[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State 

v. Tidwell, Slip Opinion No. 2021-Ohio-2072.] 

NOTICE 

This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an 

advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to 

promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65 

South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other 

formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before 

the opinion is published. 

SLIP OPINION NO. 2021-OHIO-2072

THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLANT, v. TIDWELL, APPELLEE.

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it 

may be cited as State v. Tidwell, Slip Opinion No. 2021-Ohio-2072.] 

Constitutional law—Fourth Amendment—Investigative stop—Police officer had 

reasonable suspicion to briefly detain suspect in order to confirm or dispel 

an unidentified witness’s assertion that suspect was operating a motor 

vehicle while intoxicated—Court of appeals’ judgment upholding trial 

court’s order granting motion to suppress reversed. 

(No. 2020-0290—Submitted March 30, 2021—Decided June 24, 2021.)

APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Hamilton County, 

Nos. C-180511 and C-180512, 2019-Ohio-4493. 

_________________ 

DONNELLY, J. 

{¶ 1} The Fourth Amendment’s prohibition of unreasonable searches and

seizures does not forbid a police officer from initiating a brief investigatory stop of 

a person if the officer has reasonable suspicion to believe that the person is or is 
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2

about to be engaged in criminal activity. In this case, the issue is whether a police 

officer had reasonable suspicion to briefly detain appellee, Sherry Tidwell, in order 

to confirm or dispel an unidentified witness’s assertion that Tidwell was operating 

a motor vehicle while intoxicated. Based on the totality of the circumstances then 

confronting the officer, we hold that his investigatory stop of Tidwell was 

reasonable and thus did not violate the Fourth Amendment to the United States 

Constitution. We accordingly reverse the judgment of the First District Court of 

Appeals that upheld the Hamilton County Municipal Court’s order granting 

Tidwell’s motion to suppress, and we remand this case to the trial court for further 

proceedings. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

{¶ 2} At 8:00 p.m. on Saturday, November 11, 2017, Sergeant Jacques 

Illanz—on duty, in uniform, and in a marked state-highway-patrol cruiser—

happened upon a two-car collision on Fields-Ertel Road in Warren County, Ohio. 

Because the vehicle damage was minor and Fields-Ertel Road is a heavily traveled 

road at that time of day, Sergeant Illanz quickly marked the scene of the accident 

and directed the drivers of both vehicles into a nearby Speedway parking lot to 

complete an accident report. 

{¶ 3} As Sergeant Illanz was completing the accident report in the 

Speedway parking lot, a man standing in the doorway to the Speedway store yelled 

to Sergeant Illanz: “Hey, you need to stop that vehicle. That lady is drunk.” The 

man directed Sergeant Illanz’s attention to an SUV that was backing out of a 

parking space. Sergeant Illanz did not know the identity of the man who yelled to 

him, but he later learned that he was a Speedway customer. 

{¶ 4} Sergeant Illanz watched as the driver backed her vehicle out of its 

parking space at an unusually slow speed and then slowly drove forward, heading 

toward nearby Fields-Ertel Road, which was still busy with heavy traffic. At that 

time, Sergeant Illanz saw that the driver had a blank stare on her face, and he 
January Term, 2021 

3

testified that he knows from his training and experience that a blank stare may 

indicate impairment. 

{¶ 5} At that point, Sergeant Illanz walked in front of the vehicle to get the 

driver’s attention and gestured for her to stop. Sergeant Illanz estimated that 

approximately 30 seconds elapsed between the time that he heard the Speedway 

customer yell to him and the time that he stopped the vehicle. There is no dispute 

that Sergeant Illanz stopped Tidwell’s vehicle out of his concern for public safety. 

{¶ 6} When the vehicle stopped, Sergeant Illanz asked the driver, Tidwell, 

to roll down her window, turn off the car, and hand him the car key. After Tidwell 

complied with those requests, Sergeant Illanz asked her some questions. He later 

testified, “I started just making some simple conversation with her, asked her, you 

know, what’s going on, where’s she going, stuff like that.” Sergeant Illanz detected 

a strong odor of alcohol coming from the vehicle and noticed that Tidwell’s eyes 

were bloodshot and glassy. He testified that when he asked Tidwell for her driver’s 

license, it took her “a good couple of minutes” to comply, due to her slow and 

exaggerated movements, and she maintained a blank stare when handing it to him. 

