FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

NOVEMBER 30, 2006

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 06-12426

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 04-01436-CV-ORL-31DAB

BENJAMIN LEVI JOHNSON, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

versus 

HEALTH CENTRAL HOSPITAL, 

Defendant-Appellee. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(November 30, 2006)

Before DUBINA, CARNES and MARCUS, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Benjamin Levi Johnson, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s entry

of summary judgment in favor of the defendant, Heath Central Hospital (“Health

Central”), in this action alleging violations of the Emergency Medical Treatment
 Johnson also alleged a violation of Florida’s Baker Act, Fla. Stat. § 394.467, which 1

allows a person to be placed involuntarily in a treatment facility if clear and convincing evidence

indicates that the person is mentally ill, and inter alia, there is a substantial likelihood that, based

on recent behavior, the person will inflict serious bodily harm on himself or on another person. 

We discern no error in the entry of summary judgment on this claim, as Johnson failed to present

any evidence showing that he should have been placed in “involuntary inpatient placement.”

Id. at § 394.467(1).

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and Active Labor Act (“EMTALA”), 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd, and discrimination

based on race, in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1871, as amended, 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983. On appeal, Johnson argues that as part of his emergency medical treatment

at Health Central, he was not afforded the same level of care and treatment as other

patients in similar circumstances. More specifically, he asserts that based on his

race, Health Central failed to perform certain EMTALA-required procedures prior

to releasing him from its facility. After careful review, we affirm. 1

We review a district court’s rulings on a motion for summary judgment de

novo, using the same legal standard as the district court. Nolen v. Boca Raton

Community Hosp., Inc., 373 F.3d 1151, 1153-54 (11th Cir. 2004). “Summary

judgment is only appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is

entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (internal quotations omitted); Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(c). “Summary judgment should be granted when, after an adequate time
3

for discovery, a party fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence

of an essential element of that party’s case.” Id. The evidence, and all inferences

drawn from the facts, must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S.

574, 587 (1986). In order to defeat summary judgment, the non-moving party

“must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the

material facts.” Id. at 586. Rather, the non-moving party must make a sufficient

showing on each essential element of the case for which he has the burden of

proof. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).

The relevant facts are straightforward. On September 29, 2004, Johnson

filed his complaint alleging that on November 5, 2000, Health Central emergency

physicians diagnosed him with an overdose of the psychiatric medication

benzodiazepine and admitted him to the ICU under “suicide precautions.”

According to Johnson, Health Central staff understood the seriousness of his

medical condition, but failed to perform the “customary charcoal procedure to

remove the pills” and stabilize him. He also asserted that when he became

combative, the ICU staff became angry with his psychotic conduct and treated him

disparately from other patients in similar circumstances. The following day, on

November 6, 2000, Johnson was released from the Health Central facility. He says

that he was still in a psychiatrically disturbed state and that Health Central should
About four hours after his release from the hospital, Johnson was arrested for assaulting 2

a law enforcement officer. He pled guilty to the charge and was sentenced to a 22-month term of

imprisonment.

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have stabilized his condition prior to release, or transferred him to a mental health

facility for further treatment. 

In the complaint, Johnson alleged the following injuries resulting from his

alleged premature release: (1) he suffered from 60% hearing and tone recognition

loss; (2) he acquired a “schizaffective” disorder associated within non-convulsive

seizures and a neuropsychiatric brain disorder; and (3) he was arrested for

irrational conduct, resulting in two years imprisonment. Johnson requested 2

damages in the amount of four million dollars for past and future physical pain,

mental anguish, bodily injuries, inconvenience, medical expenses, loss of earnings,

and diminished earning capacity. 

Health Central moved for summary judgment, alleging that Johnson had

been transported to Health Central’s emergency room with an alleged drug

overdose and cocaine intoxication on November 5, 2000 and was admitted to ICU,

after which he became fairly combative and ultimately left against medical advice.

Health Central pointed out that in the course of discovery, it had served a request

for admissions on Johnson, to which he never responded. Citing Rule 36 of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Health Central noted that requests for admissions

are automatically deemed admitted if not answered within 30 days and that the
5

matters therein conclusively established unless the court on motion permitted

withdrawal or amendment of the admissions. Notably, by not responding to the

request for admissions, Johnson admitted that: he was evaluated by an emergency

medical physician; he was placed under the care of Dr. Pradeep K. Vangala, who

admitted him to ICU and ordered a psychiatric consultation; and he left the Health

Central facility against medical advice.

Health Central argued further that Johnson also admitted, by not responding,

that he received the following medical care, screening, and testing: (1) an

emergency physician evaluation; (2) an admission under Dr. Vangala and to the

ICU; (3) 1:1 monitoring by a nurse: (4) continuous cardiac, respiratory rate,

oxygen saturation, and blood pressure monitoring; (5) intravenous (“IV”) fluid

therapy; (6) urinalysis; (7) culture and toxicology screening; (8) chest x-ray; (9)

blood work; and (10) assessment for ulcer risk. In support of summary judgment,

Health Center provided the affidavit of Dr. Charles L. LoPiccolo, its expert

forensic psychiatrist who reviewed Johnson’s medical records, to corroborate the

facts admitted by Johnson’s failure to respond to the request for admissions.

Health Central also argued that the EMTALA’s stabilization requirement did not

apply because Johnson was not “transferred” as defined under EMTALA, but

rather was admitted to the ICU. According to Health Central, its EMTALA
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obligations ceased once Johnson was admitted and received treatment, and any

actionable claims would be remedied exclusively under state tort law. 

In further support of its motion, Health Central submitted: (1) its request for

admissions filed August 25, 2005; and (2) Dr. LoPiccolo’s curriculum vitae and

affidavit in which he stated that his examination of the medical records revealed no

evidence of negligence as to Johnson’s transfer to ICU or in the stabilization and

that Health Central’s actions were well within the standard of medical care. Dr.

