 200 (Md. Inst. For 

Continuing Pro. Educ. Nov. 1986); see also Richard A. Ransom & Mari R. Stanley, The 

Proposed Maryland Homeowners Association Act, 20 Md. B. J. 22, 22 (1987). 

The General Assembly again considered the prior year’s bill and passed the HOA 

Act in the 1987 legislative session with the passage of Senate Bill 96, and it became law. 

1987 Md. Laws ch. 321. The legislative history from the Governor’s Commission’s Final 

Reports indicate that the HOA Act was only intended to apply to organizations or entities 

operating as a homeowners association as authorized by a declaration filed in the land 

records. Nothing in the legislative history envisioned that individual homeowners could 

each be a homeowners association. 

The General Assembly adopted the Governor’s Commission’s work product with 

only minor amendments. The definition of a “homeowners association” remained the same 

from its introduction in 1986 to final passage. Compare S.B. 475, 1986 Leg., 396th Sess. 

(Md. 1986), RP § 11B-101(f), with 1987 Md. Laws ch. 321, RP § 11B-101(f). Without 

evidence indicating that the General Assembly intentionally changed the meaning of the 

term “homeowners association” to be an individual person, we must assume that the 

legislature intended to follow the Commission’s reports that a “homeowners association” 

is a form of entity or organization and did not intend that an individual homeowner would 

operate as a “homeowners association” under the HOA Act. 

House did recede and sent a message that was read and journalized in the Senate. However, 

the Senate failed to consider the bill on a third reader vote for final passage. 
38

One of the driving forces for the 1987 HOA Act was to require disclosure to 

potential purchasers that a housing unit was subject to the authority of a homeowners 

association and to insure due process protections to owners within an HOA. See Md. Gen. 

Assembly Dep’t Fiscal Servs., Revised Fiscal Note, S.B. 96, at 1 (Feb. 19, 1987), in Bill 

File to S.B. 96, 1987 Leg., 397th Sess. (Md. 1987) (hereinafter “1987 S.B. 96 Bill File”). 

The Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee described the legislative intent of the 1987 

Act: 

LEGISLATIVE INTENT: 

The legislative intent of Senate Bill 96 is to create the Maryland 

Homeowners Association Act which will govern contracts of sale for lots in 

a development that is subject to a homeowners association. 

Senate Jud. Procs. Comm., Summary of Committee Report, at 2 (1987), in 1987 S.B. 96 

Bill File.

In addition to the legislature’s intent to ensure notice to purchasers that their 

potential purchase was within a homeowners association, the General Assembly followed 

the recommendation from the Governor’s Commission that intentionally “decided not to 

include organizations that impose only covenants on homeowners, such as architectural 

restrictions, because the requirements of the law would be too burdensome to such groups.” 

Governor’s Comm’n, Final Report – 1985 Legislative Session, at 10. 
39

The Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee made this distinction clear when it 

described the Act’s definitions and scope in the Bill Analysis: 

Section 11B-101 

This subsection is definitional. The bill applies only to those developments 

which are subject to the authority of a homeowners association as conferred 

by an instrument in the land records office of the county where the 

development is located. 

Senate Jud. Procs. Comm., Bill Analysis, at 2 (1987), in 1987 S.B. 96 Bill File. 

The description of this section demonstrates that the intent was to subject to the 

HOA Act only those housing developments with recorded instruments that created the 

authority for a homeowners association. Its reference to “only those developments which 

are subject to the authority of a homeowners association” conveys that there are other 

housing developments that are not considered homeowners associations and are not subject 

to the Act. 

Another document in the bill file confirms this distinction. The bill file contains a 

typewritten document titled “Maryland Homeowners Association Act (HOA)” with a 

handwritten note ascribing the source of the information to “Tom Filbert” with the 

Secretary of State’s Office. Maryland Homeowners Association Act (HOA), at 1

(hereinafter “Filbert Document”), in 1987 S.B. 96 Bill File.

10 Thomas F. Filbert was the 

10 We cite several documents bearing on legislative intent to support our reasoning in this 

case. We take the opportunity presented by this appeal to note that “not all legislative 

history has equal value[.]” Jack Schwartz & Amanda Stakem Conn, The Court of Appeals 

at the Cocktail Party: the Use and Misuse of Legislative History, 54 Md. L. Rev. 432, 437 

(1995). The legislative sources and documents in a bill file that are most authoritative in 
40

Staff Counsel for the Governor’s Commission and served as the Executive Legal Assistant 

to the Secretary of State. Governor’s Comm’n, Final Report – 1986 Legislative Session,

at 16. As such, his work product conveys the understanding of the Governor’s Commission

to the General Assembly. 

The Filbert Document explains: 

1. Not all Homeowners Associations are governed by this Act. 

any given appeal will vary, depending on the issues presented, but we offer now some 

general principles shared by Schwartz and Conn with which we agree.

