FI L ED U.S. COURT OF APPEAL S EL EVENTHCI RCUI T J UNE 24, 2011 J OHN L EY CL ERK [DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE U

NITED STATE S COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELE VENTH CIRCUIT

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ No. 1 0- 15 49 4 Non -Arg um en t Ca le nd ar

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ D.C. Dock etNo. 3 :1 0- cr-0 00 51 -LC-1 UNITED STAT ES OF AMERIC A, ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll Pla in ti ff-Ap pe ll ee, ve rs us DOUGLAS E. LEIGHTE Y, ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll Defen da nt -Ap pe ll an t.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

th e Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co urt forth e North ernDis tri ctof F lo rid a

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (Jun e 2 4, 2 01 1) Befo re TJ OFLAT, ED MONDSON an d KRAVITC H, Circ ui t J ud ge s. PER CURI AM: A Nort he rnDis tri ctof F lo rid a jury con vi ct edDou gl as E. Leig ht ey of a ll ch arg es inanin di ctm en t: Co un t On e, us e o f a co m pu te r to att em

ptto pe rs ua de ,in du ce, en ti ce an d c oe rce am in orto en ga ge inil le ga l s ex ua l ac ti vi ty, in vi ol at io n

of 18 U.S.C. § 2 42 2( b) ; Co un t Two , tra ve l i n i nt ers ta te co m m erce with t he in te nt to en ga ge ina se xu al actwith ape rs on un de r th e ag e o f twe lv e, 18 U.S.C. § 22 41 (c); Co un t Th ree, u se of aco m pu te r to att em

ptto tra ns fer o bs cen e m at te r to a
m in or , invi ol at io n o f 18 U.S.C. § 1 47 0. Th e d is tri ctco urt s en te nc edLeig ht ey to
co nc urren t p ris on term s o f 12 m on th s o n C ou nt s On e an d Th ree and36 0 m on th s on Co un t Two . He no w app eal s h is co nv ic ti on s an d h is Co un t Two sen te nc e. Leig ht ey ch al le ng es hi s co nv ic ti on s o n t he gro un d t ha t the ev id en ce was in su ffi ci en t t o c on vi ctbe cau se he was e ntrap pe d a s a m at te r of law. Th e co urt th eref or e err edinde nyin g h is m ot io n fo r jud gm en t o f acqui tt al . Leig ht ey ch al le ng es th e Co un t Two sen te nc e, th e m in im um sen te nc e p res cri be d b y

st atut e, on sev eral gro un ds : (1 ) itvi ol at es th e Eig ht h Am en dm en t p ro hi bi ti on ag ai ns t crue l
an d u nu su al pu ni sh m en t as ap pl ie d t o t he fact s o f hi s ca se ; (2 ) itis di sp ro po rti on at e whe n c om pa redto st at e la w sen te nc es foratt em pt edch il d s ex cri m es ; (3 ) itis in va li d u nd er Uni te d Sta tes v. Bo ok er , 54 3 U.S. 2 20 , 12 5 S .Ct. 73 8, 1 60 L.Ed.2d62 1 (2 00 5) , whi ch , acco rd in g t o Lei gh te y , bar s m an da to ry
m in im um sen te nc es ; an d (4 ) itis un co ns ti tu ti on al be cau se itde pr iv edth e d is tri ct
co urt fr om

ex erci si ng it s d is cret io n, Gre en la w v. Uni te d Sta tes , 55 4 U.S. 2 37 , 12 8 S.Ct . 25 59 , 17 1 L.Ed .2d39 9 (2 00 8)
. 2I.

