### 1 

# Technical Support Document

**Estimating the Benefit per Ton of Reducing PM 2.5** 



# Precursors from **17 Sector**  **s**

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Air and Radiation

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

January 201 3

### 2 **CONTACT INFORMATION**

This document has been prepared by staff from the Office of Air Quality Planning

and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Questions related to this document

should be addressed to Neal Fann or Charles Fulcher , U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Health and Environmental Impacts

Division

, Risk and Benefits Group , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 (email:

fann.neal@epa.gov , fulcher .charles@epa.gov ).

### 3 Overview

This Technical Support Document (TSD) describes an approach for estimating the

average avoided human health impacts, and monetized benefits related to emissions of

PM 2.5 

### and PM 2.5 

### precursors including NO

x 

### and SO 2 

### from 17 sector s using the results of

source apportionment photochemical modeling

. We focus in particular on the aspects of

our approach that represent a change from the benefit per ton calculation methodology

described in Fann, Fulcher and Hubbell (2009) and subsequently applied in several EPA

RIAs. We also describe the ways in which these new estimates can improve our

characterization of the PM 2.5



### - related health benefits from the sectors that were modeled , as

well as limitations and uncertainties associated with application of these estimates

. We

summarize the benefit per ton estimates for each of the 1 7 emission sectors. These source

appo rtionment based benefit per ton estimat es are also discussed in Fann, Baker and

Fulcher ( 2012)

.

Summary of Calculations

The procedure for calculating benefit per ton coefficients follows three steps , shown

graphically in Figure 1 :

1. Use source apportionment photochemical modeling to predict ambient

concentrations of primary PM 2.5



### , nitrate and sulfate attributable to each of 1 7

emission sectors across the Continental U.S

. ; see below for a summary of the sectors

modeled

.

2. For each sector, e stimate the health impacts, and the economic value of these

impacts, associated with the attributable ambient concentrations of primary PM 2.5



### , sulfate and nitrate PM 2.5 

### using the environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis

Program (BenMAP v4. 0. 66 ) 1



### .

3. For each sector, d ivide the PM 2.5



### - related health impacts attributable to each type of

PM 2.5 

### , and the monetary value of these impacts, by the level of associated precursor

em ission s. That is, primary PM 2.5 

### benefits are divided by direct PM 2.5 

### emissions,

sulfate benefits are divided by SO 2 

### emissions, and nitrate benefits are divided by

NO

x 

### emissions.

1 In this stage we estimate the PM 2.5

- related impacts associated with changes in directly emitted PM 2.5 , nitrate

and sulfate separately, so that we may ultimately calculate the benefit per ton reduced of the corresponding

PM 2.5 precursor, or directly emitted PM 2.5 , in step 3. When estimating these impacts we apply effect

coefficients that relate changes in total PM 2.5 mass to the risk of adverse health outcomes; we do not apply

effect coefficients that are differentiated by PM 2. 5 specie.

### 4 **Figure 1** 

**. Conceptual overview of the steps for**  **calculating benefit per**

**- ton estimates** 

The example above depicts the total PM 2.5 

### contribution from the pulp and paper

sector , though we repeat this process for each of the 1 7 sectors, which include:

1. Aircraft, locomotives and marine vessels

2. Area sources

3. Cem ent kilns

4. Coke ovens

5. Electric arc furnaces

6. Electricity generating units

7. Ferroalloy facilities

8. Industrial point sources

9. Integrated iron and steel facilities

10. Iron and steel facilities

11. Non

- road mobile sources

12. Ocean

- going vessels

13. On

- road mobile sources

14. Pulp and paper facilities

15. Refineries

16. Residential wood combustion

17. Taconite mines

The “ Area s ources” and “ Industrial p oint s ources ” categories are agglomeration s of

sectors that we re not model ed separately. When selecting a benefit per ton estimate for use

wit h a sector not specifically modeled, it is necessary to determine which composite sector

is the best match with respect to the source characteristics that would affect the lev e l of

benefits. These attributes include the proximity to receptor populations, t he geographic

distribution of sources, and the release parameters of the source (e.g., stack height)

.

Readers interested in a full discussion of the air quality modeling performed to

generate these benefit per ton estimates may consult “Air Quality Modeli ng Technical

Support Document: Source Sector Assessments” (US EPA 2011a)

. Ambient PM 2.5

### 5 concentration s attributable to each sector were projected from the 2005 baseline to 2016

to represent growth and the application of controls. The starting point for the projections

was the 2005 v4.3 emissions platform (US EPA 2005)

. EGU emission estimates for 2016 are

from the Integrated Planning Model (IPM). The 2016 projection included emission

reductions related to the NO

x 

### State Implementation Plan Call (US EPA 1998) , the Maximum

Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Standards for Industrial Boilers (US EPA 2011d)

and Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (US EPA 2010b) , and the proposed

Transport Rule affecting emissions from Electricity Generating Units (US EPA 2010c)

.

C ontrol and growth factors , including known plant shut

- downs and economic growth in

some sectors, were applied to a subset of the 2005 industrial point sources and area

sources to create the 2016 projection . Other North American emissions are based on a

2006 Canadian invento ry and 1999 Mexican inventory, which are not grown or controlled

when used as part of future year baseline inventories (US EPA 2011b; US EPA 2011c)

.

Global emissions are incl uded in the modeling system through boundary condition inflow

to the 36 km CAMx simulation. The initial and boundary conditions for the 36 km CAMx

simulation are based on 3

- hourly output from an annual 2005 GEOS

- CHEM simulation

(standard version 7

- 04

- 11). Table 1 summarize s the total precursor emissions attributable

to each sector in 2016. Appendix B of this TSD includes plots of the PM 2.5 

### levels attributed

to each of these sectors for which we estimated benefit per

- ton metrics.

**Table 1** 

**. 2016 emis**  **sions by sector (tons per year)**

Sector VOC NO

x PM 2

. 5 a SO 2 NH 3

Aircraft, locomotives and marine

vessels 43,547 1,342,849 35,604 9,087 940

Area sources 9,380,925 1,633,261 325,820 1,243,154 126,802

Cement kilns 3,059 130,536 1,106 48,737 679

Coke ovens 7,821 16,110 368 27,952 1,084

Electric arc furnaces 3,560 15,707 622 6,088 119

Electricity generating units 63,198 1,826,582 30,078 3,793,362 36,706

Ferroalloy facilities 150 3,412 201 4,580 510

Industrial point sources 1,259,745 1,263,276 67,614 877,620 140,948

Integrated iron and steel facilities 9,620 31,925 2,856 29,045 167

Iron and steel facilities 14,384 5,867 1,366 3,590 166

Non

- road mobile sources 1,953,067 1,259,578 106,975 2,879 2,345

Ocean

- going vessels 66,093 1,534,234 7,407 439,987 0

On

- road mobile sources 2,357,108 4,239,971 118,986 26,786 82,094

Pulp and paper facilities 121,597 240,139 10,067 170,393 10,859

Refineries 111,391 118,206 7,379 132,337 3,556

Residential wood combustion 538,466 33,786 192,492 4,720 6,586

Taconite mines 606 41,350 884 8,823 4

a This value inc lud es elemental and organic carbon, which were used for the benefit per ton

calculation s

.

### 6 The photochemical modeling used here also produced estimates of ozone levels

attributable to each sector. However, the complex non

- linear chemistry governing ozone

formation prevented us from developing a complementary array of ozone benefit per ton

values. This limitation notwithstanding, we anticipate that the ozone

- related benefits

associated with reducing emissions of NO

x 

### and VOC for many of these sectors c ould be

substantial.

Finally, it is important to note that while m ost VOCs emitted are oxidized to carbon

dioxide (CO 2 

### ) rather than to PM, a portion of VOC emission contributes to ambient PM 2.5



### levels as organic carbon aerosols (US EPA 2009)

. T herefore, reducing these emissions

wo uld reduce PM 2.5 

### formation, human exposure to PM 2.5



### , and the incidence of PM 2.5



### - related

health effects. However, we have not quantified VOC benefit per ton estimate s in this

analysis. Uncertainties in both the origin and quantity of emissions contributing to

secondary organic aerosol on regional scales limit the quality of regional scale modeling of

secondary organic carbon. Modeling and monitoring the relative amount of organic

particles that are formed through secondary processes, versus primarily emitted organic

particles, is highly uncertain. While the relative contributions of different sources to

regional sulfate and nitrate can be quantified with certainty, the contributions from

different sources to secondary organic aerosol are less clear. Carbonace ous aerosol reflects

a complex mixture of hundreds to thousands of organic carbon compounds, many of which

have not been successfully quantified. Despite progress that has been made in

understanding the origin, properties, and key formation processes of SO A, it remains the

least understood component of PM2.5 (Federal Register; 40CFR Parts 51, 72, 75, and 96

Rule to Reduce Interstate Transport of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone (Interstate Air

Quality Rule); Proposed Rule. January 30, 2004).

Below we prov ide an expanded discussion of each of the latter two steps to the

calculation

— estimating health impacts and economic value of PM 2.5 

### attributable to each

sector and calculating the benefit per ton coefficients

. The discussion of these topics is not

intended to be exhaustive, and readers interested in learning more about our approach to

performing an air pollution health impact and benefits analysis may consult the PM NAAQS

RIA (US EPA 2012)

.

Estimating the number of PM 2.5 

### - related health impacts attributable to each sector

In this stage of the analysis we perform ed a Health Impact Assessment (HIA)

, which

quantifies the changes in the incidence of adverse health impacts resulting from changes in

human exposure to PM 2.5 

### from each sector . HIA s are a well

- established approach for

estimating the retrospective or prospective change in adverse health impacts expected to

result from population

- level changes in exposure to pollutants (Levy et al. 2009) . PC

- based

### 7 tools such as the environmental B en efits M apping and A nalysis P rogram (BenMAP) can

systematize heal th impact analyses by applying a database of key input parameters,

including health impact functions and population projections (Abt Associates Inc. 2012)

. Analysts have applied the HIA approach to es timate human health impacts resulting from

hypothetical changes in pollutant levels (Hubbell et al. 2004; Davidson et al. 2007; Tagaris

et al. 2009)

.

The HIA approach used in this analysis involves three basic steps: (1) u tilizing

CAMx

- - generated estimates of PM 2.5 

### levels attributed to each sector ; (2) determining the

subsequent change in population

- level exposure; (3) calculating health impacts by applying

concentration

- response relationships drawn from the epidemiological literature to this

change in population exposure (Hubbell et al. 2009)

. This procedure is operationalized

within BenMAP using a health impact function.

A typical health impact function look s as follows:

∆ y = y

o 

### ∙ � e β

∙ ∆ x



### − 1 �

∙ Pop

where y 0 

### is the baseline incidence rate for the health endpoint being quantified (for

example, a health impact function quantifying changes in mortality would use the baseline,

or background, mortality rate for the given population of interest); Pop is the populati on

affected by the change in air quality , whose size and distribution we have projected to the

analysis year ; ∆ x is the change in air quality; and β is the effect coefficient drawn from the

epidemiological study. Tools such as BenMAP can systematize the HI A calculation process,

allowing users to draw upon a library of existing air quality monitoring data, population

data and health impact functions.

Figure 2 provides a simplified overview of this approach , using PM 2.5



### - related

premature mortality as an example, though the procedure is generally the same for other

health endpoints

. This sequence of steps is performed for each of the 1 7 sectors for each

PM 2.5 

### component (p rimary PM 2.5 

### , sulfate and nitrate). The PM 2.5 

### health endpoints

quantified and the health impact functions applied in this analysis are consistent with the

PM NAAQS RIA (US EPA 2012) . That RIA includes a detailed discussion of each of the d ata

inputs, analytical assumptions and sources of uncertainty. In the interest of brevity, we do

not repeat these here in detail

. However, it is worth noting that we exclude the value of

several important non

- health endpoints, including recreational and re sidential visibility,

climate

- related impacts and ecological endpoints. Table 1 below summarizes the endpoints

quantified in this benefit per ton TSD.