“General Assembly documents most likely to reflect actual legislative purpose” are “fiscal 

notes, committee bill analyses, and floor reports.” Id. at 462. Where work groups such as 

those referenced in this appeal result in proposed legislation, their sources can be 

invaluable in determining legislative intent. Id. at 440–41. Similarly, sponsor testimony 

can be helpful in identifying the purpose of legislation. Id. at 451. When requested, advice 

from Counsel to the General Assembly can shed light on legislative intent. Id. at 

443. Finally, testimony or material provided by people or organizations at committee 

hearings are generally advocacy statements that may have a more limited purpose. See id. 

at 446. However, such testimony is useful when it addresses controversial provisions in 

the legislation and thus provides insights on amendments offered during the legislative 

process.

Here, we rely on the committee bill analysis and the committee report of the Senate Judicial 

Proceedings Committee as the best indicator of the legislature’s intent because they were 

prepared by committee staff as the work on the bill proceeded in the committee. Because 

the HOA Act was passed in 1987, the fiscal note provides only a short summary of the bill 

indicating “no effect” on state or local revenues and expenditures (the modern practice of 

an expanded Fiscal and Policy Note for each bill began in 2002). While these notes provide 

a broad summary and background regarding the proposed bill, they are prepared by 

Department of Legislative Services staff and sometimes miss the detail and nuances that 

the committee staff provides in the committee bill analysis and floor reports. Fortunately, 

the background for the HOA Act is well-documented in the reports and materials from the 

Governor’s Commission on Condominiums, Cooperatives and Homeowners Associations 

and the Task Force on Common Ownership Communities. In addition, the Filbert 

Document provides well-grounded authority for the intent of the Governor’s Commission 

because Mr. Filbert served as the commission’s counsel. 
41

2. Only those Associations in which the governing document gives the 

Association the authority to impose on lots, or on the owners of lots, or 

on another Homeowners Association, Condominium or cooperative, a 

mandatory fee in connection with the provision of services for the benefit 

of the owners, their lots or the common areas f[a]ll within the purview of 

this Act. 

Filbert Document, at 2. This description further illustrates that there are housing 

developments that are not subject to the HOA—some which may even refer to themselves 

as homeowners associations.

11

Similar care was taken by the legislature in distinguishing those developments with 

a mandatory fee authorized by its declaration and those with shared pro rata maintenance 

obligations. Not only do the above legislative sources signify that a homeowners 

association is a form of entity or organization, they also emphasize that the Act only applies 

where the homeowners associations are authorized to impose a mandatory fee. Further, 

the Filbert Document highlights that a mandatory fee is a charge “in connection with the 

11 For example, a case out of Michigan involving a challenge to standing recognized that 

some associations have voluntary membership and act on behalf of their members. Civic 

Ass’n of Hammond Lake Estates v. Hammond Lake Estates No. 3 Lots 126-135, 721 

N.W.2d 801, 804 (Mich. Ct. App. 2006); see also White Lake Imp. Ass’n v. City of 

Whitehall, 177 N.W.2d 473, 475 (Mich. Ct. App. 1970) (describing nature of nonprofit 

membership corporation). Our decision in White v. Pines Community Improvement 

Association, Inc. acknowledged the same. 173 Md. App. 13, 30 (2007); accord White v. 

Pines Cmty. Improvement Ass’n, Inc., 403 Md. 13, 23 (2008); Cynthia Hitt Kent, 

Governing Document Issues, in Developing and Managing Condominium and 

Homeowners’ Associations 51, 52 (National Business Institute July 2007) (“[T]here are 

many associations in existence that will use the name Civic association or Improvement 

association that are not Maryland Homeowner[s] Associations under [the HOA Act] 

because they do not impose mandatory fees. They are in fact voluntary 

associations/membership associations that persons are free to join or not join as they may 

desire.”). 
42

provision of services for the benefit of the owners, their lots or the common areas[.]” Id.; 

see also Governor’s Comm’n, Final Report – 1985 Legislative Session, at 10 (describing 

fees and assessments as being “for the provision of services to lots or common areas”). 

In the case of Captains Quarters, the 1978 Declaration contained covenants, 

including architectural restrictions, as well as a pro rata contribution to common use 

improvements on an as-needed basis. The 1978 Declaration did not, however, create a 

homeowners association nor did it authorize a mandatory fee. This legislative history 

supports our analysis that the 1978 Declaration does not provide the authority to impose a 

mandatory fee, as required by RP § 11B-101(d)(1). Indeed, when it comes to pro rata 

contributions on common use maintenance obligations, “the law is clear—the cost of 

maintenance should be distributed among all users in proportions that closely approximate 

their usage.” Drolsum v. Luzuriaga, 93 Md. App. 1, 22 (1992). The cost-sharing 

arrangement memorialized in the 1978 Declaration is only a restatement of this clear 

principle of law and does not rise to the level of “create[ing] the authority for a homeowners 

association to impose . . . a[] mandatory fee[.]” RP § 11B-101(d)(1). The legislative 

history likewise confirms the conclusion that not every declaration with covenants 

controlling exterior design has an implied or de jure homeowners association. 