LoPiccolo also noted that the records showed that Johnson was seen by an

emergency physician; was admitted to the hospital; was sent to the ICU upon

orders of Dr. Vangala for observation on a 1:1 basis; received continued

monitoring for cardiac issues, respiration, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation;

and received IV fluid therapy, emergency room analysis, culture, and toxicology

screening, chest x-ray, blood work-up, and ulcer risk assessment. Finally, Dr.

LoPiccolo noted that a psychiatric consultation was ordered but Johnson left the

hospital “of his own free will” and signed a written acknowledgment that he was

leaving the hospital against the advice of his physician. 

In response to Health Central’s motion, Johnson submitted that his own

affidavit established that material issues of fact remained as to whether he left the

hospital by his own choice or was forced out and as to whether he was stabilized

when he was forced to leave. In his affidavit, Johnson attested that he requested to
7

use the phone at Health Central and the nurse repeatedly told him he could not use

the phone. After he continued asking, however, he was given a form to sign and

signed it after being told he had to sign the form before using the phone. The nurse

then removed his IVs and took him to a telephone. He “called my boss, and after

about five (5) minutes my boss came to pick me up.” He said he never read the

form he signed. Johnson did not want to leave Health Central but was forced to

leave by the nurse and, approximately four hours after he left, he was still “out of

control” and “hallucinating,” which resulted in his arrest by the police. 

The district court granted Health Central’s motion for summary judgment.

The district court found that the sole question was whether Health Central

complied with the EMTALA by providing appropriate medical screening and

stabilization. Based on Dr. LoPiccolo’s affidavit, the court found that Johnson had

received both appropriate medical screening and stabilization treatment. The

district court found that Johnson offered no rebuttal to the foregoing facts, except

to suggest that he should have received a “charcoal test,” and that his lay opinion

did not present a material fact sufficient to prevent the entry of summary judgment.

The district court went on to explain that the purpose of the EMTALA was to

prevent “patient dumping” and not to act as a substitute for state law claims of

medical negligence. The court found that the failure to perform a particular nonEMTALA-mandated medical procedure was not a genuine issue of material fact
8

because the omission did not rise to the level of a failure to appropriately screen

and stabilize the patient, within the meaning of the EMTALA. Finally, the court

found that Johnson’s statement that he was forced to leave Health Central was

“patently ridiculous” because the evidence showed that he had abandoned his

treatment and left Health Central after signing an acknowledgment that his leaving

was contrary to the advice of Health Central physicians. This appeal followed.

On appeal, Johnson urges that whether Health Central’s failure to perform a

“charcoal procedure” and a “psych consultation” violated the EMTALA or the

Civil Rights Act is a genuine issue of material fact that prevented entry of

summary judgment against him. We disagree.

Under the EMTALA, covered hospitals must screen for an emergency

medical condition any individual who is admitted to its emergency room seeking

treatment. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(a). If such a condition exists, the hospital must

then provide stabilizing treatment before discharging or transferring the patient.

Id. at § 1395dd(b). An EMTALA violation thus arises when a hospital either (1)

fails to adequately screen a patient, or (2) discharges or transfers the patient

without first stabilizing his emergency medical condition. See Harry v. Marchant,

291 F.3d 767, 770 (11th Cir. 2002) (en banc). 

Addressing the “appropriate medical screening” requirement, we have held

that “[s]ection 1395dd(a) is not designed to redress a negligent diagnosis by the
9

hospital; no federal malpractice claims are created. As long as a hospital applies

the same screening procedures to indigent patients which it applies to paying

patients, the hospital does not violate this section of the Act.” Holcomb v.

Monahan, 30 F.3d 116, 117 (11th Cir. 1994); see also 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(a). As

for the second requirement, the “stabilization” requirement, we have explained that

“[t]here is no duty under EMTALA to provide stabilization treatment to a patient

with an emergency medical condition who is not transferred” and that in such a

situation, a plaintiff is not without recourse because “remedies provided by state

malpractice and tort law remain available to redress negligent patient care by

hospitals.” Harry, 291 F.3d at 775.

Here, the district court did not err by granting Health Central’s motion for

summary judgment because the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to

Johnson, fails to establish that Health Central violated his rights under the

EMTALA. As to the “appropriate medical screening” requirement, no evidence

suggested that Johnson was treated differently from other patients. The only

evidence that Johnson provided was his own lay opinion that the “customary

charcoal procedure to remove the pills” should have been performed along with a

psychological examination, which he was scheduled to undergo but voluntarily left

the facility before receiving. As to the “stabilization” requirement, the record fails

to establish that Johnson was either “transferred” or “discharged” within the
 Under the EMTALA, “‘[t]ransfer’ is defined as ‘the movement (including the 3

discharge) of an individual outside of a hospital’s facilities’” and reference to a patient who is

“transferred . . . will apply equally to a patient who is discharged.” Harry, 291 F.3d at 768 n.1

(citing 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(e)(4) (1994)). 

10

meaning of the EMTALA. On this record, the district court correctly entered 3

summary judgment on Johnson’s EMTALA claim.

We likewise are unpersuaded by Johnson’s argument that the district court

erred in its analysis of his race discrimination claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. From

our review, it is implicit that the district court found the claim to be frivolous, after

observing that Johnson’s EMTALA claims, which rely on the same factual basis as

the § 1983 claim, were “frivolous.” In any event, Health Central was entitled to

summary judgment on the claim since Johnson established neither a violation of a

constitutional right nor that when the alleged violation occurred, Health South -- a

private entity -- was acting under color of state law. Cf. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S.

42, 48 (1988) (enumerating elements of § 1983 claim). 

AFFIRMED.