ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES INDUSTRIES

FY2010 INDUSTRY ASSESSMENT 

A. Industry Background / Definition 

In general and as well as for the purpose of this report, the environmental technologies (ET) 

industry is defined as all goods and services that generate revenue associated with environmental 

protection, assessment, compliance with environmental regulations, pollution control and 

prevention, waste management, renewable energy, remediation of contaminated property, design 

and operation of environmental infrastructure, and the provision and delivery of environmental 

resources. According to Environmental Business International (EBI), employment for the U.S. 

ET industry is approximately 1.6 million for all segments, producing revenues of $290 billion. 

The U.S. ET industry revenue is broken down into the various industry segments as follows: 

services (47%), equipment (21%), and resources (32%). 

Key subsectors for products and services of the ET industry include: air, water, and soil pollution 

control; solid and toxic waste management; recycling; renewable energy; pollution prevention 

and resource recovery; site remediation; environmental monitoring; and water treatment for 

industrial and municipal water use. This sector is extremely broad and includes a wide variety of 

products and services that cut across many different industry sectors. The ET industry evolved 

in response to concerns about the risks and costs of pollution and the enactment of pollution 

control legislation and regulations in the United States and around the world. It is now 

increasingly driven by sustainability concerns. 

A key challenge to studies and analyses of the ET industry is that there is currently no North 

American Industry Classification System (NAICS) or any other similar system definition for this 

industry. The International Trade Administration’s (ITA) Office of Energy and Environmental 

Industries (OEEI) has developed the most comprehensive and representative list of products for 

the ET industry, based on the Harmonized Tariff System (Attachment A). This list was 

developed in close consultation with industry and the U.S. International Trade Commission; it 

also tracks work done by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The 

list was used for Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation trade negotiations and is currently used by 

the U.S. Trade Representative in various trade negotiations venues. OEEI has also developed a 

separate, comprehensive listing of ET goods categories. 

B. Industry Overview and Global Competitiveness

According to EBI, the global market for the ET sector in 2008 was estimated at $782 billion 

(Figures 1-2). In the United States, the world’s largest producer and consumer of ET goods and 

services, approximately 119,000 ET firms generate $300 billion in revenues and $43.8 billion in 

exports, supporting close to 1.7 million jobs. 

While 99 percent of U.S. ET private sector companies fall under the small and medium-sized 

enterprises (SMEs) category, they generate only 20 percent of the total U.S. ET revenue. Large 
2 

ET companies, which represent only one percent of all private sector activity, account for 49 

percent of total U.S. ET revenue. Public-sector municipalities and similar entities account the 

remaining 31 percent of revenue and dominate water utilities, wastewater treatment works, and 

solid waste management. 

The ET industry continues to experience consolidation as larger ET companies typically arise 

through mergers and acquisitions, not internal growth. More change of ownership and structure is 

likely to continue. 

Figure 1 

U.S. Environmental Export Competitiveness 2004-2008 

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 

Global Market 638.6 671.2 711.9 757.9 782.4 

US Market 245.2 256.3 271.4 289.6 299.5 

Non-US Market 393.4 414.8 440.5 468.4 493.8 

% Exports 11.4% 12.0% 13.1% 14.2% 14.6% 

US Exports 28.7 31.8 36.9 43.1 43.8 

% Growth in U.S. Env'l Exports 10% 11% 16% 17% 2% 

US Share of Non-US Market 7.3% 7.7% 8.4% 9.2% 8.9% 

Trade Surplus 5.9 8.2 10.7 12.8 10.9 

Units:$ U.S. billion 

SOURCE: Environmental Business International, San Diego, CA 

Industry Subsectors

There are 14 segments or subsectors identified in the ET industry (Figure 2). Most ET goods and 

services are easily classified within one of these subsectors, while others (e.g. water pumps, 

monitoring and instrumentation equipment, water treatment membranes) may overlap different 

subsectors outside of the ET sector. The largest segments in the global ET market are: solid 

waste, water utilities, and water treatment works, renewable energy, and water equipment and 

chemicals. The water/wastewater treatment sector and the renewable energy sectors have the 

greatest opportunities in the international market; the global water market has grown rapidly over 

the last decade and alone accounts for over 35 percent of the total global environmental market. 

Figure 2- U.S. Environmental Market by Segment ($billion) 

Equipment US ind 2008 

Water Equipment & Chemicals 28.5

Air Pollution Control 18.0

Instruments & Info. Systems 5.9
3 

Waste Mgmt Equipment 11.4

Process & Prevention Tech. 1.9

Services 0.0

Solid Waste Management 53.1

Hazardous Waste Mgmt 9.2

Consulting & Engineering 27.1

Remediation/Industrial Services 12.5

Analytical Services 1.9

Water Treatment Works 40.7

Resources   

Water Utilities 39.2

Resource Recovery 28.5

Clean Energy Systems & Power 21.5

   

Total 299.5

Source: Environmental Business International, Inc. (San Diego, CA)

* Data on the ET industry and markets vary significantly because of inexact definitions of the sector. Key sources of ET data are: EBJ, 

Environmental Business International, Inc. (EBI), (San Diego, CA). USDOC data was used for detailed trade flows based on the expanded HTSbased list of ET products. For ET services area, OEEI relies on EBI only since there are no reliable service-related codes to track trade flows. 

In light of the Administration’s focus on clean energy, we have separated this report in two 

sections: one focusing on the tradition environmental sector (air, water, waste, etc) and the other 

on the renewable energy sector. It should also be noted that the Energy Industry Assessment 

prepared by Office of Energy and Environmental Office also includes the same renewable 

energy section. 

TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR

Competitiveness

The United States is regarded as a world leader in many ET categories, including: engineering, 

design, construction, and consulting services; pollution prevention and resource recovery; water 

and wastewater handling and treatment equipment; stationary and mobile source air pollution 

monitoring and control equipment; solid and hazardous waste management; contaminated site 

remediation; automation for treatment systems and monitoring equipment; and, information 

systems/software for environmental management and analysis. 

The rate of U.S. market growth has hovered around five percent since 2004. At the same time, 

the rate of growth of U.S. environmental technologies imports, which had been slowing since 

2004, jumped to growth rates of over ten percent in 2007 and 2008. Combined, these two trends 

have caused U.S.-based environmental technologies firms to lose market share in the United 

States. 

 Figure 3 
 Source: International Trade Administration (with ITC and EBI data)

4 

While the American market remains the largest single market for environmental technologies 

and the most mature, foreign markets, particularly those of developing countries, continue to 

grow at a higher rate and offer the most opportunity for U.S. companies. The U.S. share of 

foreign ET markets has also continued to grow (from 5.7 percent in 1997 to 9.8 percent in 2007), 

giving the U.S. ET industry a positive trade surplus for the past decade. The rate of growth of 

U.S. ET exports had slowed early in the decade, but has steadily returned; some of this is also 

influenced by the booming demand for renewable energy technology. The U.S. ET industry’s 

annual rate of export, as a percentage of its total production, was 14 percent in 2007 (Figure 4 

below). In contrast, our key competitors (Japan, Western Europe) export over 20 percent of their 

domestic production. 

Figure 4- 

The Global Environmental Industry and Market: Estimated 

Global Trade Flow 

By Region 2007

Market Exports Imports Balance %Exports

USA 289.6 43.1 30.3 12.8 14%

Western Europe* 209.5 48.1 35.6 12.5 23%

Japan 99.6 21.2 7.0 14.2 21%

Rest of Asia 59.0 3.1 19.5 ‐16.4 5%

Mexico 6.2 0.58 3.04 ‐2.5 9%

Rest of Latin America 22.7 0.9 9.1 ‐8.2 4%

Canada 19.8 2.49 3.06 ‐0.6 13%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

Rate of Growth

Year

U.S. Environmental Domestic Market Competitiveness

U.S. Market 

Growth

U.S. Import 

Growth
5 

Australia/NZ 13.6 3.2 1.8 1.5 24%

Central & Eastern Europe 18.2 1.0 7.1 ‐6.1 6%

Middle East 13.0 0.4 4.6 ‐4.2 3%

Africa 6.8 0.1 3.0 ‐3.0 1%

Total 758 124.1 124.0

SOURCE: Environmental Business International, Inc., San Diego, Calif. units in $ billion 

*Note: each country within the region, not as a block: i.e. German sale to Italy is an export and an import 

In terms of exports as a percentage of total U.S. ET production, the leading subsectors are: 

resource recovery (58%), instruments and information systems (46%), water equipment and 

chemicals (36%), waste management equipment (25%), and air pollution control (16%), as 

illustrated in Figure 5 below. 

Figure 5 ET Subsectors Exports in 2008 ($ billion) 

U.S. Environmental Exports By Sector, 2008 

 

Equipment 

US 

ind %export

Water Equipment & Chemicals 28.5 36.2% 

Air Pollution Control 18.0 16.2% 

Instruments & Info. Systems 5.9 46.0% 

Waste Mgmt Equipment 11.4 25.0% 

Process & Prevention Tech. 1.9 8.0% 

Services 

Solid Waste Management 53.1 0.3% 

Hazardous Waste Mgmt 9.2 1.0% 

Consulting & Engineering 27.1 12.8% 

Remediation/Industrial Services 12.5 6.0% 

Analytical Services 1.9 7.4% 

Water Treatment Works 40.7 0.6% 

Resources 

Water Utilities 39.2 0.2% 

Resource Recovery 28.5 58.0% 

Clean Energy Systems & Power 21.5 16.0% 

Total 299.5 14.6% 

Source: Environmental Business International, Inc. (San Diego, CA). 

Note: U.S. Industry is equal to revenues generated by U.S. companies worldwide. U.S. market refers to revenue from U.S. customers. Exports do 

not include ownership of overseas companies but do include repatriated profits. 
The U.S. ET industry should be able to increase its global competitiveness as it focuses greater 

attention on key international markets and introduces new, state-of-the art products and services 

(e.g., particularly technologies applicable to water reuse and recycling, desalination, and 

technologies with comprehensive environmental management system applications). While 

technological development can undoubtedly help increase U.S. industry’s competitiveness, 

stricter laws and regulatory enforcement worldwide are essential to addressing the world’s 

environmental issues. 

The international market for ET is fueled by several important policy and market drivers of 

demand: greater global focus on climate change and sustainable development; liberalization of 

trade in environmental goods and services via bilateral and multilateral efforts; growing 

industrialization and environmental awareness in key emerging markets; and, application of 

cleaner production and environmental “best practices” not only by multinationals and major 

foreign companies, but also and increasingly by SMEs. 

C. Industry’s Domestic Environment 

In 2008, the U.S. ET industry contracted slightly by 0.3%. The industry is expected to return to 

growth as economic conditions improve and industrial activity rises, increased attention and 

resources are paid to addressing climate change. The new Administration is strengthening and 

harmonizing the currently weakened and fragmented U.S. environmental regulatory framework. 

Figure 6. Environmental Industry Growth 1988-2007 

(Source: Environmental Business International) 

U.S. Regulatory Issues

6 
7 

While environmental laws and regulations are often seen as extra costs and burdens for other 

industry sectors, the opposite is true for the ET sector: new and stricter environmental 

regulations are the major drivers for increasing demand for its products. Complying with 

environmental regulations requires investments in goods and services that prevent, remediate, or 

alleviate environmental degradation, all of which encompass the ET industry. Relatively 

speaking, the United States has one of oldest and strongest regulatory environmental regime. 