E. Declarations and Developments Without a Homeowners Association 

The legislative history of the Act and case law support a distinction between 

developments that have a declaration but no homeowners association and those that are 

governed by a homeowners association. Not every declaration with covenants controlling 

exterior design has an implied or de jure homeowners association. Thus, contrary to the 
43

circuit court’s decision, the declaration applying to Captains Quarters did not create a 

community to be governed by a homeowners association, but rather a development subject 

to certain covenants. 

In practice, it appears that many developments with a small number of lots were 

created through a declaration of recorded covenants and restrictions without the additional 

provisions to create a homeowners association. Roger Winston, one of the chief drafters 

of the Act, gave a presentation for the Maryland Institute for Continuing Professional 

Education for Lawyers (“MICPEL”) in 1986—just prior to the passage of the 1987 bill. 

Mr. Winston listed the pros and cons for establishing a homeowners association and 

outlined various options, drafting considerations, and special conditions. Roger D. 

Winston, supra, at 204. 

Mr. Winston first noted that a “homeowners association is a legal entity which can 

hold title to property.” Id. Next, he acknowledged that “architectural control/use 

restrictions [] can be achieved through covenants without [a] homeowners association[.]” 

Id. He continued by addressing alternatives to an HOA including “covenants enforced by 

owners or others” with the recommendation to “[c]onsider this alternative if [the following 

warrant it:] no common area, small development or governmental restrictions on 

homeowners association[.]” Id. at 205; accord Sherri Heyman, Creating a Condominium 

Regime/Homeowner’s Association, in Legal Aspects of Condominium Development and 

Homeowners’ Associations 13, 14 (Nat’l Bus. Inst. Nov. 2006) (listing “No Official 

Governing Regime – Declaration of Restrictive Covenants” as a type of governance 

available for developers). 
44

The development practice of building communities subject to restrictive covenants 

but not a homeowners association was recognized prior to the passage of the HOA Act. 

The legislative history recognizes this distinction. Furthermore, nothing in the legislative 

history suggests that the General Assembly expected that enacting the Act would eliminate 

the ability to build communities subject to restrictive covenants and automatically convert 

such community into ones governed by homeowners associations. 

This is consistent with how our appellate courts have treated residential 

developments in our caselaw. Our Courts have not had many occasions to interpret the 

HOA Act,12 but we have addressed both developments subject to a homeowners association 

and developments with restrictive covenants but no homeowners association. 

Our Supreme Court described developments with a homeowners association in 

Andrews & Lawrence Professional Services, LLC v. Mills:

Under the Maryland Homeowners Association Act, lots within the 

community are subject to a declaration, which is enforceable by the 

governing body of the [homeowners] association, as well as other governing 

12 The Supreme Court first decided a case involving the HOA Act in 1993. See Dumont 

Oaks Cmty. Ass’n, Inc. v. Montgomery County, 333 Md. 202, 203–04 (1993) (examining 

whether a county code violated the HOA and Condominium Acts). Since then, the Court 

has had occasion to interpret the HOA Act only a handful of times. See Lipitz v. Hurwitz, 

435 Md. 273, 275 (2013) (interpreting the meaning of “member of the public” in the Act); 

Steele v. Diamond Farm Homes Corp., 464 Md. 364, 378–79 (2019) (considering the 

HOA’s definition of “declaration”); Goshen Run Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Cisneros, 467 

Md. 74, 79–80 (2020) (involving the collection methods available to homeowners 

associations to address delinquency); Andrews & Lawrence Pro. Servs., LLC v. Mills, 467 

Md. 126, 132 (2020) (dealing with debt collection practices); Nagle & Zaller, P.C. v. 

Delegall, 480 Md. 274, 281 (2022) (answering a certified question regarding debt 

collection activities).
45

documents, such as its bylaws, and rules and regulations promulgated and 

adopted in accordance with the declaration and other governing documents. 

467 Md. 126, 134 (2020). 

In another case involving a homeowners association, the Supreme Court provided 

this description: 

The Goshen Run Village subdivision (“Goshen Run”) is a residential 

community located in Montgomery County, Maryland. In December 1983, 

the developer of Goshen Run recorded a Declaration of Covenants & 

Restrictions (“Declaration”) in the land records of Montgomery County, 

which imposed certain covenants and restrictions upon the lots and conferred 

certain privileges and obligations upon the lot owners within the subdivision. 

* * *

The Goshen Run Homeowners Association (“Association”) was 

established as the governing body to carry out the powers and duties set forth 

in the Declaration. 

Goshen Run Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Cisneros, 467 Md. 74, 80–81 (2020).

The Court has also said that “[t]he HOA Act applies to real property lots in a 

development community that are subject to a declaration of a [homeowners association.]” 

Nagle & Zaller, P.C. v. Delegall, 480 Md. 274, 286 (2022). Further, a homeowners 

association “is governed by its governing body in accordance with its declaration[.]” Id. 

(footnotes omitted). 

