IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Sean L. Jenkins, :

Petitioner :

:

v. : No. 1352 C.D. 2017

: Argued: June 4, 2018

Unemployment Compensation Board :

of Review, :

Respondent :

BEFORE: HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge

HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge

HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION

BY PRESIDENT JUDGE LEAVITT FILED: October 30, 2018

Sean Jenkins (Claimant) petitions for review of an adjudication of the 

Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Board) that dismissed his claim 

for benefits under the Unemployment Compensation Law (Law).1 In doing so, the 

Board affirmed the decision of the Referee that Claimant’s appeal was untimely 

under Section 501(e) of the Law, 43 P.S. §821(e).2 On appeal, Claimant argues that 

 

1 Act of December 5, 1936, Second Ex. Sess., P.L. (1937) 2897, as amended, 43 P.S. §§751 –

919.10.

2 Section 501(e) of the Law provides:

Unless the claimant or last employer or base-year employer of the claimant files an 

appeal with the board, from the determination contained in any notice required to 

be furnished by the department under section five hundred and one (a), (c) and (d),

within fifteen calendar days after such notice was delivered to him personally, or 

was mailed to his last known post office address, and applies for a hearing, such 

determination of the department, with respect to the particular facts set forth in such 

notice, shall be final and compensation shall be paid or denied in accordance 

therewith.

43 P.S. §821(e) (emphasis added).
2

he should be permitted to appeal nunc pro tunc because his failure to appeal timely

is attributable to non-negligent circumstances, i.e., his stay at a drug treatment 

facility during the appeal period and an administrative breakdown in the 

unemployment compensation system caused by understaffing. We vacate and 

remand.

Claimant was employed full-time as a night crew clerk with Acme 

Markets (Employer) from November 2015 until March 20, 2017, when he was 

suspended for excessive absenteeism and tardiness.

3

 On March 21, 2017, Claimant 

applied for unemployment compensation benefits. Four days later, on March 25, 

2017, he entered the Livengrin Inpatient Residential Program for treatment of a 

substance abuse disorder, and he resided there until he completed treatment on April 

22, 2017.

In the interim, the Unemployment Compensation (UC) Service Center 

determined that Claimant was ineligible for benefits under Section 402(e) of the 

Law, 43 P.S. §802(e).4 On March 30, 2017, the UC Service Center mailed its notice 

of determination to Claimant’s home address, advising him that his claim was denied 

and that the deadline to appeal was April 14, 2017. Claimant appealed by mail on 

April 25, 2017, three days after he was discharged from the treatment facility. The 

Referee held a hearing to determine whether he had jurisdiction over Claimant’s 

untimely appeal and to receive testimony regarding Claimant’s separation from 

employment.

 

3

In a letter dated June 8, 2017, Employer informed Claimant that he was discharged effective May 

23, 2017.

4 Under Section 402(e), a claimant is ineligible for benefits if “his unemployment is due to his 

discharge or temporary suspension from work for willful misconduct connected with his work.” 

43 P.S. §802(e).
3

Claimant testified that he was not aware of the notice of determination 

until he returned home from the treatment facility. He lives alone. He did not 

arrange to have his mail reviewed while he was in treatment. When asked by the 

Referee whether he was concerned about bills arriving in the mail, Claimant 

responded that he could not pay them; he planned to deal with everything upon his 

return home. When asked whether his active unemployment application warranted 

monitoring his mail, Claimant testified:

I didn’t know that ... I was going to have to file an appeal. Any 

other time that I filed for Unemployment, I never had to go 

through this procedure, so I didn’t know. If I would have known 

... I would have had someone monitor the mail, but I did not 

know.

Notes of Testimony, June 22, 2017, at 7-8.

Claimant testified that he attempted to contact the UC Service Center 

by phone from the treatment facility but got a busy signal every time. When asked 

whether he had internet access at the facility, Claimant responded that there was a 

computer available but he is not computer literate.

The Referee credited Claimant’s testimony in its entirety. 

Nevertheless, the Referee dismissed his appeal as untimely under Section 501(e) of 

the Law, 43 P.S. §821(e). The Referee explained that Claimant “did not provide 

testimony or evidence as to why he did not have his mail forwarded to his location, 

or as to why he did not have his mail covered by anyone on his behalf.” Referee 

Decision at 2. The Referee concluded that Claimant’s failure to arrange for his mail

during his absence did not excuse his untimely appeal. Claimant appealed to the 

Board, which affirmed on the basis of the Referee’s findings and conclusions. 

Claimant now petitions for this Court’s review.
4

On appeal,5 Claimant argues that he should be allowed to file an appeal

nunc pro tunc. Claimant asserts that his absence from his mailing address due to

medical reasons combined with his numerous attempts to contact the UC Service 

Center show that he acted reasonably. Stated otherwise, his untimely appeal was not 

the result of his negligence.

