C.UNITEDSTATESENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCYREGIONIII1650ArchStreetPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania19103DATE:OCT2i’2010SUBJECT:TechnicalSupportDocument-Pennsylvania;2002BaseYearEmissionsInventory,ReasonableFurtherProgressPlan,ContingencyMeasures,ReasonablyAvailableControlMeasures,andTransportationConformityBudgetsforthePennsylvaniaPortionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCity19978-HourOzoneModerateNonattainmentArea-11JFROM:BrianRehn,EnvironmentalEngineerOfficeofAirProgramPlanningTO:FileTHRU:MariaA.Pino,ActingAssociateDirectorOfficeofAirProgramPlanningThisdocumentprovidesatechnicalreviewofarevisiontothePennsylvaniaStateImplementationPlan(SIP)submittedbythePennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalProtection(PADEP)onAugust29,2007toaddressemissionsinventory,reasonablefurtherprogress(RFP),reasonablyavailablecontrolmeasures(RACM)analysis,andcontingencymeasurerequirementsunderthe19978-hourozonenationalambientairqualitystandard(NAAQS)forthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCity,PA-NJDE-MDmoderatenonattainmentarea(hereafterreferredtoasthe“Philadelphia-WilmingtonAtlanticCityozonenonattainmentarea”orasthe“Philadelphiaarea”).ThisSIPrevisionalsoestablishesamotorvehicleemissionsbudget(MVEB)for2008forthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphiamoderatenonattainmentarea.OnDecember10,2009,PADEPsubmittedtwoSIPrevisionstotheAugust29,2007SIPrevisiontoaddresserrorsidentifiedinthestationarypointsourceportionofthe2002baseyearemissionsinventoryoftheAugust2007plan.Thefirstmakesminorcorrectionstothestationary,area,andnonroademissionscategoriesofthe2002baseyearemissionsinventory.Theserevisionstothe2002baseyearemissioninventoryalsoaffectedthecalculationsfortheRFPdemonstrationsubmittedaspartoftheAugust27,2007SIPrevision.ThesecondofthetwoDecember10,2009SIPrevisionscontainsarevisedRFPdemonstrationthatsupersedestheRFPdemonstrationsubmittedaspartoftheAugust2007SIPrevision.Pennsylvania’sAugust2007SIPrevisionsubmittal,entitled“AttainmentDemonstrationandBaseYearInventory:Bucks,Chester,Delaware,MontgomeryandPhiladelphiaCountieslocatedinthePhiladelphiaWilmington-AtlanticCity,PA-NJ-DE-MDEightHourNonattainmentArea”(asamendedbytheDecember10,2009andApril12,2010SIPrevisions)isalsoreferredtointhisdocumentasthe“Philadelphia8-hourozoneplan.”COnApril12,2010,PADEPsubmittedaSIPrevisioncontainingthestationarysourceannual2002baseyearemissionsinventory.TheDecember10,2009SIPrevisioncontainedonlythedailystationarybaseyearemissionsinventory,butdidnotsubmittherevisedannualemissionsinventory.A.BACKGROUNDI.GeneralRequirementsSection182oftheCleanAirAct(CAA)andtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency’s(EPA’s)19978-hourozoneregulations(40CFR51.910)requireeachmoderateandabove8-hourozonenonattainmentareatosubmitanemissionsinventoryandRFPSIPrevisionthatdescribeshowtheareawillachieveactualemissionsreductionsofvolatileorganiccompounds(VOC)andnitrogenoxides(NOx)fromabaselineemissionsinventory.Anemissionsinventoryisanestimationofactualemissionsofairpollutantsinanarea.TheemissionsinventoryforanozonenonattainmentareacontainsVOCandNOxemissions,whichareprecursorstoozoneformation.Inthiscase,a“baseline”emissionsinventoryisrequiredfortheyear2002.Pursuanttosection172(c)(1)oftheCAA,statesarerequiredtosubmitplansfornonattainmentareasthatprovidefortheimplementofallreasonablyavailablecontrolmeasures(RACM)asexpeditiouslyaspracticable.Specifically,section172(c)(1)statesthefollowing:“Suchplanprovisionsshallprovidefortheimplementationofallreasonablyavailablecontrolmeasuresasexpeditiouslyaspracticable(includingsuchreductionsinemissionsfromexistingsourcesintheareaasmaybeobtainedthroughtheadoption,ataminimum,ofreasonablyavailablecontroltechnology)andshallprovideforattainmentofthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandards.”ControlmeasuresthatwouldadvancetheattainmentdateareconsideredRACMandmustbeincludedintheSIP.RACMarenecessarytoensurethattheattainmentdateisachieved“asexpeditiousaspracticable.”Phase1ofthe8-hourozoneimplementationrule,publishedonApril30,2004(69FR23951),setoutcriteriaforclassifyingnonattainmentareasunderthe19978-hourozonestandard.ThePhase1rulealsoaddressedrevocationofthe1-hourNAAQS;howanti-backsliding.principleswillensurecontinuedprogresstowardattainmentofthe8-hourozoneNAAQS;attainmentdates;andthetimingofemissionsreductionsneededforattainment.OnNovember29,2005,EPApublishedthePhase2finalruleforimplementationofthe8-hourstandard.ThePhase2ruleaddressedtheRFPcontrolandplanningobligationsastheyapplytoareasdesignatednonattainmentforthe19978-hourozoneNAAQS(70FR71612).ThePhase2finalrulewasrevisedonJune8,2007(72FR31727).Amongotherthings,thePhase1and2rulesoutlinetheSIPrequirementsanddeadlinesforvariousrequirementsinareasdesignatedasmoderatenonattainment.TherulessetaduedateofJune15,2007fortherequiredbaseyearemissioninventory,RFPplan,modelingandattainmentdemonstration,RACM,MVEB,andcontingencymeasures(40CFR51.908(a),(c)).Section182(b)(l)oftheCAAandEPA’s19978-hourozoneimplementationrule(40CFR51.910)requireeach8-hourozonenonattainmentareadesignatedmoderateandaboveto2CCsubmitforreviewandapprovalintoitsSIPanemissionsinventoryandRFPplanthatdescribeshowtheareawillachieveactualemissionsreductionsofVOCandNOxfromabaselineemissionsinventory.Foramoderate8-hourozonenonattainmentareawithanattainmentdatemorethan5yearsafterdesignation,a15percentRFPreductioninozoneprecursoremissionsisrequiredwithin6years(2002-2008).Foramoderateareawithanapproved15percentrate-ofprogress(ROP)planunderthe1-hourstandard,statescanusereductionsfromVOCorNOxoracombinationofeither.ForamoderateareawithoutandapprovedROPplan,a15%reductionin-VOCisrequired.Thereductionsmaycomefromanywherewithinthe8-hournonattainmentarea.Table1outlinestheserequirements.Table1.RFPRequirementsforModerate8-HourOzoneNonattainmentAreaswithAttainmentDatesMorethan5YearsafterDesignationAreaRequirement40CFRReferenceWithapproved15%15%VOCand/orNOxreductions51.910(a)(1)(iii)(B)(2)&VOCROPplan(2002—2008)51.910(b)(2)(b)(ii)Withoutapproved15%VOCreductions(2002-2008).51.910(a)(l)(iii)(B)(1)15%VOCROPplanThereductionsmaycomefromanywherewithinthe8-hournonattainmentarea.Inaddition,RFPplansmustincludecontingencymeasures,whichareadditionalcontrolsthatwouldbeimplementediftheareafailstomakereasonablefurtherprogress.SeeCAAsection172(c)(9).Implementationofthesemeasureswouldprovideadditionalemissionsreductionsofupto3percentoftheadjustedbaseyearinventory(orlesserpercentagethatwillmakeuptheidentifiedshortfall).RFPplansmustalsoincludeaMVEB,whichistheallowablelevelofon-roadmobileemissionsanareacanproduceandcontinuetodemonstrateRFP.40CFR93.II.ThePhiladelphiaAreaIn1997,EPArevisedthehealth-basedNAAQSforozone,settingitat0.08partspermillion(ppm)averagedoveran8-hourtimeframe.EPAsetthe8-hourozonestandardbasedonscientificevidencedemonstratingthatozonecausesadversehealtheffectsatlowerozoneconcentrationsandoverlongerperiodsoftime,thanwasunderstoodwhenthepre-existing1-hourozonestandardwasset.EPAdeterminedthatthe8-hourstandardwouldbemoreprotectiveofhumanhealth,especiallychildrenandadultswhoareactiveoutdoors,andindividualswithapre-existingrespiratorydisease,suchasasthma.OnApril30,2004(69FR23951),EPAfinalizeditsattainment/nonattainmentdesignationsforareasacrossthecountrywithrespecttothe8-hourozonestandard.TheseactionsbecameeffectiveonJune15,2004.AmongthosenonattainmentareasisthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCity,PA-NJ-DE-MDmoderatenonattainmentarea(NAA).ThismultistateNAAincludesfivePennsylvaniacounties—Bucks,Chester,Delaware,Montgomery,andPhiladelphia.PursuanttoPhase1ofthe8-hourozoneimplementationrule,anareawasclassifiedunderSubpart2oftheCAAbasedonits8-hourdesignvalueifthatareahada1-hourdesign3Cvalueatorabove0:121ppm(thelowest1-hourdesignvalueinTable1ofSubpart2).Basedonthiscriterion,thePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAAwasclassifiedunderSubpart2asamoderatenonattainmentarea.B.EVALUATIONOFSTATESUBMITTALI.BaseYearEmissionsInventoryAnemissionsinventoryisacomprehensive,accurate,andcurrentinventoryofactualemissionsfromallsources.Theemissionsinventoryisrequiredbysection172(c)(3)oftheCAA.Forozonenonattainmentareas,theemissionsinventoryneedstocontainVOCandNOxemissionsbecausethesepollutantsareprecursorsofozone.EPArecommended2002asthebaseyearemissionsinventory,andisthereforethestartingpointforcalculatingRFP.Pennsylvaniasubmittedits2002baseyearemissionsinventoryforthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAAonAugust29,2007.OnDecember10,2009,Pennsylvaniasubmittedacorrectiontothat2002baseyearemissionsinventorytocorrecterrorsthatwereidentifiedwiththeAugust2007submissionwithrespecttostationarypointsourcevalues(duetofacilitiesbeingcountedmultipletimesasaresultoffacilitynamechanges).PennsylvaniasubsequentlysubmittedarevisiononApril12,2010,toreplacethe2002baseyearinventorypointsourceemissionvaluesappendix(AppendixB-2oftheAugust2007submission)withtheserevisedpointsourcevalues.ThisrevisedAppendixB2fullysupersedesthatsubmittedaspartoftheAugust2007SIPrevision.Asummaryofthe2002baseyearVOCandNOxemissionsinventoryforthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAAisincludedinTable2,below.Table2.PennsylvaniaPortionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAA2002BaseYearVOC&NOxEmissionsinTonsperDay(tpd)EmissionSourceCategoryVOCNOxPoint22.2159.63StationaryArea149.8414.64Non-RoadMobile79.0670.95On-RoadMobile98.76184.66Total(excludingBiogenics)349.87329.88Pennsylvaniadiscussesits2002baseyearinventoryforthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAAinSectionVIofPennsylvania’s8-hourozoneplanfortheNAA.AppendicesB-FofthePhiladelphia8-hourozoneplancontainsPennsylvania’s2002baseyearinventoryfortheirportionofthenonattainmentarea.EPARegion3’sAirQualityAnalysisBranch(AQAB)reviewedPennsylvania’s2002baseyearinventoryforthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAAusingtheappropriateEPApolicyandguidance.Pleaseseetheattached“TechnicalSupportDocument(TSD)fortheBaltimoreNonattainmentArea:8HourOzoneStateImplementationPlan(SIP)AttainmentDemonstrationandBaseYearInventory,”preparedbyAliceH.ChowandsignedbyWalterWilkie,AirQualityAnalysisBranchChief,onMay5,2010(PhiladelphiaEmissionInventory4CCTSD).AsdiscussedindetailinthatPhiladelphiaEmissionInventoryTSD,Pennsylvania’sprocedures,methodologies,andresultfortheBaltimoreNAA2002baseyearinventoryareapprovable.II.AdjustedBaseYearInventory,2008RFPTargetLevelsTheprocessfordeterminingtheemissionsbaselinefromwhichtheRFPreductionsarecalculatedisdescribedinsection182(b)(l)oftheCAAand40CFR51.910.Thisbaselinevaluehasbeendeterminedtobethe2002adjustedbaseyearinventory.Sections182(b)(1)(B)and(D)requiretheexclusionfromthebaseyearinventoryofemissionsbenefitsresultingfromtheFederalMotorVehicleControlProgram(FMVCP)regulationspromulgatedbyJanuary1,1990andtheReidVaporPressure(RVP)regulationspromulgatedJune11,1990(55FR23666).TheFMVCPandRVPemissionsreductionsaredeterminedbythestateusingmostrecentversionofEPA’son-roadmobilesourceemissionsmodelingsoftware(whichatthattimetheseplanswerepreparedwasMOBILE6).TheFMVCPandRVPemissionreductionsarethenremovedfromthebaseyearinventorybythestate,resultinginanadjustedbaseyearinventory.TheemissionreductionsneededtosatisfytheRFPrequirementarethencalculatedfromtheadjustedbaseyearinventory.ThesereductionsarethensubtractedfromtheadjustedbaseyearinventorytoestablishtheemissionstargetfortheRFPmilestoneyear(2008).FormoderateareaslikethePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAA,theCAAspecifiesa15percentreductioninozoneprecursoremissionsoveraninitial6-yearperiod.InthePhase2ImplementationRule(70FR71612),EPAinterpretedthisrequirementforareasthatwerealsodesignatednonattainmentandclassifiedasmoderateorhigherforthe1-hourozonestandard.InthePhase2Rule,EPAprovidedthatanareaclassifiedasmoderateorhigherthathasthesameboundariesasanarea,orisentirelycomposedofseveralareasorportionsofareas,forwhichEPAfullyapproveda15percentplanforthe1-hourNAAQS,isconsideredtohavemettherequirementsofsection182(b)(1)oftheCAAforthe8-hourNAAQS.Inthissituation,amoderatenonattainmentareaissubjecttoRFPundersection172(c)(2)oftheCAAandshallsubmit,nolaterthan3yearsafterdesignationforthe8-hourNAAQS,aSIPrevisionthatmeetstherequirementsof40CFR51.910(b)(2).TheRFPSIPrevisionmustprovidefora15percentemissionreduction(eitherNOxand/orVOC)accountingforanygrowththatoccursduringthe6-yearperiodfollowingthebaselineemissionsinventoryyear,thatis,2002-2008.ThePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityozonenonattainmentareaunderthe19978-hourozonestandardhasthesameboundaryastheasthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