1

In its remand order, the district court found that Conley had removed the lawsuit pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1441, which permits removal of actions raising federal questions. The court concluded that

ASU's complaint presented no federal questions and that the court, therefore, lacked subject matter

jurisdiction. Consequently, the court remanded the action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). The court did

not explicitly address Conley's asserted grounds for removal under § 1443.

An order remanding a civil action to state court for lack of subject matter jurisdiction

pursuant to §§ 1441 and 1447(c) is not reviewable. 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d); Thermtron Prods., Inc.,

v. Hermansdorfer, 423 U.S. 336, 345-46, 96 S.Ct. 584, 46 L.Ed.2d 542 (1976), abrogated on

other grounds, Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co., 517 U.S. 706, 116 S.Ct. 1712, 135 L.Ed.2d 1

(1996). Hence, in a prior order of this Court, we dismissed Conley's appeal to the extent it

challenges the district court's remand order based on §§ 1441 and 1447(c), but allowed Conley's

appeal to proceed to the extent he is challenging the district court's implicit determination that

removal based on § 1443 was improper. Therefore, the only question presently before us is

whether the district court properly remanded Conley's action based on a finding that removal

jurisdiction under § 1443 did not exist. 

State of ALABAMA (Alabama State University), Plaintiff-Counter-Defendant-Appellee,

v.

Charles S. CONLEY, Defendant-Counter-Claimant-Appellant.

No. 00-14188

Non-Argument Calendar.

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

March 29, 2001.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama. (No. 00-00801-CV-T-N),

Myron H. Thompson, Judge.

Before CARNES, HULL and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

 The plaintiff, Alabama State University ("ASU"), filed this eminent domain action in state court

against Charles S. Conley seeking to condemn various parcels of land owned by Conley. Conley, proceeding

pro se, removed the action to the Middle District of Alabama on the grounds that federal subject matter

jurisdiction existed under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983, 1985 and 1988 and that the action was removable under

28 U.S.C. § 1443. Upon ASU's motion, the district court remanded the proceedings to state court. Conley

appeals, arguing that removal jurisdiction under § 1443 exists in this case and that the district court erred

when it remanded this action to state court.1

 After review, we affirm.
 2

The facts are drawn from the allegations in Conley's removal petition, which we assume are true for

purposes of this appeal. 

 3Conley also contends that, during the aggressive land acquisition between 1995 and 1998, ASU was

able to obtain land from black property owners in Bel Aire at less than fair market value before instituting

eminent domain proceedings. In the process, ASU also caused a massive upheaval of the area's black

residents, who then had difficulty resettling because ASU's below-market compensation for the land was

inadequate to permit the black property owners to purchase real estate elsewhere. As a result of public

outcry and local media criticism, ASU prodded members of the state legislature, some of whom were

employees of ASU, to enact The Alabama Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies

Act of 1999, which earmarked funds for additional payments of $22,500 for qualified property owners. 

I. BACKGROUND FACTS2

According to Conley's petition for removal, ASU announced plans in 1995 to seek condemnation of

certain properties located in the Bel Aire community adjacent to its campus as part of its plan to expand its

athletic facilities. Over the next four years, ASU purchased various parcels of land from elderly or retired

property owners.3 Then, beginning in 1995, the State of Alabama, on behalf of ASU, instituted eminent

domain proceedings against three or four owners of larger tracts of land in the area. Included among these

landowners was Conley, who is black, and a group of white doctors called collectively the Southeastern

Cardiac Building Partners ("Southeastern Cardiac").

Conley contends that, of these landowners, he owned the largest piece of land, with a total square

footage of 135,067 feet. Conley's land contained 22 buildings housing 43 apartment units. Southeastern

Cardiac's property, on the other hand, was comprised of 103,442 square feet of vacant land. Southeastern

Cardiac had purchased this land, which was located behind its medical building, in 1995 for $1,400,000. The

doctors intended to construct a cardiac center and parking lot on the property.

According to the removal petition, ASU offered to purchase Southeastern Cardiac's property for

$219,000, but was rejected. Thereafter, ASU instituted condemnation proceedings against Southeastern

Cardiac and, after extensive pre-trial discovery and negotiations, purchased Southeastern Cardiac's property

for $2,163,500, the value established by Southeastern Cardiac's expert appraisers.

