FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 January 19, 2007

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 06-13967

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

BIA Nos. 

A95-263-153 & A97-192-075

MARCO ANTONIO ROJAS-IRIARTE, 

MARCELA GOMEZ BLANCO, 

Petitioners, 

versus 

U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL, 

Respondent. 

________________________

Petition for Review of a Decision of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

_________________________

(January 19, 2007)

Before TJOFLAT, BLACK and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Petitioners Marco Antonio Rojas-Iriarte (Rojas) and Marcela Gomez-Blanco
 Rojas also sought withholding relief under the U.N. Convention Against Torture (CAT). 1

Gomez did likewise. Both were denied such relief. In their petitions to this court, neither petitioner

challenges the denial and thus are deemed to have abandoned any objection they may have had to

the CAT rulings. 

2

 (Gomez), his wife, are natives and citizens of Colombia, S.A. Rojas was admitted

to the United States on March 17, 2002, as a non-immigrant student to attend

Atlanta English Institute (AEI). On March 27, 2002, he filed an application for

asylum and withholding of removal. On May 23, 2002, he received a Notice to 1

Appear, which alleged that he had not attended AEI, a condition of his nonimmigrant status, and thus was subject to removal under section 237(a)(1)(C) of

the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(C). On

September 28, 2002, Gomez was admitted to the United States as a non-immigrant

visitor with permission to remain until March 27, 2003. On March 28, 2003, she

applied for asylum and withholding of removal. She received a Notice to Appear

on May 28, 2003, which alleged that she was subject to removal because she had

remained in the United States for a period longer than authorized. Id. 

At their initial appearances before an Immigration Judge (IJ), petitioners

conceded removability. Their cases were then consolidated, and on December 22,

2004, an IJ held an evidentiary hearing on their applications for asylum and

withholding of removal. At the conclusion of the hearing, the IJ denied their

applications. They appealed the IJ’s decisions to the Board of Immigration
3

Appeals (BIA), and on April 13, 2005, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decisions without

opinion. On May 11, 2006, petitioners moved the BIA to reconsider its ruling, and

on June 22, 2006, the BIA granted their motions, vacated its April 13, 2005

decision, and issued a new decision affirming the IJ’s denials of asylum and

withholding of removal. Rojas and Gomez now petition this court for review. 

When the BIA issues a decision, we review only that decision, “except to the

extent that the BIA expressly adopts the IJ’s” decision. Al Najjar v. Ashcroft, 257

F.3d 1262, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001). In this case, although the BIA did not expressly

adopt the IJ’s decision, it relied on the IJ’s reasoning and did not present any

additional analysis or bases for affirming the IJ. Therefore, we review both the

BIA and the IJ’s decisions. “To the extent that the BIA’s [and the IJ’s] decision

was based on a legal determination, this court’s review is de novo.” D-Muhumed

v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 388 F.3d 814, 817 (11th Cir. 2004). Factual determinations are

reviewed under the substantial evidence test, and we must affirm the BIA’s and

IJ’s findings of fact “if [they are] supported by reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Al Najjar, 257 F.3d

at 1284 (citation and quotations omitted). The substantial evidence test is

“deferential” and does not allow “re-weigh[ing] the evidence from scratch.” 

Mazariegos v. Office of U.S. Att’y Gen., 241 F.3d 1320, 1323 (11th Cir. 2001)

(quotations omitted). “To reverse the . . . fact findings, we must find that the record
4

not only supports reversal, but compels it.” Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 327 F.3d

1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003).

An alien who arrives in or is present in the United States may apply for

asylum. See INA § 208(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1). The Attorney General

(whose decision in this matter is deemed the product of the Department of

Homeland Security) has discretion to grant asylum if the alien meets the INA’s

definition of a “refugee.” See INA § 208(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). A

“refugee” is 

any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality or, in the

case of a person having no nationality, is outside any country in which such

person last habitually resided, and who is unable or unwilling to return to,

and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of,

that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on

account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social

group, or political opinion.

INA § 101(a)(42)(A); 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The asylum applicant carries the

burden of proving statutory “refugee” status. See Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1284. To

establish asylum eligibility, the alien must, with specific and credible evidence,

establish (1) past persecution on account of a statutorily listed factor, or (2) a

“well-founded fear” that the statutorily listed factor will cause such future

persecution. 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a), (b). “Demonstrating such a connection requires

the alien to present specific, detailed facts showing a good reason to fear that he or

she will be singled out for persecution on account of” a statutory factor. Al Najjar,
5

257 F.3d at 1287 (quotations and citation omitted).

To qualify for withholding of removal under the INA, an alien must show

that if removed, his or her life or freedom would be threatened on account of race,

religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.

INA § 241(b)(3); 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3). “An alien bears the burden of

demonstrating that he more-likely-than-not would be persecuted or tortured upon

his return to the country in question.” Mendoza, 327 F.3d at 1287. If an alien is

unable to meet the standard of proof for asylum, the alien is generally precluded

from qualifying for withholding of removal. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1292-93.

