# Patent

## Title
RNAi inhibition of alpha-ENaC expression

## Abstract

The invention relates to compositions and methods for modulating the expression of alpha-ENaC, and more particularly to the downregulation of alpha-ENaC expression by chemically modified oligonucleotides.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
This application is a divisional of U.S. utility patent application Ser. No. 12/140,112 filed 16 Jun. 2008, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.


The invention relates to the field of ENaC-mediated airway ion transport and compositions and methods for modulating alpha-ENaC expression, and more particularly to the down-regulation of alpha-ENaC by oligonucleotides via RNA interference which are administered locally to the lungs and nasal passage via inhalation/intranasal administration, or are administered systemically, e.g. by via intravenous injection.
BACKGROUND
RNA interference or “RNAi” is a term initially coined by Fire and co-workers to describe the observation that double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can block gene expression when it is introduced into worms (Fire et al., Nature 391:806-811, 1998). Short dsRNA directs gene-specific, post-transcriptional silencing in many organisms, including vertebrates, and has provided a new tool for studying gene function. This technology has been reviewed numerous times recently, see, for example Novina, C. D:, and Sharp, P., Nature 2004, 430:161, and Sandy, P., et al., Biotechniques 2005, 39:215, hereby incorporated by reference.
The mucosal surfaces at the interface between the environment and the body have evolved a number of protective mechanisms. A principal form of such innate defense is to cleanse these surfaces with liquid. Typically, the quantity of the liquid layer on a mucosal surface reflects the balance between epithelial liquid secretion, often reflecting anion (Cl− and/or HCO3−) secretion coupled with water (and a cation counter-ion), and epithelial liquid absorption, often reflecting Na+ absorption, coupled with water and counter anion (Cl− and/or HCO3−). Many diseases of mucosal surfaces are caused by too little protective liquid on those mucosal surfaces created by an imbalance between secretion (too little) and absorption (relatively too much). The defective salt transport processes that characterize these mucosal dysfunctions reside in the epithelial layer of the mucosal surface. One approach to replenish the protective liquid layer on mucosal surfaces is to “re-balance” the system by blocking Na+ channel mediated liquid absorption. The epithelial protein that mediates the rate-limiting step of Na+ and liquid absorption is the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Alpha-ENaC is positioned on the apical surface of the epithelium, i.e. the mucosal surface-environmental interface. Inhibition of alpha-ENaC mediated Na+ mediated liquid absorption may achieve therapeutic utility. Therefore, there is a need for the development of effective therapies for the treatment and prevention of diseases or disorders in which alpha-ENaC is implicated, e.g. cystic fibrosis in humans and animals, and particularly for therapies with high efficiency. One prerequisite for high efficiency is that the active ingredient is not degraded too quickly in a physiological environment.
SUMMARY
The present invention provides specific compositions and methods that are useful in reducing alpha-ENaC levels in a subject, e.g., a mammal, such as a human, e.g. by inhaled, intranasal or intratracheal administration of such agents.
The present invention specifically provides iRNA agents consisting of, consisting essentially of or comprising at least 15 or more contiguous nucleotides for alpha-ENaC, and more particularly agents comprising 15 or more contiguous nucleotides from one of the sequences provided in Tables 1A-1D. The iRNA agent preferably comprises less than 30 nucleotides per strand, e.g., 21-23 nucleotides, such as those provided in Tables 1A-1D. The double stranded iRNA agent can either have blunt ends or more preferably have overhangs of 1-4 nucleotides from one or both 3′ ends of the agent.
Further, the iRNA agent can either contain only naturally occurring ribonucleotide subunits, or can be synthesized so as to contain one or more modifications to the sugar, phosphate or base of one or more of the ribonucleotide subunits that is included in the agent. The iRNA agent can be further modified so as to be attached to a ligand that is selected to improve stability, distribution or cellular uptake of the agent, e.g. cholesterol. The iRNA agents can further be in isolated form or can be part of a pharmaceutical composition used for the methods described herein, particularly as a pharmaceutical composition formulated for delivery to the lungs or nasal passage or formulated for parental administration. The pharmaceutical compositions can contain one or more iRNA agents, and in some embodiments, will contain two or more iRNA agents, each one directed to a different segment the alpha-ENaC gene.
One aspect of the present invention relates to a double-stranded oligonucleotide comprising at least one non-natural nucleobase. In certain embodiments, the non-natural nucleobase is difluorotolyl, nitroindolyl, nitropyrrolyl, or nitroimidazolyl. In a preferred embodiment, the non-natural nucleobase is difluorotolyl. In certain embodiments, only one of the two oligonucleotide strands comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide contains a non-natural nucleobase. In certain embodiments, both of the oligonucleotide strands comprising the double-stranded oligonucleotide independently contain a non-natural nucleobase.
The present invention further provides methods for reducing the level of alpha-ENaC mRNA in a cell. Such methods comprise the step of administering one of the iRNA agents of the present invention to a subject as further described below. The present methods utilize the cellular mechanisms involved in RNA interference to selectively degrade the target RNA in a cell and are comprised of the step of contacting a cell with one of the iRNA agents of the present invention. Such methods can be performed directly on a cell or can be performed on a mammalian subject by administering to a subject one of the iRNA agents/pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention. Reduction of target RNA in a cell results in a reduction in the amount of encoded protein produced, and in an organism, results in reduction of epithelial potential difference, decreased fluid absorption and increased mucociliary clearance.
The methods and compositions of the invention, e.g., the methods and iRNA agent compositions can be used with any dosage and/or formulation described herein, as well as with any route of administration described herein.