### 8 **Figure 2** 

**. Illustration of BenMAP Approach** 

### 9 **Table 2** 

**. Human health effects of PM2.5 quantified and not quantified in this analysis** 

**Category Specific Effect**  **Effect Has**

**Been**

**Quantified Effect Has** 

**Been**

**Monetized More** 

**Information in**

**PM NAAQS RIA**

Improved Human Health

Reduced incidence of

premature mortality

from exposure to

PM 2.5 Adult premature mortality based on

cohort study estimates and expert

elicitation estimates (age >25 or age

>30)   Section 5.6

Infant mortality (age <1)   Section 5.6

Reduced incidence of

morbidity from

exposure to PM 2.5 Non

- fatal heart attacks (age > 18)   Section 5.6

Hospital admissions

— respiratory (all

ages)   Section 5.6

Hospital admissions

— cardiov ascular

(age >20)   Section 5.6

Emergency room visits for asthma (all

ages)   Section 5.6

Acute bronchitis (age 8

- 12)   Section 5.6

Lower respiratory symptoms (age 7

- 14)   Section 5.6

Upper respiratory symptoms

(asthmatics age 9

- 11)   Section 5.6

Asthma exacerbation (asthmatics age 6

- 18)   Section 5.6

Lost work days (age 18

- 65)   Section 5.6

Minor restricted

- activity days (age 18

- 65)   Section 5.6

Chronic Bronchitis (age >26)

-- 1

-- 1 Section 5.6

Emergency room visits for

cardiovascular effects (all ages) -- 1

-- 1 Section 5.6

Strokes and cerebrovascular disease

(age 50

- 79) -- 1

-- 1 Section 5.6

Other cardiovascular effects (e.g., other

ages) -- -- PM ISA 2

Other respiratory effects (e.g.,

pulmonary function, non

- asthma ER

visits, non

- bronchitis chronic diseases,

other ages and populations) -- -- PM ISA 2

Reproductive and developmental effects

(e.g., low birth weight, pre

- term births,

etc) -- -- PM ISA 2,3

Cancer, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity

effects -- -- PM ISA 2,3

1 We assess these benefits qualitatively due to time and resource limitations for this analysis. In the PM NAAQS

RIA, these benefits were quantified in a sensitivity analysis, but not in the core analysis.

2 We assess these benefits qualitatively because we do not have sufficient confidence in available data or

methods.

3 We assess these benefits qualitatively because current evidence is only suggestive of causality or there are other

significant concerns ov er the strength of the association.

### 10 Estimating the e conomic v alu e of h ealth i mpacts attributable to each sector

After quantifying the change in adverse health impacts, the next step is to estimate

the economic value of these avoided impacts. The appropriate economic value for a change

in a health effect depends on whether the health effect is viewed ex ante (before the effect

has occurred) or ex post (after the effect has occurr ed). Reductions in ambient

concentrations of air pollution generally lower the risk of future adverse health effects by a

small amount for a large population. The appropriate economic measure is therefore ex

ante Willingness to Pay (WTP) for changes in ris k. However, epidemiological studies

generally provide estimates of the relative risks of a particular health effect avoided due to

a reduction in air pollution. A convenient way to use this data in a consistent framework is

to convert probabilities to unit s of avoided statistical incidences. This measure is calculated

by dividing individual WTP for a risk reduction by the related observed change in risk. For

example, suppose a measure is able to reduce the risk of premature mortality from 2 in

10,000 to 1 i n 10,000 (a reduction of 1 in 10,000). If individual WTP for this risk reduction

is $100, then the WTP for an avoided statistical premature mortality amounts to $1 million

($100/0.0001 change in risk). Using this approach, the size of the affected populati on is

automatically taken into account by the number of incidences predicted by epidemiological

studies applied to the relevant population. The same type of calculation can produce values

for statistical incidences of other health endpoints.

For some heal th effects, such as hospital admissions, WTP estimates are generally

not available. In these cases, we use the cost of treating or mitigating the effect as a primary

estimate. For example, for the valuation of hospital admissions we use the avoided medical

costs as an estimate of the value of avoiding the health effects causing the admission. These

cost of illness (COI) estimates generally (although not in every case) understate the true

value of reductions in risk of a health effect. They tend to reflect t he direct expenditures

related to treatment but not the value of avoided pain and suffering from the health effect.

Avoided premature deaths account for 98% of monetized PM

- related benefits. The

economics literature concerning the appropriate method for va luing reductions in

premature mortality risk is still developing. The adoption of a value for the projected

reduction in the risk of premature mortality is the subject of continuing discussion within

the economics and public policy analysis community. Foll owing the advice of the SAB’s

Environmental Economics Advisory Committee (SAB

- EEAC), the EPA currently uses the

value of statistical life (VSL) approach in calculating estimates of mortality benefits,

because we believe this calculation provides the most r easonable single estimate of an

individual’s willingness to trade off money for reductions in mortality risk (US EPA

- SAB

2000) . The VSL approach is a summary measure for the value of small changes in mortality

risk experienced by a large number of people.

### 11 EPA continues work to update its guidance on valuing mortality risk reductions, and

the Agency consulted several times with the SAB

- EEAC on the issue. Until updated

guidance is avail able, the Agency determined that a single, peer

- reviewed estimate applied

consistently best reflects the SAB

- EEAC advice it has received. Therefore, EPA has decided

to apply the VSL that was vetted and endorsed by the SAB in the Guidelines for Preparing

Ec onomic Analyses (US EPA 2000) while the Agency continues its efforts to update its

guidance on this issue

. 2 

### This approach calculates a mean v alue across VSL estimates

derived from 26 labor market and contingent valuation studies published between 1974

and 1991. The mean VSL across these studies is $6.3 million (2000$). 3 

### We then adjust this

VSL to account for the currency year used for the analy sis and to account for income

growth from 1990 to the analysis year. Table 2 shows the adjusted VSL estimates for

currency years 2000

- 2012 for the income growth years used in the source apportionment

benefit per ton calculations.

**Table 3** 

**. Value of a Statistical Life Estimate Adjusted for Currency and Income Growth** 

**Years**

VSL with Income Growth to

Currency Year Base VSL Estimate 2016 2020 2024 a

2000 $6.3 $7.3 $7.6 $7.8

2001 $6.5 $7.5 $7.8 $8.0

2002 $6.6 $7.7 $7.9 $8.1

2003 $6.7 $7.8 $8.1 $8.3

2004 $6.9 $8.0 $8.3 $8.5

2005 $7.1 $8.3 $8.6 $8.8

2006 $7.4 $8.6 $8.9 $9.1

2007 $7.6 $8.8 $9.1 $9.4

2008 $7.9 $9.2 $9.5 $9.7

2009 $7.8 $9.1 $9.4 $9.7

2010 $8.0 $9.3 $9.6 $9.8

2011 $8.2 $9.6 $9.9 $10.1

2012 $8.4 $9.8 $10.1 $10.4

a Income growth projections are only available to 2024, so both the 2025 and 2030 estimates use

income growth to 2024 and are therefore likely underestimates.

2 In the updated Guidelines for Preparing Economic Analyses (US EPA 2010a) , EPA retained the VSL endorsed

by the SAB with the understanding that further updates to the mortality risk valuation guidance woul d be

forthcoming in the near future.

3 In 1990$, this VSL is $4.8 million.

### 12 In valuing premature mortality, we discount the value of premature mortality

occurring in future years using rates of 3% and 7% (OMB 2003) . We assume that ther e is a

“cessation” lag between changes in PM exposures and the total realization of changes in

health effects. Although the structure of the lag is uncertain, the EPA follows the advice of

the SAB

- HES to assume a segmented lag structure characterized by 30 % of mortality

reductions in the first year, 50% over years 2 to 5, and 20% over the years 6 to 20 after the

reduction in PM 2.5 

### (US EPA

- SAB 2004) . Changes in the cessation lag assum ptions do not

change the total number of estimated deaths but rather the timing of those deaths.

We express the economic value of the avoided impacts using constant year 2010

dollars, adjusted for growth in real income out to the analysis year using projec tions

provided by Standard and Poor’s. However, these projections are only available to 2024, so

both the 2025 and 2030 estimates use income growth to 2024. Economic theory argues

that WTP for most goods (such as environmental protection) will increase if real income

increases. Many of the valuation studies used in this analysis were conducted in the late

1980s and early 1990s. Because real income has grown since the studies were conducted,

people’s willingness to pay for reductions in the risk of premature death and disease likely

has grown as well. We did not adjust cost of illness

- based values because they are based on

current cos ts. For these two reasons, the cost of illness estimates may underestimate the

economic value of avoided health impacts in each analysis year

. As with the selection of

health studies, the economic valuation estimates applied in this analysis are consistent with

those used in the PM NAAQS RIA.

Calculating the benefit per ton estimate

The final step is to divide the incidence of adv erse health outcomes, and the

economic value of those outcomes, a ssociated with the primary PM 2.5 

### , nitrate and sulfate

attributable to each sector by the sector emissions of directly emitted PM 2.5 

### , NO

x 

### and SO 2



### .

The result is a suite of incidence per ton an d $ benefit per ton estimates for each sector.

Below we summarize the total $ per ton estimates for each of the 1 7 sectors , with more

detailed health impacts per ton for each sector provided in Appendix A . The results for four

analysis years (2016, 2020, 2025 and 2030) are presented.

**Table 4** 

**. Data used for Benefit per Ton Estimates** 

Analysis

Year Pop ul ation Year Mortality

Incidence Year Income Growth

Year Currency Year Emissions Yea r

2016 2016 2015 2016

2010 2016 2020 2020 2020 2020

2025 2025 2025 2024

2025 2030 2030 2024

### 13 Results

**Table 5** 

**. Summary of the total dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5** 

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursor reduced by each of 17 sectors in 2016 (2010$, 3% discount rate) **A**

**Krewski et al. (2009) mortality estimate B**  **Lepeule et al. (2012) m ortality estimate**  **B**

**Sector** Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x

Aircraft, locomotives and marine

vessels $240,000 $85,000 $6,900 $530,000 $190,000 $16,000

Area sources $320,000 $48,000 $7,500 $710,000 $110,000 $17,000

Cement kilns $350,000 $42,000 $5,500 $790,000 $95,000 $12,000

Coke ovens $450,000 $50,000 $10,000 $1,000,000 $110,000 $24,000

Electric arc furnaces $420,000 $78,000 $9,500 $950,000 $180,000 $21,000

Electricity generating units $130,000 $35,000 $5,200 $290,000 $78,000 $12,000

Ferroalloy facilities $270,000 $43,000 $4,300 $620,000 $98,000 $9,700

Industrial point sources $260,000 $39,000 $6,100 $580,000 $89,000 $14,000

Integrated iron and steel facilities $480,000 $85,000 $13,000 $1,100,000 $190,000 $30,000

Iron and steel facilities $490,000 $400,000 $16,000 $1,100,000 $900,000 $36,000

Non

- road mobile sources $300,000 $43,000 $6,600 $690,000 $97,000 $15,000

Ocean

- going vessels $45,000 $12,000 $1,800 $100,000 $26,000 $4,200

On

- road mobile sources $360,000 $19,000 $7,300 $810,000 $43,000 $17,000

Pulp and paper facilities $150,000 $44,000 $3,600 $330,000 $100,000 $8,200

Refineries $310,000 $66,000 $6,500 $710,000 $150,000 $15,000

Residential wood combustion $360,000 $97,000 $13,000 $810,000 $220,000 $29,000

Taconite mines $81,000 $33,000 $5,900 $180,000 $74,000 $13,000

A Reported estimates are average $/ton across the full range of emissions for each sector and do not reflect heterogeneity across locations. Estimates

also do not capture important differences in marginal $/ton that may exist due to different combinations of reductions (i.e., all other sectors a re held

constant) or nonlinearities within a particul ar pollutant (e.g., non

- zero second derivatives with respect to emissions).

B Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted.

Estimates rounded to two significant figures in this table, but all calculations are performed with the unrounded estimates.

### 14 **Table 6** 

**. Summary of the total dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5** 

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursor reduced by each of 17 sectors in 2016 (2010$, 7% discount rate) **A**

**Krewski et al. (2009) mortality estimate**  **B Lepeule et al. (2012) m ortality estimate**  **B**

**Sector** Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x

Aircraft, locomotives and marine

vessels $210,000 $77,000 $6,200 $480,000 $170,000 $14,000

Area sources $280,000 $43,000 $6,800 $640,000 $97,000 $15,000

Cement kilns $320,000 $38,000 $4,900 $710,000 $86,000 $11,000

Coke ovens $400,000 $45,000 $9,400 $910,000 $100,000 $21,000

Electric arc furnaces $380,000 $70,000 $8,500 $860,000 $160,000 $19,000

Electricity generating units $120,000 $31,000 $4,600 $260,000 $71,000 $10,000

Ferroalloy facilities $250,000 $39,000 $3,900 $560,000 $88,000 $8,700

Industrial point sources $230,000 $36,000 $5,500 $520,000 $80,000 $12,000

Integrated iron and steel facilities $430,000 $77,000 $12,000 $980,000 $170,000 $27,000

Iron and steel facilities $450,000 $360,000 $15,000 $1,000,000 $810,000 $33,000

Non

- road mobile sources $270,000 $38,000 $5,900 $620,000 $87,000 $13,000

Ocean

- going vessels $40,000 $11,000 $1,700 $91,000 $24,000 $3,800

On

- road mobile sources $320,000 $17,000 $6,600 $730,000 $39,000 $15,000

Pulp and paper facilities $130,000 $40,000 $3,300 $300,000 $90,000 $7,400

Refineries $280,000 $60,000 $5,900 $640,000 $130,000 $13,000

Residential wood combustion $320,000 $88,000 $12,000 $730,000 $200,000 $26,000

Taconite mines $73,000 $30,000 $5,300 $170,000 $67,000 $12,000

A Reported estimates are average $/ton across the full range of emissions for each sector and do not reflect heterogeneity across locations. Estimates

also do not capture important differences in marginal $/ton that may exist due to different combinations of reductions (i.e., all other sectors are held

constant) or nonlinearities within a particul ar pollutant (e.g., non

- zero s econd derivatives with respect to emissions).

B Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted.

Estimates rounded to two significant figures in this table, but a ll calculations are performed with the unrounded estimates.

### 15 **Table 7** 

**. Summary of the total dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5** 

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursor reduced by each of 17 sectors in 2020 (2010$, 3% discount rate) **A**

**Krewski et al. (2009) mortality estimate B**  **Lepeule et al. (2012) m ortality estimate B** 

**Sector** Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x

Aircraft, locomotives and marine

vessels $250,000 $93,000 $7,300 $570,000 $210,000 $16,000

Area sources $340,000 $51,000 $8,000 $760,000 $110,000 $18,000

Cement kilns $380,000 $45,000 $5,800 $850,000 $100,000 $13,000

Coke ovens $470,000 $53,000 $11,000 $1,100,000 $120,000 $24,000

Electric arc furnaces $440,000 $82,000 $9,900 $1,000,000 $190,000 $22,000

Electricity generating units $140,000 $37,000 $5,400 $310,000 $83,000 $12,000

Ferroalloy facilities $290,000 $46,000 $4,500 $650,000 $100,000 $10,000

Industrial point sources $270,000 $42,000 $6,500 $620,000 $94,000 $15,000

Integrated iron and steel facilities $500,000 $89,000 $14,000 $1,100,000 $200,000 $31,000

Iron and steel facilities $520,000 $420,000 $17,000 $1,200,000 $940,000 $39,000

Non

- road mobile sources $320,000 $46,000 $7,000 $730,000 $100,000 $16,000

Ocean

- going vessels $48,000 $13,000 $2,000 $110,000 $29,000 $4,500

On

- road mobile sources $380,000 $21,000 $7,700 $860,000 $47,000 $17,000

Pulp and paper facilities $160,000 $47,000 $3,800 $350,000 $110,000 $8,600

Refineries $330,000 $71,000 $7,000 $750,000 $160,000 $16,000

Residential wood combustion $380,000 $100,000 $14,000 $860,000 $230,000 $31,000

Taconite mines $86,000 $34,000 $6,200 $190,000 $78,000 $14,000

A Reported estimates are average $/ton across the full range of emissions for each sector and do not reflect heterogeneity across locations. Estimates

also do not capture important differences in marginal $/ton that may exist due to different combinations of reductions (i.e., all other sectors are held

constant) or nonlinearities within a particul ar pollutant (e.g., non

- zero second derivatives with respect to emissions).

B Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and morta lity impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted.

Estimates rounded to two significant figures in this table, but all calculations are performed with the unrounded estimates.

### 16 **Table 8** 

**. Summary of the total**  **dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursor reduced by each of 17 sectors in 2020 (2010$, 7% discount rate) **A**

**Krewski et al. (2009) mortality estimate B**  **Lepeule et al. (2012) m ortality estimate B** 

**Sector** Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x

Aircraft, locomotives and marine

vessels $230,000 $84,000 $6,600 $510,000 $190,000 $15,000

Area sources $300,000 $46,000 $7,200 $680,000 $100,000 $16,000

Cement kilns $340,000 $40,000 $5,200 $770,000 $91,000 $12,000

Coke ovens $420,000 $48,000 $9,700 $950,000 $110,000 $22,000

Electric arc furnaces $400,000 $74,000 $8,900 $900,000 $170,000 $20,000

Electricity generating units $120,000 $33,000 $4,900 $280,000 $75,000 $11,000

Ferroalloy facilities $260,000 $41,000 $4,000 $580,000 $93,000 $9,100

Industrial point sources $250,000 $38,000 $5,800 $560,000 $85,000 $13,000

Integrated iron and steel facilities $450,000 $81,000 $12,000 $1,000,000 $180,000 $28,000

Iron and steel facilities $470,000 $380,000 $15,000 $1,100,000 $850,000 $35,000

Non

- road mobile sources $290,000 $42,000 $6,300 $660,000 $94,000 $14,000

Ocean

- going vessels $43,000 $11,000 $1,800 $98,000 $26,000 $4,100

On

- road mobile sources $350,000 $19,000 $7,000 $780,000 $42,000 $16,000

Pulp and paper facilities $140,000 $42,000 $3,400 $320,000 $96,000 $7,800

Refineries $300,000 $64,000 $6,300 $680,000 $140,000 $14,000

Residential wood combustion $350,000 $94,000 $12,000 $780,000 $210,000 $28,000

Taconite mines $77,000 $31,000 $5,600 $170,000 $70,000 $13,000

A Reported estimates are average $/ton across the full range of emissions for each sector and do not reflect heterogeneity across locations. Estimates

also do not capture important differences in marginal $/ton that may exist due to different combinations of reductions (i.e., all other sectors are held

constant) or nonlinearities within a particul ar pollutant (e.g., non

- zero second derivatives with respect to emissions).

B Value represents sum of t he value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted.

Estimates rounded to two significant figures in this table, but all calculations are performed with the unrounded estimates.

### 17 **Table 9** 

**. Summary of the total dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5** 

### and PM **2.5**



### precursor reduced by each **of 17 sectors in 2025 (2010$, 3 % discount rate)**  **A**

**Krewski et al. (2009) mortality estimate B**  **Lepeule et al. (2012) m ortality estimate**  **B**

**Sector** Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x

Aircraft, locomotives and marine

vessels $280,000 $110,000 $8,000 $620,000 $240,000 $18,000

Area sources $370,000 $56,000 $8,700 $840,000 $130,000 $20,000

Cement kilns $420,000 $49,000 $6,300 $950,000 $110,000 $14,000

Coke ovens $500,000 $57,000 $12,000 $1,100,000 $130,000 $26,000

Electric arc furnaces $480,000 $89,000 $11,000 $1,100,000 $200,000 $24,000

Electricity generating units $150,000 $40,000 $5,800 $340,000 $90,000 $13,000

Ferroalloy facilities $310,000 $50,000 $4,800 $700,000 $110,000 $11,000

Industrial point sources $300,000 $46,000 $7,000 $680,000 $100,000 $16,000

Integrated iron and steel facilities $540,000 $96,000 $15,000 $1,200,000 $220,000 $34,000

Iron and steel facilities $570,000 $450,000 $19,000 $1,300,000 $1,000,000 $42,000

Non

- road mobile sources $360,000 $52,000 $7,700 $810,000 $120,000 $17,000

Ocean

- going vessels $53,000 $14,000 $2,300 $120,000 $32,000 $5,100

On

- road mobile sources $420,000 $23,000 $8,400 $950,000 $52,000 $19,000

Pulp and paper facilities $170,000 $51,000 $4,200 $380,000 $120,000 $9,400

Refineries $370,000 $79,000 $7,700 $830,000 $180,000 $17,000

Residential wood combustion $420,000 $120,000 $15,000 $950,000 $260,000 $34,000

Taconite mines $93,000 $37,000 $6,600 $210,000 $84,000 $15,000

A Reported estimates are average $/ton across the full range of emissions for each sector and do not reflect heterogeneity across locations. Estimates

also do not capture important differences in marginal $/ton that may exist due to different combinations of reductions (i.e., all other sectors are held

constant) or nonlinearities within a particul ar pollutant (e.g., non

- zero s econd derivatives with respect to emissions).

B Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted.

Estimates rounded to two significant figures in this table, but a ll calculations are performed with the unrounded estimates.

### 18 **Table 10** 

**. Summary of the total dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5** 

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursor reduced by each of 17 sectors in 2025 (2010$, 7% discount rate) **A**

**Krewski et al. (2009) mortality estimate B**  **Lepeule et al. (2012) m ortality estimate B** 

**Sector** Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x

Aircraft, locomotives and marine

vessels $250,000 $96,000 $7,200 $560,000 $220,000 $16,000

Area sources $330,000 $50,000 $7,900 $750,000 $110,000 $18,000

Cement kilns $380,000 $44,000 $5,700 $850,000 $99,000 $13,000

Coke ovens $450,000 $51,000 $10,000 $1,000,000 $120,000 $24,000

Electric arc furnaces $430,000 $80,000 $9,600 $970,000 $180,000 $22,000

Electricity generating units $130,000 $36,000 $5,200 $300,000 $82,000 $12,000

Ferroalloy facilities $280,000 $45,000 $4,400 $630,000 $100,000 $9,800

Industrial point sources $270,000 $41,000 $6,300 $620,000 $93,000 $14,000

Integrated iron and steel facilities $480,000 $87,000 $13,000 $1,100,000 $200,000 $30,000

Iron and steel facilities $510,000 $410,000 $17,000 $1,200,000 $920,000 $38,000

Non

- road mobile sources $320,000 $47,000 $7,000 $730,000 $110,000 $16,000

Ocean

- going vessels $48,000 $13,000 $2,000 $110,000 $29,000 $4,600

On

- road mobile sources $380,000 $21,000 $7,600 $860,000 $47,000 $17,000

Pulp and paper facilities $150,000 $46,000 $3,700 $350,000 $100,000 $8,500

Refineries $330,000 $71,000 $6,900 $750,000 $160,000 $16,000

Residential wood combustion $380,000 $100,000 $14,000 $860,000 $230,000 $31,000

Taconite mines $84,000 $34,000 $6,000 $190,000 $76,000 $14,000

A Reported estimates are average $/ton across the full range of emissions for each sector and do not reflect heterogeneity across locations. Estimates

also do not capture important differences in marginal $/ton that may exist due to different combinations of reductions (i.e., all other sectors are held

constant) or nonlinearities within a particul ar pollutant (e.g., non

- zero second derivatives with respect to emissions).

B Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts qu antified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted.

Estimates rounded to two significant figures in this table, but all calculations are performed with the unrounded estimates.

### 19 **Table 11** 

**. Summary of the total dollar value**  **(mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursor reduced by each of 17 sectors in 2030 (2010$, 3% discount rate) **A**

**Krewski et al. (2009) mortality estimate B**  **Lepeule et al. (2012) m ortality estimate B** 

**Sector** Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x

Aircraft, locomotives and marine

vessels $300,000 $120,000 $8,700 $680,000 $270,000 $20,000

Area sources $400,000 $60,000 $9,400 $910,000 $140,000 $21,000

Cement kilns $460,000 $52,000 $6,800 $1,000,000 $120,000 $15,000

Coke ovens $530,000 $61,000 $12,000 $1,200,000 $140,000 $28,000

Electric arc furnaces $510,000 $95,000 $11,000 $1,200,000 $220,000 $26,000

Electricity generating units $160,000 $43,000 $6,200 $360,000 $97,000 $14,000

Ferroalloy facilities $330,000 $53,000 $5,100 $740,000 $120,000 $12,000

Industrial point sources $330,000 $49,000 $7,600 $740,000 $110,000 $17,000

Integrated iron and steel facilities $570,000 $100,000 $16,000 $1,300,000 $230,000 $36,000

Iron and steel facilities $610,000 $480,000 $20,000 $1,400,000 $1,100,000 $46,000

Non

- road mobile sources $390,000 $57,000 $8,400 $880,000 $130,000 $19,000

Ocean

- going vessels $58,000 $16,000 $2,500 $130,000 $35,000 $5,600

On

- road mobile sources $460,000 $26,000 $9,100 $1,000,000 $58,000 $21,000

Pulp and paper facilities $180,000 $55,000 $4,500 $410,000 $130,000 $10,000

Refineries $400,000 $86,000 $8,300 $900,000 $190,000 $19,000

Residential wood combustion $460,000 $130,000 $16,000 $1,000,000 $280,000 $37,000

Taconite mines $100,000 $40,000 $7,100 $220,000 $90,000 $16,000

A Reported estimates are average $/ton across the full range of emissions for each sector and do not reflect heterogeneity across locations. Estimates

also do not capture important differences in marginal $/ton that may exist due to different combinations of reductions (i.e., all other sectors a re held

constant) or nonlinearities within a particul ar pollutant (e.g., non

- zero second derivatives with respect to emissions).

B Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted.

Estimates rounded to two significant figures in this table, but all calculations are performed with the unrounded estimates.

### 20 **Table 12** 

**. Summary of the total dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5** 

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursor reduced by each of 17 sectors in 2030 (2010$, 7% discount rate) **A**

**Krewski et al. (2009) mortality estimate**  **B Lepeule et al. (2012) m ortality estimate**  **B**

**Sector** Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x Directly emitted

PM 2.5 SO 2 NO

x

Aircraft, locomotives and marine

vessels $270,000 $110,000 $7,800 $610,000 $240,000 $18,000

Area sources $360,000 $54,000 $8,500 $820,000 $120,000 $19,000

Cement kilns $410,000 $47,000 $6,100 $930,000 $110,000 $14,000

Coke ovens $480,000 $55,000 $11,000 $1,100,000 $120,000 $25,000

Electric arc furnaces $460,000 $86,000 $10,000 $1,000,000 $190,000 $23,000

Electricity generating units $140,000 $39,000 $5,600 $330,000 $87,000 $13,000

Ferroalloy facilities $290,000 $48,000 $4,600 $670,000 $110,000 $10,000

Industrial point sources $300,000 $44,000 $6,800 $670,000 $100,000 $15,000

Integrated iron and steel facilities $510,000 $92,000 $14,000 $1,200,000 $210,000 $32,000

Iron and steel facilities $550,000 $440,000 $18,000 $1,200,000 $980,000 $41,000

Non

- road mobile sources $350,000 $52,000 $7,600 $790,000 $120,000 $17,000

Ocean

- going vessels $53,000 $14,000 $2,300 $120,000 $32,000 $5,100

On

- road mobile sources $410,000 $23,000 $8,200 $930,000 $52,000 $19,000

Pulp and paper facilities $170,000 $50,000 $4,000 $370,000 $110,000 $9,100

Refineries $360,000 $77,000 $7,500 $810,000 $170,000 $17,000

Residential wood combustion $420,000 $110,000 $15,000 $940,000 $250,000 $33,000

Taconite mines $90,000 $36,000 $6,400 $200,000 $81,000 $14,000

A Reported estimates are average $/ton across the full range of emissions for each sector and do not reflect heterogeneity across locations. Estimates

also do not capture important differences in marginal $/ton that may exist due to different combinations of reductions (i.e., all other sectors are held

constant) or nonlinearities within a particul ar pollutant (e. g., non

- zero second derivatives with respect to emissions).

B Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted.

Estimates rounded to two significant figures in thi s table, but all calculations are performed with the unrounded estimates.

### 21 Lowest Measured Air Quality Level Exposure Assessment

Assessments quantifying PM 2.5 

### related health impacts generally find that cases of

avoided mortality represent the majority of the monetized benefits. For this reason, EPA

has historically performed a series of analyses that characterize the uncertainty associated

with the PM

- mortality relationship and the economic value of reducing the risk of

premature death (Mansfield et al. 2009; Roman et al. 2008; US EPA 2012)

. Here we focus

on the level of uncertainty associated with the avoided premature deaths estimated to

occur due to air quality improvements below the lowest levels of PM 2.5 

### observed in the

epidemiological studies used to quantify such risks

.

In general, we are more confident in the magnitude of the risks we estimate from

simulated PM 2.5 

### concentrations that coincide with the bulk of the observed PM

concentrations in the epidemiological studies that are used to estimate the benefits.

Likewise, we are less confident in the risk we estimate from simulated PM 2.5 

### concentrations

that fall below the bulk of the observed data in these studies. Concentration benchmark

analyses (e.g., lowest measu red level [LML] or one standard deviation below the mean of

the air quality data in the study ) a llow readers to determine the portion of population

exposed to annual mean PM 2.5 

### levels at or above different concentrations, which provides

some insight into t he level of uncertainty in the estimated PM 2.5 

### mortality benefits. There

are uncertainties inherent in identifying any particular point at which our confidence in

reported associations becomes appreciably less, and the scientific evidence provides no

clear dividing line. However, the EPA does not view these concentration benchmarks as a

concentration threshold below which we would not quantify health benefits of air quality

improvements. 4 

### Rather, the benefits estimates reported are the best available estimates

because they reflect the full range of air quality concentrations associated with the

emission reduction strategies and because the current body of scientific literature indicates

that a no

- threshold model provides the best estimate of PM

- related long

- term mortality. In

other words, although we may have less confidence in the magnitude of the risk at

concentrations below these benchmarks, we still have high confidence that PM 2.5 

### is causally

associated with risk at those lower air quality concentra tions.

For a benefit per ton analysis, policy

- specific air quality data is not available due to

time or resource limitations. For rules using benefit per ton estimates , we are unable to

estimate the percentage of premature mortality associated with that ru le’s emission

reductions at each PM 2.5 

### level. However, we believe that it is still important to characterize

4 F or a summary of the scientific review statements regarding the lack of a threshold in the PM 2.5

- mortality

relationship, see the Technical Support Document (TSD) entitled Summary of Expert Opinions on the Existence

of a Threshold in the Concentration

- Response Function for PM 2.5

- related Mortality (US EPA 2010d)

.

### 22 the distribution of exposure to baseline air quality levels as a representation of the starting

point for any marginal reductions in air pollution as a result of sector specific emissions

reductions . As a surrogate measure of mortality impacts, we provide the percentage of the

population exposed at each PM 2.5 

### level in the baseline of the source apportionment

modeling used to calculate the benefit

- per

- ton estimates for this sector. It is important to

note that baseline exposure is only one parameter in the health impact function, along with

baseline incidence rates population, and change in air quality. In other words, the

percentage of the population exposed to air pollution below the LML is not the same as the

percentage of the population experiencing health impacts as a result of a specific emission

reduction policy. The most important aspect, which we are unable to quantify for rules

without rule

- sp ecific air quality modeling, is the shift in exposure associated with a specific

rule. Therefore, caution is warranted when interpreting the LML assessment for any

particular sector rule because these results are not consistent with results from rule s that

had air quality modeling.

Table 12 provides the percentage of the population exposed above and below two

concentration benchmarks (i.e., LML and 1 standard deviation below the mean) in the

modeled baseline. Figure 3 shows a bar chart of the percentage of the population exposed

to various air quality levels in the baseline, and Figure 4 shows a cumulative distribution

function of the same data. Both figures identify the LML for each of the major cohort

studies.

**Table 13** 

**. Population Exposure in the Baseline Above and Below Various** 

**Concentration Benchmarks in the Underlying Epidemiology Studies**  **a**

**Epidemiology**

**Study Below 1 Std. Dev.** 

**Below AQ Mean At or Above 1 Std.** 

**Dev. Below AQ Mean Below LML**  **At or Above LML**

Krewski et al. (2009) 89 % 11 % 7 % 93 %

Lepeule et al. (2012) N/A N/A 23 % 67 %

a One standard deviation below the mean is equivalent to the middle of the range between the 10 th and 25 th

percentile. For Krewski, the LML is 5.8 μg/m 3 and one standard deviation below the mean is 11.0 μg/m 3 . For

Lepeule et al., the LML is 8 μg/m 3 and we do not have the data for one standard deviation below the mean. It is

important to emphasize that although we have lower levels of confidence in levels below the LML for each study,

the scientific evidence does not support the existence of a level below which health effects from exposure to PM 2.5

do not occur.

### 23 Among the populations exposed to PM 2.5 in the baseline:

93% are exposed to PM 2.5 levels at or above the LML of the Kr ewski et al. (2009) study

67% are exposed to PM 2.5 levels at or above the LML of the Lepeule et al. (2012) study



### Figure **3**

**. Percentage of Adult Population by Annual Mean PM**  **2.5** 

### Exposure in the

**Baseline** 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%

<1 1

- 2 2

- 3 3

- 4 4

- 5 5

- 6 6

- 7 7

- 8 8

- 9 9

- 10 10

- 11 11

- 12 12

- 13 13

- 14 14

- 15 15

- 16 16

- 17 17

- 18 18

- 19 19

- 20Percentage of Population Exposed

Baseline Annual Mean PM

2.5 Level (μg/m 3 ) LML of Lepeule et al.

(2012) study LML of Krewski et

al. (2009) study

### 24 Among the populations exposed to PM 2.5 in the baseline:

93% are exposed to PM 2.5 levels at or above the LML of the Kr ewski et al. (2009) study

67% are exposed to PM 2.5 levels at or above the LML of the Lepeule et al. (2012) study



### Figure **4**

**. Cumulative Distribution of Adult Population by Annual Mean PM**  **2.5** 

### Exposure in the Baseline

Limitations

This analysis includes many data sources as inputs, incl uding emission inventories,

air quality data from models (with their ass ociated parameters and i nputs), population

data, health effect estimates from epidemiology studies, and economic data f or monetizing

benefits. Each of these inputs may be uncertain and woul d affect the benefits estimate.

When the uncertainties from each st age of the a nalysis are compounded, small

uncertainties can have large effects on the total quantified benefits. T his analysis does not

include the type of detailed uncertainty assessment found in the PM NAAQS RIA (US EPA

2012; US EPA 2006) . However, the results of the Monte Carlo analyses of the health and

welfare benefits presented in the PM RIA s can provide some evidence of the uncertainty

surrounding the benefits results presented in this analysis.

In this analysis w e assume that all fine particles, regardless of their ch emical

composition, are equally potent in causing premature mortality. This is an important 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Cumulative percentage of population exposed

Baseline Annual Mean PM

2.5 Level (μg/m 3 ) LML of Krewski et

al. (2009) study LML of Lepeule et

al. (2012) study

### 25 assumpt ion, beca use PM 2.5 

### produced via transported precursors emitted from EGUs may

differ significantly from direct PM 2.5 

### released from other industr ial sources. However, the

scientific evidence is not yet sufficient to allow differentiation of eff ect estimates by particle

type. We also assume that the health impact function for fine particles is linear down to the

lowest air quality levels modeled in this analysis. Thu s, the estimates include health

benefits from reducing fine particles in areas wi th varied concentrations of PM 2.5



### , including

regions that are in attainment with fine particle standard

.

It is also important to note that the monetized benefit per ton estimates u sed here

reflect specific geographic patterns of emissions and sp ecific air quality and benefits

modeling assumptions. Great care should be taken in applying these e stimates to emission

reductions occurring in any specific loca tion, as these are all based on national emission

reduction assumptions and therefor e represent an averag e benefit per ton over the enti re

United States. The benefit per ton for emission reductions in specific locations may be very

different from the estimates presented here. In addition, estimates do not capture

important differences in marginal benefit per ton that may exist due to different

combinations of reductions (i.e., all other sectors are held constant) or nonlinearities

within a particular pollutant (e.g., non

- zero second derivatives with respect to emissions).

The maps in Appendix B provide an indi cation of the location of the facilities that were

modeled a s well as the associated PM 2.5 

### levels.

When using these benefit per ton estimates in analyses, care should be taken to not

overstate the accuracy of the total benefits estimates or estimat es of avoided incidence. For

this reason, it is EPA practice to round total benefits estimates to two significant digits and

to round estimates of avoided incidence to the nearest whole number.

