NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JOHN SMITH, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

M. DEPASQUALE, in his capacity as a Los 

Angeles Police Department officer and 

detective; et al., 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 17-55231 

D.C. No. 

2:14-cv-07435-BRO-FFM 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Beverly Reid O’Connell, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted June 8, 2018

Pasadena, California

Before: LIPEZ,** TALLMAN, and OWENS, Circuit Judges.

John Smith appeals from the judgment following the jury’s verdict in favor 

of Officers Charles Block and Michael Depasquale (collectively “the Officers”) in 

this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action. As the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not 

 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Kermit V. Lipez, United States Circuit Judge for the 

First Circuit, sitting by designation.

FILED

JUN 20 2018

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

recount them here. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

1. The district court did not abuse its discretion under Federal Rule of 

Evidence 403 in prohibiting the parties from using the terms “guilt” and 

“innocence” at trial. “[T]rial courts have very broad discretion in applying Rule 

403 and, absent abuse, the exercise of its discretion will not be disturbed on 

appeal.” Borunda v. Richmond, 885 F.2d 1384, 1388 (9th Cir. 1988) (citation and 

internal quotation marks omitted). The district court permitted Smith to present 

evidence that supported his innocence and established his wrongful conviction. 

The cases that Smith cites to argue that more was required of the district court only 

reinforce our conclusion that the district court acted well within its discretion. 

See, e.g., Ayers v. City of Cleveland, 773 F.3d 161, 169 (6th Cir. 2014); Parish v. 

City of Elkhart, 702 F.3d 997, 999–1000 (7th Cir. 2012).

2. Assuming without deciding that the district court erred under Federal 

Rule of Evidence 403 in prohibiting Smith from presenting evidence that the 

California Victim Compensation and Government Claims Board (“VCB”) found 

Smith “innocent,” its error in doing so was harmless. Not only did Smith himself 

testify before the jury that he “was in prison for up to 17, 18 years for something 

[he] didn’t do,” he also introduced evidence that was of the same kind as that of the 

VCB’s innocence finding. See City of Long Beach v. Standard Oil Co. of Cal., 46 

F.3d 929, 936–37 (9th Cir. 1995). Officers from the Los Angeles Police 
3 

Department (“LAPD”) and Los Angeles District Attorney’s Office (“LADA”) 

testified that the LAPD and LADA lost confidence in Smith’s conviction after the 

sole eyewitness at Smith’s murder trial had recanted and each office had found the 

eyewitness’s recantation corroborated. Smith also introduced evidence that the 

Los Angeles Superior Court had found that “there was insufficient evidence to 

convict Mr. Smith” and granted his habeas petition and release. These are all 

conclusions by third-party institutions that the evidence did not support Smith’s 

conviction. We therefore conclude that it is more probable than not that the jury’s 

verdict would have been the same had evidence of the VCB’s “innocen[ce]” 

finding been admitted. See Obrey v. Johnson, 400 F.3d 691, 701 (9th Cir. 2005).

3. The district court did not abuse its discretion in limiting the parties to 

nine hours of trial time each. Although trial courts “must not adhere so rigidly to 

time limits as to sacrifice justice in the name of efficiency,” this court recognizes 

the “broad authority” of trial courts “to impose reasonable time limits.” Navellier 

v. Sletten, 262 F.3d 923, 941 (9th Cir. 2001) (citations and internal quotation marks 

omitted). To show that the district court rigidly enforced the nine-hour time limit, 

Smith points to two places in the record where he allegedly asked for, and was 

denied, more time. But these cites misrepresent the record. When Smith’s counsel 

asked the district court for “a little leeway to allow a little additional time” when 

presenting video testimony to the jury, his counsel clarified that she did not “mean 
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in addition to the nine” hours of trial time, but meant “in terms of . . . talking to 

[the witness] at the prison.” To this request, the district court said, “I see what you 

are saying. Okay.” And when Smith’s counsel asked the district court how much 

time was left and stated that she could not do in nine hours what it took the LAPD

and LADA years to do (i.e., assure themselves that Smith was wrongfully 

convicted), his counsel was not asking for more time. Instead, she was objecting to 

the defense’s extended impeachment of the eyewitness and was requesting a

limiting instruction to prevent the jury from considering these statements for their

truth. 

With this context, Smith fails to provide a single instance where he objected 

to the time limit or requested more time. We therefore decline to find the district 

court abused its discretion in limiting the parties to nine hours of trial time each. 

See Monotype Corp. v. Int’l Typeface Corp., 43 F.3d 443, 451 (9th Cir. 1994) 

(explaining that “the objecting party must show there was harm incurred as a 

result” of the time limit and that the “better place . . . to make the time argument” 

was at the district court).

4. We deny Smith’s motion to supplement the record on appeal. See 

Fed. R. App. P. 10(e)(2)(C).

Appellant shall bear the costs of appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 39(a)(2).

AFFIRMED.