p. 1 

# PICK-U P DATE : BO X 

# 1 0 O F 

# 1 0 Step 2 : FO RASR C INTERNA

L US E ONL Y 

### (PARTA

_of_ B )



# EP ADOCKE T ID : 102RQ-R N 41 ) 102RQ-RN-5- 3 43 ) 102RQ-RN-5- 5 45 ) 102RQ-RN-5- 7 47 ) 102RQ-RN-5- 9 49 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 1 51 ) 102RQ-RN-5-13

_ 53) ( 102RQ-RN-5-15 J 55 ) 102RQ-RN-3- 4 57 ) 59 ) 61 ) 63 ) 65 ) 67 ) 69 ) 71 ) 73 ) 75 ) 77 ) 79 ) Ste p 3 : FO R ASR C INTERNA L US E ONL Y 

### CD : OA : / 

# 42 ) 102RQ-RN-5- 4 44 ) 102RQ-RN-5- 6 46 ) 102RQ-RN-5- 8 48 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 0 50 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 2 52 ) 102RQ-RN-5-1 4 54 ) 102RQ-RN-5-3 1 56 ) 102RQ-RN-2-5- 1 58 ) 60 ) 62 ) 64 ) 66 ) 68 ) 70 ) 72 ) 74 ) 76 ) 78 ) 80 )

Ste p 1 : FO R ASR

C INTERNA L US E ONL Y Ar e ther e more document s fo r thi s Docke t i n anothe r boxT^YE^)/ N O *Fil l ou t Continuatio n Shee t an d go t o Ste p 2 Interna l SFUN D Bo

x Numbe r 

### _35

_ O F 283

_ Initials/Date : LD S / 3-8-200 7py 

# oyKA-tf^y-iy



# i i i j 

# i i i 

# r r Model * fo r th e Evaluatio no f Ingestio nDose s Fro a tha Consumptio no f

Terrestria l Food s Followin g a nAtaospheri e Radioactiv e Releas e
'-'-'**•.- y



## '- : 

## . S . Hair - - ~

Content s Approve d Classificatio nan d Distributio n Approve d

/ 

# .$m^A V.k ~

Hea d o f Healt hPhysic s Researc hSectio n Directo r

Fo r Inclusio nl a Atoslnde z 

# I Ip.3 . 

# r 

# 1 

# I I I I I I i

D E II I I I !

I SUMMARY

I nthi s repor t variou s method s ar e describe d whic hhav e bee n Incorporate d i nth e FOODWE B modul e o f th e CECB' s NECTA

Renvironmenta l cod e an d ar e currentl y

bein g use d withi nCEC B t o asses s ingestio ndose s fro m consumptio no f terrestria l food s followin g anatmospheri c radioactiv e release . Th e aajo r step s i nsuc ha nassessmen t are : (1 ) th e calculatio no f nuclid e concentratio nlevel s i nvariou s food s - arisin g fro

m a know ndepositio nfro

m th e plume , (11 ) th e calculatio no f the correspondin g individua l an d populatio n doae s arisin g fro

m consumptio no f thes e foods . O f these , th e firs t i s the mos t comple xan d i s achieve d vi a *h e us e o f a nappropriat e foodchai nmodel . Fou r suc hmodel s hav e bee ndevelope d withi n CECB , namely : (1 ) a general , dynami c mode l coverin g a wid e rang e o f foodclmi n pathways , whic haa y b e use d t o study

th e time-dependenc e o f radionuclid e transfe r fo r bothcontinuous - and.accidenta l release s o f mixture s o f radionuclide s i ndeca y chain s a t differen t season s o f th e year , (11 ) a simple , equilibriu m mode l coverin g a limite d numbe r o f foodchai n pathways , whic haa y b e use d onl y

fo r a continuou s releas e o f a singl e paren t nuclide , (iii ) tw

o "specia l case " aodels , respectivel y fo r studyin g the transfe r o f tritiu

m an d ll * C fro a continuou s release s o f trltiate d wate r an d l** C labelle d C0 2 « Thes e aodel s .ar

e full y describe d an

d result s o f typica l calculation s presented . Als o give nar e th e result s o f a validatio no f th e dynami c aode l agains t aeaaure d 90 S r an d 137 C s level s i nmil k i nth e O.K . resultin g fro a weapon s fallout . Finally , method s ar e als o describe d l nthi s repor t fo r calculatin g individua l an

d populatio ndose s -fro m Ingestio nusin g th e result s o f th e mode l calculations . Th e populatio ndose-calculation s utilis e a dat a bas e describin g th

e spatia l distributio no f productlon'o f a wid e rang e o f agricultura l products . .Th e developmen t o f suc ha dat a bas e fo r Crea t Britai n i s described , base d o nthe 197 2 lan d us e an

d livestoc k census , an d map s ar e presente d fo r eac hagricultura l product .P. 4 

# i 

# I B I I 

# a i i i i i i i 

# r 1 . INTRODUCTIO N 2 . RADIONUCLID

E TRANSPOR

T VI A TERRESTRIA

L FOODCHAINS - A

SUMMAR Y 2* 1 Transfe r to Edibl e Plant Matte r an d Anima l Fee

d 2.1. 1 Direc t Contaminatio n 2.1. 2 Uptake from-th e Soi l Deposi t : 2. 2 Transfe r to Anlaa l Product s 3 . A DESCRIPTIO

N O F THE MODEL S 3. 1 Dynami c Mode l 3. 2 Equilibriu

m Mode l 3. 3 "Specia l Case " Model s 4 . VALIDATIO

N O F TH E DYNAMI C MODE L .4. 1 Fallout Dat a Analysi s 4. 2 Saapl a Calculation s 5 . TH E CALCULATIO N O F INDIVIDUA

L DOS E FRO

M INGESTIO

N 6 . TH E CALCULATIO N OF INGESTIO

N POPULATIO

N DOS E . 6. 1 Method s 6. 2 Dat a 6.2. 1 Productio

no f Agricultura l Product s Dat a Librar y 6.2. 2 The Foo

d Utilisatio

nDat a 7 . CONCLUSION S r - - - REFERENCE S APPENDI X1 : Mathematica l Aspect s o f th e Dynami c Mode l APPENDI X2 : Derivatio no f Tritiu

m Transfer Factor s fo r Anima l Product s (Constant Humidity ) APPENDI X3 : Derivatio no f Tritiu

m Transfe r Factor s fo r Anima l Product s (Variabl e Humidity ) APPENDI X4 : Th

e Calculatio

nof Dynami c Itode

l Rat e Constant s fro m Equilibriu

m "Transfe

r Data " APPENDI X5 : Actlnide Uptak e t o Anima l Product s (b y M.D . Oti s an

d J.A . Roberts , Scienc e Application s Inc. , Schaumburg , Illinois , .USA) .P. 5 

# I I B I I B

I I I NOTATIO N

I N MAI N TEX T Symbo l N Quantit y Denote d

8 V



### f .

\

P



## * s

c 

## s 

## ° R

C S P

~ L I Vecto r o f nuclid e inventorie s o f the variou s compartment s o f a

coapartaen t model . Matri xo f rat e constant s Xj * fo r activit y exchang e betwee n eoapartaents . ~ Matri xo f conatant s providin g the activit y inpu t t o th e coapartaen t aystea . Dr y aatte r conten t o f plant . Fres hweigh t plan t density . A constan t suc htha t interceptio nfractio no nplan t - l-e~W * (Chamberlain , 1970) . Translocatio nfacto r fro m foliage - t o edibl e part . TOTA L depositio nrat e fro m plume , i.e . ont o bot hplant s and •oil . Radioactiv e disintegrationeonstant . Fiel d los s coefficient . ^Activit y

concentratio npe r uni t weigh t o f edibl e plan t par t fro a surfac e contaminatio nonly . Densit y o f we t soil ; Dept ho f ploughe d laye r o r rootin g zon e (a s appropriate) . Rat e constan t for activit y remova l ou t o f ploughe d layer / rootin g zon e t o deepe r soi l layers . Activit y

concentratio npe r uni t we t weigh t o f soil . Activit y

concentratio npe r uni t weight " o f edibl e plan t par t fro m roo t uptak e only . _• _ . _ . - _ Soi l t p plan t concentratio nfactor. . Transfe r facto r relatin g equilibriu m concentratio nl nedibl e plan t par t t o uni t depositio no r ai r concentration . Mea nstorag e tim

e o f food , betwee nit s productio nl nthe fiel d and-it s consumption . Activit y

concentratio npe r uni t weigh t o f anima l fee d L . Tota l dail y

activit y

intak e b

y animal . Activit y

concentratio npe r uni t weigh t o f anima l produc t A .P. 6



### Symbo l Quantit y Denote d J . Dall y

anima l intak e o f feedL . f A 

### Equilibriu m dlet-to-anlaa l produc t concentratio nfacto r fo r anima l produc t A . fp . Hydroge nconten t by weigh t o f food1 . F H

### Hydroge nconten t o f surfac e air. . H Absolut e humidity . jr. . Equilibriu m ai r concentratio no f pollutant . *wate r Equilibriu m soi l wate r concentratio no f pollutant . r . Rati o o f equillbrlu a pollutan t concentration s l nequa l volume s

o f soi l wate r andair . Bj . Anlaa l breathin g rate . : _ W ^ Dail y wate r Intak e b y

anlaal . 

### IQ±Carbo nconten t by weigh t o f foo

d1 . F c 

### Carbo nconten t o f surfac e air . • t\t_Coaaltte ddos e t o orga nk fro a on e year' s Intak e (o r on e day's ,

dependin g o ncontext ) of^nuclid e J i nfood1 . ~ C^ . Activit y concentratio no f nuclid e J ~ i nfood1 a t eonaumptlon . d t 

### Dietar y Intak e rat e o f food'-i . J k' • - " • : " . 

### D j Coaaltte ddos e t o orga nk-fra ningestio no f uni t activit y o f nuclid e J - the ingestio ndose-intak e factor . Hji k

### Committe ddos e t o orga nk fro m intak e ove r al l tim

e o f nuclid e J i nfoo d1 . H . Committe ddos e t o orga nk fro m Intak e ove r al l tim

e o f al l nuclide s I nal l foods . ~ ._'"""- " c^ . Integrate dactivit y o f nuclid e j i nanima l produc t 1 correcte d fo r radioactiv e deca y betwee nproductio nan dconsumption . S^ju ^ Coaaltte dpopulatio ndos e t o orga nk fro m intak e o f nuclid e j i none.year' s productio no f foo d1 produce da t locatio nJt . x ^ . Tota l annua l productio no f foo d1 a t locatio n1 . F ^ Fractio no f annua l productio no f foo d1 tha t i s consume dby th e populatio n(a s oppose dt o goin g t o anima l fee do r seed , fo r example) .P. 7 

# 1 

# I I 1 1 B B a 1 

# B Symbo l

• C i j l 

# k

• -•- _

•



# B 

# a Quantit y Denote d Activit y

concentratio na t conauaptio no f nuclid e j i nfood 1 produce d a t locatio n1 . Coaaltte d populatio ndos e t o orga nk fro a intak e o f al l nuclide s l nal l food s produce d a t al l location a ove r on e year .



# 1 IP. 8



# I 

# I I B 1 I
\ 

# I I


# I I 

# i

!
! 

# I I i 1 . INTRODUCTIO N

Al l radioactiv e aaterial s whic har e presen t i nthe environmen t ma y ente r foodstuff s t o som

e exten t thu s constitutin g a potentia l sourc e o f radiatio n expoaur e t o man . However , the exten t t o whic hthi s proces s occur s ma y var y b y man y order s o f magnitud e dependin g o nthe physica l an d chemica l characteristic s o f th e radioactiv e material s an d o nthe locatio n-and - rat e a t whic hthe y

ar e Introduce d int o the . environment , the transfe r processe s bein g knowncollectivel y

a o foodehaina . I nth e cas e o f atmospheri c radioactiv e releases , th e significanc e o f th e terreatrla l foodchai npathwa y a a a potentia l rout e o f exposur e i s usuall y assesse d l nrelatio nt o othe r exposur e route s suc has , fo r exaaple , inhalatio nan

d externa l exposur e fro a airborn e an d groun d deposite d activity . Centra l t o th

e estimatio no f the ingestio ndose - is.th a nee d fo r a foodchai n transfe r aode l relatin g activit y depositio nt o level s i nfoodstuffs . Man y o f th e aodel s develope d initiall y wer e aiapl e equilibriu m aodel s considerin g onl y a saal l nuabe r o f critica l foodehaina . A nexampl e o f suc ha aode l use d . withi nCEG B and incorporate d l nthe POPFOO D compute r cod e i s give nby Nai r e t a l (1980) . Sinc e suc haodel s relat e only , t o equilibriu m conditions , the y ar e onl y

suitabl e fo r th e assessmen t o f annua l dose s fro a continuou s release s an

d ar e unsuitabl e fo r assessin g dose s fro a accidental^releases . Fo r thi s reaso na considerable effor t ha a recentl y bee nexpende d bot hwithi n CEG B an d outside , Int o developin g tiae-depeoden t aodel s an d associate d dat a "coverin g a whol e rang e o f foodchai npathway s suitabl e fo r assessin g dose s fro a bot hcontinuou s an d accidenta l ataospheri e releases . I nthi s report , a ful l descriptio ni s provide d of.th e variou s foodchai n aodel a currentl y

i nus e withi nCECB . Thes e consis t of : (1 ) a dynrml c foodchai naode l encompassin g a wid e rang e o f foodchai n pathway s applicabl e t o the assessmen t o f dose s fro m bot hcontinuou s an d accidenta l releases , - : (11 ) a simpl e equilibriu m foodchai nmodel , whic hencompasses onl y a limite d numbe r o f foodchai npathways , applicabl e Jus t to th e assessmen t o f dose s fro

m continuou s releases , whic hi s include d fo r historical - reasons, . (ill ) tw

o "specia l case " equilibriu m foodchai nmodel s applicabl e t o the assessmen t o f dose s fro m continuou s release s o f *H a s HT O an d l^ C a a CO. , , respectively . Al l th e model s hav e bee nincorporate d i nth e NECTAR-F00DWE B modul e o f the CEGB' * NECTA

Renvlronaents l code . Th e productio no f standar d librar y dat a fo r th

e model s i s describe d I nthi s repor t (Appendi xA) , whil e result s

- 1 -P. 9

o f a naxparimanta l prograaaa t o provid

e ke y dat a fo

r th e dynami c foodchai n aode l wil l b

a presente

d elsewhere (Groga

net al , 1984) . Th e processe s whereb y radioactivit

y I s transporte

d throug

hterrestria l foodehain a ar e summarise

d i nSectio

n2 , whil e th * aodel s are describe d full y inSectio

n3 an d coapsre

d withexperiaenta l dat a i nSectio n4 . Finally , method s fo r calculatin

g individua l an

d populatio

ndose * are describe d inSection s 5 an

d 6 an d th e conclusion * are presente d l nSectio

n7 . 2 . RADIONUCLID

E TRANSPOR

T VIA TERRESTRIA

L FOODCHAIN S - A

SUMMAR Y Th e transfer mechanism s involve

d interrestria l foodchai ntranspor t ar c depicte d schematicall y

i nFigur e 1 . Uptak

e into crop s an

d anlaa l product s ar e discusse

d separatel y

below . 2. 1 Transfe r to Edibl e Plant Matte r an d Anlaa l Fee

d Ther e ar e tw

o distinc t route * o f uptake o f radionuclide s int o crop * an d livestock feed . The* * are dlree t contaminatio nvi a aeria l depositio nan d uptake fro

a th e *ol l deposit , an

d ar e considere

d lnturn . 2.1. 1 Direc t Contaminatio n The .exten

t to whichdeposite d aaterial s ar e retaine d o a plant * depend * onth e physica l characterlatlc s o f th e deposi t an

d o nth e growthfora o f th e : plant . Radioactiv

e material * ma

y b e deposite

d a a particle* , vapour * o r a * aolution s lnrai nor fog . Particle s exceedin g 45 u diamete r (AMAD ) ar e rarel y retaine d o nleave * a s the

y usuall y

reboun d fro a th e surface s to reac

hth e soil. . As th

e particl e .siz

e decreases , th

e retentio

nincreases , bein

g typicall y

~ 15 Z for 4 u AMA

D particle s depositin g on , say , 4 " hig

hpasture . A t th e .othe r en d o f th e AMA D range , th

e depositio

no f fin

e particle s and . vapour s i s largely

determine

d b y diffusio

nprocesse s sinc e the y hav e a ver y lo w termina l velocity . Th e depositio

ni s greates t o

nlea f edge s wher e th e laminar boundar

y layer o f stil l ai r i s smallest . Th e degre e t

o which solution s wil l deposi t depend s o nth e quantit

y o f wate r deposite

d an d onth e drople t alze . Typically , about 25 Z o f a deposi t o f ~ 100 u AMA D droplet s wil l be

_retained_o

n5 " hig

hpasture . Thus , l ngeneral , th

e fractio

no f th e deposit-retaine

d onfoliag

e wil l depen

d principally

o nth e followin

g -factors : (i ) Physica l an

d cheaica l for

a o f th e deposit . (ii ) Typ

e D f plant . (ill ) Herbage densit y an d it s distributio

n[i.e . whethe r unifor m (grasses ) o

r non-unifor

m (cultivate

d crops)] . Th e direc t surfac e contaminatio no f leave s aay , l

ntime , lea

d to tissu

e contaminatio

no f th e edibl e part o f th e plant , thi s proces s bein g calle d

- 2 -P.1 0


# I I B I

I I "translocation" . Th e eignlfleanc e o f translocatio nwill , l ngenera l

(althoug hno t exclusively) , Increas e th e earlie r i nth e growin g seaso nth e depositio noccurs . I naddition , th e edibl e parte , auc ha a th e ear s o f grain , aa y b e contaminate d directly . Uptak e int o th e edibl e part e aa y

ala o occu r vi a absorptio no f surfac e contaminatio nfro a th * basa l part s o f th e plant . Thi s proces s i s calle d "plan t bas e abaorptlon" . Surfac e contaminatio ni s als o readil y los t fro a leaves.by.processe s suc h a s washof f and th e scalin g o f ws xfro a lea f surfaces . Th e processe s ar e knowncollectivel y

a s "fiel d loss " an d coapet e wit htranslocatio na * a aourc e o f depletio no f surfac e activit y fro a herbage . Th e rat e o f fiel d los s i s dependen t o nth e seaso no f yes r an d o nplan t typ e and aa y als o depen d o nth e physica l an

d cheaica l characteristic s o f the deposi t an d o nthe . climati c condition* . : 2.1. 2 Uptak e fro

m th e Soi l Deposi t Uptak e froa . th e soi l deposi t occur s vi a roo t uptak e and *oi l resuspension * The . exten t o f roo t uptak e depend * o ntha typ e o f plant , th e soi l o nwhic hi t i a grown , th e seaso no f th e yea r an d th e radionuclid e unde r consideration . Substance s alway s ente r th e plan t a s labil e ion s and th e absorptio nmechanis m consist s o f a ninitia l rapi d Influxacros s th e roo t membran e followe d by transfe r to , an

d upwar d movemen t in , th e vaaeula r tlaaue . Th e firs t proces s i s initiall y ( < 10-1 5 Bins ) ver y rapi d bu t subsequentl y

fall s t o a steady , lowe r level . Th e .secon d and third processe s ar e directl y

dependen t o nth e utilisatio no f energy release d b

y respiration . Soa e importan t factor s affectin g the rat e o f absorptio nare : (1 ) Ioni c concentration . Th e absorptio nrat e varie s directl y a s concentratio na t level s lo w compare d t o th e threshol d fo r saturatio nan d reduce s a s the saturatio nleve l i s reached . (11 ) Ioni c valency . Hig hvalenc y ion s ar e knownt o diffus e preferentially , int o th e roo t exterio r bu t the vascula r tissu e absorbs , preferentially , iona o f lo w valency . _ (ill ) Soi l p H an

d th e presenc e o f alnera l an d colloida l particles . An alteratio ni np H ca ncaus e precipitatio no f ion s wit ha consequen t dro p l n roo t uptake . Th e presenc e o f minera l an d colloida l particle s o r of - huml e material s ca nals o reduc e th e uptak e o f certai nnuclides , suc ha s isotopes - o f caesium , b

y th e "soi l fixation " mechanism . Thi s effectivel y removes-ion s . fro m th e labil e soi l pool , for example , b y fixing the

m i nth e lattic e lnterstltial s o f minera l particles . (iv ) Interrelationship s betwee nions . Interrelationship s occu r whe nth e rat e o f uptak e o f on e Io ndepend s o nth

e concentratio no f anothe r Ion . A

- 3 -P.1 1

vei l know

nexampl e relate s t o the uptak e o f strontium , whic hlncreaae a wit h decreasin g calclu a concentratio ni nthe soil . Th a significanc e o f roo t uptak e ma y ala o ba affecte d b y othe r factor s suc ha a cro pproductivit y an dagricultura l practice , l nparticula r the ua a o f fertiliser s andploughing/direc t drillin g practices . Dat a o nsoi l reauapenslo har e spars e l ncompariso nt o dat a o nroo t uptake . Th e soi l conten t o f abov e groundpart * of plant * arise * fro a tw o separat e sources : (1 ) direc t resuspenslo no f soi l particle s fro a the ' groun dbelow , fo r exaaple , b

y ralnsplash , (11 ) Interceptio nb y th e abov e groundpart s o f soi l particle s presen t a s dus t l nai r blow

l nfro a surroundin g areas . I naddition , specia l harvestin g technique * auc ha * th e us e of coabln e harvester s may"b e expecte dt o Increas e the soi l conten t o f th e harveste d crop . A

highe r soi l conten t aay-ala o b e expecte dl nth e akin * o f potatoe s andrr< t vegetable s which , althoug hno t arisin g fro a an y resuspenslo n •echnnisa , need s t o b e take nint o accoun t whe ncalculatin g tota l activit y concentratlona . 2. 2 Transfe r t o Anlaa l Product s Theniptak e o f activity/by aniaals an

dIt s transfe r t o anlaa l product s is ; essentiall y

a tw o ate pprocess . Th e Inhale d o r Ingeste d activit y i s initiall y

transferre d t o blood , andlymphati c flui dwhich < i nturn , give s ris e to ~ contaminatio n"o

f mil k an

d meat . Th e ai r passage s consis t of the nasa l cavity, " pharynx , larynx , trache a an dth e bronchi * Th e latte r subdivid e int o alnut e roun d *i r sac s calle d alveol i wher e exchang e o f carbo ndioxid e an d oxyge nbetwee ncirculating.bloo d an d ai r occurs . Thus , th e iaportan t physical/chemica l factor s affectin g uptak e vi a inhalatio nint o body fluid s - ar e particl e size , solubilit y an dcheaica l form , whil e th e l«tportant physiologica l lector s are^breathin g rat e an defficienc y

o f mucosa l an

d nasa l clearance .
-.. The.gastro-lntestlnal,trac t (G I tract ) I s divide dint o th e stonach , smal l Intestin e (SI ) an d th e larg e intestin e (LI) . Th e L I i s Itsel f divide d int o the cecum , colo nan d rectu m an dth e S I int o the duodenum . Jejunu m an d ileum . Additionally , fo r ruminants , ehe stomac hI s divide d int o the rumen , reticulum , omasu

m an d abomasum . Gastri c Juice s an d othe r digestiv e enzyme s ar e adde di nthe stomac hbu t absorptio no f radionuclide s int o bloo doccur s mainl y fro m the wall s o f the SI . Th e importan t physical/chemica l factor s governin g the uptak e ar e thu s solubilit y an dchemica l for a whil e th e anlaa l die t I s th e majo r physiologica l factor .

- 4 -P.1 2


# I, I I i



# • B I l | l | l i 

# 1 I l ' I I I 11 1



# I I I I I I naany cases , th e ingestio npathwa y i s aor e significan t tha nth e Inhalatio npathway

fo r animals . Th e die t o f mos t livestoc k consist s o f graaa , hay/silag e an d straw togethe r witha saal l bu t non-trivia l amoun t o f •oi l Ingeste d directl y wit hthe gras s and th e atore d feed . Th e ingestio no f store d feed ca ngiv e ris e t o complication s l nth e foodchai ntranafe r calculations . Fo r example , a releas e o f a long-live d radionuclid e i nth e grazin g aeaao nca ngiv e ris e t o continuin g hig hlevel * I nth e anlaa l produc t wel l afte r th e grazing , aeaao nha s ende d owin g t o th e continue d consumptio no f contaalnate d feed grow ni nth e grazin g season . However , thi s woul d no t b e th e eas e fo r a ahort-live d radionuclide , whic hwoul d hav e decaye d awa y during storag e o f th e feed . A classica l referenc e givin g a genera l revie w o f radionuclid e transpor t throug hterrestria l foodchain * is-provided-by Scot t Russel l (1966) . Althoug h auc hdetaile d inforaatio nha s subsequentl y become availabl e (e.g . Coughtre y and Thome , 1983) , aany o f th e genera l discussion s i ntha t referenc e ar e •til l valid . 3 . A DESCRIPTIO N

O F TH E MODEL S Model * currentl y

l nus e consis t of : . (1 ) a dynami c foodchai nmode l allowin g calculation s t o b e mad e o f th e time cours e o f radionuclid e tranafe r throug ha wid e rang e o f foodchai n pathways , (ii ) a nequilibriu m foodchai nmodel.encompassin g a Halte d nuabe r o f foodchai npathway s applicable , b y definition , onl y

t o wel l characterise d situation s fo r th e assessmen t o f dose s fro m continuou s releases , (ili ) tw

o "specia l case " model s applicabl e t o th e assessmen t o f dose s fro a continuou s releases ' o f 3 H a a RT O and lH C a s C0 2 > Thi s rang e o f aodel s ha a bee nIncorporate d int o th e NECTAR-FOODtfE B aodul e o f th e NECTA Renvironmenta l cod e fo r severa l reasons . Fo r example , th e advantage s o f usin g the equilibriu m model s are . that : (a ) they ar e relativel y

simpl e l nconcep t an d therefor e easil y

understood , an

d (b ) sinc e they refe r t o anequilibriu m condition , they

ma y b e .use d t o produce' s smal l se t o f stati c transfe r coefficients , eac hspecifi c t o a give nnuclid e and . food . Th e disadvantage s ar e that : (a ) b y thei r ver y

natur e they

ma y giv e ris e t o unnecessaril y pessimisti c result s fo r thos e radionuclide s tha t d o no t reac hequilibriu

m durin g th e cours e o f th e release , an

d (b ) sinc e they

onl y cove r a limite d numbe r o f foodchai npathways , they mus t b e use d wit hcar e onl y l u wel l characterise d situation s wher e neglec t o f the extraneou s pathway s ha s bee nJustified .