### 26 

# Appendix A

Detailed Results for Each Sector

### 27 

# 2016 Analysis Year

### 28 **Table 14** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the aircraft, locomotives and marine

**vessels sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate**  **A** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,900 $85,000 $240,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $16,000 $190,000 $530,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,200 $77,000 $210,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $14,000 $170,000 $480,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **15**

**. Incidence per ton of avoided mortalities and morbidities from the** 

**Petroleum Refineries sector for directly emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced

**in 2016**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000800 0.009900 0.027000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001800 0.023000 0.062000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000440 0.005000 0.015000

Acute bronchitis 0.001300 0.018000 0.042000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.017000 0.230000 0.540000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.024000 0.320000 0.770000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.660000 9.600000 23.000000

Work loss days 0.110000 1.600000 3.800000

Asthma exacerbation 0.024000 0.340000 0.800000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000270 0.002900 0.009000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000220 0.002300 0.007300

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000870 0.009700 0.029000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000093 0.001000 0.003100

### 29 **Table 16** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the area sources sector **(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,500 $48,000 $320,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $17,000 $110,000 $710,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,800 $43,000 $280,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $15,000 $97,000 $640,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **17**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 **from the area sources sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000880 0.005600 0.037000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002000 0.013000 0.083000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000510 0.003200 0.021000

Acute bronchitis 0.001400 0.008400 0.057000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.110000 0.730000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.026000 0.150000 1.000000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.720000 4.400000 30.000000

Work loss days 0.120000 0.740000 5.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.027000 0.380000 2.600000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000290 0.001900 0.012000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000240 0.001500 0.009900

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000950 0.006000 0.039000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000100 0.000650 0.004200

### 30 **Table 18** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from **the cement kilns sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,500 $42,000 $350,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $12,000 $95,000 $790,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,900 $38,000 $320,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $11,000 $86,000 $710,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **19**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the cement kilns sector

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000640 0.004900 0.041000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001400 0.011000 0.093000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000370 0.002600 0.021000

Acute bronchitis 0.001000 0.007200 0.068000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.013000 0.092000 0.860000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.130000 1.200000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.510000 3.700000 33.000000

Work loss days 0.086000 0.620000 5.600000

Asthma exacerbation 0.019000 0.130000 1.300000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000220 0.001700 0.013000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000170 0.001300 0.010000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000690 0.005300 0.043000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000075 0.000570 0.004700

### 31 **Table 20** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors **reduced in 2016 from the coke ovens sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $10,000 $50,000 $450,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $24,000 $110,000 $1,000,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $9,400 $45,000 $400,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $21,000 $100,000 $910,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **21**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the coke ovens sector

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001200 0.005900 0.052000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002700 0.013000 0.120000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000730 0.003100 0.026000

Acute bronchitis 0.001700 0.008100 0.067000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.021000 0.100000 0.850000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.031000 0.150000 1.200000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.880000 4.200000 35.000000

Work loss days 0.150000 0.700000 5.800000

Asthma exacerbation 0.031000 0.150000 1.200000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000440 0.002100 0.018000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000350 0.001700 0.015000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001400 0.006600 0.057000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000150 0.000710 0.006200

### 32 **Table 22** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the electric arc furnaces sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $9,500 $78,000 $420,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $21,000 $180,000 $950,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $8,500 $70,000 $380,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $19,000 $160,000 $860,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **23**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the electric arc furnaces

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001100 0.009100 0.049000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002500 0.021000 0.110000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000660 0.004500 0.024000

Acute bronchitis 0.001600 0.013000 0.067000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.021000 0.160000 0.850000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.030000 0.230000 1.200000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.830000 6.500000 35.000000

Work loss days 0.140000 1.100000 5.800000

Asthma exacerbation 0.030000 0.240000 1.300000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000390 0.003000 0.016000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000310 0.002400 0.013000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001200 0.009900 0.053000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000130 0.001100 0.005700

### 33 **Table 24** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the electricity generating units sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,200 $35,000 $130,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $12,000 $78,000 $290,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,600 $31,000 $120,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $10,000 $71,000 $260,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **25**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the electricity generating

**units sector** 

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000600 0.004100 0.015000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001400 0.009200 0.034000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000330 0.002100 0.008300

Acute bronchitis 0.000910 0.005800 0.023000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.012000 0.074000 0.290000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.017000 0.110000 0.410000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.460000 3.000000 12.000000

Work loss days 0.077000 0.500000 1.900000

Asthma exacerbation 0.017000 0.260000 0.420000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000210 0.001400 0.005100

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000170 0.001100 0.004100

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000670 0.004400 0.016000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000072 0.000480 0.001700

### 34 **Table 26** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the ferroalloy facilities **sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,300 $43,000 $270,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $9,700 $98,000 $620,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $3,900 $39,000 $250,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $8,700 $88,000 $560,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **27**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 **from the ferroalloy facilities**

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000500 0.005000 0.032000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001100 0.011000 0.072000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000230 0.002400 0.015000

Acute bronchitis 0.000650 0.006800 0.043000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.008300 0.087000 0.550000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.012000 0.120000 0.780000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.340000 3.500000 22.000000

Work loss days 0.058000 0.590000 3.700000

Asthma exacerbation 0.012000 0.130000 0.810000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000170 0.001700 0.011000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000130 0.001400 0.009000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000550 0.005600 0.035000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000059 0.000600 0.003800

### 35 **Table 28** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from **the industrial point sources sector**

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,100 $39,000 $260,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $14,000 $89,000 $580,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,500 $36,000 $230,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $12,000 $80,000 $520,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **29**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the industrial point

**sources sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000710 0.004600 0.030000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001600 0.010000 0.068000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000400 0.002500 0.016000

Acute bronchitis 0.001100 0.006800 0.046000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.014000 0.087000 0.590000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.021000 0.120000 0.850000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.570000 3.500000 24.000000

Work loss days 0.096000 0.590000 4.000000

Asthma exacerbation 0.021000 0.130000 0.870000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000240 0.001600 0.009900

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000190 0.001300 0.008000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000780 0.005000 0.032000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000084 0.000540 0.003400

### 36 **Table 30** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the integrated iron and steel facilities

**sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $13,000 $85,000 $480,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $30,000 $190,000 $1,100,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $12,000 $77,000 $430,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $27,000 $170,000 $980,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **31**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the integrated iron and

**steel facilities sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001500 0.010000 0.056000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.003500 0.023000 0.130000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000910 0.005700 0.031000

Acute bronchitis 0.002200 0.014000 0.076000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.028000 0.180000 0.970000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.040000 0.250000 1.400000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.100000 7.200000 39.000000

Work loss days 0.190000 1.200000 6.600000

Asthma exacerbation 0.041000 0.260000 1.400000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000570 0.003600 0.020000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000450 0.002900 0.016000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001800 0.011000 0.064000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000190 0.001200 0.006900

### 37 **Table 3**  **2**

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the iron and steel facilities sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $16,000 $400,000 $490,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $36,000 $900,000 $1,100,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $15,000 $360,000 $450,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $33,000 $810,000 $1,000,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **33**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the iron and steel **facilities**

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001900 0.046000 0.058000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.004200 0.110000 0.130000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.001000 0.024000 0.029000

Acute bronchitis 0.003100 0.067000 0.087000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.040000 0.850000 1.100000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.057000 1.200000 1.600000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.600000 35.000000 45.000000

Work loss days 0.270000 5.900000 7.600000

Asthma exacerbation 0.059000 1.300000 1.600000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000620 0.015000 0.019000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000500 0.012000 0.015000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.002000 0.049000 0.061000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000210 0.005300 0.006500

### 38 **Table 34** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the non

**- road mobile**  **sources sector**

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,600 $43,000 $300,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $15,000 $97,000 $690,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,900 $38,000 $270,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $13,000 $87,000 $620,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **35**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in **2016 from the non**

**- road mobile** 

**sources sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000770 0.005000 0.035000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001700 0.011000 0.080000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000430 0.002600 0.021000

Acute bronchitis 0.001300 0.009100 0.056000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.016000 0.120000 0.720000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.023000 0.160000 1.000000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.650000 4.300000 30.000000

Work loss days 0.110000 0.730000 5.000000

Asthma exacerbation 0.024000 0.170000 1.100000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000250 0.001400 0.012000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000200 0.001200 0.009500

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000820 0.005000 0.038000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000089 0.000530 0.004100

### 39 **Table 36** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 **from the ocean**

**- going vessels sector (2010$)** 

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $1,800 $12,000 $45,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $4,200 $26,000 $100,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $1,700 $11,000 $40,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $3,800 $24,000 $91,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **37**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the ocean

**- going vessels** 

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000210 0.001400 0.005200

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.000490 0.003100 0.012000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000120 0.000680 0.002600

Acute bronchitis 0.000380 0.002000 0.007800

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.004800 0.025000 0.099000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.006800 0.036000 0.140000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.200000 1.100000 4.200000

Work loss days 0.034000 0.180000 0.720000

Asthma exacerbation 0.007100 0.037000 0.150000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000067 0.000440 0.001700

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000054 0.000350 0.001300

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000220 0.001400 0.005500

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000024 0.000160 0.000590

### 40 **Table 38** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the on

**- road mobile sources sector** 

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,300 $19,000 $360,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $17,000 $43,000 $810,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,600 $17,000 $320,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $15,000 $39,000 $730,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **39**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the on

**- road mobile sources** 

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000850 0.002200 0.042000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001900 0.005000 0.094000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000490 0.001100 0.024000

Acute bronchitis 0.001400 0.004000 0.067000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.017000 0.051000 0.850000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.025000 0.072000 1.200000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.690000 1.900000 35.000000

Work loss days 0.120000 0.320000 5.900000

Asthma exacerbation 0.061000 0.074000 3.000000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000290 0.000660 0.014000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000230 0.000530 0.011000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000930 0.002200 0.044000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000100 0.000240 0.004800

### 41 **Table 40** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the pulp and paper facilities sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $3,600 $44,000 $150,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $8,200 $100,000 $330,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $3,300 $40,000 $130,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $7,400 $90,000 $300,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **41**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the pulp and paper

**facilities sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000420 0.005100 0.017000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.000960 0.012000 0.038000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000230 0.002500 0.007800

Acute bronchitis 0.000630 0.007300 0.024000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.008000 0.093000 0.310000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.011000 0.130000 0.440000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.320000 3.800000 12.000000

Work loss days 0.054000 0.630000 2.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.012000 0.140000 0.450000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000140 0.001700 0.005500

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000110 0.001400 0.004400

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000460 0.005500 0.018000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000050 0.000600 0.001900

### 42 **Table 42** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the refineries sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,500 $66,000 $310,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $15,000 $150,000 $710,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,900 $60,000 $280,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $13,000 $130,000 $640,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **43**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the refineries sector

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000760 0.007700 0.036000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001700 0.017000 0.083000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000420 0.004100 0.019000

Acute bronchitis 0.001300 0.013000 0.060000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.016000 0.160000 0.760000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.023000 0.230000 1.100000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.660000 6.600000 31.000000

Work loss days 0.110000 1.100000 5.200000

Asthma exacerbation 0.024000 0.240000 1.100000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000250 0.002500 0.012000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000200 0.002000 0.009700

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000810 0.008000 0.037000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000087 0.000860 0.004000

### 43 **Table 44** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the residential wood combustion sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted** 

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $13,000 $97,000 $360,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $29,000 $220,000 $810,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $12,000 $88,000 $320,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $26,000 $200,000 $730,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **45**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the **residential wood**

**combustion sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001500 0.011000 0.042000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.003400 0.026000 0.094000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000830 0.005700 0.021000

Acute bronchitis 0.002400 0.017000 0.064000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.031000 0.220000 0.820000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.044000 0.320000 1.200000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.200000 9.200000 34.000000

Work loss days 0.210000 1.500000 5.700000

Asthma exacerbation 0.045000 0.330000 2.900000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000470 0.003400 0.013000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000380 0.002800 0.010000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001600 0.012000 0.043000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000170 0.001300 0.004700

### 44 **Table 46** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from **the taconite mines sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,900 $33,000 $81,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $13,000 $74,000 $180,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,300 $30,000 $73,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $12,000 $67,000 $170,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **47**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2016 from the taconite mines sector

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000690 0.003800 0.009500

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001600 0.008700 0.022000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000370 0.001900 0.004200

Acute bronchitis 0.001000 0.005500 0.013000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.013000 0.070000 0.170000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.019000 0.099000 0.240000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.530000 2.800000 6.700000

Work loss days 0.089000 0.470000 1.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.019000 0.100000 0.240000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000230 0.001300 0.003000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000190 0.001000 0.002400

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000750 0.004200 0.009800

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000081 0.000460 0.001100

### 45 

# 2020 Analysis Year

### 46 **Table 48** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the aircraft, locomotives and marine

**vessels sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,300 $93,000 $250,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $16,000 $210,000 $570,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,600 $84,000 $230,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $15,000 $190,000 $510,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **49**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the aircraft, locomotives

**and marine vessels sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000820 0.011000 0.028000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001900 0.024000 0.064000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000450 0.005100 0.015000

Acute bronchitis 0.001300 0.018000 0.044000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.017000 0.230000 0.560000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.024000 0.330000 0.800000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.670000 9.900000 23.000000

Work loss days 0.110000 1.700000 3.900000

Asthma exacerbation 0.025000 0.350000 0.830000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000280 0.003100 0.009700

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000230 0.002600 0.007900

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000930 0.011000 0.031000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000100 0.001100 0.003300

### 47 **Table 50** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the area sources sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate**  **A** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $8,000 $51,000 $340,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $18,000 $110,000 $760,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,200 $46,000 $300,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $16,000 $100,000 $680,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **51**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the area sources sector

**Pollutant emitted** 

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000900 0.005700 0.038000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002000 0.013000 0.086000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000520 0.003300 0.021000

Acute bronchitis 0.001500 0.008700 0.059000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.019000 0.110000 0.760000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.027000 0.160000 1.100000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.730000 4.500000 31.000000

