IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. 455A18

Filed 5 June 2020

JOHN TYLER ROUTTEN

v.

KELLY GEORGENE ROUTTEN

Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-30(2) from the decision of a divided panel of 

the Court of Appeals, Routten v. Routten, 262 N.C. App. 436, 822 S.E.2d 436 (2018), 

affirming an order entered by Judge Michael J. Denning on 6 March 2017 in District 

Court, Wake County. Heard in the Supreme Court on 6 November 2019.

Jackson Family Law, by Jill Schnabel Jackson, for plaintiff-appellant.

Stam Law Firm, by R. Daniel Gibson, for defendant-appellee.

MORGAN, Justice.

In this appeal involving a child custody dispute between two biological parents, 

we hold that a trial court may grant full custody to one parent and deny visitation to 

the other parent, so long as the trial court has entered a written finding of fact that 

such a custody award is in the best interests of the children, without the need to have 

determined that the parent who has been denied visitation is a person deemed by the 

trial court to be unfit to spend time with the children. We therefore reverse the 

majority decision of the Court of Appeals to the extent that it vacated the trial court’s 
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order regarding custody and the lower appellate court remanded the matter for 

further proceedings.

Factual Background and Procedural History

Plaintiff John Tyler Routten and defendant Kelly Georgene Routten were 

married on 23 March 2002 and became separated on 26 July 2014. This appeal 

focuses on the custodial arrangement for the two children who were born to the 

parties during the marriage: a daughter who was born on 2 June 2004 and a son who 

was born on 17 July 2012.

On 4 August 2014, plaintiff-father filed a complaint against defendant-mother 

for child custody and equitable distribution, along with a motion for defendant to 

submit to psychiatric evaluation and psychological testing. The parties entered into 

a consent order on 13 August 2014, in which they agreed to a temporary child custody 

schedule. After defendant filed her answer to plaintiff’s complaint on 6 October 2014,

asserting several counterclaims, the parties engaged in mediation.

On 24 September 2015, at the conclusion of the court proceeding on the parties’

claims for permanent child custody support, and on defendant’s counterclaims for 

alimony and attorney fees, the trial court directed defendant to undergo a 

neuropsychological evaluation prior to a decision on permanent child custody. On 21 

December 2015, the trial court entered a custody and child support order which

established a temporary custody schedule, ordered defendant to “take whatever steps 

are necessary to obtain a complete neuropsychological evaluation no later than June 
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15, 2016,” and scheduled a review hearing on 5 April 2016 and a “subsequent hearing 

for review of custody and entry of final/permanent orders in July or August of 2016.”

On 5 April 2016, the scheduled date for the review hearing set by the 21 December 

2015 order, the trial court conducted an in-chambers conference on the status of the 

neuropsychological evaluation in which defendant had been ordered to participate.

On 27 April 2016, the trial court entered an order scheduling a hearing on 4 August 

2016 to address the results of defendant’s neuropsychological evaluation and other 

matters relating to the best interests of the children. The trial court further directed 

defendant to obtain the neuropsychological evaluation no later than 15 June 2016 

and to submit any resulting written report to plaintiff’s counsel at least ten days 

before the scheduled 4 August 2016 hearing. On 29 July 2016, defendant moved for a 

continuance and a protective order, stating that she had complied with the orders to 

obtain a neuropsychological evaluation. She did not submit any written report 

resulting from the evaluation to plaintiff’s counsel, as directed by the trial court’s 

order of 27 April 2016.

At the final custody hearing on 4 August 2016, defendant admitted that 

although Duke Clinical Neuropsychology Service had performed a neuropsychological 

evaluation of defendant on 21 April 2016, she had not disclosed this fact to plaintiff

prior to the 4 August 2016 hearing. Defendant further admitted that earlier she had 

informed plaintiff that Pinehurst Neuropsychology, rather than Duke, would perform 

the evaluation and had implied in the motions that she filed in the months of June 
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and July of 2016 that her neuropsychological evaluation had not yet been performed.

On 9 December 2016, the trial court entered a permanent child custody order 

awarding sole physical custody of the children to plaintiff. The trial court also entered

an order for alimony and attorney fees.

Defendant subsequently filed pro se motions for a new trial and for relief from 

judgment pursuant to Rules 59 and 60 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure.