{¶ 7} In response to Sergeant Illanz’s questions, Tidwell said she was 

heading home after having purchased alcohol from the Speedway store. When 

asked whether she had been drinking, Tidwell told Sergeant Illanz that she had not 

had anything to drink. Tidwell also told him that before arriving at the Speedway, 

she had been at a house with friends, watching a college football game. 

{¶ 8} Throughout the course of this encounter, Sergeant Illanz continued to 

detect an odor of alcohol coming from the vehicle. The blank stare on Tidwell’s 

face likewise persisted. Sergeant Illanz additionally noted that Tidwell’s speech 

was slow, very slurred, and at times unintelligible. Sergeant Illanz stated that this 

encounter with Tidwell lasted no more than five minutes. 

{¶ 9} As Sergeant Illanz was about to radio for dispatch to call for a 

response from a law-enforcement agency that had jurisdiction over the private 
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Speedway premises, Hamilton County Deputy Sheriff Randy Reynolds, having 

previously been dispatched to respond to the two-car collision on Fields-Ertel Road, 

arrived at the Speedway. Upon Deputy Reynolds’s arrival, Sergeant Illanz told him 

why he had stopped Tidwell’s vehicle and asked him to take over the investigation. 

{¶ 10} As Deputy Reynolds talked with Tidwell, he detected a strong odor 

of alcohol coming from her facial area. He observed that Tidwell’s eyes were 

watery and bloodshot, that her eyelids were droopy, and that her speech was slow 

and slurred. When Deputy Reynolds asked Tidwell whether she had been drinking, 

she said yes and asked him to take her home to her son. 

{¶ 11} Deputy Reynolds then asked Tidwell if she would exit the vehicle 

and submit to field sobriety tests, and she agreed to do so. She stumbled as she got 

out of the vehicle. Deputy Reynolds continued to smell alcohol coming from 

Tidwell after she was outside the vehicle. He then administered a series of field 

sobriety tests; the tests indicated that Tidwell was impaired and unable to legally 

operate a motor vehicle. 

{¶ 12} While Deputy Reynolds was talking to Tidwell, Sergeant Illanz 

entered the Speedway store and spoke with the clerk who was working behind the 

counter. The clerk stated that he had sold alcohol to Tidwell and, concerned that 

she was intoxicated, had told the unidentified Speedway customer, as the customer 

was leaving the store, to make Sergeant Illanz aware of Tidwell’s possible 

intoxication. The unidentified customer had left the premises before Sergeant 

Illanz entered the store. 

{¶ 13} After Deputy Reynolds concluded that Tidwell was under the 

influence of alcohol or drugs, he placed her under arrest. Tidwell was charged with 

operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs in violation of 

R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and (h). 

{¶ 14} Tidwell filed a motion to suppress the evidence gathered from the 

stop. Following a hearing, the Hamilton County Municipal Court granted Tidwell’s 
January Term, 2021 

5

motion, finding that Tidwell had not driven her vehicle erratically, she had not been 

involved in an accident, and the anonymous tip from the unidentified Speedway 

customer was “essentially unreliable.” 

{¶ 15} On appeal, the First District Court of Appeals affirmed the trial 

court’s judgment. The court of appeals held that Sergeant Illanz lacked the 

reasonable suspicion necessary to effectuate a lawful investigatory stop because the 

unidentified Speedway customer’s anonymous tip lacked sufficient indicia of 

reliability and there was no evidence of any erratic driving by Tidwell prior to the 

stop. 

{¶ 16} We accepted jurisdiction over the following proposition of law:

Simple face-to-face contact between an unnamed citizen and 

a police officer may be enough to remove the citizen from the 

category of “anonymous” and consider him a “citizen informant,”

whose tip merits a high degree of credibility and value, rendering 

the tip sufficient to withstand a Fourth Amendment challenge 

without independent police corroboration. 

See 158 Ohio St.3d 1504, 2020-Ohio-2819, 144 N.E.3d 451. 

ANALYSIS 

{¶ 17} In this case, the trial court granted Tidwell’s motion to suppress after 

determining that the investigatory stop effectuated by Sergeant Illanz was 

unreasonable and thus violated the Fourth Amendment. We must decide whether 

the court of appeals correctly upheld that decision. Our analysis begins with 

consideration of the applicable standard of review. 

Standard of Review 

{¶ 18} Appellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress presents a

mixed question of fact and law. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-
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6

5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. An appellate court must accept the trial court’s findings 

of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. See State v. Fanning, 

1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). The appellate court must decide 

questions of law de novo, without deference to the lower court’s legal conclusions. 

