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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

____________________________________

)

CATALINA SALMERON, et al., )

)

Plaintiffs, )

)

v. ) Civil Action No. 13–1615 (RBW)

)

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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, )

)

Defendant. )

)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

The plaintiffs brought this suit against the government of the District of Columbia (the 

“District”) to recover attorneys’ fees and costs arising from administrative proceedings 

conducted pursuant to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (the “IDEA”), 20 U.S.C. §

1400 (2012). Amended Complaint for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs (“Am. Compl.”). Currently 

before the Court is the Defendant’s Motion to Set Aside the Clerk of Court’s Entry of Default, 

Vacate Default Judgment, and Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint (“Def.’s Mot.”) under the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 55(c), 60(b), and 4(m). See Def.’s Mot. at 1; see also

Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant’s Motion to Set Aside the Clerk 

of Court’s Entry of Default, Vacate Default Judgment and Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Amended 

Complaint (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 3. Upon careful consideration of the parties’ submissions,1and 

for the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that the defendant’s motion must be granted in 

part and denied in part. 

 

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In addition to the filings already identified, the Court also considered: (1) the Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Motion to 

Set Aside Entry of Default, Vacate Default Judgment, and Dismiss Amended Complaint (“Pl.’s Opp’n”); and (2) 

The District [of] Columbia’s Reply to Plaintiffs’ Opposition to the District’s Motion to Set Aside the Clerk of 

Court’s Entry of Default, Vacate Default Judgment, and Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint (“Def.’s Reply”).
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I. BACKGROUND

On December 23, 2013 the plaintiffs served their Amended Complaint on Alex Curtis, a 

former legal assistant in the District of Columbia Office of Administrative Hearings who, 

according to the District, was not authorized to accept service on behalf of the District. Return 

of Service/Affidavit (“Aff.”), ECF Nos. 4, 6; see Def.’s Mot. at 8–9; see also Def.’s Mot.,

Exhibit (“Ex.”) 3 (Declaration of Kathy Haggerty (“Haggerty Decl.”)) at 1–2. On February 18, 

2014, after the District failed to respond to the Amended Complaint, the plaintiffs’ counsel, 

Douglas Tyrka, sent an email to the lawyers in the Office of the Attorney General who had 

previously litigated the underlying IDEA cases to remind them that an answer had not been filed. 

Pl.’s Opp’n at 2; see also Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 3 (Feb. 18, 2014 Email from Douglas Tyrka (“Tyrka 

Email”)) at 1. The District responded by informing the plaintiffs’ counsel that Ms. Curtis was 

not authorized to accept service on behalf of the District and thus “[t]he summons and complaint 

were not properly served on the District of Columbia.” Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 6 (Feb. 18, 2014 Email 

from Darrell Chambers (“Chambers Email”)) at 1. This email also advised the plaintiffs’ 

counsel that:

In order to properly serve the District you must serve the Mayor of the District of 

Columbia and/or the Attorney General for the District of Columbia . . . . The Mayor 

has authorized the Attorney General to accept service on his behalf. The Attorney 

General has, in turn, designated a number of individuals in the Civil Litigation 

Division to accept service on his behalf. These are the only individuals authorized 

to accept service on behalf of the District of Columbia (other than the Mayor 

himself or the Attorney General): George Valentine[,] Elizabeth Sara Gere[,] 

Darlene Fields[,] Tonia Robinson[,] Gail Rivers[,] Marjorie Thomas[,] Regina 

Brown[.] For ease of service, all of the above individuals are located at 441 4th 

Street, Suite 600 South. 

Id. There is no indication that the plaintiffs properly effected service on the District after 

receiving this information. See generally Court Docket.
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The Clerk of this Court entered a default against the District on March 5, 2014, after the 

District failed to answer the plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint. Clerk’s Entry of Default, ECF No. 

10. The plaintiffs then filed a motion for default judgment on April 10, 2014. Plaintiffs’ Motion 

(“Pl.’s Mot.”) at 1. The Court issued an order on August 8, 2014, requiring the District to “show 

cause in writing on or before September 1, 2014, why the plaintiffs’ motion for a default 

judgment should not be granted.” Order, ECF No. 13 at 3. Upon the District’s failure to respond 

to the Court’s order to show cause, the Court entered a default judgment against the District on 

January 9, 2015. Order, ECF No. 14. 

The District became aware of the default and the default judgment upon receiving a copy 

of the Court’s Memorandum Opinion and Order granting the Motion for Default Judgment by 

mail on January 14, 2015. Def.’s Mem. at 6. Prior to receiving these documents from the Court, 

all filings made by the plaintiffs and orders issued by the Court were made electronically, and the 

plaintiffs did not serve any of their filings on the District. Id. at 5; see generally Court Docket. 

