TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT: 

RESIDENTIAL DISHWASHERS, DEHUMIDIFIERS, AND COOKING PRODUCTS, 

CHAPTER 1 

CHAPTER 2 

CHAPTER 3 

CHAPTER 4 

CHAPTER 5 

CHAPTER 6 

CHAPTER 7 

CHAPTER 8 

CHAPTER 9 

CHAPTER 10 

CHAPTER 11 

CHAPTER 12 

CHAPTER 13 

CHAPTER 14 

AND COMMERCIAL CLOTHES WASHERS 

CHAPTERS 

INTRODUCTION 

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 

MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 

SCREENING ANALYSIS 

ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 

ENERGY AND WATER USE DETERMINATION 

MARKUPS FOR EQUIPMENT PRICE DETERMINATION 

LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSIS 

SHIPMENTS ANALYSIS 

NATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS 

LIFE-CYCLE COST SUB-GROUP ANALYSIS 

MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS 

UTILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS 

EMPLOYMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS 

REPORTS 

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR RESIDENTIAL DISHWASHERS, 

DEHUMIDIFIERS, AND COOKING PRODUCTS, AND COMMERCIAL CLOTHES 

WASHERS 

REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR RESIDENTIAL DISHWASHERS, 

DEHUMIDIFIERS, AND COOKING PRODUCTS, AND COMMERCIAL CLOTHES 

WASHERS 

APPENDICES 

APPENDIX 5A AHAM DATA SUBMITTAL 

APPENDIX 5B MANUFACTURER INTERVIEW GUIDES 

APPENDIX 5C THE LOW-VOLUME MANUFACTURER 

APPENDIX 6A COOKTOPS AND OVENS: DETERMINATION OF ENERGY-USING 

COMPONETNS 

APPENDIX 8A USER INSTRUCTIONS FOR LCC AND PBP SPREADSHEETS 

APPENDIX 8B UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY 

APPENDIX 8C HOUSEHOLD DISCOUNT RATE DISTRIBUTIONS 

APPENDIX 9A RELATIVE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR APPLIANCES 

APPENDIX 10A USER INSTRUCTION FOR SHIPMENTS AND NIA SPREADSHEETS 

APPENDIX 10B NATIONAL EQUIPMENT AND OPERATING COSTS 

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EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT: 

RESIDENTIAL DISHWASHERS, DEHUMIDIFIERS, AND COOKING PRODUCTS, 

AND COMMERCIAL CLOTHES WASHERS 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT ........................................................................... 1-1 

1.2 OVERVIEW OF STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL DISHWASHERS, 

DEHUMIDIFIERS, AND COOKING PRODUCTS, AND COMMERCIAL 

CLOTHES WASHERS............................................................................................. 1-1 

1.3 PROCESS FOR SETTING ENERGY CONERVATION STANDARDS ................. 1-2 

1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT...................................................................... 1-6 

CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 

2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 2-1 

2.2 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................... 2-3 

2.3 MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT................................................... 2-4 

2.3.1 Market Assessment .............................................................................................. 2-4 

2.3.2 Technology Assessment....................................................................................... 2-4 

2.4 SCREENING ANALYSIS........................................................................................ 2-5 

2.5 ENGINEERING ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 2-5 

2.5.1 Manufacturing Cost Assessment.......................................................................... 2-6 

2.6 ENERGY AND WATER USE DETERMINATION ................................................ 2-6 

2.7 MARKUPS FOR EQUIPMENT PRICE DETERMINATION .................................. 2-7 

2.8 LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSIS ................................ 2-7 

2.9 NATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS.......................................................................... 2-8 

2.9.1 National Energy Savings Analysis....................................................................... 2-9 

2.9.2 Net Present Value Analysis ................................................................................. 2-9 

2.9.3 Forecasted Efficiencies ...................................................................................... 2-10 

2.10 MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS............................................................ 2-10 

2.11 LIFE-CYCLE COST SUBGROUP ANALYSIS..................................................... 2-11 

2.12 UTILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 2-11 

2.13 EMPLOYMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS ................................................................. 2-12 

2.14 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT .................................................................... 2-12 

2.15 REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS.................................................................. 2-13 

CHAPTER 3. MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 

3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 3-1 

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3.2 PRODUCT DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................... 3-1 

3.3 PRODUCT CLASSES .............................................................................................. 3-2 

3.4 PRODUCT TEST PROCEDURES ........................................................................... 3-5 

3.5 MANUFACTURER TRADE GROUPS ................................................................... 3-6 

3.5.1 Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers.................................................. 3-6 