- 5 -P.1 3

The dynami c mode l covera release s o f al l nuclide s except *H an d l -c . Dynaal c aodel s hav

e not bee

ndevelope

d fo r thes e tw

o nuclide s sinc e time-dependent dat a are no t a t preaent require d fo r ^ H an d l ** C release s I withi nCEGB . Advantage s o f ualn g suc haodel * are that : (a ) the y ar e ver

y genera l l nnature an d therefore do not require decision * to b e aade i

nI advanc e a s to whic

hfoodchai npathway s are significant an d whichar e not , (b ) the y ca nb e use d t o stud y th e behaviou

r o f nuclide s lna deca y chai n(cf . - actlnldes ) rather tha njus t o f a singl e parent nuclide , an d (e ) sinc e the

y •r e tiae^-dependen

t innature , the

y perai t studie s to b e made o f th

e Influenc e o ningestio

ndos e o f th

e seaso no f year whenth

e releas e occurs . Th e aajo r disadvantage 1 * that , b y thei r ver

y complexity , the

y require a large supportin

g data , bas e whic

hI s difficul t to collec t and.validate . The variou s model s ar e describe d i ntur

nbelow . 3. 1 Dynaal c Mode l The dynaal c aode l consist s o f tw o aub-aodels , one fo r crop * an

d th e _ othe r fo

r anlaa l products . Thes e ar e ahow nschematicall y

l nFigure s 2 an

d 3 respectively . The aode l fo r crop s consider s th e follovin

g processes : (1 ) field los s fro a foliage t

o soi l an

d plan t base , (ii ) translocatio

no f aurfae e activity t o tissue , (Hi ) plan

t bas e uptake , (lv ) roo t uptake fro a th e ploughe

d laye r an

d froa a deeper : soi l zone , (v ) nuclid

e fixatio

nl nsoil , - - (vl ) movemen t o f th e labil e component dow nth e soi l column , (vii ) soi l re8uspenslo nont o edibl e parts , y - . - (vlll ) change s l

nedibl e par t concentratlona . arisin g fro m dilutio

n(o r concentration ) durin g food"processin

g an d fro a radioactiv

e deca y betwee nharves t an

d consumption . ' Th e "plan t base " compartment ha a bee nInclude

d onl y fo r possibl e us e l n th e contex

t o f uptak

e into graa

a an d cereal s and-i s normall y zeroe d ou t o f th e calculation . Similarly th e compartment s fo

r fixe d soil s hav

e bee n Include d onl y t o accoun

t fo r th e behaviou

r o f certai nelement s (eg . caesiu m l ncla y soils ) an

d are not normally

used' . The.mode l assumes , . " pessimistically , simila r activit

y level s fo

r bot hedibl e an

d nou-edlbl e part s fo r surfac e contaminatio no f leguminou s gree nvegetable s an

d cereals , i

nlie u o f aor e discriminatin g data . Th

e tota l concentratio na t harves t ingree

n Vegetables , frui t an d cereal s i s take

nt o b e th e su m o f th e inventorie s i

n th e surfac e an

d tissu e compartment s together witha component fro m soi l resuspenslon . Th

e correspondin

g valu e fo r roo t vegetable s I s take njus t to b e th e tissu e Inventor

y together witha componen t fo r soi l content .

- 6 -P.1 4 

# I B 1 B I

- i Th e aode l fo r anlaa l product s consider s th e sam e processe s (l)-(vill ) abov e fo r uptak e int o graa a an d straw . However , translocatio no f activit y fro m surfac e t o tlaau e l a no t considere d owin g t o a lac k o f dat a an d al l appropriat e rat e conatant s ar e zeroed . Al l feed I s assume d t o b e produce d and consume d l nsitu . Gras s I s assume d t o b e consume d continuousl y i nth e grazin g season , whil e radioactiv e deca y o f atore d atraw

prio r t o consumptio n i s take nInt o account . Level s i nhay/alleg e ar e coapute d fro m level s i n gras s ualn g appropriat e scal e factor s fo r thei r respectiv e dr y matte r content , an

d radioactiv e deca y i natore d hay/sllsg e I s als o considered . .Th e . anima l die t i s assume d t o consis t o f specifie d level s o f grass , hay/silag e considere d together , straw an d aoil , th e soi l being assuae d t o b e consuae d a t th e same tim

e a s th e grass . A

one-coapartaen t aode l i s assume d fo r tranafe r o f activit y

fro a fee d t o anlaa l produc t and th e aode l als o account s fo r - change s i nanlaa l produc t concentratlon a arisin g fro a food processin g and fro a radioactiv e deca y durin g storage . Al l anlaa l product s ar e assuae d t o b e produce d continuously . Thus , fo r th e cas e of , say , beef , th e ag e distributio nan

d siz e o f her d ar e assuae d t o b e eonstan t wit hth e culle d aniaal a bein g assuae d t o b e replace d b y a nequa l nuabe r o f youn g aniaala . Th e aode l doe s not , a t present , conside r anlaa l Intak e o f activit y vi a Inhalatio nalthoug hi t l a recognise d tha t thi s coul d b e a potentiall y iaportan t exposur e rout e fo r soae-specia l cases . Mathematica l aspect s o f th e dynaal c aode l ar e considere d I ndetai l l n Appendi x1 . Th e mode l ca nconside r the 7 4 actinide s an d 42 5 fissio nproduct s Incorporate d l nthe NECTA Rcod e eithe r togethe r o r separatel y and , i nth e eas e o f fissio nproducts , calculation s ca nb e restricte d onl y t o thos e mas s • chain s o f interes t t o th e user . Thes e feature s ar e specifie d i ndetai l b y Nai r (1982) . Th e conceptua l stage s o f th e calculatio nar e a s follows : (a ) Mode l fo r crops : Th e Inventor y o f eac hnuclid e l na deca y chai ni neac h compartmen t o f th e plant-soi l mode l (illustrate d i nFigur e 2 ) i s specifie d by a se t o f couple d linea r firs t orde r differentia l equations . Thes e are - --- specifie d full y

i nAppendi x1 an

d ar e o f the form :

wher e £ i s a vecto r o f nuclid e inventorie s pe r uni t weigh t o f materia l I nth e variou s compartments , [ c ] i s a matri xo f constant s tha t ar e proportiona l t o th e depositio nrat e ove r a give ntim e ste p an

d [\] i s a matri xo f rate/deca y constants . Th e latte r i s a stiff , spars e matri xan d th e equation s ar e solve d numericall y

upt o the require d tim e using technique s especiall y suite d t

o suc h

- 7 -aatricea . Th e concentratio

nper uni t veigh t i nth e cro p a t harves t i s the n calculate

d a a follows : (1 ) Greenvegetables/fruit/cereals : Su a o f Inventorie s insurfac e an d tissu e compartment s together wit ha componen t fro m soi l resuspenslon . (11 ) Roo t vegetables : Th e tissu e coapartaent Inventor y together wit ha componen

t fo r soi l content . Th e componen

t fro a soi l i s obtaine

d b y sealing:th

e tota l concentratio n i nsoi l (labil e + fixed ) a t th e en d o f th e integrate

d ste p b y a facto

r specifyin

g th e resuspende

d soi l content o f th e crop . Th e fina l ste

p lnth e calculatio

naccount s fo

r radioactiv

e deca y between harves t an

d consumption , th

e equation

a for " radioactiv

e deca y ina deca

y chai n bein g solve d analytically . A

facto r canals o be - applied-t o account - fo r activity

los s o r concentratio ndurin g foo d processing . (b ) ; Mode l for animal - products : The calculatio no f nuclide concentratio n level s i nanlaa l product s (Illustrate d inFigur e 3 ) proceed s a s follows : . (1 ) Calculatio

no f level * l ngrass , hay/silage an d straw . (11 ) Calculatio

no f anlaa l activity intak e rat e (althoug

hthi s ca

nals o b e Input directl y

b y th e user withou t resor t to calculatio n(1)) . .(ill ) Calculatio

no f leve l inanlaa l product . ~ y Th e level s i ngraaa an d i nstra

w ar e calculate

d exactl y

a s describe

d abov e fo r crop s usin

g separat e plant-soi l aode l parameter s fo r each . Th

e leve l i ngras s I s not subjec t to a radioactiv e deca y correctio

naa i t I s assume d t o b e consume

d i nth e field . However , th e level s i nhay/silage an d stra w ar e correcte

d fo r bothradioactiv

e deca y an d mas s compactio

ndurin g - storage . Th

e Initia l an

d fina l concentratio nvalue s lneac

hfee d a t th e beginnin

g an d en d o f eac

htim e ste p are the

naverage

d to provid

e approximat e eonstant concentratio nvalue s over th

e tim e step . Thes e are the nuaed , in- . conjunctio

nwit hassume

d dietar

y intak e rate s b

y livestoc k o f grass , hay/silage an

d straw , t

o calculat e th

e tota l intak

e rate s over th

e timeste

p fro m thes e feeds. - A

nadditiona l inpu

t i s als o provide

d fro m direc t consumptio

no f soi l b

y th e animal . Th

e soi l I s assume

d t o b e consume

d primarily

durin g outdoor grazin

g an d henc e appropriat e level s are compute d fro m th e inventorie s o f th e labil e an

d fixe d soi l compartments.o f the . mode l fo r grass . Th e calculation s o f tota l dietar y intak e rate s made abov

e are inpu

t t o another syste

m o f differentia l equation s als o o f th e form :

- 8 -P.1 6

r. . 

# I I I B I 1 * - [X ] N + [c] ,

wher e I T i s a vecto r o f nuclid e concentration s pe r uni t weigh t o f the anima l product , [c ] i s a matri xo f nuclid e Intak e rate s b y th e anlaa l vi a it s die t an d[x ] i s a matri xo f metaboli c rate/deca y constants * Thes e ar e als o solve d numericall y

ove r th e nam

e tim e ste pa a pertaine dfo r gras s ( a differen t time ste pi a allowed , i f required , fo r hay/silage ) an dthe fina l eoneentratio ni n th e anima l produc t a t consumptio ni s calculate dtakin g int o accoun t radioactiv e deca y

an d activit y

loss/concentratio ndurin g processing . 3. 2 Equilibriu

m Mode l Th e equilibriu

m mode l consist s o f tw o sub-models , th e on e fo r crop * and th e othe r fo r anima l products . Onl y paren t nuclide * ar e considere dan d th e two . sub-aodel * sr e full y describe dbelow . (a ) Vegetabl e crops/cereals/frui t Folia r uptake : A t equilibriu m th e rat e o f depositio no f activit y ont o th e cro p wil l b e equr l t o th e rat e o f los s o f activit y fro a the crop . Chamberlai n(1970 ) ha a show ntha t th e fraction , p , o f deposite dactivit y intercepte db y

th e plan t i s give nby: - 

## p.i^ V " 

## :•:: ; - ' ; 5 

## . -where. u i s a constan t andg andV denot e th e dr y

aatte r conten t o f th e plan t an d th e crop-densit y expresse da a fres hweigh t pe r uni t are a o f land . Thu s th e rate , d'- , at-whichactivit y I s depositin g o nth e plant , expresse da s a n activit y

concentratio nrat e pe r uni t fres hweigh t o f th e plant , l a give nby: -



# - d - - £ ( 

# i->*V . y
wher e f denote s th e translocatio nfacto r a t equilibriu m fro m foliag e t o th e edibl e par t o f the plan t an du the tota l depositio nrate . Similarl y the rat e o f activit y

loss, ' 1' , fro

m the plan t i s give nby: -


### r 

# -(VV c 

# F » wher e K_ , Xan

dC

_denot e th

e radioactiv e disintegratio nconstant , the fiel d los s coefficien t an dthe require d equilibriu m concentratio no f activit y pe r uni t weigh t o f edibl e plant . At equilibrium , d ' - V so.tha t C

_i s give n by: -

- 9 -P.1 7



# '[(VV " J" "

Roo t uptake : A

t equilibriu

m th e rat e o f depositio nont o soi l wil l equa l th e rat e of.activit

y loa a fro m th e ploughe d layer . I f transfer o f activity froa ~ foliag e t o soi l vi a field loa a i s ignored , th

e former r expresse

d per uni t veight o f ve t soil , i s give nby: - 

# •m b>>
sinc e a fractio

ne _W * o f th

e depositin

g activity

land s o nth

e soil . Th

e - quantitie s p an

d Xdenot e th

e denait

y o f ve t soi l an

d th e dept hd f th

e ploughe d layer . I f nuclid

e fixatio

ni e ignore

d an d remova l o f activity froa soi l to plant I s assuae

d to b e saal l i ncompariso nt o remova l fro

a th e ploughe

d layer , th

e rat e o f activit ylos s i s give nby: -


## r 

# -<W c 

# s - -wher e X g denote s th

e remova l rat e fro

a th e ploughe

d layer to deepe r aoi l zone s an

d C c denote s th

e require

d activit

y concentratio

nper uni t we t weight o f aoil . A

t equilibriu

md " - 1 " so tha t C i s give n by: - 

# s 

# « vw•

Th e concentratio n pe r uni t weight of.th e edibl e par t o f the plan t vi a root uptake r C^ , ia . the n give n "by:

-
C - C C- . RS P V where C denote s the equilibriu msoil-to-plan t concentratio n factor . Transfe r facto r calculation : Th e require d factor , a , relating tota l activit yconcentratio n i n the edibl e par t o f th e plan t t o a uni t depositio n rat e i s the n give n by:

-

- 1 0 -P.1 8



# J B I I wher e th e facto re~ a S account s fo rradioactiv e deca y durin g foo d storage .

Th e expressio n doe s no taccoun tfo rany contributio n fro m soi l resuspenslo n ont o th e edibl e par to f th e plant . However , flora l uptake , whic h occur s I n grai n crops , i s accounte d fo rb y increasin g th e translocatio n facto rf_, whil e plan tbas e uptak e 1 * accounte d fo rb y increasin g th e soil-to-plan t concentratio n facto rC__ . S P (b ) Animal , product * Th e aode l fo r anlas 1 product s consider s anlaa l intak e o f grass , hay/silag e an

d straw (bu t no t soil) . Thes e ar e al l assiste dt o b e produce d an dconsuae dl n sit uan d th e transfe r factor s (denote db y a. ) ar e calculate d usin g th e expressio nfo r a derive dabov e wit hf - 1 ^ l.e ^ JI O discriminatio n i s assuae d betwee nedibl e an d non-edibl e parte . Th e anlaa l fee d contaminatio nlevel , C_ , I s the ngive nby :
wher e a . i s th e transfe r facto r fo r fee dL an d take s Int o accoun t deca y and aaa a compactio ndurin g atorag e fo r hay/silag e an d straw . Th e tota l anima l Intak e rate , I , l a the ngive nby : " 

# I I I I i5.p L 

## c L 

## -„iJ L V 

## .-••:_ - ; - - A

wher e J , i s th e Intak e rat e o f feedL . At equilibrium , the concentratio nl n th e anima l product , C , i s give nby : 

### C 

# A- f 

# A X 

# "VpL V

y "
wher e f . denote s the equilibriu m dlet-to-anima l produc t concentratio nfactor . Th e anima l produc t transfe r factor , a , I s the ngive nby :


# " £ ^ ^ " [*k.]•< «L> ] e 

# ' Vs 

# '

wher e t . denote s the mea nanima l produc t storag e time . Th e complet e expressio nfo r a I s thu s obtaine d b y substitutin g fo r th e O L an d i s give n by: -

- 1 1 -P.1 9



### a - t 

# n^"" * A^ :m 

# ' v 

# '\( J + - £ e 8 « h


### 1- e -•*8S' W S -»«S' W S '

'SPS ' 

### 'S ' 

### ( 

# W ) w 

# s ' ( 

# W pA P 

# -Vss' ] "V s

e I e , wher e subscript * g , han d S ' refer to graas , hay/silage an d atra w respectively . (c)' • Transfe r Factor Calculation s 131.133 . 8 9 9 0 13 4 13 7 ' S r an

d ' C s ar e Hate d lnTabl e 1 . Als o give nar e transfer factor s Result * o f Illustrativ e tranafer facto

r calculation s fo

r • 1 3 14 . for tritiu

m an d * C , whichar e considere d I nsectio

n3.3-belov . Transfe r factor * fo

r all k .ar

e quote d fo r bot ha a annua l averag

e co w diet , which include s coneuaptlo no f store

d feed , an

d fo r a aor e pesslalstl c die t consistin

g solely

o f gras s al l yea

r round . Th

e dat a oa whichth

e calculation s ar e baae d ar e liste

d inTabl e 2 an

d constitut e part o f th e standard-dat a librar y t o b e use d withth

e F00DWE

B aodule . I t 1 * see ntha t l33 I i s transferre

d to an y significant extent onl y to liquid allk , owin g to it s shor t assuae

d storag

e tim e o i Jua t on

e day . Similarl y l3l I i s transferre

d preferentiall y

t o all k althoug

hhig htransfer factor * are also ' observe d fo r gree nvegetable s an

d cereals . I

n-th e cas e o f th

e latter , a - lowe r transfer facto r woul d aris e i f th e cereal s wer e to b e store d fo r a

. 8 9 9 0 longer perio

d tha n3 0 days . * Sr ar e transferre d preferentiall y

t o cereal s althoug

hhig htransfer factor s are als o observe d fo r allk , egg s an

d gree nvegetables . Fo

r th e cas e o f ' Cs , th e transfer facto

r i s als o highes t fo

r cereal s closel y

followe

d b y mil k an

d beef . Th e abov e result s illustrat e the importanc e o f considering a rang e o f food produce s whe n assessing ingestio n dose s fro mgeneralise d radionuclid e releases . 3. 3 "Specia l Case " Model s Th e two "specia l esse " model s relat e respectivel yt o the transfe r o f tritiu man d ll * C I n terrestria l foodehaina fo r continuou s release s o f thes e nuclide s l n the chemica l form s RT O an d COj . Th e transfer , o f thes e tw o radionuclide s i s mor e comple x primaril ybecaus e o f the fundamenta l role s playe d b

yhydroge n an

d carbo n i n the ecologica l cycle . Fo r thi s reason , the mos t commonl yused mode l (e.g . CEC , 1979. ) i s highl ysimplisti c i n natur e an d utilise s a specifi c activit yapproach . Th e activit yo f tritiu m(o r ll *C ) pe r

- 1 2 -9 • P.2 0


# I I B 1 B B 

# I uni t aas s o f hydroge n(o r carbon ) i nhuaa ntissu e i s assuae dt o b e equa l t o tha t l nair . Sinc e the standin g leve l i nai r i s known , th e orga nand effectiv e doae-equivalent a ca nb e calculate daccordingly . Thi s assuaptio ni s perfectl y

vali dfo r th e calculatio no f doae * fro a globa l circulation . However , i t l a highl y unrealisti c fo r the assessaen t o f "firs t pass " dose * fro a th e overhea dplume sinc e i t sssune s tha t the individua l i s permanentl y locate di non e spo t andderive s al l hi s foo dl nsitu . I norde r t o overcom e thi s crltlcls a a varian t o nth e specifi c activit y approac hha a bee ndevelope d •nd1 * Include di nthe FOODWE B aodule . Th e alternativ e approac hassumes , a s a startin g point , tha t the specific , activit y o f hydroge n(o r carbon ) i nal l plan t tlaau e equal s tha t l nai r wher e th e plan t i s grown . Sinc e differen t crop s hav e differin g hydrogen/carbo n content , thi s laaedlatel y allow s a . rang e o f transfe r factor s t o b e derive d relatin g level s l nthe crop s t o level s i nai r wher e th e crop s ar e grown . Slalla r tranafe r factor s ma y ala o b e derive dfo r anlaa l feed- grass , hay/alleg e andstraw . Thes e ar e the nuaed , i nconjunctio nwit hdietar y Intak e andbreathin g rat e dat a fo r th e livestock , t o determin e th e specifi c activit y l nthe tota l intak e o f hydroge n(o r carbon ) b y th e livestoc k fro a al l pathways , whic hi s the nassume dt o equa l tbe specifi c activit y i nth e anlaa l product . Knowledg e o f th e hydrogen/carbon ' conten t o f the anlaa l produc t togethe r wit hth e aaauaptio ntha t al l anlaa l feedi s produce di nsit u the nallow s th e calculatio no f correspondin g transfe r factor s relatin g the . leve l l nth e anlaa l produc t t o th e leve l l nair . = Th e tw o aodel s ar e full y

specifie dbelow . I t I s emphasize dtha t the y aa y onl y b e uae dfo r th e computatio no f dose s fro m continuou s releases , whe n equilibriu

m ha a bee nestablished . N o dynami c mode l exists , t o the author' s knowledge , fo r the assessmen t o f time-dependen t dose s fro m ** % release s whil e a dynami c mode l fo r tritiu m release s ha s bee ndevelope dby McKon e an

d Kantenber g (1978) . (a ) Tritiu

m Tritiu m exist s l nbot horgani c an dInorgani c form s l nanima l an dplan t tissue . Th e inorgani c component , whic hi s hel dl nth e tissu e water , rapidl y reache s anequilibriu m leve l fo r a continuou s releas e a t a constan t rate . Th e rat e constant s typicall y range , fro

m abou t 0. 1 day" 1 

### for human s to abou t 0. 5 hr~ l fo r plants , the exac t valu e l neac hcas e als o dependin g o nexterna l . environmenta l factor s suc has - temperature , humidit y andtim

e o f day . However , hydroge nboun dto carbo ni s les s labil e thanhydroge nboundto oxygen , s o tha t tritiu m exchang e betwee nthe organi c an dinorgani c

- 1 3 -P.2 1



### eoapartaent s occur s a t a slowe r rate . Fo r example , typica l rat e conatant a fo r organicall y

boun dtrltiu a l naniaal a H e l nthe rang e 10" 3 

### - 10" 2 

### day"" * dependin g o nthe tissu e o r orga nunde r consideration . Abou t 2 0 - 30 Z o f th e tritiu m i s organicall y

boundinplanta , thi s figur e being typicall y abou t 10 Z i nanima l sof t tissues . Ther e i s Halte dexperiaenta l evidenc e t o indicat e that , a t equilibriu

m fo r a chronic , constan t intake , the organi c an d inorgani c coapartaent * hav * the saa e specifi c activity , i.e . th e same activit y o f tritiu

m pe r uni t mas s o f hydroge n(Elwood , 1971 ; Evans , 1969) . Tranafe r Facto r Derivatio n The:trltiu a concentration , C. , i ngree nvegetable , fruit , cerea l o t aaiaa l fee

d1 i s give nby : C i *ai r

_ —. «_ , 

### H i H vher e C . 1 * l nunit s o f Bq.kga" 1 

### , v . denote s the ai r concentratio ni nunit s o f Bq.a" 3 

### , f_ . i s the hydroge nconten t b y veigh t o f food1 an

d F

_I s th e n l H 

### hydroge nconten t o f surfac e ai r l nunit * o f kga.a** 3 

### . Th e latte r 1 * relate d t o the absolut e humidity , B , i nunit s o f kilogram s o f aoisture.a" 3 

### air , b y th e relation : F „ - 0.11 1 H , vher e 0.11 1 i s the hydroge nconten t o f wate r b y weight . Substitutio no f th e secondequatio nint o the firs t leads - t o the following expressio nfo r the transfe r factor , a , i nunit s o f —°*_° ^ :

1 Bq. a ai r 

# A . f 

# H i ? 

### * " *ai

r " °- m

H

### .-"_'- • Trltiu a level s l n roo t vegetable s ar e assume d t o b e i n equilibriu mwit h * th e leve l i n the soi l wate r s o tha t th e concentratio n C . i n roo t vegetabl e j i s give nby :

I ngeneral , uptak e o f tritiumint o plant s occur s bot h directl yfro mth e atmospher e vi a photosynthesi s an d fromtritiumcontaminate d soi l water . I f th e latte r I s no t dilute d byrunof f o f uncontamlnate d water , the n th e soi l wate r tritiu

m concentratio n wil l l n tim e equa l th e rainwate r concentration . Th e level s l n th e abov e groun d part s o f plant s wil l the n b e intermediat e betwee n th e atmospheri c wate r an d rainwate r level s whil e th e level s i n belo w groun d part s wil l closel yfollo wth e latter .