W e rev ie w a ch al le ng e to th e su ffi ci en cy of the ev id en ce de no vo , vi ewin g th e ev id en ce i n t he li gh t m os t fa vo rab le to th e g ov ern m en t. Uni te d Sta tes v. J on es , 60 1 F .3d12 47 , 12 67 (11 th Cir . 20 10 ). Res ol vi ng all cred ib il it y ch oi ces insupp ort of th e jury’ s v erd ic t, we d eci de “ whe th er the ev id en ce. . .was s uf fic ie ntto supp ort th e jury’ s co nc lu si on th atth e d efen da ntwas g ui lt y be y on d areas on ab le do ub t.” Id . W e al so ap pl y

a de no vo st an da rdof r ev ie w to a co urt’s d en ia l o f a m ot io n fo r jud gm en t o f acqui tt al
. Uni te d Sta tes v. Zh en g , 30 6 F .3d10 80 , 10 83 (11 th Cir
. 20 02 ). The affi rm at iv e d efen se of e nt rap m en t “ ap pl ie s wh ena pe rs onno t pr ed is po se d t o c omm ita cri m e is in du cedto do so by the go ve rn m en t.” Uni te d St at es v. Sistru nk , 62 2 F .3d13 28 , 13 32 (11 th Cir . 20 10 ), cer t. d en ie d , 13 1 S .Ct. 15 29 (20 11 ). Ther e are two ele m en ts to anen trapm en t d efen se : “ (1 ) go ve rn m en t in du cem en t o f th e cri m e; an d (2 ) la ckof p red is po si ti on onth e p artof t he de fen da nt .” Id

. at 1 33 3. Th e d efen da ntbe ars th e in it ia l b ur de n o f pr oduc ti on of
ev id en ce o f go ve rn m en t i nduc em en t; on ce h e m eet s t ha t b ur de n, the go ve rn m en t
m us t p ro ve be y on d areas on ab le do ub t tha t h e was pre di sp os edto co m m itth e cri m e. Id
. Whe n t he jury reject s a d efen da nt ’s ent rap m en t d efen se , our rev ie w is li mit edto “ whe th er the ev id en ce was su ffi ci en t fo r a rea so nabl e jury to c on cl ud e 3th atth e d efen dantwas p red is po se d t o t ak e p artinth e il li ci t tran sa ct io n.” Uni te d

St at es v. Pad

ro n , 52 7 F .3d11 56 , 11 59 (11 th Cir . 20 08 ).

Viewi ng th e ev id en ce i n t he li gh t m os t fa vo rab le to th e Gov ern m en t, we
co nc lu de th e jury hadanad equa te ba si s fo r fi nd in g t ha t Lei gh te y was p red is po se d to en ga ge inth e co nduc t wi th whi ch he was c ha rg ed . This is ho w th e o ffen se s al le ge d i n C ou nt s On e th ro ug h Th ree c am e ab ou t. A Pen sa co la , Flo rid a, po li ce o ffi cer, Ch ris to ph er Wilk in so n, was att ach edto Im m ig rat io n a ndCu st om s En fo rcem en t (“ ICE”) a s an un de rco ve r in ve st ig at orof
co m pu te r cri m es in vo lv in g c hi ld ren . W il ki ns on est ab li sh eda Yah oo ! ch atroo m pr of il e fo r hi s i nv es ti ga ti on . Pos in g a s a “ di rty pare nt ,” he st at edth athi s n am e 1
was Mi ke Jo hn so n, tha t h e was 49 y ears ol d, tha t h e h adaneig ht -y ear- ol d s on an d a te n- y ear o lddaug ht er, an d t ha t h is fav or it e m ov ie s wer e “ Pret ty Baby” and

“ Lol it a,” m ov ie s t ha t p ortra y edadul ts ha vi ng sex with c hi ld ren . Und er “ in te res ts ,” he st at ed , “ I li ke [] to t al k wi th li ke -m in de d p aren ts ab ou t h ow t o p ro pe rly ins tru ct
aneig htan d t eny ear o ldbo y an d g irl at ways to de ve lo p m ean in gf ul rel at io ns hi ps , to pl eas e em ai l m e if

y ou ’re lik e-m in de d.”

Wil kinson described “dirty pare nts ” as “a phenomenon wher e pare nts swing with other 1 pare nts and their childre n, and so they have se x with eac h other’s c hildren.”