Essentially two types of environmental regulations drive demand for ET products and services: 

first, the so-called “end-of-pipe” regulations that address the need to regulate or treat existing 

pollution; and second, “pollution-prevention” regulations created in order to prevent pollution 

from occurring and to encourage or require clean production methods. The principal 

environmental laws and regulations are related to the management of environmental conditions 

concerning water, air or soil pollution. Domestically, these laws include, for example, the Clean 

Air Act, Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), and 

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or 

Superfund). Over the past few years, there has been some weakening of the Clean Air Act and 

the Clean Water Act, which has decreased demand for ET goods and services. 

Developments around the Clean Air Interstate Rule and the Clean Air Mercury Rule stand to 

significantly affect the domestic market for air pollution control sector products and services. 

Together, these regulatory actions under the Clean Air Act would cap emissions of mercury, 

sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides from electric power generators and participate in a cap and 

trade system. In December 2008, a lengthy legal battle resulted in EPA being ordered to revise 

these rules in line with court guidance. Electric power generators and air pollution control 

companies have been waiting to see what new regulatory requirements develop, before investing 

in upgraded air pollution control equipment. A final resolution of the status of these rules, 

expected shortly, could unleash pent-up demand for the products and services of the U.S. air 

pollution control industry. Similarly, in January 2010, EPA announced plans to implement 

stricter emissions on pollutants contributing to ground-level ozone (“smog”). When finalized, 

these new guidelines will likely also result in additional air pollution control investments by oil 

refiners and U.S. manufacturers. 

ITA also worked with EPA on a revision to the Definition of Solid Waste (“DSW”) rule under 

RCRA as part of the Department’s regulatory review program mandated by the Economic 

Agenda and the American Competitiveness Initiative. Under the current RCRA, certain waste 

streams are regulated as hazardous wastes, even when they are being recycled. Working in part 

with ITA industry analysts, EPA clarified the definition of solid waste under RCRA so that a 

material destined for recycling is not subject to regulation as hazardous waste as it is not being 

“discarded.” This rule change is expected to encourage industrial recycling of potentially 

hazardous materials by lowering the costs and regulatory hurdles. Some in the industry believe 

the new rule could cause revenue losses for the waste management industry. 

Recent years have not seen significant new federal regulations regarding hazardous or solid 

waste. As a result, the waste management industry is undergoing a period of consolidation 

which is likely continue. 
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Climate Change Issues

Global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the effects of climate change will 

provide one of the most significant drivers in the global ET sector for the foreseeable future. The 

Kyoto Protocol has historically been the major global mechanism in this area, and its successor 

treaty will inevitably drive world demand for new ET technologies as well. 

Several GHG trading schemes have emerged. The most prominent one is the European Union 

Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme which began in January 2005. In the United States, 

the Chicago Climate Exchange is a voluntary GHG emission reduction and trading program for 

members operating in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; its members’ (state and local 

government entities as well as U.S. companies) commitments are legally binding . Ten midAtlantic states have capped GHG emissions under the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative-- a 

cooperative regulatory "cap-and-trade" effort. The Western Climate Initiative-- a collaboration 

to identify, evaluate, and implement collective and cooperative ways to reduce greenhouse gases 

in the region-- includes Arizona, California, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and 

Washington. A number of U.S. federal voluntary programs are also being developed including 

proposed energy tax incentives designed to spur the use of cleaner, renewable energy and more 

energy-efficient technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These developments 

complement new EPA rules such as the Clean Air Interstate Rule and the Clean Air Mercury 

Rule as GHG-related drivers in the air pollution control and other ET sub-sectors. 

In the December 2009 United Nations climate change talks in Copenhagen, the U.S. and four 

other nations (South Africa, China, Brazil, and India) agreed to monitor and reduce GHG 

emissions while exploring ways to provide funding assistance for related mitigation efforts in 

developing nations. This and any subsequent agreements are likely to stimulate global market 

demand for environmental technologies, specifically for products and services in the air pollution 

control sector, such as: continuous emissions monitoring systems; gas scrubbers and filters, 

emissions control and assessment consulting; and, nitrous oxide control devices. 

Because of increasing droughts around the world combined with a boom in population growth, 

water efficiency and management is bound to increase exponentially. With regard to ET 

services, consulting firms and developers of pollution prevention or retrofitting technologies 

stand the most to gain in the near future. 

U.S. leadership in global solutions to climate change will benefit the U.S. environmental 

industry, especially if environmental regulations are uniform across countries, allowing 

American companies to achieve economies of scale and find new markets by expanding on their 

domestic business plans. 

D. Industry’s Trading Environment

According to DOC trade statistics, U.S. ET product exports totaled approximately $39 billion in 

2007 (Attachment B). The top ten export markets for U.S. ET exports are: Canada, Mexico, 

Germany, China, Japan, South Korea, UK, Singapore, France, and Taiwan (Attachment B). 

While developed nations are the largest markets for U.S. ET, the highest growth rates and export 
9 

opportunities are in major developing markets like China, India, and other selected markets in 

Asia and South America. 

Industry in Transition

Over the past ten years, the U.S. ET industry has undergone significant restructuring and 

consolidation. This change has taken place mostly through mergers and acquisitions and has 

been concentrated in the water sector. Despite the controversy over privatization, out-sourcing, 

and the role of industry in the water business, several European companies (e.g., Veolia, Suez, 

RWE, and Siemens) have successfully purchased many water sector assets and now hold a 

commanding competitive position in the United States as well as in the international market. 

Despite the downturn in the global economy, there has been a surge of financial interest—from 

all types of investors—in the water business. 

Government Assistance to ET Industry

ET trade associations recognize the need to involve their members in the export arena, as 

demand in overseas markets is growing rapidly. More recently, several key associations have 

introduced their members to U.S. Government agencies’ (e.g. ITA, U.S. Export-Import Bank, 

Trade and Development Agency, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, U.S. Agency for 

International Development) export programs focusing on the ET industry, and are monitoring 

international opportunities offered by the multilateral development banks (e.g. World Bank, Asia 

Development Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development). 

Several associations participate actively in ITA’s International Buyer Program (Environmental 

Industries Association, American Water Works Association, Water Quality Association, and the 

Water Environment Federation) to attract foreign buyer participation and conduct matchmaking 

at their annual exhibition events. A few associations are pursuing more formal collaboration 

agreements with ITA (e.g., MOU signed in 2007 with ITA by the American Water Works 

Association. In addition to these developments, OEEI is also leading a number of efforts to 

bring industry closer to developing markets. Finally, several key ET associations are actively 

working with ITA on trade liberalization and international standards issues. 

Foreign governments devote significantly more resources and provide more aggressive trade 

support and financing for ET than the USG. Member States of the European Union, Japan, and 

Australia provide significant developmental assistance and tied-aid specifically focused on the 

ET sector, resulting in a significant disadvantage for the American ET industry, particularly in 

the China market. Our competitors often subsidize home-country training, trade promotion 

events for their environmental companies, and feasibility studies. In addition, they embed public 

and private-sector officials in the decision making process of buyer nations/entities making it 

difficult for U.S. companies to compete, particularly the numerous SMEs that comprise the U.S. 

ET industry. 

A concerted USG strategy, begun in 1994 through the Environmental Technologies Export 

Initiative, played a major role in helping the U.S. ET industry enhance its international 

competitiveness and increase its exports. An interagency group was created under the Trade 
10 

Promotion Coordination Committee to increase coordination and leverage of USG programs 

focusing on the ET industry. As underscored by the Environmental Technologies Trade Advisory 

Committee (ETTAC), renewed and focused USG support for this industry is still needed. 

OEEI and the ETTAC have become the key advisors to the USG on environmental trade issues, 

including: the expanded and detailed definition of the ET industry/sector; identification of key 

barriers to ET trade; and strategies/policies for enhancing ET trade in general, and in China and 

India in particular. 

The U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade’s (JCCT) Environmental Working 

Group, chaired by the U.S. Department of Commerce, EPA and China’s Ministry of 

Environmental Protection, has been actively engaged for the past ten years enhancing ET trade 

with China through a variety of policy and promotion projects. Through the JCCT Environmental 

Working Group, OEEI has helped identify, organize and support events and programs that foster 

environmental and commercial cooperation between the two countries. In November 2008, the 

first biennial U.S.-China Environmental Industries Forum (EIF) was held to foster governmentprivate sector dialogue between the two countries and encourage the deployment of environmental 

technologies. The Second EIF is currently scheduled for October 2010 in New Orleans, alongside 

the Water Environment Federation's Annual Technical Exhibition and Conference. Past Working 

Group initiatives have included: technology demonstrations, training workshops, trade missions, 

publications, exhibitions/conferences/seminars to help provide capacity-building efforts in China 

create the optimal business environment for the ET industry. 

Obstacles to ET Exports

The developing world is progressively embracing environmental protection and is developing 

new regulatory frameworks, but much work is still needed in this area. Relatively high tariffs on 

ET products (averaging 15-20 percent) are present in most major emerging markets. In some 

key markets, such as China, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brazil, tariffs on ET products are as 

high as 40 percent. Weak environmental regulatory regimes and enforcement in some foreign 

markets also failed to increase demand for the ET sector at large- thus affecting U.S. ET exports. 

Numerous non-tariff barriers (NTBs) affect worldwide trade in ET goods, including: restrictive 

technical standards; disproportionately onerous labeling, packaging and documentation 

requirements; non-transparent government procurement and contracting procedures; restrictions 

on professional services, investment, and ownership; and, product design/life cycle and recycling 

issues. 

Foreign ET firms enjoy substantial government support for their overseas ventures, and U.S. ET 

companies find it very difficult to compete on such terms. Generally, most U.S. ET firms lack 

international experience. U.S. ET firms also lack the capitalization necessary to move into 

emerging overseas markets and provide necessary large-scale infrastructure investments. 

To address these barriers, OEEI cooperates extensively with the Export-Import Bank, which has 

established an “environmental lending program.” OEEI also works closely with the Office of the 

U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) to lower tariffs on environmental goods internationally and to 
11 

establish new agreements that will facilitate increased access to global markets for U.S. 

environmental technology firms. In 2007, USTR announced a joint proposal by the U.S. and the 

European Union to place priority action on technologies directly linked to addressing climate 

change and energy security by establishing an environmental goods and services agreement in 

the World Trade Organization (WTO). The agreement would include a commitment by all WTO 

Members to remove barriers to trade to a specific set of climate-friendly technologies—a great 

step for the industry and possibly a giant leap for environmental protection and citizens’ health. 

RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR

Background

The renewable energy industry includes both established and emerging technologies that 

generate power from sources that are naturally replenished in a short amount of time. While the 

term “renewable energy” often encompasses both renewable fuels and power generation, this 

assessment only examines renewable energy power generation equipment. 

These include: 

• Solar Energy: concentrated solar power (CSP), photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, solar hot water 

systems – both active or passive 

• Wind Energy: wind turbines including the nacelle, hub, tower, blades, and down tower 

assembly – both onshore and offshore 

• Hydroelectric Power: conventional hydropower dams, pump storage plants, ocean energy 

technologies, tidal energy, and wave energy technologies 

• Geothermal Energy: geothermal turbines, geothermal drilling equipment, heat pumps, 

enhanced geothermal systems, and low-temperature cogeneration systems; 

• Biomass: both closed and open loop biomass systems from a wide variety of feedstocks. 