- 1 4 -P.2 2 

# I B Vate r T 

### \lt 11 1 " H i ' wher e r_ t 

### _

denote s th

e soi l wate r concentratio ni nunit s o f Bq.m" 3 

### an d r denote s th

e rati o o f tritiu

m concentration s i nequa l volume s o f soi l wate r an dair . Th e tranafe r facto r a. , i n.unit s o f TM * " ^ , i s thu s give nby : J

### Bq. m

ai r

Th e tranafe r facto r a. , fo r the k anima l produc t o f the 1 . anlaal , i n B A kff»^ * ^" ^ 

### unit s o f TM * " T • , i s show ni nAppendi x2 t o be give nby the relation : Bq.a'^ai r
g 

### Hk i ^ i 4 

### oaTT- H f < J 

### L f 

### HL> l «k l • 0.11 1 (W t 

### + 2 B l H 

### ) + £ (J L 

### f^ ) • al l syabol * an

d unit s bein g define di nTabl e 3 . Th e transfe r facto r account s fo r inhalation , ski nabaorptio uan d ingestio no f HT O by-terrestria l animals . Th e Influenc e o f Humidit y Frequenc y

Distribution's : Th e above expression s fo r th e cro pan d anlaa l produc t transfe r factor s a . an d a . . aa y

b e modifie dt o accoun t fo r annua l variation s i nabsolut e . humidity . I f F(H ) denote s th e probabilit y

o f th e absolut e humidit y

being greate r thano r equa l t o H an d o(H ) denote s th

e appropriat e transfe r facto r a t a humidit y

leve l H , the nthe weighte dmea ntransfe r facto r <ct > i s give n by : '-: ' "•'. ' . 

# < * • /«" > I3P I « •
Th e Meteorologica l Offic e ha s publishe dprobabilit y distribution s o f absolut e humidit y fo r variou s site s l nthe U R(Climatologica l Memorandu m 103 , 1976)- . Th e distribution s ms y b e approximate db

y a histogram , I.e .

- 1 5 -P.2 3

F(H ) - F L - I for B > ^

•

a*



### - P 

### 2 • • F ~ r v • • F • 

### a m 

### 0 fo r for . fo r H H H > H 

### 2
> H

. r- > H . n Thus , fo

r thi s case , th

e weighte

d aeantransfer facto r i s givenby :

a— 1 » - • 

## • l . H 

## r+1 V L <e > - Z fcp r~ ) I c(H)dH .

r- l . H r+ 1 %•'L 

## ^'

- 1 

## " V:' ' ..-_'-•
- Substitutio

no f th e derive

d expressio

nfo r a . into th

e equatio

nabov e give s th e followin

g resul t fo

r th e aeantransfer facto r fo r fruit , green vegetables , cereal s an d anlaa l feed : f_ . n- i F - F . H . 

# <«< > -dir ^ «r^ » ?«-£»•- : Th e trensfe rfactor , a. , fo rroo tvegetable s is-unchange d sinc e i ti s onl y dependen to n soi l water-concentrations . However , th e aea n transfe rfacto r <a k 

### . > fo rth e kproduc to f th e 1 anlaa l i s show n i n Appendi x 3 t o b e give n b y th e relation :

, ^ r f 

### Hklff J 

### L f 

### HL > j'^/r- k„ ,Vl < . <Ct 

### kl > 

### ' ^0.11 1 10.11 1 W , +X(J T 

### f

- )J I E 

### , ( 

### H^ , - H > l n ( 

### "H

_ _ ) + 1 

### 1 t x 

### . L.;

### --HL_. J 

### r- l r+ 1 rr *„*.* w 

### , n- l ~ F - F_^," ~ a.Il l W , + X(J T 

### f

m

### ) • 0.22 2 Bray . }] . i Hk

l 1 , . t-yt

r»lx-'i n 

### - f

- I L v

### L HL / 

### 1 r f

1' J 

### «0.1l l U

l 

### + £» t 

### V'-t-i. - H 

### r H " V fl


### - UI



### _ W 

### l + 

### £ (J 

### L f 

### HL > * °'

222 B 

### l H 

### r 

## (b ) ** c The transfe

r factor s fo

r lv C ar e calculate

d similarl y

t o thos e fo

r tritium . Th

e l ** C concentration , C. , incereal , fruit , green/roo t vegetabl e or anlaa l fee

d 1 i s give

nby : 

### C i *ai r 

### E
—" "F - 

### • C i c

- 1 6 -P.2 4


# I B B I wher e C . i s i nunit s o f Bq.kgm -1 , % t denote s the ai r concentratio ni nunit s o f Bq.m -3 , f . i s the carbo nconten t by weigh t o f foo

d 1 an d F denote s th e C x C carbo nconten t o f surfac e ai r l nunit s o f kilograms.a" 3 . Th e require d transfe r factor , cu , i nunit s o f 

### Bq.kgm- i i s the n give n by :

^ Bq.

m J 

### ai r Xal r L C 1
Th e transfe r facto r OL . fo r the k produc t o f th e 1 animal , i nunit s o f 1 * f ? , i s als o give nby a simila r relation: Bq.a " ai r 

### \ i 

### Ci l



# 3 B I B wher e f_ . denote s th e carbo nconten t o f the anlaa l product . Th e expressio n

i s base d o nthe followin g assuaptions : (1 ) al l feed I s produce d l nsitu , (11 ) intak e o f bot hik C and stabl e carbo npresen t a s bicarbonat e i n drinkin g wate r i s saal l i ncompariso nt o th e tota l Intak e vi a al l route s o f ^ C an

d atabl e carbon , respectively , (c ) Trltiua/1* ^ Transfe r Facto r Calculation s Result s o f illustrativ e transfe r facto r calculation s fo r trltiu a and l** C ar e liste d i nTabl e I . Dat a o nthe hydroge nan d carbo nconten t o f variou s foods , o nwhic hth e calculation s ar e based , ar e liste d I nTabl e 4 . Fo r trltiua , th e highea t transfe r factor s ar e observed - fo r gree nvegetable s an d frui t althoug hus e o f realisti c soi l wate r concentration s Indicate s tha t roo t vegetable s ar e als o o f soa e Importance . Transfe r factor s fo r all k an d cereal s ar e relativel y smal l however . Conversely , fo r ^C , th e tranafe r factor s ar e highes t fo r cereal s and mil k product s wit hpor k an d bee f bein g o f secondar y

Importance . Th e calculation s Illustrat e the importanc e o f considerin g a rang e o f individua l food product s whe nassessin g ingestio n~ dose s fro

m thes e tw

o nuclides . 4 . VALIDATION

O F TH E DYNAMI C MODE L Validatio no f th e dynami c mode l ca nb e achieve d by : (1 ) comparin g mode l prediction s withexperimentall y measure d data , and/o r (11 ) comparin g mode l prediction s wit hprediction s b y othe r establishe d model s fo r a benchmar k problem , an d understandin g th e reason s fo r th e observe d differences .

- 1 7 -P.25 .

O f these , the compariso no f aode l prediction s wit hexperimenta l dat a i s o f vita l importanc e bot hl nJustifyin g the us e o f th e mode l an d l nsuggestin g improvement s t o the model . Fo r thi s reason , a considerabl e amoun t o f effor t ha a bee nexpende dl nthi s are a an di s summarise d a s follows : (1 ) Th e mode l prediction s fo r the chang e wit htim e o f 90 S r an

d l37 C s fallou t level s i nall k wer e coapare dwit hthe experiaenta l dat a (Wilso nand Nair , 1981). . Th e comparison , whic hi s summarise d below , wa s aime da t testin g th e validit y o f the pasture-cow-mil k foodchai nfo r 90 S r an d 137 C a a s Incorporate d i nthe dynaal c aodel . (11 ) A nexperiaenta l stud y wa s commissione di n198 0 t o obtai ntime dependen t dat a o nth e uptak e fro a soi l o f a rang e o f radionuclide s int o a rang e o f crops , i norde r t o tes t an dimprov e thi s aspec t o f th e aodel . Thi s stud y i s no w nestin g completio nan d.result s wil l be presente delsewher e (Grogan , e t al , 1984) . Furthe r studlea , aime d a t measurin g interceptio nfactor s an dfield 7 los s fo r edible/non-edibl e plan t part s an dfo r non-uniform

herbag e densit y distributions , ar e als o currentl y unde r consideration , base d o nthe result s o f sensitivit y studie s recentl y

carrie d ou t b

y Nai r (1983) . Th e result s o f th e fallou t dat a analysi s ar e presente di nSectio n4. 1 below . Also , saapl e result s fo r a nomina l cas e study-ar e presente di n Sectio n4. 2 t o Illustrat e the typ e of-result s tha t ma y b e generate dfro

m us e o f th e model . Onl y th e dynaal c aode l ha s bee nconsidered , becaus e it . i s likel y t o supersed e the equilibriu m mode l I nfutur e assessment s andbecaus e th e equilibriu

m mode l i s simpl e enoug hsuc htha t th e normal ' verificatio n procedure s wil l suffice . 4. 1 Fallou t Dat a Analysi s Depositio nrate s o f 90 S r an d 137 C s fro

m fallou t l nthe .U

Khav e bee n' monitore dcontinuousl y sinc e the 1950 s (Cambray e t al, . 1979)-while , l na separat e programme , the activit y level s l nmilk , bulk-average dthroughou t the UK , hav e bee nrecorde dove r the las t 2 4 yesr s (ARC , 1978). - Th e dat a ar e plotte di nFig . 4 . Th e larg e tim e fluctuatio ni nthe data , occurrin g a s a resul t o f the Nuclea r Tes t Ban-Treaty , provide s anexcellen t tes t o f the abilit y o f a dynami c mode l to predic t activit y level s l nmilk . Inllta l paramete r value s for the dynami c model, , specifi c t o the pasture cow-mil k pathway , togethe r wit hpossibl e uppe r an dlowe r bounds , wer e obtaine d fro

m a literatur e search . Th e fallou t depositio nrat e measurement s wer e inpu t to th

e mode l an

dcalculate dactivit y level s l nmil k compare dwit h

- 1 8 -

# I fl 

# I

J th e quarterl y measure d values . A 'constraine dleas t square s analysis ' wa s the ncarrie dou t t o Improv e th e fit , eac hparamete r bein g allowe dt o var y withi nit a range . Result s o f the initia l an dfina l fit s ar e show ni nFig . 5 , whil e th e significanc e o f th e variou s food-chai npathway s withi nth e overal l food-we bI s illustrate d I nPig . 6 . Plan t tissu e contaminatio nwa s th e majo r sourc e o f 90 S r i nmil k afte r 1964 , an ddirec t ingestio no f soi l by th e co w wa s th e majo r sourc e c f 137 C s i nmil k afte r 1973 . Thi s reflect s the rapi d fixatio no f caesiu

m i nth e soi l thereb y reducin g availabilit y fo r roo t uptake , an

dthe enhance duptak e o f strontiu m Int o plan t tissu e additiona l t o norma l roo t uptake , a mechanis m terme d'plant-base ' uptake . Ful l detail s ar e give nb y Wilso n& Nai r (1981) . I t i s importan t t o note , however , tha t th e result s ar e applicabl e to.'average ' U Kcondition s an d may , therefore , b e Inappropriate fo r certai nspecifi c situations . Th e result s indicate , however , tha t th e measure dfallou t dat a i nmil k ar e adequatel y reproduce db y th e pa8ture-cow-mll k foodchai nincorporate di nth e dynami c aodel • The y als o demonstrat e clearl y th e powe r o f th e dynami c modellin g techniqu e l n identifyin g the critica l exposur e pathway s fo r differen t nuclide s a t differen t time periods . 4. 2 Sampl e Calculation s Sampl e calculation s wer e made , usin g th e dynami c model , fc r activit y level s i ngree nan

droo t vegetables , grain , mil k andbee f followin g a uni t y t * * 90 o 106 „ 129,13l T " 137 „ - . _v • - . -depositio no f Sr , Ru , I an d C s occurring - instantaneously . _Th e calculation s utilise da standar dlibrar y o f rat e constan t dat a describe dl n Appendi x4. . Th e depositio nwa s assume d t o tak e plac e 3 0 day s befor e harves t fo r arabl e crop s anda t th e star t o f the summe r grazin g fo r animals . Activit y

level s i nthe food s wer e calculate da t time s upt o 10* * day s afte r depositio nassumin g discrete annua l harvest s fo r the arabl e crop s an d continuou s productio no f mil k an dbeef . A

10 0 da y

growin g seaso nwa s assume d fo r crop s an

da 14 5 day

growin g seaso nfo r pasture . Th e co w die t wa s assume d t o consis t of"5 8 kgrns.d" 1 we t weigh t o f gras s i nthe growin g seaso nand 5 kgrns.d" 1 hay/silag e an d2 0 kgrns.d" 1 straw i nthe fallo

w season . A

direc t soi l intak e wa s als o assume da t al l time s consistin g o f 2 Z o f al l othe r Intake-o na dr y

weigh t soil/dr y

weigh t feedbasis . Thi s i s i nadditio nt o consumptio no f the smalle r amount s o f soi l resuspende d ont o the feed . Th e result s o f the calculation s ar e presente d i nFigur e 7 . Th e curve s fo r th e arabl e crop s ar e ey e guide s lickin g the calculate ddiscret e level s l n tn e crop s a t the variou s harvecrs . Thu s they d o no t impl y

continuou s productio no f th e crop s al l yea r around . Onth e othe r hand , the curve s fo r

- 1 9 -P.2 7 

# I I I

I 

# I I

I 

# I I I

t 

# I I I I 

# • • l I I 1 ail k an d bee f genuinel y

assum e continuou s productio nalthoug

hth e effeet s o f radionuclid

e tranafer I

nth e fallo w seaso nhav e not beenconsidere d i n detail . Th

e calculation s do not account fo r deca y durin g foo d storage or fo

r an y activity

loss/concentratio

ndurin g foo d processing . The reductio nlnth e rat e o f decreas e o f 137 C s activit y wit htla

e i s accounte

d fo r b y th e fac t tha t th e activit

y level s l

nth e foods are determine d b y th e Inventor

y o f fixe d C s inth

e soi l lnth

e ploughe

d layer . Thi s inventory'increase s wit h tim e a s th e fixe d C s i s assume

d not to mov

e into deeper soi l zones . Thu s th e dominan t processe s fo r C s uptak

e a t longer time s ar e resuspenslo no f soi l ont o arabl e crop s an d direc t Intak

e o f soi l b

y cows . Thi s i s born e out b y th e clos e correlatio

nobserve

d betwee

nchange s i

nC s level s i nth

e soi l an

d l nth e foods . A

convers e exampl e i s 90 Sr . Her e th e level s i nmil k an d bee f follow , closel y

th e level s i npasture thereb y indicatin

g th e lac k of " laportanc e o f direc t soi l Intak e b y cows . Th

e prlaar

y aod e o f uptake o f S r fro a th e soi l i s als o see

nt o be roo t uptak

e rather tha

nsoi l resuspenslon . 106 „ . 129,131, . . . - . - . " „ . 137 . . 90 - R u an d I behav

e ina manne r intermediat e betweenC s an d S r althoug hth e relativel y

shor t radioactiv

e half-live s o f 106 R u an d 131 I , i n particular , impos e severe constraint s onth e time-dependent behaviou r o f thei r respectiv

e concentration s inth e variou s foods . 5 . TH E CALCULATIO N O F INDIVIDUA

L DOS E FRO

M INGESTIO

N Th e calculatio

no f activity

level s i nth

e variou s food s a t th e tim e o f consumptio

ni s onl y

th e firs t ste

p i nth e calculatio

no f ingestio

ndose . Fo r th e cas e o f continuous.releases , th e quantit

y usuall y

evaluate

d i s th e committe

d dos e fro

m on e year' s intake . For intak e o f a singl e nuclide ina singl e food, , thi s i s give nby :

ft ijk " C i j xd i xD I Jk » where : ft.. denote a th e -committe

d dos e t

o orga nk fro m intak e o f nuclide J i

n

- foo

d i over on

e year (S

v a l ) , C . denote s th

e concentratio

no f nuclid

e j i nfoo d 1 a t consumptio

n(Bq.kgm" 1 ) , d denotes-th

e dietar

y intak e rat e o f foo

d i (kgms.a" 1 ) , J k D ^ denote s th

e committe

d dos e t

o orga nk fro m uni t intak

e o f nuclid e j . Th e tota l dos e fro

m on e year' s intak

e i s the

nobtaine

d b y summin g over al l nuclide s an

d foods , viz .

- 2 0 -

### Tota l coaaltte d dos e t o orga n kfro aon e year' s Intak e P.2 8



# I fl 

# I fl I I I Z E 

### C A D 3 k



### Food s i Nuclide s j **i j i I

- Z 

### d £ 

### C D J k



### . Value * fo rcritica l grou p adul tdietar y Intak e rates , quote d by Harriso n an d Siaaond s (1980) , ar e include d i n th e standar d FOODWE B dat alibrar y a s ar e th e adul tingestio n dose-intak e factor s fo ral l relevan tnuclide s considere d b y th e NECTA

Rcod e an

d quote d i n ICRP3

0 (1979) . Differen tvalue s aay , however , b e inpu tb y th e user . Fo rth e cas e p f

accidenta l releases , th e committe d dos e t p orga n kfro a on e day' s intak e o f

nuclid e J l n foo d 1 i s give n b y th e equation : 

## ft ij k" <?i

j » d 

### i x D 

### I k 

### » wher e H . . . i s no w

i nunit s o f Sv.day

and d . i nunit s o f kgms.da y ; , al l othe r quantitie s bein g a s define dabove . Summatio nove r al l nuclide s an d food * yield s th e committe ddos e fro m on e day' s Intak e o f al l nuclide s i nal l food* . Thi s resul t i s calculate dby the FOODWE B module . Th e integrate ddos e fro a intak e upt o a tim e T aa y the nb e calculate da s follows : (a ) Crops" : Le t t . denot e th e aea nstorag e tim

e o f th e cro pfro

m harves t to . consumption . If - consumptio noccur s a t a unifor m rate " fro a tim

e zero , thi s implie s a maximu m storag e tim

e o f 2 t , . I f radionuclid e deca y i s saal l ove r this , tim

e period , th e dbs e t o orga nfro m nuclid e j l ncro p1 fro m thi s harves t his : . *ij k C . . xd . x2 t , X

i j _l

_s i 

# y

H h

### - D * k H 

### ijk " ° I /• T 

### -d.("t ) C, h


### .. (t)dt , wher e T denote s

O 1 IJ K 

### The . exact ' solutio n.is : the time periodove r whic h.consumptio noccur s a t a tim

e varyin g rat e d . Fo r th e cas e o f a constan t intak e do f a.paren t nuclid e occurrin g ove r a tim e perio d2t . . , thi s reduces-to : .."-'-
_
"ij k " C 

### ij k ^ t 

### si ) d 

### i D 

### I jk 

# V s i 

## "Vs i

- e
Th e resul t quote dabove i s a specia l cas e whe nX_ t « 1 .

- 2 1 -P.2 9

Sinc e C. . wil l b

e different fo

r different harvests , th e dos e fro

m al l harvest s upt o tim

e T i s give

nby :


### H Ij k 

### • I H

ljk »
vher e th

e summatio

n.I s carrie

d out over al l harvest s upt o th e require

d tlae T . Th e tota l dose , H . , t o orga nk i s the

nobtaine

d b y summin g over al l nuclide s an

d food s s

o that : 

# v- ? I

d 

# i S i J D 

# i 3 k

# J c 

# i5'•' "
(b ) Anima l Product* : A different procedure I s necessar y fo r anima l product s a * thes e ar e assuae d t o b e produce

d continuously . I nthi s case , th e dos e t

o orgaa k upt o tla

e T fro a consumptio

no f nuclid

e j infoo

d 1 I s givenby :


### H ij k - c^xd^D^ . vhere : c. . - Tota l numbe r o f disintegration s o f nuclide j l nfoo d 1 upt o ! • ~ tim

e T -

- / Q C

ti(t)dt (Bq.d.kga ) , an d al l othe r symbol s ar e a s define d previously . The tota l dose , H , , i s thu s give nby :



### • k " * d 

### i J D 

### I 3 k

### 'o T C 

### i j < c 

### > d t 

### V
6 . TH E CALCULATIO N O F INGESTIO

N POPULATIO

N DOS E Th e calculatio

no f ingestio

npopulatio

ndos e uses , a s a startin g point , th e calculate

d activit

y level s I

nth e "variou

s food s a s consumed . Th e calculatio

nals o require s a s inpu t a dowuwind/cfosswln d matri xo

f depositio

n rate s (or . I nth

e cas e o f tritium , ai r concentration s an d we t depositio

n rate s and , i nth

e cas e o f ^C , ai r concentration s only) . Als o require d i s a n agricultura l product s dat a base . Fo r thi s reason , th

e calculatlona l method s an d dat a are considere d separately

below . 6. 1 Method s Th e committe

d populatio

ndos e t

o orga nk fo r th e consumptio

no f on e year' s productio

no f foo

d 1 containin

g nuclid

e j an d produce

d a t locatio

n1 i s give nby :

- 2 2 -P.3 0



# I I I I

I I I

! 

# I *ijk l ' C ij l xx i l xF i xD I • where : S... . denote s th e require d populatio n dos e l nunit s man-Sv. a , x. . denote s th

e tota l annua l productio no f foo

d 1 at locatio

n1

F denote s th

e fractio

no f thi s that i s consume d by"th e populatio

nat



### by : (kga.a- 1 ) ,

F denote s large , an

d i k C!. . an d D ^ denot e th

e concentratio

nat consumptio

no f nuclid

e j l n foo d 1 produce

d a t locatio

n1 (Bq.kgm" 1 ) an

d D: : th

e ingestio

ndose intak e facto r fo r orga nk a a define

d previously

(Sv.Bq -1 ) . For th e cas e o f continuou s releasee , th e concentration , C!., , i s give n

C —

Sbl . — ij l i j Jl * wher e a denote s th e stati c transfer facto r an d u. . denotes : (1 ) th e standin

g ai r concentratio

nfo r 1( *C releaae s an

d for al l tritiu

m release s no t involvin g th e assessment o f dose s froa root vegetables , (11 ) the soi l water concentratio nfo r th e assessment o f dose s fro m tritiu m incorporate

d inroo

t vegetable s - thi s equal s th e we t deposition " rat e divide d b y th e rainfal l rate. , (ill ) th

e tota l depositio

nrat e f roa

r bot h dryan

d we t depositio n fo r al l other nuclides . Substitutio

no f th e abov e expressio

ni nth e expressio

nfo r ^ l1t l an

d sunnin g over al l location s 1 , nuclide s j an d foods. ! give s the tota l committe d populatio n dos e t o organ k fro mon e year' s intake : 

## s

# k- i F 

# i j D 

# x ka 

# uj x 

# n-ji - _v

_ ; - " "-•_.•

_ Fo r th e cas e o f accidenta l releases , the .concentration o f nuclid e j i n foo d 1 i s calculate d a t a specifie d locatio n using .th e dynami c model . Th e corresponding concentration s at othe r location s 1 ar e the n obtaine d b y scaling b

ythe rati o o f depositio n rates :

C * • ^ C U l « j 8 *

* ijs .

- 2 3 -P.3 1

wher e ta. an

d C * refe r t o the specifie d location . Th e committe d dos e t o J s ij s orga nk fro a on e year' s Intak e i s then :

Thi s resul t I s calculate d by the FOODWE B aodule . Th e Integrate d populatio ndos e fro a Intak e upt o a time T ma y the nb e calculate d usin g . procedure s analogou s t o thos e outline d i nSectio n5 fo r bot hcrop s an d anima l products- . 6. 2 Dat a

. . Dat a neede d fo r th e ingestio npopulatio ndos e calculation s consis t of : (i ) A matri xo f depositio nrate s and/o r ai r concentrations , to.. , fo r eac hnuclid e j a t eac hdownwind/crosswin d locatio n1 , (11 ) A countrywid e annua l averag e rainfal l dat a library , (ill ) A

countrywid e agricultura l product s distributio nfo r eac hfoo d product , specifyin g the annua l production , x.. , o f foo d i a t locatio n1 , (iv ) value * fo r the fraction , F. , o f th e annua l productio no f eac hfoo d produc t 1 tha t i s consume d by the populatio na t large . O f these , th e matri xo f depositio nrates/air-concentration s can.b e inpu t directl y

b y th e use r int o FOODWEB . Alternativel y i t ca nb e outpu t fro m th e NECTAR-ATMO S modul e (whic hhandle s the atmospheri c dispersio ncalculations ) int o a utilit y

dis c interfac e fro m whic hi t ca nb e rea d directl y int o FOODVEB . A

countrywid e annua l averag e rainfal l dat a librar y ha s als o bee n constructed , base d o na 5x 5 k m gri d fo r annua l averag e rainfal l ove r the perio d 194 1 - 1970 . Th e dat a librar y i s onl y

neede d fo r calculations , o f th e ingestio npopulatio ndos e fro m consumptio no f tritiu m i nroo t vegetables . Item s (ili ) and (iv ) require d mor e effor t t o collat e and ar e .describe d i ntur nbelow . r -••_.--. - - 6.2. 1 Productio no f Agricultura l Product s Dat a Librar y Th e agricultura l product s dat a library.describe s the tpa'tla l distributio no f production , i nEngland , Wale s an d Scotland , o f ten-food product s whic hbroadl y cove r th

e U Kdiet , namely: (i ) milk , (ii ) bee f and veal , (ill ) pork , baco nan d ham , (lv ) poultr y meat , (v ) eggs , (vl ) mutto nan d lamb , (vil ) roo t vegetables , (viii ) gree nvegetables , (ix ) fruit , (x ) cereals . Th e librar y i s base d onth

e detaile d 197 2 lan d us e an

d livestoc k censu s dat a i nconjunctio nwit hannua l food productio ndat a supplie d t o th e autho r by

MAF F (Thompson , 1979) . Th e variou s part s o f the librar y ar e considere d below .

