COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Fulton, Friedman and Chaney

OKSANA MARINARO

MEMORANDUM OPINION*

v. Record No. 1439-22-1 PER CURIAM

SEPTEMBER 26, 2023

PARKS ZEIGLER, PLLC

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK

David F. Pugh, Judge

(Oksana Marinaro, on briefs), pro se.

(Brandon H. Zeigler; LeeAnne C. Schocklin; Parks Zeigler, PLLC, 

on brief), for appellee.

Oksana Marinaro appeals the trial court’s orders denying her complaint against the law firm, 

Parks Zeigler, PLLC, granting Parks Zeigler’s counterclaim, and imposing sanctions against her. 

Marinaro argues the trial court erred in failing to eliminate unnecessary hours and determining a 

reasonable and appropriate hourly rate in the calculation of attorney fees. Marinaro also alleges that 

the trial court erred in finding Marinaro’s later filings constituted claim splitting and by finding that 

the Virginia Consumer Protection Act1(VCPA) did not apply to legal services. Finally, Marinaro 

challenges the imposition of sanctions. 

After examining the briefs and record in this case, the panel unanimously holds that oral 

argument is unnecessary because “the appeal is wholly without merit.” Code § 17.1-403(ii)(a); 

Rule 5A:27(a). The record on appeal is insufficient for this Court to reach the issues that 

Marinaro raises because she has failed to file a complete transcript or a written statement of facts 

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).

1 Code § 59.1-196 et seq.

UNPUBLISHED
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in lieu of a transcript for the August 23, 2022 hearing. A transcript or written statement of facts 

in lieu of a transcript for that hearing is indispensable for review of Marinaro’s assignments of 

error. For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

BACKGROUND

“When reviewing a trial court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light most 

favorable to the prevailing party, granting it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.” Nielsen v. 

Nielsen, 73 Va. App. 370, 377 (2021) (quoting Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App. 255, 258 (2003)). 

Here, Parks Zeigler is the prevailing party.

In December 2018, Marinaro retained Parks Zeigler to represent her in a divorce action. 

The parties entered into a written retainer agreement that governed the terms of Parks Zeigler’s 

representation. The agreement set forth the hourly billing rates, terms, and condition of the 

representation, as well as cost reimbursement. The agreement also provided for a $10,000 retainer. 

Parks Zeigler’s attorney-client relationship with Marinaro ended months later. Parks Zeigler sent 

Marinaro invoices for work performed, with an outstanding balance of $789.30. 

Marinaro thereafter filed a complaint challenging Parks Zeigler’s final invoice for services 

provided, based on 45.70 hours of work. Marinaro claimed that “45.70 hours [was] excessive and 

unreasonable and should be reduced to no more than 3.12 hours.” Marinaro also challenged the 

attorneys’ hourly rates.

Parks Zeigler filed a plea in bar, demurrer, answer, and affirmative defenses. Parks Zeigler 

claimed that it was unclear if Marinaro was pursuing a breach of contract cause of action or a tort 

cause of action, but regardless, it argued that she had failed to allege sufficient facts to support either 

claim. Parks Zeigler also filed a motion for sanctions, arguing that Marinaro’s claims were 

“frivolous assertions of unfounded factual and legal claims” under Code § 8.01-271.1. Parks 

Zeigler filed an additional motion to have Marinaro deemed a “vexatious litigant,” arguing that she 
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had “a history of filing vexatious, harassing, and duplicative lawsuits against attorneys who have 

opposed [her] in litigation and judges who ruled against her.” 

The parties appeared before the trial court on June 27, 2022, for a hearing on Parks Zeigler’s 

motions.

2

 The trial court denied Parks Zeigler’s plea in bar and sustained Parks Zeigler’s demurrer 

as to Marinaro’s claim for attorney fees. The trial court overruled Parks Zeigler’s demurrer to the 

remaining allegations and construed Marinaro’s complaint as a breach of contract action. The trial 

court also denied Parks Zeigler’s motion to have Marinaro deemed a vexatious litigant. 

Before the entry of the final order regarding Marinaro’s complaint, Parks Zeigler filed a 

counterclaim seeking judgment against Marinaro for outstanding fees owed. Parks Ziegler 

acknowledged Marinaro paid an initial retainer in the sum of $10,000, but alleged she owed an 

additional $789.30 for services rendered, plus interest and costs of collection, including attorney 

fees. 

In response, Marinaro filed a counterclaim, arguing that “Parks Zeigler failed to fulfill its 

obligation in breach of the agreement” and that Parks Zeigler’s “invoices reflected unreasonable, 

excessive fees.” Marinaro also claimed that Parks Zeigler violated the VCPA because the invoices 

included “charges for clerical/secretary work, work that does not require legal judgement [sic], 

excessive time spent on some tasks.” 

