No. 04-14-00796-CV 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE

FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 

______________ 

LOCKHILL VENTURES, LLC,

APPELLANT, 

V. 

ARD MOR, INC.; ARDMOR PROPERTIES, LP; & TEXAS ARDMOR 

MANAGEMENT, LLC, 

APPELLEES.

______________ 

ON INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL FROM CAUSE NO. 2014-CI-10796, IN THE 407TH JUDICIAL 

DISTRICT COURT IN BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS

THE HON. RICHARD PRICE (SITTING BY ASSIGNMENT) 

 

APPELLANT’S BRIEF ON THE MERITS 

 

Lance H. “Luke” Beshara

Texas State Bar No. 24045492

lbeshara@pulmanlaw.com

Randall A. Pulman

Texas State Bar No. 16393250

rpulman@pulmanlaw.com

Brandon L. Grubbs

Texas State Bar No. 24072130

bgrubbs@pulmanlaw.com

PULMAN, CAPPUCCIO, 

PULLEN, BENSON & JONES, LLP

2161 N.W. Military Hwy., Suite 400

San Antonio, Texas 78213

(210) 222-9494 Telephone

(210) 892-1610 Facsimile

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

ACCEPTED

04-14-00796-CV

FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

1/30/2015 11:47:00 PM

KEITH HOTTLE

CLERK

 FILED IN 4th COURT OF APPEALS SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 01/30/2015 11:47:00 PM KEITH E. HOTTLE Clerk
PARTIES AND COUNSEL

Parties: Counsel of Record:

Lockhill Ventures, LLC Randall A. Pulman

Texas State Bar No. 16393250

rpulman@pulmanlaw.com

Lance H. “Luke” Beshara

Texas State Bar No. 24045492

lbeshara@pulmanlaw.com

PULMAN, CAPPUCCIO,

PULLEN, BENSON & JONES, LLP

2161 N.W. Military Hwy., Suite 400

San Antonio, Texas 78213

(210) 222-9494 Telephone

(210) 892-1610 Facsimile

Ard Mor, Inc.

Ardmor Properties, LP

Texas Ardmor Management, LLC

Jay K. Farwell

Texas State Bar No. 00784038

jayfarwell@cbylaw.com

Karen L. Landinger

Texas State Bar No. 00787873

klandinger@cbylaw.com

COKINSO, BOSIEN & YOUNG

10999 West IH-10, Suite 800

San Antonio, Texas 78230

(210) 293-8700 Telephone

(210) 293-8733 Facsimile

i
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Parties and Counsel ....................................................................................................i

Table of Contents...................................................................................................... ii

Index of Authorities .................................................................................................iv

Statement of Jurisdiction ..........................................................................................vi

Statement of Case ................................................................................................... vii

Oral Argument Statement ........................................................................................ix

Issues Presented... ......................................................................................................x

Statement of Facts......................................................................................................1

Summary of Argument ..............................................................................................5

Standard of Review....................................................................................................6

Argument....................................................................................................................7

A. General Grounds for Temporary Injunction...............................................7

B. Standing .....................................................................................................9

C. Interpretation of Restrictive Covenants...................................................12

D. Constitutional Violations.........................................................................15

Prayer................ ..................................................................................................16

Certification................. .......................................................................................18

Certificate of Compliance ........................................................................................18

Certificate of Service ...............................................................................................19

ii
Appendix....................................................................................................... Attached

iii
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Cases

Ctr. for Econ. Justice v. Am. Ins. Ass’n,

39 S.W.3d 337 (Tex. App. – Austin 2001, no pet.).................................................16

City of San Antonio v. Headwaters Coalition, Inc.,

381 S.W.3d 543 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2012, pet. denied)......................... 6-7, 9

City of Shavano Park v. Ard Mor, Inc.;

Case No. 04-14-00781-CV;

in the Fourth Court of Appeals for the State of Texas........................................... viii

J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster,

128 S.W.3d 223 (Tex. 2003)....................................................................................12

Kinney v. Barnes,

443 S.W.3d 87 (Tex. 2014)......................................................................................15

Metra United Escalante, L.P. v. Lynd Co.,

158 S.W.3d 535 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2004, no pet.)......................................16

Munson v. Milton,

948 S.W.2d 813 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 1997, pet. denied).................................8

Reilly v. Rangers Mgmt., Inc.,

727 S.W.2d 527 (Tex. 1987)....................................................................................13

Ski Masters of Tex., LLC v. Heinemeyer,

269 S.W.3d 662 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2008, no pet.)............................7, 10, 12

Wilmoth v. Wilcox,

734 S.W.2d 656 (Tex. 1987)....................................................................................12

Statutes

San Antonio Municipal Code § 11-38 .....................................................................14

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014(a)(4)...........................................................vi

iv
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014(b)............................................................. viii

Texas Constitution, Article I, Section 8...................................................................15

Texas Constitution, Article I, Section 27.................................................................15

v
STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION

This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 

51.014(a)(4).

vi
STATEMENT OF THE CASE

The plaintiffs in the underlying lawsuit and appellees here are Ard Mor, Inc.; 

Ardmor Properties, LP; and Texas Ardmor Management, LLC (collectively, 

“Appellees”). By their Second Amended Original Petition and Application for 

Temporary Restraining Order and Original Answer, Appellees asserted causes of 

action for declaratory judgment and breach of contract. Appellees sought 

injunctive relief as well as an award of attorneys’ fees and costs.