3.5.2 Coin Laundry Association ................................................................................... 3-6 

3.5.3 Multi-housing Laundry Association .................................................................... 3-7 

3.6 MANUFACTURER INFORMATION ..................................................................... 3-7 

3.6.1 Manufacturers and Market Shares ....................................................................... 3-7 

3.6.2 Mergers and Acquisitions .................................................................................. 3-14 

3.6.3 Small Business Impacts ..................................................................................... 3-16 

3.6.4 Distribution Channels ........................................................................................ 3-17 

3.7 REGULATORY PROGRAMS ............................................................................... 3-18 

3.7.1 Current Federal Energy Conservation Standards............................................... 3-18 

3.7.2 Energy Policy Act of 2005................................................................................. 3-19 

3.7.3 State Energy Conservation Standards ................................................................ 3-21 

3.7.4 Canadian Energy Conservation Standards......................................................... 3-22 

3.8 VOLUNTARY PROGRAMS ................................................................................. 3-24 

3.8.1 Consortium for Energy Efficiency..................................................................... 3-24 

3.8.2 Energy Star......................................................................................................... 3-25 

3.8.3 Federal Energy Management Program .............................................................. 3-26 

3.9 HISTORICAL SHIPMENTS .................................................................................. 3-27 

3.9.1 New Home Starts ............................................................................................... 3-27 

3.9.2 Unit Shipments................................................................................................... 3-28 

3.9.3 Value of Shipments............................................................................................ 3-30 

3.9.4 Imports and Exports........................................................................................... 3-31 

3.10 MARKET SATURATION ..................................................................................... 3-33 

3.11 PRODUCT RETAIL PRICES................................................................................. 3-34 

3.12 INDUSTRY COST STRUCTURE ......................................................................... 3-37 

3.13 INVENTORY LEVELS AND CAPACITY UTILIZATION RATES ..................... 3-39 

3.14 TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT ........................................................................... 3-40 

3.14.1 Product Operations and Components................................................................. 3-40 

3.14.1.1 Dishwashers ..................................................................................... 3-40 

3.14.1.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................. 3-42 

3.14.1.3 Cooking Products............................................................................. 3-43 

3.14.1.4 Commercial Clothes Washers.......................................................... 3-46 

3.14.2 Technology Options........................................................................................... 3-47 

3.14.2.1 Dishwashers ..................................................................................... 3-47 

3.14.2.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................. 3-54 

3.14.2.3 Cooking Products............................................................................. 3-63 

Commercial Clothes Washers............................................................................ 3-83 

3.14.3 Energy Efficiency .............................................................................................. 3-94 

3.14.3.1 Dishwashers ..................................................................................... 3-95 

3.14.3.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................. 3-95 

3.14.3.3 Cooking Products............................................................................. 3-97 

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3.14.3.4 Commercial Clothes Washers........................................................ 3-105 

CHAPTER 4. SCREENING ANALYSIS 

4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 4-1 

4.2 DISCUSSION OF DESIGN OPTIONS .................................................................... 4-1 

4.2.1 Screened-Out Design Options..............................................................................4-2 

4.2.1.1 Dishwashers ....................................................................................... 4-3 

4.2.1.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................... 4-4 

4.2.1.3 Cooking Products............................................................................... 4-4 

4.2.1.4 Commercial Clothes Washers............................................................ 4-8 

4.2.2 Remaining Design Options .................................................................................. 4-9 

4.2.2.1 Dishwashers ....................................................................................... 4-9 

4.2.2.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................. 4-10 

4.2.2.3 Cooking Products............................................................................. 4-10 

4.2.2.4 Commercial Clothes Washers.......................................................... 4-12 

CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 

5.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5-1 

5.2 TECHNOLOGIES UNABLE TO BE INCLUDED IN THE ANOPR 

ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 5-1 

5.3 PRODUCT CLASSES ANALYZED ........................................................................ 5-5 

5.4 EFFICIENCY LEVELS............................................................................................ 5-8 

5.4.1 Baseline Units ...................................................................................................... 5-8 

5.4.2 Incremental Efficiency Levels ........................................................................... 5-10 

5.5 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW ............................................................................ 5-15 

5.5.1 AHAM Data Request......................................................................................... 5-16 

5.5.2 Manufacturer Interviews.................................................................................... 5-16 

5.5.3 Product Teardowns ............................................................................................ 5-17 

5.5.3.1 Generation of Bill of Materials ........................................................ 5-18 

5.5.3.2 Cost Structure of the Spreadsheet Models ....................................... 5-18 

5.5.4 Review of Previous Technical Support Documents .......................................... 5-20 

5.5.5 Product Testing .................................................................................................. 5-20 

