J-A23008-16 

 2016 PA Super 236 

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA 

 Appellee 

v. 

A.R.C. 

 Appellant No. 1296 WDA 2015 

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence April 1, 2015 

In the Court of Common Pleas of Greene County 

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-30-CR-00000032-2014 

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., STABILE, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.* 

OPINION BY LAZARUS, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 1, 2016 

 A.R.C. appeals from her judgment of sentence,1 entered in the Court 

of Common Pleas of Greene County, after being convicted by a jury of 

endangering the welfare of a child (EWOC)2 (M-1) and recklessly 

endangering another person (REAP)3 (M-2), as a result of injuries sustained 

____________________________________________ 

*

 Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court. 

1

 Although A.R.C. appealed from the order denying, by operation of law, her 

post-sentence motions, the appeal properly lies from her underlying 

judgment of sentence. Commonwealth v. Chamberlain, 658 A.2d 395 

(Pa. Super. 1995) (order denying post-sentence motion acts to finalize 

judgment of sentence; thus, appeal is taken from judgment of sentence, not 

order denying post-sentence motion). 

2

 18 Pa.C.S. § 4304(a)(1). 

3

 18 Pa.C.S. § 2705. 
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by her two-month-old daughter, M.S. Because the Commonwealth failed to 

prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that A.R.C. engaged in reckless conduct 

that placed M.S. in danger of serious bodily injury or that she violated her 

parental duty of care to M.S., we vacate the judgment of sentence and 

discharge A.R.C.. 

 The victim, M.S., is the infant daughter of A.R.C and her thenboyfriend, B.S. A.R.C. and B.S. began dating when A.R.C. was 14 years old 

and B.S. was 19 years of age. Prior to M.S.’s birth, B.S. moved into A.R.C.’s 

family trailer where she lived with her sister and mother. M.S. was born on 

May 22, 2013, via C-section. Over the first two months of M.S.’s life, A.R.C. 

took the infant to all of her regularly-scheduled pediatric well visits. At each 

of her doctor visits, M.S. was given a full-body examination which consisted 

of, in part, checking the child’s musculoskeletal system. Doctors never 

noted any positive findings or any serious medical issues.4

 A.R.C. returned to work as a hotel housekeeper approximately one 

month after M.S. was born. A.R.C. worked five days a week, which often 

included Saturdays. A.R.C. testified that her typical work hours were from 8 

to 4. When A.R.C. returned to work, B.S. became M.S.’s primary caretaker. 

On the evening of July 29, 2013, M.S. awoke; after changing her diaper, 

B.S. left the infant on the bed while he went to the bathroom. When B.S. 

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4

 M.S. was diagnosed with thrush and impetigo in her first month of life; she 

was successfully treated with antibiotics and a topical cream. 
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returned to the bedroom he saw the couple’s dog on the bed near the baby. 

In an attempt to push the dog off the bed, B.S. fell on M.S. Due to the force 

of B.S. on her body, M.S. cried, which awoke A.R.C.. “Half asleep,”5 A.R.C. 

suggested B.S. give the baby a bottle and then went back to sleep. 

 When A.R.C. arrived home from work the next evening, B.S. was 

applying ice to the baby’s swollen and red leg. As soon as A.R.C.’s mother 

arrived home from work, the couple took M.S. to the hospital, where she 

was ultimately diagnosed with a newly fractured femur. Full body x-rays 

determined that M.S. had 17 other fractures, including broken ribs and 

limbs, which were in some stage of the healing process. Doctors determined 

that those other injuries occurred sometime within the last three weeks of 

the current hospital visit. 

 B.S. initially told hospital personnel and Child and Youth Services’ 

employees that one of their dogs had jumped on the bed and injured M.S. 

Eventually, B.S. admitted to falling on the baby the prior evening, as well as 

having dropped the baby out of her infant car seat when she was just weeks 

old. B.S. was charged with REAP, EWOC, simple assault and aggravated 

assault. In a separate proceeding, B.S. pled guilty to REAP, EWOC and 

simple assault and was serving a prison sentence at the time of A.R.C.’s 

trial. 

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5 See N.T. Jury Trial, 2/14/15, at 263. 
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 The Commonwealth ultimately charged A.R.C. with REAP, EWOC, and 

simple assault. At the close of the Commonwealth’s case, the defense 

moved for a directed verdict claiming that there was insufficient evidence to 

put the case before the jury. Finding that there “is more than a scintilla of 

evidence against [A.R.C.] as a matter of law,” the court denied the defense 

motion. N.T. Jury Trial, 2/14/15, at 233. The jury eventually rendered a 

guilty verdict for REAP and EWOC. A.R.C. was sentenced on April 2, 2015, 

and ordered to serve a flat sentence of 60 days of incarceration, followed by 

a consecutive term of 36 months of County Intermediate Punishment which 

includes 30 days of house arrest to an approved address, with GPS 

monitoring, followed by 33 months of regular supervision, to include 

attending monthly re-entry court proceedings for up to six months. In 

addition, A.R.C. was ordered to serve 300 hours of community service. 