The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from this description, the drawings, and from the claims. This application incorporates all cited references, patents, and patent applications by references in their entirety for all purposes.
In the Figures:
FIG. 1: Restriction digest map of pXoon construct for cloned cynomolgous α-EnaC.
FIG. 2: Cloning of the predicted off-target and the on-target recognition sites into the AY535007 dual luciferase reporter construct. Fragments consist of 19 nt of the predicted target site and 10 nt of flanking sequence at both the 5′ and 3′ ends.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
For ease of exposition the term “nucleotide” or “ribonucleotide” is sometimes used herein in reference to one or more monomeric subunits of an RNA agent. It will be understood that the usage of the term “ribonucleotide” or “nucleotide” herein can, in the case of a modified RNA or nucleotide surrogate, also refer to a modified nucleotide, or surrogate replacement moiety, as further described below, at one or more positions.
An “RNA agent” as used herein, is an unmodified RNA, modified RNA, or nucleoside surrogate, each of which is described herein or is well known in the RNA synthetic art. While numerous modified RNAs and nucleoside surrogates are described, preferred examples include those which have greater resistance to nuclease degradation than do unmodified RNAs. Preferred examples include those that have a 2′ sugar modification, a modification in a single strand overhang, preferably a 3′ single strand overhang, or, particularly if single stranded, a 5′-modification which includes one or more phosphate groups or one or more analogs of a phosphate group.
An “iRNA agent” (abbreviation for “interfering RNA agent”) as used herein, is an RNA agent, which can downregulate the expression of a target gene, e.g. ENaC gene SCNN1A. While not wishing to be bound by theory, an iRNA agent may act by one or more of a number of mechanisms, including post-transcriptional cleavage of a target mRNA sometimes referred to in the art as RNAi, or pre-transcriptional or pre-translational mechanisms.
A “ds iRNA agent” (abbreviation for “double stranded iRNA agent”), as used herein, is an iRNA agent which includes more than one, and preferably two, strands in which interstrand hybridization can form a region of duplex structure. A “strand” herein refers to a contigouous sequence of nucleotides (including non-naturally occurring or modified nucleotides). The two or more strands may be, or each form a part of, separate molecules, or they may be covalently interconnected, e.g., by a linker, e.g., a polyethyleneglycol linker, to form one molecule. At least one strand can include a region which is sufficiently complementary to a target RNA. Such strand is termed the “antisense strand.” A second strand of the dsRNA agent, which comprises a region complementary to the antisense strand, is termed the “sense strand.” However, a ds iRNA agent can also be formed from a single RNA molecule which is at least partly self-complementary, forming, e.g., a hairpin or panhandle structure, including a duplex region. The latter are herein referred to as short hairpin RNAs or shRNAs. In such case, the term “strand” refers to one of the regions of the RNA molecule that is complementary to another region of the same RNA molecule.
Although, in mammalian cells, long ds iRNA agents can induce the interferon response which is frequently deleterious, short ds iRNA agents do not trigger the interferon response, at least not to an extent that is deleterious to the cell and/or host (Manche et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:5238, 1992; Lee et al., Virology 199:491, 1994; Castelli et al., J. Exp. Med. 186:967, 1997; Zheng et al., RNA 10:1934, 2004; Heidel et al., Nature Biotechnol. 22 1579). The iRNA agents of the present invention include molecules which are sufficiently short that they do not trigger a deleterious non-specific interferon response in normal mammalian cells. Thus, the administration of a composition including an iRNA agent (e.g., formulated as described herein) to a subject can be used to decrease expression of alpha-ENaC in the subject, while circumventing an interferon response. Molecules that are short enough that they do not trigger a deleterious interferon response are termed siRNA agents or siRNAs herein. “siRNA agent” or “siRNA” as used herein, refers to an iRNA agent, e.g., a ds iRNA agent, that is sufficiently short that it does not induce a deleterious interferon response in a mammalian, and particularly a human, cell, e.g., it has a duplexed region of less than 60 but preferably less than 50, 40, or 30 nucleotide pairs.
The isolated iRNA agents described herein, including ds iRNA agents and siRNA agents, can mediate the decreased expression of alpha-ENaC, e.g., by RNA degradation. For convenience, such RNA is also referred to herein as the RNA to be silenced. Such a nucleic acid is also referred to as a “target RNA”, sometimes “target RNA molecule” or sometimes “target gene”.
As used herein, the phrase “mediates RNAi” refers to the ability of an agent to silence, in a sequence-specific manner, a target gene. “Silencing a target gene” means the process whereby a cell containing and/or expressing a certain product of the target gene when not in contact with the agent, will contain and/or express at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% less of such gene product when contacted with the agent, as compared to a similar cell which has not been contacted with the agent. Such product of the target gene can, for example, be a messenger RNA (mRNA), a protein, or a regulatory element.
As used herein, the term “complementary” is used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity such that stable and specific binding occurs between a compound of the invention and a target RNA molecule, e.g., alpha-ENaC mRNA. Specific binding requires a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the oligomeric compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, or in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed. The non-target sequences typically differ from the target sequences by at least 2, 3 or 4 nucleotides.
As used herein, an iRNA agent is “sufficiently complementary” to a target RNA, e.g., a target mRNA (e.g., alpha-ENaC mRNA) if the iRNA agent reduces the production of a protein encoded by the target RNA in a cell. The iRNA agent may also be “exactly complementary” to the target RNA, e.g., the target RNA and the iRNA agent anneal, preferably to form a hybrid made exclusively of Watson-Crick basepairs in the region of exact complementarity. A “sufficiently complementary” iRNA agent can include an internal region (e.g., of at least 10 nucleotides) that is exactly complementary to a target alpha-ENaC RNA. Moreover, in some embodiments, the iRNA agent specifically discriminates a single-nucleotide difference. In this case, the iRNA agent only mediates RNAi if exact complementarity is found in the region (e.g., within 7 nucleotides of) the single-nucleotide difference. Preferred iRNA agents will be based on or consist of or comprise the sense and antisense sequences provided in Tables 1A-1D.
As used herein, “essentially identical” when used referring to a first nucleotide sequence in comparison to a second nucleotide sequence means that the first nucleotide sequence is identical to the second nucleotide sequence except for up to one, two or three nucleotide substitutions (e.g., adenosine replaced by uracil). “Essentially retaining the ability to inhibit alpha-ENaC expression in cultured human cells,” as used herein referring to an iRNA agent not identical to but derived from one of the iRNA agents of Tables 1A-1D by deletion, addition or substitution of nucleotides, means that the derived iRNA agent possesses an inhibitory activity not less than 20% of the inhibitory activity of the iRNA agent of Tables 1A-1D from which it was derived. For example, an iRNA agent derived from an iRNA agent of Tables 1A-1D which lowers the amount of alpha-ENaC mRNA present in cultured human cells by 70% may itself lower the amount of mRNA present in cultured human cells by at least 50% in order to be considered as essentially retaining the ability to inhibit alpha-ENaC replication in cultured human cells. Optionally, an iRNA agent of the invention may lower the amount of alpha-ENaC mRNA present in cultured human cells by at least 50%.
As used herein, a “subject” refers to a mammalian organism undergoing treatment for a disorder mediated by alpha-ENaC. The subject can be any mammal, such as a cow, horse, mouse, rat, dog, pig, goat, or a primate. In the preferred embodiment, the subject is a human.
Design and Selection of iRNA Agents
As used herein, “disorders associated with alpha-ENaC expression” refers to any biological or pathological state that (1) is mediated at least in part by the presence of alpha-ENaC and (2) whose outcome can be affected by reducing the level of the alpha-ENaC present. Specific disorders associated with alpha-ENaC expression are noted below.
The present invention is based on the design, synthesis and generation of iRNA agents that target alpha-ENaC and the demonstration of silencing of the alpha-ENaC gene in vitro in cultured cells after incubation with an iRNA agent, and the resulting protective effect towards alpha-ENaC mediated disorders.
An iRNA agent can be rationally designed based on sequence information and desired characteristics. For example, an iRNA agent can be designed according to the relative melting temperature of the candidate duplex. Generally, the duplex should have a lower melting temperature at the 5′ end of the antisense strand than at the 3′ end of the antisense strand.
The present invention provides compositions containing siRNA(s) and/or shRNA(s) targeted to one or more alpha-ENaC transcripts.
For any particular gene target that is selected, the design of siRNAs or shRNAs for use in accordance with the present invention will preferably follow certain guidelines. Also, in many cases, the agent that is delivered to a cell according to the present invention may undergo one or more processing steps before becoming an active suppressing agent (see below for further discussion); in such cases, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the relevant agent will preferably be designed to include sequences that may be necessary for its processing.
Diseases mediated by dysfunction of the epithelial sodium channel, include diseases associated with the regulation of fluid volumes across epithelial membranes. For example, the volume of airway surface liquid is a key regulator of mucociliary clearance and the maintenance of lung health. The blockade of the epithelial sodium channel will promote fluid accumulation on the mucosal side of the airway epithelium thereby promoting mucus clearance and preventing the accumulation of mucus and sputum in respiratory tissues (including lung airways). Such diseases include respiratory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, respiratory tract infections (acute and chronic; viral and bacterial) and lung carcinoma. Diseases mediated by blockade of the epithelial sodium channel also include diseases other than respiratory diseases that are associated with abnormal fluid regulation across an epithelium, perhaps involving abnormal physiology of the protective surface liquids on their surface, e.g., xerostomia (dry mouth) or keratoconjunctivitis sire (dry eye). Furthermore, blockade of the epithelial sodium channel in the kidney could be used to promote diuresis and thereby induce a hypotensive effect.
Treatment in accordance with the invention may be symptomatic or prophylactic.
Asthma includes both intrinsic (non-allergic) asthma and extrinsic (allergic) asthma, mild asthma, moderate asthma, severe asthma, bronchitic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma and asthma induced following bacterial infection. Treatment of asthma is also to be understood as embracing treatment of subjects, e.g., of less than 4 or 5 years of age, exhibiting wheezing symptoms and diagnosed or diagnosable as “wheezy infants”, an established patient category of major medical concern and now often identified as incipient or early-phase asthmatics. (For convenience this particular asthmatic condition is referred to as “wheezy-infant syndrome”.)
Prophylactic efficacy in the treatment of asthma will be evidenced by reduced frequency or severity of symptomatic attack, e.g., of acute asthmatic or bronchoconstrictor attack, improvement in lung function or improved airways hyperreactivity. It may further be evidenced by reduced requirement for other, symptomatic therapy, i.e., therapy for or intended to restrict or abort symptomatic attack when it occurs, e.g., anti-inflammatory (e.g., corticosteroid) or bronchodilatory. Prophylactic benefit in asthma may, in particular, be apparent in subjects prone to “morning dipping”. “Morning dipping” is a recognized asthmatic syndrome, common to a substantial percentage of asthmatics and characterized by asthma attack, e.g., between the hours of about 4-6 am, i.e., at a time normally substantially distant from any previously administered symptomatic asthma therapy.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes chronic bronchitis or dyspnea associated therewith, emphysema, as well as exacerbation of airways hyperreactivity consequent to other drug therapy, in particular, other inhaled drug therapy. The invention is also applicable to the treatment of bronchitis of whatever type or genesis including, e.g., acute, arachidic, catarrhal, croupus, chronic or phthinoid bronchitis.
Based on the results shown herein, the present invention provides iRNA agents that reduce alpha-ENaC expression in cultured cells and in a subject, e.g. a mammalian, for example a human. Tables 1A-1D provide exemplary iRNA agents targeting alpha-ENaC, based on the standard nomenclature abbreviations given in Table A.
Table 1A, Seq Id No.s 305-608, Table 1B and Table 1D, Seq Id No.s 1519-1644 list siRNAs that do not comprise nucleotide modifications except for one phosphorothioate linkage between the 3′-terminal and the penultimate thymidines. The remaining Seq Ids in Tables 1A-1D lists siRNAs wherein all nucleotides comprising pyrimidine bases are 2′-O-methyl-modified nucleotides in the sense strand, and all uridines in a sequence context of 5′-ua-3′ as well as all cytidines in a sequence context of or 5′-ca-3′ are 2′-O-methyl-modified nucleotides in the antisense strand.
Based on these results, the invention specifically provides an iRNA agent that includes a sense strand having at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of the sense strand sequences of the agents provided in Tables 1A-1D, and an antisense strand having at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of the antisense sequences of the agents provided in Tables 1A-1D.
The iRNA agents shown in Tables 1A-1D are composed of two strands of 19 nucleotides in length which are complementary or identical to the target sequence, plus a 3′-TT overhang. The present invention provides agents that comprise at least 15, or at least 16, 17, or 18, or 19 contiguous nucleotides from these sequences. However, while these lengths may potentially be optimal, the iRNA agents are not meant to be limited to these lengths. The skilled person is well aware that shorter or longer iRNA agents may be similarly effective, since, within certain length ranges, the efficacy is rather a function of the nucleotide sequence than strand length. For example, Yang, et al., PNAS 99:9942-9947 (2002), demonstrated similar efficacies for iRNA agents of lengths between 21 and 30 base pairs. Others have shown effective silencing of genes by iRNA agents down to a length of approx. 15 base pairs (Byrom, et al., “Inducing RNAi with siRNA Cocktails Generated by RNase III” Tech Notes 10(1), Ambion, Inc., Austin, Tex.).
Therefore, it is possible and contemplated by the instant invention to select from the sequences provided in Tables 1A-1D a partial sequence of between 15 to 19 nucleotides for the generation of an iRNA agent derived from one of the sequences provided in Tables 1A-1D. Alternatively, one may add one or several nucleotides to one of the sequences provided in Tables 1A-1D, or an agent comprising 15 contiguous nucleotides from one of these agents, preferably, but not necessarily, in such a fashion that the added nucleotides are complementary to the respective sequence of the target gene, e.g., alpha-ENaC. For example, the first 15 nucleotides from one of the agents can be combined with the 8 nucleotides found 5′ to these sequence in alpha-ENaC mRNA to obtain an agent with 23 nucleotides in the sense and antisense strands. All such derived iRNA agents are included in the iRNA agents of the present invention, provided they essentially retain the ability to inhibit alpha-ENaC replication in cultured human cells.
The antisense strand of an iRNA agent should be equal to or at least, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25, 29, 40, or 50 nucleotides in length. It should be equal to or less than 60, 50, 40, or 30, nucleotides in length. Preferred ranges are 15-30, 17 to 25, 19 to 23, and 19 to 21 nucleotides in length.
The sense strand of an iRNA agent should be equal to or at least 14, 15, 16 17, 18, 19, 25, 29, 40, or 50 nucleotides in length. It should be equal to or less than 60, 50, 40, or 30 nucleotides in length. Preferred ranges are 15-30, 17 to 25, 19 to 23, and 19 to 21 nucleotides in length.
The double stranded portion of an iRNA agent should be equal to or at least, 15, 16 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 40, or 50 nucleotide pairs in length. It should be equal to or less than 60, 50, 40, or 30 nucleotides pairs in length. Preferred ranges are 15-30, 17 to 25, 19 to 23, and 19 to 21 nucleotides pairs in length.
Generally, the iRNA agents of the instant invention include a region of sufficient complementarity to the alpha-ENaC mRNA, and are of sufficient length in terms of nucleotides, that the iRNA agent, or a fragment thereof, can mediate down regulation of the alpha-ENaC gene. It is not necessary that there be perfect complementarity between the iRNA agent and the target gene, but the correspondence must be sufficient to enable the iRNA agent, or a cleavage product thereof, to direct sequence specific silencing, e.g., by RNAi cleavage of an alpha-ENaC mRNA.
Therefore, the iRNA agents of the instant invention include agents comprising a sense strand and antisense strand each comprising a sequence of at least 16, 17 or 18 nucleotides which is essentially identical, as defined below, to one of the sequences of Tables 1A-1D, except that not more than 1, 2 or 3 nucleotides per strand, respectively, have been substituted by other nucleotides (e.g. adenosine replaced by uracil), while essentially retaining the ability to inhibit alpha-ENaC expression in cultured human cells. These agents will therefore possess at least 15 nucleotides identical to one of the sequences of Tables 1A-1D, but 1, 2 or 3 base mismatches with respect to either the target alpha-ENaC sequence or between the sense and antisense strand are introduced. Mismatches to the target alpha-ENaC RNA sequence, particularly in the antisense strand, are most tolerated in the terminal regions and if present are preferably in a terminal region or regions, e.g., within 6, 5, 4, or 3 nucleotides of a 5′ and/or 3′ terminus, most preferably within 6, 5, 4, or 3 nucleotides of the 5′-terminus of the sense strand or the 3′′-terminus of the antisense strand. The sense strand need only be sufficiently complementary with the antisense strand to maintain the overall double stranded character of the molecule.
It is preferred that the sense and antisense strands be chosen such that the iRNA agent includes a single strand or unpaired region at one or both ends of the molecule. Thus, an iRNA agent contains sense and antisense strands, preferably paired to contain an overhang, e.g., one or two 5′ or 3′ overhangs but preferably a 3′ overhang of 2-3 nucleotides. Most embodiments will have a 3′ overhang. Preferred siRNA agents will have single-stranded overhangs, preferably 3′ overhangs, of 1 to 4, or preferably 2 or 3 nucleotides, in length, at one or both ends of the iRNA agent. The overhangs can be the result of one strand being longer than the other, or the result of two strands of the same length being staggered. The unpaired nucleotides forming the overhang can be ribonucleotides, or they can be deoxyribonucleotides, preferably thymidine. 5′-ends are preferably phosphorylated, or they may be unphosphorylated.
Preferred lengths for the duplexed region are between 15 and 30, most preferably 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 nucleotides in length, e.g., in the siRNA agent range discussed above. siRNA agents can resemble in length and structure the natural Dicer processed products from long dsRNAs. Embodiments in which the two strands of the siRNA agent are linked, e.g., covalently linked, are also included. Hairpin, or other single strand structures which provide the required double stranded region, and preferably a 3′ overhang are also within the invention.
Evaluation of Candidate iRNA Agents
As noted above, the present invention provides a system for identifying siRNAs that are useful as inhibitors of alpha-ENaC. Since, as noted above, shRNAs are processed intracellularly to produce siRNAs having duplex portions with the same sequence as the stem structure of the shRNA, the system is equally useful for identifying shRNAs that are useful as inhibitors of alpha-ENaC. For purposes of description this section will refer to siRNAs, but the system also encompasses corresponding shRNAs. Specifically, the present invention demonstrates the successful preparation of siRNAs targeted to inhibit alpha-ENaC activity. The techniques and reagents described herein can readily be applied to design potential new siRNAs, targeted to other genes or gene regions, and tested for their activity in inhibiting alpha-ENaC as discussed herein.
In various embodiments of the invention potential alpha-ENaC inhibitors can be tested for suppression of endogenous alpha-ENaC expression by introducing candidate siRNA(s) into cells (e.g., by exogenous administration or by introducing a vector or construct that directs endogenous synthesis of siRNA into the cell), or in laboratory animals by pulmonary or nasal administration. Alternately, potential alpha-ENaC inhibitors can be tested in vitro by transient co-transfection of candidate siRNA(s) together with an alpha-ENaC-expression plasmid. The ability of the candidate siRNA(s) to reduce target transcript levels and/or to inhibit or suppress one or more aspects or features of alpha-ENaC activity such as epithelial potential difference or airway surface fluid absorption is then assessed.
Cells or laboratory animals to which inventive siRNA compositions have been delivered (test cells/animals) may be compared with similar or comparable cells or laboratory animals that have not received the inventive composition (control cells/animals, e.g., cells/animals that have received either no siRNA or a control siRNA such as an siRNA targeted to a non-endogenous transcript such as green fluorescent protein (GFP)). The ion transport phenotype of the test cells/animals can be compared with the phenotype of control cells/animals, providing that the inventive siRNA share sequence cross-reactivity with the test cell type/species. Production of alpha-ENaC protein and short circuit current (in vitro or ex vivo) may be compared in the test cells/animals relative to the control cells/animals. Other indicia of alpha-ENaC activity, including ex vivo epithelial potential difference or in vivo mucocilliary clearance or whole body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can be similarly compared. Generally, test cells/animals and control cells/animals would be from the same species and, for cells, of similar or identical cell type. For example, cells from the same cell line could be compared. When the test cell is a primary cell, typically the control cell would also be a primary cell.
For example, the ability of a candidate siRNA to inhibit alpha-ENaC activity may conveniently be determined by (i) delivering the candidate siRNA to cells (ii) assessing the expression levels of alpha-ENaC mRNA relative to an endogenously expressed control gene (iii) comparing the amiloride-sensitive current in an in vitro cell model produced in the presence of the siRNA with the amount produced in the absence of the siRNA. This latter assay may be used to test siRNAs that target any target transcript that may influence alpha-ENaC activity indirectly and is not limited to siRNAs that target the transcripts that encode the ENaC channel subunits.
The ability of a candidate siRNA to reduce the level of the target transcript may be assessed by measuring the amount of the target transcript using, for example, Northern blots, nuclease protection assays, probe hybridization, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, microarray analysis, etc. The ability of a candidate siRNA to inhibit production of a polypeptide encoded by the target transcript (either at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level) may be measured using a variety of antibody-based approaches including, but not limited to, Western blots, immunoassays, ELISA, flow cytometry, protein microarrays, etc. In general, any method of measuring the amount of either the target transcript or a polypeptide encoded by the target transcript may be used.
In general, certain preferred alpha-ENaC iRNA inhibitors reduce the target transcript level at least about 2 fold, preferably at least about 4 fold, more preferably at least about 8 fold, at least about 16 fold, at least about 64 fold or to an even greater degree relative to the level that would be present in the absence of the inhibitor (e.g., in a comparable control cell lacking the inhibitor). In general, certain preferred alpha-ENaC iRNA inhibitors inhibit ENaC channel activity, so that the activity is lower in a cell containing the inhibitor than in a control cell not containing the inhibitor by at least about 2 fold, preferably at least about 4 fold, more preferably at least about 8 fold, at least about 16 fold, at least about 64 fold, at least about 100 fold, at least about 200 fold, or to an even greater degree.
Certain preferred alpha-ENaC iRNA inhibitors inhibit ENaC channel activity for at least 12 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 36 hours, at least 48 hours, at least 60 hours, at least 72 hours, at least 96 hours, at least 120 hours, at least 144 hours or at least 168 hours following administration of the siRNA and infection of the cells. Certain preferred alpha-ENaC inhibitors prevent (i.e., reduce to undetectable levels) or significantly reduce alpha-ENaC activity for at least 24 hours, at least 36 hours, at least 48 hours, or at least 60 hours following administration of the siRNA. According to various embodiments of the invention a significant reduction in alpha-ENaC activity is a reduction to less than approximately 90% of the level that would occur in the absence of the siRNA, a reduction to less than approximately 75% of the level that would occur in the absence of the siRNA, a reduction to less than approximately 50% of the level that would occur in the absence of the siRNA, a reduction to less than approximately 25% of the level that would occur in the absence of the siRNA, or a reduction to less than approximately 10% of the level that would occur in the absence of the siRNA. Reduction in alpha-ENaC activity may be measured using any suitable method including, but not limited to, short circuit current measurement of amiloride sensitivity in vitro, epithelial potential difference ex vivo or in vivo mucocilliary clearance or whole body/lung MRI.
Stability Testing, Modification, and Retesting of iRNA Agents
A candidate iRNA agent can be evaluated with respect to stability, e.g., its susceptibility to cleavage by an endonuclease or exonuclease, such as when the iRNA agent is introduced into the body of a subject. Methods can be employed to identify sites that are susceptible to modification, particularly cleavage, e.g., cleavage by a component found in the body of a subject. Such methods may include the isolation and identification of most abundant fragments formed by degradation of the candidate iRNA agent after its incubation with isolated biological media in vitro, e.g. serum, plasma, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, or cell or tissue homogenates, or after contacting a subject with the candidate iRNA agent in vivo, thereby identifying sites prone to cleavage. Such methods are, for example, without limitation, in International Patent Application Publication No. WO2005115481, filed on May 27, 2005.
When sites susceptible to cleavage are identified, a further iRNA agent can be designed and/or synthesized wherein the potential cleavage site is made resistant to cleavage, e.g. by introduction of a 2′′-modification on the site of cleavage, e.g. a 2′-O-methyl group. This further iRNA agent can be retested for stability, and this process may be iterated until an iRNA agent is found exhibiting the desired stability.
In Vivo Testing
An iRNA agent identified as being capable of inhibiting alpha-ENaC gene expression can be tested for functionality in vivo in an animal model (e.g., in a mammal, such as in mouse, rat, guinea-pig or primate). For example, the iRNA agent can be administered to an animal, and the iRNA agent evaluated with respect to its biodistribution, stability, and its ability to inhibit alpha-ENaC expression or modulate a biological or pathological process mediated at least in part by alpha-ENaC.
The iRNA agent can be administered directly to the target tissue, such as by injection, or the iRNA agent can be administered to the animal model in the same manner that it would be administered to a human. Preferably, the iRNA agent is delivered to the subject's airways, such as by intranasal, inhaled or intratracheal administration.
The iRNA agent can also be evaluated for its intracellular distribution. The evaluation can include determining whether the iRNA agent was taken up into the cell. The evaluation can also include determining the stability (e.g., the half-life) of the iRNA agent. Evaluation of an iRNA agent in vivo can be facilitated by use of an iRNA agent conjugated to a traceable marker (e.g., a fluorescent marker such as fluorescein; a radioactive label, such as 35S, 32P, 33P or 3H; gold particles; or antigen particles for immunohistochemistry).
The iRNA agent can be evaluated with respect to its ability to down regulate alpha-alpha-ENaC expression. Levels of alpha-ENaC gene expression in vivo can be measured, for example, by in situ hybridization, or by the isolation of RNA from tissue prior to and following exposure to the iRNA agent. Where the animal needs to be sacrificed in order to harvest the tissue, an untreated control animal will serve for comparison. alpha-ENaC RNA can be detected by any desired method, including but not limited to RT-PCR, northern blot, branched-DNA assay, or RNAase protection assay. Alternatively, or additionally, alpha-ENaC gene expression can be monitored by performing western blot analysis or immunostaining on tissue extracts treated with the iRNA agent.
Potential alpha-ENaC inhibitors can be tested using any variety of animal models that have been developed. Compositions comprising candidate siRNA(s), constructs or vectors capable of directing synthesis of such siRNAs within a host cell, or cells engineered or manipulated to contain candidate siRNAs may be administered to an animal. The ability of the composition to suppress alpha-ENaC expression and/or to modify ENaC-dependent phenotypes and/or lessen their severity relative to animals that have not received the potential alpha-ENaC inhibitor is assessed. Such models include, but are not limited to, murine, rat, guinea pig, sheep and non-human primate models for ENaC-dependent phenotypes, all of which are known in the art and are used for testing the efficacy of potential alpha-ENaC therapeutics.
Utilising the systems invented for identifying candidate therapeutic siRNA agents, suitable therapeutic agents are selected from Duplex identifiers ND-8302, ND-8332, ND-8348, ND-8356, ND-8357, ND-8373, ND-8381, ND-8396, ND-8450 and ND-8453, more suitably selected from ND-8356, ND-8357 and ND-8396.
iRNA Chemistry
Described herein are isolated iRNA agents, e.g., ds RNA agents that mediate RNAi to inhibit expression of the alpha-ENaC gene.
RNA agents discussed herein include otherwise unmodified RNA as well as RNA which has been modified, e.g., to improve efficacy, and polymers of nucleoside surrogates. Unmodified RNA refers to a molecule in which the components of the nucleic acid, namely sugars, bases, and phosphate moieties, are the same or essentially the same as that which occur in nature, preferably as occur naturally in the human body. The art has referred to rare or unusual, but naturally occurring, RNAs as modified RNAs, see, e.g., Limbach et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 2183-2196, 1994. Such rare or unusual RNAs, often termed modified RNAs (apparently because they are typically the result of a post-transcriptional modification) are within the term unmodified RNA, as used herein. Modified RNA as used herein refers to a molecule in which one or more of the components of the nucleic acid, namely sugars, bases, and phosphate moieties, are different from that which occurs in nature, preferably different from that which occurs in the human body. While they are referred to as modified “RNAs,” they will of course, because of the modification, include molecules which are not RNAs. Nucleoside surrogates are molecules in which the ribophosphate backbone is replaced with a non-ribophosphate construct that allows the bases to the presented in the correct spatial relationship such that hybridization is substantially similar to what is seen with a ribophosphate backbone, e.g., non-charged mimics of the ribophosphate backbone. Examples of the above are discussed herein.
Modifications described herein can be incorporated into any double-stranded RNA and RNA-like molecule described herein, e.g., an iRNA agent. It may be desirable to modify one or both of the antisense and sense strands of an iRNA agent. As nucleic acids are polymers of subunits or monomers, many of the modifications described below occur at a position which is repeated within a nucleic acid, e.g., a modification of a base, or a phosphate moiety, or the non-linking oxygen of a phosphate moiety. In some cases the modification will occur at all of the subject positions in the nucleic acid but in many, and in fact in most, cases it will not. By way of example, a modification may only occur at a 3′ or 5′ terminal position, may only occur in a terminal region, e.g. at a position on a terminal nucleotide or in the last 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 nucleotides of a strand. A modification may occur in a double strand region, a single strand region, or in both. E.g., a phosphorothioate modification at a non-linking O position may only occur at one or both termini, may only occur in a terminal regions, e.g., at a position on a terminal nucleotide or in the last 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 nucleotides of a strand, or may occur in double strand and single strand regions, particularly at termini. Similarly, a modification may occur on the sense strand, antisense strand, or both. In some cases, the sense and antisense strand will have the same modifications or the same class of modifications, but in other cases the sense and antisense strand will have different modifications, e.g., in some cases it may be desirable to modify only one strand, e.g. the sense strand.
Two prime objectives for the introduction of modifications into iRNA agents is their stabilization towards degradation in biological environments and the improvement of pharmacological properties, e.g. pharmacodynamic properties, which are further discussed below Other suitable modifications to a sugar, base, or backbone of an iRNA agent are described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/01193, filed Jan. 16, 2004. An iRNA agent can include a non-naturally occurring base, such as the bases described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/011822, filed Apr. 16, 2004. An iRNA agent can include a non-naturally occurring sugar, such as a non-carbohydrate cyclic carrier molecule. Exemplary features of non-naturally occurring sugars for use in iRNA agents are described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/11829, filed Apr. 16, 2003.
An iRNA agent can include an internucleotide linkage (e.g., the chiral phosphorothioate linkage) useful for increasing nuclease resistance. In addition, or in the alternative, an iRNA agent can include a ribose mimic for increased nuclease resistance. Exemplary internucleotide linkages and ribose mimics for increased nuclease resistance are described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/07070, filed on Mar. 8, 2004.
An iRNA agent can include ligand-conjugated monomer subunits and monomers for oligonucleotide synthesis. Exemplary monomers are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 10/916,185, filed on Aug. 10, 2004.
An iRNA agent can have a ZXY structure, such as is described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/07070, filed on Mar. 8, 2004.
An iRNA agent can be complexed with an amphipathic moiety. Exemplary amphipathic moieties for use with iRNA agents are described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/07070, filed on Mar. 8, 2004.
In another embodiment, the iRNA agent can be complexed to a delivery agent that features a modular complex. The complex can include a carrier agent linked to one or more of (preferably two or more, more preferably all three of): (a) a condensing agent (e.g., an agent capable of attracting, e.g., binding, a nucleic acid, e.g., through ionic or electrostatic interactions); (b) a fusogenic agent (e.g., an agent capable of fusing and/or being transported through a cell membrane); and (c) a targeting group, e.g., a cell or tissue targeting agent, e.g., a lectin, glycoprotein, lipid or protein, e.g., an antibody, that binds to a specified cell type. iRNA agents complexed to a delivery agent are described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2004/07070, filed on Mar. 8, 2004.
An iRNA agent can have non-canonical pairings, such as between the sense and antisense sequences of the iRNA duplex. Exemplary features of non-canonical iRNA agents are described in POT Application No. PCT/US2004/07070, filed on Mar. 8, 2004.
Enhanced Nuclease Resistance
An iRNA agent, e.g., an iRNA agent that targets alpha-ENaC, can have enhanced resistance to nucleases.
One way to increase resistance is to identify cleavage sites and modify such sites to inhibit cleavage, as described in U.S. Application No. 60/559,917, filed on May 4, 2004. For example, the dinucleotides 5′-ua-3′, 5′-ca-3′, 5′-ug-3′, 5′-uu-3′, or 5′-cc-3′ can serve as cleavage sites. In certain embodiments, all the pyrimidines of an iRNA agent carry a 2′-modification in either the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands, and the iRNA agent therefore has enhanced resistance to endonucleases. Enhanced nuclease resistance can also be achieved by modifying the 5′ nucleotide, resulting, for example, in at least one 5′-uridine-adenine-3′ (5′-ua-3′) dinucleotide wherein the uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-cytidine-adenine-3′ (5′-ca-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-cytidine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-uridine-guanine-3′ (5′-ug-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-uridine-uridine-3′ (5′-uu-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; or at least one 5′-cytidine-cytidine-3′ (5′-cc-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-cytidine is a 2′-modified nucleotide, as described in International Application No. PCT/US2005/018931, filed on May 27, 2005. The iRNA agent can include at least 2, at least 3, at least 4 or at least 5 of such dinucleotides. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the 5′ nucleotide in all occurrences of the sequence motifs 5′-ua-3′ and 5′-ca-3′ in either the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands is a modified nucleotide. Preferably, the 5′ nucleotide in all occurrences of the sequence motifs 5′-ua-3′, 5′-ca-3′ and 5′-ug-3′ in either the sense strand, the antisense strand, or both strands is a modified nucleotide. More preferably, all pyrimidine nucleotides in the sense strand are modified nucleotides, and the 5′ nucleotide in all occurrences of the sequence motifs 5′-ua-3′ and 5′-ca-3′ in the antisense strand are modified nucleotides, or where the antisense strand does comprise neither of a 5′-ua-3′ and a 5′-ca-3′ motif, in all occurrences of the sequence motif 5′-ug-3′.
Preferably, the 2′-modified nucleotides include, for example, a 2′-modified ribose unit, e.g., the 2′-hydroxyl group (OH) can be modified or replaced with a number of different “oxy” or “deoxy” substituents.
Examples of “oxy”-2′ hydroxyl group modifications include alkoxy or aryloxy (OR, e.g., R═H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or sugar); polyethyleneglycols (PEG), O(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OR; “locked” nucleic acids (LNA) in which the 2′ hydroxyl is connected, e.g., by a methylene bridge, to the 4′ carbon of the same ribose sugar; O-AMINE and aminoalkoxy, O(CH2)nAMINE, (e.g., AMINE=NH2; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl amino, arylamino, diaryl amino, heteroaryl amino, or diheteroaryl amino, ethylene diamine, polyamino). It is noteworthy that oligonucleotides containing only the methoxyethyl group (MOE), (OCH2CH2OCH3, a PEG derivative), exhibit nuclease stabilities comparable to those modified with the robust phosphorothioate modification.
“Deoxy” modifications include hydrogen (i.e. deoxyribose sugars, which are of particular relevance to the overhang portions of partially ds RNA); halo (e.g., fluoro); amino (e.g. NH2; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl, arylamino, diaryl amino, heteroaryl amino, diheteroaryl amino, or amino acid); NH(CH2CH2NH)nCH2CH2-AMINE (AMINE=NH2; alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclyl amino, arylamino, diaryl amino, heteroaryl amino, or diheteroaryl amino), —NHC(O)R (R=alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or sugar), cyano; mercapto; alkyl-thio-alkyl; thioalkoxy; and alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl, which may be optionally substituted with e.g., an amino functionality.
Preferred substitutents are 2′-methoxyethyl, 2′-OCH3, 2′-O-allyl, 2′-C-allyl, and 2′-fluoro.
The inclusion of furanose sugars in the oligonucleotide backbone can also decrease endonucleolytic cleavage. An iRNA agent can be further modified by including a 3′ cationic group, or by inverting the nucleoside at the 3′-terminus with a 3′-3′ linkage. In another alternative, the 3′-terminus can be blocked with an aminoalkyl group, e.g., a 3′ C5-aminoalkyl dT. Other 3′ conjugates can inhibit 3′-5′ exonucleolytic cleavage. While not being bound by theory, a 3′ conjugate, such as naproxen or ibuprofen, may inhibit exonucleolytic cleavage by sterically blocking the exonuclease from binding to the 3′-end of oligonucleotide. Even small alkyl chains, aryl groups, or heterocyclic conjugates or modified sugars (D-ribose, deoxyribose, glucose etc.) can block 3′-5′-exonucleases.
Nucleolytic cleavage can also be inhibited by the introduction of phosphate linker modifications, e.g., phosphorothioate linkages. Thus, preferred iRNA agents include nucleotide dimers enriched or pure for a particular chiral form of a modified phosphate group containing a heteroatom at a nonbridging position normally occupied by oxygen. The heteroatom can be S, Se, Nr2, or Br3. When the heteroatom is S, enriched or chirally pure Sp linkage is preferred. Enriched means at least 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% of the preferred form. Modified phosphate linkages are particularly efficient in inhibiting exonucleolytic cleavage when introduced near the 5′- or 3′-terminal positions, and preferably the 5′-terminal positions, of an iRNA agent.
5′ conjugates can also inhibit 5′′-3′ exonucleolytic cleavage. While not being bound by theory, a 5′ conjugate, such as naproxen or ibuprofen, may inhibit exonucleolytic cleavage by sterically blocking the exonuclease from binding to the 5′-end of oligonucleotide. Even small alkyl chains, aryl groups, or heterocyclic conjugates or modified sugars (D-ribose, deoxyribose, glucose etc.) can block 3′′-5′-exonucleases.
An iRNA agent can have increased resistance to nucleases when a duplexed iRNA agent includes a single-stranded nucleotide overhang on at least one end. In preferred embodiments, the nucleotide overhang includes 1 to 4, preferably 2 to 3, unpaired nucleotides. In a preferred embodiment, the unpaired nucleotide of the single-stranded overhang that is directly adjacent to the terminal nucleotide pair contains a purine base, and the terminal nucleotide pair is a G-C pair, or at least two of the last four complementary nucleotide pairs are G-C pairs. In further embodiments, the nucleotide overhang may have 1 or 2 unpaired nucleotides, and in an exemplary embodiment the nucleotide overhang is 5′-gc-3′. In preferred embodiments, the nucleotide overhang is on the 3′-end of the antisense strand. In one embodiment, the iRNA agent includes the motif 5′-cgc-3′ on the 3′-end of the antisense strand, such that a 2-nt overhang 5′-gc-3′ is formed.
Thus, an iRNA agent can include modifications so as to inhibit degradation, e.g., by nucleases, e.g., endonucleases or exonucleases, found in the body of a subject. These monomers are referred to herein as NRMs, or Nuclease Resistance promoting Monomers, the corresponding modifications as NRM modifications. In many cases these modifications will modulate other properties of the iRNA agent as well, e.g., the ability to interact with a protein, e.g., a transport protein, e.g., serum albumin, or a member of the RISC, or the ability of the first and second sequences to form a duplex with one another or to form a duplex with another sequence, e.g., a target molecule.
One or more different NRM modifications can be introduced into an iRNA agent or into a sequence of an iRNA agent. An NRM modification can be used more than once in a sequence or in an iRNA agent.
NRM modifications include some which can be placed only at the terminus and others which can go at any position. Some NRM modifications can inhibit hybridization so it is preferable to use them only in terminal regions, and preferable to not use them at the cleavage site or in the cleavage region of a sequence which targets a subject sequence or gene, particularly on the antisense strand. They can be used anywhere in a sense strand, provided that sufficient hybridization between the two strands of the ds iRNA agent is maintained. In some embodiments it is desirable to put the NRM at the cleavage site or in the cleavage region of a sense strand, as it can minimize off-target silencing.
In most cases, NRM modifications will be distributed differently depending on whether they are comprised on a sense or antisense strand. If on an antisense strand, modifications which interfere with or inhibit endonuclease cleavage should not be inserted in the region which is subject to RISC mediated cleavage, e.g., the cleavage site or the cleavage region (As described in Elbashir et al., 2001, Genes and Dev. 15: 188, hereby incorporated by reference). Cleavage of the target occurs about in the middle of a 20 or 21 nt antisense strand, or about 10 or 11 nucleotides upstream of the first nucleotide on the target mRNA which is complementary to the antisense strand. As used herein cleavage site refers to the nucleotides on either side of the cleavage site, on the target or on the iRNA agent strand which hybridizes to it. Cleavage region means the nucleotides within 1, 2, or 3 nucleotides of the cleavagee site, in either direction.
Such modifications can be introduced into the terminal regions, e.g., at the terminal position or with 2, 3, 4, or 5 positions of the terminus, of a sense or antisense strand.
Tethered Ligands
The properties of an iRNA agent, including its pharmacological properties, can be influenced and tailored, for example, by the introduction of ligands, e.g. tethered ligands. In addition, pharmacological properties of an iRNA agent can be improved by incorporating a ligand in a formulation of the iRNA agent when the iRNA agent either has or does have a tethered ligand.
A wide variety of entities, e.g., ligands, can be tethered to an iRNA agent or used as formulation conjugate or additive, e.g., to the carrier of a ligand-conjugated monomer subunit. Examples are described below in the context of a ligand-conjugated monomer subunit but that is only preferred, entities can be coupled at other points to an iRNA agent.
Preferred moieties are ligands, which are coupled, preferably covalently, either directly or indirectly, via an intervening tether to the carrier. In preferred embodiments, the ligand is attached to the carrier via an intervening tether. The ligand or tethered ligand may be present on the ligand-conjugated monomer when the ligand-conjugated monomer is incorporated into the growing strand. In some embodiments, the ligand may be incorporated into a “precursor” ligand-conjugated monomer subunit after a “precursor” ligand-conjugated monomer subunit has been incorporated into the growing strand. For example, a monomer having, e.g., an amino-terminated tether, e.g., TAP-(CH2)nNH2 may be incorporated into a growing sense or antisense strand. In a subsequent operation, i.e., after incorporation of the precursor monomer subunit into the strand, a ligand having an electrophilic group, e.g., a pentafluorophenyl ester or aldehyde group, can subsequently be attached to the precursor ligand-conjugated monomer by coupling the electrophilic group of the ligand with the terminal nucleophilic group of the precursor ligand-conjugated monomer subunit tether.
In preferred embodiments, a ligand alters the distribution, targeting or lifetime of an iRNA agent into which it is incorporated. In preferred embodiments a ligand provides an enhanced affinity for a selected target, e.g., molecule, cell or cell type, compartment, e.g., a cellular or organ compartment, tissue, organ or region of the body, as, e.g., compared to a species absent such a ligand.
Preferred ligands can improve transport, hybridization, and specificity properties and may also improve nuclease resistance of the resultant natural or modified oligoribonucleotide, or a polymeric molecule comprising any combination of monomers described herein and/or natural or modified ribonucleotides.
Ligands in general can include therapeutic modifiers, e.g., for enhancing uptake; diagnostic compounds or reporter groups e.g., for monitoring distribution; cross-linking agents; nuclease-resistance conferring moieties; and natural or unusual nucleobases. General examples include lipophilic molecules, lipids, lectins, steroids (e.g., uvaol, hecigenin, diosgenin), terpenes (e.g., triterpenes, e.g., sarsasapogenin, Friedelin, epifriedelanol derivatized lithocholic acid), vitamins, carbohydrates (e.g., a dextran, pullulan, chitin, chitosan, synthetic (eg Oligo Lactate 15-mer) and natural (eg low and medium molecular weight) polymers, inulin, cyclodextrin or hyaluronic acid), proteins, protein binding agents, integrin targeting molecules, polycationics, peptides, polyamines, and peptide mimics. Other examples include folic acid or epithelial cell receptor ligands, such as transferin.
The ligand may be a naturally occurring or recombinant or synthetic molecule, such as a synthetic polymer, e.g., a synthetic polyamino acid. Examples of polyamino acids include polylysine (PLL), poly L-aspartic acid, poly L-glutamic acid, styrene-maleic acid anhydride copolymer, poly(L-lactide-co-glycolied) copolymer, divinyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymer, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer (HMPA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyurethane, poly(2-ethylacrylic acid), N-isopropylacrylamide polymers, or polyphosphazine. Example of polyamines include: polyethylenimine, polylysine (PLL), spermine, spermidine, polyamine, pseudopeptide-polyamine, peptidomimetic polyamine, dendrimer polyamine, arginine, amidine, protamine, cationic moieties, e.g., cationic lipid, cationic porphyrin, quaternary salt of a polyamine, or an alpha helical peptide.
Ligands can also include targeting groups, e.g., a cell or tissue targeting agent, e.g., a thyrotropin, melanotropin, surfactant protein A, mucin carbohydrate, a glycosylated polyaminoacid, transferrin, bisphosphonate, polyglutamate, polyaspartate, or an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide or RGD peptide mimetic.
Ligands can be proteins, e.g., glycoproteins, lipoproteins, e.g. low density lipoprotein (LDL), or albumins, e.g. human serum albumin (HSA), or peptides, e.g., molecules having a specific affinity for a co-ligand, or antibodies e.g., an antibody, that binds to a specified cell type such as a cancer cell, endothelial cell, or bone cell. Ligands may also include hormones and hormone receptors. They can also include non-peptidic species, such as cofactors, multivalent lactose, multivalent galactose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, N-acetyl-glucosamine, multivalent mannose, or multivalent fucose.
The ligand can be a substance, e.g, a drug, which can increase the uptake of the iRNA agent into the cell, for example, by disrupting the cell's cytoskeleton, e.g., by disrupting the cell's microtubules, microfilaments, and/or intermediate filaments. The drug can be, for example, taxon, vincristine, vinblastine, cytochalasin, nocodazole, japlakinolide, latrunculin A, phalloidin, swinholide A, indanocine, myoservin, tetracyclin.
In one aspect, the ligand is a lipid or lipid-based molecule. Such a lipid or lipid-based molecule preferably binds a serum protein, e.g., human serum albumin (HSA). An HSA binding ligand allows for distribution of the conjugate to a target tissue, e.g., liver tissue, including parenchymal cells of the liver. Other molecules that can bind HSA can also be used as ligands. For example, neproxin or aspirin can be used. A lipid or lipid-based ligand can (a) increase resistance to degradation of the conjugate, (b) increase targeting or transport into a target cell or cell membrane, and/or (c) can be used to adjust binding to a serum protein, e.g., HSA.
A lipid based ligand can be used to modulate, e.g., control the binding of the conjugate to a target tissue. For example, a lipid or lipid-based ligand that binds to HSA more strongly will be less likely to be targeted to the kidney and therefore less likely to be cleared from the body.
In a preferred embodiment, the lipid based ligand binds HSA. Preferably, it binds HSA with a sufficient affinity such that the conjugate will be preferably distributed to a non-kidney tissue. However, it is preferred that the affinity not be so strong that the HSA-ligand binding cannot be reversed.
In another aspect, the ligand is a moiety, e.g., a vitamin or nutrient, which is taken up by a target cell, e.g., a proliferating cell. These are particularly useful for treating disorders characterized by unwanted cell proliferation, e.g., of the malignant or non-malignant type, e.g., cancer cells. Exemplary vitamins include vitamin A, E, and K. Other exemplary vitamins include the B vitamins, e.g., folic acid, B12, riboflavin, biotin, pyridoxal or other vitamins or nutrients taken up by cancer cells.
In another aspect, the ligand is a cell-permeation agent, preferably a helical cell-permeation agent. Preferably, the agent is amphipathic. An exemplary agent is a peptide such as tat or antennapedia. If the agent is a peptide, it can be modified, including a peptidylmimetic, invertomers, non-peptide or pseudo-peptide linkages, and use of D-amino acids. The helical agent is preferably an alpha-helical agent, which preferably has a lipophilic and a lipophobic phase. The cell permeation agent can be linked covalently to the iRNA agent or be part of an iRNA-peptide complex.
5′-Phosphate Modifications
In preferred embodiments, iRNA agents are 5′ phosphorylated or include a phosphoryl analog at the 5′ prime terminus. 5′-phosphate modifications of the antisense strand include those which are compatible with RISC-mediated gene silencing. Suitable modifications include: 5′-monophosphate ((HO)2(O)P—O-5′); 5′-diphosphate ((HO)2(O)P—O—P(HO)(O)—O-5′); 5′-triphosphate ((HO)2(O)P—O—(HO)(O)P—O—P(HO)(O)—O-5); 5′-guanosine cap (7-methylated or non-methylated) (7m-G-O-5′-(HO)(O)P—O—(HO)(O)P—O—P(HO)(O)—O-5′); 5′-adenosine cap (Appp), and any modified or unmodified nucleotide cap structure (N—O-5′-(HO)(O)P—O—(HO)(O)P—O—P(HO)(O)—O-5′); 5′-monothiophosphate (phosphorothioate; (HO)2(S)P—O-5′); 5′-monodithiophosphate (phosphorodithioate; (HO)(HS)(S)P—O-5′), 5′-phosphorothiolate ((HO)2(O)P—S-5′); any additional combination of oxygen/sulfur replaced monophosphate, diphosphate and triphosphates (e.g. 5′-alpha-thiotriphosphate, 5′-gamma-thiotriphosphate, etc.), 5′′-phosphoramidates ((HO)2(O)P—NH-5′, (HO)(NH2)(O)P—O-5′), 5′-alkylphosphonates (R=alkyl=methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, propyl, etc., e.g. RP(OH)(O)—O-5′-, (OH)2(O)P-5′CH2-), 5′-alkyletherphosphonates (R=alkylether=methoxymethyl (MeOCH2-), ethoxymethyl, etc., e.g. RP(OH)(O)—O-5′-).
The sense strand can be modified in order to inactivate the sense strand and prevent formation of an active RISC, thereby potentially reducing off-target effects. This can be accomplished by a modification which prevents 5′-phosphorylation of the sense strand, e.g., by modification with a 5′-O-methyl ribonucleotide (see Nykanen et al., (2001) ATP requirements and small interfering RNA structure in the RNA interference pathway. Cell 107, 309-321.) Other modifications which prevent phosphorylation can also be used, e.g., simply substituting the 5′-OH by H rather than O-Me. Alternatively, a large bulky group may be added to the 5′′-phosphate turning it into a phosphodiester linkage.
Non-Natural Nucleobases
Nitropyrrolyl and nitroindolyl are non-natural nucleobases that are members of a class of compounds known as universal bases. Universal bases are those compounds that can replace any of the four naturally occurring bases without substantially affecting the melting behavior or activity of the oligonucleotide duplex. In contrast to the stabilizing, hydrogen-bonding interactions associated with naturally occurring nucleobases, it is postulated that oligonucleotide duplexes containing 3-nitropyrrolyl nucleobases are stabilized solely by stacking interactions. The absence of significant hydrogen-bonding interactions with nitropyrrolyl nucleobases obviates the specificity for a specific complementary base. In addition, various reports confirm that 4-, 5- and 6-nitroindolyl display very little specificity for the four natural bases. Interestingly, an oligonucleotide duplex containing 5-nitroindolyl was more stable than the corresponding oligonucleotides containing 4-nitroindolyl and 6-nitroindolyl. Procedures for the preparation of 1-(2′-O-methyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-nitroindole are described in Gaubert, G.; Wengel, J. Tetrahedron Letters 2004, 45, 5629. Other universal bases amenable to the present invention include hypoxanthinyl, isoinosinyl, 2-aza-inosinyl, 7-deaza-inosinyl, nitroimidazolyl, nitropyrazolyl, nitrobenzimidazolyl, nitroindazolyl, aminoindolyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, and structural derivatives thereof. For a more detailed discussion, including synthetic procedures, of nitropyrrolyl, nitroindolyl, and other universal bases mentioned above see Vallone et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 27(17):3589-3596 (1999); Loakes et al., J. Mol. Bio., 270:426-436 (1997); Loakes et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 22(20):4039-4043 (1994); Oliver et al., Organic Letters, Vol. 3(13):1977-1980 (2001); Amosova et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 25(10):1930-1934 (1997); Loakes et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 29(12):2437-2447 (2001); Bergstrom et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117:1201-1209 (1995); Franchetti et al., Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 11:67-69 (2001); and Nair et al., Nucelosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids, 20(4-7):735-738 (2001).
Difluorotolyl is a non-natural nucleobase that functions as a universal base. Difluorotolyl is an isostere of the natural nucleobase thymine. But unlike thymine, difluorotolyl shows no appreciable selectivity for any of the natural bases. Other aromatic compounds that function as universal bases and are amenable to the present invention are 4-fluoro-6-methylbenzimidazole and 4-methylbenzimidazole. In addition, the relatively hydrophobic isocarbostyrilyl derivatives 3-methyl isocarbostyrilyl, 5-methyl isocarbostyrilyl, and 3-methyl-7-propynyl isocarbostyrilyl are universal bases which cause only slight destabilization of oligonucleotide duplexes compared to the oligonucleotide sequence containing only natural bases. Other non-natural nucleobases contemplated in the present invention include 7-azaindolyl, 6-methyl-7-azaindolyl, imidizopyridinyl, 9-methyl-imidizopyridinyl, pyrrolopyrizinyl, isocarbostyrilyl, 7-propynyl isocarbostyrilyl, propynyl-7-azaindolyl, 2,4,5-trimethylphenyl, 4-methylindolyl, 4,6-dimethylindolyl, phenyl, napthalenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthracenyl, pyrenyl, stilbenzyl, tetracenyl, pentacenyl, and structural derivates thereof. For a more detailed discussion, including synthetic procedures, of difluorotolyl, 4-fluoro-6-methylbenzimidazole, 4-methylbenzimidazole, and other non-natural bases mentioned above, see: Schweitzer et al., J. Org. Chem., 59:7238-7242 (1994); Berger et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 28(15):2911-2914 (2000); Moran et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 119:2056-2057 (1997); Morales et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121:2323-2324 (1999); Guckian et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118:8182-8183 (1996); Morales et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122(6):1001-1007 (2000); McMinn et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121:11585-11586 (1999); Guckian et al., J. Org. Chem., 63:9652-9656 (1998); Moran et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 94:10506-10511 (1997); Das et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 1:197-206 (2002); Shibata et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans., 1:1605-1611 (2001); Wu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 122(32):7621-7632 (2000); O'Neill et al., J. Org. Chem., 67:5869-5875 (2002); Chaudhuri et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117:10434-10442 (1995); and U.S. Pat. No. 6,218,108.
Transport of iRNA Agents into Cells
Not wishing to be bound by any theory, the chemical similarity between cholesterol-conjugated iRNA agents and certain constituents of lipoproteins (e.g. cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids) may lead to the association of iRNA agents with lipoproteins (e.g. LDL, HDL) in blood and/or the interaction of the iRNA agent with cellular components having an affinity for cholesterol, e.g. components of the cholesterol transport pathway. Lipoproteins as well as their constituents are taken up and processed by cells by various active and passive transport mechanisms, for example, without limitation, endocytosis of LDL-receptor bound LDL, endocytosis of oxidized or otherwise modified LDLs through interaction with Scavenger receptor A, Scavenger receptor B1-mediated uptake of HDL cholesterol in the liver, pinocytosis, or transport of cholesterol across membranes by ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter proteins, e.g. ABC-A1, ABC-G1 or ABC-G4. Hence, cholesterol-conjugated iRNA agents could enjoy facilitated uptake by cells possessing such transport mechanisms, e.g. cells of the liver. As such, the present invention provides evidence and general methods for targeting iRNA agents to cells expressing certain cell surface components, e.g. receptors, by conjugating a natural ligand for such component (e.g. cholesterol) to the iRNA agent, or by conjugating a chemical moiety (e.g. cholesterol) to the iRNA agent which associates with or binds to a natural ligand for the component (e.g. LDL, HDL).
Other Embodiments
An iRNA agent, can be produced in a cell in vivo, e.g., from exogenous DNA templates that are delivered into the cell. For example, the DNA templates can be inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors. Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local administration (U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470), or by stereotactic injection (see, e.g., Chen et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3054-3057, 1994). The pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded. The DNA templates, for example, can include two transcription units, one that produces a transcript that includes the top strand of an iRNA agent and one that produces a transcript that includes the bottom strand of an iRNA agent. When the templates are transcribed, the iRNA agent is produced, and processed into siRNA agent fragments that mediate gene silencing.
Formulation
The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the dsRNA compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical, pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal, oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration.
Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful. Preferred topical formulations include those in which the dsRNAs of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Preferred lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine=DOPE, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline=DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol=DMPG) and cationic (e.g. dioleoyltetramethyl-aminopropyl=DOTAP and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine=DOTMA), e.g. (+/−)-N-(3-aminopropyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,3-bis(dodecyloxy)-1-propanaminium bromide=GAP-DLRIE). DsRNAs of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, dsRNAs may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Preferred fatty acids and esters include but are not limited arachidonic acid, oleic acid, eicosanoic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a C1-10 alkyl ester (e.g. isopropylmyristate IPM), monoglyceride, diglyceride or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Topical formulations are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/315,298 filed on May 20, 1999 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Preferred oral formulations are those in which dsRNAs of the invention are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers, surfactants, and chelators. Preferred surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof. Preferred bile acids/salts include chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and ursodeoxychenodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), cholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glucholic acid, glycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate and sodium glycodihydrofusidate. Preferred fatty acids include arachidonic acid, undecanoic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a monoglyceride, a diglyceride or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. sodium). Also preferred are combinations of penetration enhancers, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. A particularly preferred combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether. DsRNAs of the invention may be delivered orally, in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles. DsRNA complexing agents include poly-amino acids; polyimines; polyacrylates; polyalkylacrylates, polyoxethanes, polyalkylcyanoacrylates; cationized gelatins, albumins, starches, acrylates, polyethyleneglycols (PEG) and starches; polyalkylcyanoacrylates; DEAE-derivatized polyimines, pollulans, celluloses and starches. Particularly preferred complexing agents include chitosan, N-trimethylchitosan, poly-L-lysine, polyhistidine, polyornithine, polyspermines, protamine, polyvinylpyridine, polythiodiethylaminomethylethylene P(TDAE), polyaminostyrene (e.g. p-amino), poly(methylcyanoacrylate), poly(ethylcyanoacrylate), poly(butylcyanoacrylate), poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate), poly(isohexylcynaoacrylate), DEAE-methacrylate, DEAE-hexylacrylate, DEAE-acrylamide, DEAF-albumin and DEAF-dextran, polymethylacrylate, polyhexylacrylate, poly(D,L-lactic acid), poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), alginate, and polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Oral formulations for dsRNAs and their preparation are described in detail in U.S. application. Ser. No. 08/886,829 (filed Jul. 1, 1997), Ser. No. 09/108,673 (filed Jul. 1, 1998), Ser. No. 09/256,515 (filed Feb. 23, 1999), Ser. No. 09/082,624 (filed May 21, 1998) and Ser. No. 09/315,298 (filed May 20, 1999), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, and liposome-containing formulations. These compositions may be generated from a variety of components that include, but are not limited to, preformed liquids, self-emulsifying solids and self-emulsifying semisolids.