All of Appellees’ claims center on the contention that certain restrictive 

covenants prohibit the defendant in the underlying lawsuit and appellant here, 

Lockhill Ventures, LLC (“Appellant”), from constructing a convenience store on 

the affected real property. Of importance to this appeal because this was the basis 

stated in the order granting the temporary injunction, Appellees claimed that the 

restrictive covenant against “[s]torage, handling or use of explosive material” 

prohibited the construction of a convenience store because it stores gasohol and 

diesel fuels in underground tanks for delivery to customers at the fuel pumps.

The trial court initially issued a temporary restraining order and later issued 

a temporary injunction that, among other things, prevents Appellant from 

constructing the proposed convenience store. Appellant appeals the trial court’s 

Order for Temporary Injunction entered on October 29, 2014; the Temporary 

Injunction issued from the Clerk on November 5, 2014; and to the extent 

vii
necessary, the letter order from Judge Price dated October 10, 2014, which was 

superseded by the Order on Temporary Injunction.

Of additional note, Appellees also brought suit against the City of Shavano 

Park, which filed a plea to jurisdiction. The trial court denied the plea, and the 

City of Shavano Park has appealed that order in the appeal styled and numbered 

City of Shavano Park v. Ard Mor, Inc., et al.; Case No. 04-14-00781-CV; in the 

Fourth Court of Appeals for the State of Texas. Therefore, the underlying lawsuit 

is stayed pursuant to Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014(b). As a result, 

Appellant is subject to the temporary injunction without any trial setting.

viii
ORAL ARGUMENT STATEMENT

Appellant requests oral argument.

ix
ISSUES PRESENTED

1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in entering the Order for Temporary 

Injunction?

2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion by entering Order for Temporary 

Injunction based on factual assertions unsupported by the evidence in the 

record?

3. Did the trial court err as a matter of law by entering the Order for Temporary 

Injunction because there was no evidence that any of Appellees has standing 

to enforce the Restrictive Covenants?

4. Did the trial court err as a matter of law by entering the Order for Temporary 

Injunction based upon an erroneous interpretation of the Restrictive 

Covenants?

5. Did the trial court err by entering the Order for Temporary Injunction 

because it is overly broad in that it impermissibly infringes on Appellant’s

constitutional rights, including of free speech and to petition the 

government?

x
STATEMENT OF FACTS

The facts giving rise to this lawsuit are simple and, for the most part, should 

not be subject to dispute. The most striking part of the record is the absence of 

evidence to support key facts necessary for Appellees to have been awarded the 

temporary injunction.

By Special Warranty Deed recorded on June 3, 2014, Appellant took title to 

two adjacent tracts of real property situated in Bexar County, Texas contiguous to, 

but outside of, the corporal limits of the City of Shavano Park (the “LV 

Property”). (RR7 at 22-29 [Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 2]).1

The LV Property is burdened by the restrictions and limitations set forth in 

that certain Declaration of Restrictive Covenants (the “Restrictive Covenants”) 

(RR7 at 7-21 [Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 1]).

There is no evidence in the record that any of Appellees own any real 

property, much less: (1) property near the LV Property (referenced in the 

proceeding as being a childcare center); or (2) property that would somehow vest 

any of them with standing to the Restrictive Covenants. (RR Global, passim).2

Appellant intends to construct a convenience store with fuel pumps and a car 

wash (RR4 at 66:2-16 & 94:6-14; RR7 at 222-32 [Defendant’s Exhibit 5]). The 

1 Citations to “RR__” refer to the Reporter’s Record, with the “__” containing the number of the 

Volume out of the seven volumes. 2 Citations to “RR Global” refer to the entire Reporter’s Record, being Volumes 1-7.

1

 
fuel that would be sold from (and thus stored on) the LV Property would be diesel 

and gasohol, which is an EPA-approved mixture of gasoline and ethanol. (RR2 at 

78:23-79:4; RR4 78:8-9).

Under the proposed plan of construction, this fuel would be stored in 

underground, triple-walled tanks that continuously monitor and send out an alarm 

for any leaks. (RR4 at 76:16-78:7). There is no air present in the tanks, the fuel is 

not pressurized, and there are no ignition sources available. (RR4 at 78:8-18). 

There is no other evidence in the record regarding the conditions under which 

Appellant would store gasohol. (RR Global, passim).

Regarding the refilling of the tanks, the only evidence in the record is that 

gasohol vapors are not released from the closed, self-contained system but rather 

recirculated back into the refueling trucks. (RR2 at 107:14-23; RR4 at 85:21-

86:24).