Investment Trends

Global investment in renewable energy reached $120 billion in 2008 including new capacity, 

assets, and projects. Renewable energy investment in 2008 included approximately $51.8 billion 

for new wind capacity, $33.5 billion in solar PV, $6 billion for small hydropower, $40-45 billion 

for large hydropower, and $7.2 billion each for biomass and geothermal.1

 

At time of writing (January 2010), investment and installation trends for 2009 are still 

incomplete. However, an initial New Energy Finance report indicates that for the first time 

Asia’s new clean energy investment valued at $37.3 billion exceeded the $32 billion invested in 

the Americas. The wind sector accounted for the majority of clean energy investment in Asia.2 

While the global recession reduced the amount of private sector financing in 2009, governments 

around the world invested an additional $180 billion in stimulus dollars to promote the industry. 

 

1

 Renewable Energy Policy Framework for the 21st Century (REN21), “Global Status Report 2009 2

 New Energy Finance, NewsWatch, January 8, 2010. 
12 

However, helping to offset the effect of the recession on the sector, governments’ research, 

development and demonstration and small-scale projects increased in 2009.3

Installation Trends

In 2008, U.S. renewable energy accounted for 119 gigawatt (GW) of energy capacity, nearly 

11% of total U.S. energy capacity. The solar and wind power sectors continue to lead the 

renewable industry’s growth, increasing 44% and 51% respectively in 2008. Yet, hydropower 

and biomass remain the largest sources of renewable energy production. 

In 2008, renewable energy, including hydropower, accounted for 18% of all global electricity 

generation; without hydropower, renewable energy accounts for 2.5% of global generation.4

 As 

the United States becomes the global leader in wind installation, Germany continues to lead in 

cumulative installed capacity of solar PV. The United States is also the leader in geothermal, 

biomass and concentrated-solar-power installed capacity. China has the largest installment of 

solar hot water heating and hydropower (mainly small hydro facilities). 

Globally, wind generating capacity reached 121 GW, small hydropower 85 GW and biomass 

power reached 52 GW in 2008; geothermal power reached 10 GW in capacity; and gridconnected solar PV now accounts for 13 GW. 

In 2008, for the first time ever, the United States surpassed Germany as the global leader in wind 

installed capacity. However, it is anticipated that China will surpass the United States both in 

terms of 2009 installations, which increased by 92.3% from 2008, but also in cumulative terms. 

China increased its grid-connected wind capacity in 2009 by 8.97GW, accounting for 10% of the 

total increased power generating capacity, according to a report released by the governmentowned China Electricity Council.5

 

Markets

The five largest markets for each renewable energy technologies are listed below: 

Largest Markets for Renewable Energy Technologies, 2008 

Rank Wind Solar Biomass Geothermal Small Hydro 

1 United States Germany United States United States China 

2 Germany Spain Brazil Philippines Japan 

3 Spain Japan Philippines Indonesia United States 

4 China United States Germany Mexico Italy 

5 India South Korea Sweden Italy Brazil 

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, “Renewable Energy Data Book 2009” 

 

3

 Ibid. 

4

 REN 21, Global Status Report, 2008 

5

 Ibid. 
13 

Domestic Environment

Despite the increased importance of energy security and climate change to U.S. policy-makers, 

the U.S. renewable energy industry continues to operate at a disadvantage to competitors in the 

European Union, which generally have stronger government incentives for renewable energy 

technologies. U.S. industry also operates at a disadvantage to Chinese competitors that benefit 

from strengthened domestic incentives, while producing lower quality, but lower cost renewable 

energy technologies. General Electric (GE) remains the only U.S. firm among the world’s ten 

largest wind energy companies. First Solar is the only U.S. company represented in the top 

world’s ten solar companies. The United States does dominate the geothermal sector and has 

produced several leading companies in the biomass sector. 

According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, solar PV installations in the United States 

nearly doubled in 2008, bringing the industry’s total capacity to around 1,000 MW.6

 U.S. wind 

installations also nearly doubled in 2008, bringing the wind industry’s total capacity to about 

27,000 MW. The United States is the largest producer of geothermal energy in the world with 

2,937 MW of grid-connected capacity in 20077

. Stationary biomass power capacity also had a 

banner year in 2007, contributing 11,738 MW of power in the U.S. market.8

 Solar panel prices 

collapsed by nearly 50 percent in 2009; analysts predict prices could drop another 20 percent in 

2010, helping the industry become cost-competitive with other energy resources but squeezing 

some companies out of business.

The structure of the industry differs according to specific technologies. The U.S. wind industry 

is dominated by a few large firms. GE Wind continues to be the leading manufacturer of wind 

turbines in the United States. In 2008, GE captured 43% of the global wind market (compared to 

45% in 2007).9 Foreign competitors including Vestas (Denmark), Siemens (Germany), and 

Suzlon (India), also had significant market share, followed by Suzlon (India), Gamesa (Spain), 

Mitsubishi (Japan).10 

U.S. manufacturing in the wind sector has experienced substantial growth in recent years with 

foreign firms adding new manufacturing plants in Minnesota (Suzlon/India), Pennsylvania 

(Gamesa/Spain), and Colorado (Vestas/Denmark). GE also continues to maintain a substantial 

U.S. manufacturing base. 

Despite this positive trend, growth prospects for 2010 have dimmed considerably as the global 

recession slowed project development and reduced the near-term demand for turbines. As a 

result, some manufacturers have delayed their plans to expand into the United States, while 

others have had to scale back their efforts and lay off workers. In December 2009, Vestas 

announced that it would idle a blade plant it had opened in Colorado in 2008, putting 500 

workers on leave until orders pick up again, possibly in the second quarter of 2010. 

 

6

 Solar Energy Industry Association 

7

 U.S. Department of Energy, “EERE Renewable Energy Data Book (July 2009) 

8

Ibid. 

9

 Ibid. 

10 DOE 2008 Wind Technologies Market Report. 
14 

Domestic manufacturing capacity for solar has also grown considerably, led by First Solar, 

SolarWorld, United Solar, BP Solar and GE Energy. First Solar has the largest market share in 

the United States (31%) and a growing player internationally. In 2008, China surpassed Japan 

and Germany to become the world’s largest exporter of solar cells. China’s dominance exists 

primarily in mono- and poly-crystalline-based solar cells. The economic downturn and falling 

power demand in the United States and Europe have contributed to the price collapse in solar 

cells. The major cost driver has been the fluctuating supply of polysilicon, the primary raw 

material used the majority of solar cells. Polysilicon has gone from a major shortage to massive 

oversupply, and analysts have projected an oversupply of polysilicon until 2012. This provides 

an opening for thin film solar panels, a technology in which U.S. companies are leaders. 

The geothermal industry is led by U.S. firms, both domestically and internationally. Chevron is 

the largest producer of geothermal energy, but the industry includes a fairly definitive supply 

chain consisting of project developers, drilling firms, manufacturers, and plant operators. 

Geothermex, Power Engineers, U.S. Geothermal, Geothermal Development Associates and GE 

are the leading U.S. firms. Ormat (Israel), Ansaldo (Italy), Fuji Electric (Japan), and Mannvit 

(Iceland) are the largest international competitors. 

Domestically, 13 states now have active geothermal projects under development – the most of 

any time in history. The Geothermal Energy Association expects that by 2012 over 25 countries 

to produce geothermal power. Yet the industry faces significant barriers, including a notoriously 

difficult financing structure (with most of the risk is up-front), long-lead times, and resource 

dependent siting. 

The biomass industry has grown 7% annually since 2005 around the world. The industry now 

provides 1.1% of global nameplate capacity. Priority markets for the sector include the United 

States, Brazil, Philippines, Germany, and Sweden. Domestically, biomass now produces enough 

electricity to power 8.5 million American homes. Today, over 100 biomass power plants are 

connected to the nation’s electricity grid; many more operate as stand-alone, off-grid 

cogeneration facilities, particularly in conjunction within the pulp and paper industry. 

The traditional hydropower industry in the United States has withered in recent years. Only 

American Hydro Corporation, specializing in runners, remains as a U.S. manufacturer of 

hydropower equipment. They compete with Voith Siemens (Germany) and other international 

firms to build new plants and refurbish old facilities. Newer hydropower technologies include 

tidal, ocean, and wave energy systems that have emerged as a potential growth industry for the 

sector. Greentech Media expects investment in these new hydro sectors to reach over $500 

million globally by 2015. 

Policies

The renewable energy sector hailed President Obama’s call to double alternative energy 

installations within three years and to spend $150 billion on renewable energy research over ten 

years. In addition, the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act provided $80 

billion for the U.S. clean energy sector. 
15 

Despite these achievements, renewable energy companies across the technology continuum 

continue to cite the short-term nature of the production tax credit and investment tax credits and 

the lack of both a national renewable portfolio standard (RPS) and a pricing mechanism for 

carbon as reasons why the U.S. renewable industry continues to fall behind competitor nations. 

RPS, which mandate percentages of power generation from renewable sources, are key drivers of 

the renewable energy industry in states where they exist. As of February 2009, only 29 U.S. 

states and the District of Columbia had a renewable portfolio standard. Without specific 

technology mandates or “cutouts”, a general RPS tends to favor more mature renewable energy 

technologies, such as wind, over other emerging forms of renewable energy like solar, enhanced 

geothermal or tidal power. 

The lack of uniform national standards and mandates makes projecting industry growth rates 

difficult. One good example involves varying state interconnection standards. Manufacturers 

often must make different products for each state since each state’s utility commissions mandate 

differently how distributed energy sources connect to the electricity grid. A national 

interconnection standard, such as exists in the telephone industry, would remove this barrier and 

improve the economies-of-scale manufacturers seek to develop. 

Parity among sectors would likely spur additional investment in these sectors. Currently, not all 

renewable energy technologies benefit equally from the Investment Tax Credit and Production 

Tax Credit, the two most important federal financial incentives. Both hydropower technologies 

and some biomass technologies receive only half the credit that wind and solar technologies do. 

 

Trading Environment and Barriers to Trade

In 2007, the United States and the European Union initiated a drive to reduce or eliminate WTO 

tariffs on clean energy technologies. Progress on this initiative depends in part on the outcome 

of the Doha Round of negotiations. 

Numerous nontariff barriers to trade exist within European and Asian markets that effectively 

restrict U.S. exports and prevent meaningful U.S. industry market penetration. 

China and other countries consider the establishment of a renewable energy manufacturing base 

to be a national priority and can be expected to maintain a variety of non-tariff trade barriers and 

investment restrictions to protect their domestic producers. In numerous consultations with 

energy industry companies, the Office of Energy and Environmental Industries identified many 

barriers to U.S. companies doing business overseas. Among them are: 

• Intellectual property protection, 

• Preferential procurement, 

• Lengthy or non-transparent project approval process, 

• Central versus provincial government authority issues, 

• Legal framework issues, 

• Regulatory framework issues, 

• Lack of financing, 
16 

• Limits on foreign equity ownership, 

• Lack of adequate energy infrastructure, and 

• Incompatible standards. 

For additional information on this report, please contact the Office of Energy and Environmental 

Industries at (202) 482-5225. 