Likewise, the Supreme Court described the proper form for the creation of a 

homeowners association: “In 1969, the [homeowners association] recorded its Declaration, 

establishing a homeowners association for a number of single-family homes in 

Gaithersburg, Maryland.” Steele v. Diamond Farm Homes Corp., 464 Md. 364, 369 
46

(2019). It also explained that a declaration “operates to establish the capacity of an 

[a]ssociation” and “prescribes its capacity and certain powers[.]” Id. at 379. 

Thus, our Supreme Court has consistently opined that formation of homeowners 

associations requires a declaration or other instrument or governing document that

expressly creates the entity that operates as a homeowners association. There is no caselaw 

in Maryland that supports the concept that every declaration of restrictive covenants 

provides to an individual homeowner a de jure or implied right to create a homeowners 

association. A community governed by a declaration with common use and maintenance 

obligations is not what is typically referred to as a common ownership community. See 

White, 173 Md. App. at 67 (“The fact that those sharing a common easement may be 

responsible for its maintenance does not make the several landowners a common-interest 

community . . . .”). 

F. The 2021 Declaration and the Application of RP § 11B-116

The circuit court determined that RP § 11B-116 allowed owners of five of the eight 

units in Captains Quarters (62.5% of units) to amend the 1978 Declaration. While RP § 

11B-116 allows a homeowners association to amend a “governing document” with 60% 

approval by lot owners in good standing, we disagree with the analysis of the circuit court 

in reaching this conclusion. We will explain.

The circuit court determined that the 1978 Declaration was a “declaration” under 

the Act, and thus qualified as a “governing document.” A “governing document” is defined 

under RP § 11B-116 to include “(i) [a] declaration; (ii) [b]ylaws; (iii) [a] deed and 

agreement; and (iv) [r]ecorded covenants and restrictions.” RP § 11B-116(a). While the 
47

1978 Declaration refers to itself as a “declaration,” we have concluded in our previous 

analysis that the 1978 Declaration was not a “declaration” under the Act. 

By its own terms, the HOA Act applies only to homeowners associations. RP § 

11B-102(a) (“Except as expressly provided in this title, the provisions of this title apply to 

all homeowners associations that exist in the State after July 1, 1987). In addition, by its 

plain language, RP § 11B-116(c) under which Dietz purported to amend the 1978 

Declaration, applies to “a homeowners association”:

(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of a governing document, a homeowners 

association may amend the governing document by the affirmative vote of 

lot owners in good standing having at least 60% of the votes in the 

development, or by a lower percentage if required in the governing 

document.

RP § 11B-116(c) (emphasis added.) 

Clearly, RP § 11B-116 itself only authorizes a “homeowners association”—not 

individual unit owners—to amend a governing document with 60% approval. As we have 

explained, the definition of “homeowners association” has remained the same since the 

initial consideration of the HOA Act. Compare S.B. 475, 1986 Leg., 396th Sess. (Md. 

1986), with Md. Code (1974, 2015 Repl. Vol.) RP § 11B-101(i). We presume that the 

legislature’s use of this defined term was intentional, making the amendment power under 

RP § 11B-116 available only to those organizations that fit the definition of a “homeowners 

association” in RP § 11B-101(i). As we have explained, the unit owners in Captains 

Quarters do not fit this definition. Thus, by the plain language of RP § 11B-116, the unit 

owners could not take advantage of RP § 11B-116 to amend the 1978 Declaration with 

60% approval. 
48

The broader statutory context supports this interpretation. The legislature’s 

inclusion of RP § 11B-116 in the statutory scheme of the HOA Act indicates that it is not 

available to housing developments that do not qualify as a homeowners association. The 

legislature could have, but did not, place the provision or a corresponding provision in a 

section of the Real Property Article that applies more generally to property owners rather 

than specifically to homeowners associations. 

For example, when the General Assembly decided to address property restrictions 

based on race, religious belief, or national origin, it created one provision under the HOA 

Act and another in a different section of the Article. In 2004, the legislature passed a bill 

allowing a homeowners association to “delete a recorded covenant or restriction that 

restricts ownership based on race, religious belief, or national origin from the deeds or 

other declaration of property in the development” if a certain percentage of owners agreed. 

2004 Md. Laws ch. 478, RP § 11B-113.1(b).

13

 In 2018, the legislature revised this 

provision to require that homeowners associations delete such restriction even without 

approval from owners. 2018 Md. Laws ch. 636, RP § 11B-113.3(b). 

In the same 2018 legislation, the legislature created a new section in Article 3 of the 

Real Property Article allowing landowners—other than those within a homeowners 

association—to modify a recorded covenant or restriction based on race, religious belief, 

13 The session law indicated that it was to be codified at RP § 11B-113.1. However, 

Chapter 286 from the same session stated that it was to be codified at RP §§ 11B-113.1–

113.2. 2004 Md. Laws ch. 286. As a result, the provision for removing restrictions based 

on race, religious belief, and national origin was ultimately renumbered by the code 

publisher at RP § 11B-113.3. 
49

or national origin that applied to their land. Id., RP § 3-112(c). The section specifically 

noted that it did “not apply to an unlawfully restrictive covenant that is part of a declaration, 

uniform general scheme, or plan of development of a homeowners association as defined 

in § 11B-101 of [the HOA Act,]” id., RP § 3-112(b), because the legislature had separately 

addressed such covenants in homeowners associations in RP § 11B-113.3. Thus, the 

legislature addressed racially restrictive covenants by amending one article that applied 

only to communities governed by a homeowners association and another that applied more 

generally to landowners. 