 On April 10, 2015, A.R.C. filed timely post-sentence motions6 that 

were denied by operation of law on August 17, 2015. See Pa.R.Crim.P. 

720(B)(3)(a). This timely appeal follows, in which A.R.C. presents the 

following issues for our consideration: 

(1) Whether the evidence at trial was insufficient to establish 

beyond a reasonable doubt the “specific intent” and “actus 

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6

 On May 8, 2015, A.R.C. filed a “Motion for Continued Stay of Sentence,” 

which the court granted on May 11, 2015. In its order, the trial court stayed 

A.R.C.’s sentence “pending the disposition of post-sentence motions and 

through all avenues of direct appeal [in the] Superior Court.” Order, 

5/11/15. 
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reus” elements of the crimes charged when the undisputed 

evidence established that the Defendant did not cause or 

know about the injury to the child, that she proactively 

took the child to the hospital repeatedly, that doctors did 

not discover apparently existing injuries during repeated 

examination, and that an expert testified there was

nothing more the Defendant could have done to discover 

that the child was injured. 

(2) Whether the verdict was against the weight of the 

evidence when, to the exclusion of all of the evidence of 

the proactive efforts of the Defendant, the testimony of an 

expert that over eight of his colleagues did not discover 

the injuries to the child and the Defendant could not have 

done anything more to discover them, and the testimony 

of the perpetrator of the injuries that he lied to the 

Defendant about injuring the child, excessive and undue 

weight was placed on the mere existence of the injuries 

and that the Defendant was the child’s mother. 

(3) Whether the lower court erred in failing to grant the 

Defendant’s Petition to Strike and thereby relied on 

unverified facts, facts not of record, and information 

inapposite to the testimony at trial in denying the

Defendant’s Post-Verdict Motions for Judgment of Acquittal 

and for New Trial? 

(4) Whether the lower court abused its discretion in failing to 

modify the Defendant’s sentence because (1) the court 

failed to rule on the Defendant’s Petition to Strike and 

admitted into the record and relied on unverified facts, 

facts not of record, and information entirely inapposite to 

the testimony at trial in sentencing the Defendant, and (2) 

it admitted an unverified, hearsay letter that was authored 

by a biased individual who was not present for crossexamination, did not qualify as a victim impact statement, 

and was replete with inaccurate statements of “facts,” 

opinions and even legal and medical conclusions. 

(5) Whether the lower court abused its discretion by issuing an 

excessive and unreasonable sentence that was inconsistent 

with the Sentencing Code and contrary to fundamental 

norms of sentencing because it (1) considered only the 

seriousness of the crimes charged to the exclusion of 

statutory guidelines, recommendations of the presentence 
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investigation, mitigating factors, and the specific facts of 

the case, (2) misapplied the law in failing to properly 

identify mitigating factors and relied on inaccurate 

information and unsubstantiated hearsay, and (3) imposed 

conditions which were outside the power and control of the 

Defendant. 

 In Commonwealth v. Smith, 956 A.2d 1029 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en 

banc), our Court set forth the relevant standard of review for a sufficiency 

claim: 

The standard we apply when reviewing the sufficiency of the 

evidence is whether[,] viewing all the evidence admitted at trial 

in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is 

sufficient evidence to enable the factfinder to find every element 

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying the above 

test, we may not weigh the evidence and substitute our 

judgment for the fact-finder. In addition, we note that the facts 

and circumstances established by the Commonwealth need not 

preclude every possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a 

defendant's guilt may be resolved by the factfinder unless the 

evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law no 

probability of fact may be drawn from the combined 

circumstances. The Commonwealth may sustain its burden of 

proving every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt 

by means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in 

applying the above test, the entire record must be evaluated and 

all evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the 

trier of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses and 

the weight of the evidence produced is free to believe all, part or 

none of the evidence. Furthermore, when reviewing a sufficiency 

claim, our Court is required to give the prosecution the benefit of 

all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence. 

However, the inferences must flow from facts and circumstances 

proven in the record, and must be of such volume and quality as 

to overcome the presumption of innocence and satisfy the jury 

of an accused’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The trier of fact 

cannot base a conviction on conjecture and speculation and a 

verdict which is premised on suspicion will fail even under the 

limited scrutiny of appellate review. 
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Id. at 1035-36 (citation and internal quotation omitted). 