 
17 
18 

 
19 

Attachment A

U.S. Environmental Technologies Exports 

(Domestic Exports; FAS; $)

HTS DESCRIPTION 2004 2005 2006 2007

        

3926909887

ARTICLES OF PLASTICS &

ARTICLES OF OTHER MATERIALS

OF HEADING 3901 TO 3914,

NESOI

2,300,149,698 2,395,222,324 2,541,903,741 2,505,061,17

3926909987

ART. OF PLASTIC AND OTHER

MAT, HDG 3901‐3914 NESOI 0 0 0

4601200000 MATS, MATTING AND SCREENS

OF VEGETABLE MATERIALS 10,714,363 8,415,917 8,662,750

4601210000 MATS, MATTING AND SCREENS

OF BAMBOO 0 0 0 1,668,07

4601220000 MATS, MATTING AND SCREENS

OF RATTAN 0 0 0 292,00

4601290000 MATS, MATTING AND SCREENS

OF OTHER VEG MATERIALS 0 0 0 8,182,33

5603140000

NONWOVENS, WHETHER OR NOT

IMPREGNATED, COATED,

COVERED OR LAMINATED: OF

MANMADE FILAMENTS

WEIGHING MORE THAN 150

G/M2

101,437,802 124,021,819 147,885,606 165,159,11

8404200000

CONDENSERS FOR STEAM OR

OTHER VAPOR POWER UNITS 7,365,136 18,613,088 16,865,299 44,022,77

8405100000

PRODUCER GAS, WATER GAS,

ACETYLENE GAS AND SIMILAR

WATER PROCESS GAS

GENERATORS, WITH OR

WITHOUT THEIR PURIFIERS

29,205,947 55,807,938 47,029,282 58,228,33

8410110000

HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND

WATER WHEELS OF A POWER

NOT EXCEEDING 1,000 KW

4,432,219 2,907,356 1,679,620 3,788,74

8410120000

HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND

WATER WHEELS OF A POWER

EXCEEDING 1,000 KW     BUT NOT

EXCEEDING 10,000 KW

785,755 3,912,753 4,216,583 143,40
20 

8410130000

HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND

WATER WHEELS OF A POWER

EXCEEDING 10,000 KW

883,369 1,590,953 1,431,353 2,572,87

8410900000

PARTS, INCLUDING REGULATORS,

FOR HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND

WATER WHEELS

14,120,617 25,279,716 34,346,661 28,636,05

8413600020

HYDRAULIC FLUID POWER

PUMPS, ROTARY POSITIVE

DISPLACEMENT, VANE TYPE

169,980,882 151,604,274 155,687,665 139,319,19

8413600030

HYDRAULIC FLUID POWER

PUMPS, ROTARY POSITIVE

DISPLACEMENT, GEAR TYPE

67,162,457 62,643,330 97,966,687 100,912,01

8413600040

HYDRAULIC FLUID POWER

PUMPS, ROTARY POSITIVE

DISPLACEMENT, NESOI

78,036,506 88,822,190 104,604,026 118,501,46

8413600070

ROLLER PUMPS, ROTARY

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT 5,815,435 4,930,369 4,840,991 4,361,40

8413600090

ROTARY POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

PUMPS, NESOI 108,296,892 116,481,751 128,287,946 139,777,64

8413702004

SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS,

CENTRIFUGAL 145,465,889 89,092,117 123,228,311 179,726,02

8413702005

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, SINGLE‐STAGE, SINGLE

SUCTION, CLOSED‐COUPLED,

WITH DISCHARGE OUTLET UNDER

5.08 CM IN DIAMETER

16,012,623 17,427,615 28,506,465 36,985,34

8413702015

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, SINGLE‐STAGE, SINGLE

SUCTION, CLOSED‐COUPLED,

WITH DISCHARGE OUTLET 5.08

CM OR OVER IN DIAMETER

20,716,181 18,322,811 26,439,504 25,554,89

8413702022

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, SINGLE‐STAGE, SINGLE‐

SUCTION, FRAME‐MOUNTED,

WITH DISCHARGE OUTLET UNDER

7.6 CM IN DIAMETER

25,027,319 30,317,255 24,824,062 40,998,85

8413702025

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, SINGLE‐STAGE, SINGLE‐

SUCTION, FRAME‐MOUNTED,

WITH DISCHARGE OUTLET 7.6 CM

OR OVER IN DIAMETER

33,072,022 54,270,143 66,091,982 95,321,11
21 

8413702030

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, SINGLE‐STAGE, DOUBLE‐

SUCTION

19,631,828 38,276,961 43,950,872 42,815,99

8413702040

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, MULTI‐STAGE, SINGLE

OR DOUBLE‐SUCTION

67,993,979 83,302,586 75,784,165 78,738,94

8413702090

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS FOR

LIQUIDS, NESOI 170,475,582 172,772,568 186,920,682 199,510,34

8413810020 TURBINE PUMPS, NESOI 46,075,240 39,107,691 46,374,267 64,917,52

8413810030

HOUSEHOLD WATER SYSTEMS,

SELF‐CONTAINED; AND

WINDMILL PUMPS

9,417,822 9,995,525 11,092,830 9,129,34

8413810040 PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS, NESOI 196,027,900 224,227,153 199,000,035 229,187,67

8414100000 VACUUM PUMPS 121,805,393 145,478,240 159,992,221 177,198,91

8417800000

INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS,

INCLUDING INCINERATORS,

NONELECTRIC, NESOI

48,558,067 62,236,335 59,396,547 74,302,94

8417900000

PARTS OF INDUSTRIAL OR

LABORATORY FURNACES AND

OVENS, INCLUDING

INCINERATORS, NONELECTRIC

88,108,816 117,690,654 118,894,584 159,553,25

8419190040 SOLAR WATER HEATERS 2,583,959 2,275,828 4,318,209 2,390,58

8419400040

DISTILLING OR RECTIFYING PLANT

FOR FOOD AND BEVERAGES 8,025,614 7,196,624 11,295,201 7,760,00

8419400080

DISTILLING OR RECTIFYING

PLANT, FOR THE TREATMENT OF

MATERIALS BY A PROCESS

INVOLVING A CHANGE IN

TEMPERATURE, NESOI

10,773,689 55,795,104 18,657,308 44,571,77

8419500000

HEAT EXCHANGE UNITS,

INDUSTRIAL TYPE 375,625,285 419,320,797 582,202,625 668,159,05

8419600000

MACHINERY FOR LIQUEFYING AIR

OR OTHER GASES 86,015,212 81,242,971 133,976,056 130,726,06

8421190000 CENTRIFUGES, NESOI 114,598,947 144,224,742 153,342,548 174,718,05

8421210000

WATER FILTERING OR PURIFYING

MACHINERY AND APPARATUS 598,814,009 692,850,214 775,049,172 944,274,30

8421290005

REFRIGERANT RECOVERY AND

RECYCLING UNITS 7,520,898 15,192,570 13,163,610 21,775,53

8421290015 OIL‐SEPARATION EQUIPMENT 40,482,199 53,817,261 74,502,406 108,156,56
22 

8421290040

HYDRAULIC FLUID POWER

FILTERS, RATED AT 1000  KPA OR

GREATER

29,037,543 33,743,230 46,406,018 58,631,01

8421290065

OTHER FILTER AND PURIFYING

MACHINERY FOR LIQUIDS  NESOI 370,113,982 410,335,797 491,521,344 544,725,85

8421394000 CATALYTIC CONVERTERS 90,160,719 71,119,290 161,637,632 254,860,81

8421398005

DUST COLLECTION AND AIR

PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT,   

NESOI, FOR MACHINE TOOLS OF

HEADING 8465 THROUGH  8465,

INCLUSIVE.

20,556,863 20,456,585 32,167,214 29,106,89

8421398015

DUST COLLECTION AND AIR

PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT NESOI 146,763,692 168,997,497 208,524,731 228,541,06

