FILED 

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 September 15, 2005 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 04-13343

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D. C. Docket No. 00-00065-CR-HLM-4

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

GRANGER HOWELL,

Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

_________________________

(September 15, 2005)

Before BIRCH, CARNES and FAY, Circuit Judges.

FAY, Circuit Judge:
Conspiracy to Possess with Intent to Distribute and Distribution of Cocaine, 21 U.S.C. 1

§§ 846, 841(b)(1)(A)(ii) (2005).

2

 On March 15, 2001, the defendant-appellant, Granger Howell, tendered a

guilty plea to one count of Conspiracy to Distribute Cocaine, a class A felony, and 1

was sentenced to 180 months imprisonment and five (5) years of supervised

release. On February 9, 2004, the defendant filed a Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(g) motion

for return of $140,000 seized at the time of his arrest and for the return of three

firearms seized during a consented search of his residence. The district court

denied relief, finding that Howell had no possessory interest in the money and that

the firearms could not be returned to a convicted felon. We Affirm.

I. Factual Background

 On Thursday, September 27, 2000, defendant, Granger Howell was arrested

at a motel in Dalton, Georgia for possession of a controlled substance. According

to the facts in the instant case, around April or May of 2000, a cooperating source

(hereafter referred to as “CS-1") began to purchase large quantities of cocaine from

the defendant. Over the course of these transactions, CS-1 made only partial

payments for the cocaine. At the time CS-1 made the last purchase in September of

2000, CS-1 owed the defendant approximately $230,000.

The defendant arranged a meeting at a motel in Dalton, Geogia in order to
3

collect this debt. This meeting took place on September 27, 2000, and was

accomplished under the supervision and control of law enforcement agents. Shortly

after CS-1 and the defendant entered the motel room and discussed the

arrangement for repayment, CS-1 showed the defendant the $140,000 of Official

Advanced Funds (hereafter referred to as “OAF.”) At this time, agents stormed the

room and arrested the defendant.

Subsequently, the defendant waived his Miranda rights and admitted his

drug transactions with CS-1. These transactions involved more than thirty (30)

kilograms of cocaine. Shortly after his arrest, the defendant consented to have law

enforcement officers search his residence. Pursuant to the search, three firearms

were seized: one (1) AMT 9 mm Kurz pistol, serial number D15458; one (1) .44

Smith and Wesson revolver, serial number AE42717; and one (1) .45 Glock,

model 21pistol, serial number AYK699.

On March 15, 2000, the defendant tendered a negotiated plea of guilty to the

above-mentioned charges. Contained within the plea agreement was a forfeiture

provision where the defendant agreed to forfeit certain assets. None of the listed

assets are subject to this appeal. On June 21, 2001, the district court sentenced the

defendant.
Included in the motion was the money, and firearms described above and an additional 2

$2,370.00. With respect to this money the record shows that the defendant signed and

acknowledged receiving this amount on September 28, 2000 from Special Agent Mike Rotti,

Federal Bureau of Investigations. Therefore this issue is moot.

4

On February 9, 2004, the defendant filed a Rule 41(g) motion for the return

of the seized property. On May 24, 2004, the district court denied the defendant’s

2

motion. The district court held that because the cooperating source used funds that

belonged to the government, the defendant had no property interest in these

monies. With respect to the firearms, the district court denied the request because

the defendant is a convicted felon and returning firearms to a convicted felon

would be in violation of 18 U.S.C § 922(g). We agree with the findings of the

district court and affirm the rulings.

II. Standard of Review

We review questions of law dealing with a district court’s denial of a motion

for return of seized property, de novo. United States v. Castro, 883 F.2d 1018,

1019 (11th Cir.1989). Factual Findings are subject to a clearly erroneous standard.

Parker v. Head, 244 F.3d 831, 836 (11th Cir.2001).
5

III. Equitable Test

 In cases such as this, courts sit in equity. A motion to return seized property

under Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(g), is a motion in equity, in which courts will determine all

the equitable considerations in order to make a fair and just decision. When an

owner invokes Rule 41(g) after the close of all criminal proceedings, the court

treats the motion for return of property as a civil action in equity. See United States

v. Potes Ramirez, 260 F.3d 1310, 1314 (11th Cir.2001); see also United States v.

Martinez, 241 F.3d 1329, 1330-31 (11th Cir.2001) (holding that a district court has

equitable jurisdiction over a Rule 41(e) motion brought after all criminal

proceedings against a defendant have ended.)

Rule 41 (g) provides:

“A person aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure

of property or by the deprivation of property may move

for the property's return. The motion must be filed in the

district where the property was seized. The court must

receive evidence on any factual issue necessary to decide

the motion. If it grants the motion, the court must return

the property to the movant, but may impose reasonable

conditions to protect access to the property and its use in

later proceedings.”

Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(g) (2005).

In order for an owner of property to invoke Rule 41(g), he must show that he

had a possessory interest in the property seized by the government. Under the

uncontradicted facts in this matter there is no basis for any claim by the defendant
6

of any possessory interest in the $140,000 of OAF. The funds at issue were funds

allocated specifically to set the stage for the arrest of the defendant for possession

and intent to distribute a controlled substance, a federal criminal offense. As for the

three seized firearms, it is undisputed that the defendant was the record owner of

all three of these firearms; however, returning firearms to a convicted felon

specifically violates a federal statute.

Furthermore, in order for a district court to grant a Rule 41(g) motion, the

owner of the property must have clean hands. See Gaudiosi v. Mellon, 269 F.2d

873, 881-82 (3d Cir.1959)(stating, no principle is better settled than the maxim that

he who comes into equity must come with “clean hands” and keep them clean

throughout the course of the litigation, and that if he violates this rule, he must be

denied all relief whatever may have been the merits of his claim.) 

The doctrine of “unclean hands” is an equitable test that is used by courts in

deciding equitable fate. The defendant in the instant case has come into court with

extremely “unclean hands. ” One engaged in this type of criminal conduct is hardly

entitled to equitable relief.

IV. $140,000 of Official Advanced Funds

The defendant raises three arguments as to the $140,000 of OAF. We find all

three reasons to be unsupported by the evidence and unpersuasive. 
7

First, the defendant argues that the government failed to notify him of the

seizure of the $140,000 without due process of law. Second, he argues that the

government failed to enact forfeiture proceedings for the $140,000. Finally, the

defendant argues that the government should not be allowed to unilaterally decide

that the money which was seized at the time of the arrest did not belong to him.

Meaning, that the court system, not the government, should decide if the defendant

had a property interest in the $140,000.

i. Due Process

The defendant claims that the government violated his Fifth Amendment

Constitutional right when it deprived him of the $140,000 without due process of

law. The defendant relies on a United States Supreme Court case that also dealt

with a Rule 41(g) motion for return of property. See Dusenbery v. United States,

534 U.S. 161, 167, 122 S.Ct. 694, 151 L.Ed.2d 597 (2002). The fallacy in this

argument and the reason Dusenbery has no applicability is that Howell has no

ownership right in these funds. Aside from the fact that the money was being used

for a criminal conspiracy, the government agents had total control over the

activities in the motel room and the money was nothing more than “show money”

to corroborate this criminal conduct.

The $140,000 never belonged to the defendant and he never gained
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ownership or control of these funds. This money was provided by the government

to arrest the defendant, remained in control of the government, and was used under

the supervision of the government to catch a drug dealer.

ii. Failed to Enact Forfeiture Proceedings

The defendant argues that in order for a government to legalize a seizure, the

government and its agencies must adhere to certain specific mandatory requisites

of the law including the giving of notice to the owner and all interested parties. See

United States v. Williams, 130 Fed. Appx. 301, 302-03 (11th Cir.2005); see also

19 U.S.C. § 1607; 21 C.F.R. 1316.75. This argument fails for the same reason set

forth above. Howell had no ownership interest in the $140,000 “show money”

provided by the government.

iii. Whether the Court or the Government Decides Ownership Interest?

The defendant raises the issue of whether the government or the court

should decide the fate of the $140,000 after notice and a hearing. The defendant

argues that the government is not a disinterested decision maker when it comes

down to the $140,000. Again, we find no merit in this argument. The defendant has

failed to realize that his ownership interest in $140,000 of OAF is nil. The money

belonged to the government at all times throughout the drug transaction. Therefore, 

the government could have properly taken back its OAF without notice and a
9

hearing at any time. Indeed, the government never gave up either ownership or

control of these funds.

V. Possessory Interest in Firearms According to 18 U.S.C § 922(g) 

The issue of whether a convicted felon can successfully seek the return of

firearms is one of first impression for our circuit. The defendant’s firearms were

seized after he was arrested on September 27, 2000. On May 24, 2004, the district

court denied the defendant’s 41(g) motion for return of the firearms, stating that

possession of the firearms, either actual or constructive, violate 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).

We agree with the district court’s ruling.

18 U.S.C. § 922(g) provides in pertinent part:

“It shall be unlawful for any person . . . who has been convicted in any

court of, a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding

one year; . . . . to ship or transport in interstate or foreign commerce,

or possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm or ammunition; or to

receive any firearm or ammunition which has been shipped or

transported in interstate or foreign commerce.”