The only notice the District had regarding the suit prior to its receipt of the Court’s 

Memorandum Opinion and Order was the courtesy email sent by plaintiffs’ counsel on February 

18, 2014. Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 3 (Tyrka Email) at 1. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Once a default has become a final judgment, the default judgment can be set aside only 

“under the stricter rule 60(b) standards for setting aside final, appealable orders.” Jackson v. 

Beech, 636 F.2d 831, 835 (D.C. Cir. 1980); Fed. R. Civ. P. 55(c). Under this rule, the Court, in 

its discretion, may relieve a party from a final judgment, such as a default judgment, for one of 

six reasons set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), see Lepkowski v. Dep’t of 

Treasury, 804 F.2d 1310, 1311–12 (D.C. Cir. 1986), one of those reasons being where the 
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judgment is “void,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(4). A judgment is void if the court that entered the 

judgment lacked personal or subject-matter jurisdiction over the case, acted in a manner 

inconsistent with due process, or acted beyond the powers granted to it by law. See Eberhardt v. 

Integrated Design & Constr., Inc., 167 F.3d 861, 871 (4th Cir. 1999). While the decision to 

vacate a judgment is typically at the discretion of the court, “there is no question of discretion on 

the part of the court when a motion is under Rule 60(b)(4); if the judgment is void, relief is 

mandatory.” Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 734 F.3d 1175, 1179 

(D.C. Cir. 2013) (quoting Combs v. Nick Garin Trucking, 825 F.2d 437, 441 (D.C. Cir. 1987) 

(footnote and quotation marks omitted)). Moreover, there are “strong policies favoring the 

resolution of genuine disputes on their merits.” Jackson, 636 F.2d at 835. 

III. LEGAL ANALYSIS

A. The Plaintiffs’ Service of Process on the District

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(c) provides that “[t]he plaintiff is responsible for 

having the summons and complaint served within the time allowed by Rule 4(m) and must 

furnish the necessary copies to the person who makes service.” “[F]ederal courts lack the power 

to assert personal jurisdiction over a defendant ‘unless the procedural requirements of effective 

service of process are satisfied.’” Mann v. Castiel, 681 F.3d 368, 372 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (citation 

omitted). Thus, “it is uniformly held that a judgment is void where the requirements for effective 

service have not been satisfied.”2 Combs, 825 F.2d at 442. The plaintiff has the burden of 

establishing the validity of service of process; “to do so, [a plaintiff] must demonstrate that the 

 

2 Although the plaintiffs argue that the District has waived any objection to the Court’s entry of the default

judgment, see Pls.’ Opp’n at 3, they provide no legal authority for this conclusion, see id. Additionally, the Court 

notes that while the plaintiffs never directly oppose the District’s argument that the default judgment should be 

vacated, they do seem to infer this position by arguing that because service was proper, the subsequent default 

judgment was properly entered against the District. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 3–7. And while this Court is not in the habit 

of inferring legal arguments made by parties that have legal representation, in the interest of resolving this case as 

expeditiously as possible, it will address why vacating the default judgment is appropriate. 
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procedure employed satisfied the requirements of the relevant portions of Rule 4 and any other 

applicable provision of law.” Light v. Wolf, 816 F.2d 746, 751 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Paolone v. Muller, 05–cv–2300(JDB), 2006 WL 

2346448, at *2 (D.D.C. Aug. 11, 2006) (“The party on whose behalf service is made has the 

burden of establishing its validity and must demonstrate that the procedure satisfied the 

requirements of Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”); Mann v. Casiel, 729 F. Supp. 

2d 191, 195 (D.D.C. 2010), aff’d, 681 F.3d 368 (D.C. Cir. 2012). 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(j) governs service of process on a state or local 

government. Rule 4(j) provides:

(2) A state, a municipal corporation, or any [] governmental organization that is 

subject to suit must be served by:

(A) delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to its 

chief executive officer; or

(B) serving a copy of each in the manner prescribed by that state’s 

law for serving a summons or like process on such a defendant.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(j)(2). Rule 4(j) of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia outlines the 

“manner prescribed by” District of Columbia law for service of process upon the District. Under 

this Rule, 

(1) Service shall be made upon the District of Columbia by delivering . . . a copy 

of the summons, complaint[,] and initial order to the Mayor of the District of 

Columbia (or designee) and the [Attorney General] of the District of Columbia (or 

designee). The Mayor and the [Attorney General] may each designate an 

employee for receipt of [the] service of process by filing a written notice with the 

Clerk of the Court.