-TrentonNAAundertheprior1-hourozonestandard.Underthe1-hourozonestandard,thePhiladelphia-Wilmington-Trentonnonattainmentareawasclassifiedassevere.OnSeptember12,1996(lateramendedonApril10,1997andJune5,1998),Pennsylvaniasubmitteda15%PlanSIPrevisionforthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-Trenton1-hourozonenonattainmentarea.OnAugust24,2001,EPAfullyapprovedPennsylvania’s15%planfortheCommonwealth’sportionofthePhiladelphiaWilmington-Trenton1-hoursevereozoneNAA(66FR44547).Therefore,accordingtothePhase2Rule,theRFPplanforthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCity8-hourozoneNAAmayuseeitherNOxorVOCemissionsreductions(orboth)toachievetherequired15percentemissionreduction.50•CAccordingtosection182(b)(1)(D)oftheCAA,emissionreductionsthatresultedfromtheFMVCPandRVPrulespromulgatedpriorto1990arenotcreditableforachievingRFPemissionreductions.Therefore,the2002baseyearinventorymustbeadjustedbysubtractingtheVOCandNOxemissionreductionsthatareexpectedtooccurbetween2002andthefuturemilestoneyearsduetotheFMVCPandRVPrules.Theadjustmentsarecalculatedinthefollowingmanner:A)EstimatetheactualanthropogenicbaseyearinventoryforbothVOCandNOxin2002withall2002controlprogramsinplace.B)Usingthesamehighwayvehicleactivityinputsusedtocalculatetheactual2002inventory,runtheappropriatemotorvehicleemissionsmodelfor2002andfor2008withallpost-1990CAAmeasuresturnedoff.Anyotherlocalinputsforvehicleinspectionandmaintenance(JIM)programsshouldbesetaccordingtotheprogramthatwasrequiredtobeinplacein1990.FuelRVPshouldbesetat9.0or7.8dependingontheRVPrequiredinthelocalareaasaresultoffuelRVPregulationspromulgatedinJune1990.C)Calculatethedifferencebetween2002and2008VOCemissionsfactorscalculatedinStepBandmultiplyby2002VMT.TheresultistheVOCemissionsreductionsthatwilloccurbetween2002and2008withoutthebenefitsofanypost-1990CAAmeasures.Thesearethenon-creditableVOCreductionsthatoccuroverthisperiod.Calculatethedifferencebetween2002and2008NOxemissionsfactorscalculatedinStepBandmultiplyby2002VMT.ThisresultistheNOxemissionsreductionsthatwilloccurbetween2002and2008withoutthebenefitsofanypost-1990CAAmeasures.Thesearethenon-creditableNOxreductionsthatoccuroverthisperiod.D)Subtractthenon-creditableVOCreductionscalculatedinStepCfromtheactualanthropogenic2002VOCinventoryestimatedinStepA.Subtractthenon-creditableNOxreductionscalculatedinStepCfromtheactualanthropogenic2002NOxinventoryestimatedinStepA.TheseadjustedVOCandNOxinventoriesarethebasisforcalculatingthetargetlevelofemissionsin2008.E)ThetargetlevelofVOCandNOxemissionsin2008neededtomeetthe2008ROPrequirementisanycombinationofVOCandNOxreductionsfromtheadjustedinventoriescalculatedinStepDthattotal18percent.Forexample,thetargetlevelofVOCemissionsin2008couldbea10percentreductionfromtheadjusted.Pennsylvaniasetforthitscalculationsfortheadjustedbaseyearinventoryand2008RFPtargetlevelsinSectionIV.DoftheAugust2007Philadelphia8-hourozoneplan.PennsylvaniaamendeditsRFPplancalculationsaspartofitsDecember10,2009revisedRFPPlanSIP(toaccommodatetheDecember2009revised2002baseyearstationarysourceemissionsinventory).Hereafter,whencitingtheCommonwealth’sRFPcalculation,wearereferringtotheDecember2009RFPSIPrevision,whichcontainsthe“CorrectiontotheRFPDemonstration”document,datedNovember2009.A)ThePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAA20026CC’anthropogenicbaseyearinventoryisfoundinTable4-3oftheDecember2009RFPPlan,andissummarizedinTable3,below.Table3.PennsylvaniaPortionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-TrentonNAA2002AnthropogenicBaseYearInventory(OzoneSeasontpd)SourceCategoryVOCNOxPoint22.2159.63Area149.8414.64Non-Road79.0670.95On-Road98.76184.66Total349.87329.88B&C)Pennsylvaniacalculatedthenon-creditableemissionreductionsbetween2002and2008bymodelingits2002and2008motorvehicleemissionswithallpost-1990CAAmeasures“switchedoff’,andcalculatingthedifference.SeeTables4-4and4-5ofPennsylvania’sDecember2009correctedRFPplan.Thenon-creditablereductionsarecalculatedinTable4,below.Table4.PennsylvaniaPortionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAANon-CreditableEmissionReductionsfrom2002-2008(OzoneSeasontad)SourceCategoryVOCNOx(i)2002On-Road(Adjusted)421.44370.02(ii)2008On-Road(Adjusted)408.72354.44Non-creditableReductions12.7215.58(1)—_(ii)D&E)TheCommonwealth’scalculationofitsportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAA2002VOCandNOxinventoriesadjustedrelativeto2008andVOCandNOxtargetlevelsfor2008arefoundinTables4-6through4-8oftheDecember2009correctedRFPplan,andaresummarizedinTable5,below.Table5.PennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAA2008RFPTargetLevelCalculationswithNOxSubstitution(OzoneSeasontdDescriptionFormulaVOCNOxA2002Rate-OfProgressBaseYearInventory349.87329.88BFMVCP/RVPReductionsBetween2002And200812.7215.58C2002AdjustedBaseYearInventoryRelativeTo2008A-B337.15314.30DRFPRatio0.0750.075EjEmissionsReductionsRequiredBetween2002&2008!C*D25.2923.57FfrargetLevelfor2008IC-E311.86290.73III.ProjectedInventoriesandDeterminationofRFP7CCPennsylvaniadescribesitsmethodsusedfordevelopingits2008projectedVOCandNOxinventoriesinitsAugust2007AttainmentDemonstrationandBaseYearEmissionInventorySIPrevision.TheprojectedemissioninventorywhichwaslateramendedaspartoftheNovember2009CorrectiontotheReasonableFurtherProgressDemonstrationsubmittedtoEPAasaSIPrevisiononDecember10,2009.Projecteduncontrolledandcontrolled2008VOCandNOxemissionsarelistedinSectionD.3ofthePennsylvania’sDecember2009revisedRFPDemonstrationSIP.EPARegion3’sOfficeofAirMonitoringandAnalysisreviewedtheproceduresPennsylvaniausedtodevelopitsprojectedinventoriesandfoundthemtobereasonable.PleaserefertoPennsylvania’sAugust2007SIPrevisionforfurtherinformationregardinggenerationoftheprojectionemissioninventory.Projectedcontrolled2008emissionsforthePennsylvaniacountiesthatarepartofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCitynonattainmentareaaresummarizedinTable4-7ofPennsylvania’srevisedRFPplanforthePhiladelphiaarea.ThedatafromTable4-7ispresentedinTable6,below.Table6.PennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAA2008ProjectedControlledVOC&NOxEmissions(tpd)EmissionSourceVOCEmissionsNOxEmissionsCategory(tpd)(tpd)Point21.5657.13Area143.2315.50Non-road62.8462.67Mobile61.09108.78Total288.72244.08Todetermineif2008RFPismetinthenonattainmentarea,thetotalprojectedcontrolledemissionsmustbecomparedtothetargetlevelscalculatedintheprevioussectionofthisdocument.AsshownbelowinTable7,thetotalVOCandNOxemissionprojectionsmeetthe2008emissiontargets--basedinpartontheCommonwealth’srelianceonNOxsubstitutiontodemonstrateRFP,inaccordancewithEPApolicy.Therefore,PennsylvaniahasproperlycalculatedRFPforitsportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCitynonattainmentarea.Table7.DeterminationofwhetherRFPismetin2008inthePennsylvaniaPortionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAAVOCEmissionsNOxEmissionsDescription(tpd)(tpd)ATargetLevelfor2008311.86290.73B2008ProjectedControlledEmissions288.72244.08(includingnon-creditableFMVCP)2008ProjectedControlledEmissionsC(excludingreductionsfromnon-creditable301.44259.66FMVCP)IsRFPmet?YesYes8(ThC[i.e.,2008ProjectedEmissions(C)<2008TargetLevel(A)]IV.ControlMeasuresandEmissionReductionsforReasonableFurtherProgressThecontrolmeasuresforwhichPennsylvaniareliesupontodemonstratereasonablefurtherprogressandattainmentofthe8-hourozoneNAAQSinthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCitynonattainmentareaaredescribedinSectionVoftheCommonwealth’sAugust20078-hourozoneattainmentplanandemissioninventorySIP.TheRFP-related2008reductionsfromthesemeasuresarelistedinPennsylvania’sDecember2009amendedRFPSIPrevisionforthePhiladelphiaarea.TodemonstrateRFPforthePhiladelphiaarea,Pennsylvaniausedacombinationof(l)stationarypoint,(2)stationaryarea,(3)highwaymobile,and(4)non-roadmobilesourcecontrolmeasures.(1)StationaryPointSourceMeasures•NOxSIPCallRule(InterstatePollutionTransportReduction)InresponsetotheFederalNOxSIPcallrule,PennsylvaniaadoptedNOxcontrolregulationsforlargeindustrialboilersandinternalcombustionengines,electricgeneratingunits,andcementplants.TheregulationcoveringindustrialboilersandelectricgeneratorsrequiredemissionreductionstocommenceMay1,2003,whiletheregulationcoveringlargeinternalcombustionenginesandcementplantsrequiredemissionreductionstocommenceMay1,2005.EPAapprovedthisregulation,foundin25Pa.CodeChapter145,onSeptember29,2006(71FR57428).•SmallSourcesofNOx,CementKilns,&LargeStationaryInternalCombustionEnginesPennsylvaniaDEPestablishedadditionalozoneseasonrequirementsforsmallsourcesofNOxinthePhiladelphianonattainmentareaviaregulationsadoptedonDecember11,2004.Theserules(25Pa.CodeChapter129)applytocertainboilers,turbines,andstationaryinternalcombustionunits.Theemissionlimitsaredifferentiatedbyfueltypeandallowalternativecompliancemechanisms.ByNovember1stofeachyear,ownersandoperatorsofthesesourcesmustsurrenderNOxallowancesifactualemissionsexceedallowableemissions.TheseNOxemissionlimitswereimplementedbeginningMay1,2005.EPAapprovedthisprogramonSeptember29,2006(71FR57428).•FederalStandardsforHazardousAirPollutants.FederalMaximumAchievableControlTechnology(MACT)standardstocontrolhazardousairpollutants(HAPs)requirecontrolsatmajorsourcesofHAPs.EPAissuedaseriesofregulationsforavarietyofsourcesapplicabletosourcesinPennsylvania.TheseMACTstandardsareincorporatedbyreferenceintoPennsylvania’sregulations,andareincludedintheDepartment’spermitsforaffectedsources.EPAhasdelegatedenforcementoftheMACTprogramtotheDepartment.Pennsylvaniaincorporatedcontrolswithacompliancedateof2002andearlierinthebaseyearinventoryfor2002,whilecontrolswithacompliancedateof2003andlaterareincludedintheprojectioninventory.AlistofthecategoriesforwhichfederalMACTstandardshavebeenissuediscontainedinAppendixDoftheAugust2007PennsylvaniaattainmentplanandemissioninventorySIPrevision.9C’C(2)StationaryAreaSourceMeasures•PortableFuelContainersRulePennsylvaniaadoptedaportablefuelcontainerregulation,25Pa.CodeChapter130,SubchapterA,toaddressVOClossresultingfrompermeationandevaporationfromportablegasolinecontainersandtheiropenings,andfromspillageduringthefuelingofsmallequipmentbythesecontainers.PortablefuelcontainersmanufacturedafterJanuary1,2003forsaleinPennsylvaniamustmeetcertainrequirements.PennsylvaniaDEPpredictedinitsone-hourozoneSIPdemonstrationforthePhiladelphiaareathattheportablefuelcontainerregulationwouldbefullyphasedinovera10-yearperiod(i.e.approximately10percentoftheexistingcontainerswouldbereplacedeachyear).Emissionreductionestimatesfortheprogramreflectthisphased-inreplacementofthecontainers.TheregulationwassubmittedtoEPAasaSIPrevisiononMarch26,2003andapprovedonDecember8,2004(69FR70893).•ConsumerProductsRulePennsylvania’sConsumerProductsruleappliesstatewidetoanypersonwhosells,supplies,offersforsale,ormanufacturessubjectconsumerproductsafterJanuary1,2005.ItsetsVOCstandards,withprovisionsforexemptionsandforinnovativeproducts,administrativerequirements,reportingrequirements,variances,testmethods,andprovisionsforalternativecontrolplans.Theruleiscontainedin25Pa.CodeChapter130,SubchapterB.ItwassubmittedtoEPAasaSIPrevisiononMarch26,2003andapprovedonDecember8,2004(69FR70895).•ArchitecturalandIndustrialMaintenanceCoatingsRulePennsylvania’sArchitecturalandIndustrialMaintenance(AIM)Coatingsregulationappliesstatewidetoanypersonwhosupplies,sells,offersforsale,ormanufactures,blendsorrepackagesanAIMcoatingforusewithintheCommonwealth,andtoanyonewhoappliesorsolicitstheapplicationofanAIMcoatingwithintheCommonwealth.Theregulationdoesnotapplyto:(1)AnyAIMcoatingthatissoldormanufacturedforuseoutsidetheCommonwealthorforshipmenttoothermanufacturersforreformulationorrepackaging;(2)anyaerosolcoatingproduct;or(3)anyAIMcoatingthatissoldinacontainerwithavolumeofoneliter(1.057quarts)orless.TheAIMCoatingsregulationsetsspecificVOCcontentlimits,ingramsperliter,forAIMcoatingscategorieswithacompliancedateofJanuary1,2005.Manufacturersensurecompliancewithsetlimitsbyreformulatingcoatings.TheregulationcontainsVOCcontentrequirementsforawidevarietyoffield-appliedcoatings,includinggraphicartscoatings,lacquers,primersandstains.ThereareanumberoftestmethodsthatmaybeusedtodemonstratecompliancewiththeAIMCoatingsregulation.EPAandSouthCoastAirQualityManagementDistrictofCaliforniahaveeachpublishedtestmethodsforAIMcoatingcompliance.Pennsylvania’sAIMCoatingprogramrequirementsarespecifiedin25Pa.CodeChapter130,SubchapterC.Thefinal-formregulationwassubmittedtoEPAasaSIPrevisiononDecember3,2003,withasupplementsubmittedonOctober19,2004.EPAapprovedtheprovisionsasanelementoftheSIPonNovember23,2004(69FR69080).10CC(3)HighwayMobileSourceMeasuresPennsylvaniacalculatedtheemissionreductionsforachieving2008RFPusingtheMOBILEmodelforthefollowingmeasures:•FederalMotorVehicleControlProgram(FMVCP)andPennsylvaniaCleanVehicleProgramforpassengervehiclesandlight-dutytrucksandcleanergasoline.Tier1tailpipestandardsestablishedbytheCAAAmendmentsof1990includeNOxandVOClimitsforlight-dutygasolinevehicles(LDGVs)andlight-dutygasolinetrucks(LDGTs),beginninginmodelyear1994.EvaporativeVOCemissionswerealsoreducedingasoline-poweredcarsstartingwithmodelyear1998.In1998,undertheauthorityofsection177oftheCAA,theDepartmentadoptedthePennsylvaniaCleanVehiclesProgram.