[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 14-15219

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D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cr-20585-KMW-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

JAMES ANDREW WASHINGTON, 

Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

________________________

(May 8, 2015)

Before HULL and BLACK, Circuit Judges, and ANTOON,

∗ District Judge.

PER CURIAM: 

 ∗

Honorable John Antoon II, United States District Judge for the Middle District of 

Florida, sitting by designation.

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James Washington appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss 

the indictment on double jeopardy grounds, filed after the district court declared a 

mistrial over his objection.

1

 After careful review of the record and the parties’ 

briefs, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

On August 19, 2014, a grand jury indicted Washington for possession of a 

firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Washington 

entered a plea of not guilty and his trial began on November 17, 2014. After the 

jury was empaneled and administered the oath, the district court instructed the 

jurors not to discuss the case with anyone, including each other, until the case was 

over and they went back into the jury room to begin their deliberations. 

The government called Denard Birch as its first witness. Birch, a friend of 

Washington’s, testified that he was the passenger in Washington’s car on the day 

of Washington’s arrest. Washington was the driver. Birch testified that, at one 

point Washington got out of the car and noticed police officers, then jumped back 

into the car and tossed a firearm on the floor of the passenger seat. Birch testified 

that there was no gun on the floor of the passenger seat when he got into the car, he 

did not own a gun, and he was not a convicted felon. At the conclusion of Birch’s 

 1

See United States v. Benefield, 874 F.2d 1503, 1505 (11th Cir. 1989) (“A denial of a 

motion to dismiss based on double jeopardy grounds is an appealable final order.”).

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testimony, the court recessed for the day and reminded the jury not to discuss the 

case with anyone. 

A. Declaration of Mistrial

On the second morning of trial, before any other witnesses testified, the six 

jurors who had already arrived told the courtroom deputy that “they did not 

understand Mr. Birch at all” and “could not understand what [Birch] said.” The 

district court informed the parties and asked if either party had a solution to the 

“jurors’ inquiry or statement.” 

The government noted that it was concerned that the jurors’ statement 

suggested that they had been discussing Birch’s testimony among themselves. The 

government contended that even having conversations about how Birch testified or 

how he spoke was a small step toward evaluating his testimony. Despite 

acknowledging that it might be “excessively cautious,” the government stated that 

it would agree to a mistrial and to start over with a new jury, particularly because 

there would not be a great deal of time lost. 

Washington countered he did not think that a mistrial was appropriate at that 

time, but “of course would defer to the Court on that issue.” 

The district court asked Washington if he would agree to the government’s 

recalling Birch. Washington declined, stating that the government had had its 

opportunity to deal with any issues surrounding Birch’s testimony and that recall 

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would prejudice Washington.

2

 The district court highlighted that it had the 

discretion to allow the government to recall a witness in order to effectively 

present and ascertain the truth, and Washington’s objection to recalling Birch was 

“tantamount to agreeing with the Government for a mistrial.” Ultimately, the 

district court declared a mistrial. 

Washington objected to the declaration of a mistrial. The district court 

responded, stating, among other things, that the jury had begun to discuss the case 

in violation of the court’s order. After the objection, the district court again 

declared a mistrial, discharged the jury, and informed the parties that a new trial 

would begin that afternoon. 

B. Motion to Dismiss Indictment

During a recess, Washington filed a motion to dismiss the indictment based 

on the Double Jeopardy Clause, arguing that: (1) there was no manifest necessity 

for the mistrial and that the government should have borne the consequences of 

presenting its evidence through its chosen witness; (2) Birch’s testimony was not 

unintelligible; and (3) Washington had the right to have his case decided by the 

empaneled jury. Because jeopardy attached when the jury was sworn, Washington 

asked the district court to dismiss the indictment. 

 2

The district court docket reflects that Birch also testified at a suppression hearing on

November 12, 2014. 

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The government opposed Washington’s motion. Because Washington at 

first appeared to prefer the option of declaring a mistrial, the government argued 

that his subsequent objection to the declaration of a mistrial constituted either 

waiver or invited error. The government stated that there was manifest necessity 

for a mistrial based on the various reasons laid out by the district court. 