4A per so n wi th th e sc reen na m e Si dn ey Glo m p, wh o turne d o utto be Leig ht ey , co nt act edW il ki ns on by Y ah oo ! in st an t m es sa gi ng on Decem be r 3, 2 20 09 . Leig ht ey

in di cat edth athe wou ldbe vi si ti ng Pen sa co lainMarc h a ndask ed ab ou t Wilk in so n’s fa m il y . W il ki ns on to ldLeig ht ey th athe was 4 9 andhi s wi fe
was 29 , andth atth ey

ha d abo y

who was e ig htan d agi rl wh o was ten . Leig ht ey at te m pt edto co m

m un ic at e with Wil ki ns onnu m ero us ti m es inDecem be r 20 09 an d Ja nu ary 20 10 , bu t Wilk in so n was no t o nl in e o n t he se da te s. Inanon li ne co nv ers at io n o n F eb ru ary 8, 2 01 0, Lei gh te y in di cat edth athe
was pre pa rin g fo r hi s M archtri p t o P en sa co laan d was ha vi ng tro ub le s m ak in g ot he r fri en ds forth e tr ip , bec au se “ [t]he y say it t ak es ti m e to ga intru stbe fo re the y
m eet .” Leig ht ey

th enask edwhatW il ki ns on ’s ki ds ’ ag es were, an d Wil ki ns on to ld hi m th athi s s on was e ig htan d h is daug ht er el ev en . The fo ll owi ng co nv ers at io n en su ed : [Wilk in so n: ] Are y oulo ok in g fo r fam il y fun or ju stswi ng in g?
... [Lei gh te y :] Fam il y

fun . By fam il y fun , justwhatdo y oum ean ? Swin gi ng I do un de rs ta nd
. [Wilk in so n: ] Fam il ie s t ha t p la y to ge th er. [Lei gh te y :] I hav e ta lk edto so m e with d iff eren t m ean in gs . To pl ay , Wil kinson was able to deter mine that Glomp was actua lly Doug las E. L eightey of Carey , 2 Ohio. 5y oudo m ean co nt act ?

[Wilk in so n: ] I gu es s you c ansay we swin g a s a f am il y with o th er fam il ie s. [Lei gh te y :] Whe re k id s ar e in vo lv ed ? Talk edto on e m anwho says ki ds are o ff l im it s u nt il 18 no m at te r wha t. ... Talk edto on e m anwho sa id17 is th ei r li m it s. [Wilk in so n: ] W el l, we n ev er fo rce a nyth in g, b utif t he ki ds wantto pl ay , we letth em , as l on g a s ev eryone un de rs ta nd s wh atth e wor d “ no ” m ean s. [Lei gh te y :] Fair . ... I talk edto on e who says th atgi rls at a ny age g etto si t o n h is lap
. [Lei gh te y :] I am

no t l oo ki ng foran y

co nt act . Ju stwantto be th ere. W ou ldbe so ho t. I kno w I wil l g eta woo dy j us t b ei ng th ere. [Wilk in so n: ] Fai r en ou gh . Butwhatdo y oum ean , justwatc h u s h av e se x o r wha t? [Lei gh te y :] AndI won de r wha t k in d o f lo ok s I wi ll ha ve fro m th em be in g ast ran ge r if

I am acce pt ed . I’ d l ov e to joi n i n o n t he sex if i t happ en s I am

acce pt ed . [If] no t, tha t i s g oo d, t oo . Ju stto be a pa rt. I do un de rs ta ndlo ne m al es are n otreal ly accep te d. [Wilk in so n: ] W el l, m

y so n u su al ly ain ’t in te res te d. He’s s ti ll a li tt le y ou ng . Butm

y daug ht er l ik es to pl ay . [Lei gh te y :] [Now] th atdo es in te res t m e. Sh e li ke s t o s iton lap s? [Wilk in so n: ] LOL. It’s o ka y . She ’s nev er d on e in te rco ur se . She is tryin g t o, b utsh e is st il l a l it tl e small d own th ere, b utsh e li ke s to uc hi ng an d b ei ng to uc he d. [Lei gh te y :] Tou ch in g i s wh atI wan t –I am in te res te d i n, i f al lo wedto 6joi n i n.