(28Pa.B.5873,Dec.5,1998.)ThePennsylvaniaCleanVehiclesProgramincorporatescertainCaliforniaLowEmissionVehicleemissionstandardsforpassengercarsandlight-dutytrucksbyreference.AsrequiredunderSection177oftheCAA.TheCommonwealth’sregulationdoesnotincorporatebyreferencetheCaliforniazeroemissionsvehicle(ZEV)programoremissionscontrolwarrantysystemsstatementprovisions.Inthesamerulemaking,PennsylvaniaadoptedtheNationalLowEmissionVehicle(NLEV)programasacompliancealternativetothePennsylvaniaCleanVehiclesProgram.TheNLEVprogrambecameeffectiveintheOzoneTransportRegionin1999.Pennsylvania’sNewMotorVehicleEmissionsControlProgramregulations(25Pa.CodeSubchapter126.401-126.441)allowedautomobilemanufacturerstocomplywithNLEVasacompliancealternativetotheCaliforniaLowEmissionVehicle(CALEV)programthroughMY2005.Theseregulationsaffectedvehicles6,000poundsandlessandweretheregulationsineffectfornewmotorvehiclesinthebaselineyear,2002.In1999,EPApromulgatedmorestringentfederalregulations(referredtoasTier2),whichphasedinbeginninginmodelyear2004.Pennsylvania’sNLEVcommitmentextendedtomodelyear2006,buttheCommonwealthinessenceinterpreteditsregulationssuchthattheNLEVprogramwasreplacedforMY2004andlaterbythemorestringentFederalTier2standards,whichcanbereferencedat65F.R.6698(Feb.10,2000),andarecodifiedat40CFRPart86..Pennsylvaniaamendeditsrulesin2006toadoptCalifornia’sLEVIIstandards,whichitnowreferstoasthePennsylvaniaCleanVehiclesProgram.TheCleanVehiclesProgramcontinuestoincorporatetheCaliforniaLowEmissionVehicleProgram(CALEVII)byreference.Asamended,theprogramaffectsMY2008andnewerpassengercarsandlightdutytrucksvehicles.36PaB.7424(December9,2006).Emissionsreductionsin2008wereestimatedbasedoncompliancewiththePennsylvaniaCleanVehiclesProgramaccordingtothemethodologydescribedinsection7.4.1ofthe“TechnicalGuidanceontheUseofMOBILE6.2forEmissionsInventoryPreparation”publishedbyEPA’sOfficeofTransportationandAirQuality(OTAQ)inJanuary2002.ThismethodologyisfurtherexplainedinAppendixEoftheCommonwealth’sAugust200711(flCattainmentplanandRFPSIPrevision.PennsylvaniausedtheMOBILEemissionsmodel,withtheassumptionthattheFederalTier2programappliestosubjectvehiclessoldinPennsylvaniafromMY2004throughMY2007andthePennsylvaniaCleanVehiclesProgramappliestosubjectvehiclessoldinmodelyear2008andbeyond.Heavy-DutyDieselControlProgramEPApromulgatedmorestringentnationalregulationsforheavy-dutyenginesandvehicles(over14,000pounds)startingwithmodelyear2004.Inaddition,consentdecreeswithsevenofthelargestheavy-dutyenginemanufacturersrequired,amongotherterms,thatdieselenginesmadebythesecompaniescomplywiththese2004standardstwomodelyearsearly,inmodelyear2002.PennsylvaniaincludestheseprogramsasprovidedintheMOBILEmodel.In2002,PennsylvaniaadoptedCalifornia’sHeavy-DutyDieselEmissionsControlProgram,whichtookeffectbeginningwithmodelyearsafterMay2004.TheprogramincorporatesCaliforniastandardsbyreferenceandrequiresmodelyear2005andlaternewheavy-dutydieselhighwayenginestocomplywithCaliforniacertificationrequirements.Californiastandardsaremorestringentthanfederalstandardsforthetwomodelyearsbetweenexpirationoftheconsentdecreesdiscussedaboveandtheimplementationofmorestringentfederalstandardsaffectingmodelyear2007andbeyond.However,EPA’sMOBILEmodelalreadyassumesthattheengineswouldcomplywithconsentdecreestandards,evenwithoutanenforcementmechanism.PennsylvaniausedMOBILEdefaultstocalculateemissionsfrommodelyear2005and2006highwayengines.EPAadoptednewemissionstandardsforheavy-dutyenginesandvehicles,beginningwiththe2007modelyear.Fordieselengines,thestandardswerephasedinfrom2007to2010forNOxandVOCs.Forgasolineengines,thestandardswerephasedinduringmodelyears2008and2009.FederalandCaliforniastandardsarevirtuallyidenticalformodelyear2007.Formodelyear2008,Californiaadoptedrequirementsforanti-idlingengineprogrammingwhichwillberequiredinPennsylvaniabyvirtueofPennsylvania’sincorporationbyreference.However,thereisnoEPA-approvedmethodologytoestimateemissionreductionsfromthisrequirement.Therefore,theemissionestimatesuseassumptionsofthefederalrulefortheseyears.Becausethenewenginestandardsareadverselyaffectedbysulfurinfuel,EPAalsorequiresmosthighwaydieselfueltocontainnomorethan15partspermillion(ppm)ofsulfurinthefallof2006.Thereisatemporarycomplianceoptionallowingrefinerstocontinuetoproduceupto20percentoftheirhighwaydieselfuelat500ppmfueluntil2010.PennsylvaniausesMOBILEdefaultstoestimatetheeffectsofthephase-inprovision.•VehicleEmissionInspectionandMaintenanceProgramPennsylvania’sfivecountiesinthePhiladelphiaareahavehadavehicleemissionsinspectionprogram(I/Mprogram)since1984.EnhancedTIMwasimplementedintheprogramareabeginningin1997,andtheprogramwasmostrecentlyamendedin2003withtheadditionofon-boarddiagnosticstesting—whichwasimplementedinearly2004.Theprogramappliestomodelyear(MY)1975andnewer,gasoline-poweredvehiclesunder9,000poundsofgrossvehicleweight.VehiclesMY1996andnewerreceiveanannualon-boarddiagnosticstestandagascappressuretest.MostsubjectvehiclesMY1995receivedatailpipeemissionstest,120Cvisualinspectionofpollutioncontroldevices,andagascappressuretest.Vehiclesolderthan25yearsreceiveonlyavisualinspectionandgascaptest.TheCommonwealth’sTIMregulationscanbefoundin67Pa.CodeChapter177.PennsylvaniasubmittedtherevisedemissionsprogramasaSIPrevisiononDecember1,2003.EPAapprovedtheSIPrevisiononOctober6,2005.•FederalLowSulfurGasolineRuleEPApublishedaregulation(inconjunctionwiththeTier2standards)requiringthereductionofsulfuringasolinebeginningin2004,withfullimplementationin2006.Sulfurlevelsarecappedat80partspermillion(ppm)pergallonandannualrefineryaveragesmustbenomorethan30ppm.TheCommonwealth’semissionsreductionsfortheprogramusethedefaultassumptionsprovidedinMOBILE6toaccountfortheimplementationoftheFederalsulfurstandardruleinanareainwhichreformulatedgasolineisrequired.