The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.
In one embodiment of the present invention the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated and used as foams. Pharmaceutical foams include formulations such as, but not limited to, emulsions, microemulsions, creams, jellies and liposomes. While basically similar in nature these formulations vary in the components and the consistency of the final product. The preparation of such compositions and formulations is generally known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical and formulation arts and may be applied to the formulation of the compositions of the present invention.
Emulsions
The compositions of the present invention may be prepared and formulated as emulsions. Emulsions are typically heterogenous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Volume 1, p. 245; Block in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 2, p. 335; Higuchi et al., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 301). Emulsions are often biphasic systems comprising two immiscible liquid phases intimately mixed and dispersed with each other. In general, emulsions may be of either the water-in-oil (w/o) or the oil-in-water (o/w) variety. When an aqueous phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk oily phase, the resulting composition is called a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. Alternatively, when an oily phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk aqueous phase, the resulting composition is called an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases, and the active drug which may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Pharmaceutical excipients such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, dyes, and anti-oxidants may also be present in emulsions as needed. Pharmaceutical emulsions may also be multiple emulsions that are comprised of more than two phases such as, for example, in the case of oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions. Such complex formulations often provide certain advantages that simple binary emulsions do not. Multiple emulsions in which individual oil droplets of an o/w emulsion enclose small water droplets constitute a w/o/w emulsion. Likewise a system of oil droplets enclosed in globules of water stabilized in an oily continuous phase provides an o/w/o emulsion.
Emulsions are characterized by little or no thermodynamic stability. Often, the dispersed or discontinuous phase of the emulsion is well dispersed into the external or continuous phase and maintained in this form through the means of emulsifiers or the viscosity of the formulation. Either of the phases of the emulsion may be a semisolid or a solid, as is the case of emulsion-style ointment bases and creams. Other means of stabilizing emulsions entail the use of emulsifiers that may be incorporated into either phase of the emulsion. Emulsifiers may broadly be classified into four categories: synthetic surfactants, naturally occurring emulsifiers, absorption bases, and finely dispersed solids (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).
Synthetic surfactants, also known as surface active agents, have found wide applicability in the formulation of emulsions and have been reviewed in the literature (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, volume 1, p. 199). Surfactants are typically amphiphilic and comprise a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion. The ratio of the hydrophilic to the hydrophobic nature of the surfactant has been termed the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) and is a valuable tool in categorizing and selecting surfactants in the preparation of formulations. Surfactants may be classified into different classes based on the nature of the hydrophilic group: nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285).
Naturally occurring emulsifiers used in emulsion formulations include lanolin, beeswax, phosphatides, lecithin and acacia. Absorption bases possess hydrophilic properties such that they can soak up water to form w/o emulsions yet retain their semisolid consistencies, such as anhydrous lanolin and hydrophilic petrolatum. Finely divided solids have also been used as good emulsifiers especially in combination with surfactants and in viscous preparations. These include polar inorganic solids, such as heavy metal hydroxides, nonswelling clays such as bentonite, attapulgite, hectorite, kaolin, montmorillonite, colloidal aluminum silicate and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, pigments and nonpolar solids such as carbon or glyceryl tristearate.
A large variety of non-emulsifying materials are also included in emulsion formulations and contribute to the properties of emulsions. These include fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, humectants, hydrophilic colloids, preservatives and antioxidants (Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., vol. 1, p. 199).
Hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids include naturally occurring gums and synthetic polymers such as polysaccharides (for example, acacia, agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, guar gum, karaya gum, and tragacanth), cellulose derivatives (for example, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxypropylcellulose), and synthetic polymers (for example, carbomers, cellulose ethers, and carboxyvinyl polymers). These disperse or swell in water to form colloidal solutions that stabilize emulsions by forming strong interfacial films around the dispersed-phase droplets and by increasing the viscosity of the external phase.
Since emulsions often contain a number of ingredients such as carbohydrates, proteins, sterols and phosphatides that may readily support the growth of microbes, these formulations often incorporate preservatives. Commonly used preservatives included in emulsion formulations include methyl paraben, propyl paraben, quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and boric acid. Antioxidants are also commonly added to emulsion formulations to prevent deterioration of the formulation. Antioxidants used may be free radical scavengers such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite, and antioxidant synergists such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin.
The application of emulsion formulations via dermatological, oral and parenteral routes and methods for their manufacture have been reviewed in the literature (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Emulsion formulations for oral delivery have been very widely used because of ease of formulation, as well as efficacy from an absorption and bioavailability standpoint (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Mineral-oil base laxatives, oil-soluble vitamins and high fat nutritive preparations are among the materials that have commonly been administered orally as o/w emulsions.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the compositions of dsRNAs and nucleic acids are formulated as microemulsions. A microemulsion may be defined as a system of water, oil and amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solution (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Typically microemulsions are systems that are prepared by first dispersing an oil in an aqueous surfactant solution and then adding a sufficient amount of a fourth component, generally an intermediate chain-length alcohol to form a transparent system. Therefore, microemulsions have also been described as thermodynamically stable, isotropically clear dispersions of two immiscible liquids that are stabilized by interfacial films of surface-active molecules (Leung and Shah, in: Controlled Release of Drugs: Polymers and Aggregate Systems, Rosoff, M., Ed., 1989, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 185-215). Microemulsions commonly are prepared via a combination of three to five components that include oil, water, surfactant, cosurfactant and electrolyte. Whether the microemulsion is of the water-in-oil (w/o) or an oil-in-water (o/w) type is dependent on the properties of the oil and surfactant used and on the structure and geometric packing of the polar heads and hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules (Schott, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 271).
The phenomenological approach utilizing phase diagrams has been extensively studied and has yielded a comprehensive knowledge, to one skilled in the art, of how to formulate microemulsions (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335). Compared to conventional emulsions, microemulsions offer the advantage of solubilizing water-insoluble drugs in a formulation of thermodynamically stable droplets that are formed spontaneously.
Surfactants used in the preparation of microemulsions include, but are not limited to, ionic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, Brij 96, polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310), tetraglycerol monooleate (MO310), hexaglycerol monooleate (PO310), hexaglycerol pentaoleate (PO500), decaglycerol monocaprate (MCA750), decaglycerol monooleate (MO750), decaglycerol sequioleate (SO750), decaglycerol decaoleate (DAO750), alone or in combination with cosurfactants. The cosurfactant, usually a short-chain alcohol such as ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, serves to increase the interfacial fluidity by penetrating into the surfactant film and consequently creating a disordered film because of the void space generated among surfactant molecules. Microemulsions may, however, be prepared without the use of cosurfactants and alcohol-free self-emulsifying microemulsion systems are known in the art. The aqueous phase may typically be, but is not limited to, water, an aqueous solution of the drug, glycerol, PEG300, PEG400, polyglycerols, propylene glycols, and derivatives of ethylene glycol. The oil phase may include, but is not limited to, materials such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Capmul MCM, fatty acid esters, medium chain (C8-C12) mono, di, and tri-glycerides, polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C8-C10 glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil.
Microemulsions are particularly of interest from the standpoint of drug solubilization and the enhanced absorption of drugs. Lipid based microemulsions (both o/w and win) have been proposed to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs, including peptides (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385-1390; Ritschel, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 1993, 13, 205). Microemulsions afford advantages of improved drug solubilization, protection of drug from enzymatic hydrolysis, possible enhancement of drug absorption due to surfactant-induced alterations in membrane fluidity and permeability, ease of preparation, ease of oral administration over solid dosage forms, improved clinical potency, and decreased toxicity (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385; Ho et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85, 138-143). Often microemulsions may form spontaneously when their components are brought together at ambient temperature. This may be particularly advantageous when formulating thermolabile drugs, peptides or dsRNAs. Microemulsions have also been effective in the transdermal delivery of active components in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. It is expected that the microemulsion compositions and formulations of the present invention will facilitate the increased systemic absorption of dsRNAs and nucleic acids from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as improve the local cellular uptake of dsRNAs and nucleic acids within the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, buccal cavity and other areas of administration.
Microemulsions of the present invention may also contain additional components and additives such as sorbitan monostearate (Grill 3), Labrasol, and penetration enhancers to improve the properties of the formulation and to enhance the absorption of the dsRNAs and nucleic acids of the present invention. Penetration enhancers used in the microemulsions of the present invention may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Each of these classes has been discussed above.
Liposomes
There are many organized surfactant structures besides microemulsions that have been studied and used for the formulation of drugs. These include monolayers, micelles, bilayers and vesicles. Vesicles, such as liposomes, have attracted great interest because of their specificity and the duration of action they offer from the standpoint of drug delivery. As used in the present invention, the term “liposome” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers.
Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior. The aqueous portion contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes possess the advantage of being able to fuse to the cell wall. Non-cationic liposomes, although not able to fuse as efficiently with the cell membrane, are taken up by macrophages in vivo.
In order to cross intact mammalian skin, lipid vesicles must pass through a series of fine pores, each with a diameter less than 50 nm, under the influence of a suitable transdermal gradient. Therefore, it is desirable to use a liposome which is highly deformable and able to pass through such fine pores.
Further advantages of liposomes include; liposomes obtained from natural phospholipids are biocompatible and biodegradable; liposomes can incorporate a wide range of water and lipid soluble drugs; liposomes can protect encapsulated drugs in their internal compartments from metabolism and degradation (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Important considerations in the preparation of liposome formulations are the lipid surface charge, vesicle size and the aqueous volume of the liposomes.
Liposomes are useful for the transfer and delivery of active ingredients to the site of action. Because the liposomal membrane is structurally similar to biological membranes, when liposomes are applied to a tissue, the liposomes start to merge with the cellular membranes and as the merging of the liposome and cell progresses, the liposomal contents are emptied into the cell where the active agent may act.
Liposomal formulations have been the focus of extensive investigation as the mode of delivery for many drugs. There is growing evidence that for topical administration, liposomes present several advantages over other formulations. Such advantages include reduced side-effects related to high systemic absorption of the administered drug, increased accumulation of the administered drug at the desired target, and the ability to administer a wide variety of drugs, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, into the skin.
Several reports have detailed the ability of liposomes to deliver agents including high-molecular weight DNA into the skin. Compounds including analgesics, antibodies, hormones and high-molecular weight DNAs have been administered to the skin. The majority of applications resulted in the targeting of the upper epidermis
Liposomes fall into two broad classes. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which interact with the negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. The positively charged DNA/liposome complex binds to the negatively charged cell surface and is internalized in an endosome. Due to the acidic pH within the endosome, the liposomes are ruptured, releasing their contents into the cell cytoplasm (Wang et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1987, 147, 980-985).
Liposomes which are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged, entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Since both the DNA and the lipid are similarly charged, repulsion rather than complex formation occurs. Nevertheless, some DNA is entrapped within the aqueous interior of these liposomes. pH-sensitive liposomes have been used to deliver DNA encoding the thymidine kinase gene to cell monolayers in culture. Expression of the exogenous gene was detected in the target cells (Zhou et al., Journal of Controlled Release, 1992, 19, 269-274).
One major type of liposomal composition includes phospholipids other than naturally derived phosphatidylcholine. Neutral liposome compositions, for example, can be formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Anionic liposome compositions generally are formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, while anionic fusogenic liposomes are formed primarily from dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Another type of liposomal composition is formed from phosphatidylcholine (PC) such as, for example, soybean PC, and egg PC. Another type is formed from mixtures of phospholipid and/or phosphatidylcholine and/or cholesterol.
Several studies have assessed the topical delivery of liposomal drug formulations to the skin. Application of liposomes containing interferon to guinea pig skin resulted in a reduction of skin herpes sores while delivery of interferon via other means (e.g. as a solution or as an emulsion) were ineffective (Weiner et al., Journal of Drug Targeting, 1992, 2, 405-410). Further, an additional study tested the efficacy of interferon administered as part of a liposomal formulation to the administration of interferon using an aqueous system, and concluded that the liposomal formulation was superior to aqueous administration (du Plessis et al., Antiviral Research, 1992, 18, 259-265).
Non-ionic liposomal systems have also been examined to determine their utility in the delivery of drugs to the skin, in particular systems comprising non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol. Non-ionic liposomal formulations comprising NovasomeTM I (glyceryl dilaurate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) and NovasomeTM II (glyceryl distearate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) were used to deliver cyclosporin-A into the dermis of mouse skin. Results indicated that such non-ionic liposomal systems were effective in facilitating the deposition of cyclosporin-A into different layers of the skin (Hu et al. S.T.P. Pharma. Sci., 1994, 4, 6, 466).
Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome (A) comprises one or more glycolipids, such as monosialoganglioside Gm1, or (B) is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is thought in the art that, at least for sterically stabilized liposomes containing gangliosides, sphingomyelin, or PEG-derivatized lipids, the enhanced circulation half-life of these sterically stabilized liposomes derives from a reduced uptake into cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (Allen et al., FEBS Letters, 1987, 223, 42; Wu et al., Cancer Research, 1993, 53, 3765).
Various liposomes comprising one or more glycolipids are known in the art. Papahadjopoulos et al. (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1987, 507, 64) reported the ability of monosialoganglioside Gm1, galactocerebroside sulfate and phosphatidylinositol to improve blood half-lives of liposomes. These findings were expounded upon by Gabizon et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1988, 85, 6949). U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,028 and WO 88/04924, both to Allen et al., disclose liposomes comprising (1) sphingomyelin and (2) the ganglioside Gm1 or a galactocerebroside sulfate ester. U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,152 (Webb et al.) discloses liposomes comprising sphingomyelin. Liposomes comprising 1,2-sn-dimyristoylphosphat-idylcholine are disclosed in WO 97/13499 (Lim et al).
Many liposomes comprising lipids derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, and methods of preparation thereof, are known in the art. Sunamoto et al. (Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1980, 53, 2778) described liposomes comprising a nonionic detergent, 2C1215G, that contains a PEG moiety. Illum et al. (FEBS Lett., 1984, 167, 79) noted that hydrophilic coating of polystyrene particles with polymeric glycols results in significantly enhanced blood half-lives. Synthetic phospholipids modified by the attachment of carboxylic groups of polyalkylene glycols (e.g., PEG) are described by Sears (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,426,330 and 4,534,899). Klibanov et al. (FEBS Lett., 1990, 268, 235) described experiments demonstrating that liposomes comprising phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) derivatized with PEG or PEG stearate have significant increases in blood circulation half-lives. Blume et al. (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1990, 1029, 91) extended such observations to other PEG-derivatized phospholipids, e.g., DSPE-PEG, formed from the combination of distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) and PEG. Liposomes having covalently bound PEG moieties on their external surface are described in European Patent No. EP 0 445 131 B1 and WO 90/04384 to Fisher. Liposome compositions containing 1-20 mole percent of PE derivatized with PEG, and methods of use thereof, are described by Woodle et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,556 and 5,356,633) and Martin et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,804 and European Patent No. EP 0 496 813 B1). Liposomes comprising a number of other lipid-polymer conjugates are disclosed in WO 91/05545 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,212 (both to Martin et al.) and in WO 94/20073 (Zalipsky et al.) Liposomes comprising PEG-modified ceramide lipids are described in WO 96/10391 (Choi et al). U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,935 (Miyazaki et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,948 (Tagawa et al.) describe PEG-containing liposomes that can be further derivatized with functional moieties on their surfaces.
A limited number of liposomes comprising nucleic acids are known in the art. WO 96/40062 to Thierry et al. discloses methods for encapsulating high molecular weight nucleic acids in liposomes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,221 to Tagawa et al. discloses protein-bonded liposomes and asserts that the contents of such liposomes may include dsRNA. U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,710 to Rahman et al. describes certain methods of encapsulating oligodeoxynucleotides in liposomes. WO 97/04787 to Love et al. discloses liposomes comprising dsRNAs targeted to the raf gene.
Transfersomes are yet another type of liposomes, and are highly deformable lipid aggregates which are attractive candidates for drug delivery vehicles. Transfersomes may be described as lipid droplets which are so highly deformable that they are easily able to penetrate through pores which are smaller than the droplet. Transfersomes are adaptable to the environment in which they are used, e.g. they are self-optimizing (adaptive to the shape of pores in the skin), self-repairing, frequently reach their targets without fragmenting, and often self-loading. To make transfersomes it is possible to add surface edge-activators, usually surfactants, to a standard liposomal composition. Transfersomes have been used to deliver serum albumin to the skin. The transfersome-mediated delivery of serum albumin has been shown to be as effective as subcutaneous injection of a solution containing serum albumin.
Surfactants find wide application in formulations such as emulsions (including microemulsions) and liposomes. The most common way of classifying and ranking the properties of the many different types of surfactants, both natural and synthetic, is by the use of the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB). The nature of the hydrophilic group (also known as the “head”) provides the most useful means for categorizing the different surfactants used in formulations (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).
If the surfactant molecule is not ionized, it is classified as a nonionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactants find wide application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products and are usable over a wide range of pH values. In general their HLB values range from 2 to about 18 depending on their structure. Nonionic surfactants include nonionic esters such as ethylene glycol esters, propylene glycol esters, glyceryl esters, polyglyceryl esters, sorbitan esters, sucrose esters, and ethoxylated esters. Nonionic alkanolamides and ethers such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, propoxylated alcohols, and ethoxylated/propoxylated block polymers are also included in this class. The polyoxyethylene surfactants are the most popular members of the nonionic surfactant class.
If the surfactant molecule carries a negative charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as anionic. Anionic surfactants include carboxylates such as soaps, acyl lactylates, acyl amides of amino acids, esters of sulfuric acid such as alkyl sulfates and ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, sulfonates such as alkyl benzene sulfonates, acyl isethionates, acyl taurates and sulfosuccinates, and phosphates. The most important members of the anionic surfactant class are the alkyl sulfates and the soaps.
If the surfactant molecule carries a positive charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as cationic. Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts and ethoxylated amines. The quaternary ammonium salts are the most used members of this class.
If the surfactant molecule has the ability to carry either a positive or negative charge, the surfactant is classified as amphoteric. Amphoteric surfactants include acrylic acid derivatives, substituted alkylamides, N-alkylbetaines and phosphatides.
The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions has been reviewed (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).
Penetration Enhancers
In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly dsRNAs, to the skin of animals. Most drugs are present in solution in both ionized and nonionized forms. However, usually only lipid soluble or lipophilic drugs readily cross cell membranes. It has been discovered that even non-lipophilic drugs may cross cell membranes if the membrane to be crossed is treated with a penetration enhancer. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs.
Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Each of the above mentioned classes of penetration enhancers are described below in greater detail.
Surfactants: In connection with the present invention, surfactants (or “surface-active agents”) are chemical entities which, when dissolved in an aqueous solution, reduce the surface tension of the solution or the interfacial tension between the aqueous solution and another liquid, with the result that absorption of dsRNAs through the mucosa is enhanced. In addition to bile salts and fatty acids, these penetration enhancers include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92); and perfluorochemical emulsions, such as FC-43 (Takahashi et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1988, 40, 252).
Fatty acids: Various fatty acids and their derivatives which act as penetration enhancers include, for example, oleic acid, lauric acid, capric acid (n-decanoic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein (1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol), dilaurin, caprylic acid, arachidonic acid, glycerol 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, acylcarnitines, acylcholines, C1-C10 alkyl esters thereof (e.g., methyl, isopropyl and t-butyl), and mono- and di-glycerides thereof (i.e., oleate, laurate, caprate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, etc.) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carryier Systems, 1991, p. 92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; El Hariri et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1992, 44, 651-654).
Bile salts: The physiological role of bile includes the facilitation of dispersion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins (Brunton, Chapter 38 in: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al. Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 934-935). Various natural bile salts, and their synthetic derivatives, act as penetration enhancers. Thus the term “bile salts” includes any of the naturally occurring components of bile as well as any of their synthetic derivatives. The bile salts of the invention include, for example, cholic acid (or its pharmaceutically acceptable sodium salt, sodium cholate), dehydrocholic acid (sodium dehydrocholate), deoxycholic acid (sodium deoxycholate), glucholic acid (sodium glucholate), glycholic acid (sodium glycocholate), glycodeoxycholic acid (sodium glycodeoxycholate), taurocholic acid (sodium taurocholate), taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium taurodeoxycholate), chenodeoxycholic acid (sodium chenodeoxycholate), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate (STDHF), sodium glycodihydrofusidate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POE) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Swinyard, Chapter 39 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990, pages 782-783; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Yamamoto et al., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1992, 263, 25; Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1990, 79, 579-583).
Chelating Agents: Chelating agents, as used in connection with the present invention, can be defined as compounds that remove metallic ions from solution by forming complexes therewith, with the result that absorption of dsRNAs through the mucosa is enhanced. With regards to their use as penetration enhancers in the present invention, chelating agents have the added advantage of also serving as DNase inhibitors, as most characterized DNA nucleases require a divalent metal ion for catalysis and are thus inhibited by chelating agents (Jarrett, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 618, 315-339). Chelating agents of the invention include but are not limited to disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), citric acid, salicylates (e.g., sodium salicylate, 5-methoxysalicylate and homovanilate), N-acyl derivatives of collagen, laureth-9 and N-amino acyl derivatives of beta-diketones (enamines) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Buur et al., J. Control Rel., 1990, 14, 43-51).
Non-chelating non-surfactants: As used herein, non-chelating non-surfactant penetration enhancing compounds can be defined as compounds that demonstrate insignificant activity as chelating agents or as surfactants but that nonetheless enhance absorption of dsRNAs through the alimentary mucosa (Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33). This class of penetration enhancers include, for example, unsaturated cyclic ureas, 1-alkyl- and 1-alkenylazacyclo-alkanone derivatives (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and phenylbutazone (Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1987, 39, 621-626).
Agents that enhance uptake of dsRNAs at the cellular level may also be added to the pharmaceutical and other compositions of the present invention. For example, cationic lipids, such as lipofectin (Junichi et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,188), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, such as polylysine (Lollo et al., PCT App WO 97/30731) and other peptides, are also known to enhance the cellular uptake of dsRNAs.
Other agents may be utilized to enhance the penetration of the administered nucleic acids, including glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, pyrrols such as 2-pyrrol, azones, and terpenes such as limonene and menthone.
Carriers
Certain compositions of the present invention also incorporate carrier compounds in the formulation. As used herein, “carrier compound” or “carrier” can refer to a nucleic acid, or analog thereof, which is inert (i.e., does not possess biological activity per se) but is recognized as a nucleic acid by in vivo processes that reduce the bioavailability of a nucleic acid having biological activity by, for example, degrading the biologically active nucleic acid or promoting its removal from circulation. The coadministration of a nucleic acid and a carrier compound, typically with an excess of the latter substance, can result in a substantial reduction of the amount of nucleic acid recovered in the liver, kidney or other extracirculatory reservoirs, presumably due to competition between the carrier compound and the nucleic acid for a common receptor. For example, the recovery of a partially phosphorothioate dsRNA in hepatic tissue can be reduced when it is coadministered with polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate, polycytidic acid or 4-acetamido-4′ isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (Miyao et al., Antisense Res. Dev., 1995, 5, 115-121; Takakura et al., Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev., 1996, 6, 177-183.
Excipients
In contrast to a carrier compound, a “pharmaceutical carrier” or “excipient” is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an animal. The excipient may be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Typical pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, etc.); disintegrants (e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, etc.); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc).
Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipient suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can also be used to formulate the compositions of the present invention. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.
Formulations for topical administration of nucleic acids may include sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions of the nucleic acids in liquid or solid oil bases. The solutions may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipients suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can be used.
Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.
Pharmaceutical Compositions for the Delivery to the Respiratory Tract
Another aspect of the invention provides for the delivery of iRNA agents to the respiratory tract, particularly for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. The respiratory tract includes the upper airways, including the oropharynx and larynx, followed by the lower airways, which include the trachea followed by bifurcations into the bronchi and bronchioli. The upper and lower airways are called the conductive airways. The terminal bronchioli then divide into respiratory bronchioli which then lead to the ultimate respiratory zone, the alveoli, or deep lung. The epithelium of the conductive airways is the primary target of inhaled therapeutic aerosols for delivery of iRNA agents such as alpha-ENaC iRNA agents.
Pulmonary delivery compositions can be delivered by inhalation by the patient of a dispersion so that the composition, preferably the iRNA agent, within the dispersion can reach the lung where it can, for example, be readily absorbed through the alveolar region directly into blood circulation. Pulmonary delivery can be effective both for systemic delivery and for localized delivery to treat diseases of the lungs.
Pulmonary delivery can be achieved by different approaches, including the use of nebulized, aerosolized, micellular and dry powder-based formulations; administration by inhalation may be oral and/or nasal. Delivery can be achieved with liquid nebulizers, aerosol-based inhalers, and dry powder dispersion devices. Metered-dose devices are preferred. One of the benefits of using an atomizer or inhaler is that the potential for contamination is minimized because the devices are self contained. Dry powder dispersion devices, for example, deliver drugs that may be readily formulated as dry powders. An iRNA composition may be stably stored as lyophilized or spray-dried powders by itself or in combination with suitable powder carriers. The delivery of a composition for inhalation can be mediated by a dosing timing element which can include a timer, a dose counter, time measuring device, or a time indicator which when incorporated into the device enables dose tracking, compliance monitoring, and/or dose triggering to a patient during administration of the aerosol medicament.
Examples of pharmaceutical devices for aerosol delivery include metered dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), and air-jet nebulizers. Exemplary delivery systems by inhalation which can be readily adapted for delivery of the subject iRNA agents are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,756,353; 5,858,784; and PCT applications WO98/31346; WO98/10796; WO00/27359; WO01/54664; WO02/060412. Other aerosol formulations that may be used for delivering the iRNA agents are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,153; 6,344,194; 6,071,497, and PCT applications WO02/066078; WO02/053190; WO01/60420; WO00/66206. Further, methods for delivering iRNA agents can be adapted from those used in delivering other oligonucleotides (e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide) by inhalation, such as described in Templin et al., Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev, 2000, 10:359-68; Sandrasagra et al., Expert Opin Biol Ther, 2001, 1:979-83; Sandrasagra et al., Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev, 2002, 12:177-81.
The delivery of the inventive agents may also involve the administration of so called “pro-drugs”, i.e. formulations or chemical modifications of a therapeutic substance that require some form of processing or transport by systems innate to the subject organism to release the therapeutic substance, preferably at the site where its action is desired; this latter embodiment may be used in conjunction with delivery of the respiratory tract, but also together with other embodiments of the present invention. For example, the human lungs can remove or rapidly degrade hydrolytically cleavable deposited aerosols over periods ranging from minutes to hours. In the upper airways, ciliated epithelia contribute to the “mucociliary excalator” by which particles are swept from the airways toward the mouth. Pavia, D., “Lung Mucociliary Clearance,” in Aerosols and the Lung: Clinical and Experimental Aspects, Clarke, S. W. and Pavia, D., Eds., Butterworths, London, 1984. In the deep lungs, alveolar macrophages are capable of phagocytosing particles soon after their deposition. Warheit et al. Microscopy Res. Tech., 26: 412-422 (1993); and Brain, J. D., “Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Macrophages,” in The Reticuloendothelial System, S. M. Reichard and J. Filkins, Eds., Plenum, New. York., pp. 315-327, 1985.
In preferred embodiments, particularly where systemic dosing with the iRNA agent is desired, the aerosoled iRNA agents are formulated as microparticles. Microparticles having a diameter of between 0.5 and ten microns can penetrate the lungs, passing through most of the natural barriers. A diameter of less than ten microns is required to bypass the throat; a diameter of 0.5 microns or greater is required to avoid being exhaled.
Other Components
Compositions of the present invention may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention. The formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the nucleic acid(s) of the formulation.
Aqueous suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.
Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical combinations and compositions containing (a) one or more dsRNA agents and (b) one or more other therapeutic agents which function by a non-RNA interference mechanism.
Accordingly, the invention includes a combination of an iRNA of the present invention with an anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, antihistamine, anti-tussive, antibiotic or DNase drug substance, said epithelial sodium channel blocker and said drug substance being in the same or different pharmaceutical composition.
Suitable antibiotics include macrolide antibiotics, e.g., tobramycin (TOBITM).
Suitable DNase drug substances include dornase alfa (PulmozymeTM), a highly-purified solution of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase), which selectively cleaves DNA. Dornase alfa is used to treat cystic fibrosis.
Other useful combinations of epithelial sodium channel blockers with anti-inflammatory drugs are those with antagonists of chemokine receptors, e.g., CCR-1, CCR-2, CCR-3, CCR-4, CCR-5, CCR-6, CCR-7, CCR-8, CCR-9 and CCR10, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, particularly CCR-5 antagonists, such as Schering-Plough antagonists SC-351125, SCH-55700 and SCH-D; Takeda antagonists, such as N-[[4-[[[6,7-dihydro-2-(4-methyl-phenyl)-5H-benzo-cyclohepten-8-yl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-methyl]tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2H-pyran-4-amin-ium chloride (TAK-770); and CCR-5 antagonists described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,037 (particularly claims 18 and 19), WO 00/66558 (particularly claim 8), WO 00/66559 (particularly claim 9), WO 04/018425 and WO 041026873.
Suitable anti-inflammatory drugs include steroids, in particular, glucocorticosteroids, such as budesonide, beclamethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide or mometasone furoate, or steroids described in WO 02/88167, WO 02/12266, WO 02/100879, WO 02/00679 (especially those of Examples 3, 11, 14, 17, 19, 26, 34, 37, 39, 51, 60, 67, 72, 73, 90, 99 and 101), WO 03/35668, WO 03/48181, WO 03/62259, WO 03/64445, WO 03/72592, WO 04/39827 and WO 04/66920; non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists, such as those described in DE 10261874, WO 00/00531, WO 02/10143, WO 03/82280, WO 03/82787, WO 03/86294, WO 03/104195, WO 03/101932, WO 04/05229, WO 04/18429, WO 04/19935 and WO 04/26248; LTD4 antagonists, such as montelukast and zafirlukast; PDE4 inhibitors, such as cilomilast (Ariflo® GlaxoSmithKline), Roflumilast (Byk Gulden), V-11294A (Napp), BAY19-8004 (Bayer), SCH-351591 (Schering-Plough), Arofylline (Almirall Prodesfarma), PD189659/PD168787 (Parke-Davis), AWD-12-281 (Asta Medica), CDC-801 (Celgene), SelCIDTM CC-10004 (Celgene), VM554/UM565 (Vernalis), T-440 (Tanabe), KW-4490 (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo), and those disclosed in WO 92/19594, WO 93/19749, WO 93/19750, WO 93/19751, WO 98/18796, WO 99/16766, WO 01/13953, WO 03/104204, WO 03/104205, WO 03/39544, WO 04/000814, WO 04/000839, WO 04/005258, WO 04/018450, WO 04/018451, WO 04/018457, WO 04/018465, WO 04/018431, WO 04/018449, WO 04/018450, WO 04/018451, WO 04/018457, WO 04/018465, WO 04/019944, WO 04/019945, WO 04/045607 and WO 04/037805; adenosine A2B receptor antagonists such as those described in WO 02/42298; and beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists, such as albuterol (salbutamol), metaproterenol, terbutaline, salmeterol fenoterol, procaterol, and especially, formoterol, carmoterol and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and compounds (in free or salt or solvate form) of formula (I) of WO 0075114, which document is incorporated herein by reference, preferably compounds of the Examples thereof, especially indacaterol and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, as well as compounds (in free or salt or solvate form) of formula (I) of WO 04/16601, and also compounds of EP 1440966, JP 05025045, WO 93/18007, WO 99/64035, USP 2002/0055651, WO 01/42193, WO 01/83462, WO 02/66422, WO 02/70490, WO 02/76933, WO 03/24439, WO 03/42160, WO 03/42164, WO 03/72539, WO 03/91204, WO 03/99764, WO 04/16578, WO 04/22547, WO 04/32921, WO 04/33412, WO 04/37768, WO 04/37773, WO 04/37807, WO 04/39762, WO 04/39766, WO 04/45618, WO 04/46083, WO 04/80964, WO 04/108765 and WO 04/108676.
Suitable bronchodilatory drugs include anticholinergic or antimuscarinic agents, in particular, ipratropium bromide, oxitropium bromide, tiotropium salts and CHF 4226 (Chiesi), and glycopyrrolate, but also those described in EP 424021, U.S. Pat. No. 3,714,357, U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,744, WO 01/04118, WO 02/00652, WO 02/51841, WO 02/53564, WO 03/00840, WO 03/33495, WO 03/53966, WO 03/87094, WO 04/018422 and WO 04/05285.
Suitable dual anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory drugs include dual beta-2 adrenoceptor agonist/muscarinic antagonists such as those disclosed in USP 2004/0167167, WO 04/74246 and WO 04/74812.
Suitable antihistamine drug substances include cetirizine hydrochloride, acetaminophen, clemastine fumarate, promethazine, loratidine, desloratidine, diphenhydramine and fexofenadine hydrochloride, activastine, astemizole, azelastine, ebastine, epinastine, mizolastine and tefenadine, as well as those disclosed in JP 2004107299, WO 03/099807 and WO 04/026841.
Other useful combinations of agents of the invention with anti-inflammatory drugs are those with antagonists of chemokine receptors, e.g., CCR-1, CCR-2, CCR-3, CCR-4, CCR-5, CCR-6, CCR-7, CCR-8, CCR-9 and CCR10, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, particularly CCR-5 antagonists, such as Schering-Plough antagonists SC-351125, SCH-55700 and SCH-D; Takeda antagonists, such as N-[[4-[[[6,7-dihydro-2-(4-methylphenyl)-5H-benzo-cyclohepten-8-yl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-methyl]tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2H-pyran-4-amin-ium chloride (TAK-770), and CCR-5 antagonists described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,037 (particularly claims 18 and 19), WO 00/66558 (particularly claim 8), WO 00/66559 (particularly claim 9), WO 04/018425 and WO 04/026873.
Other useful additional therapeutic agents may also be selected from the group consisting of cytokine binding molecules, particularly antibodies of other cytokines, in particular a combination with an anti-IL4 antibody, such as described in PCT/EP2005/00836, an anti-IgE antibody, such as Xolair®, an anti-IL31 antibody, an anti-IL31R antibody, an anti-TSLP antibody, an anti-TSLP receptor antibody, an anti-endoglin antibody, an anti-IL 1b antibody or an anti-IL13 antibody, such as described in WO05/007699.
Two or more combined compounds may be used together in a single formulation, separately, concomitantly or sequentially.
Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50. Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred.
The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of compositions of the invention lies generally within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range of the compound or, when appropriate, of the polypeptide product of a target sequence (e.g., achieving a decreased concentration of the polypeptide) that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
In addition to their administration individually or as a plurality, as discussed above, the dsRNAs of the invention can be administered in combination with other known agents effective in treatment of ENaC related disorders. In any event, the administering physician can adjust the amount and timing of dsRNA administration on the basis of results observed using standard measures of efficacy known in the art or described herein.
Treatment Methods and Routes of Delivery
A composition that includes an iRNA agent, e.g., an iRNA agent that targets alpha-ENaC, can be delivered to a subject by a variety of routes to achieve either local delivery to the site of action or systemic delivery to the subject. Exemplary routes include direct local administration to the site of treatment, such as the lungs and nasal passage as well as intravenous, nasal, oral, and ocular delivery. The preferred means of administering the iRNA agents of the present invention is through direct administration to the lungs and nasal passage as a liquid, aerosol or nebulized solution.
Formulations for inhalation or parenteral administration are well known in the art. Such formulation may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. For intravenous use, the total concentration of solutes should be controlled to render the preparation isotonic.
The active compounds disclosed herein are preferably administered to the lung(s) or nasal passage of a subject by any suitable means. Active compounds may be administered by administering an aerosol suspension of respirable particles comprised of the active compound or active compounds, which the subject inhales. The active compound can be aerosolized in a variety of forms, such as, but not limited to, dry powder inhalants, metered dose inhalants, or liquid/liquid suspensions. The respirable particles may be liquid or solid. The particles may optionally contain other therapeutic ingredients such as amiloride, benzamil or phenamil, with the selected compound included in an amount effective to inhibit the reabsorption of water from airway mucous secretions, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,729.
The particulate pharmaceutical composition may optionally be combined with a carrier to aid in dispersion or transport. A suitable carrier such as a sugar (i.e., lactose, sucrose, trehalose, mannitol) may be blended with the active compound or compounds in any suitable ratio (e.g., a 1 to 1 ratio by weight).
Particles comprised of the active compound for practicing the present invention should include particles of respirable size, that is, particles of a size sufficiently small to pass through the mouth or nose and larynx upon inhalation and into the bronchi and alveoli of the lungs. In general, particles ranging from about 1 to 10 microns in size (more particularly, less than about 5 microns in size) are respirable. Particles of non-respirable size which are included in the aerosol tend to deposit in the throat and be swallowed, and the quantity of non-respirable particles in the aerosol is preferably minimized. For nasal administration, a particle size in the range of 10-500 uM is preferred to ensure retention in the nasal cavity.
Liquid pharmaceutical compositions of active compound for producing an aerosol may be prepared by combining the active compound with a suitable vehicle, such as sterile pyrogen free water. The hypertonic saline solutions used to carry out the present invention are preferably sterile, pyrogen-free solutions, comprising from one to fifteen percent (by weight) of the physiologically acceptable salt, and more preferably from three to seven percent by weight of the physiologically acceptable salt.
Aerosols of liquid particles comprising the active compound may be produced by any suitable means, such as with a pressure-driven jet nebulizer or an ultrasonic nebulizer. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,729. Nebulizers are commercially available devices which transform solutions or suspensions of the active ingredient into a therapeutic aerosol mist either by means of acceleration of compressed gas, typically air or oxygen, through a narrow venturi orifice or by means of ultrasonic agitation.
Suitable formulations for use in nebulizers consist of the active ingredient in a liquid carrier, the active ingredient comprising up to 40% w/w of the formulation, but preferably less than 20% w/w. The carrier is typically water (and most preferably sterile, pyrogen-free water) or a dilute aqueous alcoholic solution, preferably made isotonic, but may be hypertonic with body fluids by the addition of, for example, sodium chloride. Optional additives include preservatives if the formulation is not made sterile, for example, methyl hydroxybenzoate, antioxidants, flavoring agents, volatile oils, buffering agents and surfactants.
Aerosols of solid particles comprising the active compound may likewise be produced with any solid particulate therapeutic aerosol generator. Aerosol generators for administering solid particulate therapeutics to a subject produce particles which are respirable and generate a volume of aerosol containing a predetermined metered dose of a therapeutic at a rate suitable for human administration. One illustrative type of solid particulate aerosol generator is an insufflator. Suitable formulations for administration by insufflation include finely comminuted powders which may be delivered by means of an insufflator or taken into the nasal cavity in the manner of a snuff. In the insufflator, the powder (e.g., a metered dose thereof effective to carry out the treatments described herein) is contained in capsules or cartridges, typically made of gelatin or plastic, which are either pierced or opened in situ and the powder delivered by air drawn through the device upon inhalation or by means of a manually-operated pump. The powder employed in the insufflator consists either solely of the active ingredient or of a powder blend comprising the active ingredient, a suitable powder diluent, such as lactose, and an optional surfactant. The active ingredient typically comprises from 0.1 to 100 w/w of the formulation.
A second type of illustrative aerosol generator comprises a metered dose inhaler. Metered dose inhalers are pressurized aerosol dispensers, typically containing a suspension or solution formulation of the active ingredient in a liquefied propellant. During use these devices discharge the formulation through a valve adapted to deliver a metered volume, typically from 10 to 200 ul, to produce a fine particle spray containing the active ingredient. Suitable propellants include certain chlorofluorocarbon compounds, for example, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane and mixtures thereof. The formulation may additionally contain one or more co-solvents, for example, ethanol, surfactants, such as oleic acid or sorbitan trioleate, antioxidant and suitable flavoring agents.
An iRNA agent can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration. For example, compositions can include one or more species of an iRNA agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein the language “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.
Administration can be provided by the subject or by another person, e.g., a caregiver. A caregiver can be any entity involved with providing care to the human: for example, a hospital, hospice, doctor's office, outpatient clinic; a healthcare worker such as a doctor, nurse, or other practitioner; or a spouse or guardian, such as a parent. The medication can be provided in measured doses or in a dispenser which delivers a metered dose.
The term “therapeutically effective amount” is the amount present in the composition that is needed to provide the desired level of drug in the subject to be treated to give the anticipated physiological response.
The term “physiologically effective amount” is that amount delivered to a subject to give the desired palliative or curative effect.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means that the carrier can be taken into the lungs with no significant adverse toxicological effects on the lungs.
The term “co-administration” refers to administering to a subject two or more agents, and in particular two or more iRNA agents. The agents can be contained in a single pharmaceutical composition and be administered at the same time, or the agents can be contained in separate formulation and administered serially to a subject. So long as the two agents can be detected in the subject at the same time, the two agents are said to be co-administered.
The types of pharmaceutical excipients that are useful as carrier include stabilizers such as human serum albumin (HSA), bulking agents such as carbohydrates, amino acids and polypeptides; pH adjusters or buffers; salts such as sodium chloride; and the like. These carriers may be in a crystalline or amorphous form or may be a mixture of the two.
Bulking agents that are particularly valuable include compatible carbohydrates, polypeptides, amino acids or combinations thereof. Suitable carbohydrates include monosaccharides such as galactose, D-mannose, sorbose, and the like; disaccharides, such as lactose, trehalose, and the like; cyclodextrins, such as 2-hydroxypropyl-.beta.-cyclodextrin; and polysaccharides, such as raffinose, maltodextrins, dextrans, and the like; alditols, such as mannitol, xylitol, and the like. A preferred group of carbohydrates includes lactose, threhalose, raffinose maltodextrins, and mannitol. Suitable polypeptides include aspartame. Amino acids include alanine and glycine, with glycine being preferred.
Suitable pH adjusters or buffers include organic salts prepared from organic acids and bases, such as sodium citrate, sodium ascorbate, and the like; sodium citrate is preferred.
Dosage
An iRNA agent can be administered at a unit dose less than about 75 mg per kg of bodyweight, or less than about 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, or 0.0005 mg per kg of bodyweight, and less than 200 nmol of iRNA agent (e.g., about 4.4×1016 copies) per kg of bodyweight, or less than 1500, 750, 300, 150, 75, 15, 7.5, 1.5, 0.75, 0.15, 0.075, 0.015, 0.0075, 0.0015, 0.00075, 0.00015 nmol of iRNA agent per kg of bodyweight. The unit dose, for example, can be administered by injection (e.g., intravenous or intramuscular, intrathecally, or directly into an organ), an inhaled dose, or a topical application.
The dosage can be an amount effective to treat or prevent a disease or disorder. It can be given prophylactically or as the primary or a part of a treatment protocol.
In one embodiment, the unit dose is administered less frequently than once a day, e.g., less than every 2, 4, 8 or 30 days. In another embodiment, the unit dose is not administered with a frequency (e.g., not a regular frequency). For example, the unit dose may be administered a single time. Because iRNA agent mediated silencing can persist for several days after administering the iRNA agent composition, in many instances, it is possible to administer the composition with a frequency of less than once per day, or, for some instances, only once for the entire therapeutic regimen.
In one embodiment, a subject is administered an initial dose, and one or more maintenance doses of an iRNA agent, e.g., a double-stranded iRNA agent, or siRNA agent, (e.g., a precursor, e.g., a larger iRNA agent which can be processed into an siRNA agent, or a DNA which encodes an iRNA agent, e.g., a double-stranded iRNA agent, or siRNA agent, or precursor thereof). The maintenance dose or doses are generally lower than the initial dose, e.g., one-half less of the initial dose. A maintenance regimen can include treating the subject with a dose or doses ranging from 0.01 to 75 mg/kg of body weight per day, e.g., 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001, or 0.0005 mg per kg of body weight per day. The maintenance doses are preferably administered no more than once every 5, 10, or 30 days. Further, the treatment regimen may last for a period of time which will vary depending upon the nature of the particular disease, its severity and the overall condition of the patient. In preferred embodiments the dosage may be delivered no more than once per day, e.g., no more than once per 24, 36, 48, or more hours, e.g., no more than once every 5 or 8 days. Following treatment, the patient can be monitored for changes in his condition and for alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state. The dosage of the compound may either be increased in the event the patient does not respond significantly to current dosage levels, or the dose may be decreased if an alleviation of the symptoms of the disease state is observed, if the disease state has been ablated, or if undesired side-effects are observed.
The effective dose can be administered in a single dose or in two or more doses, as desired or considered appropriate under the specific circumstances. If desired to facilitate repeated or frequent infusions, implantation of a delivery device, e.g., a pump, semi-permanent stent (e.g., intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracisternal or intracapsular), or reservoir may be advisable.
Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the compound of the invention is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.001 g to 100 g per kg of body weight (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,094).
The concentration of the iRNA agent composition is an amount sufficient to be effective in treating or preventing a disorder or to regulate a physiological condition in humans. The concentration or amount of iRNA agent administered will depend on the parameters determined for the agent and the method of administration, e.g. nasal, buccal, or pulmonary. For example, nasal formulations tend to require much lower concentrations of some ingredients in order to avoid irritation or burning of the nasal passages. It is sometimes desirable to dilute an oral formulation up to 10-100 times in order to provide a suitable nasal formulation.
Certain factors may influence the dosage required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of an iRNA agent such as an siRNA used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays. For example, the subject can be monitored after administering an iRNA agent composition. Based on information from the monitoring, an additional amount of the iRNA agent composition can be administered.
Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease condition to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual compounds, and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models as described above.
iRNA agents of the present invention as described herein may be useful in the treatment and (where appropriate) in the prevention of any one of the following diseases/disorders;
Cystic fibrosis, Liddles syndrome, renal insufficiency, hypertension, electrolyte imbalances.
In particular in some embodiments, iRNA agents of the invention may be used to treat and/or prevent adverse clinical manifestations of these diseases/disorders.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as further limiting.
EXAMPLES
Source of Reagents
Where the source of a reagent is not specifically given herein, such reagent may be obtained from any supplier of reagents for molecular biology at a quality/purity standard for application in molecular biology.
Example 1
Selection of Sequences
In order to identify therapeutic siRNAs to downmodulate expression of the alpha subunit of the epithelial sodium channel ENaC (α-ENaC), screening sets were defined based on a bioinformatic analysis. The key drivers for the design of the screening set were predicted specificity of the siRNAs against the transcriptome of the relevant species. For the identification of alpha-ENaC siRNAs and an efficient delivery system a three pronged approach was used: Rat was selected as the test species to address silencing efficacy in vivo after intratracheal delivery, guinea pig was selected as the disease model organism to demonstrate that alpha-ENaC mRNA reduction results in a measurable functional effect. The therapeutic siRNA molecule has to target human alpha-ENaC as well as the alpha-ENaC sequence of at least one toxicology-relevant species, in this case, rhesus monkey.
Initial analysis of the relevant alpha-ENaC mRNA sequence revealed few sequences can be identified that fulfil the specificity requirements and at the same time target alpha-ENaC mRNA in all relevant species. Therefore it was decided to design independent screening sets for the therapeutic siRNA and for the surrogate molecules to be tested in the relevant disease model (Tables 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D).
All siRNAs recognize the human alpha-ENaC sequence, as a human cell culture system was selected for determination of in vitro activity (H441, see below). Therefore all siRNAs can be used to target human alpha-ENaC mRNA in a therapeutic setting.
The therapeutic screening sets were designed to contain only siRNA sequences that are fully complementary to the human and rhesus monkey alpha-ENaC sequences.
Design and In Silico Selection of siRNAs Targeting Alpha-ENaC (SCNN1A)
siRNA design was carried out to identify siRNAs for the four previously defined sets (see above):
a) “Initial screening set”
b) “Extended screening set”
c) “In vivo surrogate set for rat”
d) “In vivo surrogate set for guinea pig”
Initial Screening Set
The aim for in silico selection of an initial screening set was to identify siRNAs specifically targeting human alpha-ENaC, as well as its rhesus monkey ortholog. The human target mRNA (NM—001038.4) was downloaded from NCBI resource (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=nucleotide) during the complete siRNA selection procedure. In order to identify the alpha-ENaC rhesus (Macaca mulatta) ortholog, the human sequence was used in a blastn search at Baylor College of Medicine (http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu/blast/?organism=Mmulatta) against Mmulatta contigs as of 2004 10 01. All hit regions were extracted and assembled by the CAP assembly tool to generate a first assembly sequence. Further, a BLAST search was performed with the human sequence at UCSC (http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat?command=start&org=Rhesus&db=rheMac2&hgsid=84859356) against Rhesus freeze 12 Mar. 2005. The scaffold hit 84554 was downloaded and used together with the first assembly sequence by CAP to generate the final consensus sequence for rhesus alpha-ENaC.
Following extraction of all overlapping 19mer sequences out of the human mRNA, conserved 19mers were identified that had identical sequences in the assembled rhesus consensus sequence. Those 19mer sequences were defined as the pool of human-rhesus cross-reactive siRNA (sense) sequences, represented by 1185 19mers.
The corresponding antisense sequences were generated and tested for specificity in human. For this, their predicted potential for interacting with irrelevant target mRNAs (off-target potential) was taken as parameter. Sequences with low off-target potential were defined as preferable and predicted to be more specific.
For further selection, candidate siRNAs were ranked according to their predicted potential for interacting with other host sequences (here, without limitation, human). siRNAs with low off-target potential are assumed to be more specific in vivo. For predicting siRNA-specific off-target potential, the following assumptions were made:

    
    
        1) off-target potential of a strand can be deduced from the number and distribution of mismatches to an off-target
        2) the most relevant off-target, that is the gene predicted to have the highest probability to be silenced due to tolerance of mismatches, determines the off-target potential of the strand
        3) positions 2 to 9 (counting 5′ to 3′) of a strand (seed region) may contribute more to off-target potential than rest of sequence (that is non-seed and cleavage site region) (Haley, B., and Zamore, P. D., Nat Struct Mol. Biol. 2004, 11:599).
        4) positions 10 and 11 (counting 5′ to 3′) of a strand (cleavage site region) may contribute more to off-target potential than non-seed region (that is positions 12 to 18, counting 5′ to 3′)
        5) positions 1 and 19 of each strand are not relevant for off-target interactions
        6) off-target potential can be expressed by the off-target score of the most relevant off-target, calculated based on number and position of mismatches of the strand to the most homologous region in the off-target gene considering assumptions 3 to 5
        7) assuming potential abortion of sense strand activity by internal modifications introduced, only off-target potential of antisense strand will be relevant
    
    


To identify potential off-target genes, 19mer antisense sequences were subjected to a homology search against publicly available human mRNA sequences, assumed to represent the human comprehensive transcriptome.
To this purpose, fastA (version 3.4) searches were performed with all 19mer sequences against a human RefSeq database (available version from ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/refseq/on Nov., 18 2005). FastA search was executed with parameters-values-pairs −f 30-g 30 in order to take into account the homology over the full length of the 19mer without any gaps. In addition, in order to ensure the listing of all relevant off-target hits in the fastA output file the parameter −E 15000 was used.
The search resulted in a list of potential off-targets for each input sequence listed by descending sequence homology over the complete 19mer.
To rank all potential off-targets according to assumptions 3 to 5, and by this identify the most relevant off-target gene and its off-target score, fastA output files were analyzed by a perl script.
The script extracted the following off-target properties for each 19mer input sequence and each off-target gene to calculate the off-target score:
Number of mismatches in non-seed region
Number of mismatches in seed region
Number of mismatches in cleavage site region
The off-target score was calculated by considering assumptions 3 to 5 as follows:




  
    
      Off-target
    
    ⁢
    
      
    
    ⁢
    score
  
  =
  
    
      number
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      of
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      seed
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      mismatches
      *
      10
    
    +
    
      number
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      of
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      cleavage
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      site
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      mismatches
      *
      1.2
    
    +
    
      
    
    ⁢
    
      number
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      of
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        non-seed
      
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      mismatches
      *
      1
    
  




The most relevant off-target gene for each 19mer sequence was defined as the gene with the lowest off-target score. Accordingly, the lowest off-target score was defined as representative for the off-target potential of each siRNA, represented by the 19mer antisense sequence analyzed.
Calculated off-target potential was used as sorting parameter (descending by off-target score) in order to generate a ranking for all human-rhesus cross-reactive siRNA sequences.
An off-target score of 3 or more was defined as prerequisite for siRNA selection, whereas all sequences containing 4 or more G's in a row (poly-G sequences) were excluded, leading to selection of a total of 152 siRNAs targeting human and rhesus ENaC alpha (see Table 1a).
Extended Screening Set
The aim for in silico selection of the extended screening set was to identify all further siRNAs targeting human alpha-ENaC with sufficient specificity, that were excluded from the initial set due to missing cross-reactivity to rhesus. The remaining sequences from the pool of 19mers derived from human alpha-ENaC that have not been analyzed before were taken and the corresponding antisense sequences were generated. The most relevant off-target gene and its corresponding off-target scores were calculated as described in section “Initial screening set”.
For determining cross-reactivity to mouse and guinea pig (Cavia porcellus/cobya), alpha-ENaC sequences of these species were downloaded from NCBI nucleotide database 1 (accession numbers NM—011324.1 and AF071230 (full length)/DQ109811 (partial cds), respectively). The two guinea pig sequences were used to generate a guinea pig alpha-ENaC consensus sequence. Every human 19mer sequence was tested for presence in the mouse and guinea pig sequences. Positive sequences were assigned to the pool of human-mouse cross-reactive siRNA (sense) sequences, or human-guinea pig cross-reactive siRNA (sense) sequences. After exclusion of all poly-G sequences, sequences were selected with off-target scores of 3 or more as well as those with off-target scores of 2.2 or 2.4 and cross-reactivity to mouse, rhesus or guinea pig. The total number of siRNAs in the extended screening pool was 344 (see Table 1b).
In Vivo Rat Surrogate Set
The aim for in silico selection of the in vivo rat surrogate set was to identify all siRNAs targeting human and rat alpha-ENaC with sufficient specificity in rat. For identification of human-rat cross-reactive siRNAs, rat alpha-ENaC mRNA sequence was downloaded from NCBI nucleotide database (accession number, NM—031548.2), and all sequences out of the pool of human 19mers were tested for presence in the rat sequence, representing the pool of human-rat cross-reactive siRNA (sense) sequences.
The corresponding antisense sequences were generated and tested for specificity in rat. For this, the most relevant off-target gene in rat and its corresponding off-target scores were calculated as described in section “Initial screening set” using the rat mRNA set (RefSeq database) instead of the human transcripts. After exclusion of all poly-G sequences, a ranking was generated considering the rat off-target score in first priority and the human off-target score with second priority. Those 48 sequences from the top of the list were finally selected representing the in vivo rat surrogate set (see Table 1c).
In Vivo Guinea Pig Surrogate Set
The aim for in silico selection of the in vivo guinea pig surrogate set was to identify all siRNAs targeting human and guinea pig alpha-ENaC that have not been selected in previous sets. The remaining siRNAs of the previously determined set of human-guinea pig cross-reactive siRNA (sense) sequences were ranked according to human off-target scores. The top 63 sequences (excluding poly-G sequences) were selected, representing the in vivo guinea pig surrogate set (see Table 1d).
Example 2
siRNA Synthesis
Synthesis of Nucleotides Comprising Natural Bases
As the siRNAs from the screening sets are all potentially intended for in vivo administration, siRNAs were synthesised with a modification strategy that protects the siRNAs from degradation by endo- and exonucleases in a biological environment. In this strategy, the 3′-ends of both strands are protected from a 3′′->5′-exonucleotitic activity by a phosphorothioate linkage between the two last nucleobases at the 3′-end. In order to inhibit endo-nucleolytic degradation of the siRNA all pyrimidines in the sense strand of the siRNA were replaced with the corresponding 2′-O-methyl-modified ribonucleotide. To reduce the number of modifications in the antisense strand, which is the more active strand and therefore more sensitive to modifications, we only modified the pyrimidines in the context of previously identified major nuclease cleavage sites with 2′-O-methyl groups. The major cleavage sites are the following two sequence motifs: 5′-UA-3′ and 5′-CA-3′.
Since it has also been considered to use siRNAs in formulations that potentially protect the RNAs from the nucleolytic biological environment in the lung, the same set of siRNAs were also synthesized without any protection from endonucleolytic degradation.
Where the source of a reagent is not specifically given herein, such reagent may be obtained from any supplier of reagents for molecular biology at a quality/purity standard for application in molecular biology.
Single-stranded RNAs were produced by solid phase synthesis on a scale of 1 mole using an Expedite 8909 synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Applera Deutschland GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) and controlled pore glass (CPG, 500 Å, Proligo Biochemie GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) as solid support. RNA and RNA containing 2′-O-methyl nucleotides were generated by solid phase synthesis employing the corresponding phosphoramidites and 2′-O-methyl phosphoramidites, respectively (Proligo Biochemie GmbH, Hamburg, Germany). These building blocks were incorporated at selected sites within the sequence of the oligoribonucleotide chain using standard nucleoside phosphoramidite chemistry such as described in Current protocols in nucleic acid chemistry, Beaucage, S. L. et al. (Edrs.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., USA. Phosphorothioate linkages were introduced by replacement of the iodine oxidizer solution with a solution of the Beaucage reagent (Chruachem Ltd, Glasgow, UK) in acetonitrile (1%). Further ancillary reagents were obtained from Mallinckrodt Baker (Griesheim, Germany).
Deprotection and purification of the crude oligoribonucleotides by anion exchange HPLC were carried out according to established procedures. Yields and concentrations were determined by UV absorption of a solution of the respective RNA at a wavelength of 260 nm using a spectral photometer (DU 640B, Beckman Coulter GmbH, Unterschleiβheim, Germany). Double stranded RNA was generated by mixing an equimolar solution of complementary strands in annealing buffer (20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8; 100 mM sodium chloride), heated in a water bath at 85-90° C. for 3 minutes and cooled to room temperature over a period of 3-4 hours. The annealed RNA solution was diluted to a concentration of 50 mmole double stranded RNA/L and stored at −20° C. until use.
Example 3
siRNA Testing In Vitro
The ability of the iRNA agents to inhibit expression of alpha-ENaC was tested in human cell lines in vitro, or in rats in vivo. The iRNA agent is transfected into the cells, e.g., by transfection, allowed to act on the cells for a certain time, e.g., 24 hours, and levels of alpha-ENaC mRNA were determined by branched-DNA analysis. Alternatively, the iRNA agent is administered in vivo via the intratracheal route and the inhibition of alpha-ENaC mRNA expression determined by branched-DNA analysis on the target organ. Complementing these direct assays, we tested the inhibition of target gene expression by RNAi agents for alpha-ENaC mRNA recombinantly expressed in mammalian host cells.
Cell Lines
H441 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC-Number: HTB-174, LCG Promochem GmbH, Wesel, Germany) and were grown in RPMI 1640, 10% fetal calf serum, 100 u penicillin/100 μg/mL streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 nM Hepes and 1 mM Sodium-Pyruvate (all from Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany) at 37° C. under a 5% CO2/95% air atmosphere.
Primary human bronchial epithelial cells were obtained from Cambrex (Cat #CC-2540) and were routinely grown in BEGM media with singlequots (Cambrex Cat #CC-3170 minus tri-iodothreonine). For polarisation and growth at air liquid interface the cells were grown in a 1:1 mixture of BEGM:DMEM supplemented with 4.5 g/L D-Glucose (Gibco BRL Cat #41965-039) and supplemented with singlequots (Cambrex Cat #CC-4175), as above but minus the tri-iodothreonine and GA1000 aliquots and in the presence of 50 μg/mL Gentamycin (Gibco Brl Cat #10131-015). As cells were maintained in serum-free media, trypsin neutralisation solution was used during passaging steps (Cambrex Cat #CC-5002). For polarisation and culture at air-liquid interface the cells were grown on semipermeable (0.4 micron) polycarbonate supports (Corning Costar Cat #3407 #3460) and cultured throughout at 37° C. under a 5% CO2/95% air atmosphere.
Cos-1 African green monkey kidney cells (ATCC #CRL-1650) were grown in Dulbecco's MEM, 4.5 g/L glucose, 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 1.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate (Gibco BRL), 100 u penicillin/100 μg/mL streptomycin.
Example 3.1
In Vitro Screen for Active alpha-ENaC siRNAs and IC50 Determination in H441
One day prior to transfection, ENaC-alpha expression was induced in H441 cells (ATCC-Number: HTB-174, LCG Promochem GmbH, Wesel, Germany) by adding 100 nM of dexamthasone. Directly before transfection, cells were seeded at 1.5×104 cells/well on 96-well plates (Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany) in 75 μL of growth medium (RPMI 1640, 10% fetal calf serum, 100 u penicillin/100 μg/ml streptomycin, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 nM Hepes and 1 mM Sodium-Pyruvate, all from Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany). Transfections were performed in quadruplicates. For each well 0.5 μL Lipofectamine-2000 (Invitrogen GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) were mixed with 12 μL Opti-MEM (Invitrogen) and incubated for 15 min at room temperature. For the siRNA concentration being 50 nM in the 100 μL transfection volume, 1 μL of a 5 μM siRNA were mixed with 11.5 μL Opti-MEM per well, combined with the Lipofectamine-2000-Opti-MEM mixture and again incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. siRNA-Lipofectamine-2000-complexes were applied completely (25 μL each per well) to the cells and cells were incubated for 24 h at 37° C. and 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator (Heraeus GmbH, Hanau).
Cells were harvested by applying 50 μL of lysis mixture (content of the QuantiGene bDNA-kit from Genospectra, Fremont, USA) to each well containing 100 μL of growth medium and were lysed at 53° C. for 30 min. Afterwards, 50 μL of the lysates were incubated with probesets specific to human ENaC-alpha and human GAPDH (sequence of probesets see below) and proceeded according to the manufacturer's protocol for QuantiGene. In the end chemoluminescence was measured in a Victor2-Light (Perkin Elmer, Wiesbaden, Germany) as RLUs (relative light units) and values obtained with the hENaC probeset were normalized to the respective GAPDH values for each well. Values obtained with siRNAs directed against ENaC-alpha were related to the value obtained with an unspecific siRNA (directed against HCV) which was set to 100%. The percentage residual expression of alpha-ENaC for siRNA examples is shown in Tables 1A-1D.
Effective siRNAs from the screen were further characterized by dose response curves. Transfections of dose response curves were performed at the following concentrations: 100 nM, 16.7 nM, 2.8 nM, 0.46 nM, 77 picoM, 12.8 picoM, 2.1 picoM, 0.35 picoM, 59.5 fM, 9.9 fM and mock (no siRNA) and diluted with Opti-MEM to a final concentration of 12.5 μl according to the above protocol. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel add-in software XL-fit 4.2 (IDBS, Guildford, Surrey, UK) and applying the sigmoidal model number 606.
Probesets:
human alpha-ENaC:


















SEQ.


FPL Name
Members
Function
Sequence
ID.NO:







hENAC001
.235.255.CE
CE
gtctgtccagggtttccttccTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1645


 


hENAC002
.274.293.CE
CE
actgccattcttggtgcagtTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1646


 


hENAC003
.344.367.CE
CE
ctctcctggaagcaggagtgaataTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1647


 


hENAC004
.391.411.CE
CE
gccgcggatagaagatgtaggTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1648


 


hENAC005
.501.521.CE
CE
gcacttggtgaaacagcccagTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1649


 


hENAC006
.539.560.CE
CE
agcagagagctggtagctggtcTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1650


 


hENAC007
.256.273.LE
LE
cgccataatcgcccccaaTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1651


 


hENAC008
.368.390.LE
LE
cacagccacactccttgatcatgTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1652


 


hENAC009
.412.431.LE
LE
acagtactccacgttctgggTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1653


 


hENAC010
.455.477.LE
LE
ggagcttatagtagcagtaccccTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1654


 


hENAC011
.522.538.LE
LE
acgctgcatggcttccgTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1655


 


hENAC012
.561.580.LE
LE
gagggccatcgtgagtaaccTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1656


 


hENAC013
.214.234.BL
BL
Tcatgctgatggaggtctcca
1657


 


hENAC014
.294.318.BL
BL
Ggtaaaggttctcaacaggaacatc
1658


 


hENAC015
.319.343.BL
BL
Cacacctgctgtgtgtactttgaag
1659


 


hENAC016
.432.454.BL
BL
Caggaactgtgctttctgtagtc
1660


 


hENAC017
.478.500.BL
BL
Gtggtctgaggagaagtcaacct
1661


 


hENAC018
.581.599.BL
BL
Ccattcctgggatgtcacc
1662









human GAPDH:


















SEQ.


FPL Name
Members
Function
Sequence
ID.NO:







hGAP001
AF261085.
CE
gaatttgccatgggtggaatTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1663



252.271.CE





 


hGAP002
AF261085.
CE
ggagggatctcgctcctggaTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1664



333.352.CE





 


hGAP003
AF261085.
CE
ccccagccttctccatggtTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1665



413.431.CE





 


hGAP004
AF261085.
CE
gctcccccctgcaaatgagTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1666



432.450.CE





 


hGAP005
AF261085.
LE
agccttgacggtgccatgTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1667



272.289.LE





 


hGAP006
AF261085.
LE
gatgacaagcttcccgttctcTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1668



290.310.LE





 


hGAP007
AF261085.
LE
agatggtgatgggatttccattTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1669



311.332.LE





 


hGAP008
AF261085.
LE
gcatcgccccacttgattttTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1670



353.372.LE





 


hGAP009
AF261085.
LE
cacgacgtactcagcgccaTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1671



373.391.LE





 


hGAP010
AF261085.
LE
ggcagagatgatgacccttttgTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1672



451.472.LE





 


hGAP011
AF261085.
BL
Ggtgaagacgccagtggactc
1673



392.412.BL









The IC50s for siRNA examples is shown in Table 2A and 2B.
Example 3.2
Transient alpha-ENaC Knockdown in a Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Model
Human bronchial epithelial cells (donor reference 4F1499) were plated in 24-well plates at 1×105 cells per well in 0.5 mL growth medium one day before transfection. The cells were 70% confluent on the day of siRNA transfection.
Each siRNA was resuspended at 100 nM in 1 mL of Optimem I (Invitrogen) and in a separate tube, Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) was diluted to 6 μL/mL in Optimem, giving an amount sufficient for transfection of four replicates in a 24-well plate. After 5 minutes at room temperature, the mixtures were combined to give the desired final concentration of 50 nM siRNA and 3 μL/mL Lipofectamine 2000. The transfection mixture was incubated for a further 20 minutes at room temperature and 420 μL of the siRNA/reagent complex was added to each well as dictated by the experimental design. Plates were gently rocked to ensure complete mixing and then incubated at 37° C. in an incubator at 5% CO2/95% air for 4 hours. Subsequently, the transfection mixture was aspirated and the cells were returned to normal culture conditions for a further 20 hours.
Cell lysates were prepared for branched-DNA analysis. A 2:1 medium:lysis buffer (Panomics) mixture was prepared and cells were lysed in 200 μL at 53° C. for 30 minutes. After a visual check for complete lysis, the cell lysates were stored at −80° C. for subsequent analysis. Branched-DNA analysis was performed as described above, with alpha-ENaC expression normalized against GAPDH. The branched DNA analysis protocol used differs from that above only in that 20 μL of sample was applied to each well in this case.
Table 2C shows the alpha-ENaC expression in primary HBEC for siRNA examples.
Example 3.3
In Vitro Inhibition of Exogenously Expressed Cloned Cynomolgous alpha-ENaC Gene Expression for Selected RNAi Agents in Cos-1 Cells
Cloning of the Cynomolgous alpha-ENaC Sequence
Primer sequences for amplification of 5′-UTR and CDS (nucleotides shown in brackets correspond to the Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey) α-ENaC cDNA sequence):







(SEQ.I.D.NO: 1674)


P745: 5′-CTCCATGTTCTGCGGCCGCGGATAGAAG-3′ (nt 1427)


 


(SEQ.I.D.NO: 1675)


P733: 5′-CCGGCCGGCGGGCGGGCT-3′ (nt 1)


 


(SEQ.I.D.NO: 1676)


P734: 5-CTCCCCAGCCCGGCCGCT-3′ (nt 17)


 


(SEQ.I.D.NO: 1677)


P735: 5′-GGCCGCTGCACCTGTAGGG-3′ (nt 28)






Primer sequences for amplification of CDS and 3 UTR:







(SEQ.I.D.NO: 1678)









P737: 5′-ATGGAGTACTGTGACTACAGG-3′ (nt 1422)


 







(SEQ.I.D.NO: 1679)









P740: 5′-TTGAGCATCTGCCTACTTG-3′ (nt 3113)






Primer sequences for amplification of internal part of CDS:







(SEQ.I.D.NO: 1679)









P713: 5′-5′-ATGGATGATGGTGGCTTTAACTTGCGG-3′



(nt 1182)


 







(SEQ.I.D.NO: 1680)









P715: 5′-5′-TCAGGGCCCCCCCAGAGG-3′ (nt 2108)






Cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) lung total RNA (#R1534152-Cy-BC) was purchased from BioCat (Germany). Synthesis of cDNA was performed using the SuperScript III First Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen). Synthesis of cDNA was performed using either random hexamers or oligo dT primers. In addition, cynomolgus lung first strand cDNA was also purchased from BioCat/#C1534160-Cy-BC). For PCR amplification, the Advantage 2 PCR kit (#K1910-1, Clontech) was used. Amplification of the 5′-UTR and parts of the CDS was performed using P745 and a equimolar mixture of P733, P734 and P735. For PCR amplification of the CDS and 3′-UTR, primers P737 and P740 were used. The primers P713 and P715 were used for amplification of parts of the CDS.
All PCR products were analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis and then cloned into the pCR2.1 vector using the TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen) in TOP10 bacteria. Clones were then picked and DNA was isolated using the Qiagen Miniprep kit. After restriction enzyme digest with EcoRI and analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA from correct clones were subjected to sequencing.
The sequences were then aligned with the α-ENaC cDNA sequence of Rhesus monkey, and sequences of the individual clones were aligned with each other. The full-length cynomolgus alpha-ENaC cDNA was then cloned by digestion of the 5′-part (5′-UTR and CDS, clone 55) with EcoR I and Not I, digestion of the middle part of the CDS by Not I and BstE II (clone 15), and the 3′-part (CDS and 3′-UTR) by BstE II and EcoR V (clone 80). The digested DNA fragments were then subcloned into pcDNA3.1, digested with EcoR I and EcoR V. The full-length cynomolgus alpha-ENaC cDNA in pcDNA3.1 was then subjected to full-length sequencing (Ingenetix, Vienna, Austria). The cynomolgus alpha-ENaC cDNA sequence corresponds to nt 28-3113 of the Rhesus alpha-ENaC cDNA sequence. Finally the cynomolgus alpha-ENaC cDNA was then excised from pcDNA3.1-cynomolgus alpha-ENaC by digestion with BamH I and EcoR V and subcloned into the vector pXOON. The plasmid map is illustrated in FIG. 1. Table 3B and Table 3A, respectively depict the protein (SEQ.I.D.NO:1681) and DNA (SEQ.I.D.NO:1682) sequence of cynomolgous alpha-ENaC.
Transfections:
COS-1 cells were seeded at 6×104 cells/well on 24 well plates each in 0.5 mL of growth medium. One day after seeding the cells were co-transfected with the pXOON cynomolgous alpha-ENaC expression plasmid and the indicated siRNA. For each well, 4 ng of alpha-ENaC expression plasmid and 600 ng carrier plasmid (pNFAT-luc) were co-transfected with the relevant siRNA (final concentration 45 nM) using X-treme gene transfection reagent (Roche) at 3.75 μL/well in a total volume of 7204/well Opti-MEM (Invitrogen) as described below.
Transfections were performed in triplicate for each sample. Plasmid/siRNA mastermixes (each for 3.5 wells) were prepared as follows: 14 ng alpha-ENaC expression plasmid, 2.1 g carrier plasmid and 112 pmoles of relevant siRNA in a total volume 210 μL (Opti-MEM). A lipid mastermix was prepared for the whole transfection (105 μL lipid plus 1575 μL Opti-MEM for eight triplicate transfection samples). Plasmid/siRNA and lipid were mixed in equal volume to give a total volume of 420 μL transfection mix per triplicate sample (3.5×). Following a 20 minute incubation at room temperature, 120 μL of the relevant transfection mix was added to each well of cells in a final transfection volume of 720 μL (Opti-MEM). Cells were transfected for 24 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO2 in a humidified incubator (Heraeus GmbH, Hanau, Germany) and harvested for branched-DNA analysis.
Cell lysates were prepared for branched DNA analysis. A 2:1 medium:lysis buffer (Panomics) mixture was prepared and cells were lysed in 200 μL at 53° C. for 30 minutes. After a visual check for complete lysis, the cell lysates were stored at −80° C. for subsequent analysis. Branched-DNA analysis was performed as described above, with cyno alpha-ENaC expression normalized against eGFP from the expression plasmid. The branched-DNA analysis protocol used differs from that above only in that 20 μL of sample was applied to each well in this case.
Probesets:
cynomolgous alpha-ENaC:













FPL Name
Function
Sequence
SEQ.I.D.NO:







cyENa001
CE
cgccgtgggctgctgggTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1683


 


cyENa002
CE
ggtaggagcggtggaactcTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1684


 


cyENa003
CE
cagaagaactcgaagagctctcTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1685


 


cyENa004
CE
cccagaaggccgtcttcatTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1686


 


cyENa005
LE
ggtgcagagccagagcactgTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1687


 


cyENa006
LE
gtgccgcaggttctgggTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1688


 


cyENa007
LE
gatcagggcctcctcctcTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1689


 


cyENa008
LE
ccgtggatggtggtattgttgTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1690


 


cyENa009
LE
gcggttgtgctgggagcTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1691


 


cyENa0010
LE
ttgccagtacatcatgccaaaTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1692


 


cyENa0011
BL
acaccaggcggatggcg
1693









eGFP:













FPL Name
Function
Sequence
SEQ.I.D.NO:







EGFP001
CE
ggcacgggcagcttgcTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1694


 


EGFP002
CE
ggtagcggctgaagcactgTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1695


 


EGFP003
CE
cctggacgtagccttcgggTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1696


 


EGFP004
CE
ccttgaagaagatggtgcgctTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1697


 


EGFP005
LE
cgaacttcacctcggcgcTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1698


 


EGFP006
LE
ccttcagctcgatgcggtTTTTTctcttggaaagaaagt
1699


 


EGFP007
LE
gtcacgagggtgggccagTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1700


 


EGFP008
LE
cacgccgtaggtcagggtgTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1701


 


EGFP009
LE
gtgctgcttcatgtggtcggTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1702


 


EGFP0010
LE
tcaccagggtgtcgccctTTTTTaggcataggacccgtgtct
1703


 


EGFP0011
BL
cggtggtgcagatgaacttca
1704


 


EGFP0012
BL
catggcggacttgaagaagtc
1705


 


EGFP0013
BL
cgtcctccttgaagtcgatgc
1706









Table 2C shows the alpha-ENaC expression in cynomologous species for siRNA examples.
Example 3.4
Screening for Interferon-α Induction
To evaluate the ability of siRNA to stimulate interferon-α (IFNα) release, siRNA was incubated with freshly purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro for 24 hours. The siRNA was added either directly to PBMCs, or first complexed with a lipid transfection agent (GenePorter 2 or Lipofectamine 2000 or DOTAP transfection agent) and subsequently incubated with PBMCs. As positive controls for IFNα induction, unmodified control sequences DI_A—2216 and DI_A—5167 were included.
DI_A 2216: is a single-stranded antisense DNA molecule







(SEQ.I.D.NO: 1707)


5′-dGsdGsdGdGdGdAdCdGdAdTdCdGdTdCdGsdGsdGsdGsd


GsdG-3′






DI_A5167 is a cholesterol-conjugated siRNA







(SEQ.I.D.NO: xxxx)









5′-GUCAUCACACUGAAUACCAAU-s-chol-3′


 







(SEQ.I.D.NO: 1708)









3′-CsAsCAGUAGUGUGACUUAUGGUUA-5′






After 24 hours, the IFNα was measured by ELISA. The basal IFNα level was determined for untreated cells and was always very close to a water-only control. The addition of transfection agent alone gave no or little increase of IFNα levels. Known stimulatory oligonucleotides were added to cells, either directly or in the presence of transfectant, and the expected increases of IFNα were observed. This setup allows to determine the stimulation of IFNα in human PBMC by siRNA (or other oligonucleotides).
Isolation of Human PBMCs: A concentrated fraction of leukocytes (buffy coat) was obtained from the Blood Bank Suhl, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Germany. These cells were negative for a variety of pathogens, including HIV, HCV, and others. The buffy coat was diluted 1:1 with PBS, added to a tube containing Ficoll, and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 2200 rpm to allow fractionation. This was followed by removal of the turbid layer of white blood cells and transferred to a tube with fresh PBS and Ficoll, which was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 2200 rpm. The turbid layer of white blood cells was again removed, transferred to RPMI 1640 culture medium and centrifuged for 5 minutes at 1,200 rpm to pellet the white blood cells. The cells were resuspended in RPMI, pelleted as above, and resuspended in media with 10% FCS to 1×106/mL.
Interferon-αMeasurement: Cells in culture were combined with either 500 nM (or 1 μM) oligonucleotide in Optimem or 133 nM oligonucleotide in GP2 or Lipofectamine2000 or DOTAP transfection agent for 24 hours at 37° C. Interferon-α was measured with Bender Med Systems (Vienna, Austria) instant ELISA kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Selection of lead therapeutic sequences was based on a level of IFNα induction of less than 15% of the positive control.
Example 3.5
Determination of siRNA Stability in Sputum of CF Patients
Sputum samples were collected by Dr. Ahmet Uluer, Children's Hospital Boston. After collection, sputum samples were treated with antibiotic and were UV-irradiated to reduce bacterial content. To determine siRNA stability in sputum samples, siRNAs were incubated in 30 μL sputum at a concentration of 5 μM at 37° C. for the indicated times. The reaction was terminated by addition of proteinase K and samples were incubated at 42° C. for another 20 minutes. A 40-mer RNA molecule made of L-nucleotides (“Spiegelmer”) resistant to nuclease degradation was added and served as calibration standard. Samples were filtered through a 0.2 μm membrane to remove remaining debris. Samples were analyzed by denaturing ion exchange HPLC on a DNAPac PA 200 column (Dionex) at pH 11.0 using a gradient of sodium perchlorate for elution. siRNAs and degradation products were quantified by determination of the area under the peak for each sample. Concentration was normalized to the concentration in the un-incubated samples.
The selection of the lead therapeutic sequences (ND8356, ND8357 and ND8396) was based on an observed in vitro stability in CF sputum with a half-life greater than 60 minutes.
Example 3.6
Cross-Checking of Lead Therapeutic Sequences Against Known Polymorphisms in Human SCNN1A Gene
To exclude known polymorphisms from the target sites of lead candidates, lead siRNA sequences were checked against the NCBI single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=snp). Of the 10 known exon polymorphisms in the human SCNN1A gene, none were shown to be present in the target sites of any of the 10 most potent lead therapeutic candidates.
Example 3.7
In Vitro Profiling of Top 5 Predicted Off-Target Sequences
A list of alignments for each sequence was sorted by homology over the 19-mer region. Off-targets were scored based on the number and position of the mismatches in accordance with the criteria described in example 1. The top 5 off-target sequences were identified for each lead therapeutic sequences (ND8356, ND8357 and ND8396). On- and off-target sequences were individually cloned into a dual luciferase reporter system (FIG. 2). Each cloned fragment encompassed the target 19 nucleotides in addition to 10 nucleotides flanking region, both 5′ and 3′ of the target sequence. The fragments were cloned into a multiple cloning site 3′ to the Renilla luciferase sequence, under the control of an SV40 promoter. The activity of each siRNA against both on- and off-target sequences was determined by the relative fluorescence of the target Renilla luciferase to the Firefly luciferase, the latter being independently controlled by the HSV-TK promoter. Initially, transfections were performed in COS-7 cells at an siRNA concentration of 50 nM. Luciferase readouts were taken at 24 h post-transfection. At this high concentration of siRNA, no knockdown of greater than 30% was observed against any off-target sequence for any of the three lead siRNAs. Activity against the on-target sequence was demonstrated with a relative reduction in Renilla luciferase activity of approximately 80%. IC50 curves were also generated for each siRNA against the on-target sequence and controlled with the off-target sequences identified above. For each lead siRNA, on-target IC50's in this reporter assay were of similar order of magnitude (10-50 μM) to the IC50's obtained against the endogenous target in H441 (Example 3.3) indicating that for ND8356, ND8357 and ND8396, potency against the on-target sequence was at least 1000-5000 fold higher than for any of the predicted off-target sequences.
Example 3.8
Genotoxicity Profiling
Cytotoxicity determination: Cytotoxicity was determined by using a cell counter for the assessment of culture cell number.
It is well known that testing cytotoxic concentrations in vitro may induce genotoxic effects such as micronucleus formation. Therefore, we considered increased numbers of cells containing micronuclei appearing at cell counts of around 50% or less (compared to the concurrent negative control) to be cytotoxicity-related if no dose-dependent increase in micronucleated cells could already be observed at concentrations showing moderate toxicity at most. The analysis of a concentration showing at least 50% reduction in cell count is required by the guidelines regulating in vitro mammalian cell assays (OECD and ICH guidelines for the conduction of chromosome aberration testing). In addition, OECD protocols require testing of non-toxic compounds to include at least one precipitating concentration (as long as this doesn't exceed 10 mM or 5 mg/ml, whichever is lower). Since the in vitro micronucleus test aims to predict the outcome of the regulatory assays, i.e. in vitro chromosomal aberration test, the protocol for the in vitro micronucleus test was designed to meet the requirements for these tests.
Test system: TK6 cells are Ebstein-Barr-Virus transfected and immortalized cells (human lymphoblastoid origin derived from the spleen). Determination of the clastogenic and/or aneugenic potential in the micronucleus test in vitro with TK6 cells with/without S9-liver homogenate (2%) from male rats (Aroclor 1254-pretreated). Treatment time: 20 hr (−S9), 3 hr (+S9). Sampling time: 24 hr after the start of 3-hour treatment, 48 hr after the start of 20-hour treatment. For each substance at least three concentrations (2 cultures per concentration) and 2000 cells per concentration were analyzed.
The micronucleus inducing effect for a tested concentration was considered positive if the frequency of micronucleated cells was
>=2% and showed at least a doubling of the concurrent solvent control value, OR
<2% and showed at least a 3-fold increase over the concurrent solvent control value
To conclude an experiment to be positive, dose-effect relationship and cytotoxicity have to be taken into account.
Summary: Lead therapeutic sequences ND8396, ND8356, ND8357 neither induced increased numbers of cells containing micronuclei after 20-hour treatment without metabolic activation, nor after 3-hour treatment with or without S9. No cytotoxic concentration could be analyzed up to the testing limit of 5 mg/ml.
Example 3.9
In Vitro Functional Efficacy in H441: ND8396
In order to demonstrate in vitro functional efficacy of lead siRNA against alphaENaC H441 cells were transfected with siRNA and prepared for Ussings chamber analysis of ion transport. For transfection, H441 cells were plated into T25 flasks at 2×106 cells per flask in culture medium supplemented with 200 nM Dexamethasone. Cells in each flask were transfected with either ND8396 or a non targeting control siRNA at 30 nM siRNA and 4 mL/mL Lipofectamine 2000 in a total volume of 5 mL (serum free medium). One day after transfection, cells were plated onto 1 cm2 Snapwell inserts at confluency (2×105 cells per insert) to minimise the time required for differentiation and formation of tight junctions and supplied with medium in both the apical and the basolateral chambers. After one additional day of culture the apical medium was removed and the basolateral medium replaced, thus taking the cells to air-liquid interface (ALI) culture. Cells were maintained at ALI for a further six days prior to ion transport analysis.
For functional analysis in Ussings chambers, the Snapwell inserts were mounted in Vertical Diffusion Chambers (Costar) and were bathed with continuously gassed Ringer solution (5% CO2 in O2; pH 7.4) maintained at 37° C. containing: 120 mM NaCl, 25 mM NaHCO3, 3.3 mM KH2PO4, 0.8 mM K2HPO4, 1.2 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM glucose. The solution osmolarity was determined within the range of 280 and 300 mosmol/kgH2O. Cells were voltage clamped to 0 mV (model EVC4000; WPI). Transepithelial resistance (RT) was measured by applying a 1 or 2-mV pulse at 30-s intervals, or using the initial potential difference across the cells and the initial current measured, and then calculating RT by Ohm's law. Data were recorded using a PowerLab workstation (ADInstruments). Following siRNA treatment the basal characteristics of the cells and the amiloride-sensitive short circuit current (ISC following application of 10 μM amiloride; apical side only) were recorded. ENaC channel activity in each culture was determined by the amiloride-sensitive ISC in each case.
Following assay, cells on the individual inserts were lysed for RNA analysis. A knockdown of 75% at the RNA level at the time of assay (ND8396 as compared to non-targeting control) was correlated with a functional knockdown of the amiloride sensitive current of approximately 30% (ND8396 as compared to non-targeting control).
Nucleic acid sequences are represented below using standard nomenclature, and specifically the abbreviations of Table A.







TABLE A







Abbreviations of nucleotide monomers used


in nucleic acid sequence representation.










Abbreviationa
Nucleotide(s)







A
adenosine-5′-phosphate



C
cytidine-5′-phosphate



G
guanosine-5′-phosphate



T
2′-deoxy-thymidine-5′-phosphate



U
uridine-5′-phosphate



c
2′-O-methylcytidine-5′-phosphate



u
2′-O-methyluridine-5′-phosphate



Ts
2′-deoxy-thymidine-5′-phosphorothioate







It will be understood that these monomers, when present in an oligonucleotide, are mutually linked by 5′-3′-phosphodiester bonds.













