# Patent

## Title
Battery-powered occupancy sensor

## Abstract

A battery-powered occupancy sensor for detecting an occupancy condition in a space comprises first and second batteries, an occupancy detector circuit, a controller, and a wireless transmitter for transmitting a first wireless signal in response to the occupancy detector circuit detecting the occupancy condition in the space. The controller and the wireless transmitter are powered by the first battery, while only the occupancy detector circuit is powered by the second battery, such that the occupancy detector circuit is isolated from noise generated by the controller and the wireless transmitter. The occupancy detector circuit draws a current having a magnitude of approximately 5 microamps or less from the second battery. The occupancy sensor transmits a second wireless signal is response to determining that the voltage of one of the batteries has dropped too low.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to occupancy and vacancy sensors for detecting an occupancy or a vacancy in a space, and more particularly, to a wireless load control system including a plurality of battery-powered occupancy or vacancy sensors for detecting an occupancy or a vacancy in a space, and a load control device for controlling the amount of power delivered to an electrical load in response to the occupancy or vacancy sensors.
2. Description of the Related Art
Occupancy and vacancy sensors are often used to detect occupancy and/or vacancy conditions in a space in order to control an electrical load, such as, for example, a lighting load. An occupancy sensor typically operates to turn on the lighting load when the occupancy sensor detects the presence of a user in the space (i.e., an occupancy event) and then to turn off the lighting load when the occupancy sensor detects that the user has left the space (i.e., a vacancy event). A vacancy sensor only operates to turn off the lighting load when the vacancy sensor detects a vacancy in the space. Therefore, when using a vacancy sensor, the lighting load must be turned on manually (e.g., in response to a manual actuation of a control actuator).
Occupancy and vacancy sensors have often been provided in wall-mounted load control devices that are coupled between an alternating-current (AC) power source and an electrical load for control of the amount of power delivered to the electrical load. Such wall-mounted load control devices typically comprise internal detectors, such as, for example, a pyroelectric infrared (PIR) detector, and a lens for directing energy to the PIR detector for detecting the presence of the user in the space. However, since the wall-mounted load control devices are mounted to a wall in a standard electrical wallbox (i.e., replacing a standard light switch), the detection of energy by the PIR detector may be hindered due to the direction that the load control device is facing and by obstacles in the space, thus increasing the likelihood that the load control device may not detect the presence of a user.
Some prior art occupancy and vacancy sensors have been provided as part of lighting control systems. These sensors are typically coupled via a wired control link to a lighting controller (e.g., a central processor), which then controls the lighting loads accordingly. Since the control link is typically a low-voltage control link, these occupancy and vacancy sensors are not required to be mounted in electrical wallboxes, but may be mounted to the ceiling or high on a wall. Therefore, the occupancy and vacancy sensors may be positioned optimally to detect the presence of the user in all areas of the space. However, these prior art lighting control systems require advanced system components and configuration procedures in order to operate properly.
Thus, there is a need for a simple lighting control system that has occupancy or vacancy sensors which may be easily and optimally installed into a space.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to an embodiment of the present invention, a battery-operated occupancy sensor for sensing the presence or absence of an occupant in an area comprises a controller circuit, an occupancy detector circuit having an output coupled to the controller for delivering occupancy or vacancy information to the controller, an RF transmitter circuit responsive to the controller to transmit an RF signal related to the output of the occupancy detector circuit, a first battery connected to the occupancy detector circuit for energizing the circuits thereof, and a second battery connected to the controller and the RF transmitter for energizing their respective circuits, whereby electronic noise produced by the controller and the RF transmitter is isolated from the occupancy detector circuit without excessive electronic filtering.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, an occupancy sensor for detecting an occupancy condition in a space comprises first and second batteries, an occupancy detector circuit powered by the second battery, and a controller powered by the first battery and operable to detect the occupancy condition in the space in response to the occupancy detector circuit.
In addition, a battery-powered occupancy/vacancy sensor for control of a lighting load in a room according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises a top plate containing a lens, a bottom plate disposed in a plane parallel to the plane of the top plate, a generally peripheral wall connecting the peripheries of the top plate and the bottom plate and defining a generally flat, shallow disk-shaped volume, a PIR detector circuit, an RF transmission circuit, and first and second batteries. The PIR detector circuit, the RF transmission circuit, and the first and second batteries are all housed within the interior of the volume. The bottom plate has fastening means for fastening the sensor to a surface of the room. The PIR detector circuit has a PIR detector, which is aligned with the lens and detects an occupancy or vacancy condition in the room. The RF transmission circuit is responsive to the PIR detector for transmitting an RF signal to designate the need for a change in the lighting in the room. The first battery powers only the PIR detector circuit, while the second battery powers the RF transmission circuit.
Further, a method detecting an occupancy condition in a space comprises the steps of: (1) providing an occupancy sensor having first and second batteries, a controller, and an occupancy detector circuit; (2) powering the controller with the first battery; (3) powering the occupancy detector circuit with the second battery; and (4) operating the occupancy sensor in one of an occupied state or a vacant state in response to the occupancy detector circuit detecting the occupancy condition in the space.
A method of powering an occupancy detector circuit and a controller of an occupancy sensor for detecting an occupancy condition in a space is also described herein. The method comprises the steps of: (1) providing first and second batteries; (2) powering the controller with the first battery; and (3) powering the occupancy detector circuit with the second battery.
According to aspect embodiment of the present invention, an occupancy sensor for detecting an occupancy condition in a space comprises an occupancy detector circuit operable to detect the occupancy condition in the space, a controller for detecting the occupancy condition in the space in response to the occupancy detector circuit, a wireless transmitter for transmitting a first wireless signal in response to the occupancy detector circuit detecting the occupancy condition in the space, and a first battery for powering the controller and the wireless transmitter. The controller monitors the magnitude of a first battery voltage of the first battery, and transmits a second wireless signal is response to determining that the magnitude of the first battery voltage has dropped below a predetermined low-battery voltage threshold.
A load control system for controlling the amount of power delivered from an AC power source to an electrical load provided in a space is also described herein. The load control device comprises a load control device and an occupancy sensor. The load control device is adapted to be coupled in series electrical connection between the AC power source and the electrical load for control of the amount of power delivered to the electrical load. The load control device to receives wireless control signals and controls the amount of power delivered to the electrical load in response to the wireless control signals. The occupancy sensor comprises a controller, an occupancy detector circuit for detecting an occupancy condition in the space, a wireless transmitter for transmitting a first wireless control signal to the load control device in response to the occupancy detector circuit detecting the occupancy condition, and a battery for powering the controller and the wireless transmitter. The load control device enables the delivery of power to the electrical load in response to the first wireless control signal. The controller of the occupancy sensor monitors the magnitude of a battery voltage of the battery, and transmits a second wireless signal is response to determining that the magnitude of the battery voltage has dropped below a predetermined low-battery voltage threshold.
A method of controlling the amount of power delivered from an AC power source to an electrical load located in a space comprises the steps of: (1) providing an occupancy sensor having a first, a controller, an occupancy detector circuit, and a wireless transmitter; (2) powering the controller and the wireless transmitter with the first battery; (3) powering the occupancy detector circuit with the second battery; (4) detecting an occupancy condition in the space; (5) transmitting a first wireless signal in response to the step of detecting an occupancy condition in the space; (6) monitoring the magnitude of a first battery voltage of the first battery; (7) determining that the magnitude of the first battery voltage has dropped below a predetermined low-battery voltage threshold; and (8) transmitting a second wireless signal is response to the step of determining that the magnitude of the first battery voltage has dropped below a predetermined low-battery voltage threshold.
According to aspect embodiment of the present invention, a battery-powered occupancy sensor for detecting an occupancy condition in a space comprises a base portion, a printed circuit board, an occupancy detector circuit, a controller, and a battery-removal structure. The occupancy detector circuit and the controller are mounted on the printed circuit board, which is connected to the base portion. The controller is adapted to be powered by the battery and detects the occupancy condition in the space in response to the occupancy detector circuit. The base portion has a opening and a battery compartment coupled to the opening for receipt of a battery into the battery compartment. The battery-removal structure has a battery support located at the end of a flexible arm and a battery-removal tab connected to the battery support. The battery-removal structure is positioned so that the battery-removal tab extends through the battery compartment and protrudes through the opening of the base portion, wherein when the tab is pulled, the flexible arm flexes and battery is forced out of the battery compartment by the battery support.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a battery-powered occupancy sensor structure for mounting in a room comprises: (1) a flat top plate defining a shallow plastic cup and having an integral wall extending from the periphery of the top plate; (2) a PIR lens disposed in the center of the top plate; (3) a plastic cup-shaped base having a bottom plate parallel to the plane of the top plate and an integral wall extending from the periphery of the bottom plate of the base cup, the integral wall extending from the base nested partially into the integral wall extending from the top plate; (4) a flat circular support plate disposed in a plane parallel to the plane of the bottom plate of the base cup for connection to a surface of a room receiving the sensor, the support plate being removably connected to the bottom plate of the base; (5) a PIR detector circuit having a PIR detector aligned with the lens; (6) at least one battery coupled to the PIR detector sensor circuit and received within a battery compartment of the base; and (7) a battery-removal structure located between the front plate and the base, the battery-removal structure comprising a battery support located at the end of a flexible arm and a battery-removal tab connected to the battery support and extending through the battery compartment, such that when the tab is pulled the flexible arm flexes and battery is forced out of the battery compartment by the battery support.