Burnside at ¶ 8. 

Investigatory Stop Based on Reasonable Suspicion

{¶ 19} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits 

unreasonable searches and seizures.1

 Under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 

1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), a police officer who lacks probable cause to arrest 

may, consistent with the Fourth Amendment, make an investigatory stop, including 

a traffic stop, of a person if the officer has reasonable suspicion to believe that the 

person is or is about to be engaged in criminal activity. See Navarette v. California, 

572 U.S. 393, 396, 134 S.Ct. 1683, 188 L.Ed.2d 680 (2014). 

{¶ 20} Reasonable suspicion for a Terry stop “is dependent upon both the 

content of information possessed by police and its degree of reliability.” Alabama 

v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 330, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 110 L.Ed.2d 301 (1990). “Both 

factors—quantity and quality—are considered in the ‘totality of the 

circumstances—the whole picture,’ * * *, that must be taken into account when 

evaluating whether there is reasonable suspicion.” Id., quoting United States v. 

Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417, 101 S.Ct.690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981). Police officers 

may “draw on their own experience and specialized training to make inferences 

from and deductions about the cumulative information available to them that ‘might 

well elude an untrained person.’ ” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273, 122 

S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002), quoting Cortez at 418. 

 

1. The court of appeals and the argument section of Tidwell’s merit brief filed in this court each 

made a single reference to Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio Constitution. Because the decision 

below and the arguments on appeal are based entirely on Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, we 

likewise decide this case on that body of law. 
January Term, 2021 

7

{¶ 21} “[T]he brevity of the invasion of the individual’s Fourth Amendment 

interests is an important factor in determining whether the seizure is so minimally 

intrusive as to be justifiable on reasonable suspicion.” United States v. Place, 462 

U.S. 696, 709, 103 S.Ct. 2637, 77 L.Ed.2d 110 (1983). Declining to adopt a hardand-fast time limit for a permissible Terry stop, the United States Supreme Court, 

in United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 105 S.Ct. 1568, 84 L.Ed.2d 605 (1985), 

instead instructed that it was “appropriate to examine whether the police diligently 

pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their 

suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the defendant.” 

Id. at 686. In that case, the court held that a 20-minute stop was not unreasonable, 

because the police acted diligently and the suspect’s actions contributed to the 

length of the detention. 

{¶ 22} In the case before us, Sergeant Illanz initiated an investigative traffic 

stop of Tidwell when he walked in front of her vehicle and gestured for her to stop. 

He then obtained Tidwell’s car key from her before engaging her in conversation; 

thus, Tidwell plainly was not free to leave, which Sergeant Illanz admitted. The 

issue here is whether the information then available to Sergeant Illanz gave him 

reasonable suspicion to initiate a brief investigatory stop. 

Information Obtained from Others 

{¶ 23} The information then available to Sergeant Illanz included the 

information that first drew his attention to Tidwell’s vehicle—the unidentified 

Speedway customer who yelled to Sergeant Illanz: “Hey, you need to stop that 

vehicle. That lady is drunk.” The parties here dispute the extent to which Sergeant 

Illanz could rely on that statement to justify the stop. Case law provides some 

helpful guideposts. 

{¶ 24} To start, the United States Supreme Court has “firmly rejected the 

argument ‘that reasonable cause for a[n investigative stop] can only be based on the 

officer’s personal observation, rather than on information supplied by another 
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8

person.’ ” (Brackets sic.) Navarette, 572 U.S. at 397, 134 S.Ct. 1683, 188 L.Ed.2d 

680, quoting Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 147, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 

(1972). 

{¶ 25} In Adams, a known informant told an officer on patrol in a highcrime area that a person seated in a nearby vehicle was carrying narcotics and had 

a gun at his waist. Id. at 144-145. In evaluating whether the officer had had 

reasonable suspicion to stop the suspect, the United States Supreme Court stated: 

“Informants’ tips, like all other clues and evidence coming to a policeman on the 

scene, may vary greatly in their value and reliability. One simple rule will not cover 

every situation.” Id. at 147. Observing that a tip from a known informant is more 

reliable than an anonymous telephone tip, the court held that in that case, there was 

sufficient indicia of reliability because the known informant “came forward 

personally to give information that was immediately verifiable at the scene” and 

could have been subject to immediate arrest if he had knowingly made a false 

report. Id. at 146-147. 