The vapors of gasoline are uniformly classified as “flammable” and not 

“explosive” by government regulations. (RR2 at 106:19-25; RR3 at 23:23-25; 

RR4 at 137:9-138:10; RR7 at 219-221 [Defendant’s Exhibit 2]). There is no 

dispute that gasoline in liquid form is not explosive. (RR2 at 107:6-8; RR3 at 

16:1-10; RR4 154:23-155:6; RR5 at 19:1-3). Gasoline vapors, in and of 

themselves, are not explosive. (RR2 at 77:19-20, 115:2-12; RR4 at 151:24-152:4,

157:6-10). Under specific conditions, however, gasoline vapors can be made 

2
explosive. (RR2 at 77:19-20, 104:5-8, 104:22-105:8, 116:19-117:5). But, that is 

also true for corn, grain, any gas including oxygen, and even Coca-Cola. (RR2 at 

104:9-13; RR4 at 101:19-102:11, 139:2-7; RR5 at 42:17-18).

Even according to Appellees, gasoline vapors could possibly be explosive 

only when: (1) mixed with air; (2) in the right proportions; (3) exposed to an 

ignition source; and (4) in a confined space (i.e., under some elevated pressure). 

(RR2 at 82:3-6, 85:24-86:3, 94:22-95:2, 95:7-16, 97:6-10; RR3 at 36:7-23; RR4 at 

158:3-16). In other words, gasoline vapors can be explosive or not explosive, 

depending on the conditions. (RR2 at 97:6-10 & 98:24-99:1).

But, just because something (indeed, everything) can be made to explode 

does not make it an explosive material. (RR2 at 104:5-15, 104:22-105:8; RR4 at 

138:11-15). Under normal conditions, including those existing when it is stored in 

underground tanks such as proposed by Appellant here, gasoline is stable, and not 

explosive even when exposed to a direct flame. (RR2 at 115:2-12; RR3 at 12:5-9; 

RR4 at 135:11-21, RR4 at 158:3-16; RR5 at 43:3-8, 81:2-14, 86:4-87:12). Of 

course, it is not probable that a gas station will explode. (RR3 at 49:13-20).

There is no evidence in the record that the vapors of gasohol are explosive 

under the conditions under which Appellant proposes to store gasohol. (RR 

Global, passim).

3
The evidence in the record establishes that most vehicles use gasoline, which 

is stored in the gas tank of the automobile; that the childcare center parks its own 

gasoline-filled vehicles on its property; the childcare center transports its students 

in buses that use gasoline; the childcare permits automobiles and buses using 

gasoline to enter onto its property, park, and turn on and off the engine. (RR2 at 

42:19-43:4, 44:23-46:11).

The childcare facility was built across the street from a pre-existing Texaco 

gas station. (RR2 at 43:10-44:2).

On October 29, 2014, the trial court signed and entered the Order for 

Temporary Injunction. (CR2 at 137-141 [Doc. No. 26]).3

 In this order, the trial 

court made a finding of fact that evidence was presented during the hearing that 

shows: (1) “gasoline vapors are explosive under certain conditions”; and (2) that 

gasoline vapors will most certainly be stored, handled or used on the LV Property 

if it is allowed to be developed and operated as currently planned by Appellant. 

(Id.).

On November 5, 2014, the Bexar County District Clerk signed and issued 

the Temporary Writ of Injunction. (CR2 at 142-145 [Doc. No. 27]).

3 Citations to “CR2” refer to the Clerk’s Record, Volume 2.

4

 
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

There was no evidence presented to establish key elements necessary to 

entitle Appellees to the temporary injunctive relief.

Appellees only presented some evidence that gasoline vapors could be 

explosive “under certain conditions,” which the trial court found in its Order for 

Temporary Injunction. For example, Appellees presented no evidence of the 

“certain conditions” under which Appellant proposes to store gasohol, much less 

evidence that gasoline vapors would be explosive under such conditions.

Appellees failed to present any evidence that any of them have standing to 

enforce the Restrictive Covenants, despite Appellant’s written objection on this 

point. Appellees presented no evidence of what real property they allege to own, 

or how such alleged ownership would entitle them to enforce the Restrictive 

Covenants, which on their face apply only to Appellant’s property and an adjacent 

property owned by a dental practice. Moreover, the Restrictive Covenants specify 

that enforcement or non-enforcement is in the discretion of the “Declarant,” a 

defined term that does not include any of Appellees.

The trial court erred in its interpretation of the Restrictive Covenants by 

concluding that gasoline vapors are prohibited explosive material. After applying 

the standard rules of contract interpretation against the backdrop that restrictions 

on the free use of real property are disfavored and any doubts must be resolved in 

5
favor free use, the trial court’s interpretation yields the absurd result that: (1) no 

material that can ever be explosive under certain conditions (including corn, grain, 

air including oxygen, and even Coca-Cola) is permitted to be stored on the 

property; and (2) items with gasoline-powered engines, such as automobiles, 

cannot be used on the property.

Finally, the Order for Temporary Injunction is overly broad and 

impermissibly interferes with Appellant’s constitutional rights, including of free 

speech and to petition the government.

The Order for Temporary Injunction should be reversed and vacated, and the 

Temporary Writ of Injunction should be dissolved. Alternatively, the Order for 

Temporary Injunction and the Temporary Writ of Injunction should be vacated and 

dissolved in part to address the constitutional violations, or modified by this Court

directly.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The decision to grant or deny a temporary injunction is within the trial 

court's sound discretion. See City of San Antonio v. Headwaters Coalition, Inc., 

381 S.W.3d 543, 551 (Tex. App. – San Antonio 2012, pet. denied). A trial court 

abuses its discretion when: (1) it does not properly apply the law to the undisputed 

facts; (2) it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably; or (3) its ruling is based on factual 

assertions unsupported by the record. Id.

