[Cite as Mota v. Gruszczynski, 197 Ohio App.3d 750, 2012-Ohio-275.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio

EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA 

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION 

No. 97089

MOTA ET AL.,

APPELLANTS, 

v. 

GRUSZCZYNSKI ET AL. 

APPELLEES. 

JUDGMENT: 

AFFIRMED 

Civil Appeal from the 

 Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court 

Case No. CV-731900 

BEFORE: Boyle, P.J., Cooney, J., and Rocco, J. 

 

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 26, 2012 
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ATTORNEYS: 

Goldstein & Goldstein Co., L.P.A., Michael D. Goldstein, and Ladi Williams, for 

appellants. 

Williams, Moliterno & Scully Co., L.P.A., and William F. Scully Jr., for 

appellees. 
3

MARY J. BOYLE, Presiding Judge. 

{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Thomas Mota, a licensed bounty hunter, was attacked by 

a dog while pursuing Jerome J. Gruszczynski inside the residence of Jerome J.’s 

parents—the defendants-appellees, Jerome M. and Marion Gruszczynski. Mota and his 

wife, Bryn, subsequently brought a lawsuit against Jerome M. and Marion, alleging 

claims for (1) negligence, (2) strict liability under R.C. 955.28(B) (Ohio’s dog-bite 

statute), and (3) loss of consortium. The trial court granted the Gruszczynskis’ motion 

for summary judgment, and Mota and his wife now appeal, raising the following single 

assignment of error: 

{¶ 2} “The trial court erred in granting defendants-appellees’ motion for summary 

judgment.” 

{¶ 3} We affirm. 

Procedural History and Facts 

{¶ 4} In late July 2009, Mota, a licensed surety bail agent (“bounty hunter”), 

received a contract from ABC Bail Bonds to arrest Jerome J., who had failed to appear 

in municipal court on the charge of driving under suspension. 

{¶ 5} Although not living at Jerome M. and Marion’s home on East 55th Street in 

Slavic Village, Jerome J. was taking care of the house while his parents were in Florida. 

Jerome J. was living with his girlfriend at her father’s house, which was within walking 

distance of his parents’ home. Jerome J.’s dog, “Buckshot,” however, had delivered 
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puppies at his parents’ house a few days before Mota came with his team. With his 

parents’ permission, Jerome J. left Buckshot and the puppies on his parents’ back porch, 

where he checked on them daily. 

{¶ 6} Acting on a tip from Cuyahoga Heights police that Jerome J. may be at his 

parents’ house, Mota, along with two other bounty hunters, went to the East 55th Street 

address on July 27, 2009. They discovered Jerome J. sitting in the fenced-in backyard 

with two friends, drinking beer. As soon as Mota and his team displayed their badges, 

Jerome J. fled into the house through the back door. Mota pursued him onto the back 

porch where he was immediately confronted by Buckshot, who bit his hand and would 

not let go. Once Mota freed his hand, Buckshot continued to attack him, forcing him 

out of the house and biting his left wrist. Mota backed away, and Buckshot bit his 

scrotum and thigh. Mota eventually escaped over the fence. 

{¶ 7} Following the incident, Mota commenced the underlying action against 

Jerome J. and his parents, Jerome M. and Marion, alleging that they were liable for the 

injuries that he sustained from Buckshot. Jerome J. did not file an answer and is not a 

party to this appeal. The trial court ultimately granted summary judgment in favor of 

Jerome M. and Marion, finding that they were not strictly liable under the dog-bite 

statute because Mota was trespassing at the time of the attack. The court additionally 

found that they could not be liable for common-law negligence, because keeping the dog 

in an enclosed porch does not constitute willful, wanton, or reckless conduct likely to 

injure a third person. Additionally, having found that Mota’s claims failed as a matter 
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of law, the court further held that his wife’s loss-of-consortium claim failed too. 

Standard of Review 

{¶ 8} We review an appeal from summary judgment under a de novo standard. 