TABLE 1A







Selected siRNAs in initial screening set (human-rhesus ENaC alpha


cross-reactive siRNAs). A total of 152 iRNA sequences were identified


as an initial screening set, both with (sequence strands 1-304) and without


(sequence strands 305-608) backbone modification. iRNA sequences


were designed to be fully complementary to both the human and rhesus


monkey alpha-ENaC sequences, according to the design criteria described


in the examples section. The percentage residual expression of alpha-ENaC


in two independent single-dose transfection experiments is shown


(refer to examples section for methods used).




















1st screen










single










dose @ 50 nM

2nd screen








in

@ 50 nM in



Duplex ID
Seq ID
Sense
Seq ID
Antissense
H441; MV
SD
H441
SD


















ND8285
1
AGcccGuAGcGuGGccuccTsT
2
GGAGGCcACGCuACGGGCUTsT
92%
4%
114%
15%


 


ND8286
3
ccGGGuAAuGGuGcAcGGGTsT
4
CCCGUGcACcAUuACCCGGTsT
60%
1%
84%
4%


 


ND8287
5
AuGcuAucGcGAcAGAAcATsT
6
UGUUCUGUCGCGAuAGcAUTsT
27%
2%
35%
3%


 


ND8288
7
uGcuAucGcGAcAGAAcAATsT
8
UUGUUCUGUCGCGAuAGcATsT
23%
1%
32%
4%


 


ND8289
9
GcccGuuuAuGuAuGcuccTsT
10
GGAGcAuAcAuAAACGGGCTsT
64%
2%
93%
8%


 


ND8290
11
GcccGuAGcGuGGccuccATsT
12
UGGAGGCcACGCuACGGGCTsT
83%
2%
115%
5%


 


ND8291
13
ccGGAAAuuAAAGAGGAGcTsT
14
GCUCCUCUUuAAUUUCCGGTsT
54%
2%
79%
10%


 


ND8292
15
ccGAAGGuuccGAAGccGATsT
16
UCGGCUUCGGAACCUUCGGTsT
40%
1%
54%
8%


 


ND8293
17
GcAAuucGGccuGcuuuucTsT
18
GAAAAGcAGGCCGAAUUGCTsT
41%
2%
51%
4%


 


ND8294
19
GGcGAAuuAcucucAcuucTsT
20
GAAGUGAGAGuAAUUCGCCTsT
19%
1%
25%
5%


 


ND8295
21
GcGAAuuAcucucAcuuccTsT
22
GGAAGUGAGAGuAAUUCGCTsT
19%
5%
20%
1%


 


ND8296
23
AAccAGGcGAAuuAcucucTsT
24
GAGAGuAAUUCGCCUGGUUTsT
92%
4%
115%
19%


 


ND8297
25
GGuAAuGGuGcAcGGGcAGTsT
26
CUGCCCGUGcACcAUuACCTsT
79%
2%
104%
14%


 


ND8298
27
cucAcGAuGGcccucGGuGTsT
28
cACCGAGGGCcAUCGUGAGTsT
61%
3%
97%
14%


 


ND8299
29
GcuccGAAGGuuccGAAGcTsT
30
GCUUCGGAACCUUCGGAGCTsT
16%
2%
19%
3%


 


ND8300
31
GccGAuAcuGGucuccAGGTsT
32
CCUGGAGACcAGuAUCGGCTsT
50%
5%
55%
5%


 


ND8301
33
ccGAuAcuGGucuccAGGcTsT
34
GCCUGGAGACcAGuAUCGGTsT
53%
2%
65%
6%


 


ND8302
35
uGcuGuuGcAccAuAcuuuTsT
36
AAAGuAUGGUGcAAcAGcATsT
19%
1%
25%
3%


 


ND8303
37
AAcGGucuGucccuGAuGcTsT
38
GcAUcAGGGAcAGACCGUUTsT
90%
3%
96%
11%


 


ND8304
39
uuAAcuuGcGGccuGGcGuTsT
40
ACGCcAGGCCGcAAGUuAATsT
97%
3%
101%
11%


 


ND8305
41
GcuGGuuAcucAcGAuGGcTsT
42
GCcAUCGUGAGuAACcAGCTsT
73%
2%
78%
7%


 


ND8306
43
uuAcucAcGAuGGcccucGTsT
44
CGAGGGCcAUCGUGAGuAATsT
91%
7%
93%
6%


 


ND8307
45
GAAGccGAuAcuGGucuccTsT
46
GGAGACcAGuAUCGGCUUCTsT
71%
3%
73%
6%


 


ND8308
47
GAuAcuGGucuccAGGccGTsT
48
CGGCCUGGAGACcAGuAUCTsT
86%
1%
90%
9%


 


ND8309
49
AuAcuGGucuccAGGccGATsT
50
UCGGCCUGGAGACcAGuAUTsT
71%
5%
70%
8%


 


ND8310
51
cAAcGGucuGucccuGAuGTsT
52
cAUcAGGGAcAGACCGUUGTsT
80%
2%
84%
9%


 


ND8311
53
uuuAAcuuGcGGccuGGcGTsT
54
CGCcAGGCCGcAAGUuAAATsT
95%
2%
107%
15%


 


ND8312
55
uAcucAcGAuGGcccucGGTsT
56
CCGAGGGCcAUCGUGAGuATsT
44%
2%
97%
9%


 


ND8313
57
uuucGGAGAGuAcuucAGcTsT
58
GCUGAAGuACUCUCCGAAATsT
14%
2%
16%
2%


 


ND8314
59
GcAGAcGcucuuuGAccuGTsT
60
cAGGUcAAAGAGCGUCUGCTsT
55%
4%
58%
5%


 


ND8315
61
cuAcAucuucuAuccGcGGTsT
62
CCGCGGAuAGAAGAUGuAGTsT
20%
3%
26%
4%


 


ND8316
63
AGGcGAAuuAcucucAcuuTsT
64
AAGUGAGAGuAAUUCGCCUTsT
24%
1%
25%
2%


 


ND8317
65
ccGcuucAAccAGGucuccTsT
66
GGAGACCUGGUUGAAGCGGTsT
62%
5%
64%
4%


 


ND8318
67
cAAccGcAuGAAGAcGGccTsT
68
GGCCGUCUUcAUGCGGUUGTsT
54%
6%
54%
4%


 


ND8319
69
AuGAAGAcGGccuucuGGGTsT
70
CCcAGAAGGCCGUCUUcAUTsT
44%
4%
44%
6%


 


ND8320
71
AGcAcAAccGcAuGAAGAcTsT
72
GUCUUcAUGCGGUUGUGCUTsT
15%
1%
16%
1%


 


ND8321
73
ucGAGuuccAccGcuccuATsT
74
uAGGAGCGGUGGAACUCGATsT
85%
5%
89%
13%


 


ND8322
75
cuGcuucuAccAGAcAuAcTsT
76
GuAUGUCUGGuAGAAGcAGTsT
46%
4%
44%
3%


 


ND8323
77
GAGGGAGuGGuAccGcuucTsT
78
GAAGCGGuACcACUCCCUCTsT
60%
7%
56%
3%


 


ND8324
79
ccuuuAuGGAuGAuGGuGGTsT
80
CcACcAUcAUCcAuAAAGGTsT
83%
9%
82%
1%


 


ND8325
81
uGAGGGAGuGGuAccGcuuTsT
82
AAGCGGuACcACUCCCUcATsT
77%
6%
72%
2%


 


ND8326
83
ccuGcAAccAGGcGAAuuATsT
84
uAAUUCGCCUGGUUGcAGGTsT
41%
4%
44%
7%


 


ND8327
85
GGccuGGcGuGGAGAccucTsT
86
GAGGUCUCcACGCcAGGCCTsT
101%
5%
95%
4%


 


ND8328
87
uGcuuuucGGAGAGuAcuuTsT
88
AAGuACUCUCCGAAAAGcATsT
36%
1%
29%
2%


 


ND8329
89
cccGuAGcGuGGccuccAGTsT
90
CUGGAGGCcACGCuACGGGTsT
52%
1%
51%
2%


 


ND8330
91
ccGuAGcGuGGccuccAGcTsT
92
GCUGGAGGCcACGCuACGGTsT
86%
9%
84%
3%


 


ND8331
93
ccAGGcGAAuuAcucucAcTsT
94
GUGAGAGuAAUUCGCCUGGTsT
15%
2%
13%
1%


 


ND8332
95
GAAAcuGcuAuAcuuucAATsT
96
UUGAAAGuAuAGcAGUUUCTsT
10%
1%
10%
1%


 


ND8333
97
GcccGGGuAAuGGuGcAcGTsT
98
CGUGcACcAUuACCCGGGCTsT
83%
6%
82%
4%


 


ND8334
99
cccGGGuAAuGGuGcAcGGTsT
100
CCGUGcACcAUuACCCGGGTsT
56%
4%
71%
10%


 


ND8335
101
cGGGuAAuGGuGcAcGGGcTsT
102
GCCCGUGcACcAUuACCCGTsT
42%
3%
91%
8%


 


ND8336
103
GGGuAAuGGuGcAcGGGcATsT
104
UGCCCGUGcACcAUuACCCTsT
65%
5%
71%
7%


 


ND8337
105
uAAuGGuGcAcGGGcAGGATsT
106
UCCUGCCCGUGcACcAUuATsT
46%
3%
46%
4%


 


ND8338
107
cuGGuuAcucAcGAuGGccTsT
108
GGCcAUCGUGAGuAACcAGTsT
74%
5%
79%
10%


 


ND8339
109
GuuAcucAcGAuGGcccucTsT
110
GAGGGCcAUCGUGAGuAACTsT
85%
6%
92%
8%


 


ND8340
111
uGucAcGAuGGucAcccucTsT
112
GAGGGUGACcAUCGUGAcATsT
85%
4%
74%
5%


 


ND8341
113
uGcuccGAAGGuuccGAAGTsT
114
CUUCGGAACCUUCGGAGcATsT
37%
2%
32%
3%


 


ND8342
115
uccGAAGGuuccGAAGccGTsT
116
CGGCUUCGGAACCUUCGGATsT
60%
4%
47%
5%


 


ND8343
117
uuccGAAGccGAuAcuGGuTsT
118
ACcAGuAUCGGCUUCGGAATsT
15%
1%
13%
2%


 


ND8344
119
AGccGAuAcuGGucuccAGTsT
120
CUGGAGACcAGuAUCGGCUTsT
49%
3%
41%
3%


 


ND8345
121
cuuGGuAcuGccucuGAAcTsT
122
GUUcAGAGGcAGuACcAAGTsT
55%
2%
47%
4%


 


ND8346
123
cucccGuAGcAcAcuAuAATsT
124
UuAuAGUGUGCuACGGGAGTsT
67%
3%
57%
5%


 


ND8347
125
ucccGuAGcAcAcuAuAAcTsT
126
GUuAuAGUGUGCuACGGGATsT
29%
1%
26%
3%


 


ND8348
127
uGcAccAuAcuuucuuGuATsT
128
uAcAAGAAAGuAUGGUGcATsT
17%
1%
15%
3%


 


ND8349
129
uuGcccGuuuAuGuAuGcuTsT
130
AGcAuAcAuAAACGGGcAATsT
68%
2%
50%
4%


 


ND8350
131
uGcccGuuuAuGuAuGcucTsT
132
GAGcAuAcAuAAACGGGcATsT
59%
8%
44%
6%


 


ND8351
133
GGAcccuAGAccucuGcAGTsT
134
CUGcAGAGGUCuAGGGUCCTsT
86%
11%
82%
2%


 


ND8352
135
ccuAGAccucuGcAGcccATsT
136
UGGGCUGcAGAGGUCuAGGTsT
69%
7%
79%
3%


 


ND8353
137
uGGcAuGAuGuAcuGGcAATsT
138
UUGCcAGuAcAUcAUGCcATsT
58%
4%
52%
4%


 


ND8354
139
uAcuGGcAAuucGGccuGcTsT
140
GcAGGCCGAAUUGCcAGuATsT
101%
4%
100%
4%


 


ND8355
141
AAuucGGccuGcuuuucGGTsT
142
CCGAAAAGcAGGCCGAAUUTsT
49%
1%
43%
6%


 


ND8356
143
cuGcuuuucGGAGAGuAcuTsT
144
AGuACUCUCCGAAAAGcAGTsT
17%
3%
18%
1%


 


ND8357
145
uucGGAGAGuAcuucAGcuTsT
146
AGCUGAAGuACUCUCCGAATsT
13%
3%
16%
2%


 


ND8358
147
AGcAGAcGcucuuuGAccuTsT
148
AGGUcAAAGAGCGUCUGCUTsT
73%
9%
71%
5%


 


ND8359
149
cuuGcAGcGccuGAGGGucTsT
150
GACCCUcAGGCGCUGcAAGTsT
57%
9%
64%
7%


 


ND8360
151
uGGcuuuAAcuuGcGGccuTsT
152
AGGCCGcAAGUuAAAGCcATsT
102%
12%
106%
10%


 


ND8361
153
GcuuuAAcuuGcGGccuGGTsT
154
CcAGGCCGcAAGUuAAAGCTsT
83%
5%
82%
8%


 


ND8362
155
uAAcuuGcGGccuGGcGuGTsT
156
cACGCcAGGCCGcAAGUuATsT
119%
2%
115%
6%


 


ND8363
157
AccuuuAcccuucAAAGuATsT
158
uACUUUGAAGGGuAAAGGUTsT
17%
3%
13%
2%


 


ND8364
159
GGuuAcucAcGAuGGcccuTsT
160
AGGGCcAUCGUGAGuAACCTsT
104%
9%
117%
17%


 


ND8365
161
cAcGAuGGcccucGGuGAcTsT
162
GUcACCGAGGGCcAUCGUGTsT
140%
13%
100%
9%


 


ND8366
163
AGAuGcuAucGcGAcAGAATsT
164
UUCUGUCGCGAuAGcAUCUTsT
46%
2%
70%
6%


 


ND8367
165
AcGAuGGucAcccuccuGuTsT
166
AcAGGAGGGUGACcAUCGUTsT
85%
6%
128%
10%


 


ND8368
167
cuccGAAGGuuccGAAGccTsT
168
GGCUUCGGAACCUUCGGAGTsT
12%
2%
18%
1%


 


ND8369
169
AAGGuuccGAAGccGAuAcTsT
170
GuAUCGGCUUCGGAACCUUTsT
63%
7%
114%
19%


 


ND8370
171
GGuAcuGccucuGAAcAcuTsT
172
AGUGUUcAGAGGcAGuACCTsT
36%
3%
71%
6%


 


ND8371
173
AGcuuuGAcAAGGAAcuuuTsT
174
AAAGUUCCUUGUcAAAGCUTsT
17%
1%
21%
1%


 


ND8372
175
uuuGAcAAGGAAcuuuccuTsT
176
AGGAAAGUUCCUUGUcAAATsT
16%
2%
26%
4%


 


ND8373
177
uGAcAAGGAAcuuuccuAATsT
178
UuAGGAAAGUUCCUUGUcATsT
12%
1%
22%
5%


 


ND8374
179
cccGuAGcAcAcuAuAAcATsT
180
UGUuAuAGUGUGCuACGGGTsT
41%
2%
75%
3%


 


ND8375
181
cAcuAuAAcAucuGcuGGATsT
182
UCcAGcAGAUGUuAuAGUGTsT
17%
1%
26%
2%


 


ND8376
183
uuGcuGuuGcAccAuAcuuTsT
184
AAGuAUGGUGcAAcAGcAATsT
45%
4%
69%
6%


 


ND8377
185
GuAcuGGcAAuucGGccuGTsT
186
cAGGCCGAAUUGCcAGuACTsT
60%
6%
120%
8%


 


ND8378
187
uucGGccuGcuuuucGGAGTsT
188
CUCCGAAAAGcAGGCCGAATsT
57%
5%
86%
11%


 


ND8379
189
ccuGcuuuucGGAGAGuAcTsT
190
GuACUCUCCGAAAAGcAGGTsT
43%
5%
50%
3%


 


ND8380
191
GcuuuucGGAGAGuAcuucTsT
192
GAAGuACUCUCCGAAAAGCTsT
16%
2%
24%
2%


 


ND8381
193
cuuuucGGAGAGuAcuucATsT
194
UGAAGuACUCUCCGAAAAGTsT
12%
1%
16%
3%


 


ND8382
195
cAAccucAAcucGGAcAAGTsT
196
CUUGUCCGAGUUGAGGUUGTsT
33%
2%
39%
3%


 


ND8383
197
cuAccAGAcAuAcucAucATsT
198
UGAUGAGuAUGUCUGGuAGTsT
13%
1%
23%
6%


 


ND8384
199
cuGucGAGGcuGccAGAGATsT
200
UCUCUGGcAGCCUCGAcAGTsT
11%
1%
18%
3%


 


ND8385
201
AAAcuGcuAuAcuuucAAuTsT
202
AUUGAAAGuAuAGcAGUUUTsT
48%
8%
64%
11%


 


ND8386
203
GGcuuuAAcuuGcGGccuGTsT
204
cAGGCCGcAAGUuAAAGCCTsT
55%
7%
70%
8%


 


ND8387
205
cuuuAAcuuGcGGccuGGcTsT
206
GCcAGGCCGcAAGUuAAAGTsT
40%
11%
87%
14%


 


ND8388
207
AGGuGuGuAuucAcuccuGTsT
208
cAGGAGUGAAuAcAcACCUTsT
45%
3%
41%
5%


 


ND8389
209
AcGAuGGcccucGGuGAcATsT
210
UGUcACCGAGGGCcAUCGUTsT
43%
2%
60%
9%


 


ND8390
211
cuGAAcAcucuGGuuucccTsT
212
GGGAAACcAGAGUGUUcAGTsT
33%
2%
48%
11%


 


ND8391
213
cuAuAAcAucuGcuGGAGuTsT
214
ACUCcAGcAGAUGUuAuAGTsT
16%
1%
17%
4%


 


ND8392
215
GcAccAuAcuuucuuGuAcTsT
216
GuAcAAGAAAGuAUGGUGCTsT
19%
1%
22%
4%


 


ND8393
217
uGucuAGcccAucAuccuGTsT
218
cAGGAUGAUGGGCuAGAcATsT
69%
3%
92%
15%


 


ND8394
219
AGGAcccuAGAccucuGcATsT
220
UGcAGAGGUCuAGGGUCCUTsT
94%
5%
86%
13%


 


ND8395
221
ccAccGcuccuAccGAGAGTsT
222
CUCUCGGuAGGAGCGGUGGTsT
55%
1%
65%
6%


 


ND8396
223
uAccGAGAGcucuucGAGuTsT
224
ACUCGAAGAGCUCUCGGuATsT
11%
1%
11%
1%


 


ND8397
225
AAcAuccuGucGAGGcuGcTsT
226
GcAGCCUCGAcAGGAUGUUTsT
90%
7%
72%
11%


 


ND8398
227
GAAccuuuAcccuucAAAGTsT
228
CUUUGAAGGGuAAAGGUUCTsT
22%
2%
25%
4%


 


ND8399
229
GGuuccGAAGccGAuAcuGTsT
230
cAGuAUCGGCUUCGGAACCTsT
93%
9%
89%
9%


 


ND8400
231
AAGccGAuAcuGGucuccATsT
232
UGGAGACcAGuAUCGGCUUTsT
35%
2%
42%
9%


 


ND8401
233
ucuAGcccAucAuccuGcuTsT
234
AGcAGGAUGAUGGGCuAGATsT
95%
8%
95%
14%


 


ND8402
235
cGGcGccAuccGccuGGuGTsT
236
cACcAGGCGGAUGGCGCCGTsT
81%
8%
89%
17%


 


ND8403
237
uuuucGGAGAGuAcuucAGTsT
238
CUGAAGuACUCUCCGAAAATsT
13%
1%
13%
1%


 


ND8404
239
GAGAGuAcuucAGcuAcccTsT
240
GGGuAGCUGAAGuACUCUCTsT
71%
3%
100%
10%


 


ND8405
241
GAcGcucuuuGAccuGuAcTsT
242
GuAcAGGUcAAAGAGCGUCTsT
84%
5%
92%
13%


 


ND8406
243
uGuGuAuucAcuccuGcuuTsT
244
AAGcAGGAGUGAAuAcAcATsT
78%
2%
89%
8%


 


ND8407
245
AAcAAcAAGAGAAAuGGAGTsT
246
CUCcAUUUCUCUUGUUGUUTsT
66%
3%
88%
21%


 


ND8408
247
AuuGAAGGAuGuGcAGGGcTsT
248
GCCCUGcAcAUCCUUcAAUTsT
25%
1%
36%
6%


 


ND8409
249
ucucAGAGccGcccAAAcuTsT
250
AGUUUGGGCGGCUCUGAGATsT
18%
1%
24%
2%


 


ND8410
251
AAAcAcAAccAAGGGuAcATsT
252
UGuACCCUUGGUUGUGUUUTsT
21%
1%
35%
2%


 


ND8411
253
uAcccGuGcccucAcAGAGTsT
254
CUCUGUGAGGGcACGGGuATsT
57%
2%
67%
4%


 


ND8412
255
uAGcAcAcuAuAAcAucuGTsT
256
cAGAUGUuAuAGUGUGCuATsT
30%
2%
41%
1%


 


ND8413
257
GGuGuGuAuucAcuccuGcTsT
258
GcAGGAGUGAAuAcAcACCTsT
73%
1%
90%
9%


 


ND8414
259
cAuGAucAAGGAGuGuGGcTsT
260
GCcAcACUCCUUGAUcAUGTsT
65%
2%
67%
5%


 


ND8415
261
AcucAcGAuGGcccucGGuTsT
262
ACCGAGGGCcAUCGUGAGUTsT
96%
6%
95%
6%


 


ND8416
263
GGAGcuuuGAcAAGGAAcuTsT
264
AGUUCCUUGUcAAAGCUCCTsT
24%
1%
28%
4%


 


ND8417
265
AuAcccGuGcccucAcAGATsT
266
UCUGUGAGGGcACGGGuAUTsT
54%
1%
62%
2%


 


ND8418
267
GGAGuGGccAAAGucAAcATsT
268
UGUUGACUUUGGCcACUCCTsT
93%
2%
86%
11%


 


ND8419
269
AAcuAcAAAAccAAuucuGTsT
270
cAGAAUUGGUUUUGuAGUUTsT
101%
5%
108%
19%


 


ND8420
271
uGcuGGAGuGuuGcuGuuGTsT
272
cAAcAGcAAcACUCcAGcATsT
29%
1%
26%
1%


 


ND8421
273
AGGucuccuGcAAccAGGcTsT
274
GCCUGGUUGcAGGAGACCUTsT
95%
10%
91%
17%


 


ND8422
275
cuuuGGcAuGAuGuAcuGGTsT
276
CcAGuAcAUcAUGCcAAAGTsT
86%
3%
84%
6%


 


ND8423
277
cAucuGcAcccucAAucccTsT
278
GGGAUUGAGGGUGcAGAUGTsT
82%
11%
73%
4%


 


ND8424
279
cGAcuGcAccAAGAAuGGcTsT
280
GCcAUUCUUGGUGcAGUCGTsT
70%
8%
69%
7%


 


ND8425
281
AAAAcAcAAccAAGGGuAcTsT
282
GuACCCUUGGUUGUGUUUUTsT
95%
6%
106%
12%


 


ND8426
283
cAucuGcuGGAGuGuuGcuTsT
284
AGcAAcACUCcAGcAGAUGTsT
30%
2%
37%
1%


 


ND8427
285
ccuAcAucuucuAuccGcGTsT
286
CGCGGAuAGAAGAUGuAGGTsT
42%
6%
30%
1%


 


ND8428
287
GccuAcAucuucuAuccGcTsT
288
GCGGAuAGAAGAUGuAGGCTsT
65%
7%
54%
3%


 


ND8429
289
GAGuGGuAccGcuuccAcuTsT
290
AGUGGAAGCGGuACcACUCTsT
95%
11%
86%
19%


 


ND8430
291
GGuAccGcuuccAcuAcAuTsT
292
AUGuAGUGGAAGCGGuACCTsT
111%
19%
96%
14%


 


ND8431
293
GuGGuAccGcuuccAcuAcTsT
294
GuAGUGGAAGCGGuACcACTsT
98%
13%
52%
26%


 


ND8432
295
GAAuuAcucucAcuuccAcTsT
296
GUGGAAGUGAGAGuAAUUCTsT
111%
21%
73%
27%


 


ND8433
297
AAuuAcucucAcuuccAccTsT
298
GGUGGAAGUGAGAGuAAUUTsT
109%
22%
105%
7%


 


ND8434
299
uAcucucAcuuccAccAccTsT
300
GGUGGUGGAAGUGAGAGuATsT
106%
23%
95%
7%


 


ND8435
301
AGuGGuAccGcuuccAcuATsT
302
uAGUGGAAGCGGuACcACUTsT
109%
18%
102%
9%


 


ND8436
303
GGGcAAcuucAucuucGccTsT
304
GGCGAAGAUGAAGUUGCCCTsT
109%
18%
107%
14%


 


ND-8501
305
AGCCCGUAGCGUGGCCUCCTsT
306
GGAGGCCACGCUACGGGCUTsT
84%
14%
69%
3%


 


ND-8502
307
CCGGGUAAUGGUGCACGGGTsT
308
CCCGUGCACCAUUACCCGGTsT
41%
6%
30%
2%


 


ND-8503
309
AUGCUAUCGCGACAGAACATsT
310
UGUUCUGUCGCGAUAGCAUTsT
11%
2%
10%
2%


 


ND-8504
311
UGCUAUCGCGACAGAACAATsT
312
UUGUUCUGUCGCGAUAGCATsT
15%
2%
10%
0%


 


ND-8505
313
GCCCGUUUAUGUAUGCUCCTsT
314
GGAGCAUACAUAAACGGGCTsT
23%
3%
16%
1%


 


ND-8506
315
GCCCGUAGCGUGGCCUCCATsT
316
UGGAGGCCACGCUACGGGCTsT
32%
3%
22%
1%


 


ND-8507
317
CCGGAAAUUAAAGAGGAGCTsT
318
GCUCCUCUUUAAUUUCCGGTsT
35%
4%
24%
1%


 


ND-8508
319
CCGAAGGUUCCGAAGCCGATsT
320
UCGGCUUCGGAACCUUCGGTsT
19%
2%
13%
1%


 


ND-8509
321
GCAAUUCGGCCUGCUUUUCTsT
322
GAAAAGCAGGCCGAAUUGCTsT
12%
1%
8%
1%


 


ND-8510
323
GGCGAAUUACUCUCACUUCTsT
324
GAAGUGAGAGUAAUUCGCCTsT
21%
2%
18%
1%


 


ND-8511
325
GCGAAUUACUCUCACUUCCTsT
326
GGAAGUGAGAGUAAUUCGCTsT
12%
2%
8%
1%


 


ND-8512
327
AACCAGGCGAAUUACUCUCTsT
328
GAGAGUAAUUCGCCUGGUUTsT
99%
11%
79%
5%


 


ND-8513
329
GGUAAUGGUGCACGGGCAGTsT
330
CUGCCCGUGCACCAUUACCTsT
61%
6%
42%
4%


 


ND-8514
331
CUCACGAUGGCCCUCGGUGTsT
332
CACCGAGGGCCAUCGUGAGTsT
94%
11%
70%
4%


 


ND-8515
333
GCUCCGAAGGUUCCGAAGCTsT
334
GCUUCGGAACCUUCGGAGCTsT
18%
2%
17%
2%


 


ND-8516
335
GCCGAUACUGGUCUCCAGGTsT
336
CCUGGAGACCAGUAUCGGCTsT
14%
1%
12%
1%


 


ND-8517
337
CCGAUACUGGUCUCCAGGCTsT
338
GCCUGGAGACCAGUAUCGGTsT
42%
5%
33%
2%


 


ND-8518
339
UGCUGUUGCACCAUACUUUTsT
340
AAAGUAUGGUGCAACAGCATsT
10%
1%
9%
0%


 


ND-8519
341
AACGGUCUGUCCCUGAUGCTsT
342
GCAUCAGGGACAGACCGUUTsT
60%
7%
52%
8%


 


ND-8520
343
UUAACUUGCGGCCUGGCGUTsT
344
ACGCCAGGCCGCAAGUUAATsT
82%
25%
77%
18%


 


ND-8521
345
GCUGGUUACUCACGAUGGCTsT
346
GCCAUCGUGAGUAACCAGCTsT
36%
4%
34%
7%


 


ND-8522
347
UUACUCACGAUGGCCCUCGTsT
348
CGAGGGCCAUCGUGAGUAATsT
105%
21%
113%
21%


 


ND-8523
349
GAAGCCGAUACUGGUCUCCTsT
350
GGAGACCAGUAUCGGCUUCTsT
24%
2%
18%
2%


 


ND-8524
351
GAUACUGGUCUCCAGGCCGTsT
352
CGGCCUGGAGACCAGUAUCTsT
30%
5%
25%
3%


 


ND-8525
353
AUACUGGUCUCCAGGCCGATsT
354
UCGGCCUGGAGACCAGUAUTsT
12%
1%
11%
2%


 


ND-8526
355
CAACGGUCUGUCCCUGAUGTsT
356
CAUCAGGGACAGACCGUUGTsT
24%
7%
24%
2%


 


ND-8527
357
UUUAACUUGCGGCCUGGCGTsT
358
CGCCAGGCCGCAAGUUAAATsT
122%
6%
107%
9%


 


ND-8528
359
UACUCACGAUGGCCCUCGGTsT
360
CCGAGGGCCAUCGUGAGUATsT
78%
6%
84%
7%


 


ND-8529
361
UUUCGGAGAGUACUUCAGCTsT
362
GCUGAAGUACUCUCCGAAATsT
87%
18%
80%
17%


 


ND-8530
363
GCAGACGCUCUUUGACCUGTsT
364
CAGGUCAAAGAGCGUCUGCTsT
14%
2%
13%
0%


 


ND-8531
365
CUACAUCUUCUAUCCGCGGTsT
366
CCGCGGAUAGAAGAUGUAGTsT
20%
4%
18%
3%


 


ND-8532
367
AGGCGAAUUACUCUCACUUTsT
368
AAGUGAGAGUAAUUCGCCUTsT
25%
5%
18%
1%


 


ND-8533
369
CCGCUUCAACCAGGUCUCCTsT
370
GGAGACCUGGUUGAAGCGGTsT
30%
11%
22%
2%


 


ND-8534
371
CAACCGCAUGAAGACGGCCTsT
372
GGCCGUCUUCAUGCGGUUGTsT
33%
4%
23%
1%


 


ND-8535
373
AUGAAGACGGCCUUCUGGGTsT
374
CCCAGAAGGCCGUCUUCAUTsT
114%
12%
84%
15%


 


ND-8536
375
AGCACAACCGCAUGAAGACTsT
376
GUCUUCAUGCGGUUGUGCUTsT
18%
1%
16%
3%


 


ND-8537
377
UCGAGUUCCACCGCUCCUATsT
378
UAGGAGCGGUGGAACUCGATsT
25%
0%
26%
3%


 


ND-8538
379
CUGCUUCUACCAGACAUACTsT
380
GUAUGUCUGGUAGAAGCAGTsT
12%
1%
13%
2%


 


ND-8539
381
GAGGGAGUGGUACCGCUUCTsT
382
GAAGCGGUACCACUCCCUCTsT
43%
1%
47%
14%


 


ND-8540
383
CCUUUAUGGAUGAUGGUGGTsT
384
CCACCAUCAUCCAUAAAGGTsT
61%
5%
60%
8%


 


ND-8541
385
UGAGGGAGUGGUACCGCUUTsT
386
AAGCGGUACCACUCCCUCATsT
36%
5%
35%
5%


 


ND-8542
387
CCUGCAACCAGGCGAAUUATsT
388
UAAUUCGCCUGGUUGCAGGTsT
19%
2%
16%
1%


 


ND-8543
389
GGCCUGGCGUGGAGACCUCTsT
390
GAGGUCUCCACGCCAGGCCTsT
28%
7%
20%
2%


 


ND-8544
391
UGCUUUUCGGAGAGUACUUTsT
392
AAGUACUCUCCGAAAAGCATsT
22%
5%
17%
1%


 


ND-8545
393
CCCGUAGCGUGGCCUCCAGTsT
394
CUGGAGGCCACGCUACGGGTsT
25%
3%
22%
2%


 


ND-8546
395
CCGUAGCGUGGCCUCCAGCTsT
396
GCUGGAGGCCACGCUACGGTsT
62%
5%
57%
9%


 


ND-8547
397
CCAGGCGAAUUACUCUCACTsT
398
GUGAGAGUAAUUCGCCUGGTsT
23%
11%
16%
2%


 


ND-8548
399
GAAACUGCUAUACUUUCAATsT
400
UUGAAAGUAUAGCAGUUUCTsT
9%
3%
3%
0%


 


ND-8549
401
GCCCGGGUAAUGGUGCACGTsT
402
CGUGCACCAUUACCCGGGCTsT
87%
9%
92%
14%


 


ND-8550
403
CCCGGGUAAUGGUGCACGGTsT
404
CCGUGCACCAUUACCCGGGTsT
19%
12%
14%
1%


 


ND-8551
405
CGGGUAAUGGUGCACGGGCTsT
406
GCCCGUGCACCAUUACCCGTsT
68%
11%
73%
3%


 


ND-8552
407
GGGUAAUGGUGCACGGGCATsT
408
UGCCCGUGCACCAUUACCCTsT
30%
6%
33%
2%


 


ND-8553
409
UAAUGGUGCACGGGCAGGATsT
410
UCCUGCCCGUGCACCAUUATsT
29%
3%
31%
1%


 


ND-8554
411
CUGGUUACUCACGAUGGCCTsT
412
GGCCAUCGUGAGUAACCAGTsT
74%
15%
66%
8%


 


ND-8555
413
GUUACUCACGAUGGCCCUCTsT
414
GAGGGCCAUCGUGAGUAACTsT
91%
21%
88%
10%


 


ND-8556
415
UGUCACGAUGGUCACCCUCTsT
416
GAGGGUGACCAUCGUGACATsT
72%
4%
76%
12%


 


ND-8557
417
UGCUCCGAAGGUUCCGAAGTsT
418
CUUCGGAACCUUCGGAGCATsT
51%
2%
59%
18%


 


ND-8558
419
UCCGAAGGUUCCGAAGCCGTsT
420
CGGCUUCGGAACCUUCGGATsT
109%
11%
77%
13%


 


ND-8559
421
UUCCGAAGCCGAUACUGGUTsT
422
ACCAGUAUCGGCUUCGGAATsT
46%
20%
33%
6%


 


ND-8560
423
AGCCGAUACUGGUCUCCAGTsT
424
CUGGAGACCAGUAUCGGCUTsT
15%
6%
10%
1%


 


ND-8561
425
CUUGGUACUGCCUCUGAACTsT
426
GUUCAGAGGCAGUACCAAGTsT
16%
3%
12%
3%


 


ND-8562
427
CUCCCGUAGCACACUAUAATsT
428
UUAUAGUGUGCUACGGGAGTsT
14%
6%
10%
1%


 


ND-8563
429
UCCCGUAGCACACUAUAACTsT
430
GUUAUAGUGUGCUACGGGATsT
43%
11%
36%
4%


 


ND-8564
431
UGCACCAUACUUUCUUGUATsT
432
UACAAGAAAGUAUGGUGCATsT
17%
6%
13%
3%


 


ND-8565
433
UUGCCCGUUUAUGUAUGCUTsT
434
AGCAUACAUAAACGGGCAATsT
84%
2%
103%
12%


 


ND-8566
435
UGCCCGUUUAUGUAUGCUCTsT
436
GAGCAUACAUAAACGGGCATsT
69%
25%
93%
4%


 


ND-8567
437
GGACCCUAGACCUCUGCAGTsT
438
CUGCAGAGGUCUAGGGUCCTsT
29%
8%
33%
2%


 


ND-8568
439
CCUAGACCUCUGCAGCCCATsT
440
UGGGCUGCAGAGGUCUAGGTsT
18%
2%
19%
1%


 


ND-8569
441
UGGCAUGAUGUACUGGCAATsT
442
UUGCCAGUACAUCAUGCCATsT
19%
3%
20%
5%


 


ND-8570
443
UACUGGCAAUUCGGCCUGCTsT
444
GCAGGCCGAAUUGCCAGUATsT
86%
15%
83%
16%


 


ND-8571
445
AAUUCGGCCUGCUUUUCGGTsT
446
CCGAAAAGCAGGCCGAAUUTsT
19%
3%
24%
4%


 


ND-8572
447
CUGCUUUUCGGAGAGUACUTsT
448
AGUACUCUCCGAAAAGCAGTsT
8%
2%
12%
2%


 


ND-8573
449
UUCGGAGAGUACUUCAGCUTsT
450
AGCUGAAGUACUCUCCGAATsT
27%
3%
40%
5%


 


ND-8574
451
AGCAGACGCUCUUUGACCUTsT
452
AGGUCAAAGAGCGUCUGCUTsT
15%
0%
19%
4%


 


ND-8575
453
CUUGCAGCGCCUGAGGGUCTsT
454
GACCCUCAGGCGCUGCAAGTsT
35%
1%
40%
4%


 


ND-8576
455
UGGCUUUAACUUGCGGCCUTsT
456
AGGCCGCAAGUUAAAGCCATsT
47%
3%
53%
8%


 


ND-8577
457
GCUUUAACUUGCGGCCUGGTsT
458
CCAGGCCGCAAGUUAAAGCTsT
20%
2%
25%
5%


 


ND-8578
459
UAACUUGCGGCCUGGCGUGTsT
460
CACGCCAGGCCGCAAGUUATsT
75%
7%
82%
4%


 