The district court explained that declaring a mistrial was a manifest 

necessity, in the absence of any other remedy on which the parties could agree. 

The jurors had begun (1) to evaluate the demeanor, style, and presentation of a 

witness before the end of the case, and (2) to deliberate prematurely by sharing 

with the district court that they did not understand Birch’s testimony. Accordingly, 

the district court orally denied Washington’s motion to dismiss the indictment, and 

further denied a stay pending an interlocutory appeal. 

On November 19, 2014, Washington filed a notice of interlocutory appeal. 

On the same day, the district court entered a written order finding 

Washington’s motion to dismiss the indictment to be “dilatory and frivolous,” and 

thus, his interlocutory appeal did not bar retrial. Specifically, the district court 

explained that it was beyond dispute that the discussion of the witnesses and 

evidence prior to the end of the case qualified as juror misconduct, and it was 

within the court’s discretion to determine that this misconduct necessitated a 

mistrial. Given the jury’s misconduct, there was a manifest necessity to declare a 

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mistrial and preserve the integrity of the jury’s deliberative process. Although the 

district court had considered alternatives to mistrial, none were feasible. The

record of Birch’s testimony was incomplete, which foreclosed the possibility of 

reading the trial transcript to the jurors, and Washington objected to the proposed 

recall of Birch. 

On November 20, 2014, this Court granted Washington’s emergency motion 

to stay retrial pending the outcome of his interlocutory appeal. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review the district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss the indictment 

for abuse of discretion. United States v. Davis, 708 F.3d 1216, 1221 (11th Cir. 

2013). The deference given “to the district court’s declaration of a mistrial varies 

according to the circumstances, which include the basis for the order of mistrial 

and the trial judge’s exercise of sound discretion in making the decision.” United 

States v. Therve, 764 F.3d 1293, 1298 (11th Cir. 2014) (quotation marks omitted). 

We review whether there was manifest necessity for a mistrial by reviewing the 

entire record in the case without limiting the review to the actual findings of the 

trial court. Id.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Double Jeopardy Principles 

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The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment protects a criminal 

defendant from being subjected to multiple prosecutions for the same offense. 

U.S. Const. amend. V. Jeopardy attaches when the jury is empaneled and sworn, 

and, “[o]nce jeopardy attaches, a defendant has a constitutional right to have his 

case decided by that jury, except under limited circumstances.” Therve, 764 F.3d 

at 1298. 

Where the district court grants a mistrial over a defendant’s objection, “[t]he 

Double Jeopardy Clause bars the government from retrying [him] unless, taking all 

the circumstances into consideration, there was a manifest necessity for the 

mistrial, or the ends of public justice would otherwise have been defeated by 

continuing the trial.” United States v. Chica, 14 F.3d 1527, 1531 (11th Cir. 1994) 

(quotation marks omitted and alterations adopted). Whether manifest necessity 

exists for the declaration of a mistrial is a fact-intensive inquiry, and “application 

of the doctrine is incompatible with a mechanical application of rules and 

exceptions.” Therve, 764 F.3d at 1298 (quotation marks omitted). 

Generally speaking, “[a] trial judge properly exercises his discretion to 

declare a mistrial if an impartial verdict cannot be reached, or if a verdict of 

conviction could be reached but would have to be reversed on appeal due to an 

obvious procedural error in the trial.” Illinois v. Somerville, 410 U.S. 458, 464, 93 

S. Ct. 1066, 1070 (1973). Additionally, “a trial judge is vested with broad 

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discretion in responding to an allegation of jury misconduct, and that discretion is 

at its broadest when the allegation involves internal misconduct such as premature 

deliberations, instead of external misconduct such as exposure to media publicity.” 

United States v. Dominguez, 226 F.3d 1235, 1246 (11th Cir. 2000). 

Although a “high degree” of necessity is required before concluding that a 

mistrial is appropriate, Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 506-07, 98 S. Ct. 