Baiko v. Mays, 140 Ohio App.3d 1, 10, 746 N.E.2d 618 (8th Dist.2000). Accordingly, 

we afford no deference to the trial court’s decision and independently review the record to 

determine whether summary judgment is appropriate. N.E. Ohio Apt. Assn. v. 

Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 121 Ohio App.3d 188, 192, 699 N.E.2d 534 (8th 

Dist.1997). 

{¶ 9} Civ.R. 56(C) provides that before summary judgment may be granted, a court 

must determine that “(1) no genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated, 

(2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) it appears from the 

evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing the evidence 

most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, that conclusion is adverse to the 

nonmoving party.” State ex rel. Duganitz v. Ohio Adult Parole Auth., 77 Ohio St.3d 190, 

191, 672 N.E.2d 654 (1996). 

{¶ 10} The moving party carries an initial burden of setting forth specific facts 

that demonstrate his or her entitlement to summary judgment. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio 

St.3d 280, 292-293, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996). If the movant fails to meet this burden, 

summary judgment is not appropriate, but if the movant does meet this burden, summary 

judgment will be appropriate only if the nonmovant fails to establish the existence of a 

genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 293. 
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Ohio’s Dog-Bite Statute, R.C. 955.28 

{¶ 11} Mota seeks to impose strict liability upon Jerome M. and Marion under 

Ohio’s dog-bite statute, R.C. 955.28(B), which provides as follows: 

The owner, keeper, or harborer of a dog is liable in damages for any 

injury, death, or loss to person or property that is caused by the dog, unless 

the injury, death, or loss was caused to the person or property of an 

individual who, at the time, was committing or attempting to commit 

criminal trespass or another criminal offense other than a minor 

misdemeanor on the property of the owner, keeper, or harborer, or was 

committing or attempting to commit a criminal offense other than a minor 

misdemeanor against any person, or was teasing, tormenting, or abusing 

the dog on the owner’s, keeper’s, or harborer’s property. Additionally, the 

owner, keeper, or harborer of a dog is liable in damages for any injury, 

death, or loss to person or property that is caused by the dog if the injury, 

death, or loss was caused to the person or property of an individual who, at 

the time of the injury, death, or loss, was on the property of the owner, 

keeper, or harborer solely for the purpose of engaging in door-to-door 

sales or other solicitations regardless of whether the individual was in 

compliance with any requirement to obtain a permit or license to engage in 

door-to-door sales or other solicitations established by the political 

subdivision in which the property of the owner, keeper, or harborer is 

located, provided that the person was not committing a criminal offense 

other than a minor misdemeanor or was not teasing, tormenting, or abusing 

the dog. 

(Emphasis added.) 

{¶ 12} Mota argues that the trial court wrongly applied the law governing “civil 

trespass” as the standard in determining that Jerome M. and Marion had a statutory 

defense—the standard prior to the 2008 amendment to the statute. Under the new 

amendment, which was in effect when the dog bite occurred, a civil trespass is not 

enough; a defense arises only if the plaintiff was “criminally” trespassing on the 

property. Mota contends that his claim must survive summary judgment as there is no 
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support that he was criminally trespassing. The Gruszczynskis concede that the current 

version of R.C. 955.28(B) limits the trespass defense to only criminal trespass (as 

opposed to both civil and criminal trespass) but contend that Mota’s actions constitute a 

criminal trespass, i.e., he entered their property without their consent and without 

privilege to do so. 

Relevance of Bounty-Hunter Statute, R.C. 2713.22, to 

Criminal Trespass, as Defined in R.C. 2911.21 

{¶ 13} R.C. 2911.21, which governs criminal trespass, provides: 

No person, without privilege to do so, shall [k]nowingly enter or 

remain on the land or premises of another. R.C. 2901.01(A)(12) defines 

“privilege” as “an immunity, license, or right conferred by law, bestowed 

by express or implied grant, arising out of status, position, office, or 

relationship, or growing out of necessity.” 

