IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

December 9, 2020 Session

TRACY DARRELL ADKINS v. RHONDA FORLAW ADKINS

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Williamson County

No. 44288 Michael Binkley, Judge

___________________________________

No. M2018-00890-COA-R3-CV

___________________________________

This appeal involves a contentious divorce case that has been pending since 2015. The 

trial court entered an order purportedly certifying fourteen of the orders entered over the 

course of the litigation as final and appealable orders pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil 

Procedure 54.02. We conclude that the trial court improvidently certified these orders as 

final and dismiss the appeal.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Appeal Dismissed

CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ARNOLD B.

GOLDIN and KENNY W. ARMSTRONG, JJ., joined.

Russ Heldman and Joanie L. Abernathy, Franklin, Tennessee, for the appellant, Rhonda 

Forlaw Adkins.

Larry Hayes, Jr., and Rachel M. Thomas, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Tracy 

Darrell Adkins.

OPINION

I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This divorce case between Tracy Darrell Adkins (“Husband”) and Rhonda Forlaw 

Adkins (“Wife”) has been pending since 2015. The record of the proceedings is 

voluminous. According to the appellee’s brief, the record spans almost 9,000 pages.

On May 10, 2018, Wife filed a motion asking the trial court to make additional 

findings and revise several of its existing orders. Wife asserted that “all pending Motions 

and Claims of [Wife] have not been specifically adjudicated.” However, Wife asked the 

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trial court to certify thirteen of its orders as final pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil 

Procedure 54.02. She asked the court “to make final all issues and claims adjudicated by 

all these thirteen (13) Orders for one single appeal, in the interest of economy and 

resolution by one appellate process.” Wife acknowledged that without a certification under 

Rule 54.02, “the Court of Appeals would have no jurisdiction for appellate review.” She

explained, “Because there are claims or issues still pending, the Court is being asked to 

make these findings so there can be an appeal of Orders deemed interlocutory to the 

Tennessee Court of Appeals as a final judgment appealable as of right by notice of appeal, 

pursuant to T.R.A.P 3.”1

On September 10, 2018, the trial court entered an order finding that Wife’s motion 

to amend or revise the orders was well taken and should be granted. The order simply 

stated that “as to each of the following Orders enumerated below, there is no just reason 

for delay in making each Order a final judgment; and the Court expressly directs entry of 

final judgment pursuant to T.R.C.P. 54.02, as to each of the following Orders . . . .” The 

trial court then designated fourteen orders, which were entered between January 2016 and 

April 2018, as final orders that were deemed appealable pursuant to Tennessee Rule of 

Civil Procedure 54.02. These orders addressed a wide range of issues, ranging from 

continuances, discovery matters, summary judgment, a marital dissolution agreement, 

attorney’s fees, and recusal. However, the order did not certify all orders entered during 

the litigation as final and appealable. Wife admits that the trial court had entered 

approximately forty orders during the divorce proceeding.

In two separate orders entered by this Court, we cautioned the litigants that it was 

not clear from the record whether the trial court had entered a final and appealable order

and that certification pursuant to Rule 54.02 “is rarely appropriate in a divorce action.”

Wife filed a motion for this Court to determine whether it had appellate jurisdiction, which 

this Court denied at that time.

The parties filed briefs raising a total of nineteen issues in relation to the fourteen 

orders certified as final by the trial court. However, Wife maintained in her brief on appeal 

 

1 On the same date, Wife also filed a motion for permission to seek an interlocutory appeal pursuant 

to Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 9, which apparently went unresolved. Days later, while these 

motions were pending, she also filed a notice of appeal as of right, belatedly attempting to appeal an order 

on a recusal motion pursuant to Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 10B, in addition to some other specified 

orders.

“Rule 10B provides for two alternative methods for appealing a trial court’s denial of a recusal 

motion, either ‘the accelerated interlocutory appeal or an appeal as of right following entry of the trial 

court’s judgment.’” Hastings v. Hastings, No. W2020-00989-COA-T10B-CV, 2020 WL 4556831, at *2

(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 6, 2020) (citing Tenn. R. Sup. Ct. 10B, § 2.01). If an accelerated interlocutory appeal 

is pursued, “the ‘petition for recusal appeal shall be filed in the appropriate appellate court within twentyone days of the trial court’s entry of the order.’” Id. (citing Tenn. R. Sup. Ct. 10B § 2.02). This time period 

is “‘jurisdictional and cannot be extended by the court.’” Id. (quoting Tenn. R. Sup. Ct. 10B § 2.08). Wife’s 

attempt to pursue an accelerated interlocutory appeal in this case came too late.
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that several of her claims were not addressed by the trial court and remained pending in the 

court below. When asked about this matter during oral argument, counsel for Wife 

confirmed her position that there are still issues “outstanding” in the trial court. She claims 

that nine “specifically plead claims” in her amended counterclaim were not addressed and 

that three prayers for relief “are also still pending.”