- 2 4 -

# I ' '
(a ) The Cro p Productivity/Anima l Produc t Yiel d Dat a Cro p productivit

y data : Cro

p productivit

y dat a fo

r th e variou s Englis h an d Wels hcountie s were supplie d fo r th e 2 3 separat e crop s liste d lnTabl e 5 . Th e dat a indicate

d significan

t regiona l variation s inproductivity , which necessitate

d th e us e o f detaile

d count y cro p productivit

y dat a rathe r tha

na U Kaverage-valu

e fo r a particula

r crop . However , th e detaile

d county apecifi c dat a wer e not availabl e fo r Scotlan

d an d average .yields , supplie d b y th e Department o f Agriculture an d Fisherie s i

nScotlan

d (Martin , 1979) , wer e use d i nthi s ease . - Anima l produc t yiel d data : Thes e dat a consis t o f th e annua l yiel d o f allk , bee f an

d veal , pork , baco

nan d haa:etc , per hea

d o f livestock calculate

d fro a statistic s publishe d lnth e Annua l Revie

v o f Agricultur e .(1979 ) an

d are liste

d i nTabl e 6 . (b ) Censu s collectio nan d initia l processin g Th e censu s dst a ar e collecte d b y fa nholding * o

nth e basi s o f th

e area * o f lan d o nvhich " eac

hcro p i a grow

nan d th e nuaber * o f variou s categorie s o f livestock . Abou

t 20 0 question s are answere d b y faraera , th

e return s bein

g confidential . However , summarie s o f th e parishreturn s ar e availabl e fo r genera l us e an

d th e parishdat a fo

r th e 197 2 censu s wer e used . Th e count y cro p productivit

y dat a vere use

d to ' conver t th

e lan d us e censu s dat a t

o annua l cro

p yield s i

na parishfo

r eacho f th

e 2 3 crops. - The dat a wer e the

ncondense

d t o th e broa d categorie s o f crop s considered , namely , roo t vegetables , gree nvegetables , frui t an d cereals . For th

e cas e o f -livestock , th

e anima l produc t yield dat a were use d to conver t number s o f " livestock t

o annua l yields o f milk , beef , pork , poultry , egg s an d mutto no na parish-by-paris hbasis . (c ) Preparatio

no f gri d dat a The parishe s ar e lrreguls r inshap e an d air e s o tha t a rationa l presentatio

no f th e informatio

nfo r area l processin

g I s difficult . A - : compute r progra

m -wa s therefore develope d unde r contrac t t

o th e University

o f Edinburgh , which-divide s th e parishdat a evenly ove r th e 1 x1 k

m square s of . th e parishan

d reaggregate s the

m o na narbitrar

y size d square grid . I

norde r to divid

e th e dat a I

nthi s way , th

e progra

m accesse s a dat a fil e o f informatio

no nthe " parishframewor k o f England , Wale s an d Scotlan

d base d o n th e 1 k m grid . Th

e square gri d informatio nma y b e outpu t b

y th e progra

m fo r an y siz e square s Into whic hth e 10 0 xIO

C k m square s o f th

e Nationa l Grid ma

y b e evenl y

divided .

- 2 5 -Fo r thi s particula r case , a 5 x5 k m squar e gri d system wa s chose nan

d th e progra a wa * used t o generat e annua l foo d productio ndat a fo r eac ho f th e te nproduct s l neac hgrid , (d ) Mappin g o f dat a Th e resultin g agricultura l dat a librarie s fo r eac hproduc t wer e aappe d ualn g a computer-base d graph " plottin g syste m develope d b y

th e Universit y

o f Edinburg han

d th e map s ar e presente d i nFigure s 8-17 . Groupe d value s fo r eac hcalculatio nar e illustrate d by separate-symbol s representin g th e 5x 5 k a square s o f th

e Nationa l Grid . I ninterpretin g them , i t shoul d b e note d tha t th e square s alon g th e coas t and o nthe English/Scottis hborde r fal l int o a differen t category . Thes e ar e 5x 5 k a square s whic haa y onl y Includ e on e o f th e 1 k a square * o f lan d Inforaation, . th e other * bein g ae a o r land o nth e othe r aid e o f th e border , thi s ha s th e effec t o f bot hincreasin g th e apparen t are a o f th e land i nquestio nan d indicatin g smalle r amount s o f agricultura l activit y tha nexpected . ...Th e agricultura l dat a librarie s wer e considere d t o b e detaile d enoug ht o Justif y thei r us e I npopulatio ndos e calculation s coverin g larg e area * o f countryside . However , i t i s emphasize d tha t the censu s relate s t o on e da y i n th e year , th e 1s t o f June , an d pattern s o f agricultura l activit y chang e throughou t the year , especiall y those/concernin g stock . Moreover , the . grouped-farm

holding s d o no t confor m exactl y

t o th e civi l parish , th e boundarie s .o

f whic hhav e bee nuse d t o determin e th e 1 k a squar e grid , whil e urba nareas , ope nwate r an d agricultura l lan

d hav e bee nweighte d equally , whe nestimatin g agricultura l activity . However , thes e detaile d effect s hav e littl e impac t o npopulatio ndos e calculation s an d wer e therefor e ignored . 6.2. 2 Th e Foo d Utilisatio nDat a Th e food utilisatio ndat a bas e consist s o f th e fractio no f the annua l productio no f eac hfood consume d by the population . Th e dat a ar e derive d below. ' (a ) Mil k "•-.. " "-.' . Dat a publishe d i nth e Annua l Review

o f Agricultur e (1979 ) indicat e tha t whil e the annua l productio nfo r liqui d consumptio nha s decline d slightly , the productio nfo r manufactur e ha s increase d b y neatl y 90 Z betwee n196 7 and . 197 8 auc htha t i n197 8 onl y 50 Z o f the tota l annua l mil k productio nwa s consume d I nunprocesse d form . Thi s lead s t o a noveral l utilisatio nfacto r o f 57Z , accountin g fo r mas s compactio nan d losse s incurre d durin g manufacture . Separat e factor s fo r liqui d an d manufacture d mil k ar e 50 Z an d 7 Z respectively .

- 2 6 -P.3 4


# I I B 

# 8 I (b ) Othe r anima l product s

Utilisatio

nfactor s o f 100 Z wer e aaaume d i nth e absenc e o f an

y data . However , i f export s ar e Ignore

d an d only U Kconsumptio

ni s considered , thes e factor s reduc e tot Bee f an d veal : 94Z ; Pork , baco nan d ham : 99Z ; Poultrymeat : 100Z ; Eggs : 97Z ; Mutto nan d laab : 95Z . (c ) Roo t vegetable s Dat a fo r root vegetable s were derive d considerin

g onl y potatoes . Abou t 47 Z o f th

e cro p i s sold ra

w i nth e UK , a further 10 Z i s processe d an d consume d i nth e U Kwhil e 0.8 2 i s exported , thes e bein g annua l average dat a fo r th e year s 1969-1972 . Typically , 3. 5 ton * o f ra w potatoe s are require d to produc e 1 to

no f processe

d potatoe s owin

g t o th e reductio

nl nwate r conten t ; durin g foo d processing . .Thus , i f activit y pe r uni t veigh t i s unchange d durin g processing , th

e overal l utilisatio nfacto r is : 

# I «*•&* » reducin g to 50 Z i f expert s ar e Ignore

d an d only U Kconsumptio

ni s considered . (d ) Greenvegetable s N o dat a wer e availabl e fo r gree nvegetables . A

utilisatio

nfacco r o f 94Z , i nlin

e wit hthat derive

d belo w fo r fruit , wa s assumed . (e ) Frui t Dat a fo r frui t were derive d considerin

g onl y orchar d fruit . Export s o f orchar d frui t are insignificant an d about 95 Z o f th

e harves t I s consume d i n th e country , th

e res t goin

g t o waste . Th

e overal l utilisatio nfacco r wa s foun d c o b e 94 Z accountin

g fo r th e smal l fractio

no f th e cro p that i s processe

d an d fo r losse s durin

g processing . (f ) Cereal s - Dat a supplie

d t o th e author s by.MAF

F Indicat e that betwee n197 1 an

d 1979 , a naverag

e of.33 2 o f th

e annua l cerea l cro p wa s retaine

d fo r huma n consumption , th

e res t bein

g utilise

d a s anima l fee

d or seed . About 6 Z o f th e cro p wa s exported , leavin g 27 Z fo

r consumptio

nwithi nth

e UK . The-extrsctio n rat e o f flou

r fro m whea t an

d of mal t fro

m barle y i s abou

t 75Z . Thus , I f al l cereal s ar

e assume

d t o b e processed , th

e overal l facto

r is: - 3 3 x0.7 5 - 25Z , reducin g t o 20 2 i f only

U Kconsumptio

nI s considered .

- 2 7 -7 . CONCLUSION S Inthi s repor t variou s method s hav e bee ndescribe

d whichar e currentl y bein g use d withi nCEG

B t o asses s ingestio

ndose s fro

a consumptio

no f terrestria l foods followin g a natmospheri c radioactiv e release . Th

e essentia l step s l

nsuc ha nassessment are : (1 ) the-calculatio no f nuclid

e concentration-level s i nvariou s food s correspondin

g t o a know

ndepositio

nfro m th e plum e o r t o a know

n ai r concentration , (11 ) th

e calculatio

no f th e individua l dos e arisin g fro m these . . concentratio

nlevel s fo

r a nassume

d diet , (ill ) th

e calculatio

no f th e populatio

ndos e fro

m ingestio

no f food s produce d i nth e affecte

d areas . 0f~these , th

e calculatio

no f nuclid

e concentratio

nlevel s i nfoodstuff s i s th e mos t comple

xan d i s achieve

d vi a the us e o f a

nappropriat e foodchai n aodel . Fou

r suc hseparat e aodel s ar e currentl y i nuse , namely : (1 ) a dynaal c (i.e . time-dependent ) mode l encompassin g a wide rang e o f foodchai npathways an d applicabl e t

o th e assessmen t o f dose * froa bot hcontinuou s an

d discret e releases , (11 ) a siapl e equilibriu m mode l encompassin

g a limite

d number o f foodchai npathways an d applicabl e b

y definitio

nonl y t o th e assessment o f dose s fro a continuou s releases , (Hi ) tw

o "specia l ease " aodel s applicabl e to-th e assessmen t o f dose s fro m continuou s release s o f tritiu m an d ll * C inth

e chemica l fora s HT O an d CO 2 , respectively. " Thes e ar e fully

describe

d an d thei r advantage s an d disadvantage s coapare d an d contrasted . O

f these , th

e dynaal c aode l i s likel y t o supersed

e th e equilibriu

m mode l i

nfutur e assessments . Thu s result s ar e presente d o f a validatio

no f th e dynami c mode l agains t experimentall y measured dat a o

n 90 S r an d 137 C s fallou

t level s inmilk. ; Result s are als o presente d o f sampl e calculation s usin

g th e variou s models. V Th e calculatio

no f individua l dose s fro m th e derive

d nuclid

e foo d concentratio

nlevel s i s relatively simple . However , th e calculatio

no f th e correspondin

g populatio

ndose s require s a rang e o f supportin

g data , th

e mos t importan

t o f whic

hl a a librar

y describin

g th e spatia l distributio no f productio

no f a wid

e rang e o f foo

d products , th

e productio

no f suc

ha librar y i s describe

d an d relevan

t map s are presente d o f agricultura l produc t distribution s i

nGreat Brl:aln .

- 2 8 -P.3 6

| I 

# I I I I fl 

# B I I I I i Finally , the philosoph y behin dthe developmen t o f the aodel s i s ••saarlse da a ar e bot hon-goin g an dpropose dfutur e supportin g experiaenta l prograaaes . Th e aethod s describe di nthi s repor t hav e bee nincorporate di n th e FOODWE B aodul e o f the CEGB' a NECTA Renvironmenta l code . REFERENCE S 1 . _Annua l Review

o f Agriculture , 1979 , Cmnd . 7436 , HMSO . 2 . T 

### A.R.C . Leteomb e Laboratory , 1958-1978 , Annua l Report s pub . Agricultura l Researc hCounci l an

dHMSO . 3 . Caabray , R.S. , Fisher , E.M.R. , Eakina , J.D., ; Pelrson , D.H. , 1979 , "Radioactiv e Fallou t l nAi r an dRain : Result s t o the . en do f 1978" , UKAE A Harwel l an

dHMSO . 4 . CEC , 1979 , "Methodology fo r Evaluatin g th e Radiologica l Consequence s o f Radioactiv e Effluent s Release dl nNorma l Operations" , Repor t No . V/3865/79-E N

t o CE C by

NRPB/CEA . 5 . Chamberlain , A.C. , 1970 , "Interceptio nan dRetentio no f Radioactiv e Aerosol s by

Vegetation" , Atmos . Env * 4 , 57-78 . -6 . Cliaatologica l Memorandu m 103 , 1976 , "Average s an dFrequenc y Distribution s o f Humidit y fo r Grea t Britai nan dNorther nIreland 1961-70" , Meteorologica l Offic e an dHMSO . 7 . Coug htrey , P.J. , Thorne , M.C , 1983 , "Radionuclid e Diatributio nand Transpor t i nTerrestria l an dAquati c Ecosystem s - A Critica l Revie w

o f Data" , Volume s 1-3 , ed . A.A . Balkema , Rotterdam . - 8 . Elwood , J.W. , 1971 , "Ecologica l Aspect s o f Tritiu m Behaviou r i nthe Environment" , Nud . Safety , 12, 4 , 326 . 9 . Evans , A.G. , 1969 , "New Dos e Estimate s fro

m Chroni c Tritiu

m Exposures" , Healt hPhysics , ^6_ , 57 . 10 . Grogan , H.A. , Bell , J.N.B. , Minsk! , M.J. , Nair , S. , 1984 , "A n Experimenta l Stud

y o f the Time Dependenc e o f Uptak e fro m Soi l o f 137 

### C s , 106 

### Ru , ^C e an

d 99 

### T c Int o Gree nVegetables , Whea t an dPotatoes" , CEG B repor t TPRD/B/0416/N84 , t o b e published . -11 . Harrison , N.J. , Simmonds , J.R. , 1980 , "Dosimetric-Quantitie s an dBasi c Dat a fo r the Evaluatio no f Generalise dDerive dLimits" , NRP B report NRPB-DL3 . 12 . ICR P Publicatio n30 , 1979 , "Limit s for Intake s o f Radionuclide s b y Workers" , Annal s o f the ICRP , Z_, 3-4 , 3^, 1-4 , 4 y 3- 4 an d£ , 1-6 . 13 . IUR , 1982 , "Repor t o na Workshop.o nth e Measuremen t o f Soil s t o Plan t Transfe r Factor s fo r Radionuclides" , Par t I (Repor t prepare db y Associatio nEURATOM-ITAL , P.O . Box48 , 670 0 AA , Wagenlngen , Netherlands , c f Dr . M.J . Frissel) . 14 . Martin , P.C , 1979 , Privat e Communication .

- 2 9 -P.3 7

15 . McKone , T.E. , Kastenberg , W.E. , 1978 , "Calculatio no f Radiologica l Dos e du e t o Releas e o f Trltiu a Oxide s fro

a Controlle

d Thermonuclear Reactors" , Nucl . Tech . 40 , 170 . 16 . Nair , S. , Hotson , J. , Stacey , A. , 1980 , "POPFOO D - A Coapute r Cod

e fo r Calculatin

g Ingestio

nCollectiv

e Dose s fro

a Continuou s Ataospheri e Releases" , CEG

B report RD/B/N4888 . 17 . Nair , S- , 1982 , " A User' s Guid

e t o th e Foddwe

bTransfe r Modul e NECTAR -

- FOODWEB" , CEG

B repor t RD/B/5195N82 . 18 . Nair , S. , 1983 , " A Sensitivit

y Stud y o f Ingestio

nPopulatio

nDoa e Followin

g a Hypothetica l Ataospheri e Releas e fro a a.Nuclear Power •--;'_- - Station" , P?oc..CEC Seminar o nTh e Transfe r o f Radioactiv e Material s i n th e Terrestria l Environment Subsequent , t o a nAccidenta l Releas e t o Atmosphere , 2 , 523 , ll-15t hApri l 1983 , Dublin . 19 . Ng , T.C. , Colsher , C.S., " Quinn , D.J. , thoapson , S.E. , 1977 , "Transfer . -

. Coefficient * for the " Predictio no f th e .Dos e t o Manvi a th

e Forage-Cow Mil k Pathway-fro

m Radionuclide s Release d t o th e Biosphere" , Repor t UCRL - • 51939 . • . - . • " yy • • 

### 20 . Mg , T.C , Colsher , C.S. , Thoapson , S.E., . 1982a , "Soil-to-Plan t Concentration " Factor s fo rRadiologica l Assessments" , Repor tUCID-19463 (NUREG/CR-2975) . 21 . Ng , T.C , Colsher , C.S. , Thompson, S.E. \ 1982b , "Tranafe rCoefficient * fo rAssessin g th e 0o* e fro aRadionuclide s i n Mea tand Eggs" , Repor t UCID-19464 (NUREC/CR-2976) . '.'. = '.- . 22 . Scott.Russell , R. , 1966 , "Radioactivity'an d Huaa n Diet" , ed.:Pergamo n Press . ..'.-•:"-" • - :



### _..•'"-.."--' ' - ' y ' ' ".;.- -

. . • . . - - •--'-_"-..-.'•
. • - - - 

### 23 . Siaaonds , J.R. , Crick , Ji.J. , 1982 , "Transfe rparameter s fo rUs e i n Terrestria l Foodchai n Models" , URPBaemorandu m NRPB-M63

. 24 . Thoapson , J.F. , 1979" , Privat e Communication . 25 . Wilson , J.J.N. , Nair , S. , 1981 , " A Compute

rAnalysi s o f

90 

### S ran

d l37 

### C s Fallou tLevel s i n Mil ki n th e U.K." , CEG B repor tRD/B/5104N81 .

- 3 0 -

### TABL E I Listin g o f Transfe r Factor * , ! 

### i

i u i 

### Foo d

Roo t Vegetable s Cree n Vegetable s Frui t Cereal s Liqui d Mil k - Aversg e Die t Liqui d Mil k - "Cras s only " die t Mil k Product s Bee f For k Poultirymes t Egg s

• i 

### Mutto n & Lamb i •



### B< 1 kg-»/B q 3 

### H 9.9x10"'' * 15 0 15 0 1 

### 8 6 4 6
6 2

• ' 3 1 3 *

' l 6 

### 2 4

. i ,2 2 ' 3 6 a" 3 

### ai r

1- C 63 0 17 0 39 0 250 0 39 0
39 0
300 0 140 0 170 0 69 0 88 0 140 0 IMl 7. 6 ' 520 0 3800 , : 540 0 3.6xl0' » 9.3x1b 1 

### * '

> 1 

### 2.3x10 s 

### „ , 440 0 0.1 4 0.02 5 • U9 36 0 • . i

133 1 

### 0 6. 6 4. 8 S.lxlO* 5 

### 106 2
270 0 i 1.7X10- 1 

### * 3.0xlO- 2 

### 0
0 

### 0 2.5x10- * B qkg- l 

### /B qa" 2 

### a" 1



### ••'S r 110 0 LOxlO " 900 0 •'.'xlO * 1.6x10 ^
3.1X10 1 

### *
8.2x10 " 150 0 ; 19 0 16 0 6.6x10 " 41 0 

## '°S r 6.3X10 1 

### * 1.9x10 s 

### l.'7xl0 V 3.7x10 s 

### 4.6x10' '
5.6x10 " $ . 5x1 0 s 

### 430 0 180 0 150 0 5.3xl0 5 

### 240 0 ' v, '

. i 

### MIC * 6.2x10' ' 2.8x10' ' 7.0x10' ' 4.6x10 ? 1.7x10 s


### 2.2x1 0 s


### 1.3x10 * 2.1x10 s 

### 1.1x10 s 

### 1.0x10 s 

### 1.6x10' ' 1.4x10 s 1



### 137 C 

### . 1.1x10* 3.0x10' ' 7.2xlO , 

### » 4.8xl0 5 

### 1.8x10 s


### 2.3x10 s


### I.4xl0 6 

### 2.3x10 s 

### 1.3x10 s 

### 1.2x10 s 

### 1.8x10' ' 1.6x10 s 

### *Unit s o f Bq.kg'VBq.a'Vsoi l wate rTABL E 2(a ) Dall y Livestock Fee

d Intsk e Average

d Ove r I Yea r P.3 9

• Dair y cow s ~ Bee f Cattl e Swin e (fattenin g piga ) Broiler s

- Layin g Hen s Sheep . Hay/Silag e

k g d" 1
0+ + 1

• . - •

- . ' " 0. 3 Cras s

k g d~ l 23 + . 58* + 1 2

• - - ' • '

. - .- •

0.2 3 Stra w

k g d~ l 8.3 * 3. 3

-

•y - '
0.8 3 Concentrate s

... k * d" 1 

## Ao** 2
1. 4 0.07 5 " 0.11 0 0. 1 Wate r

Intak e k g d

_ 1 7 5
4 5 

## 7 0.2 0 0.3 4 3. 5 Breathin g

Rat e 

## a 3 

## dry 13 0 

### 136 *
8. 6

-."-- • - . " 

### -'" " - r ' : " •

. 

### 8. 6

Saa e rat e o f breathin g assuae

d fo r beef , cattl e ae fo r dair y cattle . ** " Average diet . "•"•""Gras s only " diet .

TABL E 2(b ) Listin g o f Crop Yiel d Dat a Foo d Produc t

Roo tvegetable s Gree n vegetable s Frui t Cereal s Cras s Stra w Ha y Recoverabl e Yiel d " . k g fres h weight/a 2 2.3 6 1.4 3 7.2 7 0.6 7 2*9 7 - 2.5 8 0.5 6 ""•• " — : —~—

n

- Dr y Matte rConten t

0.25 .

- 0.07 3 . -

0.16 T 0.8 8 0.1 7 . 0.2 7 0.9 0

- 3 2 -P.4 0

TABL E 2(c ) Mea nStorage Tiae s

Foo d produc t

Roo t Vegetable s Gree nVegetable s • Frui t Cereal s
: Mil k Mil k Product s Bee f V Por k " Poultr y - Egg s Lamb/Mutto

n Bes t Estimat e

(days ) 

### 9 0 7 7 3 0 

## 1 3 0 1 4 . 

### 1 4 1 4 - 

### 3 1 4

- 3 3 -TABL E 2(d ) . Listin g o f Nucllde-Speclfl c Dat a Listin g o f Translocatio nFactot *



### u * " S ""* s ->s ^ Nuclid e Pood^^*"*^ ^ Produc t ^r-^s^ ^ Roo t vegetable s Gree nvegetable s Fruit , Cereal s i 

### 9°S r •

0.0 1 0.0 6 0.0 8 

### O. U l06 

### R u
0.0 5 0.0 5 0.0 5 0.0 5

i 129 '
i 

### 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 

## *"c . 0.1 8 0.1 4 0*5 0 0.3 2 

# *** i

0.0 1 0.0 2 0.02 5 , 0.0 3 238,239 ^

1 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 1 2 * l A a

- . . i ' ' 0.0 1 0.0 2 0.02 5 0.0 3 2«C a

0.0 1 0.0 2 0.02 5 0.0 3

M l i • . . i •TABL E 2(d ) (Cont. ) .',•. . ' ' ' . ' . Listin g p f Soll+Plant i Concentration ' Factor * (Unit s o f Bq/kg a fres h w t plan t pe r Bq/kg a ve t wt soil ) • v .



### u > ^" , '^^v > ^ Nuclid e .

Food^'*^»v» v ^ Produc t^"^""^v ^ Roo tvegetable s Gree n vegetable s Frui t Ceresl s Ha y Cras s Strs w > * r

0.09 0 6.06 9 0.03 9 6.2 8 6.8 7 .

i l 6.1 6

• i • : I 6.2 6 l0 *R u

9x10-' ' ^.5xlO- 3 l.9xl6" 3 0.01 7

' | : 0..li - •';. '

' 0.0 2 0.03 3 I

y i 6.036 1 0.03 0 0.03 9 6.06 0 0.2 2 : 0.04 1 0.06 5 » 7 C g

i
.•'•'• ' 1 0.03 3 4.5x10" 3 0.02 3 0.05 4 6.16' , 0.03 1 6.64 9 *«*C e

5iUW? h 2.4xl6" 3 7.7xl6-' » 2.6x16" 3 6.61 1 2.6x16" 3 3.3x16" 3 i

238,239 ^
1.8xl6" 3 I-.A'xiQ- > 

### 2.9xl6-' » 2.4xl0- 3 I.08xl0~ 3 2.0xl0- | » 

### 3i3xl0*' » 2 * l A a

I.8x10- 3 2.4x10" 3 7.7x10-' ' 2.4xl0" 3 2.17x10- * 4.1x10-' ' 

### 6.5xio-' ' 2«C a
1 , l.8xl(T 3 2,4x10" 3 7.7x10-' ' 2.4xl0" 3 2.17xl0- 3 4.1x10-' ' ^.SxlO"' '
Ceresl s assume d t o b e processed .TABLE.2(d ) (Cont. ) Listin g o f Anlms l Dlet+Anlaa l Produc t Concentratio nFactor s i (Unit s o f Bq/kg a fres hw t anima l produc t pe r Bq/day eaten )

u> o * ^^'^v^ ' Nuclid e

Food^ s > > N v ^ Produc t^ >>s *< Vs> ^ Liqui d Hll k Bee f & vea l Pork , baco n & ha

m Poultr y Egg s Mutto n & lamb " "— r —~ " 

### ,*°Sr < l.4xlO" 3 3.0x10"' ' 2.6xl0" 3 0.04 2 1 0 1.4xl0 - 3
1 ' i—i— • 106 R u

6.1xl0^ 7 l.oxlO - 3 0.02 2 0.3 9 6.0xlO" 3 O.O U 129 , 4 i 9.9x10- *

i ' 7^0xlO- 3 , 0.06 0 0.2 0 4. 0 0.03 0 l37 C .