824, 831 (1978), a district court does not abuse its discretion in declaring a mistrial 

simply because other alternatives might have been permissible, Dominguez, 226 

F.3d at 1247. The district court “should consider whether any alternatives to a 

mistrial are available, but the failure to adopt or consider a particular alternative is 

not constitutional error.” Venson v. Georgia, 74 F.3d 1140, 1145 (11th Cir. 1996).

B. Washington’s Case

Washington argues that the mistrial was not supported by manifest necessity, 

and thus, his retrial would result in a double jeopardy violation. According to

Washington, any premature deliberations regarding Birch’s testimony likely 

constituted only a brief departure from the “proper process for jury 

decisionmaking,” and the district court’s stated willingness to proceed with the 

recall of Birch contradicted the finding that the deliberations had been irreparably 

corrupted. 

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Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Washington’s 

motion to dismiss the indictment based on double jeopardy grounds because there 

was sufficient justification, in the record as a whole, for finding that a mistrial was 

a manifest necessity.3

While the record does not indicate the extent to which the jurors actually had

deliberated among themselves about the government’s case, the jurors’ discussion 

of Birch’s testimony and his manner of speaking constituted premature discussions 

on some level. And a district court is undoubtedly vested with broad discretion to 

determine that a mistrial is manifestly necessary when faced with internal trial 

errors, such as those caused by premature deliberations. See Dominguez, 226 F.3d

at 1246-47. 

Moreover, it is clear from the record that the district court also took time to 

consider the issue, inquired of the parties’ positions, and carefully considered 

potential alternatives to mistrial. But there were problems with each of the 

alternatives proposed by the parties. While it may well have been permissible for 

the district court to allow the government to recall Birch, the district court cannot 

be faulted for honoring a defendant’s objection to the recall. Furthermore, any of 

the potential options, short of declaring a mistrial, would have required the district 

 3

Although disputed by the parties, it is unnecessary to parse the exact amount of 

discretion accorded to each reason articulated by the district court for its decision. We look to 

the record as a whole in determining whether the district court properly found that a mistrial was 

a manifest necessity. See Therve, 764 F.3d at 1298.

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court to proceed with the case when at least six of the jurors had engaged in 

premature discussions. See United States v. Yonn, 702 F.2d 1341, 1345 n.1 (11th 

Cir. 1983) (“Any discussion among jurors of a case prior to formal deliberations 

certainly endangers that jury’s impartiality.”).

There is no doubt that Washington has a strong interest in having his case 

decided by his chosen jury. But that right cannot predominate over the public 

interest in a fair determination of the case, particularly where only one witness had 

testified and there is no indication that Washington would have been particularly 

inconvenienced by the mistrial. See Therve, 764 F.3d at 1298 (explaining that 

“district courts are permitted to declare a mistrial and discharge a jury only where, 

taking all the circumstances into consideration, there is a manifest necessity for the 

act, or the ends of public justice would otherwise be defeated”) (quotation marks

omitted).

Finally, Washington’s two procedural arguments are without merit. First, 

the district court did not err by failing to specifically address Washington’s right to 

have his case decided by a single jury panel, or by failing to expressly find a

mistrial to be a manifest necessity until the mistrial already had been declared. See

Washington, 434 U.S. at 516-17, 98 S. Ct. at 836 (holding that a district court is 

not required to make a specific finding of manifest necessity or “articulate on the 

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record all the factors which informed the deliberate exercise of [its] discretion[,]” 

as long as the record as a whole provides sufficient justification for the ruling). 

Second, the district court’s failure to inquire further into the exact extent of 

the premature deliberations did not constitute reversible error, in light of the record 

as a whole. See United States v. LaSpesa, 956 F.2d 1027, 1033 (11th Cir. 1992)

(stating that a district court possesses broad discretion to determine the appropriate 

method of investigation when faced with an allegation of juror misconduct).

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court did not abuse 

its discretion in declaring a mistrial, and thus, retrial is not barred by double 

jeopardy. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of Washington’s 

motion to dismiss the indictment.

AFFIRMED.

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