•OtherMotorVehiclePrograms(StageIIGasolineVaporRecovery/FederalReformulatedGasolineRule)Pennsylvania’sStageIIrequirementswereadoptedinFebruary1992.Thisprogramrequiresvaporrecoverynozzlesongasolinepumpsthatensurethatthegasolinevaporsfromthefillingofmotorvehiclegasolinetanksarecollectedandreturnedtotheservicestation’sstoragetanks.Emissionreductionsfromthisstrategyprimarilycomefromvehicleswithoutthefederally-requiredon-boardvaporrecoverycontrolsphasedinbetween1998and2000modelyears,althoughtherequirementprovidessomeadditionalreductionsfromthenewervehiclesaswell.Gasolinesoldinthe5-countyPhiladelphiaareaisrequiredbytheCleanAirActtocomplywiththecleaner-burningreformulatedgasolineformulationstandardssetforthinSection211oftheCAA.Thisfederally-enforcedprogramhasbeeninplacesinceJanuary1995.(4)Non-RoadMobileMeasuresPennsylvaniacalculatedthe2008reasonablefurtherprogramemissionreductionsforthefivePennsylvaniacountiesinthePhiladelphia8-hourozonenonattainmentareausingtheEPANONROADmodelforthefollowingmeasures:•Non-RoadSmallGasolineEnginesThisfederalmeasurerequiressmallgasoline-poweredengineequipment,suchaslawnandgardenequipment,manufacturedafterAugust1,1996tomeetfederalemissionsstandards.Thesemeasuresapplytoequipmentwithenginesoflessthan25horsepower.VOCemissionsresultfromcombustionandevaporationofgasolineusedtopowerthisequipment.See40CFRparts90and91.•Non-RoadDieselEnginesTierIandTierIITheFederalruleestablishedemissionsstandardsfornon-road,compression-ignitionutilityenginesratedat37kilowattsorabove.Thismeasureappliestoallcompression-ignitionenginesexceptenginesusedinaircraft,marinevessels,locomotivesandundergroundminingactivity.NOxemissionsresultfromcombustionofdieselfuelusedtopowerthisequipment.13CCSee69FR38957,June29,2004and40CFRParts9,69,80,86,89,94,1039,1048,1051,1065,and1068.PennsylvaniausedtheNONROAD2005modelwithnationalscaleassumptionstoestimateemissionsforallmilestoneyears.•MarineEngineStandardsThismeasurecontrolsexhaustemissionsfromnewspark-ignition(SI)gasolinemarineengines,includingoutboardengines,personalwatercraftengines,andjetboatengines.See40CFRParts89,90,and91.•EmissionsStandardsforLargeSparkIgnitionEnginesThisfederalmeasurecontrolsVOCandNOxemissionsfromseveralgroupsofpreviouslyunregulatednon-roadengines,includinglargeindustrialspark-ignitionengines,recreationalvehicles,anddieselmarineengines.TheemissionstandardsapplytoallnewenginessoldintheUnitedStatesandanyimportedenginesmanufacturedafterthesestandardsbegin.Controlsonthecategoryoflargeindustrialspark-ignitionenginesarefirstrequiredin2004.Controlsontheotherenginecategoriesarerequiredbeginninginyearsafter2005.See40CFRParts89,90,91,94,1048,1051,1065,and1068.•ReformulatedGasolineUseinNon-RoadMotorVehiclesandEquipmentThisfederallymandatedmeasurerequirestheuseoflowerpolluting“reformulated”gasolinefornonroadenginesandequipment.See“ReformulatedGasolineinOn-roadVehicles,”above.Thismeasureaffectsthevariousnon-roadmobilesourcesthatburngasoline,suchaslawnmowers,trimmers,generators,andcompressors.TheprogramhasbeeninplaceinthePhiladelphianonattainmentareasince1995.•RailroadEngineStandards(Tier2)Thismeasureestablishesemissionstandardsfornewlymanufacturedandremanufactureddiesel-poweredlocomotivesandlocomotiveengines.Thisregulationtookeffectin2000.See63FR18998,April16,1998,and40CFRParts92.RFPEmissionReductionSummaryThefollowingtable(Table8)identifiesthecategoricalemissionreductionsduetocontrolmeasuresfrom2002-2008.Theseemissionreductionsarenetofgrowthfrom2002to2008becausetheyarederivedfromsubtractingthe2008emissionsprojectionswithcontrolsfromthe2002anthropogenicbaseyearinventory.TheHighwaySourcescategoryincludesallexpectedemissionsreductions,includingthosefrommeasuresthatarenotcreditableunderreasonablefurtherprogress.EachcontrolmeasureisexplainedingreaterdetailinSectionV.ControlStrategies.ThenegativereductionsforNOxfromareasourcesindicatethatemissionsinthiscategorywillincreasefrom2002to2008.ThisincreaseoccursbecausethenewcontrolstrategiesthatwereimplementedinthiscategoryaffectedVOCemissionsonly.14CTable8.ControlMeasuresand2008EmissionReductionsinthePennsylvaniaPortionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAA8-hourReasonableFurtherProgressPlanControlStrategiesVOC(tpd)NOx(tpd)StationaryPointSources0.652.50NOxS11’CallSmallerSourcesofNOxHazardousAirPollutantRegulationsStationaryAreaSources6.61-0.86PortableFuelContainersConsumerProductsAIMCoatingsHighwaySources(includesnoncreditable37.6775.88reductionsfrompre-1990FMVCPbetween2002-08)(12.72non-(15.58noncreditable)creditable)FederalMotorVehicleControlProgramsPennsylvaniaCleanVehiclesProgramHeavydutydieselcontrolProgramsInspection/MaintenanceProgramLowSulfurGasolineOtherMotorVehicleProgramsNon-roadSources16.228.28FederalNonroadRegulationsincludingFuelStandardsTotalExpectedEmissionReductions(2002-2008)61.1585.80(including_non-creditable_reductions)IV.ContingencyMeasuresforFailuretoMeetRFPSection172(c)(9)oftheCAArequiresastatewithamoderateoraboveozonenonattainmentareatoincludesufficientadditionalcontingencymeasuresinitsRFPplanincasetheareafailstomeetRFP.ThesameprovisionoftheCAAalsorequiresthatthecontingencymeasuresmustbefullyadoptedcontrolmeasuresorrules.UponfailuretomeetanRFPmilestonerequirement,thestatemustbeabletoimplementthecontingencymeasureswithoutanyfurtherrulemakingactivities.Uponimplementationofsuchmeasures,additionalemissionreductionsofatleast3percentoftheadjusted2002baselineemissionsmustbeachieved.Formoreinformationoncontingencymeasures,seetheApril16,1992GeneralPreamble(57FR13512)andtheNovember29,2005Phase28-hourozoneimplementationrule(70FR71612).Tomeettherequirementsforcontingencyemissionreductions,EPAallowsfortheuseofearlyimplementationofcontrolmeasuresascontingencymeasures.EPAalsoallowsthesubstitutionofNOxemissionreductionsforVOCemissionreductionsinthecontingencyplans(byanycombinationofNOxandVOC,aslongasthe3percentreductionisachievedand0.315ThpercentofthetotalisattributabletoVOCs).TheRFPcontingencyrequirementmaybemetbyincludingintheRFPplanademonstrationof18percentVOC&NOxRFP.Theadditional3percentreductionabovethe15percentrequirementmustbeattributedtospecificmeasures.PennsylvaniaelectedtouseearlyemissionreductionsfromtheFederalTier2motorvehicleprogramtowardsmeetingthecontingencymeasurerequirement.PennsylvaniadiscussesitsPhiladelphiaareacontingencymeasuresforfailuretomeetRFPinSection4oftheDecember2009CorrectiontotheRFPSIP.TheresultsarepresentedinTable9,below.Table9.PennsylvaniaPortionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNonattainmentArea2008RFPContingencyMeasureTargetLevelCalculationsVOCNOxDescriptionFormula(tpd)(tpd)A2002Rate-OfProgressBaseYearInventory349.87329.88son-creditableFMVCP/RVPReductions12.7215.58BBetween2002And20082002AdjustedBaseYearInventoryRelativeToA-B337.15314.3C2008DRFPRatio(TargetPercentReductionforRFP)7.57.5RFPEmissionsReductionsRequiredC*(1-(D/100))25.2923.57EBetween2002&2008forRFPFContingencyPercentage3.000GContingencyEmissionReductionRequirementsC*F10.110HContingencyMeasureTargetLevelfor2008C—E—G301.76314.302008ProjectedEmissions(includinggrowthandcontrolsandnon-creditable288.72244.08I‘MVCP)2008ProjectEmissionsExcludingReductionsfrom301.44259.66Jion-creditableFMVCPTodetermineifPennsylvaniameetsthethreepercentcontingencymeasurerequirementforthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphiaarea,thetotalprojectedcontrolledemissions(includinggrowth,butexcludingreductionsfromthenon-creditablepre-1990FMVCP)mustbecomparedtothecontingencymeasuretargetlevelscalculatedabove.PennsylvaniahasnotindicatedwhetheritintendstoobtainthenecessaryearlyreductioncontingencymeasuresentirelyfromVOCs,fromNOx,orfromboth.SincetheCommonwealth’s2008projectedVOCinventoryismuchclosertoitscontingencymeasuretargetlevel,wecalculatedthecontingencymeasuretargetbasedontheentirecontingencypercentagereductionof3percentcomingfromVOCs,withnoNOxsubstitution.Table10showsthatPennsylvaniawouldmeetthecontingencymeasuretargetifthisassumptionismade.AssumingNOxsubstitutionof2.7percentwouldshowthatanentirelyNOx-substitutedcontingencyplanwouldalsomeetthetest.AsshownbelowinTable14,thetotalVOCandNOxprojectedemissionsmeetthewillmeetrequired2008contingencymeasuretargets.Therefore,Pennsylvaniahassufficientearly16CcontingencymeasuresinplacetomeetthecontingencymeasurerequirementforthePhiladelphiaozonenonattainmentarea,forpurposesofdemonstratingreasonablefurtherprogress.Table10.EvaluationofthePennsylvaniaPortionofthePhiladelphia-WilmingtonAtlanticCityNonattainmentArea2008RFPContingencyMeasureRequirementDescriptionVOCNOx(tpd)(tpd)ATotal2008ProjectedControlledEmissions301.44259.66BContingencyMeasureTargetLevelfor20083017631430(ifassumed_to_be_entirelyVOC-based)ContingencymeasurerequirementmetifA<BYesYesV.RACMAnalysisandDeterminationPursuanttosection172(c)(l)oftheCAA,statesarerequiredtoimplementallRACMasexpeditiouslyaspracticableforeachnonattainmentarea.Specifically,section172(c)(1)statesthefollowing:“Ingeneral—Suchplanprovisionsshallprovidefortheimplementationofallreasonablyavailablecontrolmeasuresasexpeditiouslyaspracticable(includingsuchreductionsinemissionsfromexistingsourcesintheareaasmaybeobtainedthroughtheadoption,ataminimum,ofreasonablyavailablecontroltechnology)andshallprovideforattainmentofthenationalprimaryambientairqualitystandards.”Furthermore,inEPA’sPhase2Rule,EPAdescribeshowstatesmustincludeaRACManalysiswiththeirattainmentdemonstration(70FR71659).ThepurposeoftheRACManalysisistodeterminewhetherornotreasonablyavailablecontrolmeasuresexistthatwouldadvancetheattainmentdatefornonattainmentareas.ControlmeasuresthatwouldadvancetheattainmentdateareconsideredRACMandmustbeincludedintheSIP.RACMarenecessarytoensurethattheattainmentdateisachieved“asexpeditiousaspracticable.”RACMisdefinedbytheEPAasanypotentialcontrolmeasureforapplicationtopoint,area,on-roadandnon-roademissionsourcecategoriesthatmeetsthefollowingcriteria:•Thecontrolmeasureistechnologicallyfeasible;•Thecontrolmeasureiseconomicallyfeasible;•Thecontrolmeasuredoesnotcause“substantialwidespreadandlong-termadverseimpacts’;’•Thecontrolmeasureisnot“absurd,unenforceable,orimpracticable;”and•Thecontrolmeasurecanadvancetheattainmentdatebyatleastoneyear.PennsylvaniaaddressestheRACMrequirementinSectionV.BofthePhiladelphia8-hourozoneattainmentdemonstrationSIPsubmittedtoEPAinAugust2007.InordertomeettheCleanAirActrequirementforRACM,PennsylvaniamustdemonstratethatithasadoptedallRACMnecessarytomovethePhiladelphiaareatowardattainmentasexpeditiouslyaspracticable.SincethePhiladelphiaareaisclassifiedasamoderateozonenonattainmentareaunderthe19978-hourozonestandard,theareawasrequiredtodemonstrateattainmentbythe2009ozoneseason.Therefore,Pennsylvaniaconsideredmeasuresthatwouldpotentiallyadvancetheattainmentdate,allowingtheareatoattainbytheprior2008ozoneseason.PennsylvaniaworkedwiththeOzoneTransportCommission(OTC)memberstatestoevaluatepotentialRACMmeasuresforuseinPennsylvania.In2006,theOTCstaffandmember17ThCstatesformedseveralworkgroupstoidentifyandevaluatecandidatecontrolmeasures.Initially,theworkgroupscompiledandreviewedalistofapproximately1,000candidatecontrolmeasures.ThesecontrolmeasureswereidentifiedthroughpublishedsourcessuchastheEPA’sControlTechniqueGuidelines,StateandTerritorialAirPollutionProgramAdministrators/AssociationofLocalAirPollutionControlOfficers(orSTAPPA/ALAPCO)“MenuofOptions”documents,theAirControlNETdatabase,emissioncontrolinitiativesinmemberstatesaswellasotherstatesincludingCalifornia,state/regionalconsultations,andstakeholderinput.TheOTC’sworkgroupsthennarrowedtheirreviewtoapreliminarylistofthirtycandidatecontrolmeasurestobeconsideredformoredetailedanalysis.ThesemeasureswereselectedtofocusonthepollutantsandsourcecategoriesthatarethoughttobethemosteffectiveinreducingozoneairqualitylevelsintheNortheasternandMid-AtlanticStatesPennsylvaniaconsideredthesemeasures,inconjunctionwithregionalmodelingthatindicatedthat20-40tonsperdayofVOCorNOxwouldbenecessarytoadvancetheattainmentdatebyoneyear.Inevaluatingthemeasurespotentiallyavailable,Pennsylvaniadeterminedthatnomeasureorgroupofmeasureswouldindividuallyorcollectivelyachievethenecessarylevelofemissionreductionstoadvancetheattainmentdate.Further,manyofthesemeasurescouldnotbeadoptedandimplementedintimetomeetserveasRACMmeasures.Pennsylvanialistsitsmostrecentlyadoptedmeasures,inconjunctionwiththemostrecentlyadoptedfederalmeasuresinSectionV.BofitsAugust2007AttainmentDemonstrationSIP.Pennsylvanialistsasitsrecentlyadoptedstatemeasuresinclude:•SmallSourceNOxProvisions(Chapter129,Sections201-205);•PortableFuelContainersRule(Chapter130,Sections101-108);•ConsumerProductsRule(Chapter129,Section63);•ArchitecturalandIndustrialMaintenanceCoatingsRule(Chapter130,Sections601-611);•DegreasingOperationsRule(Chapter129,Section63);•NOxSIPCall(InternalCombustionEnginesprovisions)(Chapter145,Sections111-113);•NOxSIPCall(PortlandCementKilnprovisions)(Chapter145,Sections141-144);•RACTforthe8-HourOzoneNAAQS(2006EPASIPRevision);•EnhancedVehicleI/MProgram(67PaCodeChapter177);•PennsylvaniaCleanVehicleProgram(Chapter126,SubchapterD);and•PennsylvaniaHeavy-DutyDieselEmissionControlProgram(Chapter126,SubchapterE).Pennsylvaniaindicatesinits2007attainmentplanSIPthatonthebasisofthisanalysis,therearenofurtherRACMmeasuresthatareappropriateforthisSIP.EPAhasreviewedPennsylvania’sSIPanalysis,anddeterminedthatPADEPevaluatedallreasonablesourcecategoriesthatcouldcontributemeaningfulemissionreductions,andcompiledanextensivelistofpotentialcontrolmeasures.PADEPconsideredthetimeneededtodevelopandadoptregulationsandthetimeitwouldtaketoseethebenefitfromthesemeasures.EPAconcurswithPADEP‘sconclusionthattherearenomeasuresthatwouldmeetthetestforRACMandthatwouldhaveadvancedthe.2009attainmentdateforPennsylvania’sportionofthePhiladelphianonattainmentarea.18CCVI.TransportationConformityBudgetsTransportationconformityisrequiredbyCAAsection176(c).EPA’sconformityrulerequiresthattransportationplans,programsandprojectsconformtostateairqualityimplementationplansandestablishesthecriteriaandprocedurefordeterminingwhetherornottheydo.ConformitytoaSIPmeansthattransportationactivitieswillnotproducenewairqualityviolations,worsenexistingviolations,ordelaytimelyattainmentofthenationalambientairqualitystandards.ThecriteriabywhichwedeterminewhetheraSIP’sMotorVehicleEmissionBudgets(MVEBs)areadequateforconformitypurposesareoutlinedin40CFR93.118(e)(4).TheprocessfordeterminingtheadequacyofsubmittedSIPbudgetsisdescribedin40CFR93.118(f).StatesmustestablishVOCandNOxMVEBsforeachofthemilestoneyearsuptotheattainmentyearandsubmitthemobilebudgetstoEPAforapproval.UponadequacydeterminationorapprovalbyEPA,statesmustconducttransportationconformityanalysisfortheirTransportationImprovementPrograms(TIPs)andlongrangetransportationplanstoensurehighwayvehicleemissionswillnotexceedrelevantMVEBs.Failuretodemonstratesuchtransportationconformitywouldresultinafreezeoffederalhighwayfundsandallfederalhighwayprojectsintheareawithalapseinconformity.PADEP’sSIPdiscussestransportationconformityinSectionV.EoftheAugust2007Philadelphia8-hourozoneplan,andthesameMVEBsarerestatedintheDecember2009RFPrevisionSIP.PADEP,inconsultationwiththeDelawareRegionalPlanningCommission(DVRPC),thedesignatedmetropolitanplanningorganizationforthePhiladelphiaarea,establishedMVEBsfor2008.The2008mobileemissionsinventorywascalculatedusingEPA’sMOBILE6.2andtheHighwayPerformanceMonitoringSystem(HPMS)model.PennsylvaniafurtherdescribesitsmethodologyforcalculatingitsmobileemissionbudgetsinAppendixEoftheAugust2007Philadelphia8-hourozoneplan.TheMVEBforthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCity8-hourozonenonattainmentareaforthe2008RFPisbasedonprojected2008mobilesourceemissionsaccountingforallmobilecontrolmeasures,inclusiveofgrowth.TheMVEBsforthe2008RFPareshowninTable11,below.Table11.PennsylvaniaPortionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAA2008RFPMVEBVOCNOxKilograms/day55,42198,686Tons/day61.09108.78Forbudgetstobeapprovable,theymustmeet,ataminimum,EPA’sadequacycriteria(40CFR93.118(e)(4)).InaDecember19,2008FederalRegisternotice,EPAnotifiedthepublicthatEPAfoundthatthe2008RFPMVEBsinthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphiaWilmington-AtlanticCity8-hourozoneplanareadequatefortransportationconformitypurposes(73FR77682).AsaresultofEPA’sfinding,theCommonwealthofPennsylvaniamustusetheMVEBsfromitsAugust29,20078-hourozoneplanforthePhiladelphiaareaforfuture19CCconformitydeterminationsforthe19978-hourozonestandard.Inadditiontothebudgetsbeingadequatefortransportationconformitypurposes,asstatedabove,EPARegion3’sAQABfoundtheproceduresPennsylvaniausedtodeveloptheMVEBstobereasonable.Thebudgetsareidenticaltotheprojected2008on-roadmobilesourceemissioninventories.Becausethe2008RFPMVEBsareadequatefortransportationconformitypurposesandthemethodsPADEPusedtodevelopthemarecorrect,the2008RFPbudgetsforPennsylvania’sportionofthenonattainmentareaareapprovable.C.SUMMARYANDRECOMMENDATIONS:IhavereviewedPennsylvania’s2008ReasonableFurtherProgressplan,contingencymeasuresforfailuretomeetRFP,andRACManalysisforthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCityNAAandfoundthemtobeapprovable.Inaddition,EPARegion3’sOfficeofAirMonitoringandAnalysisdeterminedthatPADEPusedacceptabletechniquesandmethodologiestodevelopthePhiladelphianonattainmentarea2002baseyearemissionand2008milestoneyearprojectedinventories.Furthermore,EPAhasfoundthePennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-WilmingtonAtlanticCity’snonattainmentarea2008RFPMVEBsadequatefortransportationconformitypurposes.ThereforeIrecommendapprovalofselectSIPelementsinPennsylvania’sAugust29,20078-hourozoneplan(asamendedbyPennsylvaniaDecember10,2009andonApril12,2010).TheSIPelementsbeingrecommendedbyEPAforapprovalhereinincludethefollowing:the2002baseyearemissionsinventory,theRFPplanandassociated2008projectedemissioninventories,theRACManalysis,thecontingencymeasuresforfailuretomeet2008RFP,andthe2008MVEBsfortheBaltimoremoderatenonattainmentarea.Attachments:-“TechnicalSupportDocument(TSD)fortheBucks,Chester,Delaware,Montgomery,andPhiladelphiaCountiesLocatedinthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCity,PA-NJ-DE8HourOzoneNonattainmentArea:StateImplementationPlan(SIP)AttainmentDemonstrationandBaseYearInventory,”preparedbyAliceH.ChowandsignedbyWalterWilkie,AirQualityAnalysisBranchChief,onMay5,2010(PennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphiaWilmington-AtlanticCityEmissionInventoryTSD).-AdequacyStatusofthe2008ReasonableFurtherProgressPlanforthePennsylvaniaPortionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCity8-HourOzoneNonattainmentAreaMotorVehicleEmissionBudgets(73FR77682).-“TechnicalSupportDocument—AdequacyFindingsfortheMotorVehicleEmissionsBudgetsinthe2008ReasonableFurtherProgressPlanforthePennsylvaniaPortionofthePhiladelphia-Wilmington-AtlanticCity8-HourOzoneNonattainmentArea,”preparedbyMartinT.KotschandsignedbyCarolFebbo,Energy,Radiation,andIndoorEnvironmentBranchChief,onNovember14,2008(PennsylvaniaportionofthePhiladelphia-WilmingtonAtlanticCityMVEBAdequacyTSD).20