{¶ 26} In White, 496 U.S. 325, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 110 L.Ed.2d 301, an 

anonymous caller told the police that a woman would drive from a particular 

apartment building to a particular motel in a brown Plymouth station wagon with a 

broken right taillight and would have cocaine with her. Id. at 327. Acknowledging 

that the determination whether police had had the reasonable suspicion necessary 

to initiate an investigatory stop required examining both the content of the 

information possessed by the police and its degree of reliability, the United States 

Supreme Court stated that “if a tip has a relatively low degree of reliability, more 

information will be required to establish the requisite quantum of suspicion than 

would be required if the tip were more reliable.” Id. at 330. In that case, the police 

officers were able to corroborate the tip’s innocuous details before they stopped the 

station wagon as it neared the motel. Id. at 331. Because that anonymous tip 

accurately predicted future behavior, the tipster demonstrated “a special 
January Term, 2021 

9

familiarity” with the suspect’s affairs, which implied that the tipster had “access to 

reliable information about that individual’s illegal activities.” Id. at 332. Although 

the court said it was “a close case,” it held that the anonymous tip, as corroborated, 

exhibited sufficient indicia of reliability under the totality of the circumstances to 

justify the investigatory stop of the suspect’s car. Id. 

{¶ 27} By contrast, in Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 120 S.Ct. 1375, 146 

L.Ed.2d 254 (2000), the police received an anonymous telephone call providing a 

bare-bones tip that a young black man standing at a particular bus stop and wearing 

a plaid shirt was carrying a gun. Id. at 268. The tipster did not explain how he or 

she knew about the gun, did not suggest that he or she had any special familiarity 

with the young man’s affairs, and did not provide any predictive information that 

could be corroborated to assess the tipster’s credibility. Id. at 271. That anonymous 

tip thus lacked even the moderate indicia of reliability that was present in White. 

J.L. at 271. The J.L. court observed: 

An accurate description of a subject’s readily observable 

location and appearance is of course reliable in this limited sense: It 

will help the police correctly identify the person whom the tipster 

means to accuse. Such a tip, however, does not show that the tipster 

has knowledge of concealed criminal activity. The reasonable 

suspicion here at issue requires that a tip be reliable in its assertion 

of illegality, not just in its tendency to identify a determinate person. 

Id. at 272. 

{¶ 28} In Navarette, which is the most recent United States Supreme Court 

case to address this issue, a 9-1-1 caller reported that a silver pickup truck traveling 

south at a particular mile marker had run the caller off the roadway. 572 U.S. at 

395, 134 S.Ct. 1683, 188 L.Ed.2d 680. The caller provided the suspect truck’s 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

10 

license-plate number. Id. Shortly after hearing a police radio dispatch of the 9-1-1 

caller’s report, a highway-patrol officer spotted the truck and pulled it over. As 

officers approached the stopped truck, they smelled marijuana, and they discovered 

30 pounds of marijuana in a subsequent search of the truck bed. Treating the 9-1-1 

call as an anonymous tip, the Navarette court found sufficient indicia of reliability 

from the fact that the tip reporting the alleged dangerous driving was made 

immediately after it occurred—which was tantamount to a “present-sense 

impression” and an “excited utterance” in hearsay-exception parlance—and it was 

made seemingly without time for reflection based on where the suspect was pulled 

over in comparison to the mile-marker location where the tipster said the truck had 

run her off the road. Id. at 398-400. Additionally, 9-1-1 calls can be recorded, and 

the police can identify the phone number from which a 9-1-1 call was made and 

where the phone was at the time of the call, which are facts that the court noted 

could deter callers from making a false report to the police. Id. at 400-401. Because 

the 9-1-1 caller’s contemporaneous report of being run off the roadway created 

reasonable suspicion of the ongoing criminal offense of drunk driving, the court 

held that the investigatory traffic stop was reasonable. Id. at 401-404. 

Categories of Informants 

{¶ 29} In attempting to ascertain whether information provided by an 

informant’s tip bore some indicia of reliability that established reasonable suspicion 

for an investigatory stop, many courts, including this court, have found it useful to 

place the informant into one of three categories: (1) anonymous informant, (2) 

known informant (someone from the criminal world who has provided previous 

reliable tips), and (3) identified citizen informant. Maumee v. Weisner, 87 Ohio 

St.3d 295, 300, 720 N.E.2d 507 (1999); State v. Jordan, 104 Ohio St.3d 21, 2004-

Ohio-6085, 817 N.E.2d 864, ¶ 36, overruled on other grounds, State v. Harper, 160 

Ohio St.3d 480, 2020-Ohio-2913, 159 N.E.3d 248. 
January Term, 2021 

11 

{¶ 30} In Weisner, a motorist telephoned the police to report that he was 

following a car that he suspected was being driven by a drunk driver. The caller 

provided the make, color, and license-plate number of the suspect vehicle and 

described it as “ ‘weaving all over the road.’ ” Id. at 295. The caller also identified 

himself to the police dispatcher, providing his name and cellphone and home-phone 

numbers. When the caller reported that the car was stopped at a railroad crossing, 

a police officer pulled into a parking lot opposite the railroad crossing to wait. After 

the train passed, the officer spotted the suspect vehicle and radioed the dispatcher 

for verification. Approximately 30 to 40 seconds elapsed, during which the officer 

did not observe any erratic driving or weaving. After receiving confirmation from 

the police dispatcher, the officer stopped the car, questioned the driver, and arrested 

him for drunk driving. 

{¶ 31} In that case, we said that when “the information possessed by the 

police before the stop stems solely from an informant’s tip, the determination of 

reasonable suspicion will be limited to an examination of the weight and reliability 

due that tip.” Id. at 299. “The appropriate analysis, then, is whether the tip itself 

has sufficient indicia of reliability to justify the investigative stop.” Id. 

Acknowledging the three recognized categories of informants, we noted that an 

anonymous informant was comparatively unreliable and would consequently 

require independent police corroboration in order to demonstrate some indicia of 

reliability. Id. at 300. By contrast, we determined that an identified citizen 

informant may be highly reliable and, therefore, a strong showing as to other indicia 

of reliability may be unnecessary. Id. 

{¶ 32} We concluded that the tipster in Weisner qualified as an identified 

citizen informant whose information possessed a greater indicia of reliability than 

that of an anonymous informant. Id., 87 Ohio St.3d at 301-302, 720 N.E.2d 507. 

We emphasized, however, that our categorization of the informant did not itself 

determine the outcome of the case but rather was just one element in the totality of 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

12 

the circumstances. Id. at 302. The informant’s credibility in that case was enhanced 

by the fact that he identified himself and provided an eyewitness account of the 

suspect’s dangerous driving as it happened. Id. When we took all the facts into 

consideration, we found the identified-citizen informant’s tip to merit a high degree 

of credibility and value, rendering it sufficient to withstand the Fourth Amendment 

challenge without independent police corroboration. Id. at 302-303. 

Categorizing the Speedway Customer 

{¶ 33} In this case, the state argues that the face-to-face contact between the 

unidentified Speedway customer and Sergeant Illanz was sufficient to remove the 

customer from the category of “anonymous informant,” whose tip would have had 

minimal indicia of reliability and would have required independent police 

corroboration to establish reasonable suspicion, to the category of “citizen 

informant,” whose tip had a greater indicia of reliability, even though the 

customer’s identity remained unknown. And in the state’s view, “[t]he tip of a 

‘citizen-informant,’ named or unnamed, is presumptively reliable and does not 

require independent police corroboration.” 

{¶ 34} But Weisner makes clear that it was the combination of facts in that 

case—the informant contacted the police, provided identifying information 

including his name and cellphone and home-phone numbers, and remained in 

constant contact with the police dispatcher through the course of the incident—that 

sharply reduced the likelihood that the informant was making a false report and 

gave his tip a higher indicia of reliability. Id. at 301-302. The informant’s 

identified status was integral to the court’s determination that the tip had a high 

indicia of reliability. 

{¶ 35} In contrast, in this case, it is undisputed that the Speedway customer 

initiated contact with Sergeant Illanz but his identity was and remains unknown. 

When the customer called out to Sergeant Illanz, Sergeant Illanz did not have any 

information as to the customer’s veracity, reliability, or basis of knowledge. 
January Term, 2021 

13 

Sergeant Illanz did not know whether the customer personally perceived Tidwell to 

be intoxicated or whether he was simply passing on information from someone else 

(which may in fact have been the case, considering the Speedway clerk’s 

subsequent statement to Sergeant Illanz) or whether he simply made the whole 

thing up. 

{¶ 36} Because Sergeant Illanz’s attention was naturally focused on 

Tidwell’s vehicle, there was no real opportunity to obtain additional information 

from the customer before he left the scene. It nevertheless would require a strained 

analysis to ascribe to this unidentified citizen informant the higher degree of 

reliability that we ascribed to the identified citizen informant in Weisner. 

{¶ 37} Tidwell, on the other hand, maintains that the Speedway customer 

falls into the category of anonymous informant and thus his tip lacked the indicia 

of reliability necessary to establish reasonable suspicion for the stop. But treating 

this customer strictly as anonymous fails to take into account certain facts that may 

have given his information some indicia of reliability. 

{¶ 38} Specifically, the customer directed his statement to Sergeant Illanz 

and made no effort to conceal his physical appearance or demeanor. Further, his 

tip described what was then an existing condition—Tidwell’s intoxication—that 

the customer seemingly had a contemporaneous opportunity to perceive and that 

could immediately be confirmed or dispelled by Sergeant Illanz. Given the urgency 

of the situation—an allegedly drunk motorist about to drive onto a busy road—

obtaining identification from the Speedway customer simply to enhance his indicia 

of reliability surely was not Sergeant Illanz’s most pressing priority at that time. 

And based on Sergeant Illanz’s response to the tip, he must have seen nothing in 

the customer’s demeanor to make him doubt the customer’s veracity. 

{¶ 39} We observed in Weisner that “the distinctions between these 

categories are sometimes blurred,” 87 Ohio St.3d at 300, 720 N.E.2d 507, and the 

facts in this case illustrate that the Speedway customer did not fit neatly into either 
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14 

category. He resembled an identified citizen informant in some respects by having 

initiated face-to-face communication with Sergeant Illanz, but he also resembled 

an anonymous informant in that his identity was unknown. As indicated in 

Weisner, however, categorical classifications of informants may be instructive but 

are not necessarily outcome determinative. Id. at 302. We agree with the following 

observation by the Second District Court of Appeals: “[T]the categories * * * are 

not always neat and tidy. But the categories are simply a tool used to assist in the 

ultimate determination of the informant’s reliability.” State v. Cook, 2d Dist. Clark 

No. 2019-CA-28, 2019-Ohio-3918, ¶ 12. 

{¶ 40} Rather than attempt to force the Speedway customer into one of the 

categories, we determine the reasonableness of this investigatory stop by 

considering the totality of the circumstances as they were known to Sergeant Illanz 

prior to the time he stopped Tidwell, together with reasonable inferences that could 

be drawn from the circumstances, keeping in mind that each piece of information 

may vary greatly in its value and degree of reliability. See White, 496 U.S. 325, 

110 S.Ct. 2412, 110 L.Ed.2d 301; Adams, 407 U.S. 143, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 

612. 

Totality of the Circumstances

{¶ 41} In this case, the information available to Sergeant Illanz prior to his 

investigatory stop of Tidwell’s vehicle consisted essentially of two components, 

specifically (1) what he was told—the information communicated to Sergeant 

Illanz by the Speedway customer and (2) what he observed—Sergeant Illanz’s own 

observations of Tidwell and the way she operated her motor vehicle up until the 

time he walked in front of her car. Based on the information then available to 

Sergeant Illanz and reasonable inferences that could be drawn therefrom, we 

conclude that the investigatory stop he initiated in this case was reasonable. 

{¶ 42} First, it is significant that the Speedway customer initiated this faceto-face contact with Sergeant Illanz. While information from an identified citizen 
January Term, 2021 

15 

informant who comes forward to provide eyewitness information about a crime in 

progress may have a higher indicia of reliability than that provided by an 

anonymous informant, Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d at 302, 720 N.E.2d 507, information 

from an unidentified citizen informant who initiates face-to-face public contact 

with the police to report criminal activity then occurring, with no attempt to conceal 

his identity, is not necessarily without investigative value. See, e.g., Cook, 2019-

Ohio-3918 (upholding investigatory traffic stop based on open, public contact 

initiated by unidentified citizen who informed officer in marked cruiser that person 

in car directly behind cruiser was waving a gun around); State v. Ramey, 129 Ohio 

App.3d 409, 412-413, 717 N.E.2d 1153 (1st Dist.1998) (upholding investigatory 

traffic stop that was based in part on an officer’s radio transmission indicating that 

a witness had flagged down the officer to report that a gold Honda with a specified 

license-plate number traveling on particular road was “ ‘a possible DUI’ ”). 

Moreover, face-to-face contact with an informant allows an officer to personally 

observe the informant’s demeanor and evaluate his veracity. 