II. DISCUSSION

Generally, review on appeal extends only to the issues presented for review; 

however, “appellate courts must also consider ‘whether the trial and appellate court have 

jurisdiction over the subject matter, whether or not presented for review.’” Coleman v. 

Tenn. Bd. of Parole, No. M2016-00410-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 6248027, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. 

App. Oct. 25, 2016) (quoting Tenn. R. App. P. 13(b)). “Lack of appellate jurisdiction 

cannot be waived.” Ingram v. Wasson, 379 S.W.3d 227, 237 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011).

“Unless an appeal from an interlocutory order is provided by the rules or by statute, 

appellate courts have jurisdiction over final judgments only.” Bayberry Assocs. v. Jones, 

783 S.W.2d 553, 559 (Tenn. 1990). For purposes of Rule 54.02, a “‘final judgment’ refers 

to a trial court’s decision adjudicating all the claims, rights, and liabilities of all the parties.” 

Discover Bank v. Morgan, 363 S.W.3d 479, 488 n.17 (Tenn. 2012). A final judgment 

resolves all issues and leaves “nothing else for the trial court to do.” In re Estate of 

Henderson, 121 S.W.3d 643, 645 (Tenn. 2003) (quoting State ex rel. McAllister v. Goode, 

968 S.W.2d 834, 840 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)). An “order that adjudicates fewer than all of 

the claims, rights, or liabilities of all the parties is not final[.]” Id.

Here, Wife insists that numerous issues remain outstanding in the trial court. 

Admittedly, it is exceedingly difficult to verify this assertion due to the sheer size of the

record on appeal, which spans forty-five volumes of technical record alone. To make 

matters worse, the trial court did not give any explanation for its decision to certify these 

fourteen orders as final. At oral argument before this Court, Husband’s counsel was asked 

about the existence of unresolved matters, and he suggested that the trial court’s Rule 54.02 

order indicated an intention to “pass the torch to the Court of Appeals” and resolve any

outstanding matters. However, we respectfully disagree with this characterization of the 

Rule 54.02 order.

We interpret the trial court’s order certifying fourteen orders as final as implicitly

agreeing with Wife’s assertion that not all of her claims had been adjudicated. Wife 

repeatedly emphasized in her motion that “all pending Motions and Claims of [Wife] have 

not been specifically adjudicated” and that the orders would be deemed interlocutory in the 

absence of a Rule 54.02 certification. The trial court found that Wife’s motion was “well 

taken,” and it specified that those specific orders would be certified as final. If the trial 

court believed that all of the issues in the case had already been resolved, there would have 

been no need to proceed under Rule 54.02 and designate only certain orders as final and 
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appealable. It would have been a simple matter to state that all outstanding claims or 

motions were hereby dismissed. To the contrary, the trial court chose to designate fourteen 

of its orders as final and appealable rather than all of the orders entered in the litigation. 

Based on the position of the trial judge, who was far more intimately familiar with 

the issues involved in this case, we will likewise proceed with the understanding that not 

all of Wife’s claims have been adjudicated.2 See, e.g., Cross v. River Sound Homeowners 

Ass’n, Inc., No. E2019-01183-COA-R3-CV, 2020 WL 1042647, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

Mar. 4, 2020) (“[I]nasmuch as the trial court’s own order acknowledged that further issues 

remained to be decided in the case, there clearly was not a ‘final judgment’ in the traditional 

sense.”) The trial court’s order does not purport to be a final judgment appealable as of 

right. Going forward, we must also bear in mind that only about one-third of the trial 

court’s existing orders were designated as final and appealable. 

Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(a) provides, in pertinent part:

Except as otherwise permitted in rule 9 and in Rule 54.02 Tennessee Rules 

of Civil Procedure, if multiple parties or multiple claims for relief are 

involved in an action, any order that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or 

the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties is not enforceable or 

appealable and is subject to revision at any time before entry of a final 

judgment adjudicating all the claims, rights, and liabilities of all parties.

(emphasis added). Here, the trial court did not resolve Wife’s motion for permission to 

seek an interlocutory appeal pursuant to Rule 9, so we must determine whether the 

requirements were met to proceed under Rule 54.02. 