... [Wilk in so n: ] Hav e y ouev er b een with ali tt le on e b efo re? [Lei gh te y :] No. AndI won de r ab ou t i t. [Wilk in so n: ] Hon es tl y , y oum ay be m or e h ap py with jus t s tra ig ht swi ng in g wi th ot he r adul ts . [Lei gh te y :] Litt le on es m or e fu n? I won de r if th ey are. [Wilk in so n: ] [The y ] are d iff eren t an d m or e en erg et ic an d e ag er t o le arnne w stuf

f an d t he y lo ve th e at te nt io n. [Lei gh te y :] I betth ey

do . Butth ey

m ay be cau ti ou s o f a s tra ng er an d av oi d. [Wilk in so n: ] Bu t i t’s d iff eren t tha n wi th adul ts . Youne edto kn ow ho w to tal k t o t he m

an d re as su re the m

an d s tu ff. [Lei gh te y :] Coa x the m

ina way ? [Wilk in so n: ] Tha t’s wh y

I sa y if you’ve ne ve r do ne itbe fo re, y ou pr ob ab ly sho ul d s ti ckwith o th er adul ts . [Lei gh te y :] May

be , bu t tha nk s fo r fi ll in g m e in . I th in k I a m jus t t oo an xi ou s m ay

be , andI sh ou ldno t try

itwhi le I am

a st ran ge r to th em . Leig ht ey an d Wil ki ns tal ke d a ga in vi a o nl in e ch aton Marc h 1 7, 2 01 0. In th atco nv ers at io n, Lei gh te y to ldW il ki ns on th athe was c om in g t o P en sa co laon Apr il 23 , 20 10 , andth atit“ [w]oul d b e n ic e to sp en d t im e wit h yougu y s.” On th is
oc cas io n, Lei gh te y

an d Wil ki ns on ha d t he fol lo win g c on ve rs at io n:

7[Lei gh te y :] W el l, i t wi ll be m y fir stti m e, rem em

be r, an d I t hi nk I do un de rs ta ndth in gs pre tt y go od
. [Wilk in so n: ] A newb ie , hu gh ? [Lei gh te y :] Yes. Youli ke ne wbi es . [Wilk in so n: ] Youm ean ab ou t k id s? [Lei gh te y :] Yes, I u nd ers ta ndth atpre tt y go od , bu t n ew to be in g na ke d wi tha fam il y

als o. [Wilk in so n: ] W el l, i t’s n otth atba d o nc e y ouge t u se d t o i t. [Lei gh te y :] I ho pe no t. LOL. I sh ou ldge t u se d t o i t fa stsi nc e I wan t t o t ry

it . Thatdo es m ak e a d iff eren ce. Onl y

ho pe I fitin
. On Ap ril 12 , 20 10 , Leig ht ey pro vi de d Wil ki ns on with h is em ai l ad dr es s,
an d t he two be ga n c omm un ic at in g v iaem ai l as well . W il ki ns onsen t Lei gh te y two ph ot og rap hs of h im se lf a ndSh an no n F orte nb erry, who was u nd erco ve r as hi s wife , by em ai l. Leig ht ey an d Wil ki ns on als o h adanin te rn etch atwher e Lei gh te y us eda web cam era a ndun dr es se d i n fr on t o f it . As Leig ht ey un dr es se d, Wilk in so n t ol d hi m th athi s d au gh te r ha d c om e in to th e ro om . In re sp on se to Leig ht ey ’s qu es ti on reg ard in g wh ethe r he sh ou ldst op un dr es si ng , W il ki ns onsai d, “ [It ] do es no t m at te r to m e. Sh e’s sm il in g.” Leig ht ey an d Wil ki ns on th enha d t he fol lo win g e xc ha ng e. [Lei gh te y :] How o ldis Apri l?

8[Wilk in so n: ] Sh e is 11 . ... G oi ng on 21
.

