Not for Publication in West's Federal Reporter

United States Court of Appeals

For the First Circuit

No. 19-1270

CÉSAR SANTANA,

Petitioner,

v.

BRAD COWEN, Superintendent, MCI Norfolk,

Respondent.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

[Hon. William G. Young, U.S. District Judge]

Before

Howard, Chief Judge,

Selya and Thompson, Circuit Judges.

Elizabeth Caddick on brief for petitioner.

Maura Healey, Attorney General of Massachusetts, and Susanne 

G. Reardon, Assistant Attorney General, on brief for respondent.

July 7, 2021
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SELYA, Circuit Judge. This case, which pits a state 

prisoner seeking federal habeas relief against the superintendent 

of the state correctional institution in which he is confined, 

turns on the narrow contours of federal habeas review and the 

deference due to the state court's findings of fact. Staying 

within those guardrails and reviewing the district court's denial 

of the habeas petition de novo, we affirm. 

The essential facts may be succinctly summarized. The 

reader who thirsts for a more detailed description of the facts 

should consult the opinion of the court below, see Santana v. Cowen

(Santana II), 361 F. Supp. 3d 115, 119-23 (D. Mass. 2019), and the 

opinion of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) 

rejecting Santana's direct appeal, see Commonwealth v. Santana

(Santana I), 82 N.E.3d 986, 990-91 (Mass. 2017).

On August 25, 2004, Rafael Castro (Castro) and his 

stepdaughter, Norma Cedeno, were attacked by four men upon their 

return to Castro's apartment in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Castro 

was killed by a gunshot wound to his head. During the following 

week, petitioner-appellant César Santana (Santana), who was on 

probation in connection with an unrelated offense, contacted his 

probation officer and said that he was willing to disclose 

information about a shooting in Lawrence in exchange for money. 

The probation officer reported this contact to the Boston police. 
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The record sheds no light on what response (if any) the call 

elicited.

Seven months later, Santana — then incarcerated on 

unrelated charges — again contacted his probation officer about 

the shooting in Lawrence. Nothing happened. Eventually, however, 

the authorities decided to question Santana about the shooting.

On March 4, 2005, a Massachusetts state trooper, Robert 

LaBarge (LaBarge), interviewed Santana. LaBarge was accompanied 

by a bilingual member of the Lawrence police force, Detective 

Carlos Cueva (Cueva). Although Santana stated that he spoke and 

understood English, Detective Cueva was meant to serve as a 

translator, if needed, because Santana's primary language was 

Spanish. Santana consented to the recording of the interview "as 

long as it is not used in court."

Following a brief discussion of Santana's educational

level, English and Spanish language proficiency, and the like, 

Trooper LaBarge, with Detective Cueva's assistance, gave Santana 

Miranda warnings. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 

(1966). At Trooper LaBarge's request, Santana read each warning 

out loud in Spanish and confirmed that he understood it. He then 

signed a copy of the written warnings.

When Trooper LaBarge began questioning Santana about the 

Lawrence shooting, Santana stated, early on, that he was "willing 

to help" but "want[ed] to talk with [Trooper LaBarge] without the 
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pressure of the tape recorder." Santana agreed to continue the 

interview with the officers taking notes. When the session 

concluded, though, Santana refused to sign the notes. 

On December 12, 2008, an Essex County grand jury returned 

an indictment charging Santana with first-degree murder, home 

invasion, two counts of armed assault during a burglary, and two 

counts of kidnapping while armed with a firearm. Santana thrice 

moved to suppress the statements that he had made to Trooper 

LaBarge, but all three motions were denied. Following an eightday trial, a jury found Santana guilty on all six counts, and the 

presiding judge sentenced him to life imprisonment. On August 17, 

2017, the SJC affirmed the denial of Santana's third motion to 

suppress and affirmed his convictions and sentence. See Santana 

I, 82 N.E.3d at 992-95, 1002.