If the alien establishes past persecution, it is presumed that the alien’s life or

freedom would be threatened upon a return to that country. 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.13(b),

208.16(b). An alien who has not shown past persecution may still be entitled to

asylum or withholding of removal by demonstrating a future threat to his or her

life or freedom on a protected ground in his or her country. Id. §§ 208.13(b)(2),

208.16(b)(2). To establish a “well-founded fear,” “an applicant must demonstrate

that his fear of persecution is subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable.” Al

Najjar, 257 F.3d at 1289 (discussing well-founded fear as it applies to asylum). 

Also, as with past persecution, if the BIA finds that the alien could avoid a future

threat by relocating to another part of his country, the alien cannot demonstrate a

well-founded fear of persecution. See 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.13(b)(1)-(2), 208.16(b)(1)-
6

(2); Mazariegos, 241 F.3d at 1327. “Not all exceptional treatment is persecution.”

Gonzalez v. Reno, 212 F.3d 1338, 1355 (11th Cir. 2000). “[P]ersecution is an

extreme concept, requiring more than a few isolated incidents of verbal harassment

or intimidation,” and “mere harassment does not amount to persecution.” 

Sepulveda v. Attorney General, 401 F.3d 1226, 1231 (11th Cir. 2005).

The IJ and BIA based their decisions for the most part on the evidence

presented to the IJ at the December 22, 2004 hearing on their applications for

asylum and withholding of removal. Rojas was the first witness to testify. He said

that he first entered the United States in 1981 for a vacation. He reentered the

United States four more times: on March 6, May 14, and October 10, 2001, and on

March 17, 2002. He came here on March 6 because he was “running away from

the threats” against his family. He came on a student visa to study at Georgia

Tech. He studied there for eight months, then returned to Colombia on December

16, 2001 to marry Gomez. When faced with what he stated in his asylum

application, he admitted that he had returned to Colombia twice between March 6

and December 16, 2001. He returned to Colombia on May 4, to help Gomez, and

again on September 27 to help her get a “permit to the United States” through

Georgia Tech. He remained in Colombia from December 16, 2001 to March 17,

2002, to “start all over with my life” before marrying Gomez (on March 8, 2002,

nine days before his latest entry into the United States). 
7

On March 14, 2002, he experienced what he described as a “murder

attempt.” He and Gomez were on honeymoon in a Cartagena hotel (where he

happened to be employed). Four armed men, identifying themselves as

“Colombian armed forces,” entered the hotel and asked for him. The clerk said he

was not there. A hotel employee went to their room and told them about the men

looking for Rojas. Rojas and Gomez then hid on the hotel roof, until the men

departed. They left without further incident. Rojas opined that the men were

going to murder him for his political activities and because he was the son of a

high ranking naval officer. He was convinced that “they will murder me” if he is

returned to Colombia because they tried once before (when he and Gomez were on

honeymoon). 

On cross-examination, Rojas testified that his parents continued to live in

Colombia. His father, who had “his own bodyguards,” did not want to leave the

country. Rojas brother and sister left Colombia in 2000 and never returned. 

The IJ stated that he was troubled by the fact that Rojas had returned to

Colombia three times during the period he claimed that he feared for his life. The 

IJ acknowledged that Rojas’s sister had been granted asylum and that he did not

like to make “inconsistent” decisions within the same family. The IJ concluded

that denying Rojas asylum would not be inconsistent, however, because his

repeated trips back to Colombia (from the United States) distinguished his case
 Rojas’s brother had applied for asylum, but, according to Rojas’s attorney, the application 2

had been denied.

8

from his sister’s.2

Gomez testified about two incidents she experienced in Colombia. The first

was the murder attempt of March 14, 2002, which Rojas had described. The

second incident occurred on August 24, 2002. She was “hiding” in Fresno,

Tellima because Rojas had gone to the United States. “They [presumably the men

who had come to the hotel on March 14] wanted to find me.” “The day after the

[March 14] attempt in Cartagena, they left a message at my office in Bogata . . .

that they were going to find me as they have not found my husband.” She was

convinced that the “guerillas if they find us again, I don’t think we’re going to run

with the same good luck and this time they will murder us.”

After hearing petitioners’ testimony, the IJ found no issue as to credibility,

and believed that Rojas had “suffered some threat” because of his and his father’s

political activity. Nonetheless, the incidents Rojas and Gomez described did not,

in the IJ’s view, amount to persecution. Neither were “physically harmed in any

way.” 

We agree with the IJ and BIA that the alleged incidents of persecution were

isolated incidents of verbal harassment or intimidation, which do not rise to the

level of persecution. At most, these incidents were mere threats; Rojas was never
9

harmed and Gomez remained in Colombia for six months without incident after the

threats were made. See Sepulveda, 401 F.3d at 1231. In addition, Rojas’s parents

continue to live there, albeit with bodyguards. More telling, though, was the fact

Rojas continued to return to Colombia despite the threats. His repeated returns to

Colombia not only undermined petitioners’ claims of past persecution, but 

demonstrates that the petitioners did not have an objective well-founded fear of

future persecution. Therefore, the evidence in the record does not compel a

reversal of the IJ’s and BIA’s denial of their petition. Because the petitioners have

failed to meet the lower burden of proof for asylum, they necessarily fail to meet

the higher burden of proof for withholding of removal. Al Najjar, 257 F.3d at

1292-93. 

In conclusion, after careful review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we

conclude that substantial evidence supports IJ’s and BIA’s decisions and that the

petitions should be denied. 

PETITIONS DENIED.