She also obtained the issuance of numerous subpoenas on her own behalf. As a result 

of these filings, plaintiff sought and received a temporary restraining order on 13 

December 2016. At the succeeding hearing on plaintiff’s preliminary injunction 

motion on 3 January 2017, the trial court ordered defendant to calendar for hearing 

her Rule 59 and Rule 60 pro se motions within ten days. Defendant scheduled her 

motions to be heard on 1 March 2017; and on 20 February 2017, counsel filed 

amended Rule 59 and Rule 60 motions on her behalf. On 6 March 2017, the trial court 

entered an amended permanent child custody order which included additional 

findings of fact and conclusions of law. The amended permanent child custody order 

included provisions which granted sole legal custody and physical custody of the 

children to plaintiff, denied visitation by defendant, authorized plaintiff to “permit 

custodial time between the children and [d]efendant within his sole discretion,” and 

allowed defendant to have telephone conversations with the children twice each week.

On 4 April 2017, defendant filed a notice of appeal of the 6 March 2017 amended
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permanent child custody order “and all related interim or temporary orders and 

ancillary orders.” 

While defendant brought forward numerous arguments in her appeal to the 

Court of Appeals, there are two issues presented to us for resolution after the 

rendered decision of the lower appellate court: (1) whether the trial court erred in 

denying defendant’s ability to have visitation with her children as the non-custodial 

parent without a determination that she was unfit to have visitation with them, and 

(2) whether the trial court erred in authorizing plaintiff, as the custodial parent, to 

exercise discretion in allowing visitation between defendant and the children. See 

generally Routten v. Routten, 262 N.C. App. 436, 822 S.E.2d 436 (2018). 

In determining these two issues, the Court of Appeals majority agreed with 

defendant’s contention that “the trial court violated her constitutionally protected 

interest as parent by awarding sole legal and physical custody of the children to 

Plaintiff without making a finding that she was unfit or had acted inconsistently with 

her constitutionally protected status as parent.” Id. at 445, 822 S.E. 2d at 443. It also 

held that “[t]he trial court erred and abused its discretion by delegating its authority 

to determine Defendant’s visitation rights.” Id. at 444, 822 S.E. 2d at 442–443. On 

these issues, the dissenting Court of Appeals judge disagreed with the majority’s view 

on the basis that the analysis was both in conflict with the precedent of this Court 

and was reached in reliance upon a prior Court of Appeals decision, Moore v. Moore, 

160 N.C. App. 569, 587 S.E.2d 74 (2003), that had been expressly disavowed by an 
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earlier panel of the Court of Appeals and therefore violated our directive in In re Civil 

Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989) (“Where a panel of the Court of 

Appeals has decided the same issue, albeit in a different case, a subsequent panel of 

the same court is bound by that precedent, unless it has been overturned by a higher 

court.”). Routten, 262 N.C. App. at 458–65, 822 S.E.2d at 451–55 (Inman, J., 

dissenting in part).

On 27 December 2018, defendant filed a notice of appeal in this Court on the 

basis of her contention that this case involved a substantial constitutional question 

and that this matter warranted the exercise of our discretionary review. Each of these 

filings was dismissed ex mero motu by this Court in orders entered on 14 August 2019.

On 3 January 2019, plaintiff filed a notice of appeal as a matter of right based upon 

the Court of Appeals dissent. 

Analysis

The resolution of the issue regarding the trial court’s decision to deny visitation 

by defendant with the children without a determination that she was unfit to have 

visitation with them is governed by North Carolina General Statutes Section 50-

13.5(i). As between two parents seeking custody and visitation of their children, the 

cited statutory provision states, in pertinent part, that

the trial judge, prior to denying a parent the right of 

reasonable visitation, shall make a written finding of fact 

that the parent being denied visitation rights is an unfit 

person to visit the child or that such visitation rights are 

not in the best interest of the child.
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N.C.G.S. § 50-13.5(i) (2019) (emphasis added). A plain reading of this subsection 

reveals two points critical to the resolution of the issues in the matter here. First, this 

provision contemplates the authorized prospect of the denial to a parent of a right to 

visitation. Second, that such a denial is permitted upon a trial court’s written finding 

of fact that the parent being denied visitation is deemed unfit to visit the child or that 

visitation would not be in the child’s best interests. The unequivocal and clear 

meaning of the statute identifies two different circumstances in which a parent can 

be denied visitation, and the disjunctive term “or” in N.C.G.S. § 50-13.5(i) establishes 

that either of the circumstances is sufficient to justify the trial judge’s decision to 

deny visitation. See, e.g., Burgess v. Your House of Raleigh, Inc., 326 N.C. 205, 209, 

388 S.E.2d 134, 136 (1990) (“Where the language of a statute is clear and 

unambiguous, there is no room for judicial construction and the courts must construe 

the statute using its plain meaning.”) (citation omitted). Thus, contrary to the 

majority view and consistent with the dissenting view in the lower appellate court,

in a dispute between two parents if the trial court determines that visitation with one 

parent is not in a child’s best interests, then the trial court is authorized to deny 

visitation to said parent without a requirement to find the existence of the alternative 

circumstance that the parent in question is unfit. See Carolina Power & Light Co. v. 

