2013 IL App (1st) 121316

FIFTH DIVISION

DECEMBER 31, 2013

No. 1-12-1316

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.

)

v. ) No. 94 CR 26967 (03)

)

MITCHELL MORROW, ) Honorable

) Evelyn B. Clay,

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.

PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court.

Justices McBride and Taylor concurred in the judgment.

OPINION

¶ 1 Following a jury trial, defendant Mitchell Morrow was convicted of the August 28, 1994,

armed robbery and murder of Kazmierz Kosinski. After considering factors in aggravation and

mitigation, the trial court sentenced defendant to 60 years in the Illinois Department of

Corrections, to be served concurrently with a 20-year sentence for armed robbery. On direct

appeal, we reversed defendant’s armed robbery conviction, but we affirmed his conviction and

sentence for murder. People v. Morrow, No. 1-96-2592 (1999) (unpublished order pursuant to

Supreme Court Rule 23). Defendant next filed his first postconviction petition in which he raised

numerous claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel and trial court errors. The trial court

granted the State’s motion to dismiss, and we affirmed the dismissal on appeal. People v.

Morrow, No. 1-00-3878 (2003) (unpublished order pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 23).
No. 1-12-1316

¶ 2 Afterwards, defendant requested leave to file his second postconviction petition in which

he claimed for the first time that his appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel

when he failed to argue on direct appeal that defendant’s trial counsel ineffectively failed to

request a second-degree murder jury instruction. The trial court found that, although defendant

established cause to file a successive petition, he did not show prejudice to support his claim

because the evidence at trial did not support a finding of second-degree murder. As a result, the

trial court denied defendant leave to file a successive postconviction petition, and defendant now

appeals. On this appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred since he established both cause

and prejudice required to file a second postconviction petition. For the following reasons, we

affirm.

¶ 3 BACKGROUND

¶ 4 I. Trial

¶ 5 The State’s evidence at trial relied primarily on the prior statement and grand jury

testimony of Ramona Siler, an alleged eyewitness to the murder. Siler told detectives that she

was a prostitute and that defendant was her boyfriend and pimp. In August 1994, Siler was five

months pregnant with defendant’s child, and she had previously told him that he was the father.

On August 28, 1994, Siler was performing sex acts for Kazmierz Kosinski, the victim, in his

vehicle with another prostitute, Birandi Paschal, when Paschal reached for Kosinski’s wallet. A

fight ensued, and Siler called for the help of defendant and Alanda McComb, Paschal’s pimp,

both of whom were sitting in their vehicle nearby. McComb ran towards Kosinski’s vehicle and

punched him. McComb then instructed Siler and Paschal to exit Kosinski’s vehicle, and as the

2
No. 1-12-1316

two women ran away, defendant approached Kosinski, pulled out a gun, and shot him twice as he

sat in the driver’s seat. Defendant, Siler, Paschal, and McComb then returned to their own

vehicle and McComb drove away with Kosinski’s wallet. At some point, McComb hid the gun

under the hood of his vehicle, and the four equally split $160 in cash recovered from Kosinski’s

wallet.

¶ 6 Siler repeated essentially the same account of events in both her written statement to the

police and in her grand jury testimony. However, she recanted her story at trial, explaining that

she lied because she was addicted to heroin and that she wanted to go home as soon as possible

so that she would not suffer from withdrawal. Defendant testified in his own defense and claimed

that he did not shoot Kosinski and that he was not with Siler, Paschal, or McComb on the night

of the shooting. Defendant also claimed that Siler was no longer his prostitute in August 1994;

that they were no longer in a relationship; and that he was not the father of Siler’s child.

¶ 7 At opening argument, defendant’s counsel told the jury, “[Defendant] was not at the

scene of this crime, did not ask [Siler] to do anything to Kazmierz Kosinski, did not derive any

benefit from this crime, and is absolutely innocent of these charges.”

¶ 8 A. Autopsy, Ballistics, and Other Evidence

¶ 9 Forensic investigator Carl Brasic testified that, on August 28, 1994, he processed the

crime scene. There, Brasic observed Kazmierz Kosinski’s body in the driver’s seat of his vehicle,

which was parked on Leclaire Avenue near Blackhawk Park in Chicago. Both of the vehicle’s

front seats were reclined, and Brasic recovered a condom wrapper on the floor of the vehicle.

Brasic recovered three .25-caliber cartridge cases inside the vehicle. One cartridge case was

3
No. 1-12-1316

recovered on the floor of the front passenger seat, another was on the floor of the rear passenger

seat, and a third was found on the driver’s seat after Kosinski’s body was removed. No weapons

were recovered in the vehicle or on Kosinski’s person. Kosinski appeared to have a gunshot

wound on his left chest and right wrist, but his face did not appear to be injured. Brasic recovered

several palm prints on the outside of Kosinski’s vehicle.