Rule 54.02 serves as “an exception to Rule 3 that permits the trial court, without 

permission from the appellate court, to certify an order as final and appealable, even if parts 

of the overall litigation remain pending in the trial court.” Johnson v. Nunis, 383 S.W.3d 

122, 130 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012). Rule 54.02 provides, in relevant part:

(1) When more than one claim for relief is present in an action, . . . or when 

multiple parties are involved, the Court, whether at law or in equity, may 

direct the entry of a final judgment as to one or more but fewer than all of the 

claims or parties only upon an express determination that there is no just 

reason for delay and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment. In 

the absence of such determination and direction, any order or other form of 

decision, however designated, that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or 

the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties shall not terminate the 

 

2 We express no opinion as to the precise scope of the unresolved claims or whether all of those 

enumerated by Wife in her brief would be included.
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action as to any of the claims or parties, and the order or other form of 

decision is subject to revision at any time before the entry of the judgment 

adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties.

Essentially, this Rule allows a trial court, in certain circumstances, “to convert an 

interlocutory ruling into an appealable order.” Mann v. Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity, 380 

S.W.3d 42, 49 (Tenn. 2012). However, “Rule 54.02 does not apply to all orders that are 

interlocutory in nature.” Konvalinka v. Am. Int’l Grp., Inc., No. E2011-00896-COA-R3-

CV, 2012 WL 1080820, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 30, 2012). An interlocutory order can 

only be certified as final under Rule 54.02 “in limited circumstances.” Johnson, 383 

S.W.3d at 130. Thus, “the trial court’s authority to direct the entry of a final judgment is 

not absolute.” Brentwood Chase Cmty. Ass’n v. Truong, No. M2014-01294-COA-R3-CV, 

2014 WL 5502393, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2014) (citing Crane v. Sullivan, No. 

01A01-9207-CH-00287, 1993 WL 15154, at *1-2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 27, 1993)). “Orders 

certifying interlocutory judgments as final ‘should not be entered routinely’ and ‘cannot be 

routinely entered as a courtesy to counsel.’” Harris v. Chern, 33 S.W.3d 741, 746 n.3 

(Tenn. 2000) (quoting Huntington Nat’l Bank v. Hooker, 840 S.W.2d 916, 921 (Tenn. Ct. 

App. 1991)). Likewise, “Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 54.02 does not provide a ‘fast 

track’ alternative to Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.” Tucker v. Capitol Records, 

Inc., No. M2000-01765-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 1013085, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 6, 

2001) (citing Bayberry Assocs., 783 S.W.2d 553; Mosier v. Mosier, 1989 WL 22832 (Tenn. 

Ct. App. Mar. 17, 1989); Williams v. New York Times Broad. Servs., Inc., 1988 WL 27257 

(Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 23, 1988); General Acquisition, Inc. v. GenCorp, Inc., 23 F.3d 1022 

(6th Cir. 1994)).

Because Rule 54.02 allows a trial court to “direct the entry of a final judgment as to 

one or more but fewer than all of the claims or parties,” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02, the order 

certified as final must be dispositive of either an entire claim or a party. Bayberry, 783 

S.W.2d at 558. The Rule also requires “an express determination that there is no just reason 

for delay.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 54.02. Accordingly, “[t]wo prerequisites exist for the 

certification of a final judgment: (1) the order must eliminate one or more but fewer than 

all of the claims or parties, and (2) the order must expressly direct the entry of final 

judgment upon an express finding of ‘no just reason for delay.’” Coleman, 2016 WL 

6248027, at *4 (citing FSGBank, N.A. v. Anand, No. E2011-00168-COA-R3-CV, 2012 

WL 554449, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 21, 2012)).

Appellate courts “review a trial court’s Rule 54.02 certification of a judgment as 

final using a dual standard of review.” Id. (citing King v. Kelly, No. M2015-02376-COAR3-CV, 2016 WL 3632761, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 28, 2016); Brown v. John Roebuck 

& Assocs., Inc., No. M2008-02619-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 4878621, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. 

Dec. 16, 2009)). The preliminary determination as to “whether a particular order disposes 

of a distinct and separable ‘claim’ that is subject to Rule 54.02 certification is a question 

of law reviewed de novo.” Id. (citing Ingram, 379 S.W.3d at 238; Brown, 2009 WL 
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4878621, at *5). “If the trial court certifies a judgment as final, but it is not conclusive as 

to an entire claim or party, an appeal from it will be dismissed even though the trial court 

decided to treat the order as final.” Id. (citing FSGBank, 2012 WL 554449, at *4). In the 

absence of an adjudication as to one entire claim or party, “Rule 54.02 is simply 

inapplicable.” Id. (citing King, 2016 WL 3632761, at *4). If the order does properly 

dispose of one claim or party, then appellate courts “determine whether ‘there is no just 

reason for delay’ within the meaning of Rule 54.02,” reviewing the trial court’s 

determination under an abuse of discretion standard. Id. (citing King, 2016 WL 3632761, 

at *3; Ingram, 379 S.W.3d at 238).

