IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-08-00211-CR

CHRISTOPHER LAMAR MOORE,

Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee

From the 54th District Court

McLennan County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2007-503-C2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

A jury convicted Christopher Lamar Moore of aggravated robbery and sentenced 

him to twenty-nine years in prison. In two points, Moore challenges: (1) the factual 

sufficiency of the evidence to support a deadly weapon finding; and (2) the trial court’s 

refusal to allow him to impeach a witness. We affirm.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Sabra Jones cashed her paycheck and gave Moore, her live-in boyfriend, $20 to 

purchase an I.D. Jones placed $20 in her pocket and hid the rest of the cash in her car. 
Moore v. State Page 2

After Moore purchased the I.D., he appeared agitated and became increasingly so 

during the drive home. Jones told Moore that she wanted to end their relationship. 

Moore stated that he would not leave with nothing, but Jones refused to give him any 

money. Moore removed his shirt and began slamming his fists together, insisting that 

he would not leave empty-handed. He punched the dash, which cracked and broke off. 

He was yelling, cursing, and screaming. He asked to be dropped off at a store.

At the store, Moore straddled and choked Jones. Jones managed to exit the car. 

Moore thrust his hands down Jones’s shirt and pants to find her money. He took the 

$20 in Jones’s pocket. He struck Jones in the face, causing Jones to fall to the ground, 

and kicked Jones in the head. When a woman stopped to help, Moore fled the scene.

FACTUAL SUFFICIENCY

In point one, Moore challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a 

finding that he used his foot as a deadly weapon.

Standard of Review

Under factual sufficiency review, we ask whether a neutral review of all the 

evidence demonstrates that the proof of guilt is so weak or that conflicting evidence is 

so strong as to render the factfinder’s verdict clearly wrong and manifestly unjust. 

Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Johnson v. State, 23 

S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We review the evidence weighed by the jury that 

tends to prove the existence of the elemental fact in dispute and compare it with the 

evidence that tends to disprove that fact. Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 7. We do not indulge in 
Moore v. State Page 3

inferences or confine our view to evidence favoring one side. Rather, we look at all the 

evidence on both sides and then make a predominantly intuitive judgment. Id.

Analysis

A deadly weapon constitutes “anything that in the manner of its use or intended 

use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury.” TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 1.07 

(a)(17)(B) (Vernon Supp. 2007). Several factors aid this determination: (1) the size and 

shape of the object; (2) the manner of its use or intended use; (3) the nature or existence 

of inflicted wounds; and (4) any testimony of the object’s life-threatening capabilities. 

Villarreal v. State, 255 S.W.3d 205, 209 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.).

Moore argues that the evidence is factually insufficient to support a finding that 

he used his foot as a deadly weapon because Jones did not suffer serious bodily injury, 

the record contains no evidence of the force of the kick, and the record contains no 

evidence of his intent. We disagree.

The State was not required to show that Jones suffered serious bodily injury. See 

Tucker v. State, 274 S.W.3d 688, 691 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); see also Morales v. State, 633 

S.W.2d 866, 868 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982); Villarreal, 255 S.W.3d at 209. Dr. Randall Smith 

testified that a foot could be a deadly weapon if used to kick a person in the head while 

the person was lying down. See Magana v. State, 230 S.W.3d 411, 414 (Tex. App.—San 

Antonio 2007, pet. ref’d).

Neither was the State required to show the manner with which Moore used his 

foot to kick Jones. “Even without expert testimony or a description of the weapon, the 

injuries suffered by the victim can by themselves be a sufficient basis for inferring that a 
Moore v. State Page 4

deadly weapon was used.” Tucker, 274 S.W.3d at 691-92; see Bailey v. State, No. 10-07-

00381-CR, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 9392, at *10-15 (Tex. App.—Waco Dec. 17, 2008, pet. 

ref’d) (not designated for publication). In Bailey, we noted that there could only be so 

many ways to use a skillet as a deadly weapon. See Bailey, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 9392, 

at *12. Likewise, there can only be so many ways to use a foot as a deadly weapon. The 

term “kick” itself denotes force. See WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 641 (10th ed. 

1993) (defining “kick” to mean “a blow or sudden forceful thrust with the foot”).

In fact, the record indicates that Moore struck Jones in the head with a forceful 

kick. Moore and Jones were in close proximity when Moore kicked Jones. Witness 

Bonnie Bell saw this kick and was concerned enough to warn Jones that she could have 

a concussion. When Bell attempted to help Jones stand, Jones became “woozy” and 

collapsed. Officer Joseph Fair believed that Jones was close to unconsciousness. He 

observed abrasions on her elbow, red marks on her throat that indicated strangulation, 

a large knot on her forehead, and blood coming from her mouth. Jones was placed in a 

c-spine and given oxygen while in route to the emergency room.