Parks Zeigler filed a plea in bar and demurrer to Marinaro’s counterclaim and a motion for 

sanctions. Parks Zeigler alleged that Marinaro’s counterclaim was procedurally improper because 

she raised new claims and that by filing a counterclaim to its counterclaim, Marinaro had

“improperly split her claims.” Parks Zeigler also argued that the VCPA does not apply to legal 

services. Finally, Parks Zeigler requested sanctions against Marinaro because her pleading was 

“procedurally improper” and contained “frivolous assertions of unfounded factual and legal claims.”

2 A transcript of this hearing has not been made a part of the record.
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The parties convened for a hearing on August 23, 2022.3 After considering the expert 

evidence, the trial court held that Parks Zeigler’s hourly rate was reasonable. The trial court found 

that Parks Ziegler’s invoices contained “the dates that work was done, the hours, the rate, and . . .

the total cost money-wise, and [it was] itemized.” The trial court granted Parks Zeigler’s 

counterclaim because Marinaro failed to pay Parks Zeigler contracted fees for the services rendered, 

and granted judgment against Marinaro in the amount of $789.30. The trial court also granted Parks 

Zeigler’s motion for sanctions and ordered Marinaro to pay Parks Zeigler sanctions in the amount of 

$25,000. The trial court granted Parks Zeigler’s plea in bar, finding that Marinaro’s counterclaim 

constituted claim-splitting and was procedurally improper. The trial court also held that the VCPA

did not apply to legal services. The trial court denied Marinaro’s counterclaim, which rendered 

moot Parks Zeigler’s demurrer. 

On August 30, 2022, the trial court entered an order memorializing its rulings.4 Marinaro 

timely filed a motion to reconsider, which the trial court denied. Marinaro appeals. 

ANALYSIS

Marinaro filed transcripts of a portion of her July 19, 2022 deposition and the trial court’s 

ruling from the August 23, 2022 hearing. The record, however, does not contain a full transcript 

or a written statement of facts in lieu of a transcript of the entire August 23, 2022, hearing. See

Rule 5A:8(a) and (c). If an appellant “fails to ensure that the record contains transcripts or a 

written statement of facts necessary to permit resolution of appellate issues, any assignments of 

error affected by such omission shall not be considered.” Rule 5A:8(b)(4)(ii); see Browning v. 

Browning, 68 Va. App. 19, 30 (2017) (applying rule).

3 The record includes a transcript of only the trial court’s ruling from the hearing.

4 The trial court entered an identical order on September 13, 2022. 
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“On appeal, we presume the judgment of the trial court is correct.” Bay v. 

Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 520, 528 (2012). “The burden is upon the appellant to provide [the 

appellate court] with a record which substantiates the claim of error. In the absence [of a 

sufficient record], we will not consider the point.” Dixon v. Dixon, 71 Va. App. 709, 716 (2020) 

(alterations in original) (quoting Robinson v. Robinson, 50 Va. App. 189, 197 (2007)). Even 

though Marinaro is proceeding pro se, she still “must comply with the rules of court.” Francis v. 

Francis, 30 Va. App. 584, 591 (1999); see Townes v. Commonwealth, 234 Va. 307, 319 (1987) 

(holding that “[a] pro se litigant is no less bound by the rules of procedure and substantive law 

than a defendant represented by counsel”).

We have reviewed the record and the parties’ briefs. In the absence of a complete transcript 

or written statement of facts in lieu of a transcript, the Court cannot determine what evidence the 

parties presented at the August 23, 2022 hearing. In reciting its holding, the trial court stated that it 

considered testimony from an expert in determining that Parks Zeigler’s fees were reasonable. 

Moreover, in imposing sanctions, the trial court based its order on Marinaro’s “conduct in court, the 

arguments she advanced, and her pleadings.” Without a complete transcript, this Court is unable to 

review the expert evidence upon which the trial court considered in finding that Parks Zeigler’s fees 

were reasonable, or Marinaro’s conduct that led to the imposition of sanctions. Further, the record

does not contain any arguments the parties made regarding claim splitting or the VCPA. Marinaro 

failed to provide a record that includes the evidence heard by the trial court and the objections and 

arguments made throughout the trial.

Without a complete record of the arguments Marinaro made or the positions she took at the 

August 23, 2022 hearing, we cannot know that Marinaro presented the specific arguments she 

advances on appeal to the trial court. See Rule 5A:18 (an appellate court will only consider 

arguments that timely were raised in the trial court). We conclude that a transcript, or written 
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statement of facts in lieu of a transcript, from the August 23, 2022 hearing is indispensable to a 

determination of Marinaro’s assignments of error. See Bay, 60 Va. App. at 528-29.

Finally, Parks Zeigler requests attorney fees and costs incurred in this appeal. “The decision 

of whether to award attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal is discretionary.” Koons v. Crane, 

72 Va. App. 720, 742 (2021) (quoting Friedman v. Smith, 68 Va. App. 529, 545 (2018)). In making 

such a determination, the Court considers all the equities of the case. Rule 5A:30(b)(3). After 

considering the record before us and all the equities of the case, we deny Parks Zeigler’s request for 

appellate attorney fees and costs.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s ruling is affirmed.

Affirmed.