D.C. Super. Ct. R. Civ. P. 4(j)(1). Through Attorney General Office Order No. 2012–08, the 

District filed “written notice with [Angela Caesar,] the Clerk of [this] Court” by letter dated 

August 8, 2012, explicitly designating which six employees in the Civil Litigation Division and 

the Public Interest Division of the Office of the Attorney General for the District of Columbia are 
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authorized to receive service of process on behalf of the District. See Def.’s Reply, Ex. 3 

(Notice of Filing Regarding Designees for Service of Process on the Attorney General for the 

District of Columbia, the District of Columbia or the Mayor (“Order No. 2012–08”)) (“Enclosed 

please find a copy of an Attorney General Office Order, No. 2012–08, signed by Attorney 

General Irv Nathan on July 23, 2012, regarding service of process on the Attorney General for 

the District of Columbia and on the District of Columbia when required pursuant to Rule 4(j) of 

the Civil Rules of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia or on the Mayor of the District 

of Columbia pursuant to Mayor’s Order.”); id. at 3 (Order No. 2012–08). Thus, to effectively 

serve the District of Columbia in IDEA litigation and thus permit this Court to have personal 

jurisdiction over the District in this case, the plaintiffs were required to personally serve the 

Mayor, the Attorney General, the Deputy or Assistant Deputy of the Civil Division, or one of the 

six individuals designated in the Attorney General’s 2012 Order.

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 See D.C. Super. Ct. R. Civ. 

P. 4(j)(1); Def.’s Reply, Ex. 3 (Order No. 2012–08).

Attempting to satisfy their burden of showing that the District was properly served with 

process, the plaintiffs contend that their service on Alex Curtis, although not a designee of the 

Attorney General, see Def.’s Reply, Ex. 3 (Order No. 2012–08), was nonetheless appropriate 

because they “did everything they could to follow [the requisite] procedure and serve the 

Attorney General,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 4. The plaintiffs argue further that because “[t]he District 

keeps the Attorney General—and every [Office of the Attorney General] employee—behind a 

 

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In 2009, then-Mayor Adrian M. Fenty published an order pursuant to Superior Court Rule of Civil Procedure 

4(j)(1) designating the Attorney General of the District of Columbia as an appropriate recipient of service of process 

for suits against the District. Def.’s Mot., Ex. 1 (Mayor’s Order 2009–91) at 1. In 2012, an office order from the 

Attorney General designated six individuals in the Civil Litigation Division (Darlene Fields, Staff Assistant; Tonia 

Robinson, Staff Assistant; Gale Rivers, Staff Assistant; Sandra Peterson, Staff Assistant; Marjorie Thomas, Program 

Support Assistant; and Regina Brown, Staff Assistant) as well as the Deputy and Assistant Deputy of the Civil 

Litigation Division and the Deputy of the Public Interest Division as appropriate recipients of service of process for 

suits against the District. Def.’s Mot., Ex. 2 (Attorney General Office Order 2012–08) at 1.
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locked door,”4they were unable to effect service as required and thus the Court should not 

vacate its previously entered default judgment. Id. However, the plaintiffs’ position is 

significantly undermined by their own exhibits demonstrating that plaintiffs’ counsel was 

informed that “[t]he summons and complaint were not properly served on the District” by email 

dated February 18, 2014. Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 6 (Chambers Email) at 1. Moreover, the procedure 

for effecting proper service was outlined for the plaintiffs’ attorney in that same email. Id. Upon 

receipt of this email, the plaintiffs’ counsel was on notice of the deficient service of process 

attempt and the steps necessary to remedy the insufficient service. Yet, instead of doing 

“everything they could to follow [the requisite] procedure [to] serve the Attorney General,” Pl.’s 

Opp’n at 4, by re-serving the Amended Complaint and summons on a designated recipient as 

required by Federal and District of Columbia Rule 4, and listed in Office Order 2012–08, the 

plaintiffs’ attorney instead moved for a default judgment. It therefore follows that because Ms. 

Curtis was not designated to receive service of process for the District of Columbia, and the 

plaintiffs, after learning of their mistake, did not correct their error by later serving an 

appropriate designee, the plaintiffs have failed to perfect service of process on the District in 

accordance with Rule 4(j).