Work loss days 0.120000 0.760000 5.200000

Asthma exacerbation 0.028000 0.390000 2.700000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000310 0.002000 0.013000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000250 0.001700 0.011000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001000 0.006400 0.042000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000110 0.000700 0.004500

### 48 **Table 52** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the cement kilns sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted** 

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,800 $45,000 $380,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $13,000 $100,000 $850,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,200 $40,000 $340,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $12,000 $91,000 $770,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **53**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the cement **kilns sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000650 0.005000 0.042000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001500 0.011000 0.096000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000380 0.002700 0.022000

Acute bronchitis 0.001000 0.007400 0.070000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.013000 0.095000 0.890000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.019000 0.140000 1.300000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.520000 3.700000 34.000000

Work loss days 0.088000 0.630000 5.800000

Asthma exacerbation 0.020000 0.140000 1.300000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000230 0.001800 0.014000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000190 0.001400 0.011000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000740 0.005700 0.047000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000080 0.000620 0.005100

### 49 **Table 54** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the coke ovens sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $11,000 $53,000 $470,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $24,000 $120,000 $1,100,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $9,700 $48,000 $420,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $22,000 $110,000 $950,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **55**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 **from the coke ovens sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001200 0.006000 0.053000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002800 0.014000 0.120000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000740 0.003200 0.027000

Acute bronchitis 0.001700 0.008300 0.068000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.022000 0.110000 0.860000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.031000 0.150000 1.200000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.870000 4.200000 35.000000

Work loss days 0.150000 0.710000 5.800000

Asthma exacerbation 0.032000 0.160000 1.300000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000460 0.002200 0.019000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000370 0.001800 0.015000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001400 0.007000 0.060000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000160 0.000760 0.006500

### 50 **Table 56** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the electric arc **furnaces sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $9,900 $82,000 $440,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $22,000 $190,000 $1,000,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $8,900 $74,000 $400,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $20,000 $170,000 $900,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **57**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors **reduced in 2020 from the electric arc furnaces**

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001100 0.009300 0.050000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002500 0.021000 0.110000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000680 0.004600 0.025000

Acute bronchitis 0.001700 0.013000 0.069000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.021000 0.170000 0.880000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.030000 0.240000 1.300000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.830000 6.500000 35.000000

Work loss days 0.140000 1.100000 5.800000

Asthma exacerbation 0.031000 0.240000 1.300000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000410 0.003200 0.017000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000330 0.002600 0.014000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001300 0.011000 0.056000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000140 0.001100 0.006000

### 51 **Table 58** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced **in 2020 from the electricity generating units sector**

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,400 $37,000 $140,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $12,000 $83,000 $310,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,900 $33,000 $120,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $11,000 $75,000 $280,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **59**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the electricity generating

**units sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000610 0.004200 0.015000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001400 0.009400 0.035000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000340 0.002200 0.008600

Acute bronchitis 0.000930 0.006000 0.023000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.012000 0.077000 0.300000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.017000 0.110000 0.420000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.460000 3.000000 12.000000

Work loss days 0.077000 0.510000 2.000000

Asthma exacerbation 0.018000 0.270000 0.440000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000220 0.001500 0.005500

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000180 0.001200 0.004400

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000710 0.004700 0.017000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000077 0.000520 0.001900

### 52 **Table 60** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the ferroalloy facilities sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,500 $46,000 $290,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $10,000 $100,000 $650,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,000 $41,000 $260,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $9,100 $93,000 $580,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **61**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the ferroalloy facilities

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000510 0.005200 0.032000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001100 0.012000 0.073000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000230 0.002400 0.015000

Acute bronchitis 0.000670 0.007000 0.044000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.008500 0.090000 0.570000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.012000 0.130000 0.810000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.350000 3.500000 22.000000

Work loss days 0.058000 0.600000 3.700000

Asthma exacerbation 0.013000 0.130000 0.840000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000180 0.001800 0.011000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000140 0.001500 0.009700

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000580 0.006000 0.037000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000062 0.000640 0.004000

### 53 **Table 62** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the industrial point sources sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate**  **A** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,500 $42,000 $270,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $15,000 $94,000 $620,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,800 $38,000 $250,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $13,000 $85,000 $560,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **63**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the industrial point

**sources sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000730 0.004700 0.031000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001700 0.011000 0.070000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000410 0.002500 0.016000

Acute bronchitis 0.001200 0.007100 0.048000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.015000 0.090000 0.610000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.021000 0.130000 0.880000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.580000 3.500000 24.000000

Work loss days 0.097000 0.600000 4.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.022000 0.130000 0.910000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000260 0.001700 0.011000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000210 0.001400 0.008700

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000830 0.005400 0.034000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000090 0.000580 0.003700

### 54 **Table 64** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the integrated iron and steel **facilities**

**sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $14,000 $89,000 $500,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $31,000 $200,000 $1,100,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $12,000 $81,000 $450,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $28,000 $180,000 $1,000,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **65**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the integrated iron and

**steel facilities sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001600 0.010000 0.057000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.003500 0.023000 0.130000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000920 0.005700 0.031000

Acute bronchitis 0.002200 0.014000 0.077000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.029000 0.180000 0.980000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.041000 0.260000 1.400000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.100000 7.200000 39.000000

Work loss days 0.190000 1.200000 6.500000

Asthma exacerbation 0.042000 0.270000 1.500000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000600 0.003800 0.022000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000480 0.003100 0.018000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001900 0.012000 0.068000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000200 0.001300 0.007300

### 55 **Table 66** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the iron and steel facilities sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $17,000 $420,000 $520,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $39,000 $940,000 $1,200,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $15,000 $380,000 $470,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $35,000 $850,000 $1,100,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **67**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the iron and steel facilities

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001900 0.047000 0.059000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.004400 0.110000 0.130000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.001100 0.025000 0.030000

Acute bronchitis 0.003200 0.069000 0.089000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.041000 0.880000 1.100000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.058000 1.300000 1.600000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.600000 35.000000 45.000000

Work loss days 0.270000 5.900000 7.700000

Asthma exacerbation 0.060000 1.300000 1.700000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000670 0.016000 0.020000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000540 0.013000 0.016000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.002100 0.052000 0.065000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000230 0.005600 0.007000

### 56 **Table 68** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the non

**- road mobile sources sector** 

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate**  **A** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,000 $46,000 $320,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $16,000 $100,000 $730,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,300 $42,000 $290,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $14,000 $94,000 $660,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **69**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the non

**- road mobile** 

**sources sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000790 0.005200 0.037000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001800 0.012000 0.083000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000450 0.002700 0.021000

Acute bronchitis 0.001300 0.009500 0.058000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.017000 0.120000 0.740000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.024000 0.170000 1.100000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.660000 4.500000 30.000000

Work loss days 0.110000 0.760000 5.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.025000 0.180000 1.100000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000270 0.001600 0.013000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000220 0.001300 0.010000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000880 0.005400 0.041000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000095 0.000590 0.004400

### 57 **Table 70** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the ocean

**- going vessels**  **sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $2,000 $13,000 $48,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $4,500 $29,000 $110,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $1,800 $11,000 $43,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $4,100 $26,000 $98,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **71**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 **from the ocean**

**- going vessels** 

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000230 0.001400 0.005400

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.000510 0.003200 0.012000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000120 0.000700 0.002700

Acute bronchitis 0.000390 0.002100 0.008100

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.004900 0.026000 0.100000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.007100 0.037000 0.150000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.210000 1.100000 4.300000

Work loss days 0.035000 0.190000 0.730000

Asthma exacerbation 0.007300 0.039000 0.150000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000072 0.000480 0.001800

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000059 0.000380 0.001500

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000240 0.001600 0.006000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000026 0.000170 0.000640

### 58 **Table 72** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the **on**

**- road mobile sources sector** 

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,700 $21,000 $380,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $17,000 $47,000 $860,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,000 $19,000 $350,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $16,000 $42,000 $780,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **73**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the on

**- road mobile sources** 

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000870 0.002300 0.043000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002000 0.005300 0.098000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000500 0.001200 0.025000

Acute bronchitis 0.001400 0.004100 0.069000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.053000 0.880000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.026000 0.075000 1.300000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.700000 2.000000 36.000000

Work loss days 0.120000 0.340000 6.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.063000 0.078000 3.100000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000310 0.000720 0.015000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000250 0.000580 0.012000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000990 0.002400 0.048000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000110 0.000260 0.005200

### 59 **Table 74** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the pulp and paper facilities sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $3,800 $47,000 $160,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $8,600 $110,000 $350,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $3,400 $42,000 $140,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $7,800 $96,000 $320,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **75**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the pulp and paper

**facilities sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000430 0.005300 0.018000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.000980 0.012000 0.040000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000240 0.002600 0.008000

Acute bronchitis 0.000640 0.007600 0.025000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.008200 0.097000 0.320000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.012000 0.140000 0.460000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.320000 3.800000 12.000000

Work loss days 0.054000 0.640000 2.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.012000 0.140000 0.480000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000150 0.001900 0.005900

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000120 0.001500 0.004800

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000490 0.006000 0.019000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000053 0.000640 0.002100

### 60 **Table 76** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the refineries sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,000 $71,000 $330,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $16,000 $160,000 $750,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,300 $64,000 $300,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $14,000 $140,000 $680,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **77**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the refineries sector

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000790 0.008000 0.038000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001800 0.018000 0.085000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000430 0.004200 0.020000

Acute bronchitis 0.001300 0.013000 0.062000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.017000 0.170000 0.790000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.024000 0.240000 1.100000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.660000 6.700000 31.000000

Work loss days 0.110000 1.100000 5.300000

Asthma exacerbation 0.025000 0.250000 1.200000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000270 0.002700 0.013000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000220 0.002200 0.011000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000870 0.008600 0.040000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000093 0.000930 0.004300

### 61 **Table 78** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the residential wood combustion sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted** 

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $14,000 $100,000 $380,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $31,000 $230,000 $860,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $12,000 $94,000 $350,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $28,000 $210,000 $780,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **79**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the **residential wood**

**combustion sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001600 0.012000 0.043000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.003500 0.027000 0.098000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000850 0.005900 0.022000

Acute bronchitis 0.002500 0.018000 0.067000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.032000 0.230000 0.850000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.045000 0.330000 1.200000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.200000 9.400000 34.000000

Work loss days 0.210000 1.600000 5.800000

Asthma exacerbation 0.047000 0.340000 3.000000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000510 0.003700 0.014000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000410 0.003000 0.011000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001700 0.013000 0.047000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000190 0.001400 0.005100

### 62 **Table 80** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from **the taconite mines sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,200 $34,000 $86,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $14,000 $78,000 $190,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,600 $31,000 $77,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $13,000 $70,000 $170,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **81**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2020 from the taconite mines sector

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000700 0.003900 0.009700

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001600 0.008800 0.022000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000380 0.002000 0.004300

Acute bronchitis 0.001100 0.005600 0.014000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.013000 0.071000 0.170000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.019000 0.100000 0.250000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.530000 2.800000 6.700000

Work loss days 0.089000 0.470000 1.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.020000 0.110000 0.250000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000250 0.001400 0.003200

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000200 0.001100 0.002600

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000800 0.004500 0.010000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000086 0.000490 0.001100

### 63 

# 2025 Analysis Year

### 64 **Table 82** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the aircraft, locomotives and marine

**vessels sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $8,000 $110,000 $280,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $18,000 $240,000 $620,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,200 $96,000 $250,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $16,000 $220,000 $560,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **83**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the aircraft, locomotives

**and marine vessels sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000880 0.012000 0.030000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002000 0.027000 0.069000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000460 0.005400 0.016000

Acute bronchitis 0.001400 0.019000 0.046000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.250000 0.590000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.025000 0.350000 0.840000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.680000 10.000000 23.000000

Work loss days 0.110000 1.700000 4.000000

Asthma exacerbation 0.026000 0.360000 0.870000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000310 0.003600 0.011000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000260 0.003000 0.008900

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001000 0.012000 0.034000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000110 0.001300 0.003700

### 65 **Table 84** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the area sources sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate**  **A** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $8,700 $56,000 $370,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $20,000 $130,000 $840,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,900 $50,000 $330,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $18,000 $110,000 $750,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **85**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the area sources sector

**Pollutant emitted** 

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000960 0.006100 0.041000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002200 0.014000 0.092000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000540 0.003500 0.022000

Acute bronchitis 0.001500 0.009100 0.062000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.019000 0.120000 0.790000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.028000 0.170000 1.100000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.740000 4.600000 31.000000

Work loss days 0.120000 0.780000 5.300000

Asthma exacerbation 0.029000 0.410000 2.800000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000340 0.002200 0.015000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000280 0.001800 0.012000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001100 0.007100 0.046000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000120 0.000770 0.005000