5.6 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ................................................................................. 5-20 

5.6.1 Dishwashers ....................................................................................................... 5-20 

5.6.1.1 AHAM Data..................................................................................... 5-20 

5.6.1.2 Product Testing ................................................................................ 5-23 

5.6.1.3 Product Teardown............................................................................ 5-30 

5.6.1.4 Manufacturer Interviews.................................................................. 5-38 

5.6.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................................... 5-41 

5.6.2.1 AHAM Data..................................................................................... 5-41 

5.6.2.2 Manufacturer Interviews.................................................................. 5-46 

5.6.2.3 Product Teardowns .......................................................................... 5-47 

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5.6.3 Cooking Products............................................................................................... 5-57 

5.6.3.1 AHAM Data..................................................................................... 5-57 

5.6.3.2 Review of Past TSDs ....................................................................... 5-63 

5.6.4 Commercial Clothes Washers............................................................................ 5-70 

5.6.4.1 AHAM Data..................................................................................... 5-70 

5.6.4.2 Manufacturer Interviews.................................................................. 5-72 

5.6.4.3 Review of Past TSD......................................................................... 5-79 

CHAPTER 6. ENERGY AND WATER USE DETERMINATION 

6.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 6-1 

6.2 DISHWASHERS ...................................................................................................... 6-1 

6.2.1 Per-Cycle Energy and Water Consumption by Efficiency Level ........................ 6-1 

6.2.2 Average Annual Energy and Water Consumption by Efficiency Level.............. 6-4 

6.2.3 Variability of Annual Energy and Water Consumption ...................................... 6-6 

6.3 DEHUMIDIFIERS ................................................................................................... 6-7 

6.3.1 Average Annual Usage ........................................................................................ 6-7 

6.3.2 Average Annual Energy Consumption ................................................................ 6-9 

6.3.3 Average Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level ............................. 6-10 

6.3.4 Variability of Annual Energy Consumption ...................................................... 6-12 

6.4 COOKING PRODUCTS ........................................................................................ 6-14 

6.4.1 Cooktops and Ovens .......................................................................................... 6-14 

6.4.1.1 Average Annual Energy Consumption ............................................ 6-14 

6.4.1.2 Annual Energy Consumption of Energy-Using Components.......... 6-18 

6.4.1.3 Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level .......................... 6-19 

6.4.1.4 Variability of Annual Energy Consumption .................................... 6-23 

6.4.2 Microwave Ovens .............................................................................................. 6-29 

6.4.2.1 Average Annual Energy Consumption ............................................ 6-29 

6.4.2.2 Annual Energy Consumption by Efficiency Level .......................... 6-31 

6.4.2.3 Variability of Annual Energy Consumption .................................... 6-32 

6.5 COMMERCIAL CLOTHES WASHERS ............................................................... 6-33 

6.5.1 Per-Cycle Energy and Water Consumption by Efficiency Level ...................... 6-33 

6.5.2 Average Annual Energy and Water Consumption by Efficiency Level............ 6-37 

6.5.3 Variability of Annual Energy and Water Consumption .................................... 6-40 

CHAPTER 7. MARKUPS FOR EQUIPMENT PRICE DETERMINATION 

7.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 7-1 

7.1.1 Distribution Channels .......................................................................................... 7-1 

7.1.1.1 Residential Products........................................................................... 7-1 

7.1.1.2 Commercial Clothes Washers............................................................ 7-1 

7.1.2 Markup Calculation Procedure ............................................................................ 7-2 

7.1.2.1 Approach for Manufacturer Markups ................................................ 7-3 

7.1.2.2 Approach for Retailer and Distributor Markups ................................ 7-3 

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EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
7.1.2.3 Overall Markup .................................................................................. 7-5 

7.2 MANUFACTURER MARKUPS .............................................................................. 7-6 

7.3 RETAILER MARKUP FOR RESIDENTIAL PRODUCTS ..................................... 7-7 

7.4 DISTRIBUTOR MARKUPS FOR COMMERCIAL CLOTHES WASHERS........... 7-8 

7.5 SALES TAXES ...................................................................................................... 7-10 

7.6 SUMMARY OF MARKUPS .................................................................................. 7-12 

CHAPTER 8. LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD ANALYSIS 

8.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 8-1 

8.1.1 General Approach for LCC and PBP Analysis.................................................... 8-1 

8.1.2 Overview of LCC and PBP Inputs....................................................................... 8-3 

8.2 LIFE-CYCLE COST INPUTS ................................................................................ 8-13 

8.2.1 Total Installed Cost Inputs ................................................................................. 8-13 

8.2.1.1 Dishwashers ..................................................................................... 8-15 

8.2.1.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................. 8-17 