In 1999, ASU filed this eminent domain action against Conley in the probate court of Montgomery

County, Alabama seeking to condemn Conley's property situated near the ASU campus and adjacent to

Southeastern Cardiac's property. Following a decision by the probate court to award Conley $165,000 for

his property, Conley appealed to the Alabama circuit court for a de novo trial and asserted a counterclaim

against ASU alleging that it had violated his civil rights by engaging in a conspiracy to favor some property

owners over others during the land acquisition process.
 4

Conley contends that Judge Reese granted all of ASU's requests for protective orders during the

seven or eight months of pre-trial discovery. Conley's discovery requests sought appraisers' depositions

taken during pre-trial discovery in ASU's prior condemnation proceedings against Southeastern Cardiac. 

According to Conley, Judge Reese refused to order ASU to produce these materials or to take judicial

notice of certain facts revealed in the court record in the Southeastern Cardiac litigation. Conley also

alleges that Judge Reese refused to permit him to depose certain ASU officials or ASU's former attorney

in charge of the condemnation proceedings. Finally, Conley contends that the trial judge repeatedly

postponed the trial date, despite the fact that the case was the oldest case on the judge's docket and that

Alabama law requires eminent domain cases to be expedited in advance of other civil actions, and that, at

the time the removal petition was filed, no specific trial date had been set. 

 5Specifically, Conley alleges that the Alabama Democratic Conference placed pollsters at the

entrance to voting stations around Montgomery to hand out marked ballots that urged voters to vote for

Judge Reese, among others. 

According to Conley, ASU officials conspired with a real estate appraiser to obtain an appraisal of

Conley's property that artificially deflated its market value in violation of state appraisal standards. The

appraiser accomplished this by comparing Conley's property, which is a large tract of land comprised of many

lots, to small, individual lots located in areas inhabited only by black property owners and refusing to

compare Conley's property with the adjacent property purchased from Southeastern Cardiac.

In his removal petition, Conley alleges that ASU engaged in stonewalling during the discovery period

in circuit court and that the circuit court judge assigned to the case, Judge Gene Reese, "stymied his effort

to prepare for trial" by, among other things, failing to schedule hearings or rule upon motions filed by Conley,

imposing "prejudicial restraints on pre-trial discovery,"4

 and refusing to permit evidence of ASU's purchase

price for Southeastern Cardiac property to be admitted in determining the value of Conley's property. Conley

contends that the trial judge gave ASU preferential treatment during the state court proceedings in

contemplation of political favors to be gained from the Alabama Democratic Conference, which was led by

ASU's vice president and one of ASU's trustees.5

Finally, Conley contends that, before removing the case to federal court, he sought relief from the

Alabama Supreme Court by filing a writ of mandamus, which was denied. Conley asserts that several

members of the Alabama Supreme Court were likewise seeking re-election and were desirous of support from

the Alabama Democratic Conference, which "affected the possibility of a corrective adjudication."

In sum, Conley contends that ASU officials, ASU's real estate appraiser, and various state court

judges conspired to take his property for less than fair market value and that this scheme "resulted in reverse

race discrimination" and the denial of his rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. Because of this alleged

conspiracy, Conley contends, he cannot enforce his equal rights in the Alabama state courts and thus removal
under 28 U.S.C. § 1443 is warranted.

II. DISCUSSION

 In relevant part, 28 U.S.C. § 1443(1) permits a defendant in a civil state court action to remove the

action to federal district court if the action is against a person who is denied or cannot enforce in the state

courts "a right under any law providing for equal civil rights of citizens of the United States." In Georgia v.

Rachel, the United States Supreme Court articulated the two-prong test which a removal petition filed

pursuant to § 1443(1) must satisfy. First, the petitioner must show that the right upon which the petitioner

relies arises under a federal law "providing for specific civil rights stated in terms of racial equality." Georgia

v. Rachel, 384 U.S. 780, 792, 86 S.Ct. 1783, 16 L.Ed.2d 925 (1966). Second, the petitioner must show that

he has been denied or cannot enforce that right in the state courts. Id. at 794, 86 S.Ct. 1783. After reviewing

Conley's removal petition, we conclude that it does not satisfy the Rachel test.

A. Law Providing for Equal Civil Rights

Conley alleges that the eminent domain action filed by ASU denied his rights under 42 U.S.C. §§

1981, 1983 and 1985(3), and under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Under the

first prong of Rachel, we must determine whether any of these asserted rights falls within the scope of §

1443(1). The phrase "any law providing for ... equal civil rights" refers to laws "providing for specific civil

rights stated in terms of racial equality," and does not include rights of "general application available to all

persons or citizens." Rachel, 384 U.S. at 792, 86 S.Ct. 1783. Our predecessor circuit, in a case very similar

to the one presented by Conley, held that a defendant's "right to a fair trial and equal protection of the laws

and [his] rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 do not arise from legislation providing for specific civil rights in

terms of racial equality...." See Sunflower County Colored Baptist Ass'n v. Trustees of Indianola Mun.

Separate Sch. Dist., 369 F.2d 795, 796 (5th Cir.1966). Therefore, to the extent Conley relies upon broad

assertions under the Equal Protection Clause or § 1983, those rights are insufficient to support a valid claim

for removal under § 1443(1).

However, in City of Greenwood v. Peacock, decided on the same day as Rachel, the United States

Supreme Court recognized that § 1981 qualifies under § 1443(1) as a law providing specific civil rights stated

in terms of racial equality. See City of Greenwood v. Peacock, 384 U.S. 808, 825, 86 S.Ct. 1800, 16 L.Ed.2d
 6

42 U.S.C. § 1981 provides:

All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right

in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give

evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of

all persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like

punishment, pains, penalties, taxes, licenses, and exactions of every kind, and to no other. 

 742 U.S.C. § 1985(3) states:

If two or more persons in any State or Territory conspire ... for the purpose of

depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person or class of persons of the equal

protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws; ... in any

case of conspiracy set forth in this section, if one or more persons engaged therein do, or

cause to be done, any act in furtherance of the object of such conspiracy, whereby

another is injured in his person or property, or deprived of having and exercising a right

or privilege of a citizen of the United States, the party so injured or deprived may have an

action for the recovery of damages, occasioned by such injury or deprivation, against any

one or more of the conspirators. 

944 (1966).6

 Furthermore, neither the Supreme Court nor this circuit has addressed whether § 1985(3), the

other federal statute cited by Conley, qualifies as an "equal civil rights" statute. For purposes of this appeal,

we assume without deciding that § 1985(3) meets Rachel 's definition of an equal civil rights statute under

§ 1443(1).7

 See Davis v. Glanton, 107 F.3d 1044, 1049-50 (3d Cir.1997) (declining to address whether §

1985(3) constitutes an "equal civil rights" statute within the meaning of § 1443(1), but noting that there are

"strong arguments on both sides in terms of jurisprudence"). Nonetheless, we conclude that the district court

properly remanded this action because, for reasons described herein, we find that Conley has failed to satisfy

the second prong of Rachel.

B. Right Denied or Unenforceable in State Courts

 Generally, the denial of the petitioner's equal civil rights must be "manifest in a formal expression

of state law." Rachel, 384 U.S. at 803, 86 S.Ct. 1783. This requirement ensures that removal is available

only in cases where the denial of the right can be clearly predicted and avoids involving federal judges in "the

unseemly process of prejudging their brethren of the state courts." Id. at 803-04, 86 S.Ct. 1783. However,

under a narrow exception recognized by the Supreme Court in Rachel, even where the action is premised

upon a facially neutral state law, if the very act of bringing the state court proceedings will constitute a denial

of the rights conferred by the federal statute, § 1443(1) removal is proper. Id. at 804-05, 86 S.Ct. 1783.

For example, in Rachel, the state court defendants were prosecuted for criminal trespass after they

refused to leave a privately-owned restaurant open to the general public. The defendants were civil rights
demonstrators protesting the restaurant's policy of segregating its customers based on race. Although

Georgia's criminal trespass statute was facially neutral, the act of prosecuting the defendants for criminal

trespass directly conflicted with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which precludes such state prosecutions for

"peaceful attempts to be served upon an equal basis in establishments covered under the Act." Id. at 785, 86

S.Ct. 1783.