6
A trial court’s construction of a restrictive covenant is reviewed de novo. 

See Ski Masters of Tex., LLC v. Heinemeyer, 269 S.W.3d 662, 667 (Tex. App. –

San Antonio 2008, no pet.).

Standing is a legal question reviewed de novo. See id.

ARGUMENT

A. General Grounds for Temporary Injunction

A temporary injunction is an extraordinary remedy and does not issue as a 

matter of right. See Headwaters, 381 S.W.3d at 550. The decision to grant or 

deny a temporary injunction is within the trial court’s sound discretion. See id. A 

trial court abuses its discretion when it does not properly apply the law to the 

undisputed facts, when it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably, or when its ruling is 

based on factual assertions unsupported by the record. See id. 

To obtain a temporary injunction, the applicant must plead and prove (1) a 

cause of action against the defendant; (2) a probable right to the relief sought; and 

(3) a probable, imminent, and irreparable injury in the interim. See id.

To show a probable right to the relief sought, the applicant is not required to 

establish it will prevail on final trial. See id. However, if the applicant does not 

both plead a cause of action and present some evidence that supports a probable 

right of recovery, then a temporary injunction is not proper. See id.

7
An injury is irreparable if the injured party cannot be adequately 

compensated in damages or if the damages cannot be measured by any certain 

pecuniary standard. See id. Where a temporary injunction is sought to enforce a 

restrictive covenant, however, the movant is not required to show proof of 

irreparable injury. See Munson v. Milton, 948 S.W.2d 813, 815-16 (Tex. App. –

San Antonio 1997, pet. denied).

As discussed below, there was no evidence presented on a number of points 

on which Appellees were required to present evidence to establish a probable right 

of recovery. The trial court only found that: (1) “gasoline vapors are explosive 

under certain conditions”; and (2) gasoline vapors will most certainly be stored, 

handled or used on the LV Property if Appellant was allowed to construct its 

convenience store. (CR2 at 137-141 [Doc. No. 26] at ¶3) (emphasis added). 

Appellant does not dispute there was some evidence on the first of these points.

Even if it is assumed there was evidence to support both of these findings, 

however, it is not enough to support the entry of the Temporary Injunction. There 

was no evidence: (1) that gasoline (as opposed to gasohol and diesel) or gasoline 

vapors would be stored, handled or used on the LV Property; (2) that the vapors of 

gasohol or diesel can explode under any circumstances; (3) of the actual conditions 

under which gasoline vapors are actually explosive; or (4) of the conditions under 

8
which Appellant proposed to store, handle or use gasohol or diesel were conditions 

such as to render gasoline vapors explosive.

The only evidence put before the trial court was that gasoline vapors can 

under “certain conditions” be explosive (as the trial court found), not that gasoline 

vapors are explosive under all conditions, or even under those “certain conditions” 

that Appellant intends to store gasohol and diesel. Appellees simply failed to 

connect the dots and could not do so because there was no evidence presented on a 

critical element in the chain of their argument.

Because Appellees failed to present any evidence that gasoline vapors are 

explosive under the proposed conditions Appellant intends to store gasohol (as 

opposed to the abstract concept that gasoline vapors can be explosive under certain 

conditions, which is the same all substances such as corn, grain, any gas including 

oxygen, and even Coca-Cola), the trial court abused its discretion by entering the 

Order for Temporary Injunction. 

B. Standing

Standing focuses on the question of who may bring an action. See 

Headwaters, 381 S.W.3d at 548. Because standing is a component of subjectmatter jurisdiction, it cannot be waived and can even be raised for the first time on 

appeal. See id. The test for standing is whether there is: (1) a real controversy 

9
between the parties, (2) that will be actually determined by the judicial declaration 

sought. See Ski Masters, 269 S.W.3d at 667-68.

A restrictive covenant is normally enforceable only by the contracting parties 

and those in direct privity of estate with them. See id. at 668. Circumstances do 

exist, however, in which a restrictive covenant may be enforced by someone other 

than the grantor or grantee, such as a person entitled to benefit under the restrictive 

covenant. See id. During the hearings below, Appellees failed to present evidence 

that any of them are entitled to benefit under the Restrictive Covenants.

Here, Appellant objected to Appellees’ lack of standing in the trial court. 

(RR7 at 190-209 [Plaintiff’s Exhibit 20]). Notwithstanding, Appellees failed to 

present any evidence in support of their standing to enforce the Restrictive 

Covenants. (RR Global, passim). For example, Appellees failed to tender or have 

admitted any exhibits (such as a deed), or present any testimony, demonstrating: 

(1) any of them own real property in the vicinity of the LV Property; (2) the 

identity of the person from whom Appellees allegedly acquired any real property, 

or that Appellant acquired the LV Property from a common source, or that 

Appellees acquired their real property subject to any restrictive covenants; or (3) 

any of them were parties to the Restrictive Covenants, owned real property subject 

to the Restrictive Covenants, or were otherwise entitled to enforce the Restrictive 

Covenants.

10
The only evidence before the trial court demonstrated that none of Appellees 

has standing to enforce the Restrictive Covenants. (RR7 at 190-209 [Plaintiff’s 

Exhibit 20]). For example, the Restrictive Covenants themselves indicate the 

“Declarant” (defined as Shavano Creek Commercial Partnership Unit 1, Ltd.) is the 

only one with the right (but not any obligation) to enforce the Restrictive 

Covenants. (RR7 at 7-21 [Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 1] at ¶7). The evidence demonstrated 

that the “Declarant” was no longer in existence. (RR7 at 187-89 [Plaintiffs’ 

Exhibit 19]).

For example, the Restrictive Covenants themselves indicate that the only 

real property affected by them is a 3.079 acre tract of land. (RR7 at 7-21 

[Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 1] at Exhibit A). Appellees failed to tender or have admitted 

any exhibits (such as a deed), or present any testimony, demonstrating any of them 

owned real property within the 3.079 acre tract. (RR Global, passim).

To the contrary, the only testimony and admitted exhibits demonstrated: (1) 

none of Appellees owned real property within the 3.079 acre tract; (2) there are 

only two owners of real property within the 3.079 acre tract – Appellant and 

Advanced Smile Care, a dental practice. (RR4 at 53:9-55:16; RR7 at 22-29 

[Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 2], 236 [Defendant’s Exhibit 6]).

11
Because Appellees failed to present any evidence in support of any of their 

standing to enforce the Restrictive Covenants, the trial court err as a matter of law

by entering the Order for Temporary Injunction.

C. Interpretation of Restrictive Covenants

A restrictive covenant is a contractual agreement between the seller and the 

purchaser of real property. See Ski Masters, 269 S.W.3d at 668. When construing 

a restrictive covenant, general rules of contract construction apply. See id. at 667. 

Covenants are examined as a whole in light of the circumstances present when the 

parties entered into the agreement. Id.; see also J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 

128 S.W.3d 223, 235 (Tex. 2003) (“Contracts are to be read as a whole, and an 

interpretation that gives effect to every part of the agreement is favored so that no 

provision is rendered meaningless or as surplusage.”). In construing restrictive 

covenants, the primary intent is to ascertain and give effect to the true intention of 

the parties as expressed in the instruments. Id.

Covenants restricting the free use of land are disfavored. See Wilmoth v. 

Wilcox, 734 S.W.2d 656, 657 (Tex. 1987). All doubts must be resolved in favor of 

the free and unrestricted use of the premises, and the restrictive clause must be 

construed strictly against the party seeking to enforce it. See id. Restrictive 

covenants should not be interpreted in a manner that is unreasonable, inequitable, 

12
or oppressive, or would lead to an absurd result. See Reilly v. Rangers Mgmt., Inc., 

727 S.W.2d 527, 530 (Tex. 1987).

The interpretation of the Restrictive Covenants advanced by Appellees – that 

gasohol cannot be stored, handled or used on the LV Property – should be rejected 

because it runs counter to settled rules regarding the interpretation of restrictive 

covenants.

First, gasoline is not considered an explosive under any governmental 

regulations. Rather, gasoline is uniformly classified as a flammable material. 

(RR2 at 106:19-25; RR3 at 23:23-25; RR4 at 137:9-138:10; RR7 at 219-221 

[Defendant’s Exhibit 2]).

Second, the undisputed evidence presented during the hearings was not that 

gasoline vapors are always explosive, or explosive in the abstract. Rather, gasoline

vapors are only explosive “under certain conditions,” as the trial court found. 

(RR2 at 82:3-6, 85:24-86:3, 94:22-95:2, 95:7-16, 97:6-10, 98:24-99:1; RR3 at 

36:7-23; RR4 at 158:3-16).

Third, the Restrictive Covenants must be read together as a whole. The 

Restrictive Covenants contemplate the construction of electrical and gas 

distribution facilities. (RR7 at 7-21 [Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 1] at ¶1(g)). If gasoline 

were intended to fall within the category of explosive material that is prohibited by 

the Restrictive Covenants, then the inclusion of these types of facilities within the 

13
definition of improvements would be surplusage, which also indicates that 

Appellees’ interpretation is unreasonable and incorrect. 

Fourth, the Restrictive Covenants cannot be interpreted to ban the storage, 

handling or use of any material that can possibly be explosive “under certain 

circumstances” because this would lead to absurd results. The unchallenged 

evidence presented during the hearings was that corn, grain, any gas including 

oxygen, and even Coca-Cola can be explosive under certain conditions. (RR2 at 

104:9-13; RR4 at 101:19-102:11, 139:2-7; RR5 at 42:17-18).

In addition, if Appellees’ interpretation were accepted just with respect to 

gasoline only, then no machines using gasoline-powered engines (e.g., 

automobiles, lawn equipment, generators, etc.) could be stored, handled or used on 

any of these properties. If that were the case, then these properties could exist only 

as a nature preserve, and not even a childcare facility. If gasoline were actually an 

explosive material, then gas stations would be prohibited in the entire City of San 

Antonio. See San Antonio Municipal Code § 11-38 (prohibiting explosives within 

5,000 feet of the corporal limits).

