20-4278-cr

United States v. Constantine

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

2 held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 30th 3 day of March, two thousand twenty-two.

4

5 PRESENT:

1 JOHN M. WALKER, JR.,

2 PIERRE N. LEVAL,

3 MICHAEL H. PARK,

4 Circuit Judges.

1 _______________________________________

2

3 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

4

5 Appellee,

6

7 v. 20-4278

8

9 TOMMY C. CONSTANTINE, 

10 AKA TOMMY C. HORMOVITIS,

11

12 Defendant-Appellant.*

13 ________________________________________

14

15 FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: CHRISTOPHER D. MAN (Abbe David Lowell, 

16 Kyllan J. Gilmore, on the brief), Winston & 

17 Strawn LLP, Washington, D.C.

18

19 FOR APPELLEE: SARITHA KOMATIREDDY (Amy Busa, J. 

20 Matthew Haggans, on the brief), for

21 Jacquelyn M. Kasulis, Acting United States 

22 Attorney for the Eastern District of New 

23 York, Brooklyn, NY. 

* The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the captain as set forth above.
2

1 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New 

2 York (Bianco, J.).

3 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

4 DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

5 Defendant Tommy C. Constantine appeals his conviction for offenses related to his 

6 participation in several fraudulent schemes. Constantine, together with co-defendant Phillip 

7 Kenner, represented to victims that their investment funds would be used for real estate 

8 investments in Hawaii (“Hawaii Project”), to purchase stock in a company founded by Constantine 

9 called Eufora, and for investment-related litigation (“Global Settlement Fund”). Instead, 

10 Constantine and Kenner used millions of dollars from these funds for their personal benefit. A 

11 jury convicted Constantine on one count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1349, 

12 five counts of wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. § 1343, and one count of conspiracy to commit money 

13 laundering, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h). 

14 Constantine moved for a new trial based on ineffective assistance of counsel, and in a 

15 footnote of a supplemental letter, he expressed uncertainty as to whether the government disclosed 

16 some of Kenner’s text messages and asserted that he would file a Brady motion if they were in fact 

17 not included in the government’s pretrial disclosures. The district court denied the ineffective 

18 assistance motion and found that Constantine failed to make a showing that there was a discovery 

19 violation. Constantine then filed a Brady motion arguing that the government failed to turn over

thousands of Kenner’s text messages containing material exculpatory evidence.1 20 

1 After Kenner’s phone and laptop were seized by law enforcement, they were first examined by a 

privilege review team to ensure that evidence in which Kenner had a privilege was not shown to the 

prosecution team or others. Kenner received a complete copy of the contents of the devices, but a complete 

copy was never produced to the prosecution team or Constantine because the devices were thought to 
3

21 The district court denied Constantine’s Brady challenge at his sentencing hearing, 

22 concluding that “there was no realistic possibility that [the text messages] would have had an 

23 impact on any of the counts of conviction as relates to Mr. Constantine.” Special App’x at 23. 

24 Constantine timely appealed. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the 

25 procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

26 “Where a defendant’s Brady claim was raised in a motion for new trial pursuant to Rule 33 

27 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, we review the denial of the motion for abuse of 

28 discretion.” United States v. Douglas, 525 F.3d 225, 245 (2d Cir. 2008) (cleaned up). “An 

29 appellant seeking a new trial on the basis of an alleged Brady violation bears the burden of 

30 demonstrating both that the Government suppressed exculpatory information and that this 

31 information was material.” United States v. Brunshtein, 344 F.3d 91, 101 (2d Cir. 2003). When 

32 determining the materiality of the undisclosed information in question, “we examine the record de 

33 novo” but give “[t]he trial judge’s assessment of the effect of nondisclosure . . . great weight.” 

34 United States v. Rowland, 826 F.3d 100, 112 (2d Cir. 2016) (cleaned up). 

35 We reject Constantine’s arguments. First, Constantine has not demonstrated a basis for 

36 asserting a Brady entitlement to a new trial. Constantine should have been aware that there were

37 messages that had not been turned over to him because Kenner used some of the messages as 

evidence at trial.2 38 Nevertheless, Constantine never made any effort to obtain these messages until 

contain documents subject to Kenner’s attorney-client privilege. The independent privilege review team 

identified privileged materials, and after the review was completed, sent the materials identified as nonprivileged to Constantine and the prosecution team. It appears, however, that a large number of nonprivileged messages of Kenner were not delivered to Constantine.