{¶ 14} Mota contends that he was “privileged” to enter the home of Jerome M. 

and Marion because he was acting on a warrant to arrest their son. In essence, he 

maintains that his status as a bounty hunter grants him the privilege to enter the property 

of third parties who are not subject to the warrant, and that such privilege defeats the 

“trespasser” defense in R.C. 955.28(B). In support of his argument, Mota relies on 

R.C. 2713.22, which provides: “For the purpose of surrendering the defendant, the bail 

may arrest him at any time or place before he is finally charged, or, by a written 

authority indorsed on a certified copy of the bond, may empower any person of suitable 

age and discretion to do so.” (Emphasis added.) 

{¶ 15} Initially, we note that no Ohio court has interpreted R.C. 2713.22 as 
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providing carte blanche authority to a bounty hunter in pursuit of a fugitive to enter the 

dwelling of a third party who is not a party to the bail contract. Indeed, we find only 

one case that has even discussed R.C. 2713.22 since its passage in 1953—State v. Kole, 

92 Ohio St.3d 303, 750 N.E.2d 148 (2001). In Kole, a bail-bond company contracted 

with Kole, a bounty hunter, to apprehend a fugitive. Id. at 303. In the course of 

pursuing the fugitive, Kole entered the residence of a third party without permission. 

Id. at 304. Kole was subsequently indicted on several criminal offenses, including 

abduction and burglary, related to his entry of the premises and was found guilty on all 

counts. His conviction was upheld by the court of appeals. Id. 

{¶ 16} At trial, Kole’s defense counsel relied on case law for the proposition that a 

common-law defense existed for bounty hunters pursuing a fugitive, and that based on 

this authority, Kole had an absolute privilege to enter the home of a third party. Id. at 

305. Defense counsel, however, failed to cite or present R.C. 2713.22 as an alternative 

theory in defending the charges. The Ohio Supreme Court found this to be ineffective 

assistance of counsel and remanded the matter for a new trial. In doing so, however, 

the Ohio Supreme Court expressly declined to hold that R.C. 2713.22 authorized a bail 

bondsman as a matter of law to enter the home of a third party for purposes of 

apprehending a fugitive when the third party is not a party to the bail contract. Id. at 

308. The court specifically declined to recognize an “absolute privilege” to enter the 

home of a third party. Instead, the Kole decision addressed the issue whether defense 

counsel was ineffective in failing to argue R.C. 2713.22 as a statutory defense to the 
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crimes charged. 

{¶ 17} While we recognize that Kole may be instructive in cases where a bounty 

hunter is facing criminal prosecution in connection with his pursuit of a fugitive, we do 

not find it to be controlling in the present case. Notably, Mota is not relying on R.C. 

2713.22 as a defense to a criminal prosecution or even as an excuse to avoid civil 

liability. Instead, he seeks to use the statute for purposes of establishing a “privilege” 

to defeat the “trespasser” defense in R.C. 955.28(B) and recover monetary damages. 

We fail to find any support for such use of the statute. Nor do we believe that to be the 

intended use of the statute. 

{¶ 18} Indeed, like the trial court, we find that the statute, at best, operates to 

provide a privilege to a bounty hunter as a shield from criminal or civil liability for a 

criminal or civil trespass. It does not, however, operate to negate the bounty hunter’s 

status as a trespasser or licensee as a means to give the bounty hunter an advantage in 

the pursuit of recovering money damages. Such an allowance would be contrary to 

well-established Ohio law—one cannot assert a privilege as both a shield and a sword. 

See, e.g., Squire, Sanders, & Dempsey, L.L.P. v. Givaudan Flavors Corp., 127 Ohio 

St.3d 161, 2010-Ohio-4469, 937 N.E.2d 533, ¶ 41 (holding, in part, that “a client may 

not rely on attorney-client communications to establish a claim against the attorney 

while asserting the attorney-client privilege to prevent the attorney from rebutting that 

claim”); Vandenhaute v. Filer, 8th Dist. No. 80405, 2002-Ohio-3640, 2002 WL 

1587846, ¶ 9 (“Like all privileges, the physician-patient privilege is intended to be used 
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as a shield of privacy, not a sword to escape liability or to otherwise gain an 

advantage”). 