The interpretation Appellees advance, and which was preliminarily accepted

by the trial court by entering the Order for Temporary Injunction, cannot withstand 

de novo review. Covenants restricting the free use of land are disfavored, and all 

doubts must be resolved in favor of the free and unrestricted use of property. Even 

14
if there were any doubt regarding the error of the contract interpretation Appellees 

advance, this doubt must be resolved in favor of Appellant’s free use of the LV 

Property.

The interpretation of the Restrictive Covenants is a question of law. 

Because the interpretation of the Restrictive Covenants offered by Appellees and 

accepted by the trial court violates principles of contract interpretation, the trial 

court erred as a matter of law by entering the Order for Temporary Injunction.

D. Constitutional Violations

Appellant enjoys constitutional rights under the 1st Amendment of the 

United States Constitution and Article I, Sections 8 and 27 of the Texas 

Constitution, including freedom of speech and freedom to petition the government. 

Notwithstanding, the Order on Temporary Injunction prohibits Appellant from:

Commencing or continuing with any applications for approval by the 

City of Shavano Park or any other governmental authority to use the 

above described real property for storage or sale of gasoline or other 

explosive material.

(CR2 at 137-141 [Doc. No. 26] at p. 3). This particular component of the 

injunction impermissibly invades Appellant’s constitutional rights.

The prior restraint of Appellant’s exercise of its constitutional rights is 

presumptively invalid. See Kinney v. Barnes, 443 S.W.3d 87, 90 (Tex. 2014). 

Appellees presented no evidence sufficient to overcome the presumption that the 

prior restraints are unconstitutional. Appellees could not be imminently or 

15
irreparably harmed if Appellant’s are permitted to exercise its constitutional rights. 

If the temporary injunction remains in place, the speech and petitions will not 

necessarily or immediately result in the construction of a convenience store.

Therefore, the temporary injunction is overly broad and not sufficiently 

narrowly tailored. If the temporary injunction is not vacated in full, then Appellant 

requests this part of the temporary injunction be reversed or modified. See Metra 

United Escalante, L.P. v. Lynd Co., 158 S.W.3d 535, 544 (Tex. App. – San 

Antonio 2004, no pet.); Ctr. for Econ. Justice v. Am. Ins. Ass’n, 39 S.W.3d 337, 

347 (Tex. App. – Austin 2001, no pet.).

PRAYER

WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Appellant requests reverse the trial 

court’s Order for Temporary Injunction; dissolve the Temporary Writ of Injunction

or in the alternative modify the Order and Writ; render judgment in favor of 

Appellant on the basis that Appellees lack standing to bring this lawsuit to enforce 

the Restrictive Covenants; and award Appellant all such other and further relief, 

both general and special, at law or in equity, to which Appellant may be entitled.

16
Respectfully submitted,

PULMAN, CAPPUCCIO,

PULLEN, BENSON & JONES, LLP

2161 N.W. Military Hwy., Suite 400

San Antonio, Texas 78213

(210) 222-9494 Telephone

(210) 892-1610 Facsimile

By:_/s/ Lance H. “Luke” Beshara____

Lance H. “Luke” Beshara

Texas State Bar No. 24045492

lbeshara@pulmanlaw.com

Randall A. Pulman

Texas State Bar No. 16393250

rpulman@pulmanlaw.com

Brandon L. Grubbs

Texas State Bar No. 24072130

bgrubbs@pulmanlaw.com

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

17
CERTIFICATION

My name is Lance H. “Luke” Beshara. I am the attorney for Appellant. I 

certify that I have reviewed the Appellant’s Brief and conclude that every factual 

statement therein is supported by competent evidence included in the appendix or 

record.

/s/ Lance H. “Luke” Beshara 

 Lance H. “Luke” Beshara

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

My name is Lance H. “Luke” Beshara. I am the attorney for Appellant. 

Pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(3), I hereby certify that I have reviewed the 

Appellant’s Brief and the total word count for the word-processor-typed words is 

4,705.

/s/ Lance H. “Luke” Beshara 

Lance H. “Luke” Beshara

18
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I certify that on the 30th day of January, 2015, the foregoing document was 

e-filed with the Clerk of the Fourth Court of Appeals and was served by email or 

the e-File system upon the following:

Jay K. Farwell

Karen L. Landinger

COKINSO, BOSIEN & YOUNG

10999 West IH-10, Suite 800

San Antonio, Texas 78230

/s/ Lance H. “Luke” Beshara 

Lance H. “Luke” Beshara

19
No. 04-14-00796-CV 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE

FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 

______________ 

LOCKHILL VENTURES, LLC,

APPELLANT, 

V. 

ARD MOR, INC.; ARDMOR PROPERTIES, LP; & TEXAS ARDMOR 

MANAGEMENT, LLC, 

APPELLEES.

______________ 

ON INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL FROM CAUSE NO. 2014-CI-10796, IN THE 407TH JUDICIAL 

DISTRICT COURT IN BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS

THE HON. RICHARD PRICE (SITTING BY ASSIGNMENT) 

 

APPENDIX IN SUPPORT OF APPELLANT’S BRIEF ON THE 

MERITS 

 

Tab 1 TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 51.014

Tab 2 SAN ANTONIO MUNICIPAL CODE § 11-38

Tab 3 TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(3) 
Page 1 

LexisNexis (R) Texas Annotated Statutes

Copyright © 2014 by Matthew Bender & Company, Inc.

a member of the LexisNexis Group

All rights reserved.