The plaintiffs’ attempts to minimize and have the Court sanction their effort to effect 

service are to no avail. They argue that the District has failed to prove that Ms. Curtis lacked 

authority to accept service of process. Pl.’s Opp’n at 6. However, as the Court has already 

 

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It is clear based on this description that the location where their process server attempted to serve the District was 

not the Office of the Attorney General, but rather the cashier’s office at the Office of the Administrative Hearings. 

Compare Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 1 (“Verified Statement of Max Molina”) (“I speak through a window to a person sitting at 

the front desk of the office, which is behind a locked door.”), Pl.’s Opp’n ECF No. 21–1 at 10 (“February 18, 2014 

Email”) (“Per the norm, security would not allow the process server access to the suite.”), and Def.’s Reply, Ex. 2 

(Photograph of Cashier’s Office at the Office of Administrative Hearing) (showing a desk behind a window) with

Def.’s Reply, Ex. 1 (Photograph of Civil Litigation Division) (showing an open reception area with no window 

through which the process server would have to speak). 
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explained, when service is challenged, it is the plaintiffs’ burden to establish that their method of 

service was proper and that the recipient, Ms. Curtis, possessed the requisite authority to accept 

service. Light, 816 F.2d at 751. The only evidence produced by the plaintiffs to support their 

assertion that Ms. Curtis had the authority to accept service on behalf of the District is Ms. 

Curtis’s purported statement to the plaintiffs’ process server that she had that authority when she

accepted the documents. Pl.’s Opp’n at 7. However, even if the statement was made, the 

District has nonetheless conclusively shown that Alex Curtis was not authorized to accept 

service on behalf of the District, see e.g., Def.’s Reply, Ex. 3 (Order No. 2012–08) (listing six

named individuals, in addition to the Deputy and Assistant Deputy of the Civil Division,

authorized to accept service of process); Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 6 (Chambers Email) (same); Def.’s 

Mem., Ex. 3 ¶ 5 (Haggerty Decl.) (“Ms. Curtis was never authorized to accept service on behalf 

of the Mayor of the District of Columbia or the Office of the Attorney General for the District of 

Columbia.”), and was not even an employee of the Office of the Attorney General, but rather an 

employee of the Office of Administrative Hearings, see Def.’s Mem., Ex. 3 ¶ 4 (Haggerty Decl.) 

(“I reviewed employee documents concerning Alex Curtis and determined that she was 

employed by the Office of Administrative Hearings as a Legal Assistant . . . .”). Additionally, 

the District has submitted evidence suggesting that prior to their attempted service in this case,

the plaintiffs’ counsel was well-aware of the proper procedure for serving the District as well as 

the identity of the individuals authorized to accept service on behalf of the District.5 Def.’s 

 

5 The District has provided a list of other special education cases in which the plaintiffs’ counsel properly served the 

District following the issuance of the Attorney General Order in 2012. The list show that in addition to this case, the 

plaintiffs’ attorney has filed at least fourteen similar cases against the District since the Attorney General’s Order of

2012. In three of those cases, the plaintiffs’ attorney filed Proof of Service indicating that an authorized recipient 

accepted service of process. While the plaintiffs’ counsel did not file proof of service affidavits in the eleven other 

cases, the Office of the Attorney General’s internal records indicate that authorized recipients were served process in 

seven of those cases. Def.’s Mem. at 8 n.5; see also Def.’s Mem., Ex. 4 (Declaration of George B. Becker “Becker 

Decl.”) at 2.
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Mem. at 8 n.5. 

Finally, the plaintiffs argue that even if their service on the District was inadequate,

because the District had actual notice of the case, the improper service should not result in 

dismissal of their case. Pl.’s Opp’n at 8. While the District was certainly notified of the pending 

suit by email on February 18, 2014, proof of actual or constructive notice is not a substitute for 

proper service. See Mann, 729 F. Supp. 2d at 196 (“Proof of actual notice is insufficient to prove 

proper service”); see also Chen v. District of Columbia, 256 F.R.D. 263, 266–67 (D.D.C. 2009) 

(citing Whitehead v. CBS/Viacom, Inc., 221 F.R.D. 1, 4 (D.D.C. 2004) (“[N]otice alone cannot 

cure an otherwise defective service”)). Thus, despite whether the District had actual notice of 

the suit, service of process was improper. 

Because the plaintiffs have failed to properly effect service on the District pursuant to 

Rule 4(j), the Court did not have personal jurisdiction over the District when it entered the 

default judgment. Mann, 681 F.3d 368. Thus, because proper service has not been achieved, the 

Court’s entry of the default judgment is void. Combs, 825 F.2d at 442. Consequently, Rule 

60(b)(4) requires that the default judgment be set aside because the judgment was void due to the 

Court’s lack of personal jurisdiction over the District. 