An appeal nunc pro tunc is permitted when the appeal delay results 

from extraordinary circumstances involving fraud or some breakdown in the 

administrative process. McClean v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review, 

908 A.2d 956, 959 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2006). In Bass v. Commonwealth, 401 A.2d 1133 

(Pa. 1979), this standard was relaxed somewhat. In that case, the appellant’s attorney 

had his secretary prepare appeal papers for the appellant six days prior to the appeal 

deadline. The secretary was responsible for filing the appeal and ensuring that all 

secretarial work for the office was performed. The secretary fell ill and was out of 

the office for a week, during which time the appeal deadline passed. She filed the 

appeal within three days of her return to work. Our Supreme Court allowed the 

appeal to proceed nunc pro tunc because the delay was caused by the non-negligent 

act of a third party and was promptly corrected.

More recently, in Cook v. Unemployment Compensation Board of 

Review, 671 A.2d 1130 (Pa. 1996), our Supreme Court extended the Bass principles 

to allow a nunc pro tunc appeal where the non-negligent conduct was that of the 

appellant himself. There, the appellant, Willie Cook, planned to meet with an 

attorney to appeal the denial of his application for unemployment benefits. Two 

 

5

In reviewing a decision of the Board, this Court determines whether constitutional rights were 

violated, whether an error of law was committed or whether necessary findings of fact are 

supported by substantial competent evidence. Seton Company v. Unemployment Compensation 

Board of Review, 663 A.2d 296, 298 n.2 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995).
5

days before the meeting, Cook suffered a cardiac event and was hospitalized for six 

days, the first three of which he was in intensive care. The appeal deadline passed 

the day before Cook was discharged. He filed his appeal three days later. The Board, 

in affirming the Referee, dismissed the appeal as untimely, noting that while Cook 

was hospitalized in regular care he was alert; able to read, write and receive visitors; 

and could have pursued his appeal. This Court affirmed, explaining that Bass 

authorized a nunc pro tunc appeal only where the delay is caused by a third party, 

not the appellant.

Our Supreme Court reversed and, in doing so, refined the Bass standard 

as follows: 

We believe a better statement of the rule in Bass is that where an 

appeal is not timely because of non-negligent circumstances, 

either as they relate to appellant or his counsel, and the appeal 

is filed within a short time after the appellant or his counsel learns 

of and has an opportunity to address the untimeliness, and the 

time period which elapses is of very short duration, and appellee 

is not prejudiced by the delay, the court may allow an appeal 

nunc pro tunc.

Id. at 1131 (emphasis added). Because Cook’s untimely appeal was caused by his

“non-negligent” circumstances, the Supreme Court allowed his appeal to proceed 

nunc pro tunc. In so holding, the Court observed that there was no substantial 

evidence of record to support the Board’s conclusion that Cook could have

conducted his appeal from his hospital bed. The Court cited the seriousness of his 

cardiac issue, his inability to leave the hospital, and the fact that he did not have 

access to his notice of determination while hospitalized.

In the case sub judice, we must determine whether Claimant’s absence 

from his mailing address during the appeal period was attributable to his own non-
6

negligent conduct, as opposed to that of a third party. The Board analogizes this 

case to prior cases holding that a claimant’s failure to collect mail from his address 

of record does not justify a late appeal. See, e.g., Karmiev v. Unemployment 

Compensation Board of Review (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 1060 C.D. 2016, filed March 24, 

2017); Plut v. Unemployment Compensation Board of Review (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 

2283 C.D. 2007, filed October 14, 2008); Hanin v. Unemployment Compensation 

Board of Review, 377 A.2d 1062 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1977).

We are not persuaded by the Board’s reliance on the above cases. In 

each of those cases the claimant was absent from his mailing address for travel. The 

Court focused on what action, if any, the claimant took to ascertain the status of his 

claim while traveling. For example, in Hanin, the claimant testified that he did not 

know about the adverse determination sent to his Philadelphia address because he 

had been out of state for more than two months seeking employment. He argued 

that the Department of Labor and Industry should have known his whereabouts 

because he had sent it courtesy cards from cities he visited to keep his compensation 

claim open. In denying nunc pro tunc relief, this Court stated that “[a] claimant’s 

out of state search for employment will not, standing alone, justify hearing of an 

untimely appeal.” Hanin, 377 A.2d at 1064 (emphasis added). The Court 

emphasized that the claimant’s courtesy cards specifically directed the Department 

to send notices pertaining to his claim to his Philadelphia address, suggesting that 

the claimant was responsible for the misdirection.6 

 

6 The two unpublished decisions cited by the Board are similar to Hanin. In Plut, the claimant, a 

Canadian citizen, was in Brazil seeking employment during the appeal period and did not arrange 

to have his mail forwarded from his mailing address in Ontario. He discovered the notice upon 

his return home, but waited an additional three weeks to appeal, which he attributed to confusion 

about his appeal rights. This Court held that the claimant’s failure to collect mail from his address 

of record did not justify a late appeal, and his claim of confusion was contradicted by his own 
7

We agree with Claimant that his case is in line with the paradigm 

established in Cook, 671 A.2d 1130, where a nunc pro tunc appeal was allowed 

because of the appellant’s hospitalization for a serious medical condition. See also

B.B. v. Department of Public Welfare, 118 A.3d 482 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015).7 The 

Referee credited Claimant’s testimony in its entirety, including that he was admitted 

to the Livengrin Inpatient Residential Program during the appeal period and 

believed, based on prior experience, that there would be no problem with his 

unemployment application. 