*** This document is current through the 2013 3rd Called Session ***

CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE 

TITLE 2. TRIAL, JUDGMENT, AND APPEAL 

SUBTITLE D. APPEALS 

CHAPTER 51. APPEALS 

SUBCHAPTER B. APPEALS FROM COUNTY OR DISTRICT COURT 

GO TO TEXAS CODE ARCHIVE DIRECTORY

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014 (2014)

§ 51.014. Appeal from Interlocutory Order 

 (a) A person may appeal from an interlocutory order of a district court, county court at law, statutory probate court, 

or county court that:

 (1) appoints a receiver or trustee;

 (2) overrules a motion to vacate an order that appoints a receiver or trustee;

 (3) certifies or refuses to certify a class in a suit brought under Rule 42 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure;

 (4) grants or refuses a temporary injunction or grants or overrules a motion to dissolve a temporary injunction as 

provided by Chapter 65;

 (5) denies a motion for summary judgment that is based on an assertion of immunity by an individual who is an 

officer or employee of the state or a political subdivision of the state;

 (6) denies a motion for summary judgment that is based in whole or in part upon a claim against or defense by a 

member of the electronic or print media, acting in such capacity, or a person whose communication appears in or is 

published by the electronic or print media, arising under the free speech or free press clause of the First Amendment to 

the United States Constitution, or Article I, Section 8, of the Texas Constitution, or Chapter 73;

 (7) grants or denies the special appearance of a defendant under Rule 120a, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, except in a suit brought under the Family Code;

 (8) grants or denies a plea to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit as that term is defined in Section 101.001;

 (9) denies all or part of the relief sought by a motion under Section 74.351(b), except that an appeal may not be 

taken from an order granting an extension under Section 74.351;

 (10) grants relief sought by a motion under Section 74.351(l);

 (11) denies a motion to dismiss filed under Section 90.007; or

 (12) [2 Versions: As added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., ch. 44] denies a motion for summary judgment filed by an 

electric utility regarding liability in a suit subject to Section 75.0022.

Tab 1, Page 1 of 2
 (12) [2 Versions: As added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., ch. 1042] denies a motion to dismiss filed under Section 

27.003.

(b) An interlocutory appeal under Subsection (a), other than an appeal under Subsection (a)(4), or in a suit brought 

under the Family Code, stays the commencement of a trial in the trial court pending resolution of the appeal. An interlocutory appeal under Subsection (a)(3), (5), (8), or (12) also stays all other proceedings in the trial court pending resolution of that appeal.

(c) A denial of a motion for summary judgment, special appearance, or plea to the jurisdiction described by Subsection (a)(5), (7), or (8) is not subject to the automatic stay under Subsection (b) unless the motion, special appearance, 

or plea to the jurisdiction is filed and requested for submission or hearing before the trial court not later than the later of:

 (1) a date set by the trial court in a scheduling order entered under the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure; or

 (2) the 180th day after the date the defendant files:

 (A) the original answer;

 (B) the first other responsive pleading to the plaintiff's petition; or

 (C) if the plaintiff files an amended pleading that alleges a new cause of action against the defendant and the 

defendant is able to raise a defense to the new cause of action under Subsection (a)(5), (7), or (8), the responsive pleading that raises that defense.

(d) On a party's motion or on its own initiative, a trial court in a civil action may, by written order, permit an appeal 

from an order that is not otherwise appealable if:

 (1) the order to be appealed involves a controlling question of law as to which there is a substantial ground for 

difference of opinion; and

 (2) an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.

(d-1) Subsection (d) does not apply to an action brought under the Family Code.

(e) An appeal under Subsection (d) does not stay proceedings in the trial court unless:

 (1) the parties agree to a stay; or

 (2) the trial or appellate court orders a stay of the proceedings pending appeal.

(f) An appellate court may accept an appeal permitted by Subsection (d) if the appealing party, not later than the 

15th day after the date the trial court signs the order to be appealed, files in the court of appeals having appellate jurisdiction over the action an application for interlocutory appeal explaining why an appeal is warranted under Subsection 

(d). If the court of appeals accepts the appeal, the appeal is governed by the procedures in the Texas Rules of Appellate 

Procedure for pursuing an accelerated appeal. The date the court of appeals enters the order accepting the appeal starts 

the time applicable to filing the notice of appeal.

Tab 1, Page 2 of 2
San Antonio, TX Code of Ordinances about:blank

1 of 1 1/30/2015 10:33 PM

Tab 2, Page 1 of 1

Sec. 11·38.· Establishment of limits of districts in which storage of explosives and blasting agents is 

prohibited. 

The limits referred to in Section 5601 of the International Fire Code, in which storage of explosives and 

blasting agents is prohibited, are hereby established at five thousand (5,000) feet beyond the corporate limits 

ofthe city. 