The legislature’s actions in this context indicate that it draws a distinction between 

those recorded covenants and restrictions that are part of the governing documents of a 

homeowners association development and those that are not. In the case of RP § 11B-116, 

the legislature has not chosen to enact a similar section outside of the HOA Act that would 

allow owners of homes not subject to a homeowners association to amend a document that 

subjects their properties to certain restrictive covenants. This indicates that the General 

Assembly intended the ability to amend certain documents under § 11B-116 to be available 

only when a development is governed by a homeowners association. 

Additionally, nothing in the legislative history indicates that the General Assembly 

intended the provision to be available when a community without a homeowners 

association sought to amend its declaration to create one. The legislature added the current 

RP § 11B-116 to the HOA Act in 2008 at the recommendation of the Task Force on
50

Common Ownership Communities. 2008 Md. Laws ch. 145.14 In its purpose paragraph, 

the legislation read, 

FOR the purpose of authorizing the governing documents of certain 

homeowners associations to be amended by a certain percentage of votes and 

at a certain frequency unless the governing document provides for a lower 

percentage and a greater frequency, defining a certain term; and generally 

relating to amendment of the governing documents of a homeowners 

association. 

Id. As passed in 2008, the legislation allowed “a homeowners association created before 

January 1, 1960, [to] amend the governing document . . . by the affirmative vote of lot 

owners having at least two-third of the votes in the development, or by a lower percentage 

if required in the governing document.” 2008 Md. Laws ch. 145, RP § 11B-116(b). 

The idea for the legislation emerged from similar bills which had been introduced 

but failed in the 2006 session. H.B. 808, S.B. 779, 2006 Leg., 421st Sess. (Md. 2006). The 

14 Chapters 144 and 145, which arose from identical bills that had been cross-filed during 

the 2008 legislative session, were both signed into law. 

When two bills are cross-filed in the General Assembly and both pass in the 

House of Delegates and the Senate, the Governor has the choice to sign only 

one bill or both. Traditionally, it has been good legislative practice to only 

sign one bill. This is done for several reasons, such as to not clutter the 

chapter laws with redundancy, to preserve resources of staff time and 

printing (the printed Laws of Maryland for each legislative session would be 

almost double in size, print, and paper due to the large number of cross-filed 

bills), and to avoid legal confusion if, during the bill drafting and amendment 

process, the two bills end up being not truly identical word-for-word. The 

only reason to sign both involves the pride of the primary sponsors who each 

want the benefit of having the Governor sign their bill. When both crossfiled bills are signed by the Governor in succession, the first bill is superseded 

by the second bill.

Wheeling v. Selene Fin., 473 Md. 356, 405 n.2 (2021) (Getty, J. concurring and dissenting). 

Thus, Chapter 145 superseded Chapter 144 when it was signed into law. 
51

2006 legislation would have “authorize[d] a homeowners association . . . to amend its 

declaration, bylaws, or deed of agreement with less than a unanimous vote if: (1) its 

governing body and its lot owners determine it is necessary; and (2) 80% of the lots owners 

agree to the amendment.” Dep’t of Leg. Servs., Fiscal and Policy Note, H.B. 808, at 1, 

2006 Leg., 421st Sess. (Md. 2006), in Bill File to H.B. 808, 2006 Leg., 421st Sess. (Md. 

2006) (hereinafter “2006 H.B. 808 Bill File”). 

The motivation for the 2006 legislation initially came from one homeowners 

association—the Chatham Homeowners Association. One of the Delegates sponsoring the 

legislation explained in his testimony that “[t]he Chatham Homeowners Association was 

originally established by a Deed and Agreement in 1938. This Deed and Agreement 

required unanimous approval for any changes to be made.” Testimony of Delegate Samuel 

I. Rosenberg Before the House Environmental Matters Committee (Feb. 23, 2006), in 2006 

H.B. 808 Bill File. The Delegate and the homeowners association both explained that the 

association had been unable to procure unanimous approval to make needed changes. Id.; 

Letter of Support from Chatham Building and Maintenance Committee, Inc., in 2006 H.B. 

808 Bill File. Although Chatham served as the initial impetus for the legislation, the 

association noted that it “ha[d] been contacted positively by other older homeowners

associations with similar concerns about their own outdated covenants and no real ability

to bring about change in neighborhood covenants ‘which run with the land.’” Letter of 

Support from Chatham Building and Maintenance Committee, Inc. Despite amendments 

that would have limited the legislation to apply only to Chatham and no other 
52

neighborhoods in Maryland, see Testimony of Delegate Samuel I. Rosenberg, the 

legislation did not pass. 