¶ 10 Dr. Mitra Kalelkar testified that she performed the autopsy on Kosinski’s body. Prior to

the autopsy, Kalelkar observed a used condom inside Kosinski’s clothing, and a bullet on the cart

on which Kosinski’s body was laying. Kosinski did not have any bruises or injuries to his face,

but he had three apparent gunshot wounds to his body. Kosinski was shot once in the left chest

wall, and the bullet traveled to the right and down to his spinal cord, where the bullet was

recovered. Due to the path of the bullet, Kalelkar opined that the gun was positioned to the left

and slightly above the victim. Kosinski also sustained a gunshot wound to his right wrist, and the

bullet entered his inside palm and exited through the wrist. Kalelkar observed evidence that both

gunshots were contact wounds, meaning that the barrel of the gun was touching Kosinski’s skin

when it was fired. Kosinski had a third gunshot graze wound on his right hip, but there was no

evidence that the shot was fired from close range. A toxicology test revealed that Kosinski’s

blood alcohol level was twice the legal limit at the time of his death. Kalelkar opined that

Kosinski died as a result of multiple gunshot wounds, and that the manner of his death was a

homicide.

¶ 11 Police officer Richard Chenow, a ballistics expert, testified that he examined the three

cartridge cases recovered from the vehicle, but he could not determine whether they were fired

4
No. 1-12-1316

from the same gun. Also, he examined two bullets recovered from the crime scene, but they were

mutilated and unsuitable for comparison.

¶ 12 The parties stipulated that Victoria Psichalinos would testify that she is an expert

fingerprint examiner, and that she examined the palm prints recovered from the outside of

Kosinski’s vehicle. Psichalinos compared those prints to individual palm prints taken from

defendant, Siler, McComb, Paschal, and Kosinski, and she opined that they did not match the

prints recovered from the vehicle. 

¶ 13 The parties also stipulated that a pedestrian recovered Kosinski’s wallet and placed it in a

mailbox on August 28, 1994. Psichalinos examined three fingerprints recovered from inside the

wallet and opined that they did not match the individual fingerprint samples provided by

defendant, Siler, McComb, Paschal, or Kosinski.

¶ 14 B. Interview of Ramona Siler

¶ 15 Detective William Johnston testified that he investigated Kosinski’s murder, and that he

initially thought it was related to prostitution since the victim was found near Blackhawk Park, a

place known for prostitution, and a used condom was recovered inside Kosinski’s clothing. On

September 5, 1994, Johnston learned that a prostitute named Ramona “Tracy” Siler, who usually

worked nearby at the intersection of Dickens and Cicero Avenues, had not been observed for

several days following the murder. Police officers later observed Siler at 8:30 p.m. that evening

and arrested her on a bond forfeiture warrant.

¶ 16 Following her arrest, Siler was placed in an interview room at the 25th District police

station and Detective Johnston and his partner, Detective Stephen Gawrys, questioned her

5
No. 1-12-1316

concerning Kosinski’s murder. Siler initially told Johnston that she did not know anything about

Kosinski’s death, and that she needed to be released from custody so that she could attend to her

children, who were alone in a hotel room. Johnston did not release Siler and instead sent two

police officers to check on the children. The officers later telephoned Johnston from the hotel and

told him that Siler’s pimp, defendant, was alone in the hotel room, and that defendant stated that

Siler’s children did not live there. Johnston instructed the officers to ask defendant to accompany

them to the police station for an interview, and defendant arrived at the Area 5 police station later

that evening. Johnston identified defendant in court.

¶ 17 Johnston resumed the interview with Siler, and she received her Miranda warnings. This

time, Siler admitted that she did have information concerning the murder near Blackhawk Park.

On the night of the shooting, Siler was working “her corner,” which was the intersection of

Dickens and Cicero Avenues, with another prostitute named Birandi “Brittany” Paschal.

Defendant, Siler’s pimp, and Alanda “JR” McComb, Paschal’s pimp, were also present that

evening. 

¶ 18 Siler told Johnston that, at 2 a.m., a prior customer pulled up to Siler and motioned for

her to approach his vehicle. The customer told Siler that he wanted to hire two prostitutes that

evening, and he pointed to Paschal. Siler and Paschal both entered the customer’s vehicle, and he

drove to a location near Blackhawk Park. Defendant and McComb followed behind them in their

own vehicle and parked ahead of the customer.