### 66 **Table 86** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the cement kilns sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted** 

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,300 $49,000 $420,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $14,000 $110,000 $950,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,700 $44,000 $380,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $13,000 $99,000 $850,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **87**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the cement **kilns sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000700 0.005400 0.046000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001600 0.012000 0.100000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000390 0.002800 0.023000

Acute bronchitis 0.001100 0.007700 0.074000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.014000 0.099000 0.940000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.020000 0.140000 1.300000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.530000 3.800000 35.000000

Work loss days 0.089000 0.640000 6.000000

Asthma exacerbation 0.020000 0.150000 1.400000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000250 0.002000 0.016000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000210 0.001600 0.013000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000810 0.006300 0.052000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000087 0.000680 0.005600

### 67 **Table 88** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the coke ovens sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $12,000 $57,000 $500,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $26,000 $130,000 $1,100,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $10,000 $51,000 $450,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $24,000 $120,000 $1,000,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **89**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 **from the coke ovens sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001300 0.006300 0.055000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002900 0.014000 0.120000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000750 0.003300 0.027000

Acute bronchitis 0.001800 0.008600 0.069000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.022000 0.110000 0.890000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.032000 0.160000 1.300000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.870000 4.200000 34.000000

Work loss days 0.150000 0.710000 5.800000

Asthma exacerbation 0.033000 0.160000 1.300000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000500 0.002400 0.021000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000410 0.002000 0.017000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001600 0.007600 0.065000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000170 0.000820 0.007000

### 68 **Table 90** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the electric arc **furnaces sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $11,000 $89,000 $480,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $24,000 $200,000 $1,100,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $9,600 $80,000 $430,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $22,000 $180,000 $970,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **91**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors **reduced in 2025 from the electric arc furnaces**

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001200 0.009800 0.053000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002700 0.022000 0.120000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000690 0.004800 0.025000

Acute bronchitis 0.001700 0.013000 0.072000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.022000 0.170000 0.910000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.031000 0.250000 1.300000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.830000 6.600000 35.000000

Work loss days 0.140000 1.100000 5.900000

Asthma exacerbation 0.032000 0.250000 1.400000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000450 0.003500 0.019000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000360 0.002900 0.015000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001400 0.011000 0.061000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000150 0.001200 0.006500

### 69 **Table 92** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced **in 2025 from the electricity generating units sector**

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,800 $40,000 $150,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $13,000 $90,000 $340,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,200 $36,000 $130,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $12,000 $82,000 $300,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **93**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the electricity generating

**units sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000640 0.004400 0.016000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001400 0.010000 0.037000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000350 0.002300 0.008900

Acute bronchitis 0.000960 0.006300 0.024000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.012000 0.080000 0.310000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.120000 0.440000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.460000 3.100000 12.000000

Work loss days 0.078000 0.520000 2.000000

Asthma exacerbation 0.018000 0.280000 0.460000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000240 0.001700 0.006000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000200 0.001400 0.004900

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000770 0.005200 0.019000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000083 0.000570 0.002100

### 70 **Table 94** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the ferroalloy facilities sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,800 $50,000 $310,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $11,000 $110,000 $700,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,400 $45,000 $280,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $9,800 $100,000 $630,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **95**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the ferroalloy facilities

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000530 0.005500 0.034000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001200 0.012000 0.077000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000240 0.002500 0.015000

Acute bronchitis 0.000690 0.007300 0.046000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.008700 0.093000 0.580000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.012000 0.130000 0.840000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.350000 3.600000 22.000000

Work loss days 0.058000 0.610000 3.700000

Asthma exacerbation 0.013000 0.140000 0.860000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000200 0.002000 0.012000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000160 0.001700 0.011000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000630 0.006500 0.041000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000067 0.000700 0.004400

### 71 **Table 9**  **6**

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the industrial point sources sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate**  **A** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,000 $46,000 $300,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $16,000 $100,000 $680,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,300 $41,000 $270,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $14,000 $93,000 $620,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **97**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the industrial point

**sources sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000770 0.005000 0.033000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001800 0.011000 0.075000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000420 0.002600 0.017000

Acute bronchitis 0.001200 0.007400 0.050000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.015000 0.094000 0.640000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.022000 0.130000 0.920000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.580000 3.600000 25.000000

Work loss days 0.098000 0.610000 4.200000

Asthma exacerbation 0.023000 0.140000 0.950000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000280 0.001900 0.012000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000230 0.001500 0.009800

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000910 0.005900 0.038000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000098 0.000640 0.004100

### 72 **Table 98** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the integrated iron and steel **facilities**

**sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $15,000 $96,000 $540,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $34,000 $220,000 $1,200,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $13,000 $87,000 $480,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $30,000 $200,000 $1,100,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **99**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the integrated iron and

**steel facilities sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001600 0.011000 0.059000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.003700 0.024000 0.130000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000930 0.005900 0.032000

Acute bronchitis 0.002300 0.015000 0.079000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.029000 0.190000 1.000000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.042000 0.270000 1.400000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.100000 7.200000 38.000000

Work loss days 0.190000 1.200000 6.500000

Asthma exacerbation 0.043000 0.280000 1.500000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000650 0.004100 0.023000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000530 0.003400 0.019000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.002000 0.013000 0.073000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000220 0.001400 0.007800

### 73 **Table 100** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the iron and steel facilities sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $19,000 $450,000 $570,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $42,000 $1,000,000 $1,300,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $17,000 $410,000 $510,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $38,000 $920,000 $1,200,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **101**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the iron and steel facilities

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.002100 0.050000 0.063000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.004700 0.110000 0.140000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.001100 0.025000 0.031000

Acute bronchitis 0.003300 0.071000 0.093000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.042000 0.910000 1.200000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.060000 1.300000 1.700000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.600000 36.000000 46.000000

Work loss days 0.280000 6.000000 7.800000

Asthma exacerbation 0.062000 1.300000 1.800000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000740 0.018000 0.022000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000610 0.015000 0.018000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.002400 0.057000 0.071000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000250 0.006100 0.007600

### 74 **Table 102** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the non

**- road mobile sources sector** 

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate**  **A** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,700 $52,000 $360,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $17,000 $120,000 $810,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,000 $47,000 $320,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $16,000 $110,000 $730,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **103**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the non

**- road mobile** 

**sources sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000850 0.005700 0.040000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001900 0.013000 0.089000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000460 0.002800 0.022000

Acute bronchitis 0.001400 0.010000 0.061000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.130000 0.780000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.025000 0.180000 1.100000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.670000 4.700000 31.000000

Work loss days 0.110000 0.800000 5.300000

Asthma exacerbation 0.026000 0.190000 1.200000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000300 0.001800 0.014000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000240 0.001500 0.012000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000980 0.006100 0.045000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000110 0.000660 0.004900

### 75 **Table 104** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the ocean

**- going vessels**  **sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $2,300 $14,000 $53,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $5,100 $32,000 $120,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $2,000 $13,000 $48,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $4,600 $29,000 $110,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **105**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 **from the ocean**

**- going vessels** 

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000250 0.001600 0.005900

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.000560 0.003500 0.013000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000130 0.000740 0.002800

Acute bronchitis 0.000410 0.002200 0.008500

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.005200 0.028000 0.110000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.007400 0.040000 0.150000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.210000 1.100000 4.400000

Work loss days 0.036000 0.190000 0.750000

Asthma exacerbation 0.007600 0.041000 0.160000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000081 0.000540 0.002000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000067 0.000430 0.001600

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000270 0.001800 0.006600

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000029 0.000190 0.000720

### 76 **Table 106** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the **on**

**- road mobile sources sector** 

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $8,400 $23,000 $420,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $19,000 $52,000 $950,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,600 $21,000 $380,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $17,000 $47,000 $860,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **107**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the on

**- road mobile sources** 

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000930 0.002600 0.047000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002100 0.005800 0.110000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000510 0.001200 0.026000

Acute bronchitis 0.001400 0.004400 0.072000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.056000 0.920000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.027000 0.080000 1.300000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.710000 2.100000 37.000000

Work loss days 0.120000 0.350000 6.200000

Asthma exacerbation 0.065000 0.082000 3.300000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000340 0.000810 0.017000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000280 0.000660 0.014000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001100 0.002700 0.053000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000120 0.000290 0.005700

### 77 **Table 108** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the pulp and paper facilities sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,200 $51,000 $170,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $9,400 $120,000 $380,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $3,700 $46,000 $150,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $8,500 $100,000 $350,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **109**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the pulp and paper

**facilities sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000460 0.005700 0.019000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001000 0.013000 0.042000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000240 0.002700 0.008400

Acute bronchitis 0.000670 0.008000 0.027000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.008500 0.100000 0.340000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.012000 0.150000 0.480000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.330000 3.900000 13.000000

Work loss days 0.055000 0.660000 2.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.013000 0.150000 0.500000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000170 0.002000 0.006500

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000130 0.001700 0.005300

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000540 0.006600 0.021000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000058 0.000710 0.002300

### 78 **Table 110** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the refineries sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,700 $79,000 $370,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $17,000 $180,000 $830,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,900 $71,000 $330,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $16,000 $160,000 $750,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **111**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the refineries sector

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000850 0.008600 0.040000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001900 0.020000 0.091000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000440 0.004300 0.020000

Acute bronchitis 0.001400 0.014000 0.065000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.180000 0.820000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.025000 0.250000 1.200000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.670000 6.800000 32.000000

Work loss days 0.110000 1.200000 5.300000

Asthma exacerbation 0.026000 0.260000 1.200000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000290 0.003000 0.014000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000240 0.002500 0.012000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000960 0.009600 0.044000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000100 0.001000 0.004800

### 79 **Table 112** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the residential wood combustion sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted** 

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $15,000 $120,000 $420,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $34,000 $260,000 $950,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $14,000 $100,000 $380,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $31,000 $230,000 $860,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **113**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the **residential wood**

**combustion sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001700 0.013000 0.047000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.003800 0.029000 0.110000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000880 0.006200 0.023000

Acute bronchitis 0.002600 0.019000 0.070000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.033000 0.240000 0.890000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.047000 0.340000 1.300000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.300000 9.600000 35.000000

Work loss days 0.210000 1.600000 5.900000

Asthma exacerbation 0.049000 0.360000 3.100000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000560 0.004100 0.015000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000460 0.003400 0.013000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001900 0.014000 0.052000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000200 0.001500 0.005700

### 80 **Table 114** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from **the taconite mines sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,600 $37,000 $93,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $15,000 $84,000 $210,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,000 $34,000 $84,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $14,000 $76,000 $190,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **115**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2025 from the taconite mines sector

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000730 0.004100 0.010000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001700 0.009300 0.023000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000380 0.002000 0.004500

Acute bronchitis 0.001100 0.005800 0.014000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.014000 0.074000 0.180000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.020000 0.110000 0.250000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.530000 2.800000 6.700000

Work loss days 0.089000 0.480000 1.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.020000 0.110000 0.260000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000270 0.001500 0.003500

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000220 0.001200 0.002800

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000870 0.004900 0.011000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000093 0.000530 0.001200

### 81 

# 2030 Analysis Year

### 82 **Table 116** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the aircraft, locomotives and marine

**vessels sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $8,700 $120,000 $300,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $20,000 $270,000 $680,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,800 $110,000 $270,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $18,000 $240,000 $610,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrou nded estimates.