At the hospital, Dr. Smith diagnosed Jones with a hematoma and prescribed pain 

medication. Smith testified that most of Jones’s systems were normal, except for the 

bruising and contusions on her skin and the headaches. Jones suffered from migraines 

in the months following the assault. Smith explained that persistent headaches would 

be a problem that was not evident at the time of Jones’s admission to the hospital. 

Smith testified that a kick to the head could cause intracranial bleeding or brain 

swelling, brain herniation, death, spine or neck fractures, and facial injuries.
Moore v. State Page 5

The jury could reasonably infer that wounds inflicted by Moore’s foot had “some 

potential for resulting in a serious bodily injury” and “but for luck, the injuries [] might 

have been much worse.” Tucker, 274 S.W.3d at 692; Ashcraft v. State, No. 03-07-00237-

CR, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 1338, at *8 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 21, 2008, pet. ref’d) (not 

designated for publication); see Bailey, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 9392, at *14. Moore’s intent 

can be inferred from these circumstances. See Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 487 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1995) (Intent can be inferred from the acts, words, and conduct of the 

accused, the extent of the injuries and the relative size and strength of the parties). Due 

to the apparent force of the kick, Moore’s close proximity to Jones, and the nature of 

Jones’s injuries, the jury could further conclude that Moore’s foot was capable, in its 

manner of use, of causing death or serious bodily injury. See Tucker, 274 S.W.3d at 692; 

see also Bailey, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 9392, at *14-15.

We hold that the proof of guilt is not so weak nor the conflicting evidence so 

strong as to render the jury’s verdict clearly wrong or manifestly unjust. See Watson, 204 

S.W.3d at 414-15; see also Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 11. We overrule point one.

IMPEACHMENT

In point two, Moore contends that the trial court improperly excluded 

impeachment evidence. We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of 

discretion. See McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).

On direct-examination, Jones testified that her paycheck totaled $2,800 and 

consisted of Christmas bonuses. After the State rested, Moore attempted to impeach 

Jones with evidence that her check was not for $2,800 and she did not receive bonuses
Moore v. State Page 6

as she had claimed. The trial court sustained the State’s objection to improper 

impeachment on a collateral matter. On appeal, Moore contends that the evidence was 

admissible to correct a false impression.

The general rule is that a party is not entitled to impeach a witness on a collateral 

matter. Ramirez v. State, 802 S.W.2d 674, 675 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The test as to 

whether a matter is collateral is whether the cross-examining party would be entitled to 

prove it as a part of his case tending to establish his plea. Id. An exception exists 

“[w]hen a witness leaves a false impression concerning a matter relating to his or her 

credibility, the opposing party is allowed to correct that false impression.” Id. at 676.

However, “the opponent must correct the ‘false impression’ through crossexamination of the witness who left the false impression, not by calling other witnesses 

to correct that false impression.” Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879, 885 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2002); Jolly v. State, No. 02-06-00386-CR, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 4600, at *10 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth June 19, 2008, no pet.) (not designated for publication). Not until after Jones 

had testified and the State had rested did Moore attempt to introduce evidence of 

Jones’s payroll records through the testimony of Tracy Driver. Moore made no attempt 

to correct the alleged false impression through cross-examination of Jones. At most, the 

defense asked Jones on cross-examination, “And it was your testimony, if I recall it, that 

the check was for $2,800?” Jones responded affirmatively.

Moreover, “[u]nless the witness’s testimony created a false impression that is 

‘directly relevant to the offense charged,’ allowing a party to delve into the issue beyond 

the limits of cross examination wastes time and confuses the issues.” Hayden v. State, 
Moore v. State Page 7

No. PD-0860-07, 2009 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 510, at *11 (Tex. Crim. App. Apr. 8, 2009) 

(emphasis added). The amount of Jones’s paycheck was not directly relevant to the 

offense charged.

1 See id. at *12 (Rejecting Hayden’s argument that evidence that the 

victim was a registered sex offender was admissible at punishment to rebut the false 

impression of the victim’s character raised at the guilt phase of trial: “Allowing Hayden 

to impeach Morgan’s and Marshall’s testimony with the extrinsic evidence would waste 

time and confuse the issue by focusing the jury’s attention on the victim’s character 

rather than the defendant’s personal responsibility and moral culpability.”).

Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding this 

evidence. We overrule point two.

The judgment is affirmed.

 

1 Moore complains that Jones’s testimony was the only evidence of robbery. Whether her 

paycheck totaled $2,800 or $935, the fact remains that Moore allegedly stole $20. A jailer and an officer 

testified that Moore was found in possession of a $20 bill. Moreover, Moore was able to elicit other 

testimony from Jones that gave rise to questions concerning her credibility