[Lei gh te y :] LOL. Kid s. [Wilk in so n: ] Yes
. [Lei gh te y :] She do es so m ethi ng to m e. LOL. [Wilk in so n t he n t el ls Leig ht ey th athi s d au gh te r Apr il is si tt in g on hi s l ap .] [Lei gh te y :] Apri l i s? [Wilk in so n: ] LOL. I ho pe it ’s go od
. [Lei gh te y :] So s he see n m e n ak ed ? I do ho pe itis go od
. [Wilk in so n: ] Apr il ? Yes. Sh e’s ri gh t h ere. [Lei gh te y :] I ho pe I can do he r go od
. [Lei gh te y :] Say , when I am th ere, wo ul d Ap ril ho ldth e so ap for m e? [Wilk in so n: ] Sh e is sm il in g. I thi nkth atm ean s yes. LOL. [Lei gh te y :] Okay. AndI’ll h ol d i t fo r he r if sh e wan ts . I’ ll was h h er b ack , to o. [Wilk in so n: ] Sh e is a pr ou d g irl no w. [Lei gh te y :] She is ? Didsh e co m e o f ag e? [Wilk in so n: ] Sh e wen t al l the way with h er d ad dy abo uttwo week s. [Lei gh te y :] Coo l. So no w sh e’s da dd y ’s gi rl. Di d yousee th at ?
9Duri ng th e co nv ers at io n, Wilk in so n c ou ldsee on th e web cam era t ha t

Leig ht ey ’s pen is was e rect , andth athe was m as tu rb at in g. Th e co nv ers at io n be twee n Lei gh te y

an d Wil ki ns on co nt in ue d: [Lei gh te y :] As so onas yousai d t ha t, I g otha rd . LOL
. [Wilk in so n: ] Sh e is real ly sm il in g n ow. Sh e wan ts to kn ow i f y ou li ke to ki ss do wn the re. [Lei gh te y :] Youm ean on he r? [Wilk in so n: ] Sh e say s yes. [Lei gh te y :] Okay. Do I l ik e to ki ss th ere? Yes, I d o l ik e th at . Got m e h ardag ai n a sk in g t ha t. LOL. See th at ? Leig ht ey als o t ol d Wil ki ns on th athe ha d “ [d ]ecid edth is ti m e o n v acat io n I wan te d t o h av e so m e rea ll y go odfun .” Pri orto en di ng th e ch at , Leig ht ey to ld W il ki ns on to tel l Ap ril go odbye andth athe wou ldsee he r so on . Leig ht ey an d Wil ki ns on th erea fte r ex ch an ge d e m ai ls reg ard in g Leig ht ey ’s pl anto vi si t Pe ns aco la . On Apr il 22 , 20 10 , th ey m etat aDairy Que enacro ss fro m

a Ram ad a In n i n P en sa co la . Sha nn on Fo rte nb erry, an un de rco ve r de te ct iv e, acc om pa ni edW il ki ns on , po si ng as h is wife . Duri ng th e co nv ers at io n t ha t fo ll owe d, the y di sc us se d h ow Lei gh te y ’s sex ua l en co un te r with Ap ril wou ldbe gi n. Lei gh te y in te rject edth athe kn ew ho w th e en co un te r

10wou ldpro ceed . As th e co nv ers at io n g rew t o aclo se , Leig ht ey st at edth athe
wou ldch eckin to th e Ram ad a In n, g o t o Walg reen s an d b uy a W eb ki nz do ll an d to anadul t n ov el ty sto re t o p ur ch as e so m ethi ng forW il ki ns on ’s wife a ndApri l be fo re m eet in g wi th th em at t he ho te l. At t ha t p oi nt , W il ki ns on si gn al edot he r ag en ts an d Lei gh te y

was a rres te d. Inad di ti on to whatwe ha ve setou t ab ov e, th e jury recei ve d o th er ev id en ce o f Leig ht ey ’s pre di sp os it io n t o e ng ag e in th e il li ci t co nduc t. So m e o f th is ev id en ce was inth e fo rm of Lei gh te y ’s adm is si on s—th atLeig ht ey ha d b een in vo lv edinco nv ers at io ns with o th er famili es reg ard in g t he po ss ib il it y of h av in g se x wi th th ei r ch il dr en . W il ki ns on di d n ottry to en ti ce o r pe rs ua de Leig ht ey to ha ve sex with Ap ril . At on e p oi nt , he g av e Lei gh te y an“ ou t” by sug ge st in g t ha t Leig ht ey sh ou ldst ic k wi th adul ts in st eadof c hi ld ren . Yet, Lei gh te y pe rs is te d. Insu m , we fin d n o e rro r in th e d is tri ctco urt’s d en ia l o f Leig ht ey ’s m ot io n fo r jud gm en t o f acqui tt al
. 3 II. W e rev ie w a de fen da nt ’s con st itut io na l ch al le ng e to hi s s en te nc e de no vo .
L eightey asser

ts that his convictions sho u l d b e reversed beca use an actua l child was not 3 involved in the case. Our prece dent m akes clear that an actual child is not nece ssary . See United States v. Farley , 607 F.3d 1294, 1325 ( 11th Cir.), cert. de nied, 131 S.Ct . 369 (2010).