8421398020

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS,

INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING

EQUIPMENT

7,913,773 5,333,853 8,815,326 6,419,28

8421398030

INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING

EQUIPMENT, NESOI 42,690,917 36,153,422 46,320,356 59,128,65

8421398040 GAS SEPARATION EQUIPMENT 89,022,766 106,326,490 96,543,046 198,516,04

8421398060

PNEUMATIC FLUID POWER

FILTERS RATED 550 KPA OR

GREATER

11,318,854 13,599,295 7,957,290 6,226,62

8421398090

FILTERING OR PURIFYING

MACHINERY AND APPARATUS

FOR GASES, NESOI

620,089,030 590,098,086 658,923,800 761,124,80

8421910000

PARTS OF CENTRIFUGES,

INCLUDING CENTRIFUGAL

DRYERS

67,197,896 63,927,362 86,143,747 97,027,41

8421990040

PARTS OF FILTERING OR

PURIFYING MACHINERY AND

OTHER APPARATUS FOR

FILTERING OR PURIFYING WATER

435,561,470 433,235,322 501,333,545 548,048,64

8421990080

PARTS OF MACHINERY AND

APPARATUS FOR FILTERING OR

PURIFYING LIQUIDS AND GASES,

NESOI

626,794,249 679,017,401 744,585,473 789,373,59

8462910030

HYDRAULIC PRESSES, METAL

FORMING, USED OR REBUILT 6,903,572 8,566,553 23,604,023 9,222,18

8462910060

HYDRAULIC PRESSES, METAL

FORMING, NUMERICALLY

CONTROLLED, NEW

8,290,053 7,787,544 17,241,292 6,695,00
23 

8462910090

HYDRAULIC PRESSES, METAL

FORMING, EXCEPT NUMERICALLY

CONTROLLED, NEW

16,360,619 23,466,461 24,622,457 18,575,02

8472909000 OFFICE MACHINES, NESOI 80,051,345 103,779,669 103,045,425

8472909002 OFFICE MACHINES, NESOI 0 0 0 103,981,50

8474100010

SORTING, SCREENING,

SEPARATING OR WASHING

MACHINES FOR EARTH, STONE,

ORES, OR OTHER MINERAL

SUBSTANCES  IN SOLID FORM,

PORTABLE

22,237,087 36,986,169 39,620,994 85,267,79

8474100090

SORTING, SCREENING,

SEPARATING OR WASHING

MACHINES FOR EARTH, STONE,

ORES, OR OTHER MINERAL

SUBSTANCES IN SOLID FORM,

STATIONARY

76,871,194 91,206,388 126,525,194 178,374,43

8479820040 MIXING, KNEADING OR STIRRING

MACHINES, NESOI 53,807,346 93,761,468 84,599,698 94,819,24

8479820080

CRUSHING, GRINDING,

SCREENING, SIFTING,

HOMOGENIZING OR

EMULSIFYING MACHINES, NESOI

65,026,307 78,497,983 104,235,055 111,822,66

8479895500 TRASH COMPACTORS 19,304,315 23,404,180 27,292,136 33,315,37

8479896500

ELECTROMECHANICAL

APPLIANCES WITH SELF‐

CONTAINED ELECTRIC MOTORS,

NESOI

53,701,765 58,966,519 62,650,062 223,750,35

8479899885 ULTRASONIC CLEANING DEVICES 10,057,542 14,188,543 25,153,463 19,677,02

8479899895 INDUSTRIAL VIBRATORS 4,916,416 4,498,085 8,918,362 13,801,43

8479899897

MACHINES AND MECHANICAL

APPLIANCES HAVING INDIVIDUAL

FUNCTIONS, NOT SPECIFIED OR

INCLUDED ELSEWHERE IN

CHAPTER 84

1,240,602,195 1,219,456,026 1,335,796,790

8479899898

MACHINES AND MECHANICAL

APPLIANCES HAVING INDIVIDUAL

FUNCTIONS, NOT SPECIFIED OR

INCLUDED ELSEWHERE IN

CHAPTER 84

0 0 0 2,128,335,00
24 

8479909465

PARTS OF MACHINES OR

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES FOR

TREATING METAL,NESOI

50,392,500 123,927,196 127,995,352 150,152,30

8479909495

OTHER PARTS OF MACHINES AND

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES

HAVING INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONS,

NOT SPECIFIED OR INCLUDED

ELSEWHERE IN CHAPTER 84

1,585,642,219 1,752,546,783 1,928,024,011

8479909496

OTHER PARTS OF MACH &

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES 0 0 0 1,120,151,52

8479909498

OTHER PARTS OF MACH &

MECHANICAL APPLIANCES 0 0 0

8481100020

PRESSURE‐REDUCING CONTROL

VALVES, HYDRAULIC FLUID

POWER TYPE

50,920,214 75,897,284 77,678,489 88,329,21

8481100040

PRESSURE‐REDUCING VALVES,

PNEUMATIC FLUID POWER TYPE,

FILTER‐REGULATORS AND FILTER‐

REGULATOR‐LUBRICATORS

13,956,859 22,254,868 22,270,560 29,525,06

8481100060

PRESSURE‐REDUCING VALVES,

PNEUMATIC FLUID POWER TYPE,

NESOI

24,752,355 23,582,439 32,545,654 33,176,94

8481100090

OTHER PRESSURE‐REDUCING

VALVES, NESOI 110,182,364 109,806,652 112,938,128 208,627,99

8481200010

HYDRAULIC VALVES, MANUAL

TYPE, DIRECTIONAL CONTROL 44,574,598 60,744,224 50,253,937 60,172,07

8481200020

HYDRAULIC VALVES, SOLENOID

TYPE, DIRECTIONAL CONTROL 37,217,374 32,660,226 58,901,477 78,045,97

8481200030

HYDRAULIC VALVES, NESOI,

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL 25,287,916 34,710,907 34,676,780 56,437,92

8481200040

HYDRAULIC VALVES, FLOW

CONTROL TYPE 65,764,375 55,285,245 66,704,022 104,715,52

8481200050 HYDRAULIC VALVES, NESOI 45,749,144 41,189,340 73,978,369 125,935,65

8481200060

PNEUMATIC VALVES, SOLENOID

TYPE, DIRECTIONAL CONTROL 15,532,092 17,287,793 24,781,975 24,436,39

8481200070

PNEUMATIC VALVES, NESOI,

DIRECTIONAL CONTROL 16,455,376 14,204,650 13,510,489 17,967,58

8481200080

OTHER PNEUMATIC VALVES,

NESOI 59,153,502 109,030,596 86,096,057 126,669,19
25 

8481301010

CHECK VALVES OF COPPER

HAVING A PRESSURE RATING

UNDER 850 KPA

7,632,088 7,632,780 9,853,267 13,173,98

8481301090

CHECK VALVES OF COPPER

HAVING A PRESSURE RATING OF

850 KPA OR OVER

2,026,750 2,076,875 3,254,918 3,541,83

8481302010 CHECK VALVES OF IRON 13,797,692 13,556,580 23,424,738 28,529,80

8481302090 CHECK VALVES OF STEEL 56,147,912 71,053,721 60,024,290 71,259,92

8481309000

CHECK VALVES OF MATERIALS

OTHER THAN COPPER, IRON OR

STEEL

68,084,728 82,792,725 95,430,930 117,864,25

8481400000 SAFETY OR RELIEF VALVES 262,292,887 308,455,879 409,193,547 436,466,13

8481801010

HAND OPERATED TAPS, COCKS,

VALVES AND SIMILAR

APPLIANCES OF COPPER, HAVING

A PRESSURE RATING UNDER 850

KPA (123 LBS PRESSURE)

43,403,634 49,185,266 61,996,733 68,195,46

8481801060

GATE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF COPPER, HAND

OPERATED, HAVING A PRESSURE

RATING OF 850 KPA OR OVER

5,455,709 9,340,908 14,701,601 29,371,63

8481801070

GLOBE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF COPPER, HAND

OPERATED, HAVING A PRESSURE

RATING OF 850 KPA OR OVER

2,553,885 4,347,932 7,766,375 11,552,26

8481801075

PLUG TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF COPPER, HAND

OPERATED, HAVING A PRESSURE

RATING OF 850 KPA OR OVER

2,532,110 4,417,845 5,412,120 7,563,95

8481801085

BALL TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF COPPER, HAND

OPERATED, HAVING A PRESSURE

RATING OF 850 KPA OR OVER

11,918,950 15,097,957 22,850,135 20,675,78

8481801090

BUTTERFLY TYPE TAPS, COCKS

AND VALVES OF COPPER, HAND

OPERATED, HAVING A PRESSURE

RATING OF 850 KPA OR OVER

4,124,932 10,226,841 6,734,017 14,680,17
26 

8481801095

TAPS, COCKS AND VALVES, NESOI,

OF COPPER, HAND OPERATED,

HAVING      A PRESSURE RATING

OF 850 KPA OR OVER

40,259,595 42,918,870 37,000,917 40,611,34

8481803010

GATE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF IRON, HAND

OPERATED

26,957,782 29,138,820 41,096,688 50,268,39

8481803015

GLOBE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF IRON, HAND

OPERATED

3,987,041 3,339,866 5,158,000 3,785,48

8481803020

PLUG TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF IRON, HAND

OPERATED

6,029,580 5,824,491 7,680,869 10,147,45

8481803025

BALL TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF IRON, HAND

OPERATED

22,886,573 29,622,520 39,824,205 57,611,94

8481803030

BUTTERFLY TYPE TAPS, COCKS

AND VALVES OF IRON, HAND

OPERATED

11,682,633 16,404,861 19,201,955 23,663,51

8481803040

TAPS, COCKS AND VALVES, NESOI,

OF IRON, HAND OPERATED 18,094,754 22,551,547 30,581,576 26,998,69

8481803055

GATE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF STEEL, HAND

OPERATED

47,063,034 65,398,054 76,414,869 94,958,74

8481803060

GLOBE TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF STEEL, HAND

OPERATED

43,305,260 57,636,752 58,763,090 68,299,55

8481803065

PLUG TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF STEEL, HAND

OPERATED

36,784,121 33,802,246 45,918,837 47,929,04

8481803070

BALL TYPE TAPS, COCKS AND

VALVES OF STEEL, HAND

OPERATED

84,839,183 96,578,290 138,542,897 151,259,43

8481803075

BUTTERFLY TYPE TAPS, COCKS

AND VALVES OF STEEL, HAND

OPERATED

15,328,452 22,229,366 29,860,770 25,110,44

8481803090

TAPS, COCKS AND VALVES, NESOI,

OF STEEL, HAND OPERATED 57,267,299 56,858,303 72,210,525 77,131,07
27 

8481805090

TAPS, COCKS, VALVES AND

SIMILAR APPLIANCES, NESOI,

HAND OPERATED, OF MATERIALS

OTHER THAN COPPER, IRON OR

STEEL

102,434,407 106,267,580 128,664,269 113,424,21

8481809005 SOLENOID VALVES 191,193,768 179,829,415 193,130,740 221,371,21

8481809015

REGULATOR VALVES, SELF‐

OPERATING, FOR CONTROLLING

VARIABLES SUCH AS

TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, FLOW

AND LIQUID LEVEL

200,468,547 201,302,021 235,684,867 306,129,44

8481809020

CONTROL VALVES, ELECTRICALLY

AND ELECTRO‐HYDRAULICALLY

ACTUATED, DESIGNED FOR

PROPORTIONAL OPERATION BY A

SIGNAL FROM A CONTROL

DEVICE

69,230,579 73,317,092 96,186,642 111,890,60

8481809025

VALVES, NESOI, ELECTRICALLY OR

ELECTRO‐HYDRAULICALLY

ACTUATED

34,469,372 46,942,602 46,712,192 46,362,90

8481809030

VALVES WITH HYDRAULIC

ACTUATORS, NESOI 78,029,277 118,634,529 135,440,381 175,176,55

8481809035

CONTROL VALVES,

PNEUMATICALLY ACTUATED BY

DIAPHRAGM, PISTON OR

BELLOWS TYPE, DESIGNED FOR

PROPORTIONAL OPERATION BY A

SIGNAL FROM A CONTROL

DEVICE

114,684,736 121,550,160 163,622,064 177,693,14

8481809040 VALVES, PNEUMATICALLY

ACTUATED, NESOI 51,406,499 73,055,694 67,137,736 57,649,04

8481809045 VALVES, NESOI,

THERMOSTATICALLY ACTUATED 19,519,004 18,809,805 16,439,707 20,583,80

8481809050 TAPS, COCKS, VALVES AND

SIMILAR APPLIANCES, NESOI 408,834,845 436,156,340 519,429,280 548,964,07

8481909090

PARTS OF TAPS, COCKS, VALVES

AND SIMILAR APPLIANCES, NESOI 667,453,742 814,234,281 990,651,555 1,061,874,13

8502310000

GENERATING SETS, ELECTRIC,

WIND‐POWERED 4,398,305 3,626,370 83,309,704 14,157,87
28 

8514100000

INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS,

RESISTANCE TYPE

90,395,460 112,075,010 167,404,872 302,420,36

8514200000

INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS,

INDUCTION OR DIELECTRIC TYPE

0 0 0

8514208000

INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS,

INDUCTION OR DIELECTRIC TYPE,

NESOI

27,263,895 23,121,812 31,719,726 31,624,97

8514300000

INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS, NESOI 0 0 0 111,291,34

8514304000

INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

FURNACES AND OVENS, NESOI 443,245,591 392,604,015 440,904,870

8514900000

PARTS FOR INDUSTRIAL OR

LABORATORY FURNACES AND

OVENS, OR OTHER INDUSTRIAL

OR LABORATORY INDUCTION OR

DIELECTRIC HEATING EQUIPMENT

0 0 0

8514908000

PARTS, NESOI, FOR INDUSTRIAL

OR LABORATORY FURNACES AND

OVENS, OR FOR OTHER

INDUSTRIAL OR LABORATORY

INDUCTION OR DIELECTRIC

HEATING EQUIPMENT

217,192,340 216,667,234 237,472,745 234,499,83

8541406010

UNMOUNTED CHIPS, DICE OR

WAFERS FOR PHOTOSENSITIVE

DIODES

65,134,527 70,293,767 65,489,263 130,863,60

8541406020

SOLAR CELLS ASSEMBLED INTO

MODULES OR MADE UP INTO

PANELS

177,051,158 316,720,230 374,011,275 571,776,83

8541406030

SOLAR CELLS NOT ASSEMBLED

INTO MODULES OR MADE UP

INTO PANELS

119,768,831 62,818,258 68,706,138 75,156,89

8541406050 PHOTOSENSITIVE DIODES, NESOI 127,362,285 161,052,329 125,072,345 157,672,21

8541407040

UNMOUNTED CHIPS, DICE AND

WAFERS FOR PHOTOSENSITIVE

TRANSISTORS

8,957,531 4,507,591 7,167,580 11,535,69

8541407080 PHOTOSENSITIVE TRANSISTORS 12,078,539 13,365,483 24,370,124 23,829,46

8541408000

OPTICAL COUPLED ISOLATORS

(PHOTOSENSITIVE

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES)