¶ 19 After the customer parked his vehicle, Siler and Paschal performed sex acts on him. Siler

eventually stopped and told the customer that his “time was up,” but he reached into the vehicle’s

6
No. 1-12-1316

visor and handed Siler $10, and she resumed. Shortly thereafter, Paschal reached into the

customer’s pants for his wallet, and an argument ensued. The customer became physical with

Paschal and called her a “black bitch,” so Siler shouted for defendant and McComb to come help.

Defendant and McComb ran to the customer’s vehicle, and McComb punched him. Defendant

then pulled out a small, semiautomatic handgun and shot the customer twice. Siler observed the

muzzle of the gun flash, and she heard both shots.

¶ 20 After the shooting, Siler and Paschal returned to McComb and defendant’s vehicle, and

they drove away with the victim’s wallet. McComb handed the customer’s wallet to Paschal, 1

who then removed $160 in cash and divided it equally amongst the group before throwing the

wallet out the vehicle’s window. While they were in the vehicle, Siler observed the victim’s

blood on defendant’s shoes. At some point, they stopped and McComb hid the gun underneath

the hood of the vehicle, and they continued to drive away. 

¶ 21 Siler told Johnston that, at the time of the shooting, she had been using $40 of heroin per

day, and that defendant used $200 of heroin daily. Up until this point in the interview, Johnston

had not shown Siler any photographs of the crime scene or potential suspects.

¶ 22 Siler remained in police custody overnight following her interview. The next day,

Assistant State’s Attorney Myles Hahn arrived at the Area 5 police station and spoke with Siler.

Afterwards, Siler provided a written statement in the presence of Johnston and Hahn. Siler

 Johnston did not testify whether Siler identified who drove the vehicle or where they

1

drove.

7
No. 1-12-1316

remained in police custody a second night, and Johnston arranged to have her testify before the

grand jury the next day.

¶ 23 C. Ramona Siler’s Prior Statement

¶ 24 The parties stipulated that Assistant State’s Attorney (ASA) Myles Hahn would testify

that he interviewed Siler on September 6, 1994, and that he summarized what she told him in a

written statement. Siler’s prior statement was offered into evidence and published to the jury at

trial. In the statement, Siler stated that she received her Miranda warnings and that she

understood them. She then described the shooting that took place on August 28, 1994, and her

account was substantially similar to what she told Detective Johnston. Siler stated that she

worked as a prostitute at the time, and that defendant was her protector and pimp, as well as her

boyfriend of two years. At 2 a.m., she was standing at the corner of Dickens and Cicero Avenues

with another prostitute named Brittany, when a man drove up and propositioned them for sex.

Siler did not know the man’s name at the time, but she identified him as the victim, Kazmierz

Kosinski, in a Polaroid photograph, which she signed. Siler and Brittany accepted Kosinski’s

offer and they entered his vehicle. Kosinski then drove to Leclaire Street near Palmer Street, and

defendant and “JR,” a man that Brittany stayed with, followed. 

¶ 25 Siler stated that she and Brittany performed sexual acts for Kosinski for five minutes, at

the conclusion of which Kosinski negotiated Siler for extra time in exchange for more money. At

the same time, Brittany reached into Kosinski’s pocket, and he responded, “Stop that, black

bitch,” and hit Brittany on the side of her head. Siler then yelled to defendant and JR for help,

both of whom were sitting in their vehicle parked three parking spaces away. JR, the driver,

8
No. 1-12-1316

exited his vehicle and ran towards Kosinski and punched him as he sat in his vehicle. Defendant

then approached Kosinski, pulled out a gun, and shot him twice. Defendant, JR, Siler, and

Brittany returned to JR’s vehicle, and JR drove away. As they drove away, defendant told

Brittany to split up the money that she recovered from Kosinski’s wallet amongst the four of

them. Defendant then asked Siler if he had any blood on him, but Siler’s statement does not

include her response.

¶ 26 Siler’s statement concluded with an acknowledgement that she was treated well by ASA

Hahn and the police, and that she was not threatened in any way. Siler also stated that she was

not offered any promises in exchange for giving her statement, and that she was not under the

influence of any drugs or alcohol at the time. No corrections were made to the statement, and

Siler, Hahn, and Johnston signed each page.

¶ 27 D. Ramona Siler’s Grand Jury Testimony

¶ 28 ASA Ray Regner testified that he spoke with Siler concerning Kosinski’s murder, and she

agreed to testify before the grand jury on September 7, 2004. Regner testified that Siler was

coherent when he spoke with her, and that he did not offer her any promises in exchange for her

testimony. Specifically, Regner did not promise Siler that she could go home after she testified.

¶ 29 Siler’s grand jury testimony was also offered into evidence and published to the jury at

trial. Siler testified that defendant has been her boyfriend for four years, and that they have lived

together for the past two years. Siler made a living as a prostitute, and defendant was her

“protector,” meaning that if she ever fought with a man she was “dating,” then defendant would

9
No. 1-12-1316

“jump in” and help her. On the evening of September 6, 1994, Siler was at the intersection of 2

Dickens and Cicero Avenues with another woman that Siler knew only as “Brittany.” Defendant

was there that evening to protect Siler, and JR was there to protect Brittany. At 2 a.m., Siler

observed a blue vehicle that she had observed three times before, so she flagged it down. She

recognized the driver as Kazmierz Kosinski, the victim. Kosinski pulled over and Siler offered

him sex in exchange for money. Kosinski told her that he wanted the services of two women that

evening, and Brittany agreed to the offer. Siler and Brittany entered Kosinski’s vehicle and he

drove them to a location near Blackhawk Park. Siler observed that defendant had followed them

and was parked in front of Kosinski’s vehicle.

¶ 30 Siler testified that she and Brittany began to perform sex on Kosinski, and that Siler

stopped after six minutes and told him that he needed to pay her more money if he wanted her to

continue. Kosinski agreed and paid Siler, and he placed his wallet on the side of his seat. Brittany

then reached for his wallet, but Kosinski caught her. He grabbed Brittany’s hair, hit her head, and

called her a “black bitch.” At that point, Siler, Brittany, and Kosinski started fighting, but

defendant was too strong for the two women, so Siler exited the vehicle and called for defendant

to help by yelling his name and urging him to “come on.” JR ran to the vehicle, pulled Kosinski

halfway out of the vehicle, and punched him. JR then told Siler and Brittany to exit Kosinski’s

 ASA Regner testified that he mistakenly asked Siler about the events of September 6, 2

1994, instead of August 28, 1994, the actual date of the murder. However, Regner testified that

when he spoke with Siler prior to her grand jury testimony, they discussed the events that

occurred on the night of the murder, not September 6, 1994. Also, Siler was taken into custody at

the Area 5 police station on September 5, 1994, and released on September 7, 1994, after she

testified before the grand jury.

10
No. 1-12-1316

vehicle. Siler testified that she assumed JR was searching for Kosinski’s money since she thought

she heard JR say, “Give me the money,” though she was not sure. 

¶ 31 Siler testified that she and Brittany then ran to JR’s vehicle and passed defendant on their

way. Defendant had a gun in his hand and Siler urged him to “come on” and “get in the car.”

Siler had observed the gun before and knew that defendant was armed that evening; however,

Siler did not observe a weapon in Kosinski’s possession. Defendant continued running to

Kosinski’s vehicle, faced him, and shot him once. Siler and Brittany then entered JR’s vehicle

and Siler backed it up to pick up defendant and JR. As she was backing up, she heard a second

gunshot. Siler exited the vehicle to find out what happened, and she observed defendant and JR

running back towards their vehicle. Siler re-entered the vehicle and sat in the back seat with

defendant, and JR drove away. JR stopped the vehicle nearby on Palmer Street and hid the gun

under the hood, and then continued to drive away. Defendant asked Siler if she observed any

blood on him, and she responded that he had a little bit on his shirt. JR handed Kosinski’s wallet

to Brittany and, on his instructions, she removed the money and threw the wallet out the window.

Brittany handed the money to JR, and he handed $40 to defendant, who later used the money to

buy drugs. JR drove to North Avenue and Siler finished working that evening at that location.

¶ 32 Siler testified that she provided this information in a prior written statement to ASA Hahn

and Detective Johnston on September 6, 1994. Siler identified the statement and acknowledged

that she signed each page. The statement contained a true and accurate account of what happened

the night of the murder, and no threats or promises were made to Siler in exchange for her

statement. Siler was read her Miranda rights and she was treated well by the ASA and the police.

11
No. 1-12-1316

Siler also testified that she was not made any threats or promises in exchange for her grand jury

testimony, and that her testimony was true and accurate.

¶ 33 E. Ramona Siler’s Testimony at Trial

¶ 34 At trial, Ramona Siler testified that she is a 25-year-old high school dropout with seven

children. In August 1994, Siler worked as a prostitute and defendant was her pimp. Defendant

was also her boyfriend of nearly four years at that time, and they had lived together in a hotel for

two years. That month, Siler was pregnant with her sixth child, of whom defendant was the

father. Siler told defendant that he was the father of the child, the first and only child that they

had together. Siler testified that she and defendant used heroin every day, and that she would

typically spend over $50 to support her habit. Siler identified defendant in court.

¶ 35 Siler testified that she has been arrested for prostitution at least 30 times, and that she has

used eight false names. Siler typically performed sexual acts for customers in their vehicles,

while defendant would “protect” her, meaning that he would follow Siler and park nearby and

help her if she ever fought with a customer. In August 1994, Siler worked at the intersection of

Dickens and Cicero Avenues with another prostitute, Birandi “Brittany” Paschal, whom she

identified in court. Paschal’s boyfriend, Alanda “JR” McComb, was also Paschal’s pimp, and

would also protect Brittany when she was working.

¶ 36 Siler first testified that she was working as a prostitute at the intersection of Dickens and

Cicero Avenues during the early morning hours of August 28, 1994, but then stated that she did

not remember the exact dates when she was working. Siler then denied knowing who Kazmierz

12
No. 1-12-1316

Kosinski was, and testified that she was not with Kosinski, defendant, Paschal, and McComb on

the night of Kosinski’s death. 

¶ 37 Siler admitted that she provided a prior written statement to ASA Hahn and Detective

Johnston, and that she testified before the grand jury. The State asked Siler about a number of

specific statements she made in her prior written statement and grand jury testimony, and Siler

admitted to providing the statements. Siler acknowledged that she was treated well by both ASAs

and the police, and that she was never made any promises or threats in exchange for her written

statement and grand jury testimony.

¶ 38 On cross-examination, Siler testified that, at the time of the shooting, she had five

children from three different fathers, and that her heroin addiction was so strong that her first

priority was to become high before taking care of her children. Siler admitted that she used

heroin even though she knew that it could harm her unborn child. Siler was six months pregnant

with defendant’s child in August 1994, and defendant repeatedly told her that he was not the

father. Defendant has two other prostitutes, Gina and Rhonda. Like Siler, Rhonda has a child

with defendant as well as a tattoo of defendant’s nickname on her hand.

¶ 39 Siler also testified that she lied to the police because she was a heroin addict and she did

not want to suffer from withdrawal in jail. When Siler was arrested, she lied to the police that she

had five children alone in her hotel room because she thought that they would release her from

custody. Detective Johnston then interviewed Siler concerning Kosinski’s death, and Siler was

not released from custody even though she told him that she did not know anything about the

murder. Siler then made up a story based on the photographs that Johnston showed her, and she

13
No. 1-12-1316

implicated defendant and McComb, the only two pimps she knew, in the shooting. Siler was still

in custody when she testified before the grand jury, and she was going through heroin withdrawal

at the time. She admitted that she lied under oath because she thought she would be able to go

home and avoid a murder charge if she testified. Siler was in fact released without charges after

she testified before the grand jury. 

¶ 40 F. Defendant’s Testimony at Trial

¶ 41 Defendant testified in his own defense and denied shooting Kosinski. Defendant admitted

that he was Siler’s pimp and that she frequently worked at the intersection of Dickens and Cicero

Avenues. Defendant would sometimes follow Siler to protect her from other pimps, but he

denied being present the night Kosinski was murdered. Defendant explained that he was

previously in a relationship with Siler, but that he told her in August 1994 that he could not

support her once she became pregnant since her stomach was showing and she did not make

enough money. Defendant denied that he was the father of Siler’s child and noted that the child’s

skin color and hair texture was different from his own. However, Siler still told him that he was

the father. 

¶ 42 On cross-examination, defendant admitted that he was previously Siler’s pimp and

boyfriend, and that McComb was Paschal’s pimp. However, defendant denied working with

McComb, and he testified that he did not carry a gun. Defendant further denied that he was

Siler’s pimp and boyfriend in August 1994, and he stated that she no longer lived with him at

that time. Defendant admitted that he was addicted to heroin in August 1994. Defendant testified

that he had lied to the police and provided false names on several occasions. On September 5,

14
No. 1-12-1316

1994, two police officers arrived at defendant’s hotel room looking for Siler’s children, and

defendant voluntarily returned to the Area 5 police station with them. At the police station,

defendant spoke with Detectives Johnston and Gawrys concerning the shooting, but defendant

denied telling them that he had spent every night with Siler except the night of the shooting.

¶ 43 In rebuttal, the State called Detective Stephen Gawrys, who testified that when he asked

defendant where he was on the night of the shooting, defendant stated that he was with Siler

every other night except that one.

¶ 44 G. Closing, Conviction, and Sentence

¶ 45 At closing argument, the defense argued that Siler was not credible, and that defendant

was not present when Kosinski was shot and killed. The jury convicted defendant of murder and

armed robbery. Codefendant Birandi Paschal was also found guilty of murder and armed robbery

by a separate jury, but codefendant Alanda McComb was acquitted following a bench trial. After

considering factors in aggravation and mitigation, the trial court sentenced defendant to 60 years

in the Illinois Department of Corrections for murder, to be served concurrently with a 20-year

sentence for armed robbery.

¶ 46 II. Posttrial Proceedings

¶ 47 On direct appeal, defendant claimed that his convictions should be reversed because: (1)

the evidence was insufficient to convict him; (2) certain evidence was improperly admitted; (3)

the trial court erred in instructing the jury; and (4) his counsel provided ineffective assistance by

not objecting to the inadmissible evidence. On March 1, 1999, we reversed defendant’s armed

robbery conviction, but rejected defendant’s other claims. People v. Morrow, No. 1-96-2592

15
No. 1-12-1316

(1999) (unpublished order pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 23). Defendant was denied leave to

appeal on June 2, 1999. People v. Morrow, 184 Ill. 2d 567 (1999).

¶ 48 While defendant’s petition for leave to appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court was still

pending, defendant’s counsel filed his first postconviction petition on April 23, 1999. In his

petition, defendant claimed: (1) that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to

interview Siler before trial, investigate alibi witnesses, and object to improper evidence and

arguments; (2) that he was forced to be tried by a jury and to testify in his own defense; and (3)

that his sentence was excessive and improperly entered without a presentence investigation. The

trial court later granted the State’s motion to dismiss the petition, and we affirmed the dismissal

on appeal. People v. Morrow, No. 1-00-3878 (2003) (unpublished order pursuant to Supreme

Court Rule 23). 

¶ 49 On February 11, 2010, defendant filed a pro se habeas corpus petition, which was later

dismissed by the trial court, and we affirmed the dismissal on appeal. People v. Morrow, No. 1-

10-1243 (2012) (unpublished order pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 23). In February 2011,

defendant filed a petition for relief from judgment pursuant to section 2-1401 of the Code of

Civil Procedure. 735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2006). The trial court later dismissed the 2-1401

petition, and defendant appealed; however, the appellate record in this case does not reveal the

outcome of defendant’s prior appeal.

¶ 50 While defendant’s appeal of the dismissal of his pro se habeas petition was still pending,

defendant filed a motion for leave to file a successive pro se postconviction petition on

December 5, 2011. In his successive petition, defendant argued that his appellate counsel was

16
No. 1-12-1316

ineffective for not arguing on direct appeal that defendant’s trial counsel was ineffective for

failing to request second-degree murder instructions. Defendant explained that he filed his

original postconviction petition on April 23, 1999, while his petition for leave to appeal to the

Illinois Supreme Court was still pending, in order to comply with the statute of limitations under

the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1(c) (West 2006)), which required

petitions to be filed within the sooner of three years from conviction or six months after direct

appeal. As a result, defendant argued that he had cause to file a successive postconviction

petition since he had to file his first petition to comply with the Act and he did not discover his

appellate counsel’s ineffectiveness until his petition for leave to appeal was denied later on June

2, 1999. The trial court denied defendant leave to file a successive petition, finding that, although

defendant established cause to file his successive petition, he did not show prejudice since the

evidence did not support a finding of second-degree murder.

¶ 51 Defendant now appeals the denial of his leave to file a successive pro se postconviction

petition.

¶ 52 ANALYSIS

¶ 53 On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court improperly denied him leave to file a

successive pro se postconviction petition since he established both cause and prejudice.

Specifically, defendant argues that he demonstrated prejudice in his claim that his trial counsel

was ineffective for failing to request a second-degree murder instruction, and that his appellate

counsel ineffectively failed to raise this claim on direct appeal. In response, the State argues that

defendant did not establish prejudice since the evidence did not support a finding of second17
No. 1-12-1316

degree murder. However, we find that counsel’s decision not to request a second-degree murder

instruction was appropriate as a matter of trial strategy, and we affirm defendant’s conviction and

sentence as a result.