B. The District’s Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Rule 4(m)

The District originally requested that the Court dismiss the plaintiffs’ amended complaint 

for failure to comply with Rule 4(m). Def.’s Mot. at 2. However, the District has since

withdrawn that portion of its motion, and instead has indicated that it will accept service. Def.’s 

Reply at 1. Thus, the Court need not consider the District’s original request. Instead, the 

plaintiffs shall promptly and properly serve the District and provide it with the opportunity to file 

an answer to the Amended Complaint. In response to the District’s request that this Court issue a 
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scheduling order, the Court will require the parties to file a joint briefing schedule within sixty 

days of the issuance of this memorandum opinion and accompanying order. 

C. The Plaintiffs’ Attorney’s Representations to the Court in The Motion for Default 

Judgment

Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that:

By presenting to the court a . . . written motion . . . an attorney . . . certifies that to 

the best of the person’s knowledge, information, and belief, formed after an inquiry 

reasonable under the circumstances:

(1) it is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to 

harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase the cost of 

litigation;

(2) the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions are warranted 

by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for extending, 

modifying, or reversing existing law or for establishing new law;

(3) the factual contentions have evidentiary support or, if 

specifically so identified, will likely have evidentiary support after 

a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or discovery; and

(4) the denials of factual contentions are warranted on the evidence 

or, if specifically so identified, are reasonably based on belief or lack 

of information. 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b) (emphasis added). It further allows the Court, “[o]n its own, [to] order an 

attorney . . . to show cause why [his] conduct . . . has not violated Rule 11(b).” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

11(c)(3). 

The Court is deeply troubled by plaintiffs’ counsel’s frivolous and unwarranted filing of 

the plaintiffs’ motion for a default judgment. As is now apparent, when plaintiffs’ counsel 

petitioned for the default judgment, he had been made aware that the District had not been 

properly served, see Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 6 (Chambers Email) (“The summons and complaint were 

not properly served on the District of Columbia.”), and thus could not have been in default, see

Jackson, 636 F.2d at 836 (“The default judgment must normally be viewed as available only 

when the adversary process have been halted because of an essentially unresponsive party.” 
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(citation and alteration omitted)). However, instead of addressing the service of process

deficiencies by utilizing the steps outlined in the email sent to him by the District, see Pl.’s 

Opp’n, Ex. 6 (Chambers Email), the plaintiffs’ attorney appears to have deceptively filed a 

motion for a default judgment, basing that motion on the false evidentiary support that “the 

defendant[, the] District of Columbia[,] was . . . personally served with process on December 23, 

2013 (on authorized agent).” Affidavit in Support of Default, ECF No. 9 (signed by attorney 

Douglas Tyrka) (emphasis added). Based on this representation, the Court erroneously assumed 

that the plaintiffs’ attorney was accurately representing that there was a factual basis for the 

motion as required by Rule 11(b) and the Rules of Professional Conduct, see D.C. R. of Prof’l 

Conduct R 3.3(a)(1) (“A lawyer shall not knowingly[ m]ake a false statement of fact or law to a 

tribunal or fail to correct a false statement of material fact or law previously made to the tribunal 

by the lawyer, unless correction would require disclosure of information that is prohibited by 

Rule 1.6[.]”); see also Local Civ. R. 83.15(a) (adopting the District of Columbia Court of 

Appeals Rules of Professional Conduct), and therefore unnecessarily expended time and 

resources addressing the plaintiffs’ motion. 

Counsel’s conduct compels the Court to require that he show cause in writing why he 

should not be sanctioned for requesting the motion for the default judgment, knowing that the 

factual predicate for the motion did not exist. 

D. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the District’s motion to set aside the clerk of court’s default 

and vacate the Court’s default judgment is granted, and the District’s motion to dismiss the 

plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint is denied. To avoid further unnecessary delay in bringing this 

case to final resolution, the plaintiffs’ counsel shall properly serve process on the District within 
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thirty days from the date of the issuance of this memorandum opinion. Additionally, the 

plaintiffs’ counsel is required to show cause in writing within that same thirty day period why 

Rule 11 sanctions should not be imposed in this case. Finally, the parties shall file a joint 

proposed briefing schedule within sixty days from this date of the issuance of this memorandum 

opinion.

SO ORDERED this 9th day of July, 2015.6

REGGIE B. WALTON

United States District Judge

 

6 An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion shall be issued contemporaneously.