35,361,773 38,897,635 53,261,074 54,097,35
29 

8541409500

PHOTOSENSITIVE

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES,

NESOI

94,213,085 87,990,047 82,989,552 69,397,93

9025112000

CLINICAL THERMOMETERS

LIQUID‐FILLED, FOR DIRECT

READING

1,467,723 1,379,036 1,369,252 2,038,38

9025114000

THERMOMETERS LIQUID‐FILLED,

FOR DIRECT READING, EXCEPT

CLINICAL

7,557,297 7,557,370 9,383,878 9,124,79

9025194000

PYROMETERS NOT COMBINED

WITH OTHER INSTRUMENTS 10,677,773 13,946,991 19,344,341 26,210,77

9025198040

CLINICAL THERMOMETERS, NOT

COMBINED WITH OTHER

INSTRUMENTS, NESOI

16,212,335 20,316,919 12,508,516 14,474,57

9025198080

THERMOMETERS, NOT

COMBINED WITH OTHER

INSTRUMENTS, NESOI

72,690,194 75,232,574 93,620,414 103,847,82

9025801500 BAROMETERS, NOT COMBINED

WITH OTHER INSTRUMENTS 1,496,934 1,953,406 2,339,202 2,717,42

9025805050

HYDROMETERS AND SIMILAR

FLOATING

INSTRUMENTS,HYGROMETERS

AND PSYCHROMETERS, NESOI

53,981,721 52,093,312 47,863,034 63,410,77

9025900000

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR

HYDROMETERS AND SIMILAR

FLOATING INSTRUMENTS,

THEROMETERS, PYROMETERS,

BAROMETERS, HYGROMETERS

AND PSYCHROMETERS

29,836,555 40,549,145 42,078,777 47,912,33

9026105000

FLOW METERS FOR MEASURING

OR CHECKING THE FLOW OR

LEVEL OF LIQUIDS

173,361,861 188,336,673 229,418,937 294,863,62

9026107000

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING OR CHECKING

THE FLOW OR LEVEL OF LIQUIDS,

NESOI

161,803,085 190,303,801 208,592,907 249,753,74

9026200000

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING OR CHECKING

PRESSURE

450,314,698 496,833,987 613,735,862 750,838,82
30 

9026800000

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING OR CHECKING

OTHER VARIABLES OF LIQUIDS OR

GASES, NESOI

244,990,276 272,429,429 314,750,648 373,972,08

9026900000

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING OR  CHECKING

THE FLOW, LEVEL, PRESSURE OR

OTHER VARIABLES OF LIQUIDS OR

GASES

458,440,266 492,025,592 558,843,846 550,937,10

9027100000

GAS OR SMOKE ANALYSIS

APPARATUS 254,883,130 280,461,997 335,117,439 402,400,47

9027202000 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHS 117,206,209 128,081,844 138,240,424 173,977,70

9027205030

ELECTRICAL ELECTROPHORESIS

INSTRUMENTS 56,896,361 55,642,798 48,683,091 48,603,41

9027206050 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHS 132,288,664 137,151,329 139,228,675 150,695,01

9027209000

CHROMATOGRAPHS AND

ELECTROPHORESIS

INSTRUMENTS, NESOI

158,648,601 133,456,484 118,780,331 136,407,42

9027304040

SPECTROPHOTOMETERS USING

OPTICAL RADIATIONS

(ULTRAVIOLET, VISIBLE,

INFRARED), NONELECTRICAL

149,221,779 172,484,108 210,113,632 231,108,67

9027304080

ELECTRICAL SPECTROMETERS

AND SPECTROGRAPHS USING

OPTICAL RADIATIONS

(ULTRAVIOLET, WISIBLE,

INFRARED)

122,189,718 127,274,373 139,869,835 199,337,21

9027308020

SPECTROSCOPES USING OPTICAL

RADIATIONS, NONELECTICAL 1,059,879 1,548,128 1,255,128 1,448,71

9027308080

SPECTROMETERS AND

SPECTROGRAPHS USING OPTICAL

RADIATIONS, NONELECTRICAL,

NESOI

36,048,042 57,298,819 48,358,953 82,646,53

9027400000 EXPOSURE METERS 6,087,800 5,621,074 8,921,444

9027501000

ELECTROCHEMICAL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS, 0 0 0 12,612,07

9027502000

THERMAL ANALYSIS

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS 162,505,354 171,741,092 214,235,842 250,672,23

9027504050 PHOTOMETERS 30,462,524 35,678,620 51,425,018 66,224,52
31 

9027505000

OTHER CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS,

NESOI

299,591,956 389,660,332 517,090,696 578,759,91

9027509000

INSTRUMENT AND APPARATUS

FOR PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS USING OPTICAL

RADIATIONS, NESOI

305,031,944 384,037,815 378,836,433 514,082,20

9027801000

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC

RESONANCES INSTRUMENTS AND

APPARATUS (EXCEPT THOSE OF

HEADING 9018)

68,900,457 81,874,892 76,649,658

9027802000 MASS SPECTROMETERS 236,155,263 242,769,878 321,280,400

9027802500

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC

RESONANCES INST EXC HEADING

9018

0 0 0 19,636,08

9027802600 MASS SPECTROMETERS 0 0 0 371,289,56

9027803100

ELECTROCHEMICAL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS, 148,188,718 158,592,899 141,887,254 149,037,37

9027803200

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS,

NESOI

194,999,943 180,642,726 214,756,249 262,994,29

9027803500

PHYSICAL ANALYSIS

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS,

EXCEPT USING OPTICAL

RADIATIONS, NESOI

258,918,098 307,538,931 311,068,194 341,467,10

9027808000

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING/CHECKING

VISCOSITY, POROSITY  

EXPANSION, SURFACE TENSION

OR THE LIKE, NESOI

328,385,064 361,951,337 361,405,353 331,257,92

9027902000 MICROTOMES 17,307,072 23,929,256 26,334,990 19,812,98

9027905430

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE BE

NUMBERS 9027.30.4040 AND

9027.30.4080

91,579,426 143,299,479 128,617,454 130,938,81

9027905440

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B

NUMBER 9027.40.0000

27,018,565 39,733,153 22,270,248 13,489,61

9027908950

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS

FOR PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS, NESOI

711,930,828 763,686,514 838,807,652 988,568,54
32 

9028100000 GAS METERS 30,686,927 35,226,662 41,712,925 48,622,48

9028200000 LIQUID METERS 68,091,813 60,863,377 78,885,608 75,444,91

9028300000 ELECTRICITY METERS 65,287,940 86,122,342 118,650,359 166,155,20

9028900040

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ELECTRICITY METERS 24,671,928 22,801,554 32,524,171 34,945,05

9028900080

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF GAS,

LIQUID OR PRODUCTION

METERS, INCLUDING

CALIBRATING METERS, NESOI

66,448,423 99,382,875 120,069,210 105,251,16

9030100000

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR MEASURING OR DETECTING

IONIZING RADIATIONS

173,268,799 193,653,540 263,876,128 322,702,68

9030200000

CATHODE‐RAY OSCILLOSCOPES

AND CATHODE‐RAY

OSCILLOGRAPHS

25,107,894 30,087,373 26,406,638

9030200500

OSCILLOSCOPES AND

OSCILLOGRAPHS 0 0 0 78,783,05

9030310000 MULTIMETERS 53,337,848 56,711,484 65,853,639 51,041,52

9030330040

APPARATUS TO TEST VOLTAGE

OR CURRENT OR RESISTANCE 0 0 0 128,842,30

9030330080

INST&APPTS FOR

MEASURING/CHECKING POWER,

NESOI

0 0 0 124,830,02

9030390040

APPARATUS TO TEST VOLTAGE

OR CURRENT OR RESISTANCE 205,220,331 242,080,763 259,232,963

9030390080

OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND

APPARATUS FOR MEASURING OR

CHECKING POWER, WITHOUT A

RECORDING DEVICE, NESOI

244,507,891 241,663,996 246,269,480

9030830000

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

WITH A RECORDING DEVICE,

NESOI

360,827,264 308,867,571 334,849,470

9030840000

INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS

WITH RECORDNG DEVICE NESOI 0 0 0 221,564,80

9030890000

OTHER INSTRUMENTS AND

APPARATUS FOR MEASURING OR

CHECKING ELECTRICAL

QUANTITIES, NESOI

325,829,922 310,892,136 380,043,292

9030890100

INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS

W/O RECORDING DEVICE NESOI 0 0 0 208,688,40
33 

9030904000

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR

ARTICLES OF SUBHEADING

9030.10

101,165,273 114,895,639 132,089,191 111,934,63

9030908010

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES FOR

ARTICLES OF SUBHEADING

9030.20

23,727,054 28,249,955 31,095,370 44,193,00

9030908020

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES0 OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B

SUBHEADING 9030.31

5,041,991 4,717,384 4,269,409 7,676,84

9030908030

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B

SUBHEADING 9030.39

25,377,565 23,353,276 29,985,758 15,023,74

9030908040

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B

SUBHEADING 9030.40

111,169,863 77,159,344 110,338,562 70,396,85

9030908050

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B

SUBHEADING 9030.82 OR

9030.83

712,917,800 661,515,479 799,225,101 814,560,98

9030908060

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

ARTICLES OF SCHEDULE B  

SUBHEADING 9030, NESOI

308,596,591 274,593,967 242,429,126 202,519,19

9031100000

MACHINES FOR BALANCING

MECHANICAL PARTS 56,968,744 93,087,645 100,689,014 116,041,23

9031200000 TEST BENCHES 69,211,409 68,620,613 101,611,842 100,827,73

9031300000 PROFILE PROJECTORS 5,465,772 7,184,663 4,923,983

9031491000 PROFILE PROJECTORS 0 0 0 4,535,26

9031808060

EQUIPMENT FOR TESTING

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

INTERNAL COMBUSTION

ENGINES

108,836,647 137,112,349 110,215,783 141,674,52

9031808070

EQUIPMENT FOR TESTING OTHER

THAN ELECTRICAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNAL

COMBUSTION ENGINES

125,580,335 143,074,938 138,300,585 142,775,98

9031808080

OTHER MEASURING OR

CHECKING INSTRUMENTS,

APPLIANCES AND MACHINES,

NESOI IN CHAPTER 90

814,915,904 938,621,921 1,043,795,140 1,152,338,50

9031900000

PARTS & ACCESSORIES OF

MACHINES, NESOI IN THIS

CHAPTER AND FOR PROFILE

PROJECTORS

1,042,451,250 741,147,741 1,030,047,371 829,365,40
34 

9032100000 THERMOSTATS 118,204,725 126,935,258 123,706,799 109,290,89

9032200000 MANOSTATS 25,643,149 26,607,043 24,385,681 19,929,37

9032810040

HYDRAULIC OR PNEUMATIC

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

41,210,138 41,544,403 43,563,809 45,574,82

9032810080

HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

EXCEPT INDUSTRIAL PROCESS

CONTROL

56,387,633 51,916,556 47,286,729 63,904,70

9032893000

AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE AND

VOLTAGE‐CURRENT REGULATORS 69,941,869 87,240,899 103,004,003 87,565,00

9032896020

CONTROL INSTRUMENTS FOR AIR

CONDITIONING, REFRIGERATION

OR HEATING SYSTEMS

86,605,674 140,639,749 196,669,440 228,083,14

9032896030

PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR COMPLETE SYSTEMS

186,185,330 156,997,646 177,003,878 263,567,38

9032896040

PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL

101,819,390 99,445,061 124,770,180 121,065,01

9032896050

PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR PRESSURE DRAFT CONTROL

32,743,560 32,007,329 46,330,225 47,605,31

9032896060

PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR FLOW AND LIQUID LEVEL

CONTROL

95,988,177 53,559,547 86,813,432 103,250,91

9032896070

PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS

FOR HUMIDITY CONTROL

4,372,035 4,857,561 6,243,923 6,868,31

9032896075

OTHER PROCESS CONTROL

INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS,

NESOI

484,644,861 560,574,895 629,565,157 518,662,79

9032896085

AUTOMATIC REGULATING OR

CONTROLLING INSTRUMENTS

NESOI

823,361,470 780,988,343 726,233,214 666,917,99

9032900000

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF

AUTOMATIC REGULATING OR

CONTROLLING INSTRUMENTS

AND APPARATUS

633,238,503 584,913,079 590,182,138 589,501,45
35 

9033000000

PARTS AND ACCESSORIES (NOT

SPECIFIED OR INCLUDED

ELSEWHERE IN THIS CHAPTER)