¶ 54 The Post-Conviction Hearing Act provides that “only one petition may be filed by a

petitioner under this Article without leave of the court.” 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2006). A

petitioner may be granted leave to file another postconviction petition “only if a petitioner

demonstrates cause for his or her failure to bring the claim in his or her initial postconviction

proceedings and prejudice results from that failure.” 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2006). “To

establish ‘cause,’ the defendant must show some objective factor external to the defense impeded

his ability to raise the claim in the initial postconviction proceeding.” People v. Coleman, 2013

IL 113307, ¶ 82 (citing People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 460 (2002)). “To establish

‘prejudice,’ the defendant must show the claimed constitutional error so infected his trial that the

resulting conviction violated due process.” Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 82 (citing Pitsonbarger,

205 Ill. 2d at 464). Our review of the trial court’s dismissal of defendant’s postconviction

petition is de novo. People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 247 (2001). De novo consideration means

we perform the same analysis that a trial judge would perform. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408

Ill. App. 3d 564, 578 (2011).

¶ 55 As an initial matter, we address defendant’s argument that our review is subject to a more

lenient consideration of cause and prejudice as set forth in People v. LaPointe, 365 Ill. App. 3d

914, 924 (2006). In that case, the Second District held that a section 122-1(f) motion “need state

only the gist of a meritorious claim of cause and prejudice.” LaPointe, 365 Ill. App. 3d at 924.

18
No. 1-12-1316

Although defendant points to Justice Burke’s dissent in People v. Evans, 2013 IL 113471, ¶¶ 23-

24, in support of his argument that there is a “split of authority in the appellate court” concerning

the applicable standard for a successive pro se postconviction petition, defendant has not cited

another decision that has accepted LaPointe’s “gist” standard. Moreover, Justice Burke noted in

Evans that LaPointe has been rejected in People v. Edwards, 2012 IL App (1st) 091651, ¶¶ 21-

22. Also, our supreme court recently rejected the argument that successive petitions should be

considered under the same first-stage “gist” standard as an initial postconviction petition. People

v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 25. As such, we decline to follow the more lenient standard set

forth in LaPointe.

¶ 56 Next, we consider defendant’s claim that he established prejudice sufficient to file a

successive petition because his trial counsel was ineffective for not requesting a second-degree

murder instruction at trial, and that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise this

claim on direct appeal. “ ‘The sixth and fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution

guarantee the fundamental right of a defendant in a criminal case to be effectively assisted by

counsel.’ ” People v. Young, 347 Ill. App. 3d 909, 927 (2004) (quoting People v. Spann, 332 Ill.

App. 3d 425, 429 (2002) (citing U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV)). A claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel is judged according to the two-prong, performance-prejudice test

established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d

504, 525 (1984); People v. Boyd, 363 Ill. App. 3d 1027, 1034 (2006). “To obtain relief under

Strickland, a defendant must prove [1] that defense counsel’s performance fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness and [2] that this substandard performance caused prejudice

19
No. 1-12-1316

by creating a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the trial result would have been

different.” Boyd, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 1034 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88. A defendant

must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of

counsel. People v. Flores, 153 Ill. 2d 264, 283 (1992). 

¶ 57 A person commits the offense of second-degree murder when he or she commits the

offense of first-degree murder, and he or she unreasonably believes at the time of the killing that

the circumstances are such that, if they existed, they would justify or exonerate the killing. 720

ILCS 5/9-2(a)(2) (West 2010). The statute “takes into account that human beings, in a heated

atmosphere, might reach conclusions which seem to them under the circumstances reasonable,

but which in the cold light of rational analysis are obviously unreasonable. It is the genius of our

law that while not condoning unreasonable behavior, it nevertheless recognizes and takes into

account that human beings may reach unreasonable beliefs, given the circumstances of the

moment and the conditions under which beliefs are formulated and drawn.” People v. Vaughn,

26 Ill. App. 3d 247, 255 (1975). Where there is even slight evidence in the record that, if believed

by the jury, would reduce the crime to a lesser-included offense, an instruction defining the lesser

offense should be given. People v. Upton, 230 Ill. App. 3d 365, 374 (1992) (citing People v.

Perry, 19 Ill. App. 3d 254, 257-58 (1974); People v. Stevenson, 196 Ill. App. 3d 225, 230 (1990);

People v. Willis, 170 Ill. App. 3d 638, 641 (1988)).

¶ 58 Defendant argues that his counsel was ineffective since the evidence at trial was sufficient

for a finding of second-degree murder. Siler testified at trial that, at the time of the shooting,

defendant was her pimp and “protector;” defendant was her boyfriend of four years and she lived

20
No. 1-12-1316

with him for two years; she was five months pregnant with defendant’s child; and she “loved”

defendant and his nickname was tattooed on her wrist. On August 28, 1994, Kosinski fought with

Siler and she called to defendant for help, and in response defendant ran to her defense and shot

Kosinski to protect the life of his girlfriend and unborn child. Defendant argues that, since

defendant unreasonably believed that he was justified in killing Kosinski, the evidence supports a

conviction of second-degree murder, and his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to request an

instruction.