{¶ 43} That the informant’s identity was unknown cannot be ignored 

insofar as it limited Sergeant Illanz’s ability to fully assess his veracity, reliability, 

basis of knowledge, and motive for coming forward. But the informant could not 

know whether his identity might later be discovered based on his face-to-face 

contact with the police, surveillance video at the Speedway, or further investigation. 

Even an unidentified informant who comes forward with accusatory information 

does so at some legal peril if he knowingly makes a false report. See R.C. 

2917.32(A). An informant’s unidentified status does not necessarily extinguish all 

indicia of reliability from the informant’s tip given the potential for subsequent 

positive identification. See Navarette, 572 U.S. 393, 134 S.Ct. 1683, 188 L.Ed.2d 

680.

{¶ 44} Second, and as was the case in Navarette and Weisner, the 

informant’s tip was about a possible crime that was then occurring—operating a 
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16 

motor vehicle while intoxicated. The informant here urged Sergeant Illanz to stop 

a specific vehicle because the woman driving it was drunk. The accusation here 

was not about a past crime but rather was about alleged criminal activity that was 

then afoot. The informant surely recognized that the immediate reaction he 

expected from Sergeant Illanz would either prove him right or prove him wrong. 

The informant’s suggested knowledge of Tidwell’s present condition and 

anticipated response from the officer thus gave the tip some further indicia of 

reliability. 

{¶ 45} Third, because the informant’s tip was communicated 

contemporaneously with the alleged crime’s occurrence, the encounter gave the 

officer no apparent cause to question the informant’s motive. Thus, because the 

alleged crime was reported as it was occurring, the informant’s contemporaneous 

report gave the tip a further degree of trustworthiness. 

{¶ 46} Fourth, Sergeant Illanz testified that he observed a blank stare on 

Tidwell’s face after she slowly backed her vehicle out of its parking space and then 

began driving slowly toward Fields-Ertel Road. That significant observation 

tended to corroborate the informant’s report that Tidwell was intoxicated. Without 

doubt, a motorist’s blank stare could be due to any number of innocent noncriminal 

circumstances. But to the extent that police-officer training and experience shows 

that a motorist’s blank stare is consistent with an impaired driving condition, 

Sergeant Illanz’s observation here lent credence to the Speedway customer’s report. 

“The Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman who lacks the precise level 

of information necessary for probable cause to arrest to simply shrug his shoulders 

and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape.” Adams, 407 U.S. at 145, 92 

S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612. 

{¶ 47} Fifth, Sergeant Illanz effectuated the investigatory stop only after he 

watched the driver with a blank stare drive at an unusually slow speed toward 

Fields-Ertel Road, which was still busy with heavy traffic at that time of night. 
January Term, 2021 

17 

Approximately 30 seconds elapsed between the time that Sergeant Illanz heard the 

Speedway customer yell to him and the time that he stopped the vehicle. It is 

undisputed that Sergeant Illanz stopped the vehicle because he believed there was 

a public-safety concern. Given the information then available to Sergeant Illanz, it 

was reasonable under the totality of the circumstances for him to approach the 

vehicle in this public area and briefly detain its driver in order to make a most basic 

inquiry as to whether an immediate danger to public safety existed. 

{¶ 48} An investigatory traffic stop, such as the one that occurred here, is a 

brief, minimally intrusive response that enables a law-enforcement officer with at 

least reasonable suspicion that a crime is being or is about to be committed to obtain 

more information that can quickly confirm or dispel the officer’s suspicion. See 

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889; Adams, 407 U.S. 143, 

92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612; Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 105 S.Ct. 1568, 84 L.Ed.2d 

605. Indeed, a brief conversation with the target of a drunk-driving report could 

not only confirm or dispel the suspicion but could also provide information to 

support charges against the informant if the informant’s report was knowingly false. 

{¶ 49} In granting the motion to suppress, the trial court relied on the fact 

that there was no indication that Tidwell had driven erratically before Sergeant 

Illanz stopped her. In our view, this is immaterial in this case. Sergeant Illanz was 

advised face-to-face by a tipster that a person, whom Sergeant Illanz could 

reasonably assume had just interacted with the tipster inside the Speedway store, 

was drunk and was about to drive onto a busy street. Sergeant Illanz reacted to the 

information and observed Tidwell for 30 seconds before stopping her from leaving 

the parking lot. During that 30 seconds, Sergeant Illanz witnessed some indications 

of impaired driving—blank stare and slower driving than typical for the 

circumstances. Sergeant Illanz knew that if Tidwell was drunk, as the Speedway 

customer asserted, the danger she posed was real and immediate. In our view, the 
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18 

circumstances provided Sergeant Illanz with reasonable suspicion to initiate the 

stop. 