The crime of Endangering the Welfare of Child is defined, in relevant 

part, as: 

A parent, guardian or other person supervising the welfare 

of a child under 18 years of age, or a person that employs 

or supervises such a person, commits an offense if [s]he 

knowingly endangers the welfare of the child by violating a 

duty of care, protection or support. 

18 Pa.C.S. § 4304(a)(1) (emphasis added). The crime of endangering the 

welfare of a child is a specific intent offense. The intent element under 

section 4304 is a knowing violation of a duty of care. See Commonwealth 

v. Cardwell, 515 A.2d 311, 313 (Pa. Super. 1986); see also 

Commonwealth v. Smith, (Pa. Super. 2008) (three-prong standard to 

prove knowing element of intent of EWOC: (1) accused must be aware of 

duty to protect child; (2) accused must be aware that child is in 

circumstances that could threaten child’s physical or psychological welfare; 

and (3) accused either must have failed to act, or must have taken action so 

lame or meager that actions cannot reasonably be expected to protect 

child’s welfare). 

 In Cardwell, an EWOC case involving a mother’s failure to protect her 

child from another person’s severe abuse, our Court looked to section 302 of 

the Crimes Code to conclude that violating a duty of care under the EWOC 

statute includes omissions to act, as well as acts. Id. at 314. The Court 

stated, “Where there is a duty of care and where there is sufficient evidence 

that the parent knows that the action is required to fulfill his or her parental 
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duty, than a failure to act may be a knowing failure in the parent’s duty of 

care.” Id. See Commonwealth v. Barnhart, 497 A.2d 616, 620-21 (Pa. 

Super. 1985) (“A parent is charged with the duty of care and control, 

subsistence and education necessary for the child’s physical, mental and 

emotional health and morals.”). 

 Here, the trial judge justified the jury’s EWOC and REAP verdicts as 

follows: 

The Jury did what a Jury is supposed to do. Twelve members of 

our community considered all of the evidence against the 

Defendant, and they considered all of the evidence for the 

Defendant. 

The Jury found the Defendant guilty at Count 1 of Endangering 

the Welfare of Baby [M.], and at Count 2, Recklessly 

Endangering her well-being. 

The Commonwealth never charged the Defendant with actually 

causing the several injuries to Baby [M.]. They charged the 

Defendant with endangering her baby by neglecting her, 

and also being reckless with her. 

No one has to date, including the Defendant, and throughout all 

of the Pre-Trial and tribulations of the dependency or the 

criminal prosecution in this matter, ever disputed the obvious: 

That if an x-ray shows a trained doctor, that a two[-]month[-]old 

baby has 18 broken bones, and there is no accident to explain 

the injuries, that the injuries do quietly and simply, but 

powerfully speak for themselves. 

N.T. Sentencing Order, 4/2/15, at 2.7

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7

 We note, with disapproval, that the trial judge chose not to write a 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion. Instead, he stated that he “stands by [the 

court’s] previously filed opinion and no further additions shall be filed at this 

time.” Order, 12/7/15. We find this troubling given that not only did the 

(Footnote Continued Next Page) 
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 Instantly, there is nothing in the record to prove, beyond a reasonable 

doubt, that A.R.C. either recklessly endangered M.S. or acted in such a way 

that her neglect endangered M.S.’s welfare. To uphold her duty of parental 

care, A.R.C. took M.S. to every scheduled well-check and voluntarily took 

M.S. to the doctor when she seemed excessively fussy at 52-days-old. The 

doctors told A.R.C. that M.S. was likely suffering from colic, a normal 

condition in newborn infants. A.R.C. complied with the doctors’ treatment 

for M.S.’s thrush and impetigo by administering her antibiotics and topical 

cream. None of M.S.’s healthcare providers either suspected or discovered 

any of the baby’s injuries prior to her July 30th hospital visit where she was 

first diagnosed with a broken femur and 17 pre-existing fractures. 

 Doctors testified that M.S. was a healthy, thriving baby girl at all of her 

visits. Moreover, the evidence showed that A.R.C. had no idea that M.S. had 

sustained any injuries prior to her July 30th hospital visit. N.T. Jury Trial, 

1/14/15, at 17 (arresting officer testified that there was no evidence, 

testimony or information discovered during investigation to show that, prior 

to July 29th, A.R.C. was aware that M.S. had suffered any injury). In fact, 

A.R.C. only became aware that M.S.’s leg was swollen and red when she 

arrived home from work on the evening of the 30th and saw B.S. applying ice 

(Footnote Continued) _______________________ 

court ask A.R.C. to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of reasons for 

appeal, but, additionally, the trial court did not issue any opinion on A.R.C.’s 

post-trial motions that were denied by operation of law. 
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to the baby’s limb. Id. at 276 (A.R.C. was not “fully awake” when the injury 

to M.S.’s leg happened); id. at 263 (“I was shocked, confused, upset in a 

way because I did not understand why he was [applying ice to the baby’s leg 

and did not know] what happened.”). In fact, A.R.C. testified that when she 

left for work on the morning of the 30th, M.S. was sleeping in her bassinette. 

