IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned On Briefs October 1, 2013

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. STANLEY ROOKS

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. 09-05310 Mark Ward, Judge

No. W2012-01456-CCA-R3-CD - Filed November 22, 2013

Appellant, Stanley Rooks, was convicted by a Shelby County jury of two counts of

aggravated robbery, one count of attempted aggravated robbery, and one count of reckless

endangerment with a deadly weapon. The trial court sentenced him to an effective sentence

of thirty-four years. On appeal, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his

convictions because the identification by the victim was not reliable. After a thorough

review of the record, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient. Therefore, we affirm the

judgments of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Trial Court are Affirmed.

JERRY L. SMITH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOSEPH M. TIPTON, P.J., and

NORMA MCGEE OGLE, J., joined.

Stephen Bush, Chief Public Defender and Tony N. Brayton, Assistant Public Defender,

Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Stanley Rooks.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Deshea Dulany Faughn, Assistant

Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Charles Summer,

Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

Factual Background

On the evening of May 6, 2009, Maria Ariza was returning to her apartment from a

shopping trip. She was accompanied by her husband, Miguel Marcias, her fourteen-year-old

son, Erick Marcias, and her five-month-old daughter. The family stopped at Sonic and
picked up supper before driving to their apartment. When they arrived at their apartment

complex, they got out of the car to walk to their apartment. Ms. Ariza was carrying her

infant daughter. Mr. Marcias was carrying bags from the shopping trip, and Erick was

carrying the Sonic bags. They noticed a car that slowed as it approached them and passed

them. Erick and Mr. Marcias had been robbed the previous week, so they found the car to

be suspicious. Mr. Marcias told his family to hurry toward their apartment.

As the family approached the fence to their apartment complex, the suspicious car

pulled up, and three armed men jumped out of the car. A fourth man remained in the driver’s

seat. The three men approached Ms. Ariza, Mr. Marcias, and Erick. One man approached

each one of the three family members, held a gun to them, and demanded money. The man

with Ms. Ariza held the gun to the head of her five-month-old daughter, whom she was

holding. Ms. Ariza had her purse strap around her body with her purse hanging in front of

her body. Her assailant pulled on the purse until it broke from the strap, and he then took it.

The purse contained about $1,000. The assailant with Mr. Marcias took his wallet. Erick did

not have any money. The three men ran back to the car, and the car drove away.

On May 11, 2009, the investigation was assigned to Detective Michael Rosario with

the Memphis Police Department. He created a photographic lineup that included Appellant.

Detective Rosario took the photographic lineup to the family’s apartment. He presented the

lineup to each family member individually while the other two family members remained in

a separate room. Mr. Marcias and Erick could not identify anyone out of the lineup.

However, it took Ms. Ariza just seconds to identify Appellant as her assailant. Sergeant

Rosario testified that based on his experience with other identifications, he considered it a

quick identification. The family then went to the police precinct with Detective Rosario to

give their statements.

On August 18, 2009, Appellant was indicted by the Shelby County Grand Jury for two

counts of aggravated robbery, one count of attempted aggravated robbery, and one count of

reckless endangerment with a deadly weapon. A jury trial was held from February 28, 2012,

to March 1, 2012. At the jury trial, Ms. Ariza, Mr. Marcias, Erick, and Detective Rosario

testified to the above facts. Appellant presented one witness, Dr. Jeffrey Neuschatz, an

expert in identification.

Dr. Neuschatz testified that he was a cognitive psychologist and had studied

eyewitness identification. He explained how memory can be unreliable because the brain

will try to create a consistent story and will fill in the gaps or remove inconsistencies. He

stated that the accuracy of eyewitness identification can increase or decrease based on

various factors. Dr. Neuschatz explained these factors and their effect in detail.

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Dr. Neuschatz also stated that when a weapon is involved in an incident, often a

phenomenon called “weapon focus” occurs where people have a tendency to focus on the

weapon involved. He stated that when a weapon is involved in the crime, the accuracy of

identification suffers. He also testified that cross-race identifications are less accurate.