7.1x10" 3 0.0 2 0.2 5 4. 4 0.4 5 0.1 2 1

"«C e 2.0x10" s i 

## e.oxur * 7.5x10- 3 0.1 3 , 5.0xlO" 3 

### 3.6xMT 3 i 238,239 ^

IO" 7 8.0xl0" 7

, 10" s 2.0xl0" s 3.0xlO- 5 4.8x10- * 2 * l A a

2xl0- 5 1.6xl0~ 6 2.0x10- 5 3.6x10- 5 5.0x10" 3 9.6xl0" 6 2A2Q ,

2.0x10- 5 1.6xl0~ 6 2.0xl0" s 3.6x10- 5 5.0x10" 3 9.6xl0" 6

# u P.4 4


# I B 

# 1 I TABLE 3 -

Definitio

no f Syabol s Use

d i nth e Calculatio

no f Anima l Produc t Tranafe r Factor s fo r Trltiua
SyabO l

f Hk l *_ H
J L *HL

W l " Definitio n Hydrogencontent b

y weight o f k t n produc t o f -1 TM anlaal . Pall y ai r intak

e o f th e 1 t hanimal . Absolut e humidity . Dall y conauaptio

no f anlaa l fee

d L * Hydrogencontent b

y weight o f anlaa l

- fee d L . Aall y wate r intak

e o f 1 * anlaal . Unit s

-a 3 ai r inhaled.day" 1 kga s .aoisture.a~ 3 ai r -kga*fee

d L.day" 1

_

kgm.water.da

y

(Thes e definition s ar e repeate d i nth e glossary. )

- 3 7 -TABL E 4 Hydroge n an

d Carbo n Conten t o f Food * P.4 5



# i Foo d Ite m Liqui d Mil k Mil k Product * Bee f Por k Chicke n y_- Egg * Mutto n Boo t Vegetable s Gree n Vegetable s Frui t Cereal s Hay/Silag e Gras s Straw & Kal e Concentrate s . . Hydroge n conten t 0.1 1 6.07 5 0.69 2 0.1 6 6.69 9 6.1 0 6.1 6 6.1 1 6.1 1 6.1 1
_ 6.66 4 0.06 4 0.1 0 0.09 9 0.06 6 Carbo n Conten t 0.06 2 6.4 8 6.2 3 . 0.2 7 :";.-'• ' 

## e a i e.i * 6.2 3 

## e.i e 6.62 7 6.66 3 6.4 0 0.3 3 6.1 6 0.2 0 0.4 0



## *- 

## H"* * - o.n i ( i - d 

## J T vt 

## ) x( .*$» H

## ) kga.we t w t - - .•;--- • we t w t kgm.dryw t

- 3 8 -

# i P.4 6 

# I I 

# 1 B I V 

# I B 1 1 TABL E 5

Listin g o f Crop s Considere dfo r Inclusio nl nAgricultura l

Product s Dat a Librar y
Cro p Whea t Barle y '•'--. 

### •'Oata 7 

### . / Earl y potatoe s Malncro ppotatoe s Brusse l sprout * Sprin g cabbag e Summe r & Autua ncabbag e Winte r cabbag e • rSavoy a Suaae r <• '. Autua

ncauliflowe r - ; Winte r cauliflowe r - - Broa dbean s •-"• : Runne r bean a * • - Frenc hbean * Pea * for . harvestin g y Green , pea a ; 

### Celer y • • . . Lettuce , .Watercres s

-~ ----- Dessert-apple s



### . . Cookin g apple s •~ " "-'- • **ar * ;', Broa dgroupin g Cereal s
Roo t vegetable s

"Gree nvegetable* .

•.A_Frui t



### TABL E 6 Annua l Productio no f Anlaa l Product s pe r Hea do f Livestoc k

- Food : 

### Produc t - ""

" -

• '
_ ~ " " ~ . " ' -y- -'•' . -•'.
- 

### -' - y mi k # 

### "..'_"

• Bee f an d vea l : 

### Pork , baco nan

d ha m Mutto nan d.lam

b .Egg s Poultr y meat - "•-* Yiel d
_ . (Te/year/animal )

- 4.7 7 0.16 0 0.12 6 . 0.01 6 0.01 4 0.01 3
Bone-ou t mea t

- 3 9 -APPENDI X1
Mathematica l Aspect s o f th e Dynaal c Mode l
Al. l Mode l fo

r Crop s The tranafer processe s depicte d l nth e compartaenta l aode l for crop * •how ni nFigur e 2 are characterise d b y th e followin

g rat e conatant*: - (a ) Translocation : X

_» Rat e eonstant fo r translocation '

. fro a surfac e S t o tissu e T l Atoas.*- 1 . kgrn" 1 * * incorporate

d i ntlssue \ \Atoas.kga- 1 * o

nth e surfac e / (b ) Fiel d loss : X.. » Rat e constant fo r field los s (*~ l )

• y- p • -- .-.'•
- f . » Fractio

no f th e tota l field los s transferre d t o labil e surfac e soi l LS S (All - activit y aasuae d pessialstlcail y

to be Instantly

labila. ) f . - Fractio

no f th e tota l fiel d .loss ' transferre d to plan t

. bae e P B (Note : * x+ £ j < 1. )
(e) . Roo t uptake : X, - Rat e eonstant fo r root uptake fro

a ploughe

d laye r le . " - '_

" I 0-1 5 

# ( Atom s *

_B~K kga -1 . - fres hweigh t tissue \ Atoas . kga" 1 . we t .weigh t soi l i n0-1 5 cas /
X, • A s fo r X, bu

t fo r root uptak

e froa th

e 15*3 0 ca . 

### r 2 rl . . r : - r

### - soi l zone . (d ) Plant base : Xp R• Rat e constant fo r uptak e froa plant bas e to tissue 

# ( Atoas . s" 1 . kga" 1 * tlasue X Atoas . kga"} . plan t bas e /

- V -Rat e constan

t for.transfer - fro

m plan t bas e to labil e

- surface.soi l ~ * " 

# ( Atoms , B*^ 1 . kgm** 1 . we t weight soi l l n0-1 5 cm s A Atoms , kgm" 1 . plan t bas e ..-/"' . : Ce ) Soil : X p • Rat e constant fo r fixatio

n(s _ 1 ) . Sam

e valu e fo r bot h surfac e an

d dee p soil * X- Rat e eonstant fo r movement dow

nsoi l (s - 1 ) .

- 4 0 -


# I

# V

O f these , \_ , X__ , X „ are dependent o nth e eleaen

t o f whic

hth e nuclid

e l a an isotop e an d onth e crop , whil e X. an d X ar e als o dependent o nth e soi l type . X

_an d Xar e dependent only o nth e eleaen

t o f whic

hth e nuclid

e 1 * a nIsotope •n d onth e soi l type . 

# I 

# B i The .fractio no f th e depositing.activit y Intercepted , b

y foliag e i s givenby . (Chamberlain , 1970) : - .

- , i.. e - ; ^v- . ..;-.•;•.. • wher e W i s th e folia r wet"weigh

t per uni t area , g i s th e dr y aatte r content b

y weigh t an

d ill s a constant , th e fractions depositin g o nplant bas e an

d soil : thu * ara : • - 

## U 

## • ;-ug W aa d (l-f 3 ) e 

# -w

w wher e f . 1 * th

e fractio

no f activit

y no t depositin

g o nfoliag

e that "deposit s o n' th * plan t base. " Fo r th e purpose * of . the " model , "th e plant bas e 1 * treate d identicall y

t o th e labil e surfac e aoi l with'th e saa e densit

y p but wit han effectiv

e depth1 . ver

y auch.saalle

r tha nth e dept hI ( " 1 5 cas ) o f th

e P b. _••'•" ' v v -- " P- ' ploughe d layer . I f S. , T., (PB). , etc . denot e th e number o f atoa s per.uni t weigh t o f nuclide . 1 I neac

hcoapartaent , an

d S . , T . ,

- (PB) . etc . denot e th e nuabe r o f atoa s o f th e parent nuclid

e k i nth

e deca y chai nl nth

e saae - coapartaent , th e syste m o f equation s i s give nby : —

- ~ ••-

_y

: - - - 

# '%r'm 

# -(^Ri +

# V

+ 

# S^h+if*. S*. s



# k jft ' . ^w?)^ ; :



# y : 

# /

d(PB ) 

### d t »••( . 

# *

V SU 

# t ^ < P B 

## >i+l S F 

## H>B^ P B 

## > k 

# ;«te)v^(pi-y % 

# ;y : d(Lss ) /

.-.".'

- w v

## :;;:_ - -jt-^7- '-?\hi'*

. hi + 

## > + 

## ^ T X 

## rii ) (LSS) 

## 1 . + 

## |; S F 

## V * N«c< WS 

## > k

+ 

## Ss i <

PB

## > 

# ..(Sf).....^]- .

- 4 1 -P.49 .

d(FSS )
_ 

### S T 1 

### " " *R

i (PSS 

### > 1 + 

### I

SF 

### k i S k< FSS 

### > k + 

### *Fi (lW 

### >l ' k d(LDS ) d t d(FDS ) 1 

## " " (Ni l + > + 

## *P i + 

## IS " X 

## r2i)< tDS 

## > i * [ S P 

## k i \ k<"*> * + X 

## Si< LSS) 

## i '

- X ^ (FDS) V

4 XSF, ^ X, ^ (FDS) k

### + X p i 

### (LDS) 1 

### .

SF. ( 

### denote s splitting fractio nfo r decay o f nuclid e k t o nuclid e 1 , th e tio nk i s ove r al l nuclide s i t tha t ar e direc t parent s o f dt :
Here : X_ . denote * tota l disintegratio nconatan t fo r nuclid e k (s _ 1 

### ) ,

denote s s p summatio n

. .nuclid

e i j U L denote * the depositio nrat e o f nuclide- i (Atoms , mi" 2 

### , s" 1 

### ) pdenote * the densit y o f we t weigh t aoi l (kga.a- 3 

### ) , A . denote * th e effectiv e dept ho f th e plan t bas e (a) , Pb' - " - " . 1 ' denote * th e dept ho f th e ploughe dlaye r (a) , P ' • • . : 

### while.th e variou s coapartaen t Inventorie s ar e i nth e followin g unit* : S - - Atoas.kgm.- 1 

### . fres hweigh t i nth e edibl e par t o f th e plant-arisin g onl y fro a surfac e contamination, - y A - _- y T - " Atom s .kgm- 1 

### . fres hweigh t i nth e edibl e par t o f the plan t arisin g "onl y

- fro m tissu e contaalnation , P B - Atoaa.kgm" 1 

### . fres hweigh t i nth e plant , base , LS S - Atoms.kgar 1 

### . we t weigh t soi l in a labil e for m i nth e 0-1 5 cms . slab , V LD S - Atom s .kgm" 1 

### . we t weigh t soi l i na labil e for a i nth e 15-3 0 cas . slab , FS S - Atoas.kgm" 1 

### . We t weigh t soi l i na fixedfor a i nth e 0-1 5 ems . slab , FD S - Atom s .kgm" 1 

### . we t weigh t soi l i na fixedfor a i nth e 15-3 0 cas . slab .
I na nexac t mathematica l sense , th e equations ' ar e "onl y vali di f th e folia r density , W , o f growing foliag e i s brough t t o th e lef t hand_sld e an

d th e — equation a ar e re-writte nfor th e functions : a(t).- > W(t)S~(t) , B(t ) - W(t)T(t) , y(t ) - W(t)PB(t) , ...etc . However , folia r growt hi s take nint o accoun t b y diyidin g th

e growing seaaonint o aevera l tim e step s an

dvaryin g W

fro a on e tin e ste pt o th

e next , keeping it-constan t withi na given.time step . Thi s procedur e w i H onl y

b e necessary , however , i nsituation s o f prolonge ddepositio n(eg . fallout ) an

d i s unlikel y

t o b e necessary

fo r acciden t studies , whe nth e tim e over whic hdepositio noccur s i s ususll y smal l i ncompariso nt o the lengt ho f th e growin g season . Th e abov e se t o f equation s i s solvednumericall y upt o th

e require dtim

e T usin g specia l technique s suitedt o the solutio no f stif f spars e matri xsysteas .P.5 0



### Th e fina l value s fro a on e Integratio nate paa y b e uae da a th e initia l value s fo r th e nex t atep * Depositio nrate s ca nb e switche do nand of f whil e th e chang e o f seaao nfro a a growin g aeaao nt o a fallow seaso ni s simulate dby zeroin g th e surfac e (S) , tlaau e (T) , an d plan t baa e (PB ) coapartaent * befor e proceedin g ont o th e nex t Integratio natep . Th e activit y level'o f nuclid e i i nth e cro pa t harves t I s calculate dvi a th e formula : _ A 

## o " Nt \h: * T 

## i * l< ws 

## > i + 

## < pss 

## > i ^ 1
fo r gree nvegetables , frui t an d cereals , an

d vi a th e foraula :


### K 

# o~ \.[v + 1 ctss) 

# i * <F 

# ? s) 

# i * r ^ I
fo r roo t vegetables . Her e g denote s th e fractiona l "dr y soi l conten t o f th e

-• • *

- - - t ••••-. ' - . - ' - 

### cro pan d g th' e dr y

aatte r conten t o f th e soil . Radioactiv e deca y fro a harves t ft - - _---.--/-_ • 

### t o conauaptio nand activit y loss/concentratio ndatin g food , processin g 1 * take n Int o accoun t t o giv e th e fina l activit y leve l o f nuclid e i i nth e food : A 

## i > 

## k7 P 

## ^*> » - . -'_ v. - 

## ---"- "; r- ; wher e k . i s th e processin g factor , t theaean-storage.tla e an d F( t ) I s give n generall y

by :
"**•« ' - A * 

## F( t > - e " 9 

## + I



## %l



## (" t ) » an d decay routes " R.

^ A * Va W 

# » :fr , r+ 1 i s -th e splittin g
, fractio n "~fo

rdeca y of

I1 J

### (X

_-"X-) " nuclid e rt o nuclide , r+ i ) ;


### P • 1 i f r > J- 2



## - ^vi. < w« < *•«• * q-r+ 1

* Th e expressio nfor F(t 9 

### ) i s the genera l analytica l solutio nt o the equation a fo r radioactiv e decay i na decay

chain .

- 4 3 -P.5 1 

# l i I I I I A1. 2 Mode l fo r Anlaa l Product s Th e aode l fo

r anlaa l product s I s depicte d lnFigur e 3 . Anlaa l intake o f grass , hay/silsge , stra w an d soi l are considere d b y th e aodel . Level * ingras s an d atra w are calculate

d usin g a separat e aode l fo r eac hwhic h1 * identica l t o th e aode l for crop * describedvabove . N o storag

e 1 * •••uae

d fo r .gras s but thi * i s take ninto accoun

t fo r straw . The level s i nth e soi l Ingeste d directl y

•re assume d to b e give nb y th e su a o f th e labil e and

1 fixe d surfac e soi l coapartaen t Inventorie s a

a obtaine

d fro a th e aode l fo

r graa a whil e th

e level * l nhay/silsge , A. , ar e als o calculate d fro a th e gras * aode l compartment inventorie s vi a th e formula : 

# i'yyy'- 

# iUyy ry f:;^- v i i Her e S. r T. , etc . denot e ato a inventorie s l a th e variou s coapartaent * o f th e aode l fo

r gra* * whil e t . , g an d g . denot e th

e aaa a storage tlae for hay/sllag e a ng T » . ..-. : •n d th e dt y aatte r conten

t o f gras s an

d hay/sllage respectively . Al l othe r •yabol * were define d i nSectio

nAl«l . I nparticular k . aay be use d to accoun t for an y activit

y loss/concentratio

ni nth e hay/sllage fro

a processe s othe r tha n radioactiv

e deca y (thi s facilit

y i s als o availabl e for straw) .

. Th e .nex t ate p "i nth e calculatio

nconsist s o f computin g th e dall y -activit

y intake b

y th e anlaal . Thi s i s achieve d firstly

b y computin

g average-nuclide .concentratio

nlevel s over.th

e tla e ste p fo r grass , hay/silsge , atra w an d soi l respectively . I f al l fee d i s assuae

d t o b e produce

d an d consuae

d i nsitu , th

e . dall y Intake , I. , o f nuclid e i , average

d over th

e tim e atep , i s givenby :


## ^ " J 

## g < A 

## g > + J 

## h . * h> + J 

## s < 4 > + J 

## s o < * £ 

## > • •• ' .wher e th e J' s an

d < A >* s refe rt o dietar y intak e an d averag e activit y level s pe runi tweigh tan

d subscript s g , tt

» a an d 'SO ' refe rt o grass , hay/silage , - stra w an d soi l respectively . Th e eoneentratio n level , N.,~o f nuclid e 1 pe runi t -weigh to f

th e anlaa l produc ti s the n give n by : dN . _ _ 

## ir m 

## -<hi + 

## W N 

## i + 

## I- SP 

## k i ^ V * * i x 

## i - •

•' • ' • k . . . •-.•- - where : X^ . - Rat e constan t fo r remova l o f nuclid e 1 vi a metaboli c processe s (X „ I s th

e ssm e fo r al l nuclide s o f a give nelement) ,

- 4 4 -P.5 2



# I I Y , " Fractiona l transfer o f nuclid e 1 t o uni t weight o f anlaa l produc t ( Yla tb

e saa e fo r al l nuclide s of a give neleaent ) X_. , SF . . , X_ . an

d I are a s define

d previously . Thi s stiff , spars e syste m o f equations i s als o solve d "numericaU

y ove r th

e s a tiae-step a

a wa r assuae

d fo r grass . Th

e fina l nuclid

e concentrationr N. , i nth e •niaa l produc t i s the ncalculate

d vi a the . formula :

wher e NT i s th

e solutio

nobtaine

d fro m th e syste m o f dif f erentlal " equation s and "
o . . _ ' i . . ---._--_••_-"-"- • k . an d F(t ) account fo

r activity . Idea/concentratio ndurin g food : processin

g an d radioactiv

e deca y durin g "th e tla e dela y betwee nth e productio

no f th e aaiaa l produc t an

d .it s consumption . I t i s emphasize

d tha t th

e solution s fo

r anlaa l product * ar e approximat e , ~ sinc e the"anlaa l Intak e pe r da y i s calculate

d usin g constant : value s fo r level s l a grass , hay/sllage , stra w an d soi l ths t hav

e bee naveraged ove r th

e tiae-step . Thi s wa s don

e I norder t

o kee p coaputer " core space an d executio

ntlae - - requlreaenta.within.manageabl e bounds . I nrealit y th e level s i nfee

d an d soi l wil l var

y over th

e tim e ste p so that th

e accurac

y o f th e calculations : wil l . . Increas e wit ha decreasin g time.step , particularly for short-live

d radio - - "nuclides .

- 4 5 -

### \ APPENDI X2
Derivatio

no f Trltiu

a Transfe r Pactor

a fo r Anlaa l Product s (Constant Humidity )
-' - Th e trltiu

a concentratio

nI nth e k produc t o f th e 1 animal , C- , is . relate d t o th e daily anima l Intak

e o f activity , I , b y th e relation :

C kl" P k l X » (A2.1 )
wher e C . an

d 1 ar e inunit s o f Bq.kg a an d Bq.da y reapectlvely , an d A , 1 * a constant . Th

e dall y anlaa l intak

e of trltiua , I , i * give nbr :
I V Inhalatio

n+ Ingestio

n+ Ski nAbsorptio

n

. • B . X + K J T C T ^ + B i x* (Intak e vi a ski nabsorptio naaauae

d ' * y T

L" - -

' «q«* l to Intak e vi a inhalation ) 

# •"^yLi^y A <«• « fee d L wher e B, " an

d J T "denot e th e breathin

g rat e an

d dail y fee d intake " b

y th e anlaal . 3 - - - 1 ** r - . - i •--••- - - • " ••:.••-.. • - 3 - - ( a air. d an

d kga d ) , -a. * . denote s th e ai r concentratio

n(Bq. a air) , C denote s th

e activit y

concentratio

nI nanlaa l feed L i nunit s o f Bq.kg a . I f th e fee d ha s th

e sam e specifi c activit

y o f trltiu

a a s air , an

d i s assume

d t o b e produce

d at th e sam e locatio

na a th e animal , then :

VT-"onTTH x air'-: . (A2.3 ) wher e f-_

- an d -1 1 denot e -th

e hydroge

nconten

t b y weight o f fee

d L an d th e H L - - - • '-"-'"••. . . . --•_-•--._'
- abaolut e humidit

y (gms.moisture. m

air ) respectively . Th e intermediat e tranafer facto r Bj . ha

a unit s o f ^ * _i » This-mus t

Bq.day . equa l th

e ratio'o f th

e hydroge

nconten

t of th e focd , fn^. . to th e dall y hydrogenintak

e it trltiu

a an d hydroge

nar e assume

d to b e metabolised similarly . Thus :

- 4 6 -P.5 4



# P P l 

# P P P I I

I I 

# I I I I I I I 1 I I i i i i 1 f 

### Hk l * kg B H

### ** " ** " foo d k 

### *

Pkl " Hydroge nIntake l nwate r + Hydroge nintak e vi a inhalatio n& aki nabsorptio n+ Hydroge nIntak e l nfee d(kga.day

)
f 

### Hk l 

# I

I " 0.11 1 W + 2 x B . x 0.11 1 xB+. t(J T 

### f S A X
_I s Hi s I * 

## I ' ' • ' f



## Hk i r

## ' • ' : " 0.11 1 (W

x 

### " + 2 B L 

### H

) + Z (J L 

### f ^ * (A2*4 ) 

# I y 

# '" ' -' y 

# •• ' Substitutio no f equation s (A2.2) , (A2.3 ) an d (A2.4 ) int o equation . (A2.1 ) and I divisio nb

y x. give s th

e requiredtransfe r factor :



## • :•- • .-,.'- . i



## p^l_^,^_

m 

## "y : 

## ;-._._• ; • : _

- k l Bq. m

ai r -*ai r .

" 0.1 U(Wr 

### + 2 B X 

### H ) + X(J L 

### f,^ ) * (A2.5 )

• —

• - 

### Thi s approac hassume s tha t livestoc k absor ba s auc htrltiu a vi a thei r ski nas : the y inhal e an

d that , al l livestoc k feed , i s produce di nsitu * Al l anlaa l drinkin g "wate

r i s als o assumedt o b e uncontaalnated . Thi s las t assuaptio n'•- - -na y no t b e vali ddepending o nspecifi c circumstance s eg . d o th e aniaal s obtai nthei r wate r fro e a strea m o r fro m troug hwater ? I f th e latter , i s th e troughwate r obtaine dfroa . a loca l o r a distan t reservoir ? I nany event , - formul a A2. 5 ma y

easil y b e modifiedt o accoun t fo r anima l Intak e o f . contaminate dwater .

- 4 7 -P.5 5

APPENDI X3
Derivatio

no f Trltiu

a Transfe r Fsctor s for Anlaa l Product s (Variabl e Humidity ) Fro a equation"(A2.5 ) the . tranafer facto r a., at a conatant absolut e humidity

leve l H i s give

nby :

.•"T- 2 f Hk i B l » b - 33i tJ--< JL f RL> » c .'-'°- m \ +*f<*t «*> • d m °- 221 B r (A3.1 ) Thus : h y b d

r m '* '' " a

. h • .e* c . . °kl W•• " ctd H H(e*dH ) " c+d H * H " e+dH '
(A3.2 ) ..----

_c+dH.^ y

H y . . ...--" " Substitutin

g Int o th

e genera l expressio

nfor <o > (see Sectio n3.3) : y

- 

# n- * T_- F .. . V l (ar^ ) ( V

«*- I F - *. , v «s+dH^ , . ay ,


# - > I (H^^)[(f-!)ln(^ 5 

# i ii 

# > + 

# Jln(-f^-)] . (A3.3 )

- -r-1 ^ r+ 1 r - - ; . _- - -r

_r -Substitutio n o f

expression s i n (A3.1 ) fo r a , b , c , d give s th e fina l result :
y "•",••;:• . 'm d J(J L f^ ) : n- i F^-F ^ V I '

. <0 > = Wil l [o.ll l W , + S ( J •£•"•)} • \ < H - - H * * * <^H~ > +.- . 1 L L H

L J r- l r+

1 r . r f Hkl V ^ P r- P r+ 1 '^'^^tt^i, ' lo.ll l W

x + E (J Lf^) * J x <H m- H r > l n<0.11 1 W 1+ £(J Lf HL )40.22 2 ^Xi_* L * (A3.4 ) - 4 8 -APPENDI X4 P.5 6



# I B B I I fl I Th e Calculatio no f Dynaal c Mode l Rat e Constant s fro a Equilibriu

m Tranafe r Dat a Th e equilibriu

m tranafe r dat a consis t of : (1 ) surfac e t o tissu e translocatio nfactors, " (11 ) root , uptak e factors , »ad (Hi ) diet . t o anlaa l produc t transfe r factors . Using " th e notatio no f Appendi x1 , th e relevan t rat e constant s ar e X

_fo r translocation , Xaa d X.fo r roo t uptake , and K. fo r transfe r fro a die t t o anima l product . I naddition , Ydenote s th e fractiona l transfe r t o 1 kg m o f th e anima l product * Method s fo r calculatin g th e rat e constant s fro a th e equilibriu m dat a ar e describe d belo w

an d th e value s incorporate d i nth e NECTAR-FOODWE B dynaal c mode l dat a librar y

ar e .ala

o listed . I t I s emphaalsed , however , tha t th e calculate d value s can.only , b e approximat e sinc e they hav e no t bee nteste d •gains t tiae-dependen t data , whic har e no t availabl e l naos t cases . Suc ha .tes t i s earrentl y

i nprogres s fo r roo t uptak e o f a aelecte d se t o f nncllde s into , a selecte d se t o f crops . Result s wil l b e reporte d b y Groga ne t a l (1984 ) and ar e likel y t o resul t I nrevise d X . . value s fc r a few nuclide s an d crops . A4. 1 Translocatio n- = (•) . Calculation-of.X I fro a Translocatio nfacto r f^ -

Inpu t SURFAC E

(S ) TISSU E



# i Th e relevan t par t o f th e dynami c model , fo r crop s i s reproduce d above . X ""•'-- . "".'-' - .."-'.-' - --"..-. . P denote s the rat e constan t for fiel d los s fro m foliag e whil e the additiona l rat e constant . Xdenote a continuou s harvestin g (o r cropping) . A t

- - " P ' . • • - . equilibrium ?