2 While it is correct that the government, after seizing Kenner’s phone and laptop pursuant to a 

search warrant, did not turn over to Constantine large portions of Kenner’s text messages, there is no 

evidence that this failure was attributable to bad faith or any effort to conceal material that would be helpful 
4

39 more than four years after trial. Constantine argues that he had “no way of knowing how widely 

40 Kenner communicated by text.” Appellant’s Br. 23. It makes no difference that Constantine did

41 not know how many messages Kenner had sent. He should have known that there were messages 

42 seized by the government that had not been produced. Furthermore, the evidence showed that he 

43 knew Kenner was in frequent contact with the victims of their frauds. We conclude that 

44 Constantine “knew or should have known of the essential facts permitting him to take advantage 

45 of any exculpatory evidence.” United States v. LeRoy, 687 F.2d 610, 618 (2d Cir. 1982) (citations 

46 omitted). For these reasons, the undisclosed text messages were not suppressed under the 

47 precedents governing Brady claims. See, e.g., United States v. Zackson, 6 F.3d 911, 919 (2d Cir. 

48 1993) (no Brady suppression when defendant “had sufficient access to the essential facts enabling 

49 him to take advantage of any exculpatory material that may have been available”). 

50 Second, Constantine has failed to make any showing that the undisclosed text messages 

51 would have been helpful to his case, much less that they would have been helpful enough to change 

the jury’s verdict. Because Constantine argues that unidentified text messages are material,3 52 he 

53 must “first establish[] a basis for his claim that [the unidentified material] contains material 

54 evidence.” Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 58 n.15 (1987) (citing United States v. 

55 Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. 858, 867 (1982)); United States v. Walsh, 774 F. App’x 706, 707 (2d 

56 Cir. 2019) (defendant’s “mere speculation that some exculpatory or impeachment material may 

to Constantine, or that it was attributable to anything other than confusion from the effort by a privilege 

review team to identify and insulate documents in which Kenner might have a privilege.

3 The government states that a digital copy of Kenner’s phone, including his text messages, are in 

the FBI’s possession. It appears, however, that the prosecution team has never had possession of these

text messages and has thus failed to produce a copy to Constantine or the district court post-trial. Thus, 

neither has been able to review the contents of the text messages. We note, however, that the prosecution 

team’s Brady obligation is ongoing. See Leka v. Portuondo, 257 F.3d 89, 100 (2d Cir. 2001). 
5

57 have been withheld” insufficient to demonstrate Brady violation). When a conviction is attacked 

58 after the fact in an effort to set it aside, “undisclosed evidence will be deemed material only if it 

59 could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence 

60 in the verdict.” United States v. Payne, 63 F.3d 1200, 1209 (2d Cir. 1995) (cleaned up). 

61 Constantine has failed to articulate a plausible basis for his claim that these messages are material.

62 Constantine argues that these unidentified text messages would show that Kenner, without 

63 Constantine’s knowledge, made representations to victims about how the investment funds would 

64 be used. He also argues that the text messages could have supported his theory that he believed 

65 that the money he received came from legitimate sales of his stock in Eufora, so that he was free 

66 to spend the money as he wished. Finally, he argues that the text messages Kenner used at trial 

67 and attached to his post-trial filings support the likelihood that the rest of Kenner’s text messages 

68 must contain material evidence. We reject these arguments.

69 Constantine’s argument as to his lack of direct involvement is consistent with the evidence

70 the government presented at trial. Throughout the trial, the government showed that Kenner was 

71 the primary contact dealing with defrauded victims. Several investors testified that they were 

72 unaware of Constantine’s involvement with the Hawaii Project, and others testified that Kenner, 

73 not Constantine, convinced them to invest in Eufora. A further showing that fraudulent 

74 representations were made by Kenner would not have changed the picture presented to the jury by 

75 the government’s evidence.

76 The government also presented substantial evidence of Constantine’s involvement in, and 

77 awareness of, the fraudulent schemes. See United States v. Orena, 145 F.3d 551, 558 (2d Cir. 