### Table **117**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the aircraft, locomotives

**and marine vessels sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000960 0.013000 0.033000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002200 0.030000 0.075000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000480 0.005700 0.016000

Acute bronchitis 0.001400 0.020000 0.047000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.260000 0.600000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.026000 0.370000 0.860000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.690000 10.000000 24.000000

Work loss days 0.120000 1.700000 4.000000

Asthma exacerbation 0.027000 0.380000 0.900000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000340 0.004100 0.012000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000290 0.003500 0.009900

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001100 0.014000 0.038000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000120 0.001500 0.004000

### 83 **Table 118** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the area sources sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate**  **A** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $9,400 $60,000 $400,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $21,000 $140,000 $910,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $8,500 $54,000 $360,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $19,000 $120,000 $820,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **119**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the area sources sector

**Pollutant emitted** 

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001000 0.006600 0.044000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002300 0.015000 0.100000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000560 0.003600 0.023000

Acute bronchitis 0.001600 0.009400 0.064000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.020000 0.120000 0.820000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.029000 0.170000 1.200000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.750000 4.700000 32.000000

Work loss days 0.130000 0.790000 5.500000

Asthma exacerbation 0.030000 0.420000 2.900000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000380 0.002500 0.016000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000310 0.002000 0.013000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001200 0.007800 0.051000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000130 0.000850 0.005600

### 84 **Table 120** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the cement kilns sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted** 

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,800 $52,000 $460,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $15,000 $120,000 $1,000,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,100 $47,000 $410,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $14,000 $110,000 $930,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **121**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the cement **kilns sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000750 0.005800 0.051000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001700 0.013000 0.110000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000400 0.002900 0.024000

Acute bronchitis 0.001100 0.008000 0.077000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.014000 0.100000 0.980000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.020000 0.150000 1.400000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.540000 3.900000 36.000000

Work loss days 0.091000 0.660000 6.200000

Asthma exacerbation 0.021000 0.150000 1.400000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000280 0.002100 0.018000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000230 0.001800 0.014000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000890 0.006900 0.058000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000096 0.000740 0.006300

### 85 **Table 122** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the coke ovens sector **(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $12,000 $61,000 $530,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $28,000 $140,000 $1,200,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $11,000 $55,000 $480,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $25,000 $120,000 $1,100,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **123**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in **2030 from the coke ovens sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001400 0.006700 0.058000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.003100 0.015000 0.130000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000760 0.003400 0.027000

Acute bronchitis 0.001800 0.008800 0.070000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.023000 0.110000 0.890000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.032000 0.160000 1.300000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.870000 4.300000 34.000000

Work loss days 0.150000 0.720000 5.800000

Asthma exacerbation 0.034000 0.170000 1.300000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000530 0.002600 0.022000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000440 0.002100 0.018000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001700 0.008300 0.070000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000180 0.000890 0.007500

### 86 **Table 124** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from **the electric arc furnaces sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $11,000 $95,000 $510,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $26,000 $220,000 $1,200,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $10,000 $86,000 $460,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $23,000 $190,000 $1,000,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **125**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the electric arc furnaces

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001200 0.011000 0.056000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002800 0.024000 0.130000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000710 0.005000 0.026000

Acute bronchitis 0.001800 0.014000 0.073000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.022000 0.180000 0.940000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.032000 0.250000 1.300000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.840000 6.800000 36.000000

Work loss days 0.140000 1.100000 6.000000

Asthma exacerbation 0.033000 0.260000 1.400000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000480 0.003800 0.020000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000400 0.003200 0.017000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001500 0.012000 0.066000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000160 0.001300 0.007100

### 87 **Table 126** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the electricity generating units sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,200 $43,000 $160,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $14,000 $97,000 $360,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,600 $39,000 $140,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $13,000 $87,000 $330,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unr ounded estimates.



### Table **127**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the electricity generating

**units sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000680 0.004800 0.018000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001500 0.011000 0.040000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000350 0.002300 0.009200

Acute bronchitis 0.000980 0.006500 0.025000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.013000 0.083000 0.320000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.120000 0.460000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.470000 3.200000 12.000000

Work loss days 0.079000 0.540000 2.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.019000 0.290000 0.480000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000260 0.001800 0.006600

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000220 0.001500 0.005500

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000830 0.005700 0.021000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000090 0.000620 0.002300

### 88 **Table 128** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the ferroalloy facilities sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $5,100 $53,000 $330,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $12,000 $120,000 $740,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,600 $48,000 $290,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $10,000 $110,000 $670,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **129**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the ferroalloy facilities

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000570 0.005900 0.036000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001300 0.013000 0.082000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000240 0.002600 0.016000

Acute bronchitis 0.000700 0.007500 0.047000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.008900 0.096000 0.590000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.013000 0.140000 0.850000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.350000 3.700000 23.000000

Work loss days 0.059000 0.620000 3.800000

Asthma exacerbation 0.013000 0.140000 0.880000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000210 0.002200 0.013000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000170 0.001800 0.012000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000680 0.007100 0.044000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000073 0.000760 0.004700

### 89 **Table 130** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the industrial point sources **sector**

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,600 $49,000 $330,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $17,000 $110,000 $740,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,800 $44,000 $300,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $15,000 $100,000 $670,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **131**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in **2030 from the industrial point**

**sources sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000830 0.005400 0.036000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001900 0.012000 0.082000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000430 0.002700 0.018000

Acute bronchitis 0.001200 0.007600 0.052000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.016000 0.097000 0.670000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.023000 0.140000 0.950000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.590000 3.700000 26.000000

Work loss days 0.100000 0.630000 4.300000

Asthma exacerbation 0.023000 0.140000 0.990000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000310 0.002000 0.013000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000260 0.001700 0.011000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001000 0.006400 0.042000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000110 0.000700 0.004500

### 90 **Table 132** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in **2030 from the integrated iron and steel facilities**

**sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $16,000 $100,000 $570,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $36,000 $230,000 $1,300,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $14,000 $92,000 $510,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $32,000 $210,000 $1,200,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **133**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the integrated iron and

**steel facilities sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001700 0.011000 0.063000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.003900 0.026000 0.140000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000950 0.006000 0.032000

Acute bronchitis 0.002300 0.015000 0.079000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.030000 0.190000 1.000000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.042000 0.270000 1.400000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.100000 7.200000 38.000000

Work loss days 0.190000 1.200000 6.500000

Asthma exacerbation 0.044000 0.280000 1.500000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000700 0.004500 0.025000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000570 0.003700 0.021000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.002200 0.014000 0.078000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000240 0.001500 0.008500

### 91 **Table 134** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the iron and steel facilities sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $20,000 $480,000 $610,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $46,000 $1,100,000 $1,400,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $18,000 $440,000 $550,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $41,000 $980,000 $1,200,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **135**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the iron and steel facilities

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted** 

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.002200 0.053000 0.068000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.005100 0.120000 0.150000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.001100 0.026000 0.032000

Acute bronchitis 0.003400 0.073000 0.095000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.043000 0.930000 1.200000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.062000 1.300000 1.700000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.700000 36.000000 47.000000

Work loss days 0.280000 6.100000 7.900000

Asthma exacerbation 0.064000 1.400000 1.800000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000810 0.019000 0.024000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000680 0.016000 0.020000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.002600 0.062000 0.078000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000280 0.006700 0.008400

### 92 **Table 136** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the non

**- road mobile sources sector** 

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $8,400 $57,000 $390,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $19,000 $130,000 $880,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,600 $52,000 $350,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $17,000 $120,000 $790,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **137**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 **from the non**

**- road mobile** 

**sources sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000930 0.006300 0.043000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002100 0.014000 0.097000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000480 0.003000 0.023000

Acute bronchitis 0.001400 0.010000 0.063000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.130000 0.810000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.026000 0.190000 1.200000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.690000 4.900000 32.000000

Work loss days 0.120000 0.830000 5.400000

Asthma exacerbation 0.027000 0.200000 1.200000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000330 0.002000 0.016000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000270 0.001700 0.013000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001100 0.006900 0.050000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000120 0.000740 0.005400

### 93 **Table 138** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in **2030 from the ocean**

**- going vessels sector (2010$)** 

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $2,500 $16,000 $58,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $5,600 $35,000 $130,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $2,300 $14,000 $53,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $5,100 $32,000 $120,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **139**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the ocean

**- going vessels** 

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000280 0.001700 0.006400

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.000620 0.003900 0.015000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000130 0.000780 0.002900

Acute bronchitis 0.000420 0.002300 0.008800

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.005300 0.029000 0.110000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.007600 0.041000 0.160000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.210000 1.200000 4.500000

Work loss days 0.036000 0.200000 0.760000

Asthma exacerbation 0.007900 0.043000 0.170000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000092 0.000600 0.002200

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000077 0.000490 0.001800

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000300 0.002000 0.007400

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000033 0.000210 0.000800

### 94 **Table 140** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the on

**- road mobile sources sector** 

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $9,100 $26,000 $460,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $21,000 $58,000 $1,000,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $8,200 $23,000 $410,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $19,000 $52,000 $930,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **141**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the on

**- road mobile sources** 

**sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001000 0.002800 0.051000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002300 0.006400 0.110000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000530 0.001300 0.026000

Acute bronchitis 0.001500 0.004600 0.075000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.019000 0.058000 0.950000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.027000 0.083000 1.400000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.720000 2.100000 37.000000

Work loss days 0.120000 0.360000 6.400000

Asthma exacerbation 0.067000 0.086000 3.400000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000370 0.000910 0.018000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000300 0.000750 0.015000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001200 0.003100 0.059000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000130 0.000330 0.006400

### 95 **Table 142** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the pulp and paper facilities sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,500 $55,000 $180,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $10,000 $130,000 $410,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $4,000 $50,000 $170,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $9,100 $110,000 $370,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **143**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the pulp and paper

**facilities sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000490 0.006100 0.020000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001100 0.014000 0.046000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000250 0.002900 0.008700

Acute bronchitis 0.000680 0.008200 0.027000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.008700 0.100000 0.350000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.012000 0.150000 0.500000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.330000 4.000000 13.000000

Work loss days 0.056000 0.680000 2.200000

Asthma exacerbation 0.013000 0.160000 0.520000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000180 0.002200 0.007100

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000150 0.001800 0.005900

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000590 0.007200 0.023000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000063 0.000770 0.002500

### 96 **Table 144** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the refineries sector (2010$)

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate**  **A** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $8,300 $86,000 $400,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $19,000 $190,000 $900,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,500 $77,000 $360,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $17,000 $170,000 $810,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **145**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the refineries sector

**Pollutant emitted** 

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000920 0.009500 0.044000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.002100 0.021000 0.099000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000460 0.004500 0.021000

Acute bronchitis 0.001400 0.014000 0.066000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.018000 0.180000 0.850000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.026000 0.260000 1.200000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.680000 7.000000 32.000000

Work loss days 0.120000 1.200000 5.400000

Asthma exacerbation 0.027000 0.270000 1.300000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000330 0.003300 0.016000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000270 0.002800 0.013000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.001100 0.011000 0.049000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000110 0.001200 0.005300

### 97 **Table 146** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the residential wood combustion sector

**(2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $16,000 $130,000 $460,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $37,000 $280,000 $1,000,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $15,000 $110,000 $420,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $33,000 $250,000 $940,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **147**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 **from the residential wood**

**combustion sector**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.001800 0.014000 0.051000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.004100 0.031000 0.110000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000900 0.006400 0.024000

Acute bronchitis 0.002700 0.020000 0.072000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.034000 0.250000 0.920000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.049000 0.360000 1.300000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 1.300000 9.800000 36.000000

Work loss days 0.220000 1.700000 6.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.050000 0.370000 3.300000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000610 0.004500 0.017000

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000510 0.003800 0.014000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.002100 0.016000 0.057000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000220 0.001700 0.006300

### 98 **Table 148** 

**. Dollar value (mortality and morbidity) per ton of directly emitted PM**  **2.5**



### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in **2030 from the taconite mines sector (2010$)**

**Pollutant emitted**

**Mortality risk estimate A**  NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

3% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $7,100 $40,000 $100,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $16,000 $90,000 $220,000

7% Discount Rate

Krewski et al. (2009) $6,400 $36,000 $90,000

Lepeule et al. (2012) $14,000 $81,000 $200,000

A Value represents sum of the value of avoided morbidity impacts and mortality impacts quantified using the PM 2.5 mortality risk estimate noted. Estimates are rounded to two significant digits in this table, but all calculations are

performed with the unrounded estimates.



### Table **149**

**. Incidence of avoided mortalities and morbidities per ton of directly** 

**emitted PM 2.5**  

### and PM **2.5** 

### precursors reduced in 2030 from the taconite mines sector

**Pollutant emitted**

**Health Endpoint** NO

x SO 2 Directly emitted

PM 2.5

Premature mortality

Krewski et al. (2009) 0.000780 0.004400 0.011000

Lepeule et al. (2012) 0.001800 0.010000 0.025000

Morbidity

Respiratory emergency room visits 0.000390 0.002100 0.004600

Acute bronchitis 0.001100 0.005900 0.014000

Lower respiratory symptoms 0.014000 0.076000 0.180000

Upper respiratory symptoms 0.020000 0.110000 0.260000

Minor Restricted Activity Days 0.530000 2.900000 6.800000

Work loss days 0.090000 0.490000 1.100000

Asthma exacerbation 0.021000 0.110000 0.270000

Cardiovascular hospital admissions 0.000290 0.001600 0.003800

Respiratory hospital admissions 0.000240 0.001400 0.003100

Non

- fatal heart attacks (Peters) 0.000940 0.005400 0.012000

Non

- fatal heart attacks (All others) 0.000100 0.000580 0.001300

### 99 

# Appendix B

Modeled annual mean PM 2.5 

# levels attributable to

s ectors in 2016

### 100

### 101

### 102

### 103

### 104

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