{¶ 19} We find that the record demonstrates that Mota’s actions satisfy the 

elements of criminal trespass as contemplated under R.C. 955.28(B). It is undisputed 

that Mota entered Jerome M. and Marion’s premises without their consent. And 

contrary to Mota’s assertion, R.C. 2713.22 does not provide a “privilege” to negate the 

trespasser defense under R.C. 955.28(B). Accordingly, we find that the trial court 

properly determined that Jerome M. and Marion could not be held strictly liable under 

R.C. 955.28(B). 

Common-Law Negligence 

{¶ 20} Mota also argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment 

on his common-law-negligence claim on the basis that it erroneously classified him as a 

licensee for purpose of its negligence analysis. He contends that his position as a 

bounty hunter required that he be afforded the same protections owed an invitee. We 

disagree. 

{¶ 21} The legal duty that landowners owe a person who enters their land depends 

upon the status of the entrant, i.e., trespasser, licensee, or invitee. Gladon v. Greater 

Cleveland Regional Transit Auth., 75 Ohio St.3d 312, 315, 662 N.E.2d 287 (1996). 

“Invitees are persons who rightfully come upon the premises of another by invitation, 

express or implied, for some purpose which is beneficial to the owner.” Id. In 

contrast, a licensee is a person who enters another’s property “by permission or 
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acquiescence, for his own pleasure or benefit, and not by invitation.” (Emphasis added.) 

Light v. Ohio Univ., 28 Ohio St.3d 66, 68, 502 N.E.2d 611 (1986). 

{¶ 22} We find no basis to conclude that Mota was an invitee on the property. 

The Ohio Supreme Court has consistently held that even police officers and firefighters 

entering upon privately owned premises in the performance of their duties without an 

express or implied invitation are licensees. See, e.g., Scheurer v. Trustees of Open 

Bible Church, 175 Ohio St. 163, 192 N.E.2d 38 (1963), paragraph one of the syllabus; 

Hack v. Gillespie, 74 Ohio St.3d 362, 658 N.E.2d 1046 (1996). There is absolutely no 

support for the proposition that Mota, acting pursuant to an arrest warrant, falls within 

the status of an invitee. Indeed, it is undisputed that the Gruszczynskis did not invite 

Mota onto their property. 

{¶ 23} Thus, even assuming that Mota was a licensee, the Gruszczynskis owed 

Mota the same duty owed to a trespasser: “to refrain from willful, wanton or reckless 

conduct [that] is likely to injure him.” Gladon, 75 Ohio St.3d at 317, 662 N.E.2d 287, 

citing Soles v. Ohio Edison Co., 144 Ohio St. 373, 59 N.E.2d 138 (1945), paragraph one 

of the syllabus. And based on the status of a licensee, we find that the trial court 

properly determined as a matter of law that the “Gruszczynskis’ act of permitting the 

dog to remain in the enclosed, screened-in porch after giving birth to her puppies is not 

the kind of willful, wanton, or reckless conduct that is likely to injure a third person.” 

Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s granting of summary judgment on this 

claim. 
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Loss-of-Consortium Claim 

{¶ 24} Lastly, Bryn Mota argues that the trial court erroneously granted summary 

judgment on her loss-of-consortium claim after finding that it was derivative to Mota’s 

negligence and strict-liability claims and that those two claims had no merit. Having 

already determined that the trial court properly granted summary judgment on those 

claims, we likewise find that Bryn Mota’s loss-of-consortium claim fails as a matter of 

law. See Bowen v. Kil-Kare, Inc., 63 Ohio St.3d 84, 585 N.E.2d 384 (1992) (if the 

underlying tort claim fails on the merits, so does the loss-of-consortium claim). 

{¶ 25} The sole assignment of error is overruled. 

Judgment affirmed. 

COONEY, J., and ROCCO, J., concur.