At the conclusion of the evidence, the jury convicted Appellant as charged. The trial

court held a sentencing hearing on May 4, 2012. The trial court sentenced Appellant to

eleven years as a Range I, standard offender for each aggravated robbery conviction; nine

years as a Range II, multiple offender for the attempted aggravated robbery conviction; and

three years as a Range II, multiple offender for the reckless endangerment conviction. The

sentences were ordered to be run consecutively for an effective sentence of thirty-four years.

ANALYSIS

On appeal, Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his

conviction because Ms. Ariza’s identification was not sufficient to dispel a jury’s reasonable

doubt. The State argues that the evidence was sufficient.

To begin our analysis, we note that when a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence, this Court is obliged to review that claim according to certain well-settled

principles. A verdict of guilty, rendered by a jury and “approved by the trial judge, accredits

the testimony of the” State’s witnesses and resolves all conflicts in the testimony in favor of

the State. State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 259 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Harris, 839 S .W.2d

54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). Thus, although the accused is originally deemed with a presumption

of innocence, the verdict of guilty removes this presumption and replaces it with one of guilt.

State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914

(Tenn. 1982). Hence, on appeal, the burden of proof rests with the defendant to demonstrate

the insufficiency of the convicting evidence. Bland, 958 S.W.3d at 659; Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d

at 914.

The relevant question the reviewing court must answer is whether any rational trier

of fact could have found the accused guilty of every element of the offense beyond a

reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979).

In making this decision, we are to accord the State “the strongest legitimate view of the

evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences that may be drawn therefrom.”

See Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d at 914. As such, this Court is precluded from re-weighing or

reconsidering the evidence when evaluating the convicting proof. State v. Morgan, 929

S.W.2d 380, 383 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996); State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1990). Moreover, we may not substitute our own “inferences for those drawn

by the trier of fact from circumstantial evidence.” Matthews, 805 S.W.2d at 779. Further,

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questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses and the weight and value to be given

to evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by such evidence, are resolved by the trier of

fact and not the appellate courts. State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990).

The guilt of a defendant, including any fact required to be proved, may be predicated

upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and

circumstantial evidence. See State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1999). Even though convictions may be established by different forms of evidence, the

standard of review for the sufficiency of that evidence is the same whether the conviction is

based upon direct or circumstantial evidence. See State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379

(Tenn. 2011).

Appellant argues that because two witnesses were unable to identify him in the

photograph lineup and Ms. Ariza was the lone identification witness, the evidence is

insufficient. Appellant argues that Ms. Ariza’s identification was not reliable because she

was under stress, it was a cross-race identification, and she had a limited opportunity to see

her assailant.

We agree with Appellant that the identity of the perpetrator is an essential element of

any crime. State v. Thompson, 519 S.W.2d 789, 793 (Tenn. 1975). The identification of a

defendant is a question of fact for the determination of the jury after consideration of the

proof. State v. Strickland, 885 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993) (citing State v.

Crawford, 635 S.W.2d 704, 705 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982)). The credible testimony of one

identification witness is sufficient to support a conviction if the witness viewed the accused

under such circumstances as would permit a positive identification to be made. State v.

Radley, 29 S.W.3d 532, 536 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (citing Strickland, 885 S.W.2d at

87-88). A victim’s identification of a defendant as the perpetrator of an offense is, alone,

sufficient to establish identity. See State v. Hill, 987 S.W.2d 867, 870 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1998); Strickland, 885 S.W.2d at 87.

In the case at hand, Ms. Ariza identified Appellant out of a photographic lineup.

Detective Rosario testified that she did not hesitate in her identification. She subsequently

identified Appellant as her attacker at both the preliminary hearing and the trial. Appellant

presented an expert witness on identification who testified extensively about the problems

with memory and eyewitness identification. The jury, as the trier of fact, concluded that

despite the expert testimony, Ms. Ariza’s identification was reliable. Therefore, the jury’s

conclusion that Appellant was the perpetrator is supported by the evidence.

This issue is without merit.

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CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

___________________________________

JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE

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