{¶ 50} To be sure, this tip, like the anonymous telephone tip in J.L. (that a 

young black man standing at a particular bus stop and wearing a plaid shirt was 

carrying a gun), supra, 529 U.S. 266, 120 S.Ct. 1375, 146 L.Ed.2d 254, was to 

some extent a bare-bones assertion that identified the person the Speedway 

customer meant to accuse but did not divulge the informant’s basis of knowledge 

or provide any predictive information. But unlike the telephone tip in J.L., which 

a brief encounter with the subject of the tip would not by itself enable the officer to 

confirm or dispel, Sergeant Illanz’s brief encounter with Tidwell immediately 

enabled him to confirm that Tidwell was operating a motor vehicle while 

intoxicated based on what he personally smelled, saw, and heard. The customer’s 

face-to-face contemporaneous report of alleged criminal activity occurring right 

before Sergeant Illanz’s eyes justified the investigatory response Sergeant Illanz 

took in this case. 

{¶ 51} The court of appeals ruled that the unidentified Speedway 

customer’s tip did not give Sergeant Illanz reasonable suspicion that Tidwell was 

committing a crime, because the tip did not provide any predictive information and 

did not contain any detail. 2019-Ohio-4493, ¶ 17. We readily acknowledge that 

particularized details and predictive information may increase a tip’s indicia of 

reliability. Compare White, supra, 496 U.S. 325, 110 S.Ct. 2412, 110 L.Ed.2d 301, 

with J.L., supra. An informant’s tip that a person is a drug dealer who has bundles 

of heroin packed in the trunk of his car has a greater indicia of reliability if the 

tipster provides particularized details and/or predictive information so as to allow 

law enforcement to better assess the informant’s veracity, reliability, and basis of 

knowledge. By contrast, an informant’s tip that a drunk person is starting her car 

and about to drive away concerns observable and well-recognized behavior that 

does not necessarily require details and/or predictive information. 
January Term, 2021 

19 

{¶ 52} In the circumstances confronting Sergeant Illanz, he received a

citizen report of an alleged crime in process—drunk driving—and made his own 

limited corroborating observation of the suspect before briefly detaining her. That 

the degree of reliability of the unidentified Speedway customer’s tip cannot be 

quantified with mathematical precision does not mean that it lacked investigative 

value. Based on the totality of the circumstances then confronting the officer, we 

hold that his investigatory stop of Tidwell was reasonable and thus did not violate 

the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 

CONCLUSION 

{¶ 53} In allowing investigatory detentions, “Terry [392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 

1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889] accepts the risk that officers may stop innocent people.” 

Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 126, 120 S.Ct. 673, 145 L.Ed.2d 570 (2000). 

“Indeed, the Fourth Amendment accepts the risk in connection with more drastic 

police action; persons arrested and detained on probable cause to believe they have 

committed a crime may turn out to be innocent. The Terry stop is a far more 

minimal intrusion, simply allowing the officer to briefly investigate further.” 

Wardlow at 126. 

{¶ 54} In this case, Sergeant Illanz had reasonable suspicion to investigate 

whether Tidwell was driving while drunk based on the unidentified Speedway 

customer’s tip and the officer’s own partial corroboration of that tip. Considering 

the totality of the circumstances then confronting the officer, we hold that the brief 

investigatory stop of Tidwell was reasonable and thus did not violate the Fourth 

Amendment to the United States Constitution. We accordingly reverse the 

judgment of the First District Court of Appeals that upheld the trial court’s 

suppression of evidence obtained following that investigatory stop, and we remand 

the cause to the Hamilton County Municipal Court for further proceedings. 

Judgment reversed 

and cause remanded. 
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20 

O’CONNOR, C.J., and KENNEDY, FISCHER, DEWINE, STEWART, and 

BRUNNER, JJ., concur. 

_________________ 

Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Melynda J. 

Machol and Philip R. Cummings, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for appellant. 

The Law Offices of Steven R. Adams, L.L.C., and Tad K. Brittingham, for 

appellee. 

Dave Yost, Attorney General, Benjamin M. Flowers, Solicitor General, and 

Stephen P. Carney, Deputy Solicitor General, urging reversal for amicus curiae 

Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost. 

Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Marley C. Nelson, Assistant 

State Public Defender, urging affirmance for amicus curiae Office of the Ohio 

Public Defender. 

_________________