8.2.1.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops ......................................................... 8-21 

8.2.1.4 Cooking Products – Ovens............................................................... 8-25 

8.2.1.5 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens ........................................... 8-29 

8.2.1.6 Commercial Clothes Washers.......................................................... 8-31 

8.2.2 Operating Cost Inputs ........................................................................................ 8-33 

8.2.2.1 Annual Energy and Water Consumption ......................................... 8-36 

8.2.2.2 Energy and Water Prices.................................................................. 8-42 

8.2.2.3 Energy and Water Price Trends ....................................................... 8-56 

8.2.2.4 Repair and Maintenance Costs......................................................... 8-59 

8.2.3 Product Lifetime ................................................................................................ 8-59 

8.2.3.1 Dishwashers ..................................................................................... 8-60 

8.2.3.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................. 8-60 

8.2.3.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens ....................................... 8-61 

8.2.3.4 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens ........................................... 8-62 

8.2.3.5 Commercial Clothes Washers.......................................................... 8-63 

8.2.4 Discount Rates ................................................................................................... 8-64 

8.2.4.1 Discount Rate for New Housing Equipment ................................... 8-65 

8.2.4.2 Discount Rate for Residential Replacement Equipment.................. 8-66 

8.2.4.3 Discount Rates for Commercial Clothes Washers........................... 8-69 

8.2.5 Effective Date of Standard................................................................................. 8-72 

8.2.6 Equipment Assignment for the Base Case......................................................... 8-72 

8.2.6.1 Dishwashers ..................................................................................... 8-73 

8.2.6.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................. 8-74 

8.2.6.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops ......................................................... 8-75 

8.2.6.4 Cooking Products – Ovens............................................................... 8-77 

8.2.6.5 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens ........................................... 8-79 

8.2.6.6 Commercial Clothes Washers.......................................................... 8-80 

8.3 PAYBACK PERIOD INPUTS ............................................................................... 8-81 

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8.4 LIFE-CYCLE COST AND PAYBACK PERIOD RESULTS ................................. 8-82 

8.4.1 Dishwashers ....................................................................................................... 8-83 

8.4.1.1 Base Case LCC Distributions .......................................................... 8-83 

8.4.1.2 Standard-Level Distributions of LCC Impacts ................................ 8-83 

8.4.1.3 Standard-Level PBP Distributions................................................... 8-84 

8.4.1.4 LCC and PBP Results ...................................................................... 8-85 

8.4.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................................... 8-88 

8.4.2.1 Base Case LCC Distributions .......................................................... 8-88 

8.4.2.2 Standard-Level Distributions of LCC Impacts ................................ 8-89 

8.4.2.3 Standard-Level PBP Distributions................................................... 8-90 

8.4.2.4 LCC and PBP Results ...................................................................... 8-91 

8.4.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops ........................................................................... 8-96 

8.4.3.1 Base Case LCC Distributions .......................................................... 8-96 

8.4.3.2 Standard-Level Distributions of LCC Impacts ................................ 8-98 

8.4.3.3 Standard-Level PBP Distributions................................................... 8-99 

8.4.3.4 LCC and PBP Results .................................................................... 8-100 

8.4.4 Cooking Products – Ovens............................................................................... 8-104 

8.4.4.1 Base Case LCC Distributions ........................................................ 8-104 

8.4.4.2 Standard-Level Distributions of LCC Impacts .............................. 8-106 

8.4.4.3 Standard-Level PBP Distributions................................................. 8-107 

8.4.4.4 LCC and PBP Results .................................................................... 8-108 

8.4.5 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens ........................................................... 8-114 

8.4.5.1 Base Case LCC Distributions ........................................................ 8-114 

8.4.5.2 Standard-Level Distributions of LCC Impacts .............................. 8-114 

8.4.5.3 Standard-Level PBP Distributions................................................. 8-115 

8.4.5.4 LCC and PBP Results .................................................................... 8-116 

8.4.6 Commercial Clothes Washers.......................................................................... 8-118 

8.4.6.1 Base Case LCC Distributions ........................................................ 8-118 

8.4.6.2 Standard-Level Distributions of LCC Impacts .............................. 8-119 

8.4.6.3 Standard-Level PBP Distributions................................................. 8-119 

8.4.6.4 LCC and PBP Results .................................................................... 8-120 

8.5 REBUTTABLE PAYBACK PERIOD .................................................................. 8-124 

8.5.1 Metric ............................................................................................................... 8-124 