According to another aspect of the present invention, an occupancy sensor for detecting an occupancy condition in a space comprises a battery, an occupancy detector circuit powered by the battery, and a controller for detecting the occupancy condition in the space in response to the occupancy detector circuit, wherein the occupancy detector circuit draws a current having a magnitude of approximately 5 microamps or less from the battery.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a battery-powered sensor for delivering an output radio-frequency signal to a remote receiver in response to an occupancy condition sensed in a room in which the sensor is mounted comprises a plastic disk-shaped enclosure, an occupancy detector circuit, and a battery. The plastic disk-shaped enclosure has first and second spaced parallel disks and a peripheral wall joined to the disks to define an enclosed volume. The occupancy detector circuit has a PIR detector disposed within the volume, such that an opening in the first disk exposes the PIR detector to infrared energy representative of the occurrence of the occupancy condition within the room. The battery is positioned within the volume and is coupled to the occupancy detector circuit, wherein the occupancy detector draws a current having a magnitude of approximately 5 microamps or less from the battery.
An occupancy detector circuit for an occupancy sensor for detecting an occupancy in a space is also described herein. The occupancy detector circuit is adapted to be powered by a battery, and comprises a PIR detector responsive to changes in infrared energy in the space, a first amplifier stage, and an output for providing an occupancy control signal representative of the occupancy condition in the space. The first amplifier stage is operatively coupled between the detector and the output of the occupancy detector circuit. The occupancy detector circuit draws a current having a magnitude of approximately 5 microamps or less from the battery.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the invention that refers to the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A is a simple diagram of a radio-frequency (RF) lighting control system having a dimmer switch and remote occupancy sensors for control of the amount of power delivered to a lighting load according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 1B is a simplified state diagram illustrating the operation of one of the occupancy sensors of the RF lighting control system of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 1C is a simplified state diagram illustrating the state of a failsafe timer of the dimmer switch of the RF lighting control system of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 1D is a simplified state diagram illustrating how the dimmer switch of the RF lighting control system of FIG. 1A controls the lighting load;
FIG. 2A is a simplified block diagram of the dimmer switch of the RF lighting control system of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 2B is a simplified block diagram of one of the remote occupancy sensors of the RF lighting control system of FIG. 1A;
FIG. 3 is a simplified circuit diagram of an occupancy detector circuit of the occupancy sensor of FIG. 2B;
FIG. 4A is a front exploded perspective view of the occupancy sensor of FIG. 2B;
FIG. 4B is a rear exploded perspective view of the occupancy sensor of FIG. 2B;
FIG. 4C is a perspective view of a multi-functional structure of the occupancy sensor of FIG. 2B;
FIG. 4D is a rear perspective view of a base portion of the occupancy sensor of FIG. 2B with batteries removed;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a rear actuator procedure executed by a controller of the occupancy sensor of FIG. 2B when an actuator on a rear surface of the base portion of FIG. 4D is pressed;
FIGS. 6A and 6B is a simplified flowchart of a dimmer actuator procedure executed by a controller of the dimmer switch of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 7 is a simplified flowchart of an assignment procedure executed by the controller of the dimmer switch of FIG. 2A;
FIG. 8 is a flowchart of an occupancy detection procedure executed periodically by the controller of the occupancy sensor of FIG. 2B according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a transmission timer procedure executed by the controller of the occupancy sensor of FIG. 2B according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a flowchart of an occupancy timer procedure executed by the controller of the occupancy sensor of FIG. 2B according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a received message procedure executed by the controller of the dimmer switch of FIG. 2A according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a simplified flowchart of a failsafe timer procedure executed by the controller according to the first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a flowchart of an occupancy detection procedure executed periodically by the controller of the occupancy sensor of FIG. 2B according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a transmission procedure executed by the controller of the occupancy sensor of FIG. 2B according to the second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a flowchart of a received message procedure executed by the controller of the dimmer switch of FIG. 2A according to the second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 16 is a flowchart of an occupancy timer procedure executed by the controller of the dimmer switch of FIG. 2A according to the second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 17A is a simplified block diagram of a lighting control system having a dimmer switch, remote occupancy sensors, and a remote control for controlling the amount of power delivered to a lighting load according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 17B is a simplified state diagram illustrating how the dimmer switch of the RF lighting control system of FIG. 17A controls the lighting load;
FIG. 17C is a simplified state diagram illustrating the state of a failsafe timer of one of the occupancy sensors of the RF lighting control system of FIG. 17A; and
FIG. 18 is a simplified schematic diagram of an occupancy detector circuit 232′ according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purposes of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings an embodiment that is presently preferred, in which like numerals represent similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed.
FIG. 1A is a simple diagram of a radio-frequency (RF) lighting control system 100 comprising a dimmer switch 110 and two remote occupancy sensors 120 (e.g., passive infrared sensors). The dimmer switch 110 is adapted to be coupled in series electrical connection between an AC power source 102 and a lighting load 104 for controlling the amount of power delivered to the lighting load. The dimmer switch 110 may be adapted to be wall-mounted in a standard electrical wallbox. Alternatively, the dimmer switch 110 could be implemented as a table-top load control device. The dimmer switch 110 comprises a faceplate 112 and a bezel 113 received in an opening of the faceplate. The dimmer switch 110 further comprises a toggle actuator 114, i.e., a button, and an intensity adjustment actuator 116. Actuations of the toggle actuator 114 toggle, i.e., turn off and on, the lighting load 104. Actuations of an upper portion 116A or a lower portion 116B of the intensity adjustment actuator 116 respectively increase or decrease the amount of power delivered to the lighting load 104 and thus increase or decrease the intensity of the lighting load 104 from a minimum intensity (e.g., 1%) to a maximum intensity (e.g., 100%). A plurality of visual indicators 118, e.g., light-emitting diodes (LEDs), are arranged in a linear array on the left side of the bezel 113. The visual indicators 118 are illuminated to provide feedback of the intensity of the lighting load 104. An example of a dimmer switch having a toggle actuator 114 and an intensity adjustment actuator 116 is described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,919, issued Sep. 29, 1993, entitled LIGHTING CONTROL DEVICE, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
The remote occupancy sensors 120 are removably mountable to a ceiling or a wall, for example, in the vicinity of (i.e., a space around) the lighting load 104 controlled by the dimmer switch 110, and are operable to detect occupancy conditions in the vicinity of the lighting load. The occupancy sensors 120 may be spaced apart to detect occupancy conditions in different areas of the vicinity of the lighting load 104. The remote occupancy sensors 120 each include an internal detector, e.g., a pyroelectric infrared (PIR) detector 310 (FIG. 3), which is housed in an enclosure 122 (e.g., an enclosed plastic housing) and will be described in greater detail below. The enclosure 122 comprises a lens 124 (e.g., an outwardly domed lens) provided in a front surface 125 of the enclosure 122 (which defines a top plate of the occupancy sensor 120). The internal detector is operable to receive infrared energy from an occupant in the space via the lens 124 to thus sense the occupancy condition in the space. The occupancy sensors 120 are operable to process the output of the PIR detector 310 to determine whether an occupancy condition (i.e., the presence of the occupant) or a vacancy condition (i.e., the absence of the occupant) is presently occurring in the space, for example, by comparing the output of the PIR detector 310 to a predetermined occupancy voltage threshold. Alternatively, the internal detector could comprise an ultrasonic detector, a microwave detector, or any combination of PIR detectors, ultrasonic detectors, and microwave detectors.
FIG. 1B is a simplified state diagram illustrating the operation of the occupancy sensors 120 of the RF lighting control system 100. The occupancy sensors 120 each operate in an “occupied” state or a “vacant” state in response to the detections of occupancy or vacancy conditions, respectively, in the space. If one of the occupancy sensors 120 is in the vacant state and the occupancy sensor determines that the space is occupied in response to the PIR detector 310, the occupancy sensor changes to the occupied state.
During a setup procedure of the RF lighting control system 100, the dimmer switch 110 may be assigned to (i.e., associated with) one or more remote occupancy sensors 120. The remote occupancy sensors 120 transmit digital messages wirelessly via RF signals 106 to the dimmer switch 110 in response to the present state of the occupancy sensors. A message transmitted by the remote occupancy sensors 120 may include a command and indentifying information, for example, a 52-bit serial number (i.e., a unique identifier) associated with the transmitting occupancy sensor. The dimmer switch 110 is responsive to messages containing the serial numbers of the remote occupancy sensors 120 to which the dimmer switch is assigned.