X c T - Xj.S ,

- 4 9 - 

# I IP.5 7

s o that : 

### T \ 

## Z m 

## TTe But th e translocatio

nfactor , f_ , i s define d suc hthat : 

# f - I f 

## T 

# T

: C


### ?*"•' • *t" X 

### e - V 

# I I f th e aeanlengt

ho f th e growin

g seaso ni s assuae

d to b e 14 5 days , then : % 1 J- 1 o ,«- 8 - 1 X*. •rje ' d • 8x1 0 a . Thus :
K p - 8x10" * f ^ s" 1 .

-(b ) Dat a ' Value s fo

r f

_(an d henc e \_ ) are liste d i nTabl e A4. 1 for th e range o f eleaent s an

d crop s covere

d b y the"FOODWE

B dat a library . The-availabl e dat a ar e ver y sparse ; thus th

e followin

g a d ho c assuaption s wer e aade ineoapilin g th e dat a base : (1 ) I f dat a fo

r a give

nelement l nonl y

on e cro p wer e available , thi s waa assuae

d t o appl y t o all-crops , (11 )

(iii ) fvvalues-fo r R ban d Ywere assuae

d t o b e th e sam e a a for - Sr , fo

r T . " _•-----::•-•- - al l rare earths a s fo r Ce , fo

r N p a s fo r P u an d for Cm , Cf , BH , E s a s fo r Aa , a defaul t valu

e fo r f

_of 2x1 0 T 

### - 3 wa s assumed , wher e appropriate . Subjec t to th

e abov e assumptions , th

e value s quote

d fo r f_ , wer e obtaine

d fro m Coughtre

y an d Thom e (1983) , Nai r e t a l (1980 ) an

d Simmond s an

d Cric k (1982) . A4. 2 Root Uptake b y Crop s Fo r crops , al l uptak e l a assume

d t o occu r fro m th e ploughe

d layer , i.e . n o uptake fro

m deeper soi l zones . Thus , b y assumption ,

- 5 0 -P.5 8

xt, - o r 2 

# I l nal l cases . Method s an d dat a fo

r calculatin

g X. ar

e specifie

d below . (a ) Calculatio

no f X. fro

a roo t uptak e facto r C , 

### S P 

# B 

# B B I 1 I Input

- s , TISSU

E (T ) *

- • * X c <•**>" •
Xf ^ q * B -»'kg

a »T > r l 

### Bq.kga'h^ S

LABIL E SURFACE 

## son . (LSS )

• -1'-• : 

# V a" 1 

# )

- FIXED SURFAC E 

## son . (FSS )

. 

# V s 

# i



# I The relevant par t o f th e dynaal c aode l fo

r crop , i s reproduce d above . - X. denote s th

e rate-constant fo

r continou s harvesting , X

_for.soi l fixatio

n(i f any ) an d Xfo r movement dow

nth e aoil-column . A

t equilibrium :
X C T - x t l (LSS) , : - . y y .

s o that : " . . - - .
T .LS S

Bu t th e roo t uptak e factor , C__ , i s define d suc hthst : C„, . - S P LSS+FS S »

- 5 1 -P.5 9

wher e C_

_i s i nunit s Bq.kg m freshweight plan t per Bq.kg

m frea hweigh t •oil . I f there 1 * n

o fixatio

naechanls a (X-O) , then :

Thus :



### o r FS S •

C S P -

C S P

X 

### r i " 0 and : T - LSS *

. - 1 m 

## T". c . c S P
Us e o f th

e abov e expressio

nl nsituation s wher e there l a fixatio

n(i.e . X

_ an d FS S * 0 ) wil l lea d to pessimisti c valuea fo r X_. . Thus , in-al l cases , -

! X 

## r l < X 

## c C 

## S P " ^ C 

## S P »'K usin g th e value fo

r Xderive

d l nSectio

nA6.1 . (b) : Data - ' f . £ Value' s fo

r C_

_an d X. are-liste

d i nTabl e A4. 2 fp

r th e "rang e o f eleaent s an

d crop s covere

d b y the.FOODWE

B dat a library . Th e availabl e dat a ar e no t a s spars e a a wa s th

e eas e fo

r th e translocatio

nfactors ; however , the followin

g assumption s ha

d to be aade : (1 ) i f dat a fo

r a give

neleaent i nonl y

on e cro p wer e available , thi s wa s assume

d to appl y

t o al l crops , (11 ) C value s fo r Gd , Tban

d D y wer e assume

d to b e th e saae a s for E u an d for Ca , Cf , Bk an d E s a s fo

r Aa . _- Subjec t t

o th e above , th

e value s quote

d fo r C

_wer e obtaine

d fro m Coughtre

y an d Thom e (1983) , Nai r et a l (1980) , CEC (1979 ) an d N g e t ai r (1982a) , correcte

d fo r plan t an d soi l wet weights* .

*Slnc e th

e productio

no f th e abov e data , a ne

w se t o f computerise

d listing s o f Ce p hav

e bee nproduc e j b

y th e Internationa l Unio no f Radioecologist s (IUR , 1982) , whichma

y b e use d t o updat e som

e o f th e ke y value s fo

r C

_.

- 5 2 -* I P.6 0


# I B I A4. 3 Roo t Uptak e int o Frui t I t i a assume

d tha t th e rate o f uptake per uni t labil e soi l eoneentratio n Int o frui t (appl e an d peara ) fro

a th e to p 1 5 c a laye

r i s n o different tha

n fro a deepe r soi l zones , lie . X r l - X r 2 - X f , sa y
Method s an

d dat a fo

r evaluatin

g Xare specifie

d below . (a ) Calculatio

no f Xfro

a roo t uptake facto r C —

(Bq.a " 'kga " »T V \ Bq.kga" 1 .LD S / r

Input TISSU E (T ) *.<*"* >

J /Bq.«" 1 .kga" 1 . A \ Bq.kga .LS S /

LABILE SURFACE SOI L (LSS ) 

# V"" 1 

# )

V 8 

# " 1 

# * I L LABILE DEEP SOI L (LDS ) ^(a" 1 ) FIXED SURFAC E SOI L (FSS )

FIXED DEE P SOI L (FDS )

*Thi s doe s no t aeantha t eh e uptak e fro m th e firs t 1 5 cms equal s th e uptake fro m deepe r soi l zones . I ngeneral , th

e former wil l excee d th e latter owin

g t o th e tim e take nfo r radioactivit

y to percolat e to th e deepe r soi l zones .

- 5 3 -P.6 1



## y The relevant par t o f th e dynaal c aode l 1 * reproduce d above , al l rat e constant s bein

g a a define

d lnSectio

nA4.2 . A

t equlllbrlua : W X X

_(LSS ) - CX S + X

y + ~ ) (LDS ) an

d ..-; " ---'.'... - pp X ^ T - X_(LSS+LDS) , wher e W , p an

d I denot e th

e kgm.fruit. m

, th e we t weight soi l density (kga.a " ) an

d th e deptho f th

e surfac e soil 1 ton

e (6.15a ) respectively . Substitutio

no f on e equatio

ninto th

e other yields th

e result : 

# I ^CV^ 1 + 

# x s 

# + xp

# + ^x r 

# j *

But th e root uptake factor , C__ , i s give nby :

S P LSS+FS S
I f ther e i s n

o fixatio

n(X

_- FS S - 0) , then : _T
_ *S P " LS S 

### C M 

### - . M 

### , whil e us e o f thi s relatio nfo r th e cas e involvin

g fixatio

nwil l lea

d t o pessimisti c value s fo r X. Thus :

X 

## c V X 

## S + X 

## F + 

## pT X 

## r / .C r _ - -i S P
Thi s yield s a quadrati c equatio nfo r X: 

# ,"••• • V

- + fcs• 2 

# v 'V

- \ C 

# SF1 \- V \ S P< w • °

-5 4 -

### Th e positiv e solutio n is : P.6 2


# I I B I 

# 4

Fo r case s involvin g fixation , us e o f thi s equatio nresult s i n pessiaisti c values.fo r X while , fo r case s involvin g n o fixatio n(X_-0) , th e aolutio nsimplifie s to : 

# i K 

# .^:^^yy^y> Xj . X . C « 2 W

I T W

"S. c "S P *
Fo r al l element s excep t C s w e hav e (Wilso nand Nair , 1981) :
X y - 6 , Xg - 2.31 5 xlo" 1 0 a" 1 , while , fo r Cs :
X y - 2.43 1 xIO* 8 s" 1 , Xg - 4.12X10" 9 * - 1
Resultin g plot s o f X versu s C e
_ar e compare d wit ha simila r plo t fo r crop * i nFigur e -A4.1 . A somewha t longe r mea ngrowin g seaso ni s assuae d for " frui t ( X- 4. 4 xio" 8 s" 1 - 1.4a" 1 ) . (b ) Dat a -

V Value s fo r X_

_an d X ar e liste d i nTabl e A4. 3 fo r th e sam e element s an d " . ~ -"

"
_- - . _ s ^ - r

_ subjec t t o the sam

e assuaption s "a

s mad e i nSectio nA4. 2 fo r dat a liste d l n Tabl e A4.2 . A4. 4 Uptak e int o Anima l Product s Th e relevan t parameter s t o b e evaluate d ar e \ , an d Y . Somewha t differen t aethod s wer e applie d t o evaluat e thes e for . the variou a anima l products , whic har e considere d i nturnbelow . (a ) Mil k
Inpu t I ANIMAL

PRODUC T (N )

xf x! 

## S t * R

# I Th e relevan t par t o f the dynami c mode l fo r anima l product s i s reproduce d above . Th e radionuclid e disintegratio nconatan t i s denote db y X_ . A t equilibrium :

( 

### * M + 

### *R ) H

### " ^ » -
s o that :

1 

## VS ' • • • Ba t th e die t t o anlaa l produc t transfe r factor , f , i s give nby :

f 

### A I * -

* » *&- • 

### I f subscript s 1 sn

d 2 refe r t o tw

o isotope s o f the saa e eleaen t wit hvalue * o f £ . substantiall y

differen t whe naeaaure dunde r identica l conditions :



# • • V

- •.~t7y~i7<.:''.y 'ttf^Tr I T! T" TT J » <T 

# i & T 

# 2 denot e

# JjJJ ^ t 

### A2~hl

t

### ia ln 2 / f 

### A 2 f 

### A l \ ,_ ; f 

### Al• : f 

### A2

yy'i f 

### A l " f 

### A 2 \ h " T 

### l / ' '

. , v 

### '*1 £ 

### A 2 n. \ f 

### A l f 

### A 2 to2 

### an d r--3T—HT " (X



### R 2 ~ Ntl ^ " ~ f =~

f C 

### A 1 - £ 

### A 2 ^ m f 

### A l £ 

### A 2 Fo r mil k products-,"th e sam e > y applie s fo r a give nelement . However , al l activit y

i s pessimisticall y

assume dt o b e retaine dI nth e dr y matte r conten t (13 Z by.weight ) S o that:."", '

_^H k T 

### milk . 0.1 3 ' r 

### 'prod.. '

- 5 6 -P.6 4 

# I I fl I I I I I I I I I I I I I Value s fo r variou s radionuclid e tranafer factor s to all k wer e obtaine d froa N g et a l (1977) . Thes e are liste d inTabl e A4.4 , whil e correspondin g value s fo

r stabl e eleaen

t tranafe

r factor s an

d fo r y an d X , ar e liste

d l n Tabl e A4.5 . (b ) Mea t an

d Egg s -„''.-••'"'."" - Mea t i s divide

d int o beef , pork , poultr y sn d mutton . Eggs.ar e als o considere

d l nthi s section . Th e die t t

o anlaa l produc t transfer factor-for a radionuclide i s give nby :

whichsiapllfle s to : 

# •%'- . ; 

# y'^y]/-y-y- : 

# y f 

### A
for a stabl e nuclide . Th e approac

hadopte

d fo r th e fissio

nproduct s i nmea t wa s a a follow* : (1 ) obtai na se t o f eleaent tranafer factor s f . for eachanlaa l product , froa " th

e literature , (ii ) obtai na se t o f valuea fo r \ . fro

a th e Hterature usin

g th e formula :

- 8 - 1 — 1 ' Xj . •Metaboli c rat e constan t + 3.17 - x1 0 s (o r 1 year ) , wher e th

e anlaa l i s assuae

d t o hav e a mea nlif e o f ~ I year , (iii ) calculat e y

vi a th e formula : y

» f X - Fo r th e cas e o f th

e actlnides,"value s o f f aa d \ . wer e provide

d b y Scienc e Application s Inc . (SAI ) under contrac t t o CEGB , an

d thei r repor t i s presente

d inAppendi x5 . ~ For th e cas e of eggs , "

a valu e fo r L o f 1 da

y (1.16x1 0 s ) wa s assumed , independent o f nuclide , base d on " th e assumptio

nthat th

e eg g productio

nrat e i s approxiaately on e pe r da y o naverage * I nthi s case : 

# *- v

*Th e dat a are not detaile d enoug ht o perai t difference s lntransfer o f tw o stabl e isotope s t

o b e noted , s

o th e term s "stsbl e nuclide " an d "element " ar e use d interchangeably .

- 5 7 -P.6 5 

# 1 I Value s o f f . ar e Hate d inTabl e A4. 6 fo r th e variou s meat s an

d fo r tb a A edibl e par t o f th

e egg . Th

e primar

y literature source s were : (1 ) N g e t a l (1982b) , (11 ) Nai r e t a l (1980) , (iii ) Siaaond s an

d Crick (1982) , (iv) . Appendi x5 an d th e reference s quote

d therein . Wher e dat a fo

r eleaent s were not available , dat a fo r radionuclide s wer e . use d t o infe r th

e eleaent values , usin g th e foraulae give

nat th e to p o f sub sectio n(b) . I nthi s case , th e nuclid

e o f Interes t i s indicate d i nTabl e A4.6. " Farther , i naan y .caaes , dat a wer e availabl e only for-on e eleaen t i n. one seat * I nthi a caae , the-dat a wer e extrapolate d t o th e other aeat s vi a th a foraula : _" ••-'. '

. • Mea t yiel d for-anlaa l 1
_ r A 2 "Mea t yiel d fo r anlaa l 2-Al » wher e £. . aa

d £ „ denot e th

e priaar

y an d extrapolate

d transfer factors , respectively . The formul a assume s that th e fractiona l transfer pe r uni t dail y Intak e 1 * th e saa e for . all-aeats , whichi s broadl y born e out b y th e case * wher e separat e dat a exis t "for " different meats . Valuea fo

r X^ . ar e liste

d inTabl e A4.7 * Th e availabl e dat a ar e too •pars e to enabl e separat e \y values"t o b e derive

d for:eac

hmeat. . Th

e dat a liste d I nTable s A4. 6 an d A4. 7 wer e use

d t o calculat e value s o f y vi a th e foraula :



### •*- w

### - ;; ; 

### '•- • Thes e are liste

d i nTable"A4.8 .

- 5 8 -IWil M . fi t Thralobtt o turn

dan * 

## *U I
o.l: | 

## y\
X.M

S.U 1

a W

r x 

## • w « r 0. 1

fcdOT 5

2*10* J

fcHT 5

2*I0* J

JuIO" 1
0 0X 1 0X 6 (U S 0. U (.-» ) 

## 4 8A- »
1.0,-1 0
"

' •
0

• A - » 4.8 , - 8 '4.4,- 9 8.8 , - 9 Dmmrt Ir W |t » ,*rl* l

H > »(> .
*l» l J ' l »(> l f T 0X 1 0M 0X 8 0,1 1 0.0 1 0M 0M 0.1 1 0X 1 ao t 0.0 V O.OC * 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0X 1 tao" 1

o. i
0X 8 *a«r J (.-« ) 

## 4 8 A -1 0 44,- 1 8.4 . - 9 M.- • • i
14,- 9 3.1 , -1 0 JBA- 8 ix,-i o 1.1,-1 0

».l,- 8
4A< 4 1.8 , -1 0 1 t Oan * N l- I
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ul» ]

to U) a( » 1 i.l» l .;" ' ' r

2dd" J

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0X » 0. 1 «•*) 

## 4 14,-1 0

14 , •*)

J4,- 9 ) 114 , -1 0 

# J

14,- t J4,- • 8X,- * O a * 

## J' l



# » w
aU ) u(> )

cJM ,
rrU ) 

## wt M 

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# '1 

# ' . 1 : V 0

a u . 0.1 4 0 4 0.12 . fcjO-J
falrf" 5

OX I OX I 0X 0 0X 9 * '

e > • _ 

## V V 

## 4

I'M ! 14, 4 1.1,- 8 •A- * 14 , • « I' M

' l 44 , r l o « ,«A- » 1 4 , - 9 IA" * 14 , - 9 •

1 •

" I tltaW t

- [i] a,(» l
0. O

T.I M 

### cto :



## * M ml» l i*U l h 04 1 0X 8 0 X 0 0X 9 * >

m

• • >
,• -
faur 1 bio* 1 0 (.• V > » 8A- W 14,- 9 IA- 4 24,- 8 •

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B >

m

I 14 , H O
• •• [ 0 n«« * 

## J' ) »U 1

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**T J

a*r J

td0~ S
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## 4 a O w * 

## J« l
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»AH O

8 A -i O cl' l

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at' )

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a *

•

, ' m

K " \ <r» ) 

## 4 8 A- » 14 , • * 2 A- * 14,- 8

• •

•

•

•

.. •
( l ] V.li afa

rantcra p uM d faro U crop* . I n ll* u o f itt: (2 ) Dtfaul twli aMu d faroi l cn?. . . 1 ; ( l | I M nlu i ownr d a o fo rSr . (» | V.lunttla m fo rnu t«vK^>ln , (ra n natubtn , frui tMlaml i napoettmly . (} ) So * wluo . uam l « o forOl . [8 ) SJ Wtolue * Monr d 00 ' fa r ru . [ l | S— <m\tr» U*MS ! ao forAn .
• o,- h d.M v .

• 1 IT * 1 ' . II \

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t a c.0 ) e.0 1 A.O I 8.0 1 8rO I r r » 0 ) I r . ,0 1 t r xn K o T e l u ihO ) M 0 I

* 8 C d i.O l 1.01 , »(' . T.O I , 1 ' o ' tl.Mnt-opoel f l e loo t Uptak e Dat a fo r Boo

t V.i.ta.tee , Croo n Voietaetea , Croa t aa a Straw

. lOO t V«|«tial M c,r * 0.1 8 I ' ,

1. 4 (-4 )

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I I. I (-U ) 2. 4 (^-S

) *•»<-• ) , "1. 1 (-11 ) .9. 1 (-10 )

•4 (-8 ) " 

## <V

0.07 1

1. 4 (-4 )

0 0.1 1 0.08 9 i. i (-1) : J. i (- D t-i. (- « o. « j . l * . i (-J )
1. 4 (-4 ) 

### °r°* 1 oa o i , •. 1.4 ' (-4 )
1. 1 (-1 ) 1, 1 ! ' ' »,,(.-• )

J. l (-» )

l. t (-11 )

0 M <-» ) J. J (-» ) 1. 9 (-10 ) 4. 1 (-10 ) 1. 8 (HO ) i. a (-8 ) 4. 1 (-7 ) J. l (-10 ) i.\ (-ii )

». i (-» )

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9. 8 (-10 ) ,»• •(-8) . Corool t 

# V
1. 0

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»• •(-1 ) J. l (-1 )

, 0.02 * 0.J 1 V 1 W 0.01 7 

## i.», W

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>•*" •, . . *,,(.-» )

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• 1. 1 (HI )

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t. 4 (-10 ) I.i' , (-8 ) Ora. e 

# V
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1. 4 (-4 )

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0 1 0

•'.0.1 4 ,. ; • 1. 4 ,(H ) !• « <-* ) 'i-i ' W ' )

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i i. i (-i n

. 0 t. » <-») , i. i (-• ) s. t (Ho ) 8. 0 (-11 ) 4. 1 (-10 ) 1. 4 (-8 ) J. 0 «-« ) l » (-») , 1. 1 (HI ) 1. 4 (,-8 ) •l. t (-8) , 1. 1 (HI )

I •

•• . 9 4 ' (-10 ) 9. 4 (-8 ) 8tra »

c • c s r O.J J

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i
0.1 1 0.1 4 1. 4 (-1 ) 1 4 (-1 ) S. O (-1 ) 0.1 8 w 0.01 1
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I. I (HI) ,

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1 l a . , C« , " **
u 0 1 C a M 

## o i r.0 1 ..0 1 CuO l 

## «o i nI H rbO l 

### .,0 1
r o .. _ I n 

### ..0 1 AcO l ThO l r.0 1 uO l loo t V*t«takla a

•' c ' ••

' c a r 0.03 6 ' , o • •• 0.0) ) 8 4 (-4 ) 1 4 (-J ) J. J (-* ) J 4 (-1 )

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J 4 (-J )

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0

1 4 (-4 )

, Si<»"' > 1 l. S (-8 ) 0 1 4 (-9 ) J. S 1 (HI ) l. S (-10 ) 4. 1 (HI ) l. S (HO )

l. l (HI ) I S. S (-10 )

l. S (HO )

l. l (HI )

l.l 1 (HI )

' ' i ' e * c i r 0.0J O 0 4. J (-1 ) J. O (-J ) J- « (-J ) 1. 4 (-J ) 1 4 (-J )

1. 4 (H )

J. » (-J )

1 4 (-J )

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0

1. 4 (-4 ) *,,(.-» >

1 4 (-S )

• ° 1 4 (-lb) 1 1. 4 (-10 ) l. S (HO ) l. t (-10 ) l. S (-10 )

i , l. l (HI )
t. s (-to )

l. S (-10 )

l. l (HI )

i
, 1. 1 (HI )

' '.' • Cereal *

c.r * 0.040 .

' o - •.•• . O.0J4 , ' 4. 0 (-1 ) J. « (-J ) 1. 0 (-J ) 1. 4 J-J )

1 • < 1. 4 (-4 ) r'M I 1.4 , (-) > 1 4 l(-J )

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1 0 ! ' t. 4 (-4 ) *fl<»-' )

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l . l (-11 )

l. S (HO )

l . t (HO )

1. 1 (HI )

l . l '.HI )

1
. Croa t ! e i r 0.04, 1

" 0 0.0) 1 J . l (-1 ) 1 4 (- D J . l (-1 ) 1 4 (-) )

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S

t. 4 (-4 )

1 M<' ?, »

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l. l (HI )

l. S (HO )

l. S (HO )

l. t (HI )

l. t (HI )

, . i • ' ltra »

c.r » 0.0* 1
' o ' v 0.04 S l. J (-1 ) 1. 4 (-J ) J . l (-1 ) 1 4 (-! >

1. 4 (-4 )

1. 8 (-J )

J 4 (-J )

1. 4 (-4 )

0

1. 4 (r4 ) » rl (.-' )

J. l (-S ) 0 J. S (-9 ) 1 4 (-9 ) 1. 9 (-10 ) 1 4 (-9 ) 1. 9 (-10 )

1. 1 (-11 )

1. 9 (-10 )

l. S (-10 )

l. l (HI ) '

1. 1 (HI )TA8L 8 44. 1 (Ceatlnuoa )

Eloaaa t

* P r u A a 

### c-0 1 c,0 1 nO I e. 0 

### J too t Voftatoblt l

c « r J. O (-2 ) 1. 8 (-J ) 1 4 (-J )

1. 8 (-J ) Alt'-' )

4. 0 (-8) ' 1. 4 (-10 ) .1. 4 (HO )

1. 4 (-10 )
1 ' Cr.. . V.eetable e

c • s r J. O (-2 ) 1. 4 (-4 ) 1 4 (-J )

1 4 (-J ) »,,(«-' >

4.0 ' (-9 ) 1. 1 (HI ) i. s (-iq )

l. S (HO ) Cereel a 

# V S. O ,(-1 ) i 1. 4 (-J ) 1 4 (-J )

1 4 (-J ) 

### W-*)

4. 0 (-9 ) l. S (-10 ) l. S (-10 )

l. S (-10 ) Oreo e . i 

# V 0.8 2 1. 0 (-4 ) 4. 1 (-4 )

. !
4. 1 (-4 ) 

# »„(*-» )

7 4 (-8 ) 1. 4 (HI ) 1. 1 (HI )

1. 1 (HI ) . Itro * 

# V 0.8 2 J. J (-4 ) 8. J (-4 )

4. S (-4 ) »rl<«-* >

1 4 (-1 ) 1 4 (-11 ) J. l (HI )

i • J . l (HI )

* a(-b)denoto e e i I0* f c

•C g p l a unit e e f Sq.kc*rl ; fr.a h «.l|h t pl.a t p* r 80,4*.-* . ve t volan t eel l aseep t (e r cereal* , ukle b ar e aeeoaa l t e to proceoee4 . ( l ) Defeul t oeloe . ( l ) Velu e (or , en e cro p •MUM 4 (e r al l crepe , ( j ) S.a . value , a.aua.e ' e e (e r Ca . (» ) l.a t v.tu. e e.auae a e e (o r ta.