City of Asheville, 358 N.C. 512, 519, 597 S.E.2d 717 722 (2004) (citing Grassy Creek 

Neighborhood Alliance, Inc. v. City of Winston-Salem, 142 N.C. App. 290, 297–98, 542 
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S.E.2d 296, 301 (2001) for the proposition “that the natural and ordinary meaning of 

the disjunctive ‘or’ permits compliance with either condition”). In the present case, 

there is no dispute that the trial court found that visitation with defendant would not 

be in the best interests of the children. Pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 50-13.5(i), this was a 

proper standard to apply in resolving the custody and visitation matters before the 

trial court. See, e.g., Adams v. Tessener, 354 N.C. 57, 61, 550 S.E.2d 499, 502 (2001) 

(“In a custody proceeding between two natural parents (including biological or 

adoptive parents), or between two parties who are not natural parents, the trial court 

must determine custody based on the ‘best interest of the child’ test.”).

The majority decision of the Court of Appeals in this matter went astray due 

to its reliance upon Moore. The Moore case, as accurately recounted by the dissenting 

judge, “held that in a custody dispute between a child’s natural or adoptive parents 

‘absent a finding that parents (i) are unfit or (ii) have neglected the welfare of their 

children, the constitutionally protected paramount right of parents to custody, care, 

and control of their children must prevail.’ ” Routten, 262 N.C. App. at 458, 822 S.E.2d 

at 451 (citation omitted). The dissent notes that the Court of Appeals in Moore

excerpted this language from our opinion in Petersen v. Rogers, 337 N.C. 397, 403–

04, 445 S.E.2d 901, 905 (1994), “which established a constitutionally based 

presumption favoring a parent in a custody dispute with a non-parent,” as controlling 

authority for the outcome in Moore. Routten, 262 N.C. App. at 459, 822 S.E.2d at 451.

However, the Moore court misapplied our decision in Petersen. The Petersen case 
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established a presumption favoring a parent in a custody dispute with a non-parent; 

Moore wrongly employed this presumption in a custody dispute between two parents.

This presumption is not implicated in disputes between parents because in such 

cases, a trial court must determine custody between two parties who each have, by 

virtue of their identical statuses as parents, the same “constitutionally-protected

paramount right to custody, care, and control of their children.” Petersen, 337 N.C. at 

400, 445 S.E.2d at 903. Therefore, no constitutionally based presumption favors 

custody for one parent or the other nor bars the award of full custody to one parent 

without visitation to the other. The dissent here went on to astutely analyze the snarl 

that was created by the misapplication of our Petersen presumption by the Court of 

Appeals in Moore, and the error that this introduced into the majority decision of the 

lower appellate court in the present case:

But unlike Moore, Petersen involved a custody 

conflict between parents and non-parents. Moore did not 

acknowledge that factual distinction or provide any 

analysis to support extending the Petersen holding to a 

dispute between two parents. Nor did Moore acknowledge 

controlling Supreme Court precedent expressly holding 

that Petersen does not apply to custody disputes between 

two parents, such as the case we decide today [of Routten 

v. Routten].

Routten, 262 N.C. App at 459, 822 S.E.2d at 451 (citation omitted).

Shortly before the Court of Appeals issued its decision in Moore, we recognized 

the crucial distinction regarding a custody dispute between a parent and a non-parent 

and a custody dispute between two parents. In Owenby v. Young, the parents of two
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children had divorced, and primary custody had been awarded to the mother with 

visitation to the father. 357 N.C. 142, 142, 579 S.E.2d 264, 265 (2003). Several years

later, the mother was killed in a plane crash. After this occurrence, the children 

resided with their father for several weeks before the children’s maternal 

grandmother sought primary custody of them, contending that the father was not a 

fit and proper person to have the care, custody, and control of the children as a result

of his alcohol abuse. Id. at 143, 579 S.E.2d at 265. In determining Owenby, we 

acknowledged the Petersen presumption and reaffirmed that “unless a natural 

parent’s conduct has been inconsistent with his or her constitutionally protected 

status, application of the ‘best interest of the child’ standard in a custody dispute with 

a nonparent offends the Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution.” Id. 

at 145, 579 S.E.2d at 266–67 (citations omitted). This Court went on to observe, 

however, that this “protected right is irrelevant in a custody proceeding between two 

natural parents, whether biological or adoptive, or between two parties who are not 

natural parents. In such instances, the trial court must determine custody using the 

‘best interest of the child’ test.” Id. at 145, 579 S.E.2d at 267 (citation omitted). 