The commands included in the digital messages transmitted by the occupancy sensors 120 may comprise an occupied command (e.g., an occupied-take-action command or an occupied-no-action command) or a vacant command. When the lighting load 104 is off, the dimmer switch 110 is operable to turn on the lighting load in response to receiving a first occupied-take-action command from any one of the occupancy sensors 120. The dimmer switch 110 is operable to turn off the lighting load 104 in response to the last vacant command received from those occupancy sensors 120 from which the occupancy sensor received either occupied-take-action or occupied-no-action commands. For example, if the occupancy sensors 120 both transmit occupied-take-action commands to the dimmer switch 110, the dimmer switch will not turn off the lighting load 104 until subsequent vacant commands are received from both of the occupancy sensors.
Each occupancy sensor 120 also comprises an ambient light detector 234 (FIG. 2B), e.g., a photocell, for detecting the level of ambient light around the occupancy sensor. The occupancy sensor 120 only measures the ambient light level when an occupancy condition is first detected. The ambient light level is compared to a predetermined ambient light level threshold. If the measured ambient light level is less than the predetermined level when an occupancy condition is first detected by one of the occupancy sensors 120, the occupancy sensor transmits the occupied-take-action command to the dimmer switch 110. On the other hand, if the measured ambient light level is greater than the predetermined level when an occupancy condition is first detected, the occupancy sensor 120 transmits the occupied-no-action command to the dimmer switch 110. Accordingly, the dimmer switch 110 does not turn on the lighting load 104 if the ambient light level in the space is sufficiently high.
While one of the occupancy sensors 120 continues to detect the occupancy condition in the space (i.e., a continued occupancy condition), the occupancy sensor regularly transmits the occupied-no-action command to the dimmer switch 110, such that the dimmer switch knows that the occupancy sensor 120 is still in the occupied state. In response to receiving the occupied-no-action command, the dimmer switch 110 either maintains the lighting load 104 on (e.g., if an occupied-take-action command was previously received) or maintains the lighting load off.
The occupancy sensors 120 are each characterized by a predetermined occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT, which provides some delay in the adjustment of the state of the occupancy sensor, specifically, in the transition from the occupied state to the vacant state. The predetermined occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT may be user-selectable ranging, for example, from five to thirty minutes. Each occupancy sensor 120 will not transmit a vacant command until the occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT has expired. Each occupancy sensor 120 maintain an occupancy timer to keep track of the time that has expired since the last detected occupancy condition. The occupancy sensors 120 periodically restart the occupancy timers in response to determining an occupancy condition (as shown by “Restart Timer” in the state diagram of FIG. 1B). Accordingly, the occupancy sensors 120 do not change to the vacant state, and the lighting load 104 is not turned off, in response to brief periods of a lack of movement of the occupant in the space. If the occupancy sensor 120 fails to continue detecting the occupancy conditions, the occupancy sensor 120 waits for the length of the occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT (as shown by “Wait” in the state diagram of FIG. 1B). After the occupancy timer expires, the occupancy sensor 120 changes to the vacant state and transmits a vacant command to the dimmer switch 110 (as shown by “Timeout” in the state diagram of FIG. 1B).
If the dimmer switch 110 does not receive a digital message from any of the occupancy sensors 120 for a failsafe timeout period TFAILSAFE, the dimmer switch 110 assumes that all of the occupancy sensors are in the vacant state and turns off the lighting load 104. To accomplish this control, the dimmer switch 110 maintains a failsafe timer. FIG. 1C is a simplified state diagram illustrating the state of the failsafe timer of the dimmer switch 110. The failsafe timer is started when the lighting load 104 is controlled from off to one and at least one occupancy sensor 120 is assigned to the dimmer switch 110. If there are not any occupancy sensors 120 assigned to the dimmer switch 110 when the lighting load 104 is turned on, the failsafe timer is not started. The failsafe timer is reset to the value of the failsafe timeout period TFAILSAFE in response to receiving a digital message from any of the occupancy sensors 120 assigned to the dimmer switch 110 or in response to actuations of any the dimmer actuators (which do not cause the lighting load 104 to be turned off). When the failsafe timer expires, the dimmer switch 110 assumes that all of the occupancy sensors are in the vacant state and turns off the lighting load 104. The failsafe timer is stopped whenever the lighting load 104 is turned off (i.e., when vacant commands are received from all occupancy sensors 120, when one of the dimmer actuators is actuated to turn off the lighting load, or when the failsafe timer expires).
The dimmer switch 110 controls the lighting load 104 in response to the received digital messages as well as actuations of the dimmer actuators (i.e., toggle actuator 114 and the intensity adjustment actuator 116) and the failsafe timer. FIG. 1D is a simplified state diagram illustrating how the dimmer switch 110 controls the state of the lighting load 104 (i.e., between on and off). The dimmer switch 110 does not control the intensity of the lighting load 104 in response to the occupied-no-action commands. The dimmer switch 110 turns on the lighting load 104 when the first occupied-take-action command is received or when one of the dimmer actuators is actuated to turn on the lighting load. Further, the dimmer switch 110 turns off the lighting load 104 when the last vacant command is received from the occupancy sensors 120, when one of the dimmer actuators is actuated to turn off the lighting load, or when the failsafe timer expires.
FIG. 2A is a simplified block diagram of the dimmer switch 110. The dimmer switch 110 comprises a controllably conductive device 210 coupled in series electrical connection between the AC power source 102 and the lighting load 104 for control of the power delivered to the lighting load. The controllably conductive device 210 may comprise any suitable type of bidirectional semiconductor switch, such as, for example, a triac, a field-effect transistor (FET) in a rectifier bridge, or two FETs in anti-series connection. The controllably conductive device 210 includes a control input coupled to a drive circuit 212. The input to the control input will render the controllably conductive device 210 conductive or non-conductive, which in turn controls the power supplied to the lighting load 104.
The drive circuit 212 provides control inputs to the controllably conductive device 210 in response to command signals from a controller 214. The controller 214 is preferably implemented as a microcontroller, but may be any suitable processing device, such as a programmable logic device (PLD), a microprocessor, or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The controller 214 receives inputs from the toggle actuator 114 and the intensity adjustment actuator 116 and controls the status indicators 118. The controller 214 is also coupled to a memory 216 for storage of the preset intensity of lighting load 104 and the serial number of the occupancy sensor 120 to which the dimmer switch 110 is assigned. The memory 216 may be implemented as an external integrated circuit (IC) or as an internal circuit of the controller 214. A power supply 218 generates a direct-current (DC) voltage VCC for powering the controller 214, the memory 216, and other low-voltage circuitry of the dimmer switch 110.
A zero-crossing detector 220 determines the zero-crossings of the input AC waveform from the AC power supply 102. A zero-crossing is defined as the time at which the AC supply voltage transitions from positive to negative polarity, or from negative to positive polarity, at the beginning of each half-cycle. The zero-crossing information is provided as an input to controller 214. The controller 214 provides the control inputs to the drive circuit 212 to operate the controllably conductive device 210 (i.e., to provide voltage from the AC power supply 102 to the lighting load 104) at predetermined times relative to the zero-crossing points of the AC waveform.
The dimmer switch 110 further comprises an RF receiver 222 and an antenna 224 for receiving the RF signals 106 from the occupancy sensor 120. The controller 214 is operable to control the controllably conductive device 210 in response to the messages received via the RF signals 106. Examples of the antenna 224 for wall-mounted dimmer switches, such as the dimmer switch 110, are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,982,103, issued Nov. 9, 1999, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/873,033, filed Jun. 21, 2006, both entitled COMPACT RADIO FREQUENCY TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING ANTENNA AND CONTROL DEVICE EMPLOYING SAME. The entire disclosures of both are hereby incorporated by reference.
FIG. 2B is a simplified block diagram of one of the remote occupancy sensors 120. The remote occupancy sensor 120 comprises a controller 230 and an occupancy detector circuit 232, which provides the controller with an occupancy control signal VOCC representative of whether the space is occupied or not. The controller 230 receives an ambient light level control signal VAMB representative of the level of ambient light around the occupancy sensor from the ambient light detector 234. A plurality of actuators 236 provide user inputs to the occupancy sensor 120 for use during configuration and installation of the lighting control system 100 as will be described in greater detail below. The controller 230 is operable to illuminate a plurality of visual indicators 238, e.g., light-emitting diodes (LEDs), to provide feedback to the user during configuration and installation of the occupancy sensor 120.
According to a first embodiment of the present invention, the occupancy sensors 120 are each operable to store in a memory 240 the values of the various operating characteristics of the lighting control system 100, e.g., the occupancy voltage threshold, the ambient light level threshold, and the occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT. The memory 240 may be implemented as an external integrated circuit (IC) or as an internal circuit of the controller 230. To adjust the values of the operating characteristics, the user must access the occupancy sensor 120 to actuate the actuators 236. The occupancy sensors 120 use the operating characteristics to change between the occupied state and the vacant state as will be described in greater detail below. The occupancy sensors 120 also store the serial number in the memory 240. The serial number may be programmed into the memory 240, for example, during manufacture of the occupancy sensor 120.
The remote occupancy sensor 120 further comprises an RF transmitter 242 coupled to the controller 230 and an antenna 244. In response to determining an occupancy or a vacancy condition of the space, the controller 230 causes the RF transmitter 242 to transmit a digital message to the dimmer switch 110 via the RF signals 106. Each transmitted message comprises the serial number of the remote occupancy sensor 120 and the appropriate command dependent upon the various operating characteristics of the occupancy sensor and the magnitudes of the occupancy control signal VOCC and the ambient light level control signal VAMB. Alternatively, the RF transmitter 242 of the occupancy sensors 120 and the RF receiver 222 of the dimmer switch 110 could both comprise RF transceivers to allow for two-way communication between the occupancy sensors and the dimmer switch.