The year before the 2006 legislation was introduced, the General Assembly had 

created the Task Force on Common Ownership Communities to study, in part, “issues 

facing aging common ownership communities[,]” which the legislature defined to mean 

condominiums under RP § 11-101, et seq., cooperative housing corporations under Md. 

Code Corp. & Ass’n § 5-6B-01, et seq., and homeowners associations under the HOA Act. 

2005 Md. Laws ch. 469. The Task Force was still meeting and had not yet issued its final 

report when the 2006 legislation was introduced. The failed 2006 legislation was referred 

to the Task Force to consider “what the appropriate threshold should be for a homeowners 

association to amend its declaration, bylaws, and deed of agreement[.]” See Letter from 

Senator Brian Frosh to Task Force on Common Ownership Communities (July 5, 2006),

in Bill File to S.B. 779, 2006 Leg., 421st Sess. (Md. 2006). 

The Task Force considered the issue. In its December 2006 Final Report, it 

suggested that “Maryland law should be amended to allow any [common ownership 

community] to change its governing documents at least once every five years unless 

allowed more often under the governing documents, overriding any language in the 

governing documents to the contrary” and that “[u]nless current law requires a higher 

percentage, any changes to a [common ownership community’s] governing documents 

should require the approval of not more than 66-2/3% of the owners (or such lower 

percentage as may be set forth in the governing documents).” Task Force on Common 

Ownership Cmtys., 2006 Final Report, at 21 (Dec. 31, 2006). 
53

The Task Force explained this recommendation: 

Many older HOAs are severely restricted in how often they may 

change their governing documents and/or in the percentage of unit owners 

required to approve such changes. The requirement of unanimous or near 

unanimous consent has proven burdensome. A bill was introduced in the 

2006 session of the General Assembly to permit HOAs to amend their 

governing documents if the governing board and 80% of the residents 

approve the amendment. The General Assembly deferred action on the bill, 

and asked that the Task Force consider the issue. 

The Task Force recommends that a law be passed to permit every 

[common ownership community] to amend its governing documents at least 

once every five years, and to require approval of any amendment by the 

affirmative vote of not more than 66-2/3% of all unit owners (or such lesser 

majority of all unit owners as may be provided for in the [common ownership 

community’s] governing documents). To the extent that existing [common 

ownership community’s] governing documents provide for less frequent 

amendment and/or a higher majority to approve amendments, the new law 

should override such provisions. However, to the extent that current statutes 

require unanimous consent to certain amendments (such as changes in unit 

boundaries or in the percentage interest charged or allocated to any given 

unit), or approval of more than 66-2/3%, those statutory requirements of 

unanimity or of a super-majority vote should continue in effect. 

Id. 

The Task Force’s recommendation resulted in cross-filed bills in the 2008 

legislative session—House Bill 1129 and Senate Bill 101. Dep’t Leg. Servs., Fiscal and 

Policy Note, Revised, H.B. 1129, at 1–2, 2008 Leg., 425th Sess. (Md. 2008). The bills 

“authorize[d] a governing document of a homeowners association to be amended at least 

once every five years, unless a greater frequency is allowed by the governing document, 

by the affirmative vote of lot owners having at least two-thirds of the votes in the 

development, or a lower percentage if required in the governing document.” Id. at 1. It 

also defined governing document to “include[] [a] declaration; [b]ylaws; [a] deed and 
54

agreement; and [r]ecorded covenants and restrictions.” 2008 Md. Laws ch. 145, RP § 11B116(a). The legislation was limited to those homeowners associations which were “created 

before January 1, 1960.” 2008 Md. Laws ch. 145, RP § 11B-116(b). Because of the 

limitation to pre-1960 associations, “[t]he bill would allow older communities with 

homeowners associations, such as Chatham in Baltimore, to amend their governing 

documents more frequently but would not apply to newer communities such as 

Columbia.”15 Dep’t Leg. Servs., Fiscal and Policy Note, Revised, S.B. 101, at 1, 2008 

Leg., 425th Sess. (Md. 2008). The bills passed and were enrolled as Chapters 144 and 145 

of the 2008 Laws of Maryland. 

In its final form, the legislation created a new § 11B-116 in the HOA Act and 

provided that “[n]otwithstanding the provisions of a governing document, a homeowners 

association created before January 1, 1960, may amend the governing document once every 

5 years, or more frequently if allowed by the governing document, by the affirmative vote 

of lot owners having at least two-thirds of the votes in the development, or by a lower 

percentage if required in the governing document.” 2008 Md. Laws. ch. 145, RP § 11B116(b). 