(Code 1959, § 15·7; Ord. No. 55205, § 2,4-15-82; Ord. No. 65619, § 1, 9-3-87; Ord. No. 79918, § 2,3-31-94; Ord. No. 99482, § 2. 7-22-04; 

Ord. No. 2007-04-05-0360, § 8, 4-5-07; Ord. No. 2011-12-01-0985, § 3,12-1-11) 
Page 1 

Texas Rules

Copyright (c) 2014 by Matthew Bender & Company, Inc.

a member of the LexisNexis Group.

All rights reserved.

*** This document is current through December 15, 2014 ***

STATE RULES 

TEXAS RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 

SECTION ONE. GENERAL PROVISIONS 

Tex. R. App. P. Rule 9.4 (2014)

9.4. Form. --Except for the record, a document filed with an appellate court, including a paper copy of an electronically filed document, must - unless the court accepts another form in the interest of justice - be in the following 

form:

 (a) Printing. --A document may be produced by standard typographic printing or by any duplicating process 

that produces a distinct black image. Printing must be on one side of the paper.

 (b) Paper Type and Size. --The paper on which a document is produced must be 81/2 by 11 inches, white or 

nearly white, and opaque.

 (c) Margins. --Documents must have at least one-inch margins on both sides and at the top and bottom.

 (d) Spacing. --Text must be double-spaced, but footnotes, block quotations, short lists, and issues or points of 

error may be single-spaced.

 (e) Typeface. --A document produced on a computer must be printed in a conventional typeface no smaller 

than 14-point except for footnotes, which must be no smaller than 12-point. A typewritten document must be printed in 

standard 10-character-per-inch (cpi) monospaced typeface.

 (f) Binding and Covering. --A paper document must be bound so as to ensure that it will not lose its cover or 

fall apart in regular use. A paper document should be stapled once in the top left-hand comer or be bound so that it will 

lie flat when open. A paper petition or brief should have durable front and back covers which must not be plastic or be 

red, black, or dark blue.

 (g) Contents of Cover. --A document's front cover, if any, must contain the case style, the case number, the title of the document being filed, the name of the party filing the document, and the name, mailing address, telephone 

number, fax number, if any, email address, and State Bar of Texas identification number of the lead counsel for the filing party. If a party requests oral argument in the court of appeals, the request must appear on the front cover of that 

party's first brief.

 (h) Appendix and Original Proceeding Record. --A paper appendix may be bound either with the document to 

which it is related or separately. If separately bound, the appendix must comply with paragraph (f). A paper record in an 

original proceeding or a paper appendix must be tabbed and indexed. An electronically filed record in an original proceeding or an electronically filed appendix that includes more than one item must contain bookmarks to assist in locating each item.

 (i) Length.

 (1) Contents Included and Excluded. --In calculating the length of a document, every word and every part 

of the document, including headings, footnotes, and quotations, must be counted except the following: caption, identity 

Tab 3, Page 1 of 2
of parties and counsel, statement regarding oral argument, table of contents, index of authorities, statement of the case, 

statement of issues presented, statement of jurisdiction, statement of procedural history, signature, proof of service, certification, certificate of compliance, and appendix.

 (2) Maximum Length. --The documents listed below must not exceed the following limits:

 (A) A brief and response in a direct appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeals in a case in which the death 

penalty has been assessed: 37,500 words if computer-generated, and 125 pages if not.

 (B) A brief and response in an appellate court (other than a brief under subparagraph (A)) and a petition 

and response in an original proceeding in the court of appeals: 15,000 words if computer generated, and 50 pages if not. 

In a civil case in the court of appeals, the aggregate of all briefs filed by a party must not exceed 27,000 words if computer-generated, and 90 pages if not.

 (C) A reply brief in an appellate court and a reply to a response to a petition in an original proceeding in 

the court of appeals: 7,500 words if computer-generated, and 25 pages if not.

 (D) A petition and response in an original proceeding in the Supreme Court, a petition for review and response in the Supreme Court, a petition for discretionary review in the Court of Criminal Appeals, and a motion for 

rehearing and response in an appellate court: 4,500 words if computer-generated, and 15 pages if not.

 (E) A reply to a response to a petition for review in the Supreme Court, a reply to a response to a petition 

in an original proceeding in the Supreme Court, and a reply to a petition for discretionary review in the Court of Criminal Appeals: 2,400 words if computer-generated, and 8 pages if not.

 (3) Certificate of Compliance. --A computer-generated document that is subject to a word limit under this 

rule must include a certificate by counsel or an unrepresented party stating the number of words in the document. The 

person certifying may rely on the word count of the computer program used to prepare the document.

 (4) Extensions. --A court may, on motion, permit a document that exceeds the prescribed limit.

 (j) Electronically Filed Documents. --An electronically filed document must:

 (1) be in text-searchable portable document format (PDF);

 (2) be directly converted to PDF rather than scanned, if possible;

 (3) not be locked;

 (4) be combined with any appendix into one computer file, unless that file would exceed the size limit prescribed by the electronic filing manager; and

 (5) otherwise comply with the Technology Standards set by the Judicial Committee on Information Technology and approved by the Supreme Court.

 (k) Nonconforming Documents. --If a document fails to conform with these rules, the court may strike the 

document or identify the error and permit the party to resubmit the document in a conforming format by a specified 

deadline.

Tab 3, Page 2 of 2