To meet the first requirement, “the order at issue must dispose of at least one entire 

claim or resolve all of the claims against at least one party.” E Sols. for Buildings, LLC v. 

Knestrick Contractor, Inc., No. M2017-00732-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 1831116, at *3 

(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 17, 2018) perm. app. denied (Tenn. Aug. 9, 2018) (citing Konvalinka, 

2012 WL 1080820, at *3). Because the divorce case before us only involved two parties, 

we will limit our discussion to whether the orders resolved at least one entire claim. See 

Christus Gardens, Inc. v. Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz, P.C., No. 

M2007-01104-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 3833613, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 15, 2008)

(recognizing that when only two parties are involved, “Rule 54.02 certification necessarily 

depends on the presence of multiple claims”); Tucker, 2001 WL 1013085, at *5 (“As this 

is not a multi-party case, appellate jurisdiction under Rule 54.02 must stand or fall on the 

‘more than one claim for relief’ provision of this rule.”).

For purposes of Rule 54.02, a single “claim” is defined as “‘the aggregate of 

operative facts which give rise to a right enforceable in the courts,’” even though different 

theories of liability may have been asserted. Tucker, 2001 WL 1013085, at *8 (quoting 

General Acquisition, 23 F.3d at 1027-1029). Thus, “‘separate causes of actions or counts 

in a complaint that arise out of the same series of closely related factual occurrences 

constitute one claim for the purposes of Rule 54.02.’” Fed. Nat’l Mortg. Ass’n v. Quarles, 

No. M2015-01620-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 5723957, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 30, 2016) 

(quoting Carr v. Valinezhad, No. M2009-00634-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 1633467, at *3

(Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 22, 2010)). Rule 54.02 “‘cannot be used to appeal a part of a single 

claim or . . . to test a single legal theory of recovery.’” Coleman, 2016 WL 6248027, at *5 

(quoting Christus Gardens, 2008 WL 3833613, at *5).

Considering the nature of the order entered by the trial court in this complex divorce 

case, it becomes apparent that it did not resolve the entire claim between the parties. In 

addition to the outstanding issues that remain unresolved, the order designated only 

fourteen of the trial court’s forty orders as final and appealable. Thus, the first prong of 

Rule 54.02 was not met, rendering the Rule “simply inapplicable.” Coleman, 2016 WL 

6248027, at *4.

Even if we assumed for the sake of argument that the order did resolve an entire 
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claim between the parties, we would nevertheless find that certification was improper in 

this case under the second prong. As it is, the trial court has attempted to permit an appeal 

of fourteen of its existing orders while the remaining orders are deemed non-final. 

Conceivably, the parties could attempt to appeal those remaining orders at a later date.3 

Rule 54.02 seeks to “‘prevent piecemeal appeals in cases which should be reviewed only 

as single units.’” E Sols. for Buildings, 2018 WL 1831116, at *3 (quoting Cates v. White, 

No. 03A01-9104-CH-00130, 1991 WL 168620, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 4, 1991)). 

“This Court may conclude that Rule 54.02 certification was improvidently granted where 

‘the issue which the trial court declared final and appealable is inextricably linked with the 

remaining issues not yet decided.’” Ingram, 379 S.W.3d at 238 (quoting Crane, 1993 WL 

15154, at *2).

We further note that “[a]lthough trial courts have considerable discretion in making 

the determination that there is no just reason to delay appellate review, such a determination 

is subject to reversal if the court ‘fails to weigh and examine the competing factors involved 

in the certificat[ion] decision.’” Quarles, 2016 WL 5723957, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 

30, 2016) (quoting GenCorp., 23 F.3d at 1030). This Court has adopted five factors for 

consideration. Id. Here, the trial court did not reference or discuss any of those factors or 

give any explanation for its decision. 

We conclude that the trial court’s order was improvidently certified as final and 

therefore dismiss the appeal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We note that “[w]here 

an interlocutory order is not appropriate for Rule 54.02 certification but the trial court 

desires immediate appellate review of the order, the trial court may grant permission for 

interlocutory appeal of the order pursuant to Rule 9 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate 

Procedure.” Konvalinka, 2012 WL 1080820, at *3 n.7. Alternatively, the parties can 

appeal as of right once a final and appealable order has been entered.

III. CONCLUSION

For the aforementioned reasons, the appeal is dismissed and this matter is remanded for 

further proceedings. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the appellant, Rhonda Forlaw Adkins, 

for which execution may issue if necessary.

_________________________________

CARMA DENNIS MCGEE, JUDGE

 

3

Indeed, it appears that after the trial court entered the September 10 order at issue, designating 

fourteen orders as final and appealable, the trial court entered another order on November 13 again invoking 

Rule 54.02 and making additional rulings final and appealable. Thus, the possibility of piecemeal litigation 

is not far-fetched.