FOR MACHINES, APPLIANCES,

INSTRUMENTS OR APPARATUS

OF CHAPTER 90

470,280,327 360,392,652 378,958,948 544,410,77

     

   Totals 29,750,428,761 31,606,478,280 35,794,019,896 38,505,408,81

Attachment B 
36 

U.S. Environmental Technologies Export Markets

2004‐2008; FAS Value; USD

COUNTRY 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 % Change    

04‐08

Canada 6,268,984,121 6,664,480,081 7,271,979,741 7,422,332,336 7,639,024,213 22% 

Mexico 4,213,132,647 4,231,789,253 4,540,033,273 4,713,142,982 4,895,821,404 16% 

China 1,694,064,569 1,903,301,676 2,320,997,517 2,633,059,290 3,119,086,349 84% 

Germany 1,739,958,172 1,991,139,878 2,372,641,280 2,651,324,033 2,716,987,605 56% 

Japan 2,252,036,789 2,192,819,095 2,680,854,504 2,315,687,873 2,047,274,983 -9% 

Korea 1,051,669,025 1,116,473,837 1,256,221,142 1,746,257,602 1,498,626,625 42% 

United Kingdom 1,193,513,121 1,218,719,318 1,290,678,511 1,410,954,081 1,467,667,698 23% 