I IP.7 0 

# I I i 1 TABL E M. 3 Eleaen t - Specifi c Roo t Uptak e Dac a for Frui t

Elemen t
Z a C.W C.I U A." ' 

## '•. w Br' " F T K b S r Y Z r H b Mo . T c B u tot" Pd" l A ( 

# V

0.03 8

• •
t.4(-4 )

0 0.1 2 0.03 9 3.6(-3 ) 9.5(-4 > 4.8(-3 ) 9.5(-3 ) 1 1 1.9(-3 ) ll.4(-4 )
0.1 9 X r (a"' )

8.7C-10 )

3.1(-12 )

0 3.0(-9 ) 9.0(-10 ) 8.0(-11 ) 2.1(-11 ) -1.K-10 ) 2.1(-10 ) 4.8(-7 ) 4.2(-11 ) 3.1(-12 ) 5.1(-9 ) Elemen t

C 4 ln< » . Sn" > S b T e X X * C a B a L a C e Pr M l.) P." ! Sml' l E u
Tb< 2 > C SP *

0.3 9 ' " 1. 4 (-4 ) 1.2(-2 ) 1. 2 0.03 9 0 0.02 3 6 (-3 ) 3.6(-3 ) 7.7<-4 ) 3.6(-3 ) "

• 1,.4(-4 )
3.6(-3 ) 3.6(-3 ) 3.6(-3 ) X r (a" 1 )

1.2(-8 )
3.K-12 ) 2.7(-10 ) 4.5X-8 ) 9.0(-10 ) 0 8.8(-10 ) 1.3(-10 ) 8.0C-11 ) 1.7(-11 ) 8.0(-11 )
3.1(-12 )

• 8.0(-11 ) e.o(-ii ) Elvtmeac

oy 12 1 

# W - B i ^ Po R n 

# V 1 J
Ac' " Tht' l P 

## . m „t n N p P u Aa ~ Cm* 3 '

Bk< 3 > E.< 3 > * C S P - 3.6(-3 ) 

## 1 [l.4(-4 )
0 0 '

i 1.4(-4 )

0.05 0 2.9(-4 ) 7.7(-4 )

• 7.7(-4 ) •:x t (s' ! >

8.0(-11 ) 3.1(-12 )
0 0

3.1(-12 )

1.2(-9 ) • 6.4(-12 ) 1.7(-11 ) ' •1.7(-11 )

a(-b ) denote s a x IO - * *

- 1 - t C s pi n unit s o f Bq.kg

m Cres hweigh t fruitzpe r Bq.kg m ve t weigh t soil . Muc ho f eh

e dac a assum

e sam e Cj p value s a s for gree n vegetables , on a dr y weigh t t o dr

y weigh t basis , sinc e dat a specifi c t o frui t ar e sparse : [1 ] Defaul t value . (2 ) Sam

e value s assumed a s for'Eu . [3 J Sam e value s assume d a s for Am .

6 3P.7 1
TABL E A4. 4 Listin g o f Die t t o Mil k Transfe r Factor s fo r Variou s Nuclides* *

• Nuclide s
« ' 69M Z n 7 7 A . 7 5 ' 7 9 S a * 2 B r 84.8 6 R b 89,90 S t 90,91 ^ 9 3 ' 9 7 Z r 95 H b W H o 99 T c 103,106 B
- R u l05 R h 110M,lil A -• • . A g U3H,115 C d 123.125 S n 125.127 s b 12711,13111 ^ 129.130 J . "5.136 C 8 l40 B a l40 L . ,143,144 ^ l59 C d 160,161 ^ Tb 

## 1 6 

# V 203.2lO p b 207 B i 224 r 226 R a 23o;23i_ y T h 231,233 p a 

# " V 237,239 N p 239
_ P u 241 . A a ! 242,24 4 C

m f

* A l 0.01 0 4.35E- 5 3.69E- 3 1.36E- 2 1.04E- 2 1.29E- 3 1.59E- 5 8.00E- 2 1.96E- 2 9.96E- 4 9.90E- 3 5.99E- 7 6.84E- 3 2.99E- 2 1.00E- 3 1.19E- 3 2.00E- 5 1.96E- 4 9.92E- 3 7 . HE- 3 2.31E- 4 -1.41E- 5 1.33E- 5 1.04E- 5 1.98E- 5 1.66E- 5 1.02E- 4 5.00E- 4 2.90E- 4 5.00E- 6 5.00E- 6 6.10E- 4 5.00E- 6 1.00E- 7 2.00E- 5 1.99E- 5 

# V

243. 7 1.6 2 12 0 1.4 8 3 4 50. 5 2.6 7 3.5E 8 35. 1 2.7 5 7.77E 7 39. 6 1.4 8 25 2 5.33E 3 12 9 99 6 10 9 5.80E 9 8.4E 8 12.7 9 V.6 8 1.3 8 0.77 5 72. 3 3.4 0 2.1 7 1.39E 4 3.6 4 2.81E 7 1.19E 7 1.63E1 2 7.81E 8 8.9E 6 1.58E 5 16 3 f

* £ A 2 1.81E- 3 6.20E- 5 4.03E- 3 2.00E- 2 9.89E- 3 1.40- 3 1.98E- 5 4.04E- 2 2.00E- 2 1.40E- 3
6.09E- 7 1.00E- 2 2.75E- 2 7.68E- 4 1.12E- 3 1.70E- 5 9.35E- 5 2.85E- 3 4.79E- 3 3.50E- 4 2.00E- 5 2.00E- 5 2.00E- 5 1.82E- 5 2.00E- 5 2.59E- 4

- 4.46E- 4 3.03E- 6 4.88E- 6

- 3.86E- 6

. - 2.00E- 5 T 2 f

0.57 9
a > 2.37E 7 • 18.6 5 . 1.06E 4 58. 6 0 . 7

. 8a * m
36 9 • 7.4 7 2.2 3 9.6 5 3.8 0 1.2 5 0.51 7 13. 0

~8j » 284. 4

. m 6.9 2 «* ) 814 0

- 5.84E 5 1.06 3 11.4 3

- . 2.35 - "-•.- - 6.53E 4 

# 1

I 1 I 

# I .
• I 

# 1 

# 1 

# i =

**aE- b denoce aax 1 0 * Transfe rfactor s i n unit s o f Bq.kg m pe rBq intake.day * tHalf-live s i n unit s o f day s

- 6 4 -P.7 2

TABL E A4. 5 

# I I I I I I I I B

1 I Listin g o f y , K. an d Stabl e Eleaen t Transfe r Factor s fo r Mil k Bq.kg a pe r Bq. d 

### kg m -1 - 1

Elemen t



### - Z n G a 1 4 1 G e ^ 

### A s S e

- B r 

### K r R b S r Y Z r N b M o T c R u• = 

### R h Fd' 1 * 

### A g C d In [ A > 

### S ny 

### S b T e 1 X e f A (milk )

1.01E- 2 5.00E- 5 7.00E- 2 6.20E- 5 4.03E- 3 2.00E-2 " r 

### 0

. 1..11E- 2 1.40E- 3 2.00E- 5 8,00E- 2 2.00E- 2 K40E- 3 9.92E- 3 fr.-l'0E-7 1.00E- 2 \ 1.00E- 2 3.00E- 2 : 1.00E- 3

. 1.00E- 4 1.20E- 3 2.00E- 5 I.99E- 4 9.92E- 3 

### 0 f.Gnil k products )

7.78E- 2 3.05E- 4 0.53 8 4.77E- 4 3.10E- 2 0.15 4 

## o ~ 8.54E- 2 1.08E- 2 1.54E- 4 0.616 - _. . .0.15 4 . - -1.08Er 2 7.63E- 2 4.70E- 6 7.70E- 2 7.70E- 2 .0.23 , " -- 7.70E- 3 7.69F.- 4 9.20E- 3 1.54E- 4 1.53E- 3 7.80E- 2 

### 0 Y mil k

2.6E- 3 5.0E- 5 7.0E- 2 6.2E- 5 2.5E- 4 2.0E- 2 

### 0 3.4E- 3 2.2E- 4 2.0E- 5 8.1E- 2 1.9E- 2

- 8.7E- 4 5.4E- 3 5.7E- 7 1.0E- 2 1.0E- 2 3.1E- 2 1.0E- 3 1.0E- 4 1.3E- 3 2.1E- 5 9.8E- 5 5.4E- 3 

### 0 Y ail k

prod . 2.0E- 2 3.8E^- 4 0.5 4 4.8E- 4 1.9E- 3 0.1 5 

### 0 2.6E- 2 1.7E- 3 1.5E- 4 0.6 2 0.-1 5 6.7E- 3 4.1E- 2 4.4E- 6 7.8E- 2 7.8E- 2 0.2 4
_ 7.9E- 3 7.7E- 4 9.7E- 3

• -

- J.6E- 4 7.5E- 4 4.1E- 2 

### 0 

## S i

3.0E- 6 1.2E- 5 1.2E- 5 1.2E- 5 7.3E- 7 1.2E- 5 

### 0 3.5E- 6 1.9E- 6 1.2E- 5 1.2E- 5 1.1E- 5 7.2E- 6 6.3E- 6 1.1E- 5 1.2E- 5 1.2E- 5 1.2E- 5 1.2E- 5 1.2E- 5 1.2E- 5 1.2E- 5 5.7E- 6 6.3E- 6 

### 0

- 6 5 -P.7 3 Tabl e A4. 5 (Cont )

Bq.kg m pe r Bq. d 

### kg m - 1 - 1

Eleaen t f A (milk ) f.(mil k products ) 'milk 'milk prod . C s B a L a C e P r N d P a
SB ' [2 ] 

# ti l 12 3 12 ]
Eu G d T b D y P b B i P o R n R a A c T h P a U N p Pu A m C m C f B k E s 

## [2 1

14 ]

[3 ] 13 ] [3 ] 7.1IE- 3

3. * •"•- 4 2.00E- 5 2.00E- 5

2.00E- 5

2.00E- 5 2.00E- 5 2.00E- 5 2.59E- 4 5.00E- 4 0 0 4.46E- 4 2.00E- 5 5.00E- 6 5.00E- 6 6.10E- 4 5.00E- 6 1.00E- 7 2.00E- 5 I I i 2.00E- 5

2.00E- 5 5.47E- 2

2.69E- 3 1.54E- 4 1.54E- 4

1.54E- 4

1.54E- 4 1.54E- 4 1.54E- 4 1.99E- 3 3.85E- 3 0 0 3.43E- 3 1.54E- 4 3.85E- 5 | 3.85E- 5 I j 4.69E- 3 ! 3.85E- 5 7.70E- 7 1.54E- 4 1.54E- 4

• 1.54E- 4 7.8E- 4 3.7E- 5 2.0E- 5 2.0E- 5 6.0E- 3

2.8E- 4 1.5E- 4 1.5E- 4 1.3E- 6

1.2E- 6 1.1E- 5 1.1E- 5

2.0E- 5

; ) 1.9E- 5 2.0E- 5 2.0E- 5 5.4E- 5 1.0E- 4 0 0 1.6E- 4 2.0E- 5 5.OE- 6 1.2E- 5 6.1E- 4 5.0E^ 6 1.2E- 7 2.4E- 5 2.4E- 5

2.4E- 5 

### I

i J.5E- 4 •1.1E- 5

! 1.5E- 4 1.6E- 4 1.5E- 4 4.1E- 4 8.0E- 4 0 0 1 . 2E- 3 1.5E- 4 I 3.9E- 5 

### ! 9.3E- 5 4;7E- 3 3.8E- 5 9.4E- 7 1.9E- 4 1.9E- 4 1.1E- 5

1.2E- 5 1.2E- 5 2.4E- 6 2.4E- 6 0 0 4.1E- 6 1.2E- 5 1.2E- 5 2.9E- 5 I '*22- 5 j 1.2E- 5 i ! 1.4E- 5 ; j 1.4E- 5 1.4E- 5 

# n 

# If ' 9E- 4 • 1.4E- 5

- 6 6 -

# \t P.7 4

Tabl e A4. 5 (Cont )

* - b aE- bdenote s axl O [1 ] Sam

e value s assume

d a s fo r Rh . [2 ] Sam

e value s assume

d a s for Ce. [3 ] Sam

e value s assume

d a s fo r Cm .

- 1 (4 ) Defaul t value o f 1 da y fo r K, use

d i nth e calculatio

no f Y <

- 6 7 -TABL E A4. 6 Listin g o f

Die tt o Aniiaa l Produc tTransfe rFactor s fo rMeatan d Egg s

(Bq.kg ape rB

q intak e pe rday ) t *

.

- Elemen t Z n C a C e A s S e B r K r R b S r Y Z r M b M o T c R u R h t l 3 Pd A g C d I n S n S b T e I X e C s Ba L a Bee f

9.8E-2?„ T ) 

## • > A ) 8.7E-2? P ) ) 0 ) l.OE-2* * 8.1E-4 ? 6.0Er3* * 2.6E-2 ? 0.25 ? 6.8E-3 ? l~0E-3 ? '. 2:4E-3 + 2.4E-3 ? 0 2.0E-3 ? 3.5E-4 ? ) . ) 0 - ) 1.0E-3* * 3.0E-3 ? 3.6E-3 ? 0 2.0E-2 + 9.7E-5 ? 5.0E-3* * Por k

0.15 ? ) ) 0.32 ? ) ) 0 ) 3.7E-2** b 3.9E-2 ? 2.2E-2** b 7.4E-2? b 0.92? b 2.5E-2? b 3.7E-3? b 3.0E-2 1 " 3.0E-2 ? 0 7.4E-3? b 3.0E-3 ? ) ) 0 ) 3.7E-3** b l.lE-2? b 3.3E-3 ? 0 0.25 + 3.6E-4? b 1.8E-2** b Poultr y

6.5 ? )

> 

## 8.5 ? ) ) 0 ) 2.0**b " 3.5E-2 ? 1.2** b 3.9? b 6.2E-3?( 95 Nb ) ; 0.74?( 99 Mo ) 6.6E-2?( 95M Te ) 7.0E-3 ? 7.0E-3 ? 0 0.39? b 0.84 ? ) ) 0 ) 0.20** b 1.8?( 132 Te) . 0.20 + 0 4.4 + 2.0E-2 ? 

## 1 4 

## ("< W Mutto n

4.1 ? ) •}••-• • ) l.l * ) ) 0 ) 0.13** b 2.2E-3 ? 7.8E-2** b 0.26? b 3.3? b 8.8E-2? b 0.013? b 1.5E-2 * 1.5E-2 ? 0 2.6E-2? b 4.6E-3? b ) ) 0 ) : 1.3E-2** b 3.9E-2? b 3.0E-2 ? 0 0.29 ? 1.3E-3? b 6.5 ^ , ** b Eggs(Contents )

2.6 ? ) ) 

## 9.3 ? ) ) 0 ) 0 - 0.3 ? 2.0E-3( 9 1 Y) ? 0 3.1E-3?( 9 5 Nb ) 0.62?( 99 Mo ) i:9?( 95M Tc ) 6.0E-3 1 " 6..0E-3 ? 0 0 0.10? . )
_" ) 0 . _

- •

~ ) 0 r . 0.97?( 132 Te ) 2.8 ? ' " 0 :0.45 + 6.90 ? 1.3E-2?( U O La )

- 6 8 - Cont/.. .

### s TABL E A4. 6 (Cont )


# 1 I I I I


# I I Elemen t

C e P r X4TM P m t 2 ] 

## s. C2 3 E » C 2 ] C d

P b B i p » R n R a Ac" ] Tf r P . C 5 ] D

« P P u A m Cm C4 ]

Bk^ 3 Bee f

2.0E-3 ? 5.0E-3* * 5.0E- 3 5.0E- 3 5.02- 3 5.0E-3* * 5.0E- 3 ) ) 5.0E- 3 ) ! • 0 0 7.0E-3* * 7.0E- 3 ) ) 9.3E-5 * ) 2.1E-3 * 9.3E-5 * 2.8E-6 * 9.3E-5 * ) ) ) ) 9.3E- 5 ) ) ) Por k

l.4E-2 + , 1.8E-2** b 1.8E- 2 1.8E- 2 1.8E- 2 1.8E-2** b 1.8E- 2 ) ) 1.8E- 2 ) 

# > V 0 0 2.6E-2** b 2.6E- 2 ) ) 3.4E-4 * ) 7.9E-3 * 3.4E-4 * 1.0E-5 * 3.4E-4 * ) ) . ) ) 3.4E- 4 ) ) ) Poultr y

l.OE-2 ? 8.9?< l42 Pr ) 2.0?C 147 Nd ) 2.0E-3 ? 8. 9 0.98** b 8. 9 ) ) 8. 9 )

) ' • 0 0 1.4** b I - 4 ) ) 1.8E-2 * ) 0.42 * 1.8E-2 * 5.4E-4 * 1.8E-2 * ) ) ) ) 1.8E- 2 ) )

••>•' " Mutto n

6.6E-3 * 6.5E-2** b 6.5E- 2
6.5E- 2 6.5E-2** b -"6.5E- 2 . . ) ) 6.5E- 2 )

!•• • 0 0 9.1E-2** b

_9.1E- 2 ) ) K2E-3 * ) 2.8E-2 * 1.2B-3 * 3.6E-5 * 1.2E-3 * ) ) ) ) 1.2E- 3 ) ) ) Eggs(Contents )

5.0E-3 + 9.3E-3?( 142 Pr ) 3.2E-4l( 142 5 a ) 2.0E-2 ? 9.3E- 3 1 -9.3E- 3 | 9.3E- 3 I ) 9.3E- 3 : ) 

# l": 0 0

•- • 0 =

• o,: - - 2.7E-4 * ,2.3E-3 * . 4.0E-2 * 9.0E-4 * 3.0E-5*- - 8.5E-3 * " • ) ) - ) ) 8.5S- 3 ) ) )

- 6 9 -P.7 7

Tabl e A4. 6 (Footnotes )

* aE- bdenote s a x1 0 Cl ] Sam

e value s assume

d a s fo r R u [2 1 Wher e apecifi c value s wer e no t found , vslue s fo r P r wer e assume

d t o appl y

• [3 ] Sam

e value s assuae

d a s fo r R a [4 3 Sam

e value s assuae

d a s fo r A m [5 ] Sam

e value s assuasd a s fo r T hexcept fo

r egg s Derived fro

m Yan d ^ value s liste

d i nAppendi x7 f . values 7 fro

m Nai r e t a l (1980 ) correcte d fo r radioactiv

e deca y usin g th e dynami c mode l * t -

T Obtaine

d fro m M g e t a l (1982b) . Mos t value s are fo r stabl e nuclei . I na fe w cases , value s fo r radionuclide s wer e correcte d for radio activ e deca y usin g th e dynami c model . T bExtrapolate

d fro m N g e t a l (1982b ) value fo r bee f f p Extrapolate d fro m N g e t al(1982b ) valu e fo r por k
* * - Obtaine

d fro m Simmonds an

d Crick (1982 ) "j r
** bExtrapolate d fro m Simmonds an

d Crick (1982 ) valu e for bee f

- 7 0 -TABL E A4. 7 Listin g o f ^Value s (a"' ) for Mea t

Elemen t

Z n Ca< " *»' »
As" ' S e Br" ' K r R b 

# V

6.0E-8 * \
3.2E- 8

• 3.6E-7 * 3.2E- 8 

## o 2.3E-7 * Elemen t

' i S r * Z r M b Mo T c R u Rh" l i *

4.6E- 7 X * 3.2E- 8
' , ' * J.2E.- 6 1.1E-7 * 2.1E-7 * 2.9E-6 * 6.3E-8 * 1 ' 3.2E- 8 Elemen t

Pd" > A g Cd" ' 

## m " J •sa*." . S b T e I X

M 3.2E- 8 2.1E-7 * 

## \ y
3.2E- 8 1
4.3E-J * 4.3E-7 * 4.6E-7 * Element

X e Cs

»« ' , Ls C e Pr Nd< 2 > Pn^ l , >

M 0 1.1E-7 * 2.8E-7 * 3.4E-8 * 3.4B-8 * 3.4E-8 *
3.4E- 8 Elemen t


## s»« 2 

## l
E u cd< 2 > Tb» 2 ' Dy» 2 » Pb" >

P o »

M 3.46- 8 3.4E-8 * •' , 3.4E- 8

[3.2E- 8
0 Elemen t

R n R a Ac< " T h P a U N p Pu X

M 0 3.4E-7 * 3.2E- 8 3.2E-8 + 3.2E-8 + 1 ' + 3.3E-3 T 3.2E-8 f 3.2E- 8 Elemen t

A m 

## o»< 3 

## > Cf 1 3 ' Bk' 3 ' E . ^ 

# S .

•

3.2E- 8

(

11 ] Defaul t valu e use d (

- (year* * ) . 12 ] Same valu e assume d a s fo r Pr . |3 ) Sam e valu e assume d a s fo r Am .
a Derive d fromvalue s quote d b ySimmond s an

d Cric k (1982) . Derive d fromvalue s quote d i n Appendi x 5 .

' iTABLE A4. 8 -1 , Liatin g o f T Value s fo

r Mea t (kg

m )
Elemen t Za C a

* " • , " S s B r K r Bb. / S r 

## V Z r Bb M o T c R u R b * d A g C d I n S n S b T e I T a C s Bae f

5.1E- 4 0 

## o 0 • 2.7E- 3

- 0 

### o : 2.0E- 4 3.2E- 5 1.7E- 5 2.0E- 3 2.4E- 3 1.2E- 4 2.5E- 4 1.3E- 5 OsvE^ o 0 3.6E- 5 9.6E- 7 0 0 " ^ 3.7E- 5 1.1E- 4 1.4E- 4 0 1.9E- 4 Pork .

7.7E- 4 0 0 0 1.OE- 2 0 0 7.4E- 4 1.5E- 3 6.2E- 5 7.5E- 3 8.7E- 3 4.5E- 4 9.1E- 4 1.6E- 4 =8.1E- 5



### ~ 9 -1.3E- 4 -8JE- 6 

### '""o y : ? 1.4E- 4 4.1E- 4 1.3E- 4 0 2.4E- 3

" - - Poultr y 3.4E- 2 0 0 0 0.2 6 0 0 3.9E- 2 1.4E- 3 3.3B- 3 0.4 0 5.9E- 5 1.3E- 2 1.6E- 2 3.8E- 5 i.9E- 5 0 - 7.DE- 3 2.3E- 3

. 0 0 7.3E- 3 6.8E- 2 BAZ-y 0 4.3E- 2

' " Mutto n - 2.1E- 2 0 

## o 0 3;5E- 2 0 0 2.6E- 3 8.7E- 5 2.2E- 4 2.6E- 2 3.1E- 2 1.6E- 3 3.2E- 0 8.tE- 5 4.1E- 5 0 4.7E^ 4 T.2E- 5 0 .
• > 4.9E- 4 1.5E- 3 I.2E- 3 0 2i8E-3 l

_ - Element .

B a U C a P r N d P m S a Ei i G d T b o y P b B i Po R n R e l A c * * « 0 N p P u A m C m C f B k E a Bee f 2.3E- 6 1.3E- 5 5.9Er 6 1.5E- 5 1.5E- 5 1.5E- 5 1.5E- 5 1.5E- 5 \ •1.5E- 5

, 0 

## o 0 0 2.0E- 4 2.0E- 4 

### J2.6E- 7 6.2E- 6 2.6E- 7 7.7E- 9 

# ]

. •2.6E- 7

. Por k

8.5E- 6 5.4E- 5 4.0E- 5 5.4E- 5 5.4E- 5 5.4E- 5 5.4E- 5 5.3E- 5 5.4E- 5

. . 0 

### o . 0 0 7.5E- 4 7.5E-4: " 9.4E- 7 2.3E- 5 9.4E- 7 2.8E- 8

9.4E- 7 Poultr y

4.8E- 4 " 4.2E-2. T 2.9E- 5 2.6E- 2 5.9E- 3 5.9E- 6 2.6E- 2 . 2.9E- 3 2.6E- 2 0 

## o : 0 0 -4.0E- 2 4.0E- 2

-

- 5.0E- 5 1.2E- 3 5.0E- 5 1.5E- 6

5.0E- 5

. - t

I Mutto n 3.0E- 5 1.9E- 4 1.9E- 5 1.9E- 4 1.9E- 4 1.9E- 4 1.9E- 4 1.9E- * 1.9E- 4
0 0 0 0 2.7E- 3 2.7E=- 3 3.3E- 6 8.0E- 5 i 3.3E- 6 | 1.0E- 7 !

i 

# 1 | 3.3E- 6 !

i 1 !

- 7 2 -P.8 0


# I 1 B 1

! 