78 1998) (“Where substantial evidence of guilt entirely unrelated to the withheld impeachment 

79 evidence exists, it will be more difficult to argue that there is a reasonable probability that the 
6

80 withheld evidence, if disclosed, would have resulted in a different verdict.”). For example, the 

81 government demonstrated through bank records, a handwriting expert, and the testimony of a non82 victim witness that Constantine diverted $1 million from funds invested in the Hawaii Project to 

83 himself and concealed the fraud through sham consulting agreements that had been backdated and 

84 contained forged signatures. 

85 With respect to Constantine’s awareness of the false representations made to victims of the 

86 Eufora scheme, the government relied on a recorded conversation between Constantine and 

87 Kenner in which Constantine acknowledges his involvement in defrauding Eufora investors.

88 Evidence reconfirming that the stock belonged to Constantine would not have tended to rebut the 

89 government’s proof of Constantine’s fraud.

90 Furthermore, as for some of the fraudulent representations, it was Constantine who made 

91 them to the victims, not Kenner. For example, Constantine personally solicited a victim named 

92 Nicholas Privitello for an investment in Eufora. Constantine induced Privitello to send $200,000 

93 by wire in exchange for the promise of a 1.5% interest in the stock of Eufora, which stock

94 Constantine had no intention to deliver and did not deliver. Constantine’s arguments that the 

95 undisclosed texts would have shown his entitlement to use the proceeds of the sale of his stock in 

96 Eufora are irrelevant in rebutting the evidence that he made fraudulent representations. 

97 Constantine also took the lead in soliciting victims for the Global Settlement Fund scheme, and 

98 the government proved through bank records, business records, witness testimony, and text 

99 messages that Constantine made misrepresentations to victims about what their investments would 

100 be used for and spent the funds on personal expenses such as legal fees, rent, and automobile work. 

101 Finally, the text messages that have been identified are neither exculpatory nor impeaching. 

102 At best, one of Kenner’s text conversations contradicts victim Jay McKee’s testimony that he did 
7

103 not recall, prior to investing in the Global Settlement Fund, that his investment would be spent on 

104 certain assets. We agree with the district court that this text conversation was “completely 

105 insignificant” because McKee was not told that those assets were essentially worthless, nor was 

106 he told that the funds would be used for Constantine and Kenner’s personal expenses. Special 

107 App’x at 25–26.

108 For the above reasons, we discern no abuse of discretion in the court’s denial of

Constantine’s motion for a new trial.4 109

110 We affirm the district court’s ruling as to Constantine’s ineffective assistance of counsel 

111 claim as it relates to the identified text messages, which are not material and thus cannot establish 

112 prejudice. We do not otherwise rule on this claim because we lack an adequate factual record. 

113 Considering the messages that had been disclosed, the district court ruled that Constantine suffered 

114 no prejudice from his counsel’s failure to obtain them before trial because there was no likelihood 

115 they would have changed the jury’s verdict. Because Constantine failed to raise the issue of the 

116 undisclosed text messages until more than four years after trial, however, the district court was 

117 reasonably unwilling to postpone sentencing for the time needed for a full record to be assembled

118 on that question. The district court therefore ruled that Constantine would not be precluded from 

119 raising the issue in a collateral attack under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. 

120 As Constantine’s ineffective assistance claim on this appeal is limited to the issues 

121 presented by the undisclosed text messages, we decline to evaluate the claim on this record. Our 

122 ruling is without prejudice to Constantine asserting such a claim in a future motion under 28 U.S.C. 

123 § 2255, as the district court contemplated. See United States v. Fiseku, 915 F.3d 863, 874 (2d Cir. 

4 For the same reasons we reject Constantine’s Brady challenge, we reject his argument in the 

alternative to compel production of the text messages and to remand for an assessment of their materiality. 
8

124 2018).

125 We have considered the remainder of Constantine’s arguments and find them to be without 

merit.5 126 Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

127 FOR THE COURT: 

128 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

5 We reject Constantine’s challenge based on an alleged violation of his rights under California v. 

Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479 (1984), because that right is implicated only when the government permanently 

loses potentially exculpatory evidence. See id. at 486–87. Here, Kenner’s phone, laptop, and the 

electronic files generated from the devices when they were originally searched remain in FBI custody.