Although our decisions in Petersen and Owenby both preceded the decision of 

the Court of Appeals in Moore, with both Petersen and Owenby involving custodial 

disputes between a parent and a non-parent and being consistent with one another 

in the recognition of a constitutionally based presumption favoring a parent in a 

custody dispute with a non-parent, nonetheless the result in Moore was inconsistent 
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with this line of cases in that the Court of Appeals erroneously applied this 

presumption in a custody dispute between two parents. The Court of Appeals 

duplicates this mistake in the instant case and compounds the error by 

misinterpreting the disjunctive clause of N.C.G.S. § 50-13.5(i) to have required the 

trial court here to find that defendant was an unfit person to visit the children, when 

the statute authorized the alternative ground found by the trial court that such 

visitation was not in the best interests of the children.

We therefore utilize this opportunity to reiterate and to apply the principle 

which this Court enunciated in Petersen that where parents are each seeking custody 

of their children, each has a full and equal “constitutionally-protected paramount 

right . . . to custody, care, and control of their children” and there exists no 

presumption regarding custody merely on the basis of either party’s parental status.

Petersen, 337 N.C. at 403–04, 445 S.E.2d at 905. Furthermore, in light of statutory

and case law, in a dispute between two parents with equal parental rights, the trial

court must apply the “best interest of the child” standard to determine custody and 

visitation questions, see Adams, 354 N.C. at 61, 550 S.E.2d at 502, and if the court 

determines that one parent should not be awarded reasonable visitation, the court 

“shall make a written finding of fact that the parent being denied visitation rights is 

an unfit person to visit the child or that such visitation rights are not in the best 

interest of the child.” N.C.G.S. § 50-13.5(i) (emphasis added). We also expressly 
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overrule Moore v. Moore, and any other Court of Appeals decisions purporting to 

apply the Petersen presumption in custody disputes between two parents. 

As to the second issue which we consider upon this review, the lower appellate 

court’s majority vacated the portion of the trial court’s conclusion of law stating that 

“[p]laintiff may permit custodial time between the children and [d]efendant within 

his sole discretion, taking into account the recommendations of [the parties’ 

daughter’s] counselor as to frequency, location, duration, and any other restrictions 

deemed appropriate by the counselor for permitting visitation between [the parties’ 

daughter] and [defendant].” See Routten, 262 N.C. App at, 443–44, 822 S.E.2d at 442. 

This determination by the Court of Appeals majority was based upon the holdings in 

two Court of Appeals decisions, each of which held that “the award of visitation rights

is a judicial function which may not be delegated to the custodial parent[.]”

Brewington v. Serrato, 77 N.C. App. 726, 733, 336 S.E.2d 444, 449 (1985). (citing In

re Stancil, 10 N.C. App. 545, 552, 179 S.E.2d 844, 849 (1971)). 

Here we agree with the view of the dissent, that in light of the trial court’s

authority to deny any visitation to defendant pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 50-13.5(i), any

delegation of discretion to plaintiff to allow some visitation “is mere surplusage, albeit 

admittedly confusing.” Routten, 262 N.C. App. at 465, 822 S.E.2d at 455. The trial 

court had already determined that it was not in the children’s best interests to have 

visitation with defendant. Although it is curious that the trial court would afford an 

opportunity for defendant to have visitation with the children at the discretion of 
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plaintiff after denying visitation rights to her, nonetheless we choose to interpret the 

trial court’s openness to the potential prospect of defendant’s ability to see her 

children as a humane accommodation rather than as an error of law.

Conclusion

For the reasons cited above, we reverse those portions of the Court of Appeals 

decision that were raised in this appeal based upon the dissenting opinion of the lower 

appellate court. We also reverse those portions of the Court of Appeals decision which

would have vacated the custody award and remanded for further proceedings. 

REVERSED.