¶ 59 However, even if we determine that there was sufficient evidence to support a seconddegree murder instruction, defense counsel may have concluded that a self-defense theory would

have been incompatible with the theory presented, since it would require defendant to admit to

the shootings. “[T]he decision of whether to submit an instruction on a lesser included offense is

typically considered to be one of trial strategy that has no bearing on the competency of counsel

because counsel could have reasonably believed that the instruction would have converted a

likely acquittal into a likely conviction of the lesser crime.” People v. White, 2011 IL App (1st)

092852, ¶ 70 (quoting People v. Cathey, 406 Ill. App. 3d 503, 512 (2010), rev’d on other

grounds, 2012 IL 111746). Here, defense counsel made the strategic decision to argue that the

State failed to prove its case, and although defendant’s trial counsel argument was ultimately

unsuccessful, that “does not mean counsel performed unreasonably and rendered ineffective

assistance.” People v. Walton, 378 Ill. App. 3d 580, 589 (2007). 

¶ 60 This case would be different if the defense counsel had conceded in his or her opening

that defendant had committed the murder. “ ‘Where defense counsel argues a theory of defense

21
No. 1-12-1316

but then fails to offer an instruction on that theory of defense, the failure cannot be called trial

strategy and is evidence of ineffective assistance of counsel.’ ” White, 2011 IL App (1st) 092852,

¶ 65 (quoting People v. Serrano, 286 Ill. App. 3d 485, 492 (1997)). When defense counsel

concedes that defendant is the murderer, then the only issues left for the jury to resolve at trial are

issues relating to affirmative defenses and second-degree murder. If counsel then fails to follow

through and fails to request the appropriate instructions, then this may be considered

ineffectiveness of counsel. People v. Lewis, 240 Ill. App. 3d 463, 469-70 (1992) (finding that

where trial counsel told the jury in closing, “ ‘You got an easy job on Nimrod. If it was justified,

you turn him loose, if it wasn’t, you convict him,’ ” trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

submit an instruction on justification or voluntary manslaughter).

¶ 61 However, that is not the case here. In the case at bar, the defense counsel contested the

fact that defendant was the murderer, from the opening remarks through cross-examination, and

right through to the closing. Defendant testified in his own defense that he did not shoot Kosinski

and that he was not even present during the commission of the offense. At that point, the decision

whether to request a second-degree instruction, and thus give the jury a compromise point short

of a full acquittal, became a part of the trial strategy. 

¶ 62 Although defendant argues now that he unreasonably believed he was justified in killing

Kosinski to protect his girlfriend and unborn child, at trial defendant testified that, in August

1994, he no longer lived with Siler and she was no longer his girlfriend, and he denied that he

was the father of Siler’s child. Since defendant himself denied that he was in a relationship with

Siler at the time of the shooting, defendant’s testimony does not support his theory for second22
No. 1-12-1316

degree murder and instead supports the conclusion that the decision not to request a seconddegree murder instruction was a matter of trial strategy.

¶ 63 We observe that the sentencing range for first-degree murder is 20 to 60 years (730 ILCS

5/5-4.5-20(a) (West 2012)), while the sentencing range for second-degree murder is 4 to 20 (730

ILCS 5/5-4.5-30(a) (West 2012)). Although one’s exposure under first-degree murder is greater,

it is possible to receive the same sentence whether one is convicted of first- or second-degree

murder. The ultimate sentence is left to the trial court’s discretion, which counsel may address at

sentencing by showing mitigating factors. People v. Haley, 2011 IL App (1st) 093585, ¶ 63. This

overlap in possible sentences is part of the reason why the decision whether to ask for a seconddegree murder instruction is usually considered part of the defense’s trial strategy. 

¶ 64 We conclude that defendant’s trial counsel did not render ineffective assistance because

the “record here establishes that defense counsel thoroughly investigated and prepared

defendant’s case and reasonably chose to argue defendant’s complete innocence in the shooting,

rather than a justification for it.” People v. Jones, 234 Ill. App. 3d 1082, 1098 (1992). In turn,

defendant’s appellate counsel was not ineffective in failing to raise the issue on direct appeal

since there was no merit to defendant’s claim. As a result, the trial court did not err in denying

defendant leave to file a successive postconviction petition since defendant did not establish

prejudice, and we affirm defendant’s conviction and sentence. Since we find that defendant did

not show prejudice, we need not consider whether he had cause to file his successive petition.

23
No. 1-12-1316

¶ 65 CONCLUSION

¶ 66 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm defendant’s conviction and sentence. 

¶ 67 Affirmed.

24