The occupancy sensor 120 also comprises two batteries: a first battery V1 and a second battery V2. The first battery V1 provides a first battery voltage VCC1 referenced to a first circuit common, and the second battery V2 provides a second battery voltage VCC2 referenced to a second circuit common. For example, the magnitudes of the first and second battery voltages VCC1, VCC2 may be the same, e.g., approximately 3 volts. The second battery V2 powers only the occupancy detector circuit 232, while the first battery V1 powers the controller 230, the RF transmitter 242, and the other circuitry of the occupancy sensor 120. Since the occupancy detector circuit 232 is powered by a separate battery from the other circuitry, the occupancy detector circuit is isolated from the noisy circuitry (e.g., the controller 230 and the RF transmitter 242) of the occupancy sensor 120 without excessive electronic filtering. Accordingly, the amount of noise present in the occupancy detector circuit 232 is dramatically reduced without the use of advanced filters.
The magnitude of the current drawn by the occupancy detector circuit 232 is approximately equal to the magnitude of the total current drawn by the other circuitry of the occupancy sensor 120. For example, the magnitude of the average current drawn from each of the batteries V1, V2 is less than approximately 7 μA. The controller 230 is operable to monitor the magnitude of the first battery voltage VCC1 of the first battery V1 and to transmit a digital message representative of a low-battery condition to the dimmer switch 110 when the magnitude of the first battery voltage VCC1 drops below a predetermined level. In response to receiving the low-battery digital message, the dimmer switch 110 may, for example, blink one or more of the visual indicators 118 to indicate that the batteries V1, V2 are low. Since magnitudes of the currents drawn from the batteries V1, V2 are approximately the same, the dimmer switch 110 assumes that the magnitudes of the first and second battery voltages VCC1, VCC2 are decreasing in a similar fashion.
FIG. 3 is a simplified circuit diagram of the occupancy detector circuit 232. The occupancy detector circuit 232 includes the PIR detector 310, which may comprise, for example, part number LHi1128 manufactured by PerkinElmer, Inc. The PIR detector 310 receives power from the second battery V2 via a low-pass filter comprising a resistor R312 and a capacitor C314, which operate to minimize the noise introduced to the occupancy detector circuit 232 from the second battery V2. For example, the resistor R312 may have a resistance of 22Ω, and the capacitor C314 may have a capacitance of 0.01 μF. The PIR detector 310 generates an output signal characterized by a low frequency (e.g., approximately 0.3 Hz to 8 Hz) and representative of the change in infrared energy detected by the PIR detector 310. These changes in infrared energy are typically representative of the occupant moving in the space.
The output of the PIR detector 310 is pulled down towards the second circuit common by a resistor R315 (e.g., having a resistance of 1 MΩ) and is coupled to a four-stage amplifier circuit via a capacitor C316 (e.g., having a capacitance of 1 μF) and a resistor R318 (e.g., having a resistance of 10 kΩ). The first stage of the amplifier circuit comprises an operational amplifier (OP amp) U320 and has a gain of approximately 70. A non-inverting input of the OP amp U320 is coupled to the second circuit common via a capacitor C322 (e.g., having a capacitance of 0.01 μF). Two resistors R324, R325 are connected in series between the second battery voltage VCC2 and the second circuit common and both have, for example, resistances of 1 MΩ. The non-inverting input of the OP amp U320 is coupled to the junction of the resistors R324, R325 via a resistor R326 (e.g., having a resistance of 1 MΩ). The series-combination of a resistor R328 (e.g., having a resistance of 14.3 kΩ) and a capacitor C330 (e.g., having a capacitance of 100 μF) is coupled between the inverting input of the OP amp U320 and the second circuit common. A capacitor C332 is coupled in parallel with the capacitor C330 and has, for example, a capacitance of 0.1 μF. The parallel-combination of a resistor R334 and a capacitor C335 is coupled between the inverting input and the output of the OP amp U320.
The output of the OP amp U320 is coupled to the non-inverting input of a second OP amp U336 via two resistors R338, R340 (e.g., having resistances of 118 kΩ and 845 kΩ, respectively). The inverting input of the second OP amp U336 is coupled to the output of the OP amp, such that the second OP amp operates as a buffer (i.e., forming the second stage of the amplifier circuit). The non-inverting input is coupled to the second circuit common through a capacitor C342 (e.g., having a capacitance of 0.01 μF). The junction of the two resistors R338, R340 is coupled to the output of the OP amp U336 via a capacitor C344 (e.g., having a capacitance of 0.047 μF).
The third and fourth stages of the amplifier circuit of the occupancy detector circuit 232 are similar to the first and second stages, respectively. The third stage comprises a third OP amp U320′ and also has a gain of approximately 70. The output of the second OP amp U336 is connected to the non-inverting input of the third OP amp U320′ via a resistor R346 (e.g., having a resistance of 1 MΩ).
The fourth stage comprises a fourth OP amp U336′, which also operates as a buffer. Thus, the total gain of the occupancy detector circuit 232 is approximately 4900. The output of the fourth OP amp U336′ is used to generate the occupancy control signal VOCC, which is provided to an occupancy control signal input (e.g., an analog input) of the controller 230. Two resistors R350, R352 are connected in series between the second battery voltage VCC2 and the second circuit common and both have, for example, resistances of 1 MΩ. A capacitor C354 is coupled between the output of the fourth OP amp U320′ and the junction of the two resistors R350, R352, and has, for example, a capacitance of 1 μF. A resistor R356 is coupled between the junction of the two resistors R350, R352 and the occupancy control signal input of the controller 230 and has, for example, a resistance of 1 MΩ. The occupancy control signal input of the controller 230 is coupled to the second circuit common through a capacitor C358 (e.g., having a capacitance of 0.01 μF). The controller 230 converts the occupancy control signal VOCC to a digital signal using, for example, an internal analog-to-digital converter (ADC). As previously mentioned, the occupancy detector circuit 232 draws a current having a magnitude of approximately 7 μA or less from the second battery V2.
FIG. 4A is a front exploded perspective view and FIG. 4B is a rear exploded perspective view of one of the occupancy sensors 120. The occupancy sensor 120 comprises a base portion 412 and a flat, circular mounting plate 450 (i.e., a bottom plate), which is releasably attached to the base portion. The enclosure 122 comprises an integral cylindrical wall 415 extending from the periphery of the front surface 125, such that the wall forms a shallow, plastic cup and defines a generally, flat disk-shaped volume. The mounting plate 450 is disposed in a plane parallel to the plate of the front surface 125 of the enclosure 122 and has a diameter less than the diameter of the front surface. The front surface 125 of the enclosure 122 has a diameter greater than about 3 inches and the occupancy sensor 120 has a height from the front surface to the mounting plate 450 of less than about 1.5 inches.
The circuitry of the occupancy sensor 120 is mounted to a printed circuit board (PCB) 410, which is connected to the base portion 412. The base portion 412 is adapted to be connected to the housing 122 via a plurality of tabs 414 received by snaps 416 of the base portion. The PIR detector 310 is mounted to the center of the PCB 410 and is aligned with the lens 124. When the base portion 412 is coupled to the housing 122, the lens 124 is operable to direct the infrared energy from the space towards the PIR detector 310.
The occupancy sensor 120 further comprises a multi-functional structure 420, which is located between the housing 122 and base portion 412. FIG. 4C is a perspective view of the multi-functional structure 420. The multi-functional structure 420 comprises actuation posts 422, 424, 426, which protrude through openings 428 in the front surface 125 of the occupancy sensor 120 to allow for actuation of tactile switches 430 on the PCB 410 from the front surface. The actuation posts 422, 424, 426 comprise a portion of the plurality of actuators 236 of the occupancy sensor 120 and are used during configuration of the lighting control system 100 to verify the operation of the occupancy sensor and the lighting control system. The multi-functional structure 420 also comprises a light pipe 432 positioned parallel to the third actuation post 426 for conducting light from one of the visual indicators 238 (i.e., one of the LEDs) mounted on the PCB 410 to the front surface 125 of the occupancy sensor 120.
The batteries V1, V2 are housed in battery compartments 434 of the base portion 412. FIG. 4D is a rear perspective view of the base portion with the batteries V1, V2 removed. When installed in the battery compartments 434, the batteries V1, V2 are electrically connected to the circuitry of the occupancy sensor 120 via electrical contacts 436 and are supported by battery supports 438 of the multi-functional structure 420. The multi-functional structure 420 further comprises battery-removal tabs 440 that aid in removing the batteries V1, V2 from the battery compartments 434. When the tabs 440 are pulled away from the base portion 412, flexible arms 442 of the multi-functional structure 420 flex, such that the battery supports 438 force the batteries V1, V2 out of the battery compartments 434.
As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the mounting plate 450 forms a circular disk and allows the occupancy sensor 120 to be mounted to a ceiling or wall. The mounting plate 450 is first attached to the ceiling or wall via screws (not shown) received through attachment openings 452 of the mounting plate 450 and into anchors (not shown) in the ceiling or wall. The base portion 412 (along with the housing 122) is then rotated clockwise around the perimeter of the mounting plate 450, such that flanges 454 of the base portion 412 are received by attachment slots 456 of the support plate. The mounting plate 450 permits the mounting of the occupancy sensor 120 to selected positions within the space to produce optimal operation of the occupancy sensor.
The remainder of the plurality of actuators 236 of the occupancy sensor 120 are provided on the rear surface of the base portion 412 (as shown in FIGS. 4B and 4D) and comprise an assign button 460, an unassign button 462, an occupancy detection criteria (ODC) button 464, an ambient light threshold (ALT) button 466, and an occupancy sensor timeout period (OSTP) button 468. Each of the buttons 460, 462, 464, 466, 468 is formed as an integral part of the base portion 412 and comprises an actuation knob at the end of a flexible arm provided in an elongated U-shaped slot. The actuation knob of each button 460, 462, 464, 466, 468 may be depressed, thus flexing the flexible arm of the button, such that the actuation knob actuates a tactile switch (not shown) mounted to the bottom side of the PCB 410.
During configuration of the lighting control system 100, the user may simultaneously press and hold the toggle button 114 of the dimmer switch 110 and the assign button 460 of one of the occupancy sensors 120 to link the dimmer switch and the one of the occupancy sensors. The user may also simultaneously press and hold the toggle button 114 of the dimmer switch 110 and the unassign button 462 of the occupancy sensor 120 to unassign the occupancy sensor from the dimmer switch. The lighting control system 100 may comprise a plurality of occupancy sensors 120 that may all be assigned to one dimmer switch 110, such that the dimmer switch is responsive to each of the occupancy sensors. The user simply needs to repeat the assignment procedure for each of the plurality of occupancy sensors 120.
The occupancy detection criteria button 464, the ambient light threshold button 466, and the occupancy sensor timeout period button 468 allow for adjustment of various characteristics of the occupancy sensor 120. Consecutive actuations of the occupancy detection criteria button 464 cause the controller 230 to adjust an occupancy detection criteria, used to determine whether the space is occupied, between a number of values, i.e., settings (e.g., three values). For example, actuations of the occupancy detection criteria button 464 may cause the controller 230 to adjust the predetermined occupancy voltage threshold to which the magnitude of the occupancy control signal VOCC is compared between a minimum value, a middle value, and a maximum value. Alternatively, actuations of the occupancy detection criteria button 464 may cause the controller 230 to adjust a gain applied to the occupancy control signal VOCC before the magnitude of the occupancy control signal VOCC is compared to the occupancy voltage threshold. Similarly, the ambient light threshold button 466 and the occupancy sensor timeout period button 468 allow the user to adjust the values of the ambient light threshold and the occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT, respectively. A portion of the visual indicators 238 are mounted to the bottom side of the PCB 410 and shine through openings 470 in the base portion 412. The visual indicators 238 mounted to the bottom side of the PCB 410 are illuminated by the controller 230 to distinguish which of the values of the occupancy detection criteria, the ambient light threshold and the occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT are selected.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a rear actuator procedure 500 executed by the controller 230 of each occupancy sensor 120 when one of the actuators 460, 462, 464, 466, 486 on the rear surface of the base portion 412 is pressed at step 510. First, the serial number of the occupancy sensor 120 is retrieved from the memory 240 at step 512, such that the serial number can be transmitted in a digital message to the dimmer switch 110. If the assign button 460 is pressed at step 514, an assign message (including the serial number) is transmitted to the dimmer switch 110 at step 516 and the rear actuator procedure 500 exits. Similarly, if the unassign button 462 is pressed at step 518, an unassign message (including the serial number) is transmitted to the dimmer switch 110 at step 520, before the rear actuator procedure 500 exits.
If neither the assign button 460 nor the unassign button 462 is being pressed at steps 514 and 518, the controller 230 determines whether the occupancy detection criteria button 464, the ambient light threshold button 466, or the occupancy sensor timeout period button 468 is being pressed. Specifically, if the occupancy detection criteria button 464 is pressed at step 522, the controller 230 selects the next of the three selectable values for the occupancy detection criteria at step 524. At step 526, the controller 230 illuminates the next of the three visual indicators 238 (that are linearly arranged next to the occupancy detection criteria button 464 as shown in FIG. 4D). The controller 230 then stores the new value of the occupancy detection criteria in the memory 240 at step 528. If the ambient light threshold button 466 is pressed at step 530, the controller 230 selects the next value for the ambient light threshold at step 532, illuminates the next of the visual indicators 238 at step 534, and stores the new ambient light threshold value in the memory 240 at step 536. If the occupancy sensor timeout period button 468 is pressed at step 538, the controller 230 selects the next value for the occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT at step 540, illuminates the next of the visual indicators 238 at step 542, and stores the new value of the occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT in the memory 240 at step 544.
FIGS. 6A and 6B are simplified flowcharts of a dimmer actuator procedure 600 executed by the controller 214 of the dimmer switch 110 in response to an actuation of the toggle actuator 114 or the intensity adjustment actuator 116 at step 610. If the toggle actuator 114 is actuated at step 612, the controller 214 initializes a button timer to zero seconds and starts the button timer increasing with respect to time at step 614. The button timer is used to determine how long the toggle actuator 114 is pressed. If the toggle actuator 114 is still being pressed at step 616, a determination is made as to whether the button timer is less than a predetermined button hold time, e.g., five (5) seconds, at step 618. The dimmer actuator procedure 600 loops until either the toggle actuator 114 is released at step 616 or the button timer has exceeded the predetermined button hold time at step 618. If the toggle button 114 is still pressed at step 616 and the button timer is greater than the predetermined button hold time at step 618, the controller 214 executes an assignment procedure 700, which will be described in greater detail below with reference to FIG. 7.
During the assignment procedure 700, the dimmer switch 110 may be assigned to one or more occupancy sensors 120. Specifically, the controller 214 is operable to store the serial numbers of the assigned occupancy sensors 120 in the memory 216. Thereafter, the controller 214 is responsive to digital messages received from the assigned occupancy sensors 120. If the dimmer switch 110 is assigned to at least one occupancy sensor 120, the controller 214 starts the failsafe timer whenever the lighting load 104 is toggled from off to on.
Referring back to FIG. 6A, if the toggle actuator 114 is released at step 616 while the button timer is less than the predetermined button hold time at step 618, the controller 214 controls the lighting load 104 appropriately. Specifically, if the lighting load 104 is on at step 620, the controller 214 turns the lighting load off at step 622 and stops the failsafe timer at step 624, before the dimmer actuator procedure 600 exits. If the lighting load 104 is off at step 620, the controller 214 turns the lighting load on at step 625. If there is a serial number of one of the occupancy sensors 120 stored in the memory 216 at step 626, the controller 214 starts the failsafe timer at step 628 and the dimmer actuator procedure 600 exits.
Referring to FIG. 6B, if the toggle actuator 114 is not pressed at step 612, but the upper portion 116A of the intensity adjustment actuator 116 is pressed at step 630, a determination is made as to whether the lighting load 104 is off at step 632. If the lighting load 104 is off at step 632, the controller 214 turns the lighting load on to the minimum intensity at step 634. If there is a serial number of an occupancy sensor 120 stored in the memory 216 at step 636, the controller 214 starts the failsafe timer at step 638 and the dimmer actuator procedure 600 exits. If the lighting load 104 is on at step 632 and the dimmer switch 110 is not at the maximum intensity at step 640, the controller 214 increases the lighting intensity of the lighting load 104 by a predetermined increment at step 642. If the dimmer switch 110 is at the maximum intensity at step 640, the controller 214 does not adjust the lighting intensity. If there is a serial number of an occupancy sensor 120 stored in the memory 216 at step 644, the controller 214 restarts the failsafe timer at step 646 and the dimmer actuator procedure 600 exits.
If the lower portion 116B of the intensity adjustment actuator 116 is pressed at step 648 and the lighting load 104 is off at step 650, the dimmer actuator procedure 600 exits. If the lighting load 104 is on at step 650 and the dimmer switch 110 is not at the minimum intensity at step 652, the controller 214 decreases the lighting intensity by a predetermined increment at step 654. If the dimmer switch 110 is at the minimum intensity at step 652, the controller 214 does not turn off the lighting load 104. If there is a serial number of an occupancy sensor 120 stored in the memory 216 at step 644, the controller 214 restarts the failsafe timer at step 646 and the dimmer actuator procedure 600 exits.
FIG. 7 is a simplified flowchart of the assignment procedure 700 executed by the controller 214 of the dimmer switch 110 if the toggle actuator 114 is pressed and held for greater than the predetermined button hold time at step 618 of the dimmer actuator procedure 600. The assignment procedure 700 is executed as long at the toggle actuator 114 is held. At step 712, the controller 214 first begins to cycle the visual indicators 118, such that the visual indicators are consecutively turned on and off at a first rate. Next, the controller 214 determines if an assign message or an unassign message has been received from an occupancy sensor 120 at step 714. The assignment procedure 700 loops until either the toggle actuator 114 is released at step 716 or either an assign message or an unassign message is received at step 714. If the toggle actuator 114 is no longer being held at step 716, the controller 214 stops cycling the visual indicators 118 at step 718 and the assignment procedure 700 exits.
When an assign message or an unassign message is received at step 714 while the toggle actuator 114 is still held, the controller 214 either stores the serial number of the received message in the memory 216 or deletes the serial number from the memory. Specifically, if the received message is an assign message at step 720, and the serial number from the received message is not already stored in the memory 216 at step 722, the controller 214 stores the serial number in the memory at step 724. The controller 214 then temporarily cycles the visual indicators 118 at a second rate (faster than the first rate) at step 726. The assignment procedure 700 then loops around such that another occupancy sensor 120 may be assigned to the dimmer switch 110. If the received message is an unassign message at step 720, and the serial number from the received message is stored in the memory 216 at step 728, the controller 214 deletes the serial number from the memory at step 730 and temporarily cycles the visual indicators 118 at the second rate at step 726.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart of an occupancy detection procedure 800 executed periodically, e.g., every 50 msec, by the controller 230 of each occupancy sensor 120. As previously, the controller 230 uses the occupancy timer to provide some delay in the adjustment of the state of the occupancy sensor. Whenever the controller 230 obtains a detector reading that signifies an occupancy condition, the controller initializes the occupancy timer to the predetermined occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT and starts the occupancy timer counting down. Therefore, the occupancy sensor 120 stays in the occupied state as long as the controller 230 receives indications of the occupancy condition from the PIR detector before the occupancy timer expires. However, when the occupancy timer expires, the controller 230 changes to the vacant state as will be described in greater detail below. The controller 230 also uses a transmission timer (or “TX” timer) to keep track of when to transmit the next occupied-no-action command while in the occupied state.
Referring to FIG. 8, the controller 230 first reads the output of the PIR detector circuit 232 at step 810, for example, by sampling the occupancy control signal VOCC. The controller 230 then determines if the detector reading signifies an occupancy condition in the space, for example, by comparing the magnitude of the output voltage of the PIR detector to the predetermined occupancy voltage threshold. If the detector reading does not signify an occupancy condition in the space at step 814, the occupancy detection procedure 800 simply exits. However, if the detector reading signifies an occupancy condition at step 814 and the occupancy sensor 120 is presently in the vacant state at step 815, the controller 230 changes to the occupied state at step 816. At step 818, the controller 230 initializes the occupancy timer to the predetermined occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT and starts the occupancy timer (such that the occupancy timer decreases in value with time). Then, the controller 230 reads the output of the ambient light detector 234 at step 820. If the value of the ambient light level is less than the predetermined ambient light level threshold at step 822, the controller 230 transmits (TX) the occupied-take-action command at step 824. Otherwise, the controller 230 transmits the occupied-no-action command at step 826. After transmitting either of the digital messages at step 824 and 826, the controller 230 initializes and starts the transmission timer counting down at step 828 before the occupancy detection procedure 800 exits.
When the occupancy detection procedure 800 is executed and the state of the occupancy sensor 120 is occupied at step 815, the controller 230 simply initializes and starts the occupancy timer at step 830 before the occupancy detection procedure 800 exits.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart of a transmission timer procedure 900 executed by the controller 230 of each occupancy sensor 120 when the transmission timer expires at step 910 to allow the occupancy sensor to regularly transmit the occupied-no-action commands to the dimmer switch 110. If the occupancy sensor 120 is in the occupied state at step 912, the controller 230 transmits the occupied-no-action command to the dimmer switch 110 at step 914 and restarts the transmission timer at step 916, before the transmission timer procedure 900 exits. If the occupancy sensor 120 is in the vacant state at step 912 when the transmission timer expires at step 910, the controller 230 does not transmit any digital messages and the transmission timer procedure 900 simply exits.
FIG. 10 is a flowchart of an occupancy timer procedure 1000 executed by the controller 230 of each occupancy sensor 120 when the occupancy timer expires at step 1010, i.e., when the occupancy sensor has determined that the space is unoccupied. Specifically, the controller 230 changes to the vacant state at step 1012 and transmits the vacant command to the dimmer switch 110 at step 1014 before the occupancy timer procedure 1000 exits.
FIG. 11 is a simplified flowchart of a received message procedure 1100 (or “RX” procedure) executed by the controller 214 of the dimmer switch 110 in response to receiving a digital message from one of the occupancy sensors 120 at step 1110. The controller 214 keeps track of the states of the occupancy sensor 120 to which the dimmer switch 110 is assigned in response to the digital messages received from the occupancy sensors. Specifically, if the controller 214 receives an occupied-take-action command or an occupied-no-action command from an occupancy sensor 120, the controller marks the serial number of the occupancy sensor as “occupied” in the memory 216. If the controller 214 receives a vacant message from the occupancy sensor 120, the controller marks the serial number of the occupancy sensor as “vacant” in the memory 216. The controller waits for a vacant command from all of the occupancy sensors to which the dimmer switch 110 is assigned before turning off the lighting load 104. However, if the failsafe timer expires, the controller 214 marks all of the serial numbers stored in the memory 216 as vacant and turns the lighting load 104 off.
Referring to FIG. 11, after receiving the digital message at step 1110, the controller 214 first determines whether the serial number provided in the received digital message is stored in the memory 216 at step 1112. If not, the controller 214 does not process the received digital message and the received message procedure 1100 exits. If the serial number of the received digital message is stored in the memory 216 at step 1112 and the received digital message is an occupied-take-action command at step 1114, the controller 214 determines if any of the serial numbers stored in the memory 216 are marked as occupied at step 1116 to determine if the space is occupied or vacant. If there are no serial numbers marked as occupied at step 1116 (i.e., the space has just become occupied), the controller 214 controls the controllably conductive device 210 to turn on the lighting load 104 at step 1118 and starts the failsafe timer at step 1120. The controller 214 then marks the serial number of the received digital message as occupied at step 1122 and the received message procedure 1100 exits. If there are serial numbers marked as occupied at step 1116 (i.e., the space is occupied), the controller 214 marks the serial number of the received digital message as occupied at step 1124. If the failsafe timer is presently on at step 1126, the controller 214 restarts the failsafe timer at step 1128, before the received message procedure 1100 exits.
If the received digital message is an occupied-no-action command at step 1130, the controller 214 does not adjust the amount of power delivered to the lighting load 104. The controller 214 simply marks the serial number as occupied at step 1124 and restarts the failsafe timer at step 1128 if the failsafe timer is on at step 1126. If the received digital message is a vacant command at step 1132, the controller 214 marks the serial number as vacant at step 1134. If any of the serial numbers are still marked as occupied at step 1136 (i.e., the space is still occupied), the controller 214 restarts the failsafe timer at step 1128 if the failsafe timer is on at step 1126. However, if all of the serial numbers are marked as vacant at step 1136 (i.e., the space is now vacant), the controller 214 controls the lighting load 104 off at step 1138 and stops the failsafe timer at step 1140, before the received message procedure 1100 exits.
FIG. 12 is a simplified flowchart of a failsafe timer procedure 1200 executed by the controller 214 of the dimmer switch 110 when the failsafe timer expires at step 1210. The controller 214 simply marks all of the serial numbers stored in the memory 216 as vacant at step 1212 and turns off the lighting load 104 at step 1214 before the failsafe timer procedure 1200 exits.
According to a second embodiment of the present invention, the dimmer switch 110 is operable to store in the memory 216 the values of the various operating characteristics of the lighting control system 100, e.g., the occupancy voltage threshold, the ambient light level threshold, and the occupancy sensor timeout period TTIMEOUT. The dimmer switch 110 may provide, for example, an advanced programming mode, such that the values of the operating characteristics may be adjusted in response to actuations of the toggle actuator 114 and the intensity adjustment actuator 116. An advanced programming mode is described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,190,125, issued Mar. 13, 2007, entitled PROGRAMMABLE WALLBOX DIMMER, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Since the user does not need to access the occupancy sensors 120 (which may be mounted to a ceiling) to adjust the operating characteristics, the use of the toggle actuator 114 and the intensity adjustment actuator 116 of the dimmer switch 110 allows for easier adjustment of the operating characteristics.
Because the dimmer switch 110 stores the values of the operating characteristics, the occupancy sensors 120 must transmit multiple digital messages to the dimmer switch 110. For example, if the occupancy voltage threshold can be programmed to three different levels, the occupancy sensors 120 must determine occupancy in the space at all three different levels and transmit the results of all three determinations to the dimmer switch 110. The dimmer switch 110 is then able to use the result of the detections that was determined at the occupancy voltage threshold stored in the memory 216 to change between an occupied state and a vacant state and to control the lighting load 104. The dimmer switch 110 maintains an occupancy timer (or “occ” timer), such that the dimmer switch turns off the lighting load 104 after the occupancy timeout period TTIMEOUT.
FIG. 13 is a simplified flowchart of an occupancy detection procedure 1300 executed periodically, e.g., every 50 msec, by the controller 230 of each occupancy sensor 120 according to the second embodiment of the present invention. The controller 230 begins by sampling the output of the PIR detector circuit 232 at step 1310 and selecting the first occupancy voltage threshold at step 1312. If the sample is greater than the first occupancy voltage threshold at step 1314, the controller 230 stores an occupancy detection for the first occupancy voltage threshold in the memory 240 at step 1316. Otherwise, the controller 230 stores a vacancy detection in the memory 240 at step 1318. If the controller 230 has not determined occupancy at all of the possible values of the occupancy voltage threshold at step 1320, the controller changes to the next occupancy voltage threshold value at step 1322 and compares the reading from step 1310 to that occupancy voltage threshold at step 1314. When the controller 230 has determined occupancy for each of the possible values of the occupancy voltage threshold at step 1320, the occupancy detection procedure 1300 exits.
FIG. 14 is a simplified flowchart of a transmission procedure 1400 executed periodically, e.g., every one minute, by the controller 230 of each occupancy sensor 120 according to the second embodiment of the present invention. First, the controller 230 retrieves the occupancy and vacancy detections from the memory 240 at step 1410. If there no occupancy detections at step 1412 (i.e., there have not been any occupancy detections in the last minute), the transmission procedure 1400 simply exits. Otherwise, the controller 230 selects the first occupancy voltage threshold at step 1414. If the occupancy sensor 120 has determined at least one occupancy detection since the last execution of the transmission procedure 1400 (i.e., in the last minute) at step 1416, the controller 230 transmits at step 1418 a digital message that indicates an occupancy detection at the first occupancy voltage threshold. If the occupancy sensor 120 did not determine at least one occupancy detection since the last execution of the transmission procedure 1400 at step 1416, the controller 230 transmits at step 1418 a digital message that indicates a Vacant detection at the first occupancy voltage threshold.
If the controller 230 has not transmitted the results of the detections for all of the possible occupancy voltage thresholds at step 1422, the controller selects the next occupancy voltage threshold at step 1424 and determines at step 1416 whether at least one occupancy detection occurred at that occupancy voltage threshold. The controller 230 then either transmits an occupancy detection at step 1418 or a vacancy detection at step 1420 for the present occupancy voltage threshold. When the controller 230 is finished transmitting all of the results of the detections for the possible occupancy voltage thresholds at step 1422, the controller 230 reads the output of the ambient light detector 234 at step 1426 and transmits the ambient light level reading to the dimmer switch 110 at step 1428 before the transmission procedure 1400 exits.
FIG. 15 is a simplified flowchart of a received message procedure 1500 executed by the controller 214 of the dimmer switch 110 in response to receiving a digital message at step 1510. Specifically, the dimmer switch 110 may receive a number of digital messages containing the results of the detections at the various occupancy voltage thresholds and the ambient light level reading. The controller 214 first determines if the serial number of the received digital messages is stored in the memory 216 at step 1512. If not, the received message procedure 1500 simply exits. However, if the serial number is assigned to the dimmer switch 110 at step 1512, the controller 214 chooses at step 1514 to use the result of the detection at the desired occupancy voltage threshold (i.e., as chosen by the user during configuration).
If the result of the detection from step 1514 is not an occupancy detection at step 1516, the received message procedure 1500 simply exits. However, if the result of the detection is an occupancy detection at step 1516, and the dimmer switch 110 is in the vacant state at step 1518, the controller 214 changes to the occupied state at step 1520 and then initializes and starts the occupancy timer at step 1522. If the ambient light level (received in the digital messages at step 1510) is less than the ambient light level threshold stored in the memory 216 at step 1524, the controller 214 turns on the lighting load 104 at step 1526 and the received message procedure 1500 exits. If the ambient light level is not less than the ambient light level threshold at step 1524, then the received message procedure 1500 exits.
If the result of the detection is an occupancy detection at step 1516 and the dimmer switch 110 is in the occupied state at step 1518, the controller 214 restarts the occupancy timer at step 1528. If, at step 1530, the result is the first occupancy detection for the occupancy sensor 120 from which the digital messages were received at step 1512 since the dimmer switch 110 was last in the vacant state, the controller 214 determines whether the ambient light level is less than the ambient light level threshold at step 1524 and may turn on the lighting load at step 1526. Otherwise, the received message procedure 1500 simply exits.
FIG. 16 is a flowchart of an occupancy timer procedure 1600 executed by the controller 214 of the dimmer switch 110 when the occupancy timer expires at step 1610. Specifically, the controller 214 changes to the vacant state at step 1612 and turns off the lighting load 104 at step 1614 before the occupancy timer procedure 1600 exits.
Alternatively, the controller 230 of the occupancy sensor 120 could compare the ambient light level reading to three different ambient light level thresholds (e.g., high, medium, and low ambient light level thresholds) and then transmit the results of the comparisons to the dimmer switch 110 in a manner similar to that described above with response to the PIR occupancy detection comparisons. The dimmer switch 110 could then control the lighting load 104 based upon the resultant ambient light level threshold comparison corresponding to the ambient light level threshold stored in the memory 216.
FIG. 17A is a simplified block diagram of a lighting control system 100′ having a dimmer switch 110′ according to a third embodiment of the present invention. The lighting control system 100′ may additionally comprise one or more remote controls 130. The remote control 130 comprises a plurality of actuators: an on button 132, an off button 134, a raise button 136, a lower button 138, and a preset button 140 (for recalling a preset lighting intensity stored in the memory 216 of the dimmer switch 110′). Alternatively, the remote control 130 could comprises a plurality of preset buttons. The remote control 130 transmits digital messages via the RF signals 106 to the dimmer switch 110′ in response to actuations of any of the actuators. The dimmer switch 110′ is responsive to digital messages containing the serial number of the remote control 130 to which the dimmer switch is associated. The dimmer switch 110′ is operable to turn on and to turn off the lighting load 104 in response to an actuation of the on button 132 and the off button 136, respectively. The dimmer switch 110′ is operable to control the lighting load 104 to the preset intensity in response to an actuation of the preset button 134.
During the setup procedure of the RF load control system 100′, the dimmer switch 110′ is associated with one or more remote controls 130. A user simultaneously presses and holds the on button 132 on the remote control 130 and the toggle button 114 on the dimmer switch 110′ to link the remote control 130 and the dimmer switch 110′. The user may simultaneously press and hold the off button 136 on the remote control 130 and the toggle button 114 on the dimmer switch 110′ to unassociate the remote control 130 with the dimmer switch 110′. The configuration procedure for associating the remote control 130 with the dimmer switch 110′ is described in greater detail in co-pending commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/559,166, filed Nov. 13, 2006, entitled RADIO-FREQUENCY LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEM, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
FIG. 17B is a simplified state diagram illustrating how the dimmer switch 110′ of the lighting control system 100′ controls the state of the lighting load 104 (i.e., between on and off). The dimmer switch 110′ turns on the lighting load 104 when the first occupied-take-action command is received from one of the occupancy sensors 120, when one of the dimmer actuator buttons (i.e., the toggle actuator 114 and the intensity adjustment actuator 116) is actuated to turn on the lighting load, or when digital messages are received from the remote control 130, i.e. when one of the remote control actuators (e.g., the on button 132, the raise button 136, or the preset button 140 of the remote control) is actuated to turn on the lighting load 104. Further, the dimmer switch 110 turns off the lighting load 104 when the last vacant command is received from the occupancy sensors 120, when one of the dimmer actuator buttons is actuated to turn off the lighting load 104, when the failsafe timer expires, or when digital messages are received from the remote control 130, i.e. when one of the remote control actuators (e.g., the off button 134 of the remote control) is actuated to turn off the lighting load.
FIG. 17C is a simplified state diagram illustrating the state of the failsafe timer of the dimmer switch 110′, which is similar to the state diagram of the failsafe timer as shown in FIG. 1C according to the first embodiment of the present invention. However, the dimmer switch 110′ of the lighting control system 100′ additionally starts the failsafe timer when digital messages to turn on the lighting load 104 are received from the remote control 130 and at least one occupancy sensor 120 is assigned to the dimmer switch 110′. The dimmer switch 110′ restarts the failsafe timer when digital messages are received from any of the occupancy sensors 120 or remote controls 130 to which the dimmer switch is assigned. The dimmer switch 110′ is also operable to stop the failsafe timer in response to receiving digital messages to turn off the lighting load 104 from the remote control 130.
FIG. 18 is a simplified schematic diagram of an occupancy detector circuit 232′ according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. The occupancy detector circuit 232′ comprises a two-stage amplifier circuit having two amplifier stages and no buffer stages. Resistors R324′, R325′, R350′, R352′ have, for example, resistances of 1.5 MΩ. The occupancy detector circuit 232′ has a gain of approximately 4900 and draws a current having a magnitude of approximately 5 μA or less from the second battery V2.
The present invention has been described with reference to the lighting control system 100 having a plurality of occupancy sensors 120 (i.e., the dimmer switch 100 is operable to both turn on and turn off the lighting load 104 in response to the occupancy sensors). However, the concepts of the present invention can also be applied to a lighting control system having a plurality of vacancy sensors in which the dimmer switch 110 would not turn on, but would only turn off, the lighting load 104 in response to the vacancy sensors. To implement this control with the lighting control system described in the flowcharts of FIGS. 5-12, the dimmer switch 110 could simply not turn on the lighting load 104 and not start the failsafe timer in response to receiving an occupied-take-action command (i.e., skip steps 1118 and 1120 of the received message procedure 1100 of FIG. 11). Alternatively, the vacancy sensors could simply transmit occupied-no-action commands rather that the occupied-take-action commands (at step 824 of the occupancy detection procedure 800 of FIG. 8). In both cases, the dimmer switch 100 would only turn on the lighting load 100 in response to a manual actuation of the toggle actuator 114 or the intensity adjustment actuator 116, using the dimmer actuator procedure 600 of FIGS. 6A and 6B.
While the present invention has been described with reference to the dimmer switch 110 for controlling the intensity of the lighting load 104, the concepts of the present invention could be applied to load control systems comprising other types of load control devices, such as, for example, fan-speed controls for fan motors, electronic dimming ballasts for fluorescent loads, and drivers for light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Further, the concepts of the present invention could be used to control other types of electrical loads, such as, for example, fan motors or motorized window treatments.
Although the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments thereof, many other variations and modifications and other uses will become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is preferred, therefore, that the present invention be limited not by the specific disclosure herein, but only by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A battery-powered occupancy/vacancy sensor for control of a lighting load in a room, said sensor comprising:
a top plate containing a lens;
a bottom plate disposed in a plane parallel to the plane of said top plate, said bottom plate having fastening means for fastening said sensor to a surface of said room;
a generally peripheral wall connecting the peripheries of said top plate and said bottom plate and defining a generally flat, shallow disk-shaped volume;
a PIR detector circuit housed within the interior of said volume, said PIR detector circuit having a PIR detector aligned with said lens, said PIR detector operable to detect an occupancy or vacancy condition in said room;
an RF transmission circuit housed within the interior of said volume and responsive to said PIR detector for transmitting an RF signal to designate the need for a change in the lighting in said room;
a first battery housed within the interior of said volume;
a second battery housed within the interior of said volume;
a battery-removal structure comprising first and second battery supports located at the ends of first and second flexible arms, respectively, for supporting said first and second batteries within the interior of said volume, said battery-removal structure further comprising first and second battery-removal tabs connected to said respective first and second battery supports;
wherein when said first battery-removal tab is pulled away from said sensor, said first flexible arm flexes and said first battery support forces said first battery out of the interior of said volume, and when said second tab is pulled away from said sensor, said second flexible arm flexes and said second battery support forces said second battery out of the interior of said volume.

2. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said peripheral wall comprises a cylindrical wall having a height which is less than one-half the maximum lateral dimension of said top plate to define a generally flat, shallow disk shaped volume.

3. The sensor of claim 2, wherein said top and bottom plates are circular disks and said bottom plate has a diameter less than the diameter of said top plate.

4. The sensor of claim 2, wherein said bottom plate is releasably connected to the bottom of said cylindrical wall.

5. The sensor of claim 2, wherein said lens is an outwardly domed lens fixed within a central opening in said top plate.

6. The sensor of claim 1, wherein said fastening means is removably connectable to said surface to permit the easy relocation of said sensor within said room.

7. A battery-powered occupancy sensor structure for mounting in a room, said sensor structure comprising:
a flat top plate defining a shallow plastic cup and having an integral wall extending from the periphery of said top plate;
a lens disposed in the center of said top plate;
a plastic cup-shaped base having a bottom plate parallel to the plane of said top plate and an integral wall extending from the periphery of said bottom plate of said base cup, said integral wall extending from said base nested partially into said integral wall extending from said top plate;
a flat circular support plate disposed in a plane parallel to the plane of said bottom plate of said base cup for connection to a surface of a room receiving said sensor, said support plate being removably connected to said bottom plate of said base;
a PIR detector circuit having an PIR detector aligned with said lens;
at least one battery coupled to said PIR detector sensor circuit and received within a battery compartment of said base; and
a battery-removal structure located between said front plate and said base, said battery-removal structure comprising a battery support located at the end of a flexible arm for supporting said battery within said battery compartment of said base, the battery-removal structure further comprising a battery-removal tab connected to the battery support and extending through the battery compartment, such that when said battery-removal tab is pulled away from said battery compartment, said flexible arm flexes and said battery is forced out of said battery compartment by said battery support.

8. The sensor of claim 7, wherein said support plate is fastenable to a surface of the room containing said sensor whereby said support plate is fixed to said surface and said base is thereafter connected to said support plate.

9. The sensor of claim 8, wherein the bottom surface of said base has first and second flanges and the top surface of said support plate has first and second arcuate notches disposed to rotatably receive said first and second flanges respectively to enable easy removable connection of said base to said support plate.

10. The sensor of claim 7, wherein said flat top plate is circular and said integral wall of said base has a diameter less than the diameter of said integral wall extending from said top plate.

11. The sensor of claim 7, further comprising:
an RF transmitter circuit for producing an output RF signal in response to the occupancy or vacancy of persons in said room;
wherein said PIR detector circuit, said RF transmitter circuit, and said at least one battery are mounted on the interior surface of said bottom plate of said base.

12. The sensor of claim 7, further comprising:
integral buttons formed by elongated U-shaped slots in said bottom plate of said base for engaging portions of said integrated circuit to affect settings for the operation of said integrated circuit.

13. The sensor of claim 7, wherein said top plate has a diameter greater than about 3 inches and said sensor has a height from said top plate to said support plate of less than about 1.5 inches.

14. A battery-operated occupancy sensor for sensing the presence or absence of an occupant in an area, said occupancy sensor comprising:
a controller circuit;
an occupancy detector circuit having an output coupled to said controller for delivering occupancy or vacancy information to said controller;
an RF transmitter circuit responsive to said controller to transmit an RF signal related to said output of said occupancy detector circuit;
a housing for enclosing said controller circuit, said occupancy detector circuit, and said RF transmitter circuit, said housing having a base portion;
a first battery received within a first battery compartment of said base portion;
a second battery received within a second battery compartment of said base portion; and
a battery-removal structure comprising first and second battery supports located at the ends of first and second flexible arms, respectively, for supporting said first and second batteries within said first and second battery compartments, said battery-removal structure further comprising first and second battery-removal tabs connected to said respective first and second battery supports;
wherein when said first battery-removal tab is pulled away from said first battery compartment, said first flexible arm flexes and said first battery support forces said first battery out of said first battery compartment, and when said second tab is pulled away from said second battery compartment, said second flexible arm flexes and said second battery support forces said second battery out of said second battery compartment.

15. The sensor of claim 14, further comprising:
a printed circuit board mounted on said base plate;
wherein said occupancy detector circuit, said controller circuit, and said RF transmitter circuit are mounted to said printed circuit board.

16. The sensor of claim 15, wherein said occupancy detector circuit includes a pyroelectric detector.

17. The sensor of claim 16, which further includes a lens formed in said housing and aligned with said detector.

18. The sensor of claim 15, wherein said first and second battery compartments extend through respective spaced openings in said printed circuit board.

19. The sensor of claim 15, further comprising:
a mounting plate removably connected to said base plate for removably mounting said sensor to a surface in said room.

20. The sensor of claim 15 wherein said battery-removal structure further comprises an actuation post protruding through an opening in a front surface of said housing to allow for actuation of a tactile switch mounted to the printed circuit board, said tactile switch operatively coupled to said controller for initializing the operation of said sensor upon actuation of said actuation post.

21. The sensor of claim 20, wherein said battery-removal structure further comprises a light pipe for conducting illumination from a visual indicator mounted to the printed circuit board to the front surface of said housing, said visual indicator connected to said controller to indicate the initialization operation of said sensor.

22. A battery-powered occupancy sensor for detecting an occupancy condition in a space, the occupancy sensor comprising:
a base portion having an opening and a battery compartment coupled to the opening for receipt of a battery into the battery compartment;
a printed circuit board connected to the base portion;
an occupancy detector circuit mounted on the printed circuit board;
a controller mounted on the printed circuit board and adapted to be powered by the battery, the controller operable to detect the occupancy condition in the space in response to the occupancy detector circuit; and
a battery-removal structure having a battery support located at the end of a flexible arm and a battery-removal tab connected to the battery support, the battery-removal structure positioned so that the battery-removal tab extends through the battery compartment and protrudes through the opening of the base portion, the battery support supporting the battery when the battery is installed in the battery compartment;
wherein when the battery-removal tab is pulled, the flexible arm flexes and the battery is forced out of the battery compartment by the battery support.

23. The occupancy sensor of claim 22, further comprising:
an enclosure defining a front surface of the occupancy sensor;
wherein opening of the base portion is provided at a rear surface of the occupancy sensor, and the battery-removal structure is located between the front surface and the base portion.

24. The occupancy sensor of claim 23, wherein the battery-removal structure further comprises an actuation post protruding through an opening in the front surface to allow for actuation of a tactile switch mounted to the printed circuit board.

25. The occupancy sensor of claim 23, wherein the battery-removal structure further comprises a light pipe for conducting illumination from a light-emitting diode mounted to the printed circuit board to the front surface of the occupancy sensor.

26. A battery-powered sensor comprising:
a housing having a front surface;
a base portion connected the housing, the base portion having an opening and a battery compartment coupled to the opening for receipt of a battery into the battery compartment;
a printed circuit board connected to the base portion; and
a multi-functional structure located between the front surface of the housing and the base portion, the multi-functional structure having an actuation post protruding through an opening in the front surface of the housing to allow for actuation of a tactile switch mounted on the printed circuit board, the multi-functional structure further comprising a battery support located at the end of a flexible arm and a battery-removal tab connected to the battery support, the multi-functional structure positioned so that the battery-removal tab extends through the battery compartment and protrudes through the opening of the base portion;
wherein when the battery-removal tab is pulled away from the battery compartment, the flexible arm flexes and the battery support forces the battery out of the battery compartment.

27. The sensor of claim 26, wherein the multi-functional structure further comprises a light pipe for conducting light from a visual indicator mounted on the printed circuit board to the front surface of the housing.

28. The sensor of claim 27, wherein the visual indicator comprises a light-emitting diode mounted on the printed circuit board.

29. The sensor of claim 26, further comprising:
an occupancy detector circuit mounted on the printed circuit board; and
a controller mounted on the printed circuit board and adapted to be powered by the battery, the controller operable to detect an occupancy condition in a space in which the sensor in mounted in response to the occupancy detector circuit.

30. A battery-powered sensor comprising:
a housing having a front surface;
a base portion connected the housing, the base portion having an opening and a battery compartment coupled to the opening for receipt of a battery into the battery compartment;
a printed circuit board connected to the base portion; and
a multi-functional structure located between the front surface of the housing and the base portion, the multi-functional structure having a light pipe for conducting light from a visual indicator mounted on the printed circuit board to the front surface of the housing, the multi-functional structure further comprising a battery support located at the end of a flexible arm and a battery-removal tab connected to the battery support, the multi-functional structure positioned so that the battery-removal tab extends through the battery compartment and protrudes through the opening of the base portion;
wherein when the battery-removal tab is pulled away from the battery compartment, the flexible arm flexes and the battery support forces the battery out of the battery compartment.

31. The sensor of claim 30, wherein the multi-functional structure further comprises an actuation post protruding through an opening in the front surface of the housing to allow for actuation of a tactile switch mounted on the printed circuit board.

32. The sensor of claim 30, wherein the visual indicator comprises a light-emitting diode mounted on the printed circuit board.

33. The sensor of claim 30, further comprising:
an occupancy detector circuit mounted on the printed circuit board; and
a controller mounted on the printed circuit board and adapted to be powered by the battery, the controller operable to detect an occupancy condition in a space in which the sensor in mounted in response to the occupancy detector circuit.