ND-8579
461
ACCUUUACCCUUCAAAGUATsT
462
UACUUUGAAGGGUAAAGGUTsT
14%
2%
17%
3%


 


ND-8580
463
GGUUACUCACGAUGGCCCUTsT
464
AGGGCCAUCGUGAGUAACCTsT
63%
5%
70%
11%


 


ND-8581
465
CACGAUGGCCCUCGGUGACTsT
466
GUCACCGAGGGCCAUCGUGTsT
56%
2%
50%
5%


 


ND-8582
467
AGAUGCUAUCGCGACAGAATsT
468
UUCUGUCGCGAUAGCAUCUTsT
18%
1%
18%
1%


 


ND-8583
469
ACGAUGGUCACCCUCCUGUTsT
470
ACAGGAGGGUGACCAUCGUTsT
48%
3%
52%
6%


 


ND-8584
471
CUCCGAAGGUUCCGAAGCCTsT
472
GGCUUCGGAACCUUCGGAGTsT
18%
2%
20%
5%


 


ND-8585
473
AAGGUUCCGAAGCCGAUACTsT
474
GUAUCGGCUUCGGAACCUUTsT
26%
2%
28%
1%


 


ND-8586
475
GGUACUGCCUCUGAACACUTsT
476
AGUGUUCAGAGGCAGUACCTsT
12%
1%
12%
1%


 


ND-8587
477
AGCUUUGACAAGGAACUUUTsT
478
AAAGUUCCUUGUCAAAGCUTsT
17%
2%
18%
2%


 


ND-8588
479
UUUGACAAGGAACUUUCCUTsT
480
AGGAAAGUUCCUUGUCAAATsT
78%
5%
73%
2%


 


ND-8589
481
UGACAAGGAACUUUCCUAATsT
482
UUAGGAAAGUUCCUUGUCATsT
14%
1%
16%
1%


 


ND-8590
483
CCCGUAGCACACUAUAACATsT
484
UGUUAUAGUGUGCUACGGGTsT
9%
1%
11%
2%


 


ND-8591
485
CACUAUAACAUCUGCUGGATsT
486
UCCAGCAGAUGUUAUAGUGTsT
18%
2%
20%
2%


 


ND-8592
487
UUGCUGUUGCACCAUACUUTsT
488
AAGUAUGGUGCAACAGCAATsT
23%
2%
25%
8%


 


ND-8593
489
GUACUGGCAAUUCGGCCUGTsT
490
CAGGCCGAAUUGCCAGUACTsT
66%
3%
62%
4%


 


ND-8594
491
UUCGGCCUGCUUUUCGGAGTsT
492
CUCCGAAAAGCAGGCCGAATsT
97%
7%
86%
8%


 


ND-8595
493
CCUGCUUUUCGGAGAGUACTsT
494
GUACUCUCCGAAAAGCAGGTsT
11%
2%
14%
3%


 


ND-8596
495
GCUUUUCGGAGAGUACUUCTsT
496
GAAGUACUCUCCGAAAAGCTsT
12%
1%
17%
2%


 


ND-8597
497
CUUUUCGGAGAGUACUUCATsT
498
UGAAGUACUCUCCGAAAAGTsT
11%
1%
14%
2%


 


ND-8598
499
CAACCUCAACUCGGACAAGTsT
500
CUUGUCCGAGUUGAGGUUGTsT
15%
2%
16%
2%


 


ND-8599
501
CUACCAGACAUACUCAUCATsT
502
UGAUGAGUAUGUCUGGUAGTsT
17%
1%
18%
2%


 


ND-8600
503
CUGUCGAGGCUGCCAGAGATsT
504
UCUCUGGCAGCCUCGACAGTsT
17%
0%
16%
1%


 


ND-8601
505
AAACUGCUAUACUUUCAAUTsT
506
AUUGAAAGUAUAGCAGUUUTsT
28%
1%
26%
1%


 


ND-8602
507
GGCUUUAACUUGCGGCCUGTsT
508
CAGGCCGCAAGUUAAAGCCTsT
21%
2%
18%
1%


 


ND-8603
509
CUUUAACUUGCGGCCUGGCTsT
510
GCCAGGCCGCAAGUUAAAGTsT
81%
2%
69%
6%


 


ND-8604
511
AGGUGUGUAUUCACUCCUGTsT
512
CAGGAGUGAAUACACACCUTsT
47%
4%
40%
1%


 


ND-8605
513
ACGAUGGCCCUCGGUGACATsT
514
UGUCACCGAGGGCCAUCGUTsT
40%
6%
35%
2%


 


ND-8606
515
CUGAACACUCUGGUUUCCCTsT
516
GGGAAACCAGAGUGUUCAGTsT
60%
2%
75%
4%


 


ND-8607
517
CUAUAACAUCUGCUGGAGUTsT
518
ACUCCAGCAGAUGUUAUAGTsT
17%
1%
24%
3%


 


ND-8608
519
GCACCAUACUUUCUUGUACTsT
520
GUACAAGAAAGUAUGGUGCTsT
10%
1%
15%
3%


 


ND-8609
521
UGUCUAGCCCAUCAUCCUGTsT
522
CAGGAUGAUGGGCUAGACATsT
62%
2%
75%
12%


 


ND-8610
523
AGGACCCUAGACCUCUGCATsT
524
UGCAGAGGUCUAGGGUCCUTsT
61%
5%
73%
10%


 


ND-8611
525
CCACCGCUCCUACCGAGAGTsT
526
CUCUCGGUAGGAGCGGUGGTsT
21%
2%
29%
5%


 


ND-8612
527
UACCGAGAGCUCUUCGAGUTsT
528
ACUCGAAGAGCUCUCGGUATsT
13%
1%
22%
3%


 


ND-8613
529
AACAUCCUGUCGAGGCUGCTsT
530
GCAGCCUCGACAGGAUGUUTsT
57%
2%
70%
4%


 


ND-8614
531
GAACCUUUACCCUUCAAAGTsT
532
CUUUGAAGGGUAAAGGUUCTsT
13%
3%
16%
2%


 


ND-8615
533
GGUUCCGAAGCCGAUACUGTsT
534
CAGUAUCGGCUUCGGAACCTsT
18%
1%
24%
2%


 


ND-8616
535
AAGCCGAUACUGGUCUCCATsT
536
UGGAGACCAGUAUCGGCUUTsT
19%
1%
25%
2%


 


ND-8617
537
UCUAGCCCAUCAUCCUGCUTsT
538
AGCAGGAUGAUGGGCUAGATsT
93%
3%
101%
3%


 


ND-8618
539
CGGCGCCAUCCGCCUGGUGTsT
540
CACCAGGCGGAUGGCGCCGTsT
85%
4%
99%
4%


 


ND-8619
541
UUUUCGGAGAGUACUUCAGTsT
542
CUGAAGUACUCUCCGAAAATsT
63%
2%
77%
3%


 


ND-8620
543
GAGAGUACUUCAGCUACCCTsT
544
GGGUAGCUGAAGUACUCUCTsT
26%
1%
30%
4%


 


ND-8621
545
GACGCUCUUUGACCUGUACTsT
546
GUACAGGUCAAAGAGCGUCTsT
17%
2%
19%
3%


 


ND-8622
547
UGUGUAUUCACUCCUGCUUTsT
548
AAGCAGGAGUGAAUACACATsT
49%
3%
58%
11%


 


ND-8623
549
AACAACAAGAGAAAUGGAGTsT
550
CUCCAUUUCUCUUGUUGUUTsT
74%
7%
70%
4%


 


ND-8624
551
AUUGAAGGAUGUGCAGGGCTsT
552
GCCCUGCACAUCCUUCAAUTsT
85%
6%
87%
12%


 


ND-8625
553
UCUCAGAGCCGCCCAAACUTsT
554
AGUUUGGGCGGCUCUGAGATsT
53%
3%
51%
6%


 


ND-8626
555
AAACACAACCAAGGGUACATsT
556
UGUACCCUUGGUUGUGUUUTsT
17%
2%
18%
2%


 


ND-8627
557
UACCCGUGCCCUCACAGAGTsT
558
CUCUGUGAGGGCACGGGUATsT
58%
3%
55%
3%


 


ND-8628
559
UAGCACACUAUAACAUCUGTsT
560
CAGAUGUUAUAGUGUGCUATsT
64%
3%
64%
15%


 


ND-8629
561
GGUGUGUAUUCACUCCUGCTsT
562
GCAGGAGUGAAUACACACCTsT
25%
3%
23%
2%


 


ND-8630
563
CAUGAUCAAGGAGUGUGGCTsT
564
GCCACACUCCUUGAUCAUGTsT
32%
2%
28%
2%


 


ND-8631
565
ACUCACGAUGGCCCUCGGUTsT
566
ACCGAGGGCCAUCGUGAGUTsT
96%
1%
88%
4%


 


ND-8632
567
GGAGCUUUGACAAGGAACUTsT
568
AGUUCCUUGUCAAAGCUCCTsT
14%
1%
14%
2%


 


ND-8633
569
AUACCCGUGCCCUCACAGATsT
570
UCUGUGAGGGCACGGGUAUTsT
21%
2%
16%
1%


 


ND-8634
571
GGAGUGGCCAAAGUCAACATsT
572
UGUUGACUUUGGCCACUCCTsT
21%
3%
16%
1%


 


ND-8635
573
AACUACAAAACCAAUUCUGTsT
574
CAGAAUUGGUUUUGUAGUUTsT
49%
5%
37%
3%


 


ND-8636
575
UGCUGGAGUGUUGCUGUUGTsT
576
CAACAGCAACACUCCAGCATsT
27%
3%
21%
2%


 


ND-8637
577
AGGUCUCCUGCAACCAGGCTsT
578
GCCUGGUUGCAGGAGACCUTsT
62%
8%
61%
4%


 


ND-8638
579
CUUUGGCAUGAUGUACUGGTsT
580
CCAGUACAUCAUGCCAAAGTsT
66%
6%
52%
8%


 


ND-8639
581
CAUCUGCACCCUCAAUCCCTsT
582
GGGAUUGAGGGUGCAGAUGTsT
50%
7%
40%
4%


 


ND-8640
583
CGACUGCACCAAGAAUGGCTsT
584
GCCAUUCUUGGUGCAGUCGTsT
67%
6%
54%
5%


 


ND-8641
585
AAAACACAACCAAGGGUACTsT
586
GUACCCUUGGUUGUGUUUUTsT
14%
2%
14%
1%


 


ND-8642
587
CAUCUGCUGGAGUGUUGCUTsT
588
AGCAACACUCCAGCAGAUGTsT
13%
2%
13%
1%


 


ND-8643
589
CCUACAUCUUCUAUCCGCGTsT
590
CGCGGAUAGAAGAUGUAGGTsT
15%
4%
13%
0%


 


ND-8644
591
GCCUACAUCUUCUAUCCGCTsT
592
GCGGAUAGAAGAUGUAGGCTsT
14%
3%
11%
1%


 


ND-8645
593
GAGUGGUACCGCUUCCACUTsT
594
AGUGGAAGCGGUACCACUCTsT
16%
0%
20%
1%


 


ND-8646
595
GGUACCGCUUCCACUACAUTsT
596
AUGUAGUGGAAGCGGUACCTsT
12%
0%
14%
1%


 


ND-8647
597
GUGGUACCGCUUCCACUACTsT
598
GUAGUGGAAGCGGUACCACTsT
42%
4%
44%
3%


 


ND-8648
599
GAAUUACUCUCACUUCCACTsT
600
GUGGAAGUGAGAGUAAUUCTsT
10%
1%
11%
3%


 


ND-8649
601
AAUUACUCUCACUUCCACCTsT
602
GGUGGAAGUGAGAGUAAUUTsT
105%
10%
102%
8%


 


ND-8650
603
UACUCUCACUUCCACCACCTsT
604
GGUGGUGGAAGUGAGAGUATsT
55%
6%
54%
8%


 


ND-8651
605
AGUGGUACCGCUUCCACUATsT
606
UAGUGGAAGCGGUACCACUTsT
57%
6%
59%
12%


 


ND-8652
607
GGGCAACUUCAUCUUCGCCTsT
608
GGCGAAGAUGAAGUUGCCCTsT
47%
12%
36%
7%
















TABLE 1B







Selected siRNAs in extended screening set


(“hyman-only” siRNAs). A further 344 iRNA sequences


were identified and were designed to be fully complementary


to the human alpha-ENaC sequences, according to the design


criteria described in the examples section. All siRNA listed in this


screening set were modified only with a phosphorothioate linkage


at the 3′-end between nucleotides 20 and 21 of each strand.


The percentage residual expression of alpha-ENaC in single-dose


transfection assay is shown (refer to example section for methods used).






















2nd








1st screen

screen








single dose

single



Duplex
Seq

Seq

@ 50 nM in

dose @ 50 nM



ID
ID
Sense
ID
Antissense
H441; MV
SD
in H441; MV
SD


















ND-
609
CUGCGGCUAAGUCUCUUUUTsT
610
AAAAGAGACUUAGCCGCAGTsT
94%
8%




10445










 


ND-
611
AUCGCGACAGAACAAUUACTsT
612
GUAAUUGUUCUGUCGCGAUTsT
13%
2%




10446










 


ND-
613
UCGCGACAGAACAAUUACATsT
614
UGUAAUUGUUCUGUCGCGATsT
18%
1%




10447










 


ND-
615
CCCGUUUAUGUAUGCUCCATsT
616
UGGAGCAUACAUAAACGGGTsT
41%
1%




10448










 


ND-
617
CCCGGGUAAGUAAAGGCAGTsT
618
CUGCCUUUACUUACCCGGGTsT
23%
1%




10449










 


ND-
619
GGUACCCGGAAAUUAAAGATsT
620
UCUUUAAUUUCCGGGUACCTsT
14%
2%




10450










 


ND-
621
GCUAUCGCGACAGAACAAUTsT
622
AUUGUUCUGUCGCGAUAGCTsT
24%
2%




10451










 


ND-
623
UAUCGCGACAGAACAAUUATsT
624
UAAUUGUUCUGUCGCGAUATsT
12%
1%




10452










 


ND-
625
UGCGGCUAAGUCUCUUUUUTsT
626
AAAAAGAGACUUAGCCGCATsT
46%
3%




10453










 


ND-
627
GGCGAUUAUGGCGACUGCATsT
628
UGCAGUCGCCAUAAUCGCCTsT
14%
0%




10454










 


ND-
629
AUGUCUAGCCCAUCAUCCUTsT
630
AGGAUGAUGGGCUAGACAUTsT
12%
2%




10455










 


ND-
631
CUACAGGUACCCGGAAAUUTsT
632
AAUUUCCGGGUACCUGUAGTsT
28%
2%




10456










 


ND-
633
CCGUCGAGCCCGUAGCGUGTsT
634
CACGCUACGGGCUCGACGGTsT
27%
3%




10457










 


ND-
635
CGCGACAGAACAAUUACACTsT
636
GUGUAAUUGUUCUGUCGCGTsT
39%
7%




10458










 


ND-
637
AGGUACCCGGAAAUUAAAGTsT
638
CUUUAAUUUCCGGGUACCUTsT
30%
3%




10459










 


ND-
639
CAUGCACGGGUUUCCUGCCTsT
640
GGCAGGAAACCCGUGCAUGTsT
95%
6%




10460










 


ND-
641
AGCUUGCGGGACAACAACCTsT
642
GGUUGUUGUCCCGCAAGCUTsT
94%
8%




10461










 


ND-
643
ACUGCGGCUAAGUCUCUUUTsT
644
AAAGAGACUUAGCCGCAGUTsT
13%
2%




10462










 


ND-
645
CAUCCCUUAGAACCCUGCUTsT
646
AGCAGGGUUCUAAGGGAUGTsT
18%
1%




10463










 


ND-
647
ACCCGGGUAAGUAAAGGCATsT
648
UGCCUUUACUUACCCGGGUTsT
41%
1%




10464










 


ND-
649
GAUUAUGGCGACUGCACCATsT
650
UGGUGCAGUCGCCAUAAUCTsT
23%
1%




10465










 


ND-
651
CUCGGACAAGCUCGUCUUCTsT
652
GAAGACGAGCUUGUCCGAGTsT
14%
2%




10466










 


ND-
653
GCGAUUAUGGCGACUGCACTsT
654
GUGCAGUCGCCAUAAUCGCTsT
24%
2%




10467










 


ND-
655
AAUUACACCGUCAACAACATsT
656
UGUUGUUGACGGUGUAAUUTsT
12%
1%




10468










 


ND-
657
AACUGCCGUUGAUGUGUGGTsT
658
CCACACAUCAACGGCAGUUTsT
46%
3%




10469










 


ND-
659
AACUGCGGCUAAGUCUCUUTsT
660
AAGAGACUUAGCCGCAGUUTsT
14%
0%




10470










 


ND-
661
CCGCUGAUAACCAGGACAATsT
662
UUGUCCUGGUUAUCAGCGGTsT
12%
2%




10471










 


ND-
663
AAGGGUACACGCAGGCAUGTsT
664
CAUGCCUGCGUGUACCCUUTsT
28%
2%




10472










 


ND-
665
CCGGGUAAGUAAAGGCAGATsT
666
UCUGCCUUUACUUACCCGGTsT
27%
3%




10473










 


ND-
667
CCCAUACCAGGUCUCAUGGTsT
668
CCAUGAGACCUGGUAUGGGTsT
39%
7%




10474










 


ND-
669
AUUAUGGCGACUGCACCAATsT
670
UUGGUGCAGUCGCCAUAAUTsT
30%
3%




10475










 


ND-
671
AUGCACGGGUUUCCUGCCCTsT
672
GGGCAGGAAACCCGUGCAUTsT
95%
6%




10476










 


ND-
673
CUAGCCCUCCACAGUCCACTsT
674
GUGGACUGUGGAGGGCUAGTsT
43%
7%




10477










 


ND-
675
CAGGUACCCGGAAAUUAAATsT
676
UUUAAUUUCCGGGUACCUGTsT
11%
1%




10478










 


ND-
677
AAUACAGCUCCUUCACCACTsT
678
GUGGUGAAGGAGCUGUAUUTsT
30%
3%




10479










 


ND-
679
CACGGGUUUCCUGCCCAGCTsT
680
GCUGGGCAGGAAACCCGUGTsT
19%
1%




10480










 


ND-
681
GGACUGAAUCUUGCCCGUUTsT
682
AACGGGCAAGAUUCAGUCCTsT
14%
2%




10481










 


ND-
683
CGUUUAUGUAUGCUCCAUGTsT
684
CAUGGAGCAUACAUAAACGTsT
15%
1%




10482










 


ND-
685
GGGUACUGCUACUAUAAGCTsT
686
GCUUAUAGUAGCAGUACCCTsT
11%
0%




10483










 


ND-
687
UCGGUGUUGUCUGUGGUGGTsT
688
CCACCACAGACAACACCGATsT
65%
5%




10484










 


ND-
689
AAACUGCCGUUGAUGUGUGTsT
690
CACACAUCAACGGCAGUUUTsT
73%
6%




10485










 


ND-
691
GCGAAACUUGGAGCUUUGATsT
692
UCAAAGCUCCAAGUUUCGCTsT
8%
1%




10486










 


ND-
693
GGCCCGUCGAGCCCGUAGCTsT
694
GCUACGGGCUCGACGGGCCTsT
26%
3%




10487










 


ND-
695
GCGACAGAACAAUUACACCTsT
696
GGUGUAAUUGUUCUGUCGCTsT
10%
2%




10488










 


ND-
697
GCGACGGCUUAAGCCAGCCTsT
698
GGCUGGCUUAAGCCGUCGCTsT
50%
1%




10489










 


ND-
699
GACCCGGGUAAGUAAAGGCTsT
700
GCCUUUACUUACCCGGGUCTsT
74%
1%




10490










 


ND-
701
UUGAUCACUCCGCCUUCUCTsT
702
GAGAAGGCGGAGUGAUCAATsT
80%
7%




10491










 


ND-
703
UCUAGCCCUCCACAGUCCATsT
704
UGGACUGUGGAGGGCUAGATsT
69%
4%




10492










 


ND-
705
GUUUCACCAAGUGCCGGAATsT
706
UUCCGGCACUUGGUGAAACTsT
23%
3%




10493










 


ND-
707
CUCAACUCGGACAAGCUCGTsT
708
CGAGCUUGUCCGAGUUGAGTsT
45%
6%




10494










 


ND-
709
CAACUCGGACAAGCUCGUCTsT
710
GACGAGCUUGUCCGAGUUGTsT
23%
3%




10495










 


ND-
711
ACCCGGAAAUUAAAGAGGATsT
712
UCCUCUUUAAUUUCCGGGUTsT
13%
2%




10496










 


ND-
713
CCCGGAAAUUAAAGAGGAGTsT
714
CUCCUCUUUAAUUUCCGGGTsT
19%
1%




10497










 


ND-
715
CACCACUCUCGUGGCCGGCTsT
716
GCCGGCCACGAGAGUGGUGTsT
94%
11%




10498










 


ND-
717
CGUCGAGCCCGUAGCGUGGTsT
718
CCACGCUACGGGCUCGACGTsT
13%
1%




10499










 


ND-
719
GCUUGCGGGACAACAACCCTsT
720
GGGUUGUUGUCCCGCAAGCTsT
49%
2%




10500










 


ND-
721
GAAUCAACAACGGUCUGUCTsT
722
GACAGACCGUUGUUGAUUCTsT
18%
2%




10501










 


ND-
723
GGGCGAUUAUGGCGACUGCTsT
724
GCAGUCGCCAUAAUCGCCCTsT
8%
1%




10502










 


ND-
725
CGAUUAUGGCGACUGCACCTsT
726
GGUGCAGUCGCCAUAAUCGTsT
17%
1%




10503










 


ND-
727
UCUGCUGGUUACUCACGAUTsT
728
AUCGUGAGUAACCAGCAGATsT
38%
4%




10504










 


ND-
729
CUAUCGCGACAGAACAAUUTsT
730
AAUUGUUCUGUCGCGAUAGTsT
9%
1%




10505










 


ND-
731
CAAUUACACCGUCAACAACTsT
732
GUUGUUGACGGUGUAAUUGTsT
11%
1%




10506










 


ND-
733
ACCGUCAACAACAAGAGAATsT
734
UUCUCUUGUUGUUGACGGUTsT
9%
1%




10507










 


ND-
735
CUCCUCGGUGUUGUCUGUGTsT
736
CACAGACAACACCGAGGAGTsT
78%
5%




10508










 


ND-
737
GGAGGUAGCCUCCACCCUGTsT
738
CAGGGUGGAGGCUACCUCCTsT
18%
1%




10509










 


ND-
739
GGAGAGGUUUCUCACACCATsT
740
UGGUGUGAGAAACCUCUCCTsT
13%
1%




10510










 


ND-
741
CUGCCGUUGAUGUGUGGAGTsT
742
CUCCACACAUCAACGGCAGTsT
19%
2%




10511










 


ND-
743
UGCCGUUGAUGUGUGGAGGTsT
744
CCUCCACACAUCAACGGCATsT
82%
4%




10512










 


ND-
745
AGAUGGGUAAGGGCUCAGGTsT
746
CCUGAGCCCUUACCCAUCUTsT
24%
1%




10513










 


ND-
747
AGAACAGUAGCUGAUGAAGTsT
748
CUUCAUCAGCUACUGUUCUTsT
15%
0%




10514










 


ND-
749
GCGGCUAAGUCUCUUUUUCTsT
750
GAAAAAGAGACUUAGCCGCTsT
13%
1%




10515










 


ND-
751
CCUAAGAAACCGCUGAUAATsT
752
UUAUCAGCGGUUUCUUAGGTsT
6%
0%




10516










 


ND-
753
GAAACCGCUGAUAACCAGGTsT
754
CCUGGUUAUCAGCGGUUUCTsT
13%
0%




10517










 


ND-
755
AACCGCUGAUAACCAGGACTsT
756
GUCCUGGUUAUCAGCGGUUTsT
42%
2%




10518










 


ND-
757
ACCGCUGAUAACCAGGACATsT
758
UGUCCUGGUUAUCAGCGGUTsT
11%
1%




10519










 


ND-
759
CCAAGGGUACACGCAGGCATsT
760
UGCCUGCGUGUACCCUUGGTsT
19%
1%




10520










 


ND-
761
CAAGGGUACACGCAGGCAUTsT
762
AUGCCUGCGUGUACCCUUGTsT
12%
0%




10521










 


ND-
763
AGGGUACACGCAGGCAUGCTsT
764
GCAUGCCUGCGUGUACCCUTsT
23%
1%




10522










 


ND-
765
GUACACGCAGGCAUGCACGTsT
766
CGUGCAUGCCUGCGUGUACTsT
27%
1%




10523










 


ND-
767
AGGCAUGCACGGGUUUCCUTsT
768
AGGAAACCCGUGCAUGCCUTsT
14%
0%




10524










 


ND-
769
GGCAUGCACGGGUUUCCUGTsT
770
CAGGAAACCCGUGCAUGCCTsT
18%
3%




10525










 


ND-
771
ACGGGUUUCCUGCCCAGCGTsT
772
CGCUGGGCAGGAAACCCGUTsT
30%
1%




10526










 


ND-
773
GAGCAGACCCGGGUAAGUATsT
774
UACUUACCCGGGUCUGCUCTsT
24%
2%




10527










 


ND-
775
AGCAGACCCGGGUAAGUAATsT
776
UUACUUACCCGGGUCUGCUTsT
24%
2%




10528










 


ND-
777
GGGUAAGUAAAGGCAGACCTsT
778
GGUCUGCCUUUACUUACCCTsT
39%
3%




10529










 


ND-
779
AGCCUCAUACCCGUGCCCUTsT
780
AGGGCACGGGUAUGAGGCUTsT
82%
5%




10530










 


ND-
781
GUGAACGCUUCUGCCACAUTsT
782
AUGUGGCAGAAGCGUUCACTsT
13%
1%




10531










 


ND-
783
AAAUUGAUCACUCCGCCUUTsT
784
AAGGCGGAGUGAUCAAUUUTsT
18%
2%




10532










 


ND-
785
AAUUGAUCACUCCGCCUUCTsT
786
GAAGGCGGAGUGAUCAAUUTsT
19%
0%




10533










 


ND-
787
GCCUUGCGGUCAGGGACUGTsT
788
CAGUCCCUGACCGCAAGGCTsT
12%
1%




10534










 


ND-
789
CUUGCGGUCAGGGACUGAATsT
790
UUCAGUCCCUGACCGCAAGTsT
11%
0%




10535










 


ND-
791
UUGCGGUCAGGGACUGAAUTsT
792
AUUCAGUCCCUGACCGCAATsT
12%
0%




10536










 


ND-
793
AUGUAUGCUCCAUGUCUAGTsT
794
CUAGACAUGGAGCAUACAUTsT
21%
1%




10537










 


ND-
795
AGCAAGUAGGCAGGAGCUCTsT
796
GAGCUCCUGCCUACUUGCUTsT
19%
1%




10538










 


ND-
797
CAGCCCAUACCAGGUCUCATsT
798
UGAGACCUGGUAUGGGCUGTsT
27%
2%




10539










 


ND-
799
CAGCCGUCGCGACCUGCGGTsT
800
CCGCAGGUCGCGACGGCUGTsT
44%
4%




10540










 


ND-
801
GGGCCCGUCGAGCCCGUAGTsT
802
CUACGGGCUCGACGGGCCCTsT
71%
6%




10541










 


ND-
803
CGUAGCGUGGCCUCCAGCUTsT
804
AGCUGGAGGCCACGCUACGTsT
84%
9%




10542










 


ND-
805
GGUGAGGGAGUGGUACCGCTsT
806
GCGGUACCACUCCCUCACCTsT
108%
8%




10543










 


ND-
807
AAAGUACACACAGCAGGUGTsT
808
CACCUGCUGUGUGUACUUUTsT
140%
7%




10544










 


ND-
809
CCAGGUUGACUUCUCCUCATsT
810
UGAGGAGAAGUCAACCUGGTsT
18%
2%




10545










 


ND-
811
UGUUUCACCAAGUGCCGGATsT
812
UCCGGCACUUGGUGAAACATsT
31%
2%




10546










 


ND-
813
UGCUGGUUACUCACGAUGGTsT
814
CCAUCGUGAGUAACCAGCATsT
144%
10%




10547










 


ND-
815
UCCUCGGUGUUGUCUGUGGTsT
816
CCACAGACAACACCGAGGATsT
106%
14%




10548










 


ND-
817
AGGUAGCCUCCACCCUGGCTsT
818
GCCAGGGUGGAGGCUACCUTsT
74%
15%




10549










 


ND-
819
GCCGUUGAUGUGUGGAGGGTsT
820
CCCUCCACACAUCAACGGCTsT
26%
4%




10550










 


ND-
821
GAUGGGUAAGGGCUCAGGATsT
822
UCCUGAGCCCUUACCCAUCTsT
22%
1%




10551










 


ND-
823
CCCAACUGCGGCUAAGUCUTsT
824
AGACUUAGCCGCAGUUGGGTsT
18%
2%




10552










 


ND-
825
CCAAGCGAAACUUGGAGCUTsT
826
AGCUCCAAGUUUCGCUUGGTsT
16%
1%




10553










 


ND-
827
GGGUACACGCAGGCAUGCATsT
828
UGCAUGCCUGCGUGUACCCTsT
19%
2%




10554










 


ND-
829
UGCACGGGUUUCCUGCCCATsT
830
UGGGCAGGAAACCCGUGCATsT
28%
2%




10555










 


ND-
831
CUCCUCUAGCCUCAUACCCTsT
832
GGGUAUGAGGCUAGAGGAGTsT
109%
8%




10556










 


ND-
833
UCCUCUAGCCUCAUACCCGTsT
834
CGGGUAUGAGGCUAGAGGATsT
117%
7%




10557










 


ND-
835
UCUAGCCUCAUACCCGUGCTsT
836
GCACGGGUAUGAGGCUAGATsT
128%
9%




10558










 


ND-
837
UUCAUACCUCUACAUGUCUTsT
838
AGACAUGUAGAGGUAUGAATsT
52%
4%




10559










 


ND-
839
UCUACAUGUCUGCUUGAGATsT
840
UCUCAAGCAGACAUGUAGATsT
15%
2%




10560










 


ND-
841
AUAUUUCCUCAGCCUGAAATsT
842
UUUCAGGCUGAGGAAAUAUTsT
15%
2%




10561










 


ND-
843
AACUCCUAUGCAUCCCUUATsT
844
UAAGGGAUGCAUAGGAGUUTsT
14%
1%




10562










 


ND-
845
GCAUCCCUUAGAACCCUGCTsT
846
GCAGGGUUCUAAGGGAUGCTsT
20%
1%




10563










 


ND-
847
UGAUCACUCCGCCUUCUCCTsT
848
GGAGAAGGCGGAGUGAUCATsT
67%
7%




10564










 


ND-
849
UGUAAGUGCCUUGCGGUCATsT
850
UGACCGCAAGGCACUUACATsT
17%
2%




10565










 


ND-
851
CCUUGCGGUCAGGGACUGATsT
852
UCAGUCCCUGACCGCAAGGTsT
14%
1%




10566










 


ND-
853
AAUCUUGCCCGUUUAUGUATsT
854
UACAUAAACGGGCAAGAUUTsT
13%
2%




10567










 


ND-
855
CCGUUUAUGUAUGCUCCAUTsT
856
AUGGAGCAUACAUAAACGGTsT
19%
6%




10568










 


ND-
857
UGUAUGCUCCAUGUCUAGCTsT
858
GCUAGACAUGGAGCAUACATsT
87%
13%




10569










 


ND-
859
CAUGUCUAGCCCAUCAUCCTsT
860
GGAUGAUGGGCUAGACAUGTsT
33%
4%




10570










 


ND-
861
AGUAGGCAGGAGCUCAAUATsT
862
UAUUGAGCUCCUGCCUACUTsT
11%
1%




10571










 


ND-
863
CCUACAGGUACCCGGAAAUTsT
864
AUUUCCGGGUACCUGUAGGTsT
22%
3%




10572










 


ND-
865
CCCGUCGAGCCCGUAGCGUTsT
866
ACGCUACGGGCUCGACGGGTsT
23%
1%




10573










 


ND-
867
GCGGUGAGGGAGUGGUACCTsT
868
GGUACCACUCCCUCACCGCTsT
30%
1%




10574










 


ND-
869
UUAUGGCGACUGCACCAAGTsT
870
CUUGGUGCAGUCGCCAUAATsT
77%
6%




10575










 


ND-
871
CUAUAAGCUCCAGGUUGACTsT
872
GUCAACCUGGAGCUUAUAGTsT
11%
1%




10576










 


ND-
873
UAUAAGCUCCAGGUUGACUTsT
874
AGUCAACCUGGAGCUUAUATsT
42%
8%




10577










 


ND-
875
AGGUUGACUUCUCCUCAGATsT
876
UCUGAGGAGAAGUCAACCUTsT
13%
3%




10578










 


ND-
877
CUGGGCUGUUUCACCAAGUTsT
878
ACUUGGUGAAACAGCCCAGTsT
19%
6%




10579










 


ND-
879
AACAAUUACACCGUCAACATsT
880
UGUUGACGGUGUAAUUGUUTsT
13%
1%




10580










 


ND-
881
UGGGUAAGGGCUCAGGAAGTsT
882
CUUCCUGAGCCCUUACCCATsT
20%
3%




10581










 


ND-
883
GGGUAAGGGCUCAGGAAGUTsT
884
ACUUCCUGAGCCCUUACCCTsT
22%
3%




10582










 


ND-
885
CACCCAACUGCGGCUAAGUTsT
886
ACUUAGCCGCAGUUGGGUGTsT
22%
10%




10583










 


ND-
887
ACCCAACUGCGGCUAAGUCTsT
888
GACUUAGCCGCAGUUGGGUTsT
22%
5%




10584










 


ND-
889
CCAACUGCGGCUAAGUCUCTsT
890
GAGACUUAGCCGCAGUUGGTsT
14%
2%




10585










 


ND-
891
CUUGGAUCAGCCAAGCGAATsT
892
UUCGCUUGGCUGAUCCAAGTsT
15%
1%




10586










 


ND-
893
GCCAAGCGAAACUUGGAGCTsT
894
GCUCCAAGUUUCGCUUGGCTsT
17%
2%




10587










 


ND-
895
UCCUAAGAAACCGCUGAUATsT
896
UAUCAGCGGUUUCUUAGGATsT
11%
2%




10588










 


ND-
897
GCAUGCACGGGUUUCCUGCTsT
898
GCAGGAAACCCGUGCAUGCTsT
24%
8%




10589










 


ND-
899
UGUUACUUAGGCAAUUCCCTsT
900
GGGAAUUGCCUAAGUAACATsT
48%
10%




10590










 


ND-
901
CUAGGGCUAGAGCAGACCCTsT
902
GGGUCUGCUCUAGCCCUAGTsT
58%
10%




10591










 


ND-
903
CUCUAGCCUCAUACCCGUGTsT
904
CACGGGUAUGAGGCUAGAGTsT
34%
5%




10592










 


ND-
905
UUAGAACCCUGCUCAGACATsT
906
UGUCUGAGCAGGGUUCUAATsT
14%
1%




10593










 


ND-
907
UGUGAACGCUUCUGCCACATsT
908
UGUGGCAGAAGCGUUCACATsT
15%
0%




10594










 


ND-
909
AUUGAUCACUCCGCCUUCUTsT
910
AGAAGGCGGAGUGAUCAAUTsT
43%
1%




10595










 


ND-
911
UCACUCCGCCUUCUCCUGGTsT
912
CCAGGAGAAGGCGGAGUGATsT
90%
5%




10596










 


ND-
913
GCGGUCAGGGACUGAAUCUTsT
914
AGAUUCAGUCCCUGACCGCTsT
11%
0%




10597










 


ND-
915
GGUCAGGGACUGAAUCUUGTsT
916
CAAGAUUCAGUCCCUGACCTsT
13%
1%




10598










 


ND-
917
GUAUGCUCCAUGUCUAGCCTsT
918
GGCUAGACAUGGAGCAUACTsT
28%
3%




10599










 


ND-
919
CCAUGUCUAGCCCAUCAUCTsT
920
GAUGAUGGGCUAGACAUGGTsT
12%
1%




10600










 


ND-
921
GAUCGAGUUCCACCGCUCCTsT
922
GGAGCGGUGGAACUCGAUCTsT
17%
1%




10601










 


ND-
923
GGACUCUAGCCCUCCACAGTsT
924
CUGUGGAGGGCUAGAGUCCTsT
41%
4%




10602










 


ND-
925
UCACCACUCUCGUGGCCGGTsT
926
CCGGCCACGAGAGUGGUGATsT
83%
3%




10603










 


ND-
927
CAGCUUGCGGGACAACAACTsT
928
GUUGUUGUCCCGCAAGCUGTsT
21%
1%




10604










 


ND-
929
CAUCUUCUAUCCGCGGCCCTsT
930
GGGCCGCGGAUAGAAGAUGTsT
26%
2%




10605










 


ND-
931
AUAAGCUCCAGGUUGACUUTsT
932
AAGUCAACCUGGAGCUUAUTsT
15%
1%




10606










 


ND-
933
CUGCUGGUUACUCACGAUGTsT
934
CAUCGUGAGUAACCAGCAGTsT
85%
8%




10607










 


ND-
935
GAACAAUUACACCGUCAACTsT
936
GUUGACGGUGUAAUUGUUCTsT
13%
1%




10608










 


ND-
937
AUUACACCGUCAACAACAATsT
938
UUGUUGUUGACGGUGUAAUTsT
12%
0%




10609










 


ND-
939
CUGUGGUUCGGCUCCUCGGTsT
940
CCGAGGAGCCGAACCACAGTsT
53%
2%




10610










 