Conley concedes that Alabama's eminent domain provisions are facially neutral. He argues that his

case falls within the latter category of cases recognized in Rachel. Conley contends that the filing of the

eminent domain action is itself the act by which his federal civil rights have been violated. His argument is

foreclosed, however, by Sunflower County Colored Baptist Association v. Trustees of Indianola Municipal

Separate School District, 369 F.2d 795 (5th Cir.1966), in which our predecessor circuit held that a state's

facially neutral eminent domain statutes do not conflict with or deny an eminent domain defendant's federal

rights.

In Sunflower County, the Trustees of Indianola Municipal Separate School District brought eminent

domain proceedings in Mississippi state court against the Sunflower County Colored Baptist Association,

among others, to obtain land to build schools and playgrounds. Sunflower County Colored Baptist Ass'n v.

Trustees of Indianola Mun. Separate Sch. Dist., 369 F.2d 795, 795-96 (5th Cir.1966). At the time, the

property owned by the Baptist Association was being used by civil rights organizations to give classes to

black children and adults. Id. at 796. The Baptist Association filed a removal petition alleging jurisdiction

under § 1443 because in the condemnation proceedings it would be "denied a fair trial, equal protection of

the laws and particularly [would] be denied its federal rights arising under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, 1982 and 1983."

Id. Although the court found that the Baptist Association had satisfied the first prong of Rachel when it cited

§ 1981, it concluded that it did not meet the second prong. Id. at 796-97, 86 S.Ct. 1783.

In reaching this conclusion, the former Fifth Circuit quoted Peacock, in which the Supreme Court

stated that allegations of corruption or unfairness preceding or during a particular court proceeding do not

support removal under § 1443(1), as follows:

It is not enough to support removal under § 1443(1) to allege or show that the defendant's

federal equal civil rights have been illegally and corruptly denied by state administrative officials in

advance of trial, and that the charges against the defendant are false, or that the defendant is unable

to obtain a fair trial in a particular state court. The motives of the officers bringing the charges may

be corrupt, but that does not show that the state trial court will find the defendant guilty if he is

innocent, or that in any other manner the defendant will be "denied or cannot enforce in the courts"

of the State any right under a federal law providing for equal civil rights. The civil rights removal

statute does not require and does not permit the judges of the federal courts to put their brethren of
 8

Conley does not state precisely which rights under §§ 1981 and 1985(3) he has been denied. 

 9Conley's reliance upon Sofarelli v. Pinellas County, 931 F.2d 718 (11th Cir.1991) is equally

unavailing. In Sofarelli, the removing defendant was attempting to move a house on a trailer over a

public road in order to place it on a lot and sell it to a minority purchaser. The plaintiffs sought an

injunction to prevent the defendant from relocating the house. The defendant's removal petition alleged

that the plaintiffs' request for an injunction was motivated by race and invoked § 3617 of the Fair Housing

Act of 1968, which makes it unlawful "to coerce, intimidate, threaten, or interfere with any other person

... on account of his having aided or encouraged any other person in the exercise or enjoyment of any

right granted" by the Fair Housing Act. See Sofarelli v. Pinellas County, 931 F.2d 718, 720-22 & n. 2

(11th Cir.1991). In other words, the Fair Housing Act prohibited prosecution of a criminal or civil action

against a person who had encouraged another to exercise their rights under the Fair Housing Act. Id. at

the state judiciary on trial. Under § 1443(1), the vindication of the defendant's federal rights is left

to the state courts except in the rare situations where it can be clearly predicted by reason of the

operation of a pervasive and explicit state of federal law that those rights will inevitably be denied

by the very act of bringing the defendant to trial in the state court.