Santana repaired to the federal district court, seeking 

habeas relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254. He argued — as relevant 

here — that the SJC not only unreasonably determined that he had

voluntarily made incriminating statements to Trooper LaBarge but 

also unreasonably applied clearly established federal law in 

finding those statements voluntary. He stressed his initial 

insistence that his statements "not [be] used in court."

In a thoughtful rescript, the district court denied 

Santana's habeas petition. See Santana II, 361 F. Supp. 3d at 

131. It concluded that the SJC had not misapplied clearly 
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established federal law and that the SJC's determination that any 

promise of confidentiality had been wiped away by Santana's consent 

to the Miranda protocol withstood review under the deferential 

habeas standard. See id. This timely appeal followed. 

We need not linger. We often have said that when a 

district court has "supportably found the facts, applied the 

appropriate legal standards, articulated [its] reasoning clearly, 

and reached a correct result, a reviewing court ought not to write 

at length merely to hear its own words resonate." deBenedictis v. 

Brady-Zell (In re Brady-Zell), 756 F.3d 69, 71 (1st Cir. 2014); 

accord De La Cruz-Candela v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 829 F. App'x 

531, 532 (1st Cir. 2020); United States v. Wetmore, 812 F.3d 245, 

248 (1st Cir. 2016); Moses v. Mele, 711 F.3d 213, 215-16 (1st Cir. 

2013); Eaton v. Penn-Am. Ins. Co., 626 F.3d 113, 114 (1st Cir. 

2010); Vargas-Ruiz v. Golden Arch Dev., Inc., 368 F.3d 1, 2 (1st 

Cir. 2004); Seaco Ins. Co. v. Davis-Irish, 300 F.3d 84, 86 (1st 

Cir. 2002); Ayala v. Union de Tronquistas de P.R., Local 901, 74 

F.3d 344, 345 (1st Cir. 1996); Holders Cap. Corp. v. Cal. Union 

Ins. Co. (In re San Juan Dupont Plaza Hotel Fire Litig.), 989 F.2d 

36, 38 (1st Cir. 1993). So it is here. We add only three sets of 

comments.

1. To begin, it is important to recognize that the 

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), see

Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214, provides the beacon by which 
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we must steer, see Cronin v. Comm'r of Prob., 783 F.3d 47, 50 (1st 

Cir. 2015). AEDPA only "permits federal courts to grant habeas 

relief after a final state-court adjudication of a federal 

constitutional claim if that adjudication can be shown to be 

'contrary to,' or to have involved, 'an unreasonable application 

of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme 

Court of the United States' or in the alternative, to have been 

'based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of 

the evidence presented in the State court proceedings.'" Foxworth

v. St. Amand, 570 F.3d 414, 424 (1st Cir. 2009) (quoting 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2254(d)). A state-court "decision is contrary to clearly 

established federal law either if it announces a rule of law that 

directly contradicts existing Supreme Court precedent or if the 

state court has reached a different result than the Supreme Court 

on materially indistinguishable facts." Cronin, 783 F.3d at 50. 

In conducting this tamisage, "the state court's factual findings 

are presumed to be correct, and they can be overcome only by clear 

and convincing evidence." Foxworth, 570 F.3d at 424 (citing 28 

U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1)). Here, the district court faithfully applied 

these standards to conclude that Santana was not entitled to habeas 

relief.

2. In this court — as in the court below — Santana 

proffers a trio of factual determinations that he asserts were 

unreasonably made by the SJC. We review the district court's 
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evaluation of those proffers de novo, see id. at 425, and like 

that court, we conclude that each determination is amply supported 

by the record.

a. Santana asserts that the SJC unreasonably determined 

that he could "speak and understand a fair amount of English" and 

that he "fully understood what was going on" in the interview with 

Trooper LaBarge. Santana I, 82 N.E.3d at 992-93. But the recorded 

portion of the interview clearly demonstrated that Santana did 

understand some English, and the SJC's determination that Santana 

"understood what was going on" was supported by facts such as his 

seeking out of the police, his receipt of Miranda warnings in his 

native language, his avowed understanding of those warnings, and 

his knowledge that Trooper LaBarge planned to report the 

information Santana provided to the prosecutor.1 See id. at 994-

95.

1 Santana makes much of his claim that "[t]he SJC ignored the 

expert evidence that [Santana] spoke at a beginner's level of 

English and was only capable of conversing in English on a 

superficial level, such as a standard greeting." But even though 

the SJC did not specifically mention this expert testimony, we 

cannot conclude that the SJC — which took pains to note that it 

had "conducted a complete review of the record," Santana I, 82 

N.E.3d at 1002 — did not consider it. After all, the SJC, relying 

heavily on the motion judge's decision (issued three days after 

presiding over a suppression hearing at which Santana's expert 

testified), drew the conclusion that Santana could speak and 

understand a "fair amount of English." On this record, it seems 

quite likely that the SJC simply found the evidence unpersuasive. 
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b. Santana asserts that the SJC unreasonably determined 

that he understood that his statements to Trooper LaBarge could be 

used against him because he asked the police to stop the recording. 

See id. at 995. The SJC, however, put the shoe on the other foot:

it reasonably concluded that Santana's request was an additional 

circumstance supporting its determination that Santana knew that 

his statements could be used against him. See id. Where, as here, 

the record permits two plausible but competing interpretations of 

the significance of a fact, the state court's choice between those 

competing interpretations cannot be set aside on habeas review. 

See Torres v. Dennehy, 615 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2010); Desrosier v. 

Bissonnette, 502 F.3d 38, 43 (1st Cir. 2007).

c. Santana asserts that the SJC unreasonably determined 

that he spoke with the officers based upon self-interest and fear 

of another. See Santana I, 82 N.E.3d at 995. The SJC's 

determination, though, was solidly supported by the transcript of 

the interview, in which Santana stated, "I'm not worried for 

telling [Trooper LaBarge] and the police what I got to say, 

understand?, the thing is . . . that young nineteen-year-old guy, 

that little guy has about four deaths under his belt. That young 

guy has me . . . under a lot of pressure and terrified." Santana

II, 361 F. Supp. 3d at 123.

3. Santana also claims that "the SJC's decision was 

contrary to and involved an unreasonable application of clearly 
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established federal law." That claim lacks force. As the district 

court correctly concluded, the SJC's determination was in 

conformity with clearly established federal law pertaining to 

voluntariness. See id. at 131. "In Miranda, the Supreme Court 

determined that the Fifth Amendment privilege against selfincrimination requires law enforcement personnel to warn a person 

subjected to custodial interrogation of certain constitutional 

rights." Id. at 129 (citing Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444). "The 

individual undergoing interrogation may elect to waive his rights, 

but such waiver must be 'made voluntarily, knowingly, and 

intelligently.'" Id. at 129-30 (quoting Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444). 

The district court recognized that the waiver "must be 'the product 

of free and deliberate choice'" to be "voluntary." Id. at 130 

(quoting Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986)). It similarly 

recognized that to assess voluntariness, "courts may consider 

factors such as the defendant's age, education level, 

intelligence, whether they were informed of their constitutional 

rights, detention duration, whether questioning was lengthy and 

repetitious, and any use of corporal punishment." Id. (citing 

Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 226 (1973)). The district 

court then supportably concluded that the SJC appreciated this 

clearly established federal law and applied it in a reasonable 

way. No more was exigible.
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We need go no further. Santana has failed to carry his 

burden of showing, by clear and convincing evidence, that the SJC's 

factfinding was unreasonable. Similarly, he has failed to carry 

his burden of showing that the SJC either misapplied or failed to 

follow clearly established federal law. Hence, we summarily affirm 

the district court's denial of habeas relief for substantially the 

reasons elucidated in the district court's thoughtful rescript. 

Affirmed. See 1st Cir. R. 27.0(c).