ND-
941
GAAGUGCCUUGGCUCCAGCTsT
942
GCUGGAGCCAAGGCACUUCTsT
24%
3%




10611










 


ND-
943
GAUCAGCCAAGCGAAACUUTsT
944
AAGUUUCGCUUGGCUGAUCTsT
12%
0%




10612










 


ND-
945
AGAAACCGCUGAUAACCAGTsT
946
CUGGUUAUCAGCGGUUUCUTsT
12%
1%




10613










 


ND-
947
UGAUAACCAGGACAAAACATsT
948
UGUUUUGUCCUGGUUAUCATsT
7%
1%




10614










 


ND-
949
CACGCAGGCAUGCACGGGUTsT
950
ACCCGUGCAUGCCUGCGUGTsT
12%
0%




10615










 


ND-
951
GCUCUCCAGUAGCACAGAUTsT
952
AUCUGUGCUACUGGAGAGCTsT
9%
1%




10616










 


ND-
953
CAGACCCGGGUAAGUAAAGTsT
954
CUUUACUUACCCGGGUCUGTsT
55%
3%




10617










 


ND-
955
AGACCCGGGUAAGUAAAGGTsT
956
CCUUUACUUACCCGGGUCUTsT
72%
8%




10618










 


ND-
957
AUCACUCCGCCUUCUCCUGTsT
958
CAGGAGAAGGCGGAGUGAUTsT
63%
6%




10619










 


ND-
959
CACUCCGCCUUCUCCUGGGTsT
960
CCCAGGAGAAGGCGGAGUGTsT
28%
1%




10620










 


ND-
961
AACUAGACUGUAAGUGCCUTsT
962
AGGCACUUACAGUCUAGUUTsT
23%
1%




10621










 


ND-
963
UAUGCUCCAUGUCUAGCCCTsT
964
GGGCUAGACAUGGAGCAUATsT
98%
2%




10622










 


ND-
965
CCCGAUGUAUGGAAACUGCTsT
966
GCAGUUUCCAUACAUCGGGTsT
11%
1%




10623










 


ND-
967
GUACUGCUACUAUAAGCUCTsT
968
GAGCUUAUAGUAGCAGUACTsT
19%
1%




10624










 


ND-
969
AGCGUGACCAGCUACCAGCTsT
970
GCUGGUAGCUGGUCACGCUTsT
49%
2%




10625










 


ND-
971
ACAAUUACACCGUCAACAATsT
972
UUGUUGACGGUGUAAUUGUTsT
8%
0%




10626










 


ND-
973
AUGCUCCUCUGGUGGGAGGTsT
974
CCUCCCACCAGAGGAGCAUTsT
76%
5%




10627










 


ND-
975
AACAGUAGCUGAUGAAGCUTsT
976
AGCUUCAUCAGCUACUGUUTsT
22%
1%




10628










 


ND-
977
CUGACUCCCGAGGGCUAGGTsT
978
CCUAGCCCUCGGGAGUCAGTsT
34%
2%




10629










 


ND-
979
GUGCAACCAGAACAAAUCGTsT
980
CGAUUUGUUCUGGUUGCACTsT
10%
1%




10630










 


ND-
981
UGCAACCAGAACAAAUCGGTsT
982
CCGAUUUGUUCUGGUUGCATsT
48%
4%




10631










 


ND-
983
CUUCAAAGUACACACAGCATsT
984
UGCUGUGUGUACUUUGAAGTsT
20%
1%




10632










 


ND-
985
CAGCGUGACCAGCUACCAGTsT
986
CUGGUAGCUGGUCACGCUGTsT
35%
1%




10633










 


ND-
987
AGAACAAUUACACCGUCAATsT
988
UUGACGGUGUAAUUGUUCUTsT
14%
0%




10634










 


ND-
989
GAUAACCAGGACAAAACACTsT
990
GUGUUUUGUCCUGGUUAUCTsT
11%
1%




10635










 


ND-
991
ACAACCAAGGGUACACGCATsT
992
UGCGUGUACCCUUGGUUGUTsT
17%
1%




10636










 


ND-
993
CCCAGCGACGGCUUAAGCCTsT
994
GGCUUAAGCCGUCGCUGGGTsT
27%
2%




10637










 


ND-
995
CUCCCGAGGGCUAGGGCUATsT
996
UAGCCCUAGCCCUCGGGAGTsT
23%
1%




10638










 


ND-
997
UAGAACCCUGCUCAGACACTsT
998
GUGUCUGAGCAGGGUUCUATsT
35%
2%




10639










 


ND-
999
CCUGGGCUGUUUCACCAAGTsT
1000
CUUGGUGAAACAGCCCAGGTsT
14%
1%




10640










 


ND-
1001
GGAUCAGCCAAGCGAAACUTsT
1002
AGUUUCGCUUGGCUGAUCCTsT
16%
3%




10641










 


ND-
1003
AAGAAACCGCUGAUAACCATsT
1004
UGGUUAUCAGCGGUUUCUUTsT
17%
1%




10642










 


ND-
1005
ACCAAGGGUACACGCAGGCTsT
1006
GCCUGCGUGUACCCUUGGUTsT
37%
4%




10643










 


ND-
1007
GUAGCACAGAUGUCUGCUCTsT
1008
GAGCAGACAUCUGUGCUACTsT
13%
3%




10644










 


ND-
1009
UUUCAUACCUCUACAUGUCTsT
1010
GACAUGUAGAGGUAUGAAATsT
88%
8%




10645










 


ND-
1011
CCAACCAUCUGCCAGAGAATsT
1012
UUCUCUGGCAGAUGGUUGGTsT
16%
2%




10646










 


ND-
1013
GUCAGGGACUGAAUCUUGCTsT
1014
GCAAGAUUCAGUCCCUGACTsT
16%
3%




10647










 


ND-
1015
AGCAUGAUCAAGGAGUGUGTsT
1016
CACACUCCUUGAUCAUGCUTsT
50%
7%




10648










 


ND-
1017
GCAGCGUGACCAGCUACCATsT
1018
UGGUAGCUGGUCACGCUGCTsT
40%
6%




10649










 


ND-
1019
CAGCUCUCUGCUGGUUACUTsT
1020
AGUAACCAGCAGAGAGCUGTsT
56%
5%




10650










 


ND-
1021
GUUCGGCUCCUCGGUGUUGTsT
1022
CAACACCGAGGAGCCGAACTsT
68%
5%




10651










 


ND-
1023
GCAGAUGCUCCUCUGGUGGTsT
1024
CCACCAGAGGAGCAUCUGCTsT
26%
5%




10652










 


ND-
1025
AGGAAGUUGCUCCAAGAACTsT
1026
GUUCUUGGAGCAACUUCCUTsT
18%
2%




10653










 


ND-
1027
AACGCUUCUGCCACAUCUUTsT
1028
AAGAUGUGGCAGAAGCGUUTsT
18%
1%




10654










 


ND-
1029
CACCUGGGCUGUUUCACCATsT
1030
UGGUGAAACAGCCCAGGUGTsT
17%
2%




10655










 


ND-
1031
AAGCCAUGCAGCGUGACCATsT
1032
UGGUCACGCUGCAUGGCUUTsT
27%
3%




10656










 


ND-
1033
CGAGGGCUAGGGCUAGAGCTsT
1034
GCUCUAGCCCUAGCCCUCGTsT
30%
1%




10657










 


ND-
1035
GGAAACCCUGGACAGACUUTsT
1036
AAGUCUGUCCAGGGUUUCCTsT
14%
1%




10658










 


ND-
1037
GUAGCUGAUGAAGCUGCCCTsT
1038
GGGCAGCUUCAUCAGCUACTsT
19%
1%




10659










 


ND-
1039
UCUUUUUCCCUUGGAUCAGTsT
1040
CUGAUCCAAGGGAAAAAGATsT
88%
4%




10660










 


ND-
1041
CUCCAGUAGCACAGAUGUCTsT
1042
GACAUCUGUGCUACUGGAGTsT
10%
1%




10661










 


ND-
1043
CCAAAAUUGAUCACUCCGCTsT
1044
GCGGAGUGAUCAAUUUUGGTsT
25%
3%




10662










 


ND-
1045
CAGACCACCUGGGCUGUUUTsT
1046
AAACAGCCCAGGUGGUCUGTsT
24%
2%




10663










 


ND-
1047
CCCUUCCCAACUAGACUGUTsT
1048
ACAGUCUAGUUGGGAAGGGTsT
15%
2%




10664










 


ND-
1049
CGCAGCCGUCGCGACCUGCTsT
1050
GCAGGUCGCGACGGCUGCGTsT
45%
2%




10665










 


ND-
1051
UUCUCACACCAAGGCAGAUTsT
1052
AUCUGCCUUGGUGUGAGAATsT
25%
2%




10666










 


ND-
1053
CACCACCAUCCACGGCGCCTsT
1054
GGCGCCGUGGAUGGUGGUGTsT
35%
3%




10667










 


ND-
1055
CCAUUACUUUUGUGAACGCTsT
1056
GCGUUCACAAAAGUAAUGGTsT
19%
4%




10668










 















ND-
1057
CCAAGAACAGUAGCUGAUGTsT
1058
CAUCAGCUACUGUUCUUGGTsT
23%
4%
16%
2%


10669










 


ND-
1059
AGGAGAGGUUUCUCACACCTsT
1060
GGUGUGAGAAACCUCUCCUTsT
18%
3%
17%
1%


10670










 


ND-
1061
AUCAUCCUGCUUGGAGCAATsT
1062
UUGCUCCAAGCAGGAUGAUTsT
33%
3%
24%
2%


10671










 


ND-
1063
GCAUCACAGAGCAGACGCUTsT
1064
AGCGUCUGCUCUGUGAUGCTsT
29%
2%
27%
4%


10672










 


ND-
1065
AGGAGGUAGCCUCCACCCUTsT
1066
AGGGUGGAGGCUACCUCCUTsT
63%
6%
61%
3%


10673










 















ND-
1067
ACAACCGCAUGAAGACGGCTsT
1068
GCCGUCUUCAUGCGGUUGUTsT
94%
2%




10674










 















ND-
1069
GCAUGAAGACGGCCUUCUGTsT
1070
CAGAAGGCCGUCUUCAUGCTsT
20%
2%
18%
1%


10675










 


ND-
1071
GUCACGAUGGUCACCCUCCTsT
1072
GGAGGGUGACCAUCGUGACTsT
66%
5%
60%
4%


10676










 


ND-
1073
CCCUGCUCAGACACCAUUATsT
1074
UAAUGGUGUCUGAGCAGGGTsT
15%
3%
18%
1%


10677










 


ND-
1075
UCACGAUGGUCACCCUCCUTsT
1076
AGGAGGGUGACCAUCGUGATsT
80%
6%
70%
4%


10678










 


ND-
1077
UCAACCUCAACUCGGACAATsT
1078
UUGUCCGAGUUGAGGUUGATsT
20%
3%
21%
1%


10679










 


ND-
1079
UGACCAGCUACCAGCUCUCTsT
1080
GAGAGCUGGUAGCUGGUCATsT
88%
22%
77%
5%


10680










 


ND-
1081
GAUGGCCCUCGGUGACAUCTsT
1082
GAUGUCACCGAGGGCCAUCTsT
88%
18%
60%
4%


10681










 


ND-
1083
GCUUUGACAAGGAACUUUCTsT
1084
GAAAGUUCCUUGUCAAAGCTsT
19%
7%
14%
2%


10682










 


ND-
1085
CGAUACUGGUCUCCAGGCCTsT
1086
GGCCUGGAGACCAGUAUCGTsT
27%
5%
27%
2%


10683










 


ND-
1087
UCUGGAUGUCUUCCAUGCCTsT
1088
GGCAUGGAAGACAUCCAGATsT
92%
13%
89%
3%


10684










 


ND-
1089
CAGGACCCUAGACCUCUGCTsT
1090
GCAGAGGUCUAGGGUCCUGTsT
58%
14%
50%
2%


10685










 















ND-
1091
GACCCUAGACCUCUGCAGCTsT
1092
GCUGCAGAGGUCUAGGGUCTsT
27%
2%




10686










 


ND-
1093
ACCCUAGACCUCUGCAGCCTsT
1094
GGCUGCAGAGGUCUAGGGUTsT
21%
1%




10687










 


ND-
1095
CAGCCCACGGCGGAGGAGGTsT
1096
CCUCCUCCGCCGUGGGCUGTsT
55%
4%




10688










 


ND-
1097
CUCUUCGAGUUCUUCUGCATsT
1098
UGCAGAAGAACUCGAAGAGTsT
13%
3%




10689










 


ND-
1099
UUGGCAUGAUGUACUGGCATsT
1100
UGCCAGUACAUCAUGCCAATsT
16%
2%




10690










 


ND-
1101
GGCAUGAUGUACUGGCAAUTsT
1102
AUUGCCAGUACAUCAUGCCTsT
13%
1%




10691










 


ND-
1103
UGUACUGGCAAUUCGGCCUTsT
1104
AGGCCGAAUUGCCAGUACATsT
45%
2%




10692










 


ND-
1105
ACUGGCAAUUCGGCCUGCUTsT
1106
AGCAGGCCGAAUUGCCAGUTsT
38%
3%




10693










 


ND-
1107
GGCAAUUCGGCCUGCUUUUTsT
1108
AAAAGCAGGCCGAAUUGCCTsT
10%
1%




10694










 


ND-
1109
CAAUUCGGCCUGCUUUUCGTsT
1110
CGAAAAGCAGGCCGAAUUGTsT
12%
1%




10695










 


ND-
1111
UCGGAGAGUACUUCAGCUATsT
1112
UAGCUGAAGUACUCUCCGATsT
12%
1%




10696










 


ND-
1113
CAACAUCCUGUCGAGGCUGTsT
1114
CAGCCUCGACAGGAUGUUGTsT
35%
7%




10697










 


ND-
1115
CAUCCUGUCGAGGCUGCCATsT
1116
UGGCAGCCUCGACAGGAUGTsT
26%
6%




10698










 


ND-
1117
UCCUGCAACCAGGCGAAUUTsT
1118
AAUUCGCCUGGUUGCAGGATsT
28%
6%




10699










 


ND-
1119
GGAAACUGCUAUACUUUCATsT
1120
UGAAAGUAUAGCAGUUUCCTsT
7%
2%




10700










 


ND-
1121
ACGGUCUGUCCCUGAUGCUTsT
1122
AGCAUCAGGGACAGACCGUTsT
28%
7%




10701










 


ND-
1123
GGUCUGUCCCUGAUGCUGCTsT
1124
GCAGCAUCAGGGACAGACCTsT
33%
2%




10702










 


ND-
1125
GGCCCGGGUAAUGGUGCACTsT
1126
GUGCACCAUUACCCGGGCCTsT
47%
10%




10703










 


ND-
1127
CAGGAUGAACCUGCCUUUATsT
1128
UAAAGGCAGGUUCAUCCUGTsT
59%
2%




10704










 


ND-
1129
GAUGAACCUGCCUUUAUGGTsT
1130
CCAUAAAGGCAGGUUCAUCTsT
77%
7%




10705










 


ND-
1131
GGUGGCUUUAACUUGCGGCTsT
1132
GCCGCAAGUUAAAGCCACCTsT
47%
8%




10706










 


ND-
1133
GUGGCUUUAACUUGCGGCCTsT
1134
GGCCGCAAGUUAAAGCCACTsT
17%
2%




10707










 


ND-
1135
UUGCGGCCUGGCGUGGAGATsT
1136
UCUCCACGCCAGGCCGCAATsT
52%
3%




10708










 


ND-
1137
UGCGGCCUGGCGUGGAGACTsT
1138
GUCUCCACGCCAGGCCGCATsT
81%
4%




10709










 


ND-
1139
GCGGCCUGGCGUGGAGACCTsT
1140
GGUCUCCACGCCAGGCCGCTsT
57%
4%




10710










 


ND-
1141
CAGGUGUGUAUUCACUCCUTsT
1142
AGGAGUGAAUACACACCUGTsT
24%
2%




10711










 


ND-
1143
GUGUAUUCACUCCUGCUUCTsT
1144
GAAGCAGGAGUGAAUACACTsT
20%
1%




10712










 


ND-
1145
GGCCCUCGGUGACAUCCCATsT
1146
UGGGAUGUCACCGAGGGCCTsT
40%
3%




10713










 


ND-
1147
GAUGCUAUCGCGACAGAACTsT
1148
GUUCUGUCGCGAUAGCAUCTsT
24%
2%




10714










 


ND-
1149
ACUACAAAACCAAUUCUGATsT
1150
UCAGAAUUGGUUUUGUAGUTsT
19%
2%




10715










 


ND-
1151
CAAUUCUGAGUCUCCCUCUTsT
1152
AGAGGGAGACUCAGAAUUGTsT
35%
3%




10716










 


ND-
1153
CUCUGUCACGAUGGUCACCTsT
1154
GGUGACCAUCGUGACAGAGTsT
41%
4%




10717










 


ND-
1155
CUGCUCCGAAGGUUCCGAATsT
1156
UUCGGAACCUUCGGAGCAGTsT
16%
3%




10718










 


ND-
1157
AGGUUCCGAAGCCGAUACUTsT
1158
AGUAUCGGCUUCGGAACCUTsT
16%
2%




10719










 


ND-
1159
GUUCCGAAGCCGAUACUGGTsT
1160
CCAGUAUCGGCUUCGGAACTsT
21%
2%




10720










 


ND-
1161
CGAAGCCGAUACUGGUCUCTsT
1162
GAGACCAGUAUCGGCUUCGTsT
16%
1%




10721










 


ND-
1163
AAGAUUGAAGGAUGUGCAGTsT
1164
CUGCACAUCCUUCAAUCUUTsT
25%
2%




10722










 


ND-
1165
GAUUGAAGGAUGUGCAGGGTsT
1166
CCCUGCACAUCCUUCAAUCTsT
26%
1%




10723










 


ND-
1167
UGCCUCUGAACACUCUGGUTsT
1168
ACCAGAGUGUUCAGAGGCATsT
45%
3%




10724










 


ND-
1169
CCUCUGAACACUCUGGUUUTsT
1170
AAACCAGAGUGUUCAGAGGTsT
15%
2%




10725










 


ND-
1171
GACAAGGAACUUUCCUAAGTsT
1172
CUUAGGAAAGUUCCUUGUCTsT
105%
14%




10726










 


ND-
1173
CAGGACAAAACACAACCAATsT
1174
UUGGUUGUGUUUUGUCCUGTsT
32%
5%




10727










 


ND-
1175
AACACAACCAAGGGUACACTsT
1176
GUGUACCCUUGGUUGUGUUTsT
60%
13%




10728










 


ND-
1177
UUGAACUUGGGUGGGAAACTsT
1178
GUUUCCCACCCAAGUUCAATsT
23%
8%




10729










 


ND-
1179
UGAACUUGGGUGGGAAACCTsT
1180
GGUUUCCCACCCAAGUUCATsT
18%
4%




10730










 


ND-
1181
ACCCGUGCCCUCACAGAGCTsT
1182
GCUCUGUGAGGGCACGGGUTsT
19%
1%




10731










 


ND-
1183
ACUAUAACAUCUGCUGGAGTsT
1184
CUCCAGCAGAUGUUAUAGUTsT
17%
5%




10732










 


ND-
1185
AUCUGCUGGAGUGUUGCUGTsT
1186
CAGCAACACUCCAGCAGAUTsT
119%
20%




10733










 


ND-
1187
CUGCUGGAGUGUUGCUGUUTsT
1188
AACAGCAACACUCCAGCAGTsT
58%
13%




10734










 


ND-
1189
CUAGCCCAUCAUCCUGCUUTsT
1190
AAGCAGGAUGAUGGGCUAGTsT
20%
6%




10735










 


ND-
1191
CUCUGGAUGUCUUCCAUGCTsT
1192
GCAUGGAAGACAUCCAGAGTsT
28%
8%




10736










 


ND-
1193
AGCAGGACCCUAGACCUCUTsT
1194
AGAGGUCUAGGGUCCUGCUTsT
36%
2%




10737










 


ND-
1195
UUCGAGUUCUUCUGCAACATsT
1196
UGUUGCAGAAGAACUCGAATsT
13%
1%




10738










 


ND-
1197
CACCAUCCACGGCGCCAUCTsT
1198
GAUGGCGCCGUGGAUGGUGTsT
13%
2%




10739










 


ND-
1199
CCACGGCGCCAUCCGCCUGTsT
1200
CAGGCGGAUGGCGCCGUGGTsT
44%
4%




10740










 


ND-
1201
CAGCACAACCGCAUGAAGATsT
1202
UCUUCAUGCGGUUGUGCUGTsT
23%
3%




10741










 


ND-
1203
CCUUUGGCAUGAUGUACUGTsT
1204
CAGUACAUCAUGCCAAAGGTsT
12%
1%




10742










 


ND-
1205
AUCCUGUCGAGGCUGCCAGTsT
1206
CUGGCAGCCUCGACAGGAUTsT
14%
3%




10743










 


ND-
1207
UCUCCUGCAACCAGGCGAATsT
1208
UUCGCCUGGUUGCAGGAGATsT
12%
1%




10744










 


ND-
1209
UGCAACCAGGCGAAUUACUTsT
1210
AGUAAUUCGCCUGGUUGCATsT
45%
5%




10745










 


ND-
1211
ACCUCCAUCAGCAUGAGGATsT
1212
UCCUCAUGCUGAUGGAGGUTsT
82%
7%




10746










 


ND-
1213
GCGACUGCACCAAGAAUGGTsT
1214
CCAUUCUUGGUGCAGUCGCTsT
82%
19%




10747










 


ND-
1215
ACCAAGAAUGGCAGUGAUGTsT
1216
CAUCACUGCCAUUCUUGGUTsT
54%
18%




10748










 


ND-
1217
UGGUUACUCACGAUGGCCCTsT
1218
GGGCCAUCGUGAGUAACCATsT
45%
7%




10749










 


ND-
1219
AGAAAUGGAGUGGCCAAAGTsT
1220
CUUUGGCCACUCCAUUUCUTsT
11%
3%




10750










 


ND-
1221
GGAGCUGAACUACAAAACCTsT
1222
GGUUUUGUAGUUCAGCUCCTsT
15%
3%




10751










 


ND-
1223
CCUCUGUCACGAUGGUCACTsT
1224
GUGACCAUCGUGACAGAGGTsT
18%
5%




10752










 


ND-
1225
AGAUUGAAGGAUGUGCAGGTsT
1226
CCUGCACAUCCUUCAAUCUTsT
26%
3%




10753










 


ND-
1227
GAGCUUUGACAAGGAACUUTsT
1228
AAGUUCCUUGUCAAAGCUCTsT
14%
2%




10754










 


ND-
1229
CUUUGACAAGGAACUUUCCTsT
1230
GGAAAGUUCCUUGUCAAAGTsT
50%
8%




10755










 


ND-
1231
UCAGACACCAUUACUUUUGTsT
1232
CAAAAGUAAUGGUGUCUGATsT
32%
4%




10756










 


ND-
1233
AGCACACUAUAACAUCUGCTsT
1234
GCAGAUGUUAUAGUGUGCUTsT
11%
2%




10757










 


ND-
1235
GCACAACCGCAUGAAGACGTsT
1236
CGUCUUCAUGCGGUUGUGCTsT
34%
3%




10758










 


ND-
1237
ACUGCUUCUACCAGACAUATsT
1238
UAUGUCUGGUAGAAGCAGUTsT
11%
1%




10759










 


ND-
1239
GAAGACGGCCUUCUGGGCATsT
1240
UGCCCAGAAGGCCGUCUUCTsT
16%
2%




10760










 


ND-
1241
AAGACGGCCUUCUGGGCAGTsT
1242
CUGCCCAGAAGGCCGUCUUTsT
58%
21%




10761










 


ND-
1243
ACAUCAACCUCAACUCGGATsT
1244
UCCGAGUUGAGGUUGAUGUTsT
14%
3%




10762










 


ND-
1245
UGGAAGGACUGGAAGAUCGTsT
1246
CGAUCUUCCAGUCCUUCCATsT
109%
29%




10763










 


ND-
1247
ACAUCCUGUCGAGGCUGCCTsT
1248
GGCAGCCUCGACAGGAUGUTsT
101%
13%




10764










 


ND-
1249
CAACCAGGCGAAUUACUCUTsT
1250
AGAGUAAUUCGCCUGGUUGTsT
19%
5%




10765










 


ND-
1251
CAGGCGAAUUACUCUCACUTsT
1252
AGUGAGAGUAAUUCGCCUGTsT
24%
4%




10766










 


ND-
1253
AGCAGAAUGACUUCAUUCCTsT
1254
GGAAUGAAGUCAUUCUGCUTsT
40%
8%




10767










 


ND-
1255
AUGAUGGUGGCUUUAACUUTsT
1256
AAGUUAAAGCCACCAUCAUTsT
85%
8%




10768










 


ND-
1257
AGAACCUUUACCCUUCAAATsT
1258
UUUGAAGGGUAAAGGUUCUTsT
22%
4%




10769










 


ND-
1259
CCUUUACCCUUCAAAGUACTsT
1260
GUACUUUGAAGGGUAAAGGTsT
21%
4%




10770










 


ND-
1261
GAGCCUGUGGUUCGGCUCCTsT
1262
GGAGCCGAACCACAGGCUCTsT
28%
1%




10771










 


ND-
1263
UGGUACUGCCUCUGAACACTsT
1264
GUGUUCAGAGGCAGUACCATsT
58%
4%




10772










 


ND-
1265
CUCAUACCCGUGCCCUCACTsT
1266
GUGAGGGCACGGGUAUGAGTsT
15%
2%




10773










 


ND-
1267
CCGUAGCACACUAUAACAUTsT
1268
AUGUUAUAGUGUGCUACGGTsT
24%
6%




10774










 


ND-
1269
CGUAGCACACUAUAACAUCTsT
1270
GAUGUUAUAGUGUGCUACGTsT
21%
4%




10775










 


ND-
1271
GCAGGACCCUAGACCUCUGTsT
1272
CAGAGGUCUAGGGUCCUGCTsT
25%
4%




10776










 


ND-
1273
GCCUGCUUUUCGGAGAGUATsT
1274
UACUCUCCGAAAAGCAGGCTsT
18%
4%




10777










 


ND-
1275
GGGCCCGGGUAAUGGUGCATsT
1276
UGCACCAUUACCCGGGCCCTsT
16%
2%




10778










 


ND-
1277
CAACAACAAGAGAAAUGGATsT
1278
UCCAUUUCUCUUGUUGUUGTsT
17%
0%




10779










 


ND-
1279
GCUGUUGCACCAUACUUUCTsT
1280
GAAAGUAUGGUGCAACAGCTsT
14%
1%




10780










 


ND-
1281
CUACCGAGAGCUCUUCGAGTsT
1282
CUCGAAGAGCUCUCGGUAGTsT
24%
3%




10781










 


ND-
1283
ACCUGCCUUUAUGGAUGAUTsT
1284
AUCAUCCAUAAAGGCAGGUTsT
115%
10%




10782










 


ND-
1285
UUGACAAGGAACUUUCCUATsT
1286
UAGGAAAGUUCCUUGUCAATsT
16%
1%




10783










 


ND-
1287
GCUGGAGUGUUGCUGUUGCTsT
1288
GCAACAGCAACACUCCAGCTsT
12%
1%




10784










 


ND-
1289
UCGGUGACAUCCCAGGAAUTsT
1290
AUUCCUGGGAUGUCACCGATsT
28%
1%




10785










 


ND-
1291
GCUGCCCAGAAGUGCCUUGTsT
1292
CAAGGCACUUCUGGGCAGCTsT
15%
2%




10786










 


ND-
1293
AGUACACACAGCAGGUGUGTsT
1294
CACACCUGCUGUGUGUACUTsT
12%
1%




10787










 


ND-
1295
CAAGUGCCGGAAGCCAUGCTsT
1296
GCAUGGCUUCCGGCACUUGTsT
94%
2%




10788

























TABLE 1C







Table 1C: Selected siRNAs in in vivo rat surrogate set (human-rat cross-reactive



siRNAs with highest specificity in rat). A screening set of 48 human and rat


cross-reactive alpha-ENaC iRNA sequences were identified. The percentage


residual expression of alpha-ENaC in two independent single-dose transfection


experiments is shown (refer to examples section for methods used).





















1st











screen







single







dose @

2nd







50 nM

screen







in

@ 50 nM





Seq

H441;

in


Duplex ID
Seq ID
Sense
ID
Antissense
MV
SD
H441
SD



















ND-9201
1297
uGuGcAAccAGAAcAAAucTsT
1298
GAUUUGUUCUGGUUGcAcATsT
8%
1%
8%
1%



 


ND-9202
1299
uuuAuGGAuGAuGGuGGcuTsT
1300
AGCcACcAUcAUCcAuAAATsT
80%
9%
82%
6%


 


ND-9203
1301
GccuuuAuGGAuGAuGGuGTsT
1302
cACcAUcAUCcAuAAAGGCTsT
76%
8%
76%
2%


 


ND-9204
1303
cAcAAccGcAuGAAGAcGGTsT
1304
CCGUCUUcAUGCGGUUGUGTsT
73%
18%
57%
3%


 


ND-9205
1305
AccGcAuGAAGAcGGccuuTsT
1306
AAGGCCGUCUUcAUGCGGUTsT
35%
3%
37%
2%


 


ND-9206
1307
AGGAcuGGAAGAucGGcuuTsT
1308
AAGCCGAUCUUCcAGUCCUTsT
17%
3%
16%
3%


 


ND-9207
1309
GAAGGAcuGGAAGAucGGcTsT
1310
GCCGAUCUUCcAGUCCUUCTsT
96%
18%
81%
5%


 


ND-9208
1311
GGAcuGGAAGAucGGcuucTsT
1312
GAAGCCGAUCUUCcAGUCCTsT
58%
6%
57%
3%


 


ND-9209
1313
AGuuccAccGcuccuAccGTsT
1314
CGGuAGGAGCGGUGGAACUTsT
85%
8%
94%
4%


 


ND-9210
1315
GAcuGGAAGAucGGcuuccTsT
1316
GGAAGCCGAUCUUCcAGUCTsT
79%
5%
82%
2%


 


ND-9211
1317
cGcAuGAAGAcGGccuucuTsT
1318
AGAAGGCCGUCUUcAUGCGTsT
50%
1%
51%
1%


 


ND-9212
1319
GccAGuGGAGccuGuGGuuTsT
1320
AACcAcAGGCUCcACUGGCTsT
26%
3%
23%
2%


 


ND-9213
1321
uGccuuuAuGGAuGAuGGuTsT
1322
ACcAUcAUCcAuAAAGGcATsT
77%
5%
76%
4%


 


ND-9214
1323
uccuGuccAAccuGGGcAGTsT
1324
CUGCCcAGGUUGGAcAGGATsT
74%
9%
83%
6%


 


ND-9215
1325
AGGGAGuGGuAccGcuuccTsT
1326
GGAAGCGGuACcACUCCCUTsT
79%
6%
89%
4%


 


ND-9216
1327
GGcuGuGccuAcAucuucuTsT
1328
AGAAGAUGuAGGcAcAGCCTsT
11%
1%
13%
1%


 


ND-9217
1329
GAAAuuAAAGAGGAGcuGGTsT
1330
CcAGCUCCUCUUuAAUUUCTsT
84%
14%
78%
5%


 


ND-9218
1331
AcuGGAAGAucGGcuuccATsT
1332
UGGAAGCCGAUCUUCcAGUTsT
50%
4%
55%
3%


 


ND-9219
1333
ccuGuccAAccuGGGcAGcTsT
1334
GCUGCCcAGGUUGGAcAGGTsT
78%
6%
85%
5%


 


ND-9220
1335
ccuGccuuuAuGGAuGAuGTsT
1336
cAUcAUCcAuAAAGGcAGGTsT
76%
5%
77%
9%


 


ND-9221
1337
AAccGcAuGAAGAcGGccuTsT
1338
AGGCCGUCUUcAUGCGGUUTsT
79%
8%
66%
3%


 


ND-9222
1339
uGuccAAccuGGGcAGccATsT
1340
UGGCUGCCcAGGUUGGAcATsT
70%
4%
57%
4%


 


ND-9223
1341
GuccAAccuGGGcAGccAGTsT
1342
CUGGCUGCCcAGGUUGGACTsT
95%
10%
76%
4%


 


ND-9224
1343
AAAuuAAAGAGGAGcuGGATsT
1344
UCcAGCUCCUCUUuAAUUUTsT
83%
6%
69%
2%


 


ND-9225
1345
GGAAGGAcuGGAAGAucGGTsT
1346
CCGAUCUUCcAGUCCUUCCTsT
41%
2%
30%
2%


 


ND-9226
1347
GuGAGGGAGuGGuAccGcuTsT
1348
AGCGGuACcACUCCCUcACTsT
21%
1%
17%
0%


 


ND-9227
1349
AcuuucAAuGAcAAGAAcATsT
1350
UGUUCUUGUcAUUGAAAGUTsT
13%
1%
10%
0%


 


ND-9228
1351
ucAAuGAcAAGAAcAAcucTsT
1352
GAGUUGUUCUUGUcAUUGATsT
36%
2%
28%
0%


 


ND-9229
1353
cuuuAuGGAuGAuGGuGGcTsT
1354
GCcACcAUcAUCcAuAAAGTsT
24%
1%
20%
1%


 


ND-9230
1355
GccuGGcGuGGAGAccuccTsT
1356
GGAGGUCUCcACGCcAGGCTsT


 


ND-9231
1357
uGGcGuGGAGAccuccAucTsT
1358
GAUGGAGGUCUCcACGCcATsT
45%
4%
35%
2%


 


ND-9232
1359
GAGuuccAccGcuccuAccTsT
1360
GGuAGGAGCGGUGGAACUCTsT
89%
4%
86%
8%


 


ND-9233
1361
cAGAGcAGAAuGAcuucAuTsT
1362
AUGAAGUcAUUCUGCUCUGTsT
21%
1%
17%
0%


 


ND-9234
1363
uucAcuccuGcuuccAGGATsT
1364
UCCUGGAAGcAGGAGUGAATsT
85%
4%
74%
6%


 


ND-9235
1365
ucAcuccuGcuuccAGGAGTsT
1366
CUCCUGGAAGcAGGAGUGATsT


 


ND-9236
1367
cuGuGcAAccAGAAcAAAuTsT
1368
AUUUGUUCUGGUUGcAcAGTsT
23%
1%
17%
2%


 


ND-9237
1369
cuGcAAcAAcAccAccAucTsT
1370
GAUGGUGGUGUUGUUGcAGTsT
34%
2%
27%
2%


 


ND-9238
1371
uGuGGcuGuGccuAcAucuTsT
1372
AGAUGuAGGcAcAGCcAcATsT
86%
4%
73%
10%


 


ND-9239
1373
uGGcuGuGccuAcAucuucTsT
1374
GAAGAUGuAGGcAcAGCcATsT
68%
6%
53%
4%


 


ND-9240
1375
cuGuccAAccuGGGcAGccTsT
1376
GGCUGCCcAGGUUGGAcAGTsT
80%
5%
73%
9%


 


ND-9241
1377
cccuGcuGuccAcAGuGAcTsT
1378
GUcACUGUGGAcAGcAGGGTsT
83%
5%
71%
5%


 


ND-9242
1379
GcAGccAGuGGAGccuGuGTsT
1380
cAcAGGCUCcACUGGCUGCTsT
105%
9%
90%
5%


 


ND-9243
1381
uucAAuGAcAAGAAcAAcuTsT
1382
AGUUGUUCUUGUcAUUGAATsT
23%
3%
21%
1%


 


ND-9244
1383
cuGccuuuAuGGAuGAuGGTsT
1384
CcAUcAUCcAuAAAGGcAGTsT
74%
6%
64%
7%


 


ND-9245
1385
AAuGAcAAGAAcAAcuccATsT
1386
UGGAGUUGUUCUUGUcAUUTsT
21%
1%
21%
1%


 


ND-9246
1387
uGGGcAGccAGuGGAGccuTsT
1388
AGGCUCcACUGGCUGCCcATsT
83%
3%
73%
2%


 


ND-9247
1389
cuccuGuccAAccuGGGcATsT
1390
UGCCcAGGUUGGAcAGGAGTsT
86%
3%
84%
1%


 


ND-9248
1391
GGcGuGGAGAccuccAucATsT
1392
UGAUGGAGGUCUCcACGCCTsT
92%
4%
88%
3%

















TABLE 1D







Table 1D: Selected SiRNAs in in vivo guinea pig surrogate set (human-guinea pig



cross-reactive siRNAs). A screening set of 63 human and guinea-pig cross-reactive


alpha-ENaC iRNA sequence were identified and synthesised, both with (sequence


strands 1393-1518) and without (sequence strands 1519-1644) backbone modification.


The percentage residual expression of alpha-ENaC in two independent single-dose


transfection experiment is shown (refer to examples section for methods used).





















1st











screen







single







dose @

2nd







50 nM

screen







in

@ 50 nM







H441;

in


Duplex ID
Seq ID
Sense
Seq ID
Antissence
MV
SD
H441
SD



















ND8437
1393
AAucGGAcuGcuucuAccATsT
1394
UGGuAGAAGcAGUCCGAUUTsT
48%
7%
46%
5%



 


ND8438
1395
AucGGAcuGcuucuAccAGTsT
1396
CUGGuAGAAGcAGUCCGAUTsT
85%
5%
93%
13%


 


ND8439
1397
AAAucGGAcuGcuucuAccTsT
1398
GGuAGAAGcAGUCCGAUUUTsT
36%
3%
42%
6%


 


ND8440
1399
ucGGAcuGcuucuAccAGATsT
1400
UCUGGuAGAAGcAGUCCGATsT
45%
3%
50%
4%


 


ND8441
1401
AccAGAAcAAAucGGAcuGTsT
1402
cAGUCCGAUUUGUUCUGGUTsT
23%
3%
24%
6%


 


ND8442
1403
ccAGAAcAAAucGGAcuGcTsT
1404
GcAGUCCGAUUUGUUCUGGTsT
50%
6%
39%
9%


 


ND8443
1405
cAGAAcAAAucGGAcuGcuTsT
1406
AGcAGUCCGAUUUGUUCUGTsT
22%
2%
24%
1%


 


ND8444
1407
cuucGccuGccGcuucAAcTsT
1408
GUUGAAGCGGcAGGCGAAGTsT
111%
8%
109%
4%


 


ND8445
1409
uGGuAccGcuuccAcuAcATsT
1410
UGuAGUGGAAGCGGuACcATsT
84%
7%
97%
13%


 


ND8446
1411
AucuucGccuGccGcuucATsT
1412
UGAAGCGGcAGGCGAAGAUTsT
90%
3%
121%
13%


 


ND8447
1413
uucGccuGccGcuucAAccTsT
1414
GGUUGAAGCGGcAGGCGAATsT
92%
2%
105%
17%


 


ND8448
1415
cAcccucAAucccuAcAGGTsT
1416
CCUGuAGGGAUUGAGGGUGTsT
79%
3%
90%
13%


 


ND8449
1417
AGAAcAAAucGGAcuGcuuTsT
1418
AAGcAGUCCGAUUUGUUCUTsT
11%
0%
17%
3%


 


ND8450
1419
GAAcAAAucGGAcuGcuucTsT
1420
GAAGcAGUCCGAUUUGUUCTsT
21%
1%
30%
5%


 


ND8451
1421
cGGAcuGcuucuAccAGAcTsT
1422
GUCUGGuAGAAGcAGUCCGTsT
24%
2%
32%
5%


 


ND8452
1423
AGccucAAcAucAAccucATsT
1424
UGAGGUUGAUGUUGAGGCUTsT
51%
3%
57%
4%


 


ND8453
1425
GccucAAcAucAAccucAATsT
1426
UUGAGGUUGAUGUUGAGGCTsT
16%
1%
26%
3%


 


ND8454
1427
GucAGccucAAcAucAAccTsT
1428
GGUUGAUGUUGAGGCUGACTsT
62%
5%
68%
6%


 


ND8455
1429
ucAGccucAAcAucAAccuTsT
1430
AGGUUGAUGUUGAGGCUGATsT
77%
4%
87%
6%


 


ND8456
1431
cAGccucAAcAucAAccucTsT
1432
GAGGUUGAUGUUGAGGCUGTsT
34%
2%
51%
8%


 


ND8457
1433
GGAGcuGGAccGcAucAcATsT
1434
UGUGAUGCGGUCcAGCUCCTsT
26%
2%
17%
1%


 


ND8458
1435
GuAccGcuuccAcuAcAucTsT
1436
GAUGuAGUGGAAGCGGuACTsT
101%
9%
99%
11%


 


ND8459
1437
ccGcuuccAcuAcAucAAcTsT
1438
GUUGAUGuAGUGGAAGCGGTsT
85%
8%
80%
6%


 


ND8460
1439
cGcuuccAcuAcAucAAcATsT
1440
UGUUGAUGuAGUGGAAGCGTsT
56%
6%
48%
3%


 


ND8461
1441
uuccAcuAcAucAAcAuccTsT
1442
GGAUGUUGAUGuAGUGGAATsT
77%
5%
82%
7%


 


ND8462
1443
uGGGcAAcuucAucuucGcTsT
1444
GCGAAGAUGAAGUUGCCcATsT
21%
0%
36%
6%


 


ND8463
1445
GcAAcuucAucuucGccuGTsT
1446
cAGGCGAAGAUGAAGUUGCTsT
80%
4%
84%
13%


 


ND8464
1447
cAAcuucAucuucGccuGcTsT
1448
GcAGGCGAAGAUGAAGUUGTsT
101%
1%
102%
14%


 


ND8465
1449
AAcuucAucuucGccuGccTsT
1450
GGcAGGCGAAGAUGAAGUUTsT
100%
4%
95%
12%


 


ND8466
1451
AcuucAucuucGccuGccGTsT
1452
CGGcAGGCGAAGAUGAAGUTsT
51%
4%
49%
5%


 


ND8467
1453
cuucAucuucGccuGccGcTsT
1454
GCGGcAGGCGAAGAUGAAGTsT
95%
5%
89%
4%


 


ND8468
1455
ucAucuucGccuGccGcuuTsT
1456
AAGCGGcAGGCGAAGAUGATsT
91%
4%
85%
6%


 


ND8469
1457
cAucuucGccuGccGcuucTsT
1458
GAAGCGGcAGGCGAAGAUGTsT
66%
4%
55%
4%


 


ND8470
1459
ucuucGccuGccGcuucAATsT
1460
UUGAAGCGGcAGGCGAAGATsT
97%
2%
99%
11%


 


ND8471
1461
cGccuGccGcuucAAccAGTsT
1462
CUGGUUGAAGCGGcAGGCGTsT
96%
4%
100%
7%


 


ND8472
1463
GccuGccGcuucAAccAGGTsT
1464
CCUGGUUGAAGCGGcAGGCTsT
90%
4%
82%
5%


 


ND8473
1465
AuuAcucucAcuuccAccATsT
1466
UGGUGGAAGUGAGAGuAAUTsT
81%
3%
72%
4%


 


ND8474
1467
uuAcucucAcuuccAccAcTsT
1468
GUGGUGGAAGUGAGAGuAATsT
72%
2%
76%
9%


 


ND8475
1469
AcucucAcuuccAccAcccTsT
1470
GGGUGGUGGAAGUGAGAGUTsT
90%
3%
97%
4%


 


ND8476
1471
ucuGcAcccucAAucccuATsT
1472
uAGGGAUUGAGGGUGcAGATsT
61%
1%
63%
3%


 


ND8477
1473
cuGcAcccucAAucccuAcTsT
1474
GuAGGGAUUGAGGGUGcAGTsT
74%
3%
73%
1%


 


ND8478
1475
uGcAcccucAAucccuAcATsT
1476
UGuAGGGAUUGAGGGUGcATsT
98%
4%
85%
1%


 


ND8479
1477
AcccucAAucccuAcAGGuTsT
1478
ACCUGuAGGGAUUGAGGGUTsT
55%
5%
48%
3%


 


ND8480
1479
cccucAAucccuAcAGGuATsT
1480
uACCUGuAGGGAUUGAGGGTsT
20%
1%
14%
1%


 


ND8481
1481
ccucAAucccuAcAGGuAcTsT
1482
GuACCUGuAGGGAUUGAGGTsT
40%
2%
31%
3%


 


ND8482
1483
AAccAGAAcAAAucGGAcuTsT
1484
AGUCCGAUUUGUUCUGGUUTsT
57%
2%
52%
0%


 


ND8483
1485
AAcAAAucGGAcuGcuucuTsT
1486
AGAAGcAGUCCGAUUUGUUTsT
102%
5%
86%
12%


 


ND8484
1487
AcAAAucGGAcuGcuucuATsT
1488
uAGAAGcAGUCCGAUUUGUTsT
40%
2%
28%
3%


 


ND8485
1489
cAAAucGGAcuGcuucuAcTsT
1490
GuAGAAGcAGUCCGAUUUGTsT
41%
4%
38%
2%


 


ND8486
1491
GcAcccucAAucccuAcAGTsT
1492
CUGuAGGGAUUGAGGGUGCTsT
91%
7%
94%
4%


 


ND8487
1493
ccucAAcAucAAccucAAcTsT
1494
GUUGAGGUUGAUGUUGAGGTsT
46%
2%
37%
3%


 


ND8488
1495
cucAAcAucAAccucAAcuTsT
1496
AGUUGAGGUUGAUGUUGAGTsT
48%
2%
39%
3%


 


ND8489
1497
ucAAcAucAAccucAAcucTsT
1498
GAGUUGAGGUUGAUGUUGATsT
17%
1%
17%
1%


 


ND8490
1499
uAccGcuuccAcuAcAucATsT
1500
UGAUGuAGUGGAAGCGGuATsT
90%
5%
74%
8%


 


ND8491
1501
AccGcuuccAcuAcAucAATsT
1502
UUGAUGuAGUGGAAGCGGUTsT
103%
5%
91%
15%


 


ND8492
1503
GcuuccAcuAcAucAAcAuTsT
1504
AUGUUGAUGuAGUGGAAGCTsT
85%
5%
71%
10%


 


ND8493
1505
cuuccAcuAcAucAAcAucTsT
1506
GAUGUUGAUGuAGUGGAAGTsT
60%
5%
45%
3%


 


ND8494
1507
uccAcuAcAucAAcAuccuTsT
1508
AGGAUGUUGAUGuAGUGGATsT
33%
3%
41%
3%


 


ND8495
1509
ccAcuAcAucAAcAuccuGTsT
1510
cAGGAUGUUGAUGuAGUGGTsT
60%
5%
55%
2%


 


ND8496
1511
cuGGGcAAcuucAucuucGTsT
1512
CGAAGAUGAAGUUGCCcAGTsT
18%
0%
20%
0%


 


ND8497
1513
GGcAAcuucAucuucGccuTsT
1514
AGGCGAAGAUGAAGUUGCCTsT
76%
1%
77%
2%


 


ND8498
1515
uucAucuucGccuGccGcuTsT
1516
AGCGGcAGGCGAAGAUGAATsT
65%
4%
74%
12%


 


ND8499
1517
ucGccuGccGcuucAAccATsT
1518
UGGUUGAAGCGGcAGGCGATsT
86%
5%
77%
3%


 


ND-8653
1519
AAUCGGACUGCUUCUACCATsT
1520
UGGUAGAAGCAGUCCGAUUTsT
16%
2%
20%
3%


 


ND-8654
1521
AUCGGACUGCUUCUACCAGTsT
1522
CUGGUAGAAGCAGUCCGAUTsT
54%
8%
67%
11%


 


ND-8655
1523
AAAUCGGACUGCUUCUACCTsT
1524
GGUAGAAGCAGUCCGAUUUTsT
25%
4%
28%
2%


 


ND-8656
1525
UCGGACUGCUUCUACCAGATsT
1526
UCUGGUAGAAGCAGUCCGATsT
12%
2%
17%
1%


 


ND-8657
1527
ACCAGAACAAAUCGGACUGTsT
1528
CAGUCCGAUUUGUUCUGGUTsT
33%
3%
35%
1%


 


ND-8658
1529
CCAGAACAAAUCGGACUGCTsT
1530
GCAGUCCGAUUUGUUCUGGTsT
27%
3%
30%
2%


 


ND-8659
1531
CAGAACAAAUCGGACUGCUTsT
1532
AGCAGUCCGAUUUGUUCUGTsT
15%
1%
22%
3%


 


ND-8660
1533
CUUCGCCUGCCGCUUCAACTsT
1534
GUUGAAGCGGCAGGCGAAGTsT
69%
17%
75%
10%


 


ND-8661
1535
UGGUACCGCUUCCACUACATsT
1536
UGUAGUGGAAGCGGUACCATsT
16%
2%
20%
3%


 


ND-8662
1537
AUCUUCGCCUGCCGCUUCATsT
1538
UGAAGCGGCAGGCGAAGAUTsT
19%
2%
25%
4%


 


ND-8663
1539
UUCGCCUGCCGCUUCAACCTsT
1540
GGUUGAAGCGGCAGGCGAATsT
90%
4%
97%
10%


 


ND-8664
1541
CACCCUCAAUCCCUACAGGTsT
1542
CCUGUAGGGAUUGAGGGUGTsT
19%
2%
25%
3%


 


ND-8665
1543
AGAACAAAUCGGACUGCUUTsT
1544
AAGCAGUCCGAUUUGUUCUTsT
13%
1%
22%
2%


 


ND-8666
1545
GAACAAAUCGGACUGCUUCTsT
1546
GAAGCAGUCCGAUUUGUUCTsT
11%
2%
18%
2%


 


ND-8667
1547
CGGACUGCUUCUACCAGACTsT
1548
GUCUGGUAGAAGCAGUCCGTsT
13%
1%
16%
2%


 


ND-8668
1549
AGCCUCAACAUCAACCUCATsT
1550
UGAGGUUGAUGUUGAGGCUTsT
17%
4%
21%
3%


 


ND-8669
1551
GCCUCAACAUCAACCUCAATsT
1552
UUGAGGUUGAUGUUGAGGCTsT
13%
1%
21%
3%


 


ND-8670
1553
GUCAGCCUCAACAUCAACCTsT
1554
GGUUGAUGUUGAGGCUGACTsT
43%
11%
27%
3%


 


ND-8671
1555
UCAGCCUCAACAUCAACCUTsT
1556
AGGUUGAUGUUGAGGCUGATsT
90%
17%
53%
13%


 


ND-8672
1557
CAGCCUCAACAUCAACCUCTsT
1558
GAGGUUGAUGUUGAGGCUGTsT
17%
3%
11%
3%


 


ND-8673
1559
GGAGCUGGACCGCAUCACATsT
1560
UGUGAUGCGGUCCAGCUCCTsT
25%
3%
18%
3%


 


ND-8674
1561
GUACCGCUUCCACUACAUCTsT
1562
GAUGUAGUGGAAGCGGUACTsT
21%
4%
16%
4%


 


ND-8675
1563
CCGCUUCCACUACAUCAACTsT
1564
GUUGAUGUAGUGGAAGCGGTsT
25%
4%
19%
3%


 


ND-8676
1565
CGCUUCCACUACAUCAACATsT
1566
UGUUGAUGUAGUGGAAGCGTsT
16%
3%
14%
1%


 


ND-8677
1567
UUCCACUACAUCAACAUCCTsT
1568
GGAUGUUGAUGUAGUGGAATsT
110%
19%
97%
9%


 


ND-8678
1569
UGGGCAACUUCAUCUUCGCTsT
1570
GCGAAGAUGAAGUUGCCCATsT
50%
8%
40%
5%


 


ND-8679
1571
GCAACUUCAUCUUCGCCUGTsT
1572
CAGGCGAAGAUGAAGUUGCTsT
19%
3%
17%
2%


 


ND-8680
1573
CAACUUCAUCUUCGCCUGCTsT
1574
GCAGGCGAAGAUGAAGUUGTsT
25%
2%
23%
2%


 


ND-8681
1575
AACUUCAUCUUCGCCUGCCTsT
1576
GGCAGGCGAAGAUGAAGUUTsT
104%
7%
85%
10%


 


ND-8682
1577
ACUUCAUCUUCGCCUGCCGTsT
1578
CGGCAGGCGAAGAUGAAGUTsT
91%
8%
63%
9%


 


ND-8683
1579
CUUCAUCUUCGCCUGCCGCTsT
1580
GCGGCAGGCGAAGAUGAAGTsT
88%
6%
58%
6%


 


ND-8684
1581
UCAUCUUCGCCUGCCGCUUTsT
1582
AAGCGGCAGGCGAAGAUGATsT
76%
3%
64%
4%


 


ND-8685
1583
CAUCUUCGCCUGCCGCUUCTsT
1584
GAAGCGGCAGGCGAAGAUGTsT
15%
1%
18%
3%


 


ND-8686
1585
UCUUCGCCUGCCGCUUCAATsT
1586
UUGAAGCGGCAGGCGAAGATsT
109%
22%
31%
3%


 


ND-8687
1587
CGCCUGCCGCUUCAACCAGTsT
1588
CUGGUUGAAGCGGCAGGCGTsT
90%
21%
49%
2%


 


ND-8688
1589
GCCUGCCGCUUCAACCAGGTsT
1590
CCUGGUUGAAGCGGCAGGCTsT
43%
9%
24%
7%


 


ND-8689
1591
AUUACUCUCACUUCCACCATsT
1592
UGGUGGAAGUGAGAGUAAUTsT
27%
4%
19%
2%


 


ND-8690
1593
UUACUCUCACUUCCACCACTsT
1594
GUGGUGGAAGUGAGAGUAATsT
109%
7%
85%
8%


 


ND-8691
1595
ACUCUCACUUCCACCACCCTsT
1596
GGGUGGUGGAAGUGAGAGUTsT
93%
11%
87%
12%


 


ND-8692
1597
UCUGCACCCUCAAUCCCUATsT
1598
UAGGGAUUGAGGGUGCAGATsT
31%
12%
17%
2%


 


ND-8693
1599
CUGCACCCUCAAUCCCUACTsT
1600
GUAGGGAUUGAGGGUGCAGTsT
41%
25%
31%
4%


 


ND-8694
1601
UGCACCCUCAAUCCCUACATsT
1602
UGUAGGGAUUGAGGGUGCATsT
75%
25%
43%
3%


 


ND-8695
1603
ACCCUCAAUCCCUACAGGUTsT
1604
ACCUGUAGGGAUUGAGGGUTsT
65%
26%
25%
5%


 


ND-8696
1605
CCCUCAAUCCCUACAGGUATsT
1606
UACCUGUAGGGAUUGAGGGTsT
18%
2%
13%
1%


 


ND-8697
1607
CCUCAAUCCCUACAGGUACTsT
1608
GUACCUGUAGGGAUUGAGGTsT
16%
4%
13%
2%


 


ND-8698
1609
AACCAGAACAAAUCGGACUTsT
1610
AGUCCGAUUUGUUCUGGUUTsT
40%
2%
30%
2%


 


ND-8699
1611
AACAAAUCGGACUGCUUCUTsT
1612
AGAAGCAGUCCGAUUUGUUTsT
56%
4%
45%
3%


 


ND-8700
1613
ACAAAUCGGACUGCUUCUATsT
1614
UAGAAGCAGUCCGAUUUGUTsT
18%
3%
12%
1%


 


ND-8701
1615
CAAAUCGGACUGCUUCUACTsT
1616
GUAGAAGCAGUCCGAUUUGTsT
15%
2%
15%
4%


 


ND-8702
1617
GCACCCUCAAUCCCUACAGTsT
1618
CUGUAGGGAUUGAGGGUGCTsT
53%
4%
46%
20%


 


ND-8703
1619
CCUCAACAUCAACCUCAACTsT
1620
GUUGAGGUUGAUGUUGAGGTsT
25%
6%
26%
9%


 


ND-8704
1621
CUCAACAUCAACCUCAACUTsT
1622
AGUUGAGGUUGAUGUUGAGTsT
30%
8%
37%
26%


 


ND-8705
1623
UCAACAUCAACCUCAACUCTsT
1624
GAGUUGAGGUUGAUGUUGATsT
55%
1%
50%
10%


 


ND-8706
1625
UACCGCUUCCACUACAUCATsT
1626
UGAUGUAGUGGAAGCGGUATsT
36%
7%
31%
7%


 


ND-8707
1627
ACCGCUUCCACUACAUCAATsT
1628
UUGAUGUAGUGGAAGCGGUTsT
23%
5%
27%
10%


 


ND-8708
1629
GCUUCCACUACAUCAACAUTsT
1630
AUGUUGAUGUAGUGGAAGCTsT
16%
4%
24%
12%


 


ND-8709
1631
CUUCCACUACAUCAACAUCTsT
1632
GAUGUUGAUGUAGUGGAAGTsT
62%
3%
74%
27%


 


ND-8710
1633
UCCACUACAUCAACAUCCUTsT
1634
AGGAUGUUGAUGUAGUGGATsT
45%
8%
41%
1%


 


ND-8711
1635
CCACUACAUCAACAUCCUGTsT
1636
CAGGAUGUUGAUGUAGUGGTsT
23%
4%
27%
10%


 


ND-8712
1637
CUGGGCAACUUCAUCUUCGTsT
1638
CGAAGAUGAAGUUGCCCAGTsT
34%
4%
26%
5%


 


ND-8713
1639
GGCAACUUCAUCUUCGCCUTsT
1640
AGGCGAAGAUGAAGUUGCCTsT
30%
3%
23%
2%


 


ND-8714
1641
UUCAUCUUCGCCUGCCGCUTsT
1642
AGCGGCAGGCGAAGAUGAATsT
90%
14%
85%
14%


 


ND-8715
1643
UCGCCUGCCGCUUCAACCATsT
1644
UGGUUGAAGCGGCAGGCGATsT
23%
2%
20%
4%
















TABLE 2A







Concentration at 50% inhibition (IC50)


for exemplary iRNA agents of Table 1A












IC50 [nM]
IC50 [nM]




1st DRC
2nd DRC



Duplex ID
in H441
in H441







ND8294
0.1949
0.0468



ND8295
0.1011
0.0458



ND8299
0.5986
0.5638



ND8302
0.0144
0.0134



ND8313
0.0315
0.0124



ND8320
0.0796
0.0078



ND8331
0.0213
0.0158



ND8332
0.0205
0.0089



ND8343
0.0523
0.0293



ND8348
0.0156
0.0182



ND8356
0.0241
0.0099



ND8357
0.0054
0.0032



ND8363
0.1186
0.0337



ND8368
0.0487
0.1209



ND8371
0.0811
0.0911



ND8372
0.0584
0.0425



ND8373
0.0066
0.0165



ND8375
0.1176
0.1187



ND8380
0.6817
0.5747



ND8381
0.0037
0.0041



ND8383
0.0275
0.1257



ND8384
0.0357
0.0082



ND8391
0.0260
0.0349



ND8392
0.3831
0.4775



ND8396
0.0023
0.0052



ND8403
0.0808
0.0759

















TABLE 2B







Concentration at 50% inhibition (IC50) and


for exemplary iRNA agents of Table 1D












IC50 [nM]
IC50 [nM]




1st DRC
2nd DRC



Duplex ID
in H441
in H441







ND8441
0.6738
0.8080



ND8443
0.0346
0.0263



ND8449
0.0120
0.0067



ND8450
0.0257
0.0106



ND8451
0.1320
0.0931



ND8453
0.0079
0.0033



ND8489
0.1640
0.1593



ND8496
0.0387
0.0185

















TABLE 2C







% Activity of the exemplary RNAi towards inhibition of alpha-


ENaC gene expression in the assays described in Example 3










% alpha-ENaC
Cynomolgous



expression in
alpha-ENaC



primary HBEC (% of
expression (% of


Duplex identifier
control)50 nM siRNA
control) 45 nM siRNA












Untransfected
77.2
n/a


Non-targetting
100
93.3


Control


Negative Control
n/a
100


(Non-cyno alpha-


ENaC)ND8449


ND-8302
30.2
57


ND-8332
24.7
54.3


ND-8348
40.1
56.2


ND-8356
36.6
55.8


ND-8357
29.6
50.4


ND-8373
30.4
53.8


ND-8381
32.5
40.4


ND-8396
34.1
46.3


ND-8450
45.9
78.9


ND-8453
30.1
55.3
















TABLE 3A





DNA sequence of cynomologous mondkey alpha -EnaC (SEQ ID NO: 1682)
















GAATTCGCCCTTGGCCGCTGCACCTGTAGGGGAACAAGCTGGAGGAGCAGGACCCTAGACCTCTGCAGCCCACCG



 


CAGGGCTCATGGAGGGGAACAAGCTGGAGGAGCAGGACGCTAGCCCTCCACAGCCCACCCCAGGGCTCATGAAGG


 


GGGACAAGCGTGAGGAGCAGGGGCTGGGCCCAGAACCTGCGGCACCCCAGCAGCCCACGGCGGAGGAGGAGGCCC


 


TGATCGAGTTCCACCGCTCCTACCGAGAGCTCTTCGAGTTCTTCTGCAACAATACCACCATCCACGGCGCCATCC


 


GCCTGGTGTGCTCCCAGCACAACCGCATGAAGACGGCCTTCTGGGCAGTGCTCTGGCTCTGCACCTTTGGCATGA


 


TGTACTGGCAATTCGGCCTGCTTTTCGGAGAGTACTTCAGCTACCCCGTCAGCCTCAACATCAACCTCAACTCGG


 


ACAAGCTTGTCTTCCCCGCAGTGACCATCTGCACCCTCAATCCCTACAGGTATCCGGAAATTAAAGAGGAGCTGG


 


AGGAGCTGGACCGCATCACACAGCAGACGCTCTTTGACCTGTACAAATACGACTCCTCCCCCACCCTCGTGGCCG


 


GCTCCCGCGGCCGTCGTGACCTGCGGGGCACTCTGCCGCACCTCTTGCAGCGCCTGAGGGTCCCGTCCCCGCTTC


 


ACGGGGCCCGTCAAGCCCGTAGCGTGGCCTCCAGCGTGCGGGACAACAACCCCCAAGTGGACTGGAAGGACTGGA


 


AGATCGGTTTCGAGCTGTGCAACCAGAACAAATCAGACTGCTTCTACCAGACATACTCATCAGGGGTGGATGCAG


 


TGAGGGAGTGGTACCGCTTCCACTACATCAACATCCTGTCGAGGCTGCCAGAGACTCTGCCATCCCTGGAGGAGG


 


ACACACTGGGCAACTTCATCTTCGCCTGCCGCTTCAACCAGGTCTCCTGCAACCAGGCGAATTACTCTCACTTCC


 


ACCACCCAATGTATGGAAACTGCTATACTTTCAATGACAAGAACAACTCTAACCTCTGGATGTCTTCCATGCCTG


 


GAGTCAACAACGGTCTGTCCCTGATGCTGCGCACAGAGCAGAATGACTTCATTCCCCTGCTGTCCACAGTGACTG


 


GGGCCCGGGTAATGGTGCACGGGCAGGATGAACCTGCCTTTATGGATGATGGTGGCTTTAACTTGCGGCCTGGCG


 


TGGAGACCTCCATCAGCATGAGGAAGGAAGCCCTGGACAGACTTGGGGGCGACTATGGCGACTGCACCAAGAATG


 


GCAGTGATGTCCCTGTCAAGAACCTTTACCCTTCAAAGTACACGCAGCAGGTGTGTATTCACTCCTGCTTCCAGG


 


AGAACATGATCAAGGAGTGTGGCTGTGCCTACATCTTCTATCCGCGGCCGCAGAACATGGAGTACTGTGACTACA


 


GGAAGCAGAGTTCCTGGGGCTACTGCTACTATAAGCTCCAGGCTGACTTCTCCTCAGACCACCTGGGCTGTTTCA


 


CCAAGTGCCGGAAGCCATGCAGTGTGACCAGCTACCAGCTCTCGGCTGGTTACTCACGATGGCCCTCGGTGACAT


 


CCCAGGAATGGGTCTTCGAGATGCTATCGCGACAGAACAACTACACCATCAACAACAAGAGAAATGGAGTGGCCA


 


AAGTCAACATCTTCTTCAAGGAGCTGAACTACAAAACCAATTCTGAGTCTCCCTCTGTCACGATGGTCACCCTCC


 


TGTCCAACCTGGGCAGCCAGTGGAGCCTGTGGTTCGGCTCCTCAGTGCTGTCTGTGGTGGAGATGGCTGAGCTCA


 


TCTTTGACCTGCTGGTCATCACATTCCTCCTGCTGCTCCGAAGGTTCCGAAGCCGATACTGGTCTCCAGGCCGAG


 


GGGACAGGGGTGCTCAGGAGGTGGCCTCCACCCAGGCATCCTCCCCGCCTTCCCACTTCTGCCCCCACCCCACAT


 


CTCTGTACTTGTCCCAACTAGGCCCTGCTCCCTCCCCAGCCTTGACAGCCCCTCCCCCTGCCTATGCCACCCTGG


 


GCCCCTGCCCATCTCCAGGGGGCTCCGCAGGGGCCAGCTCCACTGCCTATCCTCTGGGGGGGCCCTGAGAGAGGA


 


GAGGTTCCTTGCACCAAGGCAGATGCTCCCCTGGTGGGAGGGTGCTGCCCTTGGCAAGATTGAAGGATGTGCAGG


 


GCTTCCTCTCAGAGCCGCCCAAACTGCCCTTGATGTGTGGAGGGGAAGCGAGATGGGTAAGGGGCTCAGGAAGTT


 


GTTCCAAGAACAGTGGCCAATGAAGCTGCCCAGAAGTGCCTTGGCTCTGGCTCTGTACCCCTTGGTACTGCCTCT


 


GAACACTCTGGTTTCCCCACCCAACTGCAGCTAAGTCTCCTTTTCCCTTGGATCAGCCAAGCCAAACTTGGAGCT


 


TTGACAAGGAACTTTCCTAGGAAATGGCTGATGACCAGGACAAAACACAACCAAGGGTACACACAGGCATGCACG


 


CGTTTCCTGCCTGGCGACAGGTGAAGCCAGCCCCTGACTGACCTGGCCACACTGCTCTCCAGTAACACAGATGTC


 


TGCCCCTCATCTTGAACTTGGGTGGGAAACCCCACCCAAAAGCCCCCTTTATTACTTAGGCAATTCCCCTTCCCT


 


GACTCCCGAGAGCCAGGGCCAGAGCAGACCCGTATAAGTAAAGGCAGCTCCAGGGCTCCTCTAGGCTCATACCCG


 


TGCCCTCACAGAGCCATGCTCCAGCGCTTCTGTCCTGTGTCTTTCGTCCCTCTACATGTCTGCTCAAGACATTTT


 


CTCAGCCTGAAAGCTTCCCCAGCCATCTGCCGGAGAACTCCTATGCATCCCTCAGAACCCTGCTCAGACACCATT


 


ACTTTTGTGAAGGCTTCTGCCACATCTTGTCGTCCCAAAAATTGATCACTCCCCTTTCTGGTGGGCTCCCGTAGC


 


ACACTATAACATCTGCTGGAGTGTTGCTGTTGCACCATACTTTCTTGTACGTTTGTGTCTGCCTCCCCAACTGGA


 


CTGTGAGGGCCTTGTGGCCAGGGACTGAGTCTTGCCCGTTTATGTATGCTCCGTGTCTAGCCCATCATCCTGCTT


 


GAAGCAAGTAGGCAGATGCTCAAAAGGGCGAATTCTGCAGATATC

















TABLE 3B





Protein sequence of cynomologous mondkey alpha -EnaC



(SEQ ID NO: 1681) which is a Translation of SEQ ID NO: 1682.
















MEGNKLEEQDASPPQPTPGLMKGDKREEQGLGPEPAAPQQPTAEEEALIEFHRSYRELFEFFCNNTTIHGAIRLV



 


CSQHNRMKTAFWAVLWLCTFGMMYWQFGLLFGEYFSYPVSLNINLNSDKLVFPAVTICTLNPYRYPEIKEELEEL


 


DRITQQTLFDLYKYDSSPTLVAGSRGRRDLRGTLPHLLQRLRVPSPLHGARQARSVASSVRDNNPQVDWKDWKIG


 


FELCNQNKSDCFYQTYSSGVDAVREWYRFHYINILSRLPETLPSLEEDTLGNFIFACRFNQVSCNQAHYSHFHHP


 


MYGNCYTFNDKNNSNLWMSSMPGVNNGLSLMLRTEQNDFIPLLSTVTGARVMVHGQDEPAFMDDGGFNLRPGVET


 


SISMRKEALDRLGGDYGDCTKNGSDVPVKNLYPSKYTQQVCIHSCFQENMIKECGCAYIFYPRPQNMEYCDYRKH


 


SSWGYCYYKLQADFSSDHLGCFTKCRKPCSVTSYQLSAGYSRWPSVTSQEWVFEMLSRQNNYTINNKRNGVAKVN


 


IFFKELNYKTNSESPSVTMVTLLSNLGSQWSLWFGSSVLSVVEMAELIFDLLVITFLLLLRRFRSRYWSPGRGDR


 


GAQEVASTQASSPPSHFCPHPTSLYLSQLGPAPSPALTAPPPAYATLGPCPSPGGSAGASSTAYPLGGP









It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed specification detailed above, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims. While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be further understood that it is capable of modification. This application is intended to cover variations, uses or adaptations of the invention following the general principles of the invention, including such departures from the present disclosure that comes within known or customary practice within the art to which the present invention pertains and that can be applied to the essential features disclosed herein.

## Claims

1. A composition comprising an iRNA agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein:
a. the sequence of the first strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 143, and the sequence of the second strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 144; or
b. the sequence of the first strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 189, and the sequence of the second strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 190; or
c. the sequence of the first strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 447, and the sequence of the second strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 448; or
d. the sequence of the first strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 493, and the sequence of the second strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 494.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the iRNA agent comprises a modification that causes the iRNA agent to have increased stability in a biological sample.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the iRNA agent comprises a phosphorothioate or a 2′-modified nucleotide.

4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the iRNA agent comprises:
at least one 5′-uridine-adenine-3′ (5′-ua-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-uridine-guanine-3′ (5′-ug-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-cytidine-adenine-3′ (5′-ca-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-cytidine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; or at least one 5′-uridine-uridine-3′ (5′-uu-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the iRNA agent comprises a 2′-modification selected from the group consisting of: 2′-deoxy, 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro, 2′-O-methyl, 2′-O-methoxyethyl (2′-O-MOE), 2′-O-aminopropyl (2′-O-AP), 2′-O-dimethylaminoethyl (2′-O-DMAOE), 2′-O-dimethylaminopropyl (2′-O-DMAP), 2′-O-dimethylaminoethyloxyethyl (2′-O-DMAEOE), and 2′-O-N-methylacetamido (2′-O-NMA).

6. A composition comprising an iRNA agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein the sequences of the first strand and the second strand are the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 143 and 144, respectively.

7. A composition comprising an iRNA agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein the sequences of the first strand and the second strand are the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 189 and 190, respectively.

8. A composition comprising an iRNA agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein the sequences of the first strand the second strand are the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 447 and 448, respectively.

9. A composition comprising an iRNA agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein the sequences of the first strand the second strand are the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 493 and 494, respectively.

10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the iRNA agent is ligated to one or more diagnostic compound, reporter group, cross-linking agent, nuclease-resistance conferring moiety, natural or unusual nucleobase, lipophilic molecule, cholesterol, lipid, lectin, steroid, uvaol, hecigenin, diosgenin, terpene, triterpene, sarsasapogenin, Friedelin, epifriedelanol-derivatized lithocholic acid, vitamin, carbohydrate, dextran, pullulan, chitin, chitosan, synthetic carbohydrate, Oligo Lactate 15-mer, natural polymer, low- or medium-molecular weight polymer, inulin, cyclodextrin, hyaluronic acid, protein, protein-binding agent, integrin-targeting molecule, polycationic, peptide, polyamine, peptide mimic, and/or transferrin.

11. A composition comprising an iRNA agent to alpha-ENaC, wherein the iRNA agent comprises a first strand and a second strand,
wherein the sequence of the first strand is a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 143, SEQ ID NO: 189, SEQ ID NO: 447, and SEQ ID NO: 493, and
wherein the sequence of the second strand is a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 144, SEQ ID NO: 190, SEQ ID NO: 448, and SEQ ID NO: 494,
the composition further comprising an epithelial receptor ligand.

12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the epithelial receptor ligand is (i) transferrin or (ii) folic acid.

13. A method of treating a human subject having a pathological state mediated at least in part by alpha-ENaC expression, the method comprising the step of administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an iRNA agent comprising a first strand and a second strand, wherein:
a. the sequence of the first strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 143, and the sequence of the second strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 144; or
b. the sequence of the first strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 189, and the sequence of the second strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 190); or
c. the sequence of the first strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 447, and the sequence of the second strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 448; or
d. the sequence of the first strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 493, and the sequence of the second strand is the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 494.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the composition is administered in an amount sufficient to reduce the level of alpha-ENaC expression in a cell or tissue of a human subject.

15. The method of claim 13, wherein the human subject has a pathological state selected from: cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, respiratory tract infections, lung carcinoma, Liddles syndrome, hypertension, renal insufficiency, and electrolyte imbalance.

16. The composition of claim 6, wherein the iRNA agent comprises a phosphorothioate or a 2′-modified nucleotide.

17. The composition of claim 6, wherein the iRNA agent comprises:
at least one 5′-uridine-adenine-3′ (5′-ua-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-uridine-guanine-3′ (5′-ug-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-cytidine-adenine-3′ (5′-ca-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-cytidine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; or at least one 5′-uridine-uridine-3′ (5′-uu-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide.

18. The composition of claim 7, wherein the iRNA agent comprises a phosphorothioate or a 2′-modified nucleotide.

19. The composition of claim 7, wherein the iRNA agent comprises:
at least one 5′-uridine-adenine-3′ (5′-ua-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-uridine-guanine-3′ (5′-ug-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-cytidine-adenine-3′ (5′-ca-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-cytidine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; or at least one 5′-uridine-uridine-3′ (5′-uu-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide.

20. The composition of claim 8, wherein the iRNA agent comprises a phosphorothioate or a 2′-modified nucleotide.

21. The composition of claim 8, wherein the iRNA agent comprises:
at least one 5′-uridine-adenine-3′ (5′-ua-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-uridine-guanine-3′ (5′-ug-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-cytidine-adenine-3′ (5′-ca-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-cytidine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; or at least one 5′-uridine-uridine-3′ (5′-uu-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide.

22. The composition of claim 9, wherein the iRNA agent comprises a phosphorothioate or a 2′-modified nucleotide.

23. The composition of claim 9, wherein the iRNA agent comprises:
at least one 5′-uridine-adenine-3′ (5′-ua-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-uridine-guanine-3′ (5′-ug-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; at least one 5′-cytidine-adenine-3′ (5′-ca-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-cytidine is a 2′-modified nucleotide; or at least one 5′-uridine-uridine-3′ (5′-uu-3′) dinucleotide, wherein the 5′-uridine is a 2′-modified nucleotide.