15 According to its website, the “Columbia Association (CA) is a nonprofit community 

services corporation that manages Columbia, MD, home to approximately 100,000 

people.” About Us, Columbia Association, https://columbiaassociation.org/about-us/

[https://perma.cc/A2AE-AC83] (last visited July 18, 2023). The website dedicates a page 

to the division of responsibility between CA, the Howard County Government, and the ten 

village associations throughout Columbia. Who Handles What?, Columbia Association, 

https://columbiaassociation.org/about-us/who-handles-what/ [https://perma.cc/RQX8-

3TG7] (last visited July 18, 2023). 
55

Section 11B-116 was then amended in 2017. 2017 Md. Laws ch. 480. The 

amendments removed the restriction that the law only applied to homeowners associations 

created before January 1, 1960, lowered the threshold for amending a governing document 

from two-thirds to 60%, and required that the votes be of lot owners in good standing, as 

defined by the new law. Id., RP § 11B-116(c). They also specifically exempted “a 

homeowners association that issues bonds or other long-term debt secured in whole or in 

part by annual charges assessed in accordance with a declaration, or to a village community 

association affiliated with the homeowners association[,]” id. § 11B-116(b), thereby 

continuing to exempt its provisions from applying to the Columbia Association. Senate 

Jud. Procs. Comm., Floor Report, at 1 (2017), in Bill File to H.B. 789, 2017 Leg., 437th 

Sess. (Md. 2017).

As it stands now, RP § 11B-116(c) reads, “Notwithstanding the provisions of a 

governing document, a homeowners association may amend the governing document by 

the affirmative vote of lot owners in good standing having at least 60% of the votes in the 

development, or by a lower percentage if required in the governing document.” 

In sum, the plain language indicates that RP § 11B-116 is only available to 

organizations that qualify as a “homeowners association.” Nothing within the statutory 

context or the legislative history indicates that the General Assembly intended the term to 

mean something different than its definition under RP § 11B-101(i). Accordingly, since 

the unit owners within Captains Quarters are not a “homeowners association” under the 

HOA Act, they could not rely upon RP § 11B-116 to amend the 1978 Declaration to create 

a homeowners association and retroactively approve alterations made to Dietz’s unit. 
56

The circuit court concluded that the 2021 Declaration governed the dispute between 

Dietz and Logan. We disagree and conclude that the 2021 Declaration is not valid and thus 

not enforceable. The 2021 Declaration relied on RP § 11B-116 for the authority to create 

a homeowners association with only five of the eight units concurring in amendment to the 

1978 Declaration. Having explained that, without a homeowners association in Captains 

Quarters, this section of the HOA Act did not allow this amendment, we conclude that the 

amendment to create a homeowners association was not valid. 

Prior to the enactment of RP § 11B-116, if a declaration did not address how it could 

be amended, “the right to amend by less than 100% of the [o]wners & mortgagees . . . 

[would] not be implied.” Cynthia Hitt Kent, Governing Document Issues, in Developing 

and Managing Condominium and Homeowners’ Associations 51, 61 (Nat’l Bus. Inst. July 

2007). This unanimity requirement is the “same as [the] initial adoption of restrictive 

covenants.” Id. 

The 1978 Declaration did not provide procedures for its amendment. Absent such 

a provision, the requirement of unanimous consent to amend is implied. This is reasonable 

given that the other covenants in the 1978 Declaration required unanimous approval of the 

unit owners in the community—i.e., unanimous consent for alterations to the building’s 

exterior. The owners of three of the eight units within Captains Quarters did not join in the 

2021 Declaration. Thus, the 2021 Declaration is not valid as an amendment to the 1978 

Declaration. 

The creation of a mandatory homeowners association that has the authority to assess 

fees on homeowners within the community affects the owners’ interest in their property. 
57

Cf. Norris v. Williams, 189 Md. 73, 76 (1947) (“[R]estriction upon the use of land are in 

derogation of the natural right which an owner possesses to use and enjoy his property[.]”). 

It involves a restriction on the property—subjecting it to a homeowners association—and 

an affirmative covenant to support the association financially. Restrictive covenants are 

both property interests and contracts. Burns v. Scottish Dev. Co., Inc., 141 Md. App. 679, 

694–95 (2001). A restrictive covenant can be either personal—between the original 

covenanting parties—or can run with the land—binding the successors in title to the 

original covenanting parties. See Cnty. Comm’rs of Charles Cnty. v. St. Charles Assocs.

Ltd. P’ship, 366 Md. 426, 446 (2001). 

Since the unit owners within Captains Quarters could not rely on RP § 11B-116 and 

could not otherwise amend the 1978 Declaration with less than unanimous consent of the 

owners, we conclude that the circuit court erred in ruling that the 2021 Declaration 

governed the present dispute. The 1978 Declaration remains the controlling document 

governing Captains Quarters and the owners, but we make no judgment on any arguments 

the parties may raise on remand about the 1978 Declaration’s continued enforceability. 

G. Summary – Captains Quarters & the HOA Act 

Our foregoing discussion compels us to conclude that the 1978 Declaration for 

Captains Quarters does not have a de jure or implied right to form a homeowners 

association under the HOA Act. As we have explained, we will vacate the circuit court 

grant of summary judgment in Dietz’s favor and remand for further proceedings. 

