### In the



# United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

____________________

No. 16

‐ 4179

M ILAN J AMES B ROWN

, Plaintiff

‐ Appellant

,

v.

T HOMAS J. D ART and C OOK C OUNTY

, I LLINOIS

, Defendants

‐ Appellees

.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.

No. 15 C 11835

— Edmond E. Chang

, Judge

.

____________________

A RGUED S EPTEMBER 20, 2017

— D ECIDED D ECEMBER 5, 2017

____________________

Before M ANION and K ANNE

, Circuit Judges

, and M ILLER

,

District Judge

. 

K ANNE

, Circuit Judge

. On July 19, 2013, Milan Brown was

sentenced to 300 days’ imprisonment for violating the terms

of his probation. At the sentencing hearing, the Illinois circuit

 The Honorable Robert L. Miller, Jr., United States District Court for the

Northern District of Indiana, sitting by designation.2 No. 16

‐ 4179

court specifically stated that Brown should be released in Sep

‐

tember 2013, after accounting for good

‐ time credit. However,

in August 2013, staff at the Cook County Jail informed Brown

that he would not be released until March. On September 10,

2013, Brown filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in state

court seeking to remedy the error, but staff at the jail allegedly

failed to transport him to court on multiple occasions.

On December 16, 2013, the petition was finally heard. The

Illinois circuit court determined Brown should have been re

‐

leased in September and immediately released him on a

$50,000 bond. On January 17, 2014, the court released the

bond.

On December 30, 2015, Brown filed a § 1983 complaint in

federal court against Sheriff Thomas Dart and Cook County

alleging violations of the Fourth and Eighth Amendments

based on false imprisonment and inhumane conditions.

Brown also alleged a violation of Illinois state law based on

false imprisonment. The defendants moved for judgment on

the pleadings on the basis that all of Brown’s claims were time

barred. The district court entered judgment on the pleadings

in favor of the defendants. On appeal, Brown challenges only

the conclusion that his § 1983 false imprisonment claim was

not timely filed. Because the county and Sheriff Dart released

Brown from prison more than two years before he filed his

claim, the district court’s judgment will be affirmed.

I. A NALYSIS

The parties agree that Brown was to be released from the

Cook County Jail on September 12, 2013, and that he was not

in fact released from the jail until December 16, 2013. The only

issue before this court is whether Brown’s § 1983 claim of falseNo. 16

‐ 4179 3

imprisonment was timely filed. We review the district court’s

judgment on the pleadings de novo

, accept all well pleaded al

‐ legations as true, and construe all alleged facts in the light

most favorable to Brown, the non

‐ moving party. Hayes v. City

of Chicago

, 670 F.3d 810, 813 (7th Cir. 2012).

The statute of limitations to bring a claim under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983 is determined by state law. Wallace v. Kato

, 549 U.S 384,

387 (2007). Under Illinois law, a plaintiff has two years to

bring a § 1983 claim. 735 ILCS 5/13

‐ 202; Gekas v. Vasiliades

, 814

F.3d 890, 894 (7th Cir. 2016). The date a cause of action ac

‐

crues, however, is determined by federal law. Gekas

, 814 F.3d

at 894.

In Wallace v. Kato

, the Supreme Court held that the statute

of limitations for a false imprisonment claim begins when the

false imprisonment ends. 549 U.S. at 389. Brown’s alleged

false imprisonment ended when the court released him from

the jail. To the extent Brown’s liberties were restricted while

he was released on bond, the court, not the sheriff’s depart

‐

ment, was responsible for those restrictions. Thus, Brown’s

claim against the sheriff and the county accrued—and the

two

‐ year statute of limitations began to run—on December

16, 2013. Brown’s petition, filed two weeks beyond the statute

of limitations, was untimely.

Neither of Brown’s arguments to the contrary are convinc

‐ ing. Brown offers two reasons for why January 17, 2014,

should be considered the day the false imprisonment ended

and his claim accrued.

First, Brown claims that the time he spent released on

bond was a continuation of the false imprisonment. Brown al

‐ leges that, as a condition of the bond, he was not allowed to4 No. 16

‐ 4179

leave Illinois or exercise his Second Amendment right. This

court has broadly commented that confining someone to one

state could in some contexts be considered imprisonment, but

“imprisonment” is defined more narrowly in the context of a

constitutional deprivation. Albright v. Oliver

, 975 F.2d 343, 346

(7th Cir. 1992). False imprisonment, for purposes of a § 1983

claim, is defined as detention without legal process. Wallace

,

549 U.S. at 389. Brown does not claim he was detained with

‐

out legal process after December 16, 2013. Once he was re

‐

leased from the jail, the only restraints on his liberty were im

‐ posed by the court pursuant to legal process. Brown does not

challenge the court’s authority to order him released on bond.

Therefore, the time Brown spent released on bond was not a

continuation of the alleged false imprisonment.

Second, Brown argues that his claim could not accrue until

the court had corrected his release date. In Heck v. Humphrey

,

the Supreme Court addressed whether a plaintiff could file a

§ 1983 claim for malicious prosecution before his conviction

had been vacated. 512 U.S. 477 (1994)

. The Court addressed

the concern that “‘permit[ting] a convicted criminal defend

‐

ant to proceed with a malicious prosecution claim would per

‐

mit a collateral attack on the conviction through the vehicle of

a civil suit.’” Id

. at 485 (citation omitted). Thus, the Court held

that, “in order to recover damages for allegedly unconstitu

‐

tional

... imprisonment, or for other harm caused by actions

whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence

invalid, a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the

... sentence has

been reversed on direct appeal” or otherwise invalidated. Id.

at 486–87. Brown argues that he was bound by Heck to wait

until the district court resentenced him on January 17, 2014,

to file a claim. But Brown is not alleging that his sentence

should be invalidated. He did not need to obtain any otherNo. 16

‐ 4179 5

judgment in order to prove his false imprisonment claim.

Thus, Heck does not apply.

II. C ONCLUSION

Without doubt, Milan Brown should have been released

from the Cook County Jail months before he was actually re

‐

leased. The allegations that jail staff failed to transport Brown

to court for a timely hearing on his habeas corpus petition are

deeply troubling. Unfortunately, however, Brown failed to

file a timely claim for damages resulting from the failure to

release him on time. Therefore, we AFFIRM the district

court’s grant of judgment on the pleadings in favor of the de

‐

fendants.