11Uni te d Sta tes v. Ro zi er , 59 8 F .3d76 8, 7 70 (11 thCir . 20 10 ). Whe re a p arty ha s fai le d t o p res erv e anob

jecti on to th e se nt en ce af te r be in g o ffer edth e op po rtu ni ty to d o s o, an y ob jecti on is waiv edan d we wi ll no t ad dr es s t he ob jecti onun le ss th e fai lu re t o d o s o wo ul d re su ltinm an ife stin jus ti ce. Uni te d St at es v. Ca nt

y , 57 0 F .3d12 51 , 12 56 (11 th Cir . 20 09 ). W e equa te m an ife st in jus ti ce wi th th e p la inerro r st an da rdof r ev ie w. Uni te d Sta tes v. Qu in ta na , 30 0 F.3 d 1 22 7, 1 23 2 (1 1t h C ir. 2 00 2) . “ To d em on st rat e m an ife stin jus ti ce, a pe ti ti on er m

us t d em on st rat e (1 ) th atth ere was erro r; ( 2) th atwas p la in ; (3 ) th at affe ct edhi s s ub st an ti al rig ht s; an d (4 ) th ataffe ct edth e fu nd am en ta l fa irn es s o f th e p ro ceed in gs .” Id. Altho ug h Lei gh te y

rai se d h is Eig ht h Am en dm en t cl ai m inhi s m ot io n t o di sm is s t he in di ctm en t, h e fai le d t o ra is e itat h is sen te nc in g h eari ng Henc e, we rev ie w hi s cl ai m

forpl ai n e rro r on ly. In Uni te d Sta tes v. Fa rl ey , we reject edth e sa m e arg um en t tha t Lei gh te y m ak es he re, h ol di ng th atth e 3 0- y ear m in im um
m an da to ry

im po se d u nd er 1 8 U.S.C. § 22 41 (c) i s n otco ns ti tu ti on al ly di sp ro po rti on at e to th e o ffen se an d t hu s d oe s n otvi ol at e th e Eig ht h Am en dm en t. Se e 60 7 F .3d12 94 , 13 43 -4 5 (1 1 Cir . 20 10 ). Becaus e Lei gh te y ’s th arg um en t co ntrad ic ts ou r pr eced en t, the di st ric t co urt d idno t err in im po si ng Leig ht ey ’s 30 -y ear s en te nc e. 12Fi na ll y , Leig ht ey ass ert s t ha t the 30 -y ear m in im um m an da to ry

sen te nc e fo r Co un t Two vi ol at es th e Si xt h Am en dm en t. Ag ai n, Lei gh te y ha s wai ve d a ll bu t p la in erro r. Not hi ng in Boo ker

or Gre en la w supp orts Leig ht ey ’s arg um en t tha t d is tri ct
co urts can no t i m

po se st atut ory

m an da to ry

min im um sen te nc es . Furt he rm or e, in Uni te d Sta tes v. C

as ta in g- So sa , 53 0 F .3d13 58 (11 th Cir . 20 08 ), we sp eci fic al ly he ldth atdi st ric t co urts rem ai n b ou ndby statut ory m an da to ry

m in im um s i n se nt en ci ng , no ti ng th at Boo ker ap pl ie d t o t he Sen te nc in g Gu id el in es , no t t o st atut ory m an da to ry

m in im um s. Id. at 1 36 2. Si nc e Lei gh te y ’s arg um en t i s co nt rary to o urpre ced en t, the di st ric t co urt d idno t err in im po si ng Leig ht ey ’s 30 -y ear s en te nc e. AFFIR MED.

13