Id. at 797 (quoting Peacock, 384 U.S. at 827-28, 86 S.Ct. 1800). Noting that "the Association's claim that

their federal civil rights will be denied must be based on the state constitution, a statute, municipal ordinance,

rule of court or regulatory provision binding on the court which expressly deny such federal rights," the court

concluded that "[n]o Mississippi statute, including the eminent domain statute, which confers on municipal

separate school districts the power to acquire property for school purposes, or the Mississippi constitutional

provision allowing the taking of property for public use, precisely conflicts and conclusively denies the

federal rights of the Association." Id. at 797-98, 86 S.Ct. 1800 (citations omitted). Finally, again relying

upon Peacock, the court noted that any denial of federal rights that might come to pass as the proceedings

progressed could be redressed by direct review of the federal claims by the state appellate court and the

United States Supreme Court or in other proceedings designed to remedy claims of unfair proceedings, denial

of equal protection, and rights protected under § 1983. Id. at 798, 86 S.Ct. 1800.

We agree with the reasoning in Sunflower County. ASU's act of bringing a proceeding under

Alabama's eminent domain laws does not directly conflict with Conley's rights under §§ 1981 and 1985(3).8

Unlike the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in Rachel, neither § 1981 or § 1985(3) contains specific provisions that

immunize Conley from the precise type of proceeding being brought in state court.

In Rachel, it was only because section 203(c) of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 expressly immunized

the defendants from prosecution for trespass when they peacefully attempted to gain admittance and remain

at the restaurant, that "the mere pendency of the prosecutions enables the federal court to make the clear

prediction that the defendants will be 'denied or cannot enforce in the courts of (the) State' the right to be free

of any 'attempt to punish' them for protected activity." See Rachel, 384 U.S. at 804-05, 86 S.Ct. 1783.9

 No
724-45. Neither § 1985(3) nor § 1981 contains a similar provision that could be read to prohibit the

bringing of a civil eminent domain action. Furthermore, the court in Sofarelli did not squarely address

this issue as the parties did not dispute that Sofarelli's allegations fell within the holding of Rachel. See

id. at 725. Rather the court addressed whether remand was nonetheless proper in light of the district

court's conclusion that Sofarelli had failed to state a claim under the Fair Housing Act. Id. 

 10We note that, as a result of Conley's allegations of corruption in his removal petition, the state trial

judge has recused himself from the case to avoid any appearance of impropriety. Furthermore, we agree

with ASU that Conley has failed to show that he cannot vindicate his rights in Alabama's appellate courts. 

The denial of Conley's petition for a writ of mandamus does not "operate as a binding decision on the

merits." See R.E. Grills, Inc. v. Davison, 641 So.2d 225, 229 (Ala.1994). Likewise, his request to appeal

a discovery order was an interlocutory matter, the denial of which does not have res judicata effect. See

Ex Parte Ryals, 773 So.2d 1011, 1014 (Ala.2000) (holding that trial court's interlocutory order was not a

final judgment for purposes of res judicata). 

similarly explicit prohibition against proceedings brought in retaliation for engaging in a protected activity,

and certainly no proscription against eminent domain proceedings, can be found in §§ 1981 or 1985(3).

Therefore, no "equivalent basis [can] be shown for an equally firm prediction that the defendant would be

'denied or cannot enforce' the specified federal rights in the state court." Id. at 804, 86 S.Ct. 1783.

 Furthermore, Conley's allegation that he cannot get a fair trial in state court because the state trial

judge is biased in favor of the defendant for political reasons does not state a cognizable ground for removal

under § 1443(1). As the Supreme Court has made clear, charges "that the defendant is unable to obtain a fair

trial in a particular state court" are insufficient to support removal under § 1443(1). See Peacock, 384 U.S.

at 827, 86 S.Ct. 1800. The allegedly corrupt or otherwise improper motives of an individual state court judge

do not show that Conley will be unable ultimately to obtain fair market value for his property in Alabama's

state courts or to raise any due process claims he may have in either the state court action or a separate action

in federal court.10

In conclusion, Conley's removal petition fails to satisfy the second prong of the Rachel test by

demonstrating that the eminent domain proceeding filed in state court is itself an act by which his equal civil

rights have been violated. Therefore, Conley's allegations do not fall within the scope of § 1443(1), and the

district court's order remanding this action to state court was proper.

AFFIRMED.