# I 1 1 r

• A ' ^ ^

- « <

•C:onst<rate<ptake
9 O O



## - a. 10 *

• 2 10* *

10- W

1 0 - t l

1 0 -» » 

### - i



### —Al l element s dnd-crop s (excep t fruit )

- - - Al l element s (excep t Cs ) i n frui t Cs i n frui t

. L 10" 4 10" 3 10" 1 0. 1 1 

### Soi l t o plan t concentratio n facto r CS P (Bq.kgm-' . fres h weigh t plan t pe r Bq . kgm-' . we t weigh t soi l )



## FIG . AA.l.Th e Variatio n o f Roo t Uptake Rat e Constan t A r wit h th e Soi l t o Plan t Concentratio n

Facto r C«; PP.8 1

APPENDI X5
Actlnld e Uptak e t o Anima l Product s

- by - Mar k D . Oti s an

d Jame s A . Robert s Scienc e Applications , Inc. , Schaumburg , Illinois , US A
Th e metabolis m

o f th e actinlde s ha s bee ninvestigate d primaril y fo . rats , mic e and hamsters . Extrspolatlo nt o larg e mammal s I s require d i norde r t o estimat e uptak e o f thes e element s t o livestock . Suc hextrapolation s hav e bee nmad e b

y eac ho f the . reviewer s cite d her e and , wher e indicated , b y th e authors * Th e variatio nI nthe value s obtaine d i s a result , therefore , o f th e aethod s o f extrapolatio na s wel l e s variatio nI nth e origina l data . Considerin g th e paucit y o f th e origina l dat a and it s manipulation , estimate s o f assimilatio nt o muscl e tissu e ar e remarkabl y consistent . : Metaboli c los s rat e parameter s ar e muc hmor e difficul t t o estimate . Th e value s reporte d her e reflec t tw o genera l approaches . Thos e reviewer s Intereste d l nestimatin g interna l dos e t o ma nten d toward extremel y

lon g retentio ntime s i ntissu e i norde r t o avoi d underestimatio no f dos e (1,2) . Some o f thos e intereste d l nmodellin g concentration s i nfoo d Items 1 ten

d ~ towar d shor t retentio ntime s designe d t o reproduc e observe d equilibrium , condition s ove r reasonabl e tim e scale s (3) . Choic e o f a nappropriat e valu e i s no t alway s clear , especiall y sinc e the.dat a ar e s o sparse . I t ha s bee nassume d i nth e table s below tha t assimilatio nt o al l anima l muscl e tissue s i s roughl y equal . N o distinctio nha s bee nmad e betwee nbeef , pork , mutton , o r chicke nwher e th e results.hav e bee nobtaine d by extrapol atio nfro

m rodents . Th e cite d review s by N g (4,5,6 ) ar e base d largel y o n observation s o f actua l concentration s an d are - s o reported . However , n o estimate s o f los s rate s ar e mad e b y Ng . Nothin g i s los t b

y thi s assuaption , sinc e rvallabl e dat a d o ne t suppor t ahimal-speclfi c values . Adjustmen t o f th e assimilatio nfractio nfor the mas s o f edibl e tissu e appropriat e t o eac hlivestoc k animal-givei s result s consistent , wit hth e availabl e animal-specifi c data . Recommende d tissu e masse s ar e presente d i nTable - A5. 2 below *

- 7 3 -

# I I i I I Dat a Specificatio nan d Paramete r Definition s
Fo r eac helement an

d food , the parameter s v an d Xar c define

d a s follows : dX/dt - y

l - ( A + X) X

. vher e - X- activity

lnfoo d (Bq/kg ) I - dall y

anima l activity

intak e (Bq/day ) T " fractio

no f dall y

Intak e appearin

g pe r k g o f foo

d (kg -1 ) I X- radiologica l deca y constant (s~ l ) X" metaboli c remova l rat e constant («"* ) 

### ! 

# I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I naddition , som e parameter s use

d l nth e discussio

nbelo w ar e define

d her e a s follows : T f - rati o o f concentratio ninmea t t

o the animal' s dail y activity Intak e 

## \TqfiL" Kg*J•:. '
f

_- assimilatio

nfractio

nto mea t (unitless) . m - mas s o f edible-tissu e per anima l (kg )
Th e 'parameter s f and . y ar e relate d by : 

# y-±

Becaus e the unit s o f Invers e second s d o no t len

d themselve s t o eas y .intuitive grasp , the blologlcs l half-time , T , i n days , i s als o include d I n the table s below . Th e quantit yT I s define d a a follows : _---".
-

T n (d ) - —^ > B 1 ' X x 8.64(4 ) s/ d

- 7 4 -Uptak e an d Retentio nl nAnima l Product s
Tw o relate d type s o f uptak e an d retentio ndat a ar e reporte d l nTabl e A5. 1 below . Th e firs t typ e consist s o f th e unltles s assimilatio nfractio nt o muscl e tissue , f_ , whic hi s associate d wit ha biologica l half-life , T_(d) , and a metaboli c rat e los s constant , X(s** 1 ) . Th e second typ e i s th e

-

_m equilibriu

m tranafe r coefficient , F (d/kg) , relatin g concentratio nI ntissu e t o dail y

intake . F i s no t associate d witha los s rat e estimate . I norde r t o compar e thes e tw o quantities , a neffectiv e transfe r coefficient , F_ , ha s bee ncalculate d fo r eac hreporte d f

_ and X . pair . Thi s calculatio nwa s don e B a i nth e followin g manner . Th e solutio no f th e differentia l equatio ngive nabov e (neglectin g radio- , activ e decay ) is : 

# "xct- y -"".?( i -•"V >

_a th e rati o o f th e tissu e concentratio nt o dall y activit y

Intak e I s the ngive n by : 

### x(t ) Y , , 

### yk t . sinc e - _= • 

## '*?••;• •

.'y-y- - and •.-"•-..- "
thi s i s equivalen t to : 

# iiH - F 

# - fB 

# , . (1-e-V ) I r f m

xX KL ^ " ' a F , value s reporte d b y Ng ar e Intende d t o reflec t transfe r a t equilibrium. " ~ -I t i s clear , however , tha t th e long biologica l half-time s reporte d fpr some sctlnide s preclud e a nequilibriu m fo r realisti c feedJa g times. - A ninte gratio ntim

e o f on e yea r wa s chose ni ncalculatin g F . fro m y and X. r m I t shoul d b e emphasize d tha t thi s i s a narbitrar y choic e mad e t o allo w compariso no f tw

o type s o f data . Since, , fo r long T_ , F . I s proportiona l t o t , integratio ntime s o f thre e year s woul d rais e some calculate d F . value s by a

- 7 5 -P.8 4

facto r o f three ; integratio nt o 12 0 d woul d decreas e soa e calculate d F.' s by a | facto r o f three . Fo r shor t T_ , o f course , the calculate d F , i s relativel y
" insensitiv e t o integratio ntlae . Th e valu e o f a wa s take nt o b e 18 0 k g fo r

compariso nwit hvalue s reporte d b y N g fo r beef . I t i s fel t b y th e author s tha t slallarlt y

o f a calculate d F . wit hF

_value s reporte d b y Ng , particularl y th e aos t recent.value s (6) ; i s a possibl e criterio nfo r choosin g a Yand X • a pai r fo r us e i na nassessmen t code . Th e f and X"value s chose naa y b e use d fo r an

y animal.whe nth e • B . m appropriat e mas s i s use d t o giv e th e correc t Y . Typica l aucl e mas s value s fo r cattle , swine , sheep , an d chicken s ar e presente d I nTabl e A5.2 * Th e paramete r value s give nbelow ar e th e resul t o f manipulatio nt o variou s degree s sinc e th e specifie d mathematica l formulatio ndiffer s somewha t fro a tha t use d b y

eac hp f th e reviewer s cited * Number s ar e give nt o tw o significan t place s followe d b y th e powe r o f te nl nparentheses . 

# I I I I



# I I 

# r i i i

- / 6 -P.8 5



### Tabl e A5. 1 Animal Metaboli c Parameter s Elemen t

T h
P a
U

U p

P u '

-



### Am , C m * B

4. 0 (-5 ) 5. 0 (-5 ) 3. 5 (-4 ) 5. 0 (-5 ) 6. 0 (-3 ) 2. 6 (-3 ) 1. 2 (-3 )

- 

### 4. 5 (-3 ) 5. 0 (-5 ) 6. 8 (-3 ) 4. 2 (-4 )
4. 5 (-6 ) 1. 5 (-6 ) 5. 0 (-6 ) 4. 2 (-7 )

2. 3 (-4 ) 5. 0 (-5 ) 2. 1 (-5 )

: , - 

### T B 

### (d )

7. 0 (+2 ) 3. 7 (+4 ) 1. 0 (+1 ) 3. 7 (+4 ) 6. 0 (40 ) 1. 2 (+1 ) 5. 0 (+3 )

_ 

### 1. 5 (+4 ) 3. 7 (+4 ) 3. 9 (4* ) 5. 6 (+3 )
1. 5 <+4 ) 3.7_(+4 ) 2. 5 v+1 ) 5. 6 (+3 ) -

- 

### 1*5 (+4 ) 3. 7 (+4 ) 5. 6 (+3 )

- 

# V 8 

# " 1 

# )

1.1 ' (-8 ) 2. 2 (-10 ) 8. 0 ( - 7 ) 2. 2 (-10 ) 1. 3 ( - 6 ) 6. 7 ( - 7 ) 1. 6 ( - 9 )

- • ' 

### 5. 3 (-10 ) 2. 2 (-10 ) 2. 1 (-10 ) 1. 4 (-9 )
5. 3 (-10 ) 2. 2 (-10 ) 3. 2 ( - 7 ) 1. 4 ( - 9 )

5. 3 (-10 ) 2. 2 (-10 ) 1. 4 ( - 9 )
; - 

### PfCjqr) * References (a t 1 year )
6. 8 (-5 ) 2 1. 0 (-4 ) 1 2. 8 (-5 ) 2 1. 0 (^4 ) 1 2. 9 (-4 ) 2 2. 5 (-4 ) 7 2; 4 (-3 ) 1 3. 7 (-2 ) 6 9. 3 (-3 ) 2 1. 0 (-4 ) 1 1. 4 (-2 ) 3 8. 3 (-4 ) 7 2. 0 (-4 ) 6 S. 3 (-6 ) 2 3. 1 (-6 ) 1 1. 0 (-6 ) 3 8. 3 (-7 ) 7 8. 0 (-7 ) 4 1. 0 (-6 ) 5 2. 0 (-6 ) 6 4. 8 (-4 ) 2 1. 0 (-4 ) I 4. 2 (-5 ) 7 1. 6 (-6 ) 4 3. 6 (-6 ) 5 . •Calculate

d b yauthor s for-beef , base d o n18 0 kg/cow , assume

d 36 5 d feedin g period , o r reporte

d b yN g e t al . (referenc e 4 , 5 , 6) .

- 7 7 -P.8 6



# I I I I 

# i I I Tabl e AS. 2 Recommende dMuscl e Mas s fo r Variou s Animal s 

# I

I Anima l Mas s o f Edibl e Tissu e (kg ) 

# I

I : •:':•' . Cam 18 0



### Pi g * ° Shee p1 5 Chicke n1

Transfe r t o Egg s

• ' . • ' -

- - Al l reporte dvalue s "fo r egg s ar e base do nmeasurement s l nchicken s o r extrapolate dby

the.authors . It-wa s assumed , whe nn o othe r dat a wer e I available , tha t the rati o o f assimilatio nnithe-give nnuclid e t o tha t o f

plutonlt m

woul db e th e saa e fo r poultr y a s fo r aaamals . Th e ratio s use dfo r 

# I scalin g o f poultry plutoniu

m dat a wer e derive dfro a asslallatlo nfraction s give nb y ICR P 30 . Asslallatlo nfraction s t o egg s ar e reporte dfo r eg g content s no t g " includin g th e shell . No value s fo r aetaboll e los s rate s fro a eggs'ar e give n

hire . Sinc e eg g content s ar e no t metabolizin g tissue s i t i s assuae dtha t I . . los s i s by

radioactiv e deca y

only . Transfer , coefficients ~ fo r egg s ar e generall y derive dl nth e - followin g aanner :



# . : 

# >.-±-:\yyy

. wher e F " transfe r coefficien t t o egg s Cr- ) f - fractio no f activit y ingeste dgoing t o egg s (unltless ) n—

- _

- P • eg g production , rate-(kg/d ) Concentration'I negg s ma y b e calculate dby : X(t ) - I(t ) x-F- - _:

-• 3 

### wher e X(t ) • concentratio ni negg s a t tim e t (Bq/kg ) I(t ) - activit y

ingestio nrat e a t tim e t (Bq/kg )

- 7 8 -P.8 7

Thi s i s th

e recommende

d us e fo

r th e transfer coefficient s presente d l nTabl e A5.3 . I f i t i s necessar y to us e a mode l similar to that describe d abov e fo r meat , th

e followin

g reasonin

g ma y apply .

f B f B Le t F - ~ - . ( P - m xX) e P a xXa •

•••_• _ The . productio

nrat e fo

r eggs , P , i s approxiaatel y 0.02 3 kg/d . I f i t i s assuae d that th

e tissue..mas s o f Interest , m (eg g contents) , i s maintaine d homeostaticall y

a t 0.02 3 k

g b y a hen' s aetabollsm , an d tha t equilibriu

m betweenfee

d an d egg s i s rapidly

established , Xaay b e arbitraril y

take nto be 1/d . The nf
_• F - xF 

### B e 

# AA an d 

# X.4 x

d * 8.64(4) s

- 7 9 -P.8 8

I I• i Tabl e AS. 3 Paraaeter s fo rEgg s 

# I I I I

Pt t 3. 0 (-5 ) 6 

# 1 9> 9 (-5 ) 3 7. 7 (-5 ) Nuclid e Transfe r Coefficien t Referenc e

- (d/kg ) T h2. 7 (-4 ) .'*."'• ' P a , 2. 3 (-3 ) * 0 4. 0 (-2 ) * Up9. 0 (-4 ) 3 

# I 4 3. 3 (-5 ) 5 Aa , C a 1. 5 (-3 ) *

8. 5 (-3 ) 6 5. 0 (-3 ) 4 3. 9 (-3 ) 5

* Extrapolationb

y author s

- 8 0 -P.8 9

Reference s Dunning , D.E. , Bernard , S.fc. , Walsh , P.J. , Killough , G.G. , Pleasant , J.C , 1979 , "Estimat e of interna l dos e equivalent to 2 2 targe t organ s fo r radionuclide s occurrin g I nroutin

e release s fro

m nuclear fue l cycl e facilities" , 0RNL/TM-190/V2 , Oa k Ridge Nationa l Laboratory , Oak Ridge , TN . Internationa l Commissio no nRadiologica l Protection , 1978 , "Limit s fo r intake s o f radionuclide s b y workers" , ICR

P 30 , Part s 1 , 2 , an d 3 , Pergamao

nPress , Oxford . 3 . Kirchner , T.B. , Whicker , F.W. , Otis , M.D. , 1982 , "PATHWAY : A simulatio

n aode l o f radionuclid e transpor t throug

hagricultura l foodehaina" , Proceeding s o f th

e thir d Internationa l conferenc e o nstate-of-the-ar t l n ecologica l aodelllng , Colorad o Stat e University , Ma y 24-28 , 1982 . -4 . Ng , T.C , Phillips , W.A. , Rlcker , Y.E. , Tandy , R.T. , Thoapson , S.E. , 1978 . "Methodolog

y fo r assessin

g dos e commitment to individual s an i to th e populatio

nfro a Ingestio

no f terrestria l foods contaminate d b y emission s fro

a a nuclear fue l reprocessin g plan t at th e Savanna

hRive r Plant" , UCID-17743 , Lawrenc e Livermor e Nationa l Laboratory , Livermore , CA. " It'"'".
- - -•...' . j 5 . Ng , T.C , Colsher , C.S. , an d Thompson , S.E. , 1979 , "Transfe r coefficient s fo r terrestria l foodchai n- thei r derivatio nan d limitations" . Preprint UCRL-81640 , Lawrenc e Livermor e Nationa l Laboratory , Livermore , CA . 6 . Ng , T.C , Colsher , C.S. , Thompson , S.E. , 1982 , "Transfer coefficient s for assessin

g th e dos e fro

m radionuclide s i nmea t an d eggs" , UCID-19464, - _ Lawrenc e Livermor e Nationa l -Laboratory , Livermore , CA . 7 . Siaaonds , J.R. , Crick , M.J. , 1982 , "Transfer parameter s fo r us e I n terrestria l foodchai nmodels" , NRP B M63 , Nationa l Radiologica l Protectio n Board , Chilton , Dideot , Oxon .

- 8 1 -P.9 0



# I I

a 

# I 1 I I Dr y + we tdepositio n fro m plum e Inhalatio n o f plum e

fiel d los s egetatio n Soi l I ingestio n Soi l Roo t uptak e Anima l intak e o f herbage , silage , concentrate s Livestoc k

Excretion Slo w Downward Migratio n Wate r tabl e

Vegetable s cereal s .frui t Ma n Milk , mea t

egg s

FIG.1 . Schemati c Representatio n o f Terrestria l Foodchai n Transfe r Mechanisms .

*. *P.9 1



### Plan t (Edibl e /

non-edibl e )

Ur c Surfac e (S ) Fiel d los s 8 » 

### Translo catio n 

# E /

Roo t Tissu e W ake 

### | (T ) Plan t 1 bas e uptak e J

Depositio n fro m plum e 

# D Plan t

Bas e (PB )

Labil e surfac e soi l (LSS ) 

# I Labil e dee p soi l (LDS ) (No t fo r roo t vegetables ) Concentrati o i n foo d a t Harves t

fixe d surfac e soi l (FSS ) 

# I

Fixatio n Fixe d

dee p soil(FDS )
Soi l T o wate r tabl e /Concentration ^ i n foo d afte r Processin g & Storag e

Leve l i n surfac e soi l



## FIG . 2 . Dynami c Mode l fo r Crops .P.9 2



# I I I I 

# I I Gras s
Averag e leve l i n gras s ove r timeste p
Averag e leve l i n soi l ove r timeste p



### S — i . •- 

# T ^ Ty | i P B - • 

### |LSS^ :
LD S — ^ -

-


## r-Fs s

• —FD S 

# y _ \

- 

### Anima l intak e -pe r da y
Averag e leve l i n stra wove r timeste p Leve l i n hay/

silag e afte r storage ^ & compactio n

Anima l

product leve l afte r processing / an d storag e

Anima l produc t 

# K Anima l

product leve l fo r ra wproduct

/ 

# 1 Biologica l remova l Leve l i n straw • afte r storag e & , compactio n

Stra w FIG . 3 . Dynami c Mode l fo r Anima l Products .

(Se e FIG.2.fo r definitio n o f compartmen t labels )P.9 3

E

_ c 

# l a k W l 19

• 0 s o t o 3 0 M t o

• • (a ) » »

n 

## I}} - 

# t ( ! » '/k i
tri \ Y

_ ' / V*^v^ ^ # * ^-..N.-." / *

• <

tX

•

i a v *•* 

# •» J u 

## M 5 o 2 0 a 

## •?
•si lky . -—Recorde d depositio n (pCim- > d"« ) —Recorde d 

### activit y i n milk (pC i I"' )

90 S 

### £ e 

## Z*i

»»-

S I U I I I TH

Tea r FIG.4 . Quarterl y Averdo e Fallou t Depositio n Rate s an d Country-wid e Averag e Activit y Level s i n Mil k o f (a ) ^S r an d (b) l37 C s i n th e U.K . 1958-1978 .

30 0

30 0 

## lito o 1 8 8 0 -8 2 8 * 8 8 8 8 7 0 72 74 7 0 7

0 (b> :

. '

_ _-

H % * * — 

# il : 

# - ' W= 'A i •/ : te 

# h \\ 

# V \ £ \;~ •

_

•—- w JS** . '*-- Recorde d activit y i n mil k (pC i I' M

— —Activit y initiall y predicte d by mode l (pC i l H ) 

### Activity fina'l y predicte d b y mode l

» » 0 1 S 3 S

S ( 7 C S 7 1 7 3 7 5 7 7 Yea r FIG.5 . Compariso n o f Recorde d Level s o f (a ) 90 S r an d (b ) 137 C s i n Mil k wit h Level s Predicte d b vth e Model .P.9 4



# l l l (a ) .t o • 9 

## °S r 9.A 

# £ * 4 

# rSy\

> » 3 0 '»..'"* ^

I t 

### » 

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### o o M C

O 0 3 0 4 M CS 7 0 7 3 7 4 7 C 7 8

> t C l S 3 C t C

7 C t t l 7 9 T t 7 7 

## Yea r



## FIG.6 . Contribution s t o (a ) 90 

## S ran d (b ) 137 

## C s - Activit y i

n Mil kfro m (—

*_

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# I I l i 

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Figur e 8(a) : Tli e discribucio n o f productio n o f

potatoe s i n Scotlan d^

1 * SjSJ«a> H JK«<lf»JS;..-1b<««aa>a>a n

Figure 8(b) : Th

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# t

I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 

# e
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Figure 9(a) : Th

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no f gree

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AS ' T_\ paa •«•* . •aiufia a i
WKR"! * ^it-JC-i. T*8»8t* 8 ••y?* V ••••••• • l*\ * *t» " 888W88 8 +2AP7**% 88 8 VC-alZl . * w' 8»88>88 8 •Mi l 111 - 8M—88 8

Figure 9(b) : Th

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no f gree

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# I P. 2



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Figure 10 : The distributio no f productio

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nEnglan

d an d Wale s (N o dat a fo

r Scotland )P. 3

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Figure 11(a) : Th

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# I PA


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3

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### Figur e 12(a) : Th

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productio n o f

mil ki n Scoclan d

### _E i

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# m



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Figur e 12(b) : Th

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.gSiSvS '

.i&3S? ruUiinas-^ - =.K:n r n*"*tll*^;n " U U "**7I* 1 & IZZ'X*,H *T'li'ii ! T * i*.!'T" ? ' * •••» • ' -:i«-£ r**«;:i::?:m;:;*::

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Figur e 13(a) : Th

e discribucio

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no f bee f an

d vea l in Scoclan

d 

# 1 lP. 8 

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I

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—xo i ——*«-4. S «*

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# 1

## ' " k P. 9

wuy n u scanSH:! H

n"2rH: T ;sH?K:i:!H:«nU: I itkuHiHH s



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# I vl 

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# I !P.1 0 

# I y I I
a 

# ii 

# i i
i

I
• i Figur e 14(b) : Th e distributio

no f productio

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nan d ha m i nEnglan

d an d Wale s-P-JL L


## -^* r TP T 

# y

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r• mtwi

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Figure 15(a) : Th

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# I ~ y 

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Figur e 15(b) : Th e distributio n o f productio n o f poulcrymea c i n Englan d an d Wale s 

# IP.1 3 

# 1 y



# a i ;:r ; •x..«" k
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Figur e 16(b) : Th

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^

irir^nih:! 1 ! sj"S£ 3 :: : £^i;:*"":T at^StTZt

ft.

Figure 1 7 (a) : Th

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# I I



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i i 

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no f productio

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d lam bi n Englan d an d Wile sP.1 6
^ 

# I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Centra . Bectricity Generating Boar d Berkeley Nuclea

rLaboratories

CEGB UNRESTRICTED RD/B/5200/N8 4 JobNo . XB02 2 Model s fo

r th e Evaluation-o f Ingestio nDose s Fro a th

e Consumptio

no f Terrestria l Food s Follovin g a nAtmospheri c Radioactiv e Releas e 

### A . A ; --by- "
• • - S . Nai r Apri l 198 4 : STJMKAH T y I nthi s repor t variou s method s ar e describe d whichhav

e beenincor porate d I nthe " FOODWE

B modul e o f th

e CEGB V

NECTARzenvironmenta l code an d ar e currentl y

bein g use d withi nCEC

B to asses s Ingestio ndose s fro

m consumptio

n o f terrestria l foods following!a natmospheri c radioactiv e release . Th

e majo r step s I nsuc

ha nassessment are :

. - (1 ) th

e calculatio

no f nuclid

e concentratio

nlevel s i nvariou s foods arisin g froa a know

ndepositio

nfro a th e plume , (11 ) th

e calculatio

no f th e correspondin

g individua l an

d populatio

n .doses arisin

g fro m consumptio

no f thes e foods . O f these , th

e firs t i s th

e mos t comple

xan d i s achieve

d vi a th

e us e o f a nappropriat e -foodchai nmodel. ' Fou

r suc hmodel s hav

e bee ndevelope

d withi n CECB , namely : -.-.'•• • (1 ) a general , -dynami c mode l coverin g a.wid e rang e o f foodchai n pathways , whic

hma y b e use d t o stud y th e time-dependenc e o f radionuclid e transfe r fo

r bot hcontinuou s an

d accidenta l release s o f mixture s o f radionuclide s i

ndeca y chain s a

t different season s of the . year , (11 ) a simple , equilibriu m mode l coverin

g a limite

d number o f foodchai n pathways , whichma

y b e use d only fo r a continuou s releas e o f a singl e paren t nuclide , (111 ) tw

o "specia l case " models , respectivel y fo r studyin

g th e transfer o f trltiu

a an d 1 '* C fro a continuou s release s o f trltiate d wate r an

d labelle d CO. .P.1 7



# I I 

# • ! i

• i 

# i , i i 

# ^ v

Thes e aodel s ar e full y describe

d an d result s o f typica l calculation s presented . Als o give nar e th

e result s o f a validatio no f th e dynaal c mode l agains t measured 90 S r an d 137 C s level s I nall k l nth e D.K . resultin

g fro a . weapon s fallout • Finally , aethod s ar e als o describe d I nthi s repor t fo r calculatin

g Individua l an

d populatio

ndose s froa Ingestio nusin g th e results;o f the.aode l calculations . The populatio ndos e calculation s utilis e a dat a bas e describin

g the . spatia l distributio no f productio

no f a wide range o f agricultura l products . Tb e develppaent o f suc ha dat a bas e fo

r Grea t Britai n I s described , base

d o nth e 197 2 lan

d us e an

d livestock census , an d asp s ar e presented for eachagricultura l product . ~
Content Classificatio nan d Distributio

n Approve d Appro ? 

# 4g££-- CJU 

# (**s

Date: . iVkfa ^ Date : 3o|s>(8< f