18 U.S.C. § 922(g) (2005); see also 18 U.S.C. § 922(d)(1) (“It shall be unlawful for

any person to sell or otherwise dispose of any firearm to any person knowing . . .

that such person is under indictment for, or has been convicted in any court of, a

crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year.”)

It is undisputed that on March 15, 2000, the defendant entered a guilty plea

for a serious federal felony. On June 21, 2000, the defendant was sentenced and
 As noted above, Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(e), has been changed to 41(g). 3

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became a convicted felon. Consequently, the defendant properly falls into the

category of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). The defendant argues that even though he is a

convicted felon he retains an ownership interest in the three firearms. He suggests

that his position is supported by Cooper v. City of Greenwood, 904 F.2d 302 (5th

Cir.1990). In Cooper, the defendant, a convicted felon, brought a civil action for

damages pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for the seizure of firearms confiscated by

the government in relation to his felon-in-possession charges. The Fifth Circuit

Court of Appeals agreed with the defendant and held that he had a possessory

interest in the firearms. 

“Concluding that . . . firearms are not contraband per se, we hold that

Cooper’s claimed ownership interest in the firearms survived his

criminal conviction and could not be extinguished without according

him due process.” 

Cooper, 904 F.2d at 304 (footnote omitted).

However, Cooper involves an action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for

damages and does not deal with a motion for the return of property under Rule

41(g). Actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Rule 41(g) are birds of a different

feather.

A convicted felon’s 41(e) motion for equitable relief for the return of 3
11

firearms has been addressed by our sister circuit. See United States v. Felici, 208

F.3d 667 (8th Cir.2000). In Felici, the defendant was convicted of various

methamphetamine and firearms-related felony offenses. Defendant filed a

Fed.R.Crim P. 41(e) motion seeking the return of confiscated property which

included firearms. The Eight Circuit affirmed the denial of the request, holding:

“Rule 41(e) compels a district court to afford such persons an

opportunity to submit evidence in order to demonstrate that they are

lawfully entitled to the challenged property. . . . When it is apparent

that the person seeking a return of the property is not lawfully entitled

to own or possess the property, the district court need not hold an

evidentiary hearing. Federal law prohibits convicted felons from

possessing guns. Based upon [defendants’s] status as a convicted

felon, the district court could properly conclude without receiving

evidence that [the defendant] is not entitled to a return of firearms.”

Felici, 208 F.3d at 670 (internal citations omitted).

The Eighth Circuit’s ruling in Felici creates persuasive authority that if an

individual is a convicted felon, that individual will not be entitled to the return of

seized firearms, either directly or indirectly. Requiring a court to return firearms to

a convicted felon would not only be in violation of a federal law, but would be

contrary to the public policy behind the law.

The facts in the instant case are almost identical to Felici. In both, convicted

felons filed a 41(g) motion asking for the return of firearms that were seized during

their arrest. We agree with the conclusion that to do so would be a clear violation
12

of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).

Alternatively, the defendant argues that he may lawfully posses the three

seized firearms constructively. Although not actual possession, the defendant asks

this court to either place the firearms in the possession of a relative in trust or sell

the firearms and distribute the proceeds to him. Even though the defendant’s

rationale is interesting, it is beyond the scope of Rule 41(g). We agree with the

Eight Circuit in concluding that any firearm possession, actual or constructive, by a

convicted felon is prohibited by law.

 “Federal law prohibits convicted felons from possessing guns. . . . [The

defendant] is also not entitled to have the firearms held in trust for him by a third

party. Such a request suggests constructive possession. Any firearm possession,

actual or constructive, by a convicted felon is prohibited by law.” Felici, 208 F.3d 

at 670.

The fact that the defendant was in lawful possession and was not a convicted

felon when he acquired the three firearms is irrelevant. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) was

specifically designed to serve public policy and prevent convicted felons from

having either constructive or actual possession of firearms. This statute was

designed to work retroactively, and once an individual becomes a felon, he will be

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 if found to be in possession of a firearm.
We express no opinion on whether or not Howell may file an action under 42 U.S.C. § 4

1983 for the value of the firearms.

13

Obviously, the courts cannot participate in a criminal offense by returning firearms

to a convicted felon.4

VI. Conclusion

 In order for one to receive relief under Fed.R.Crim.P. 41(g), the individual

must have an ownership right to the property in question. Furthermore, according

to sound equitable principles, the movant must come into the transaction with

“clean hands.” The defendant in this case has no ownership interest in the

$140,000 and has “unclean hands.” In addition, Rule 41(g) deals solely with the

return of property and 18 U.S.C. § 922 prohibits the return of firearms to a

convicted felon.

AFFIRMED.