8.5.1.1 Dishwashers ................................................................................... 8-124 

8.5.1.2 Dehumidifiers ................................................................................ 8-124 

8.5.1.3 Cooking Products........................................................................... 8-125 

8.5.1.4 Commercial Clothes Washers........................................................ 8-126 

8.5.2 Inputs................................................................................................................ 8-126 

8.5.3 Results.............................................................................................................. 8-126 

8.5.3.1 Dishwashers ................................................................................... 8-127 

8.5.3.2 Dehumidifiers ................................................................................ 8-127 

8.5.3.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops ....................................................... 8-128 

8.5.3.4 Cooking Products – Ovens............................................................. 8-128 

8.5.3.5 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens ......................................... 8-128 

8.5.3.6 Commercial Clothes Washers........................................................ 8-129 

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EE-2006-STD-0127 COMMENT 39.2
CHAPTER 9. SHIPMENTS ANALYSIS 

9.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 9-1 

9.2 SHIPMENTS MODEL METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 9-2 

9.3 DATA INPUTS AND MODEL CALIBRATION ..................................................... 9-4 

9.3.1 Dishwashers ......................................................................................................... 9-5 

9.3.1.1 Historical Shipments .......................................................................... 9-5 

9.3.1.2 Markets and Model Calibration ......................................................... 9-6 

9.3.1.3 Base Case Shipments ....................................................................... 9-10 

9.3.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................................... 9-12 

9.3.2.1 Historical Shipments ........................................................................ 9-12 

9.3.2.2 Markets and Model Calibration ....................................................... 9-13 

9.3.2.3 Base Case Shipments ....................................................................... 9-16 

9.3.3 Cooktops and Ovens .......................................................................................... 9-17 

9.3.3.1 Historical Shipments ........................................................................ 9-21 

9.3.3.2 Markets and Model Calibration ....................................................... 9-22 

9.3.3.3 Base Case Shipments ....................................................................... 9-27 

9.3.4 Microwave Ovens .............................................................................................. 9-30 

9.3.4.1 Historical Shipments ........................................................................ 9-30 

9.3.4.2 Markets and Model Calibration ....................................................... 9-30 

9.3.4.3 Base Case Shipments ....................................................................... 9-34 

9.3.5 Commercial Clothes Washers............................................................................ 9-35 

9.3.5.1 Historical Shipments ........................................................................ 9-36 

9.3.5.2 Markets and Model Calibration ....................................................... 9-38 

9.3.5.3 Base Case Shipments ....................................................................... 9-43 

9.4 PURCHASE PRICE, OPERATING COST, AND HOUSEHOLD INCOME 

IMPACTS ............................................................................................................... 9-45 

9.5 AFFECTED STOCK .............................................................................................. 9-47 

9.6 RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 9-48 

9.6.1 Dishwashers ....................................................................................................... 9-48 

9.6.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................................... 9-49 

9.6.3 Cooktops and Ovens .......................................................................................... 9-50 

9.6.4 Microwave Ovens .............................................................................................. 9-51 

9.6.5 Commercial Clothes Washers............................................................................ 9-52 

CHAPTER 10. NATIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS 

10.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 10-1 

10.2 BASE CASE AND STANDARDS CASE FORECASTED EFFICIENCIES .......... 10-2 

10.2.1 Dishwashers....................................................................................................... 10-3 

10.2.2 Dehumidifiers .................................................................................................... 10-5 

10.2.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens ......................................................... 10-7 

10.2.4 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens ........................................................... 10-11 

10.2.5 Commercial Clothes Washers.......................................................................... 10-11 

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10.3 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS ....................................................................... 10-12 

10.3.1 NES Definition................................................................................................. 10-12 

10.3.2 NES Inputs ....................................................................................................... 10-14 

10.3.2.1 Annual Energy Consumption per Unit .......................................... 10-14 

10.3.2.2 Shipments....................................................................................... 10-20 

10.3.2.3 Equipment Stock............................................................................ 10-20 

10.3.2.4 National Annual Energy Consumption.......................................... 10-20 

10.3.2.5 Energy Site-to-Source Conversion Factors.................................... 10-21 

10.4 NET PRESENT VALUE ...................................................................................... 10-22 

10.4.1 NPV Definition ................................................................................................ 10-22 

10.4.2 NPV Inputs.......................................................................................................10-23 

10.4.2.1 Total Installed Cost per Unit.......................................................... 10-24 

10.4.2.2 Annual Operating Cost Savings per Unit....................................... 10-28 

10.4.2.3 Total Annual Installed Cost Increases ........................................... 10-29 

10.4.2.4 Total Annual Operating Cost Savings ........................................... 10-29 

10.4.2.5 Discount Factors ............................................................................ 10-30 

10.4.2.6 Present Value of Costs ................................................................... 10-30 

10.4.2.7 Present Value of Savings ............................................................... 10-30 

10.5 NES AND NPV RESULTS .................................................................................. 10-31 

10.5.1 NES and NPV Input Summary ........................................................................ 10-31 

10.5.2 NES Results ..................................................................................................... 10-32 

10.5.2.1 Dishwashers ................................................................................... 10-32 

10.5.2.2 Dehumidifiers ................................................................................ 10-33 

10.5.2.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens ..................................... 10-34 

10.5.2.4 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens ......................................... 10-36 

10.5.2.5 Commercial Clothes Washers........................................................ 10-36 

10.5.3 Annual Costs and Savings ............................................................................... 10-37 

10.5.4 NPV Results..................................................................................................... 10-38 

10.5.4.1 Dishwashers ................................................................................... 10-38 

10.5.4.2 Dehumidifiers ................................................................................ 10-39 

10.5.4.3 Cooking Products – Cooktops and Ovens ..................................... 10-40 

10.5.4.4 Cooking Products – Microwave Ovens ......................................... 10-41 

10.5.4.5 Commercial Clothes Washers........................................................ 10-42 

CHAPTER 11. LIFE-CYCLE COST SUBGROUP ANALYSIS 

11.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 11-1 

11.2 PURCHASE PRICE IMPACTS.............................................................................. 11-1 

CHAPTER 12. PRELIMINARY MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS 

12.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 12-1 

12.2 METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................. 12-1 

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12.2.1 Phase I: Industry Profile.................................................................................... 12-2 

12.2.2 Phase II: Industry Cash-Flow Analysis and Interview Guide........................... 12-2 

12.2.2.1 Industry Cash-Flow Analysis........................................................... 12-2 

12.2.2.2 Interview Guide ............................................................................... 12-2 

12.2.3 Phase III: Sub-Group Analysis ......................................................................... 12-3 

12.2.3.1 Manufacturer Interviews .................................................................. 12-3 

12.2.3.2 Revised Industry Cash-Flow Analysis............................................. 12-3 

12.2.3.3 Manufacturer Sub-Group Analysis .................................................. 12-4 

12.2.3.4 Competitive Impact Assessment...................................................... 12-4 

12.2.3.5 Manufacturing Capacity Impact ...................................................... 12-4 

12.2.3.6 Employment Impact......................................................................... 12-4 

12.2.3.7 Cumulative Regulatory Burden ....................................................... 12-5 

12.3 PRELIMINARY MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS RESULTS .............. 12-5 

12.3.1 General Interview Structure ............................................................................... 12-5 

12.3.1.1 Key Issues ........................................................................................ 12-6 

12.3.1.2 Shipment Projections ....................................................................... 12-6 

12.3.1.3 Product Mix ..................................................................................... 12-6 

12.3.1.4 Profitability ...................................................................................... 12-7 

12.3.1.5 Conversion Costs, Manufacturing Capacity and Employment 

Levels ............................................................................................... 12-7 

12.3.1.6 Market Shares and Industry Consolidation...................................... 12-8 

12.3.1.7 Product Utility and Innovation.........................................................12-8 

12.3.1.8 Cumulative Burden .......................................................................... 12-8 

12.3.1.9 State Energy Conservation Standards .............................................. 12-9 

12.3.1.10 International Energy Conservation Standards ................................. 12-9 

12.3.1.11 Impact of Cumulative Burden on Small Manufacturers .................. 12-9 

12.3.2 Dishwasher Preliminary MIA Results ............................................................. 12-10 

12.3.2.1 Dishwasher Key Issues .................................................................. 12-10 

12.3.2.2 Dishwasher Product Mix................................................................ 12-10 

12.3.2.3 Dishwasher Profitability ................................................................ 12-11 

12.3.2.4 Dishwasher Conversion Costs ....................................................... 12-11 

12.3.2.5 Dishwasher Manufacturing Capacity and Employment Levels..... 12-12 

12.3.2.6 Dishwasher Market Share and Industry Consolidation ................. 12-13 

12.3.2.7 Dishwasher Product Utility and Innovation................................... 12-13 

12.3.2.8 Dishwasher Cumulative Burden .................................................... 12-13 

12.3.3 Dehumidifier Preliminary MIA Results...........................................................12-14 

12.3.3.1 Dehumidifier Key Issues................................................................ 12-14 

12.3.3.2 Dehumidifier Product Mix ............................................................. 12-14 

12.3.3.3 Dehumidifier Profitability.............................................................. 12-15 

12.3.3.4 Dehumidifier Conversion Costs..................................................... 12-15 

12.3.3.5 Dehumidifier Manufacturing Capacity and Employment Levels .. 12-17 

12.3.3.6 Dehumidifier Market Share and Industry Consolidation............... 12-17 

12.3.3.7 Dehumidifier Product Utility and Innovation ................................ 12-17 

12.3.3.8 Dehumidifier Cumulative Burden.................................................. 12-18 

12.3.4 Commercial Clothes Washer Preliminary MIA Results.................................. 12-18 

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12.3.4.1 Commercial Clothes Washer Key Issues....................................... 12-18 

12.3.4.2 Commercial Clothes Washer Product Mix .................................... 12-18 

12.3.4.3 Commercial Clothes Washer Customer Mix ................................. 12-19 

12.3.4.4 Commercial Clothes Washer Profitability ..................................... 12-19 

12.3.4.5 Commercial Clothes Washer Conversion Costs ............................ 12-19 

12.3.4.6 Commercial Clothes Washer Manufacturing Capacity and 

Employment Levels ....................................................................... 12-20 

12.3.4.7 Commercial Clothes Washer Market Share and Industry 

Consolidation ................................................................................. 12-20 

12.3.4.8 Commercial Clothes Washer Product Utility and Innovation ....... 12-21 

12.3.4.9 Commercial Clothes Washer Cumulative Burden......................... 12-22 

12.3.4.10 Commercial Clothes Washer State Energy Conservation 

Standards........................................................................................ 12-22 

12.3.4.11 Commercial Clothes Washer International Energy 

Conservation Standards ................................................................. 12-23 

12.3.4.12 Commercial Clothes Washer Impact on Small Manufacturers...... 12-24 

CHAPTER 13. UTILITY IMPACT ANALYSIS 

13.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 13-1 

13.2 METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................. 13-2 

13.3 RESULTS............................................................................................................... 13-3

CHAPTER 14. EMPLOYMENT IMPACT ANALYSIS 

14.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 14-1 

14.2 METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................. 14-1 

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED ENERGY 

CONSERVATION STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL DISHWASHERS, 

DEHUMIDIFIERS, AND COOKING PRODUCTS, AND COMMERCIAL 

CLOTHES WASHERS 

1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................EA-1 

2.0 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................EA-2 

3.0 RESULTS .....................................................................................................................EA-3

REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR PROPOSED ENERGY 

CONSERVATION STANDARDS FOR RESIDENTIAL DISHWASHERS, 

DEHUMIDIFIERS, AND COOKING PRODUCTS, AND COMMERCIAL 

CLOTHES WASHERS 

1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... RA-1 

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2.0 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................... RA-1 

APPENDIX 5A. AHAM DATA SUBMITTAL 

5A.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 5A-1 

5A.2 AHAM DISHWASHER DATA SUBMITTAL ..................................................... 5A-1 

5A.2.1 AHAM Dishwasher Shipments and Incremental Cost Data............................. 5A-1 

5A.2.2 AHAM Narrative on Dishwasher Standby Energy Consumption .................... 5A-3 

5A.3 AHAM DEHUMIDIFIER DATA SUBMITTAL ................................................... 5A-5 

5A.4 AHAM COMMERCIAL CLOTHES WASHER DATA SUBMITTAL ................. 5A-9 

APPENDIX 5B. MANUFACTURER INTERVIEW GUIDES 

5B.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 5B-1 

5B.2 DISHWASHER MANUFACTURER INTERVIEW GUIDE................................. 5B-1 

5B.3 DEHUMIDIFIER MANUFACTURER INTERVIEW GUIDE .............................. 5B-5 

5B.4 COMMERCIAL CLOTHES WASHER MANUFACTURER INTERVIEW

GUIDE .................................................................................................................. 5B-8 

APPENDIX 5C. THE LOW-VOLUME MANUFACTURER 

5C.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 5C-1 

5C.2 SEGMENT REVENUES ....................................................................................... 5C-1 

5C.3 SHIPMENT VOLUMES ....................................................................................... 5C-4 

APPENDIX 6A. COOKTOPS AND OVENS: DETERMINATION OF ENERGYUSING COMPONENTS 

6A.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 6A-1 

6A.2 METHODOLOGY FOR DISAGGREGATING ELECTRIC RANGE 

ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION................................................................. 6A-1 

6A.3 METHODOLOGY FOR ESTABLISHING GAS COOKING ENERGYUSING COMPONENTS ....................................................................................... 6A-4 

APPENDIX 8A. USER INSTRUCTIONS FOR LCC AND PBP SPREADSHEETS 

8A.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 8A-1 

8A.1.1 Dishwashers ...................................................................................................... 8A-1 

8A.1.2 Dehumidifiers ................................................................................................... 8A-2 

8A.1.3 Cooking Products.............................................................................................. 8A-3 

8A.1.3.1 Cooktops ......................................................................................... 8A-3 

8A.1.3.2 Ovens .............................................................................................. 8A-3 

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8A.1.3.3 Microwave Ovens ........................................................................... 8A-4 

8A.1.4 Commercial Clothes Washers........................................................................... 8A-5 

8A.2 BASIC INSTRUCTIONS ...................................................................................... 8A-6 

APPENDIX 8B. UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY 

8B.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 8B-1 

8B.2 UNCERTAINTY ................................................................................................... 8B-1 

8B.3 VARIABILITY...................................................................................................... 8B-1 

8B.4 APPROACHES TO UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY ............................... 8B-2 

8B.5 PROBABILITY ANALYSIS AND THE USE OF CRYSTAL BALL ................... 8B-2 

APPENDIX 8C. HOUSEHOLD DISCOUNT RATE DISTRIBUTIONS 

8C.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 8C-1 

8C.2 DISTRIBUTION OF REAL INTEREST RATES FOR CONSUMER DEBT 

CLASSES INCLUDING MORTGAGES .............................................................. 8C-1 

8C.3 DISTRIBUTION OF REAL INTEREST RATES FOR FINANCIAL ASSETS .... 8C-2 

APPENDIX 9A. RELATIVE PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND FOR 

APPLIANCES 

9A.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 9A-1 

9A.2 LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................... 9A-1 

9A.2.1 Price .................................................................................................................. 9A-1 

9A.2.2 Income............................................................................................................... 9A-1 

9A.2.3 Appliance Efficiency and Discount Rates ........................................................ 9A-2 

9A.3 VARIABLES DESCRIBING THE MARKET FOR REFRIGERATORS,

CLOTHES WASHERS, AND DISHWASHERS................................................... 9A-2 

9A.3.4 Physical Household/Appliance Variables......................................................... 9A-3 

9A.3.5 Economic variables........................................................................................... 9A-3 

9A.4 REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF VARIABLES AFFECTING APPLIANCE 

SHIPMENTS ......................................................................................................... 9A-4 

9A.4.1 Broad Trends..................................................................................................... 9A-5 

9A.4.2 Model Specification .......................................................................................... 9A-7 

9A.4.3 Model Discussion.............................................................................................. 9A-8 

9A.4.4 Analysis Results................................................................................................ 9A-8 

9A.4.4.1 Individual Appliance Model ........................................................... 9A-8 

9A.4.4.2 Combined Appliance Model ........................................................... 9A-9 

9A.4.5 Additional Regression Specifications and Results ......................................... 9A-10 

9A.4.5.1 Lower Consumer Discount Rate................................................... 9A-10 

9A.4.5.2 Disaggregated Variables ............................................................... 9A-10 

9A.5 LONG RUN IMPACTS ....................................................................................... 9A-11 

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9A.6 SUMMARY......................................................................................................... 9A-12 

9A.7 DATA USED IN THE ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 9A-13 

APPENDIX 10A. USER INSTRUCTIONS FOR SHIPMENTS AND NIA 

SPREADSHEETS 

10A.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 10A-1

10A.1.1 Dishwashers .............................................................................................. 10A-1 

10A.1.2 Dehumidifiers ........................................................................................... 10A-2 

10A.1.3 Cooking Products...................................................................................... 10A-3 

10A.1.3.1 Cooktops and Ovens ..................................................................... 10A-3 

10A.1.3.2 Microwave Ovens ......................................................................... 10A-5 

10A.1.4 Commercial Clothes Washers................................................................... 10A-6 

10A.2 BASIC INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................... 10A-7

APPENDIX 10B. NATIONAL EQUIPMENT AND OPERATING COSTS 

10B.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 10B-1

10B.2 RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 10B-2

10B.2.1 Dishwashers .............................................................................................. 10B-2 

10B.2.2 Dehumidifiers ........................................................................................... 10B-4 

10B.2.3 Cooking Products...................................................................................... 10B-7 

10B.2.3.1 Cooktops ....................................................................................... 10B-7 

10B.2.3.2 Ovens ............................................................................................ 10B-9 

10B.2.3.3 Microwave Ovens ....................................................................... 10B-14 

10B.2.4 Commercial Clothes Washers................................................................. 10B-15 

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