The 1978 Declaration did not establish or provide the authority to create

homeowners association in the community. This lack of reference is inconsistent with the 
58

initial purpose of the HOA Act which was to provide disclosure to buyers that their home 

would be subject to a homeowners association. Additionally, the 1978 Declaration 

precedes the passage of the HOA Act in 1987. The Act itself did not create homeowners 

associations where they did not previously exist. Instead, subject to certain exceptions, its 

“provisions . . . appl[ied] to all homeowners associations that exist in the State after July 1, 

1987.” RP § 11B-102(a). This indicates that the Act governs those homeowners 

associations which were created prior to the Act but continued to exist after its effective 

date and those that were created after the Act’s effective date. Nothing in the Act indicates 

that the Act created a homeowners association where one did not exist beforehand. 

As we have discussed, for Dietz and the other homeowners to rely on § 11B-116 of 

the Act, there had to be a qualifying homeowners association, which in turn required a 

qualifying declaration. Neither of these exists in Captains Quarters. The 1978 Declaration

did not create a governing body that could enforce the declaration’s provisions. Contrary 

to the ruling of the circuit court, a homeowner cannot individually be a “homeowners 

association.” Allowing someone in their individual capacity, rather than in a representative 

capacity, to be considered a “homeowners association” is illogical. The Act requires that 

the homeowners association be an entity or organization that has the power to govern the 

development by enforcing covenants and restrictions—or a representative of such entity. 

Likewise, the developer who originally subjected Captains Quarters to a declaration 

did not create a homeowners association in the original 1978 Declaration, and, accordingly, 

there is no entity empowered to enforce the 1978 Declaration. Only the unit owners can 

enforce it against each other. 
59

Furthermore, the 1978 Declaration does not meet the statutory definition of a 

“declaration” under the Act, which contributes to the conclusion that there was no 

homeowners association in Captains Quarters. The 1978 Declaration does not provide for 

the imposition of a mandatory fee. Rather, the declaration provides for a cost-sharing 

arrangement among neighbors when joint expenses arise. There is no authority for an 

entity to assess mandatory fees against the lots, the owners, or people who occupy the lots. 

Thus, the 1978 Declaration does not satisfy the definition under the statute, and there can 

be no homeowners association without a qualifying declaration to be enforced. 

Unlike the Condominium Act, there is no statutory process within the HOA Act 

whereby a community without a homeowners association could create one. Property 

owners may subject their properties to a homeowners association as they would any other 

restrictive covenant, but—as an alienation of a property right—each owner must agree to 

subject his or her property to the association with the consent of any holder of a security 

interest in the property. See Boyd v. Park Realty Corp., 137 Md. 36, 39 (1920) (“[The 

owner], which purchased [the property] subject to the mortgage, could not place 

restrictions on the property which would be binding on the mortgagees without their 

consent or unless they were in some way estopped from questioning them.”). 

Maryland appellate courts “provide[] judicial deference to the policy decisions 

enacted into law by the General Assembly.” Johnson, 467 Md. at 371 (quoting Blackstone, 

461 Md. at 113). If the General Assembly desires that communities without a homeowners 

association be able to create one and become subject to the HOA Act in a different manner, 

it should create such a process statutorily—keeping in mind that due process protections 
60

be afforded to property owners. See Moore v. RealPage Util. Mgmt, Inc., 476 Md. 501, 

532 (2021) (citing In re S.K., 466 Md. at 57–58) (suggesting that, if policy considerations 

merit a different interpretation, the General Assembly pass new legislation to that effect). 

Since there is no homeowners association under the HOA Act in Captains Quarters, 

Dietz and the other parties to the 2021 Declaration could not rely on § 11B-116 of the Act 

to amend the declaration with 60% approval of unit owners. Accordingly, we vacate the 

judgment of the Circuit Court for Worcester County granting Dietz’s motion for summary 

judgment and remand to that court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. On 

remand, the circuit court should consider the continued enforceability of the 1978 

Declaration based on any other arguments the parties raise. 

CONCLUSION 

We conclude that the 1978 Declaration did not provide the authority to create a

homeowners association nor did it provide for a mandatory fee for the unit owners of 

Captains Quarters. The plain language of the statute and the legislative history support this 

conclusion and do not support a finding of an implied or de jure homeowners association. 

Accordingly, the HOA Act does not apply to the Captain Quarters Townhouses, and Dietz 

and other owners could not take advantage of § 11B-116 of the Act to amend the 1978 

Declaration. Thus, we vacate the circuit court’s orders granting summary judgment in 
61

favor of Dietz and dismissing Logan’s complaint. We remand this case for further 

proceedings to determine the continued enforceability of the 1978 Declaration. 

JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT 

FOR WORCESTER COUNTY—

OPINION AND ORDER DATED 

OCTOBER 19, 2021, AND 

MEMORANDUM ORDER DATED 

DECEMBER 16, 2021—VACATED. 

CASE REMANDED FOR FURTHER 

PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH 

THIS OPINION. COSTS TO BE PAID 

BY APPELLEES WESLEY J. DIETZ;

JOHN MCKINLEY AND JANIS M. 

RYAN AS TRUSTEES OF THE JANIS 

M. RYAN REVOCABLE TRUST; 

DAVID VESTAL AND MEGAN PARK; 

AND JOHN AND PATRICIA OWENS.