Singapore 930,234,294 961,458,767 1,170,927,325 1,226,134,163 1,195,918,608 29% 

France 874,150,848 947,399,245 1,149,983,055 1,096,345,708 1,086,273,874 24% 

Brazil 342,419,523 396,679,075 492,495,904 637,449,908 881,123,829 157% 

Netherlands 727,973,707 818,911,989 815,491,067 778,054,963 807,449,354 11% 

Taiwan 1,428,829,897 1,328,369,166 1,339,631,411 1,095,831,898 778,812,011 -45% 

Australia 462,257,428 495,240,242 547,967,273 617,922,692 754,579,447 63% 

Italy 432,353,278 496,521,667 566,419,390 613,943,780 692,694,674 60% 

Belgium 421,366,565 411,061,682 472,147,330 598,349,769 688,891,690 63% 

India 256,903,706 350,043,658 403,779,253 597,174,845 631,085,301 146% 

Hong Kong 564,023,555 536,026,871 545,086,196 561,081,453 554,423,517 -2% 

Saudi Arabia 188,138,722 219,401,019 367,210,970 493,188,565 554,256,150 195% 

United Arab Em 176,819,403 188,804,599 257,978,690 376,452,111 484,650,286 174% 

Spain 197,754,947 233,241,163 281,731,965 355,707,589 479,746,275 143% 

Malaysia 415,248,257 407,747,895 499,214,004 451,875,888 455,015,977 10% 

Venezuela 122,461,602 198,595,050 246,770,796 290,556,597 387,243,309 216% 

Thailand 267,349,723 313,955,260 312,229,188 326,693,421 363,550,961 36% 

Russia 197,862,024 151,366,376 206,859,580 290,911,172 286,003,025 45% 

Israel 200,970,623 218,665,459 252,907,047 259,944,780 251,556,376 25% 

Colombia 82,399,292 111,853,249 122,230,616 196,613,179 238,643,810 190% 

Philippines 258,117,247 232,113,961 253,988,570 279,963,974 237,668,532 -8% 

Switzerland 180,306,478 194,804,734 245,738,217 207,088,289 234,122,431 30% 

Sweden 183,817,730 190,760,943 197,729,568 216,555,716 234,005,659 27% 

Qatar 23,618,985 75,257,796 95,579,419 288,724,953 228,156,803 866% 

Chile 92,886,835 127,269,855 143,059,365 168,648,567 225,338,335 143% 

Ireland 237,814,085 268,289,363 272,696,625 249,311,838 221,970,374 -7% 

South Africa 103,841,078 123,164,325 151,260,938 163,207,945 212,065,757 104% 

Argentina 86,146,878 112,002,472 114,850,973 156,855,924 172,944,757 101% 
37 

Turkey 75,024,745 105,188,280 106,060,150 122,440,767 172,202,245 130% 

Norway 63,888,771 91,677,390 112,808,774 137,740,268 165,373,562 159% 

Peru 35,574,498 55,662,711 102,608,452 119,936,013 144,660,091 307% 

Nigeria 95,268,436 38,452,629 84,842,456 81,668,801 136,358,460 43% 

Trin & Tobago 55,218,413 77,053,483 65,074,028 90,052,041 126,157,371 128% 

Egypt 84,711,865 78,580,973 90,795,093 106,162,381 120,143,268 42% 

Poland 47,618,093 58,089,857 84,860,437 89,417,865 116,451,577 145% 

Indonesia 48,554,333 61,611,657 65,684,989 85,287,612 112,879,912 132% 

Costa Rica 119,654,376 123,506,309 118,129,304 99,415,025 111,004,782 -7% 

Denmark 80,437,086 89,580,387 91,465,614 126,653,781 109,788,936 36% 

Kuwait 46,359,411 59,303,841 97,069,431 109,236,264 105,475,676 128% 

Finland 54,656,084 75,694,096 69,218,657 88,222,998 89,105,946 63% 

Hungary 34,300,912 38,535,383 43,799,833 65,327,823 88,591,348 158% 

Dominican Rep 73,546,299 81,637,100 100,362,231 98,556,266 83,850,842 14% 

Austria 102,538,232 102,070,839 100,285,208 102,711,630 83,799,440 -18% 

Angola 8,801,452 14,773,176 29,121,663 66,420,902 80,311,097 812% 

New Zealand 52,763,097 54,253,267 54,408,795 60,190,302 74,054,853 40% 

Iraq 45,624,133 41,860,104 55,869,526 52,420,528 69,301,658 52% 

Pakistan 40,141,002 39,164,666 56,781,670 49,096,286 64,493,062 61% 

Ecuador 22,741,064 26,776,129 40,247,060 46,460,389 64,437,660 183% 

Algeria 19,024,937 33,938,320 45,189,039 73,556,771 63,916,654 236% 

Oman 46,944,720 18,627,774 30,518,573 42,520,334 63,327,707 35% 

Czech Republic 52,559,390 52,729,128 57,715,671 66,807,420 58,267,825 11% 

Vietnam 18,153,453 25,164,924 34,101,480 65,989,643 58,041,892 220% 

Kazakhstan 23,827,444 36,083,060 26,589,281 35,714,322 53,932,759 126% 

Romania 20,694,652 30,777,078 25,531,087 31,222,620 50,174,093 142% 

Ukraine 16,630,467 25,302,585 21,166,060 34,397,023 45,443,485 173% 

Greece 34,322,308 33,612,362 34,553,157 49,304,606 39,224,686 14% 

Guatemala 28,009,988 30,496,378 35,853,479 46,413,208 39,069,072 39% 

Panama 20,033,853 23,394,192 16,738,362 24,150,017 38,319,061 91% 

Portugal 18,610,625 23,783,377 29,199,269 34,298,331 35,297,930 90% 

Honduras 34,354,560 50,597,743 48,327,959 34,818,562 34,832,908 1% 

Jamaica 17,900,778 22,899,871 24,674,136 27,090,956 29,462,292 65% 

Jordan 24,421,292 58,794,700 19,989,601 19,356,338 28,172,020 15% 

Azerbaijan 8,725,729 13,411,284 16,835,352 31,183,185 26,348,916 202% 

Libya 704,549 3,586,482 11,391,959 17,536,822 24,398,595 3363% 

Bahrain 11,584,761 17,432,641 19,562,956 23,264,005 23,389,633 102% 

Nicaragua 8,128,819 7,141,984 9,132,250 10,470,798 21,630,481 166% 

Bahamas 18,219,989 17,415,067 29,723,660 19,399,683 21,529,713 18% 

Eq Guinea 23,240,514 17,049,981 28,192,484 24,923,362 20,928,118 -10% 

El Salvador 9,423,935 13,378,781 16,894,594 19,350,229 18,952,412 101% 
38 

Congo (ROC) 1,103,436 3,648,896 7,452,114 5,303,347 17,995,545 1531% 

Netherlands Ant 6,392,985 4,326,844 6,953,842 8,322,019 17,698,609 177% 

Kenya 6,420,677 5,389,804 6,998,482 8,448,111 16,819,435 162% 

Tunisia 2,709,481 4,354,174 6,768,266 15,695,991 16,211,651 498% 

Morocco 5,928,709 5,629,734 9,369,812 11,501,834 16,077,290 171% 

Bulgaria 6,374,614 7,186,359 10,168,014 8,631,971 16,039,155 152% 

Slovak Republic 10,126,192 9,178,554 11,887,717 19,305,926 15,884,880 57% 

Afghanistan 5,683,665 11,209,531 8,342,711 14,876,628 15,648,611 175% 

Slovenia 7,151,814 6,127,325 8,695,063 11,075,891 14,798,784 107% 

Georgia 3,392,854 3,504,263 3,545,256 5,209,226 14,638,754 331% 

Aruba 2,537,051 13,568,489 13,629,635 17,297,019 14,562,231 474% 

Uruguay 4,982,733 5,839,541 11,203,603 10,203,759 14,145,177 184% 

Bolivia 7,464,748 9,664,246 7,088,214 8,918,821 14,091,380 89% 

Croatia 5,479,139 3,359,542 5,418,070 6,940,968 13,442,026 145% 

Luxembourg 5,297,414 7,924,961 4,923,846 9,554,036 13,423,398 153% 

Lithuania 4,848,432 10,451,759 13,776,600 15,730,690 13,273,200 174% 

Madagascar 136,491 257,522 151,527 323,454 13,262,050 9616% 

Uzbekistan 2,213,117 5,417,234 3,556,926 4,684,013 12,542,512 467% 

Yemen 5,852,303 3,774,219 4,540,052 12,215,559 11,110,911 90% 

Latvia 2,064,353 4,142,019 8,679,238 8,816,143 9,900,833 380% 

Gabon 1,229,964 2,316,831 3,700,179 8,265,897 9,646,869 684% 

Liberia 3,769,676 5,616,650 7,227,285 14,517,332 8,738,381 132% 

Sri Lanka 6,007,810 7,465,238 6,343,479 6,525,479 8,717,706 45% 

Ghana 3,076,556 3,438,416 5,904,325 11,086,227 8,604,916 180% 

Bangladesh 9,933,899 13,628,435 16,836,097 9,376,595 8,594,222 -13% 

Belize 1,333,398 2,476,417 3,909,033 5,674,410 8,521,842 539% 

Cyprus 3,377,560 2,620,866 4,918,033 4,429,548 7,796,418 131% 

Suriname 5,043,621 4,588,673 7,782,757 6,627,302 7,723,614 53% 

Bermuda 5,659,548 4,813,279 7,091,474 7,040,832 7,683,922 36% 

Lebanon 5,172,658 7,067,448 4,025,350 6,708,004 7,491,030 45% 

Estonia 4,730,553 6,264,703 8,718,062 8,215,358 7,338,044 55% 

Serbia 0 0 0 14,178,094 7,314,297 

Iceland 3,750,458 6,417,608 7,784,598 10,320,095 7,297,070 95% 

Barbados 5,311,752 4,619,945 5,858,080 7,404,305 7,063,416 33% 

Tanzania 1,365,896 4,453,574 15,103,372 3,325,645 6,795,520 398% 

Brunei 1,387,190 1,974,607 3,115,226 5,651,790 6,165,353 344% 

Congo (DROC) 1,102,539 501,165 1,162,866 1,502,266 6,133,749 456% 

Turks & Caic Is 4,090,318 2,410,945 3,919,962 5,233,149 5,877,378 44% 

Belarus 1,643,059 2,448,942 6,065,926 5,500,273 5,355,954 226% 

Senegal 2,353,351 2,725,423 1,780,599 4,988,162 4,894,638 108% 

Malta 7,311,400 7,126,759 7,863,521 6,080,505 4,845,651 -34% 
39 

Cayman Is 2,230,541 5,325,945 6,116,361 4,435,552 4,716,532 111% 

Laos 368,800 1,374,685 1,326,668 711,828 4,261,054 1055% 

Zambia 773,929 1,032,679 1,613,310 2,844,333 4,185,470 441% 

Paraguay 5,013,515 11,151,723 3,566,553 5,099,284 4,141,141 -17% 

Br Virgin Is 963,279 1,394,399 2,380,118 2,542,330 3,890,483 304% 

Haiti 2,110,799 5,058,718 3,061,900 2,333,558 3,674,755 74% 

Mongolia 813,010 1,056,377 1,342,169 691,122 3,636,781 347% 

Macao 614,532 1,881,331 2,115,164 2,417,528 3,420,299 457% 

Guyana 1,742,813 3,927,617 2,547,957 2,092,925 3,396,258 95% 

Benin 377,121 107,335 693,440 8,123,476 3,233,552 757% 

Cote d`Ivoire 1,668,847 2,150,163 3,262,843 2,937,394 3,196,944 92% 

Tokelau Is 1,324,204 1,316,194 1,614,436 3,179,037 3,192,629 141% 

Turkmenistan 1,632,598 5,491,611 639,124 2,450,115 3,170,662 94% 

New Caledonia 1,035,830 773,313 3,080,496 12,323,872 3,095,225 199% 

Namibia 513,799 582,374 400,443 1,244,432 3,041,186 492% 

Ethiopia 723,996 2,194,547 1,518,549 2,064,202 2,983,214 312% 

Albania 539,747 782,411 3,059,137 556,006 2,934,203 444% 

Papua New Guin 1,725,656 1,517,129 2,770,999 1,300,842 2,625,565 52% 

Antigua Barbuda 1,110,895 1,757,545 3,434,971 4,147,466 2,461,638 122% 

St Lucia Is 769,943 1,864,842 8,003,942 2,633,647 2,196,780 185% 

Cameroon 789,848 945,037 1,217,351 854,084 1,988,128 152% 

French Guiana 2,095,546 3,431,979 1,271,861 2,259,690 1,914,737 -9% 

Sierra Leone 594,845 212,700 581,995 1,328,350 1,879,737 216% 

Marshall Is 620,827 773,104 353,783 1,119,301 1,722,600 177% 

Uganda 1,292,191 1,585,514 774,058 1,613,837 1,657,781 28% 

Anguilla 894,472 900,642 1,034,746 15,521,648 1,586,188 77% 

Martinique 664,958 1,386,466 1,165,817 1,013,397 1,549,014 133% 

Liechtenstein 245,076 1,114,435 1,217,115 1,665,315 1,526,855 523% 

Guinea 814,999 2,597,159 683,121 1,390,528 1,412,739 73% 

Fiji 1,166,520 318,981 313,412 1,133,458 1,333,679 14% 

St Vinc & Gren 642,251 420,115 652,025 1,543,642 1,232,580 92% 

St Kitts-Nevis 1,182,890 1,087,421 1,201,254 2,017,407 1,222,358 3% 

Maldive Is 1,260,921 813,383 1,723,916 1,567,033 1,191,713 -5% 

Kyrgystan 692,013 752,620 501,031 690,825 1,185,617 71% 

Mozambique 149,206 371,000 1,511,852 3,338,748 1,089,748 630% 

Djibouti 351,962 239,075 1,841,826 707,148 1,079,066 207% 

Mauritius 1,876,025 621,254 817,496 599,914 1,054,678 -44% 

Seychelles 57,601 704,180 102,620 761,226 1,050,556 1724% 

Armenia 570,063 453,134 778,338 443,447 1,041,031 83% 

Cambodia 326,349 477,120 342,271 3,228,101 1,024,839 214% 

Macedonia 444,163 221,779 1,834,422 528,591 995,408 124% 
40 

Niger 727,419 68,363 319,034 2,005,435 946,295 30% 

Dominica Is 399,225 823,529 403,795 3,201,556 912,399 129% 

Moldova 380,316 470,382 399,456 537,839 880,147 131% 

Grenada Is 1,733,080 1,378,231 1,017,223 1,419,063 879,099 -49% 

Nepal 536,258 435,775 404,154 636,494 863,946 61% 

Fr Polynesia 467,597 733,228 1,391,349 686,018 842,370 80% 

Rwanda 306,024 153,920 80,622 258,697 789,667 158% 

Zimbabwe 346,286 185,216 408,631 530,864 724,167 109% 

Guadeloupe 626,681 2,690,770 1,178,141 569,481 701,209 12% 

Iran 1,325,955 438,404 582,422 590,081 693,854 -48% 

Sudan 59,109 0 169,034 29,320 665,690 1026% 

Botswana 382,170 520,830 228,314 1,306,493 661,240 73% 

Burkina Faso 49,343 123,999 82,110 832,077 625,528 1168% 

BosniaHercegov 566,333 459,227 891,650 719,907 566,593 

0% 

Mali 1,335,637 1,051,706 745,135 1,066,808 564,666 -58% 

East Timor 348,686 84,643 124,837 306,574 553,993 59% 

Montenegro 0 0 0 1,192,808 457,749 

Chad 100,260 65,236 3,187,861 3,318,367 404,571 304% 

Malawi 250,580 601,886 113,848 290,869 394,298 57% 

Swaziland 208,283 274,683 539,715 122,939 362,144 74% 

Monaco 154,638 347,368 107,955 261,846 352,272 128% 

Syria 1,519,606 62,718 252,938 115,326 328,683 -78% 

F St Micronesia 175,810 33,605 57,525 386,692 325,966 85% 

Samoa 44,838 94,965 46,491 60,893 322,831 620% 

Gambia 355,293 362,144 409,049 309,511 299,947 -16% 

Gibraltar 99,967 41,854 6,685 143,244 272,814 173% 

Togo 106,886 90,918 1,023,324 820,506 260,108 143% 

St Helena 14,669 0 48,095 395,200 245,015 1570% 

Mauritania 508,578 643,409 1,062,379 182,083 216,187 -57% 

Andorra 345,104 1,304,016 14,290 30,671 199,540 -42% 

Solomon Is 0 13,130 34,068 57,908 192,301 

Burma 

(Myanmar) 

214,152 267,907 834,052 216,811 192,175 -10% 

Faroe Islands 0 8,510 14,322 75,345 178,537 

Christmas Is 99,469 5,978 72,230 127,159 178,202 79% 

Tajikistan 644,131 557,386 261,344 440,513 156,530 -76% 

Reunion 133,629 35,791 448,565 325,162 132,576 -1% 

Cen African Rep 198,229 85,567 108,802 137,054 124,797 -37% 

Cook Is 5,225 3,600 16,945 15,927 119,069 2179% 

Vanuatu 36,660 10,882 170,550 74,416 111,898 205% 

Montserrat Is 69,296 57,213 69,772 94,710 103,968 50% 
41 

Cape Verde 66,393 246,961 114,226 175,251 93,510 41% 

Kiribati 26,153 33,230 22,260 89,402 82,473 215% 

Nauru 3,050 24,598 93,103 25,106 81,054 2558% 

Greenland 12,132 79,028 46,795 71,896 77,970 543% 

Guinea-Bissau 76,058 33,027 9,470 11,045 69,762 -8% 

Eritrea 70,503 60,977 87,845 89,780 64,900 -8% 

Somalia 52,256 75,415 228,569 29,132 62,771 20% 

Tonga 6,956 267,470 0 453,805 60,162 765% 

Falkland Is 6,464 124,083 194,262 46,131 59,600 822% 

Br Indian O Ter 4,305 17,728 6,609 24,139 51,000 1085% 

Bhutan 32,020 28,825 223,471 42,130 49,450 54% 

Palau 297,328 204,769 157,315 113,237 46,527 -84% 

West Bank 7,916 26,919 0 19,984 44,346 460% 

Cuba 0 181,598 203,283 98,641 31,720 

San Marino 199,205 19,267 169,217 22,144 29,672 -85% 

Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 29,567 

Lesotho 5,160 44,056 864,336 144,913 21,615 319% 

Burundi 107,096 24,459 41,373 2,997 18,612 -83% 

Sao Tome & 

Prin 

0 4,918 8,720 38,349 14,400 

Pitcairn Is 20,809 44,873 9,527 15,824 13,779 -34% 

Niue 0 0 0 0 11,200 

Cocos Is 53,436 16,340 263,951 85,510 6,368 -88% 

Vatican City 113,862 19,673 75,365 9,000 4,366 -96% 

Comoros 0 4,363 22,118 0 0 

Western Sahara 22,234 16,039 0 0 0 

Svalbard,May Is 0 0 116,325 59,081 0 

St Pierre & Miq 0 0 0 0 0 

Serbia/Monteneg 5,319,241 5,331,424 8,258,498 0 0 

Norfolk Is 0 43,267 0 15,120 0 

North Korea 0 0 0 0 0 

Mayotte 0 0 3,961 0 0 

Internat Org 0 0 0 0 0 

Heard & McDn 

Is 

88,549 0 0 0 0 

Fr S & Ant land 0 0 0 138,155 0 

Gaza Strip 0 0 0 0 0 

Totals 29,750,428,761 31,606,478,280 35,794,019,896 38,505,408,813 40,194,969,747 35% 

 
42 

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