N.T. Jury Trial, 1/14/15, at 262, 277. 

 Additionally, both B.S. and A.R.C.’s mother testified that they never 

saw A.R.C. mistreat the baby, nor did A.R.C. know that the baby had fallen 

out of the car seat when she was only a few weeks old. Id. at 94, 259. 

A.R.C. testified that she had never observed B.S. lose his temper with M.S., 

injure M.S. or place her in any risk of danger. Id. at 275-76. She also 

testified that she was not aware of anyone else who ever injured or placed 

M.S. in risk of danger. Id. at 276. Finally, A.R.C. testified that she never 

left M.S. in the care of someone incompetent to care for her daughter. Id.

 Jeffrey Lancaster, M.D., the attending physician on duty when M.S. 

was admitted to the hospital for her broken femur, testified: “Outside of 

normal maternal instinct, which [A.R.C.] appears to have exhibited when she 

says my baby is irritable, I don’t think there is really much else with these 

injures that she could have done.” Id. at 161. Moreover, A.R.C.’s mother, 

who lived in the same small trailer with the couple and M.S., testified that 

the baby was generally pleasant, only waking to feed a couple times at 

night. Even on the evening of the 29th when M.S.’s leg was fractured, 

A.R.C.’s mother and A.R.C. testified that the baby’s cry was no different than 
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any other night when she would wake to feed. Cf. Commonwealth v. 

Cottam, 616 A.2d 988 (Pa. Super. 1992) (where defendants’-parents’ son 

died of starvation and malnutrition, appellants convicted of EWOC for 

violating duty of care where father told officers he had not made right 

decision, had let situation go too far, should have gone for help, mother did 

not want children to spend money on food, parents told children if they went 

to neighbors to beg for food they would be taken away from them, and they 

were aware that son’s arm had gone numb a few weeks prior to death and 

did nothing about it). 

 Under such circumstances, we find that the Commonwealth did not 

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that A.R.C. was aware that M.S. was 

placed under circumstances that could threaten her physical welfare or that 

she failed to act to protect M.S.’s welfare. Smith, supra. Therefore, 

A.R.C.’s EWOC conviction is infirm and must be vacated. 

The crime of REAP is defined as: 

A person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if [s]he 

recklessly engages in conduct which places or may place another 

person in danger of death or serious bodily injury.

 18 Pa.C.S. § 2705. The mens rea required for the crime of REAP, 

“recklessly,” is defined as a conscious disregard of a known risk of death or 

great bodily harm to another person. Commonwealth v. Chapman, 763 

A.2d 895 (Pa. Super. 2000). Acts of commission or omission by parents 

towards their children may create a substantial risk of death or great bodily 

injury. Cottam, 616 A.2d at 993. 
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 Similar to the dearth of evidence to prove EWOC, the Commonwealth 

also failed to produce sufficient evidence to show that A.R.C. recklessly 

endangered M.S. A.R.C. neither knew nor should have known that M.S. had 

suffered 18 fractures prior to being told the results of the hospital’s July 30th

x-ray examination. A.R.C. took M.S. to all of her well checks throughout the 

relevant time period, brought M.S. to the doctor’s office when she was 

concerned that she was overly fussy, and performed the usual parental 

duties as the mother of a newborn (baths, feedings, diaper changes, 

administering prescribed medications, etc). Plainly stated, there is no 

evidence in the record to show that A.R.C. consciously disregarded a known 

risk of great bodily harm to M.S. Cf. Cottam, supra (where defendantparents were under mistaken belief that only prayer would aid their dying, 

malnourished son, mens rea element of REAP still proven; appellants knew 

son was near death, and did not seek aid). Doctors testified that all 18 

injuries were sustained after A.R.C. went back to work, post-birth, and when 

M.S. was primarily cared for by B.S.. N.T. Jury Trial, 1/14/15, at 221, 245. 

 The trial court correctly noted that this is an unusual case in that no 

one has been able to account for how M.S. sustained 17 of her 18 

undisputed, non-accidental fractures. However, just because those injuries 

were not traceable to a specific person or event, criminal liability is not 

automatically imputed to a parent. The Commonwealth is still required to 

prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, the elements of REAP and EWOC. The 

Commonwealth failed to sustain its burden of proof in the instant case. 
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 Judgment of sentence vacated. Defendant discharged. Jurisdiction 

relinquished.8

Judgment Entered. 

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. 

Prothonotary 

Date: 11/1/2016 

____________________________________________ 

8

 Because we vacate and remand for discharge on sufficiency grounds, we 

need not address A.R.C.’s remaining issues on appeal.