**EXHIBIT      31.1**

| (a)   | Designed                such disclosure controls and procedures or caused such disclosure                controls                and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that                material information relating to the registrant including its consolidated                subsidiary, is made known to us by others within those entities,                particularly during the period in which this report is being                prepared; |
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| (b)   | Designed                such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal                control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision,                to                provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial                reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external                purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting                principles; |
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| (c)   | Evaluated                the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures                and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness                of                the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period                covered by this report based on such evaluation; and |
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| (d)   | Disclosed                in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over                financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent                fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely                to                materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial                reporting; and |
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| (a)   | All                significant deficiencies in the design or operation of internal control                over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely                affect                the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report                financial information; and |
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| (b)   | Any                fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other                employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal                controls over financial reporting. |
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