The Board asserts that every claimant has a duty to have his mail 

forwarded when he is absent for any reason and for any duration from the mailing 

address given to the Department. We reject the Board’s assertion. Forwarding mail

is a step undertaken when one leaves home for an extended period of time, not for a 

vacation or hospitalization. There is no evidence to support the Referee’s statement 

that Claimant could have forwarded his mail to the Livengrin facility. There is no 

 

testimony. Similarly, in Karmiev, the claimant testified that he did not appeal on time because he 

was working away from home and did not make arrangements for anyone to check his mail. This 

Court held that because the claimant had control over the circumstances that caused his appeal to 

be late, he failed to demonstrate the type of extraordinary circumstances that warrant nunc pro 

tunc relief. 

 Both Plut and Karmiev involved claimants who failed to take any reasonable measures to 

ensure they were aware of the status of their unemployment claims while they were away from 

home. By contrast, as discussed above, Claimant’s absence from his mailing address was more 

akin to a medical emergency, and he did, in fact, attempt to contact the UC Service Center, albeit 

unsuccessfully. 

7

In B.B., 118 A.3d 482, counsel mailed an appeal of an indicated report of child abuse on 

November 21, 2013, which was three days late. Counsel testified that he filed the appeal late 

because he had emergency eye surgery, had to hang his head upside down for 40 minutes of every 

hour after the surgery, and did not return to work until the week of November 18, 2013. This 

Court held that the petitioner should have been allowed to appeal nunc pro tunc because counsel’s 

testimony was unchallenged and “was sufficient to raise the inference that he was unable to perfect 

[the] appeal due to non-negligent circumstances.” Id. at 486.
8

evidence to show that the U.S. Postal Service would have agreed to do so or even 

that the forwarding would not, in itself, cause a delay. Nor is there any evidence that 

the Livengrin facility, in turn, would distribute forwarded mail to patients. The 

Board simply made unfounded assumptions that Claimant could have forwarded his 

mail to Livengrin. In Cook, 671 A.2d 1130, the Supreme Court held that the Board 

erred in assuming that Cook could have conducted his appeal from his hospital bed

because there was no evidence to support this assumption. Likewise, here, the Board

has erred in its assumption that Claimant’s appeal could have been timely had he 

taken steps to have his mail forwarded to Livengrin. 

Claimant’s case is distinguishable from the cases cited by the Board for 

an additional reason. Claimant testified credibly that he attempted to contact the UC 

Service Center by phone but always got a busy signal.8 Claimant points out that his 

appeal period coincided with the height of a funding crisis at the Department of 

Labor and Industry that resulted in substantial staff reductions beginning in 

December 2016. Claimant’s credited testimony that he tried unsuccessfully to 

contact the UC Service Center by phone weighs in favor of granting nunc pro tunc

relief since it is evidence that Claimant acted reasonably to learn the status of his 

application but was unsuccessful due to no fault of his own.

In summary, Claimant’s absence from his mailing address during the 

appeal period was attributable to non-negligent conduct, i.e., his admission to an 

 

8 The Board argues that Claimant waived the issue of his unsuccessful attempts to contact the 

Service Center because he did not raise it in his appeal to the Board. The Board also argues that 

Claimant’s inability to speak with a Department representative is not what caused his appeal to be 

late; it was his negligence in not arranging for someone to check his mail. We reject the Board’s 

waiver argument. The issue before the Referee and the Board was the timeliness of Claimant’s 

appeal. Claimant’s inability to phone the Service Center is an argument in support of his position 

that his late appeal should be excused. Issues are waived; arguments are not.
9

inpatient drug treatment facility. We hold that the Board erred in denying Claimant’s 

request to appeal nunc pro tunc. Accordingly, we vacate the Board’s adjudication 

and remand this matter for further proceedings on Claimant’s application for 

benefits.

___________________________________

MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Sean L. Jenkins, :

Petitioner :

:

v. : No. 1352 C.D. 2017

:

Unemployment Compensation Board :

of Review, :

Respondent :

O R D E R

AND NOW, this 30th day of October, 2018, the order of the 

Unemployment Compensation Board of Review in the above-captioned matter, 

dated July 31, 2017, is VACATED, and the matter is REMANDED for further 

proceedings consistent with the accompanying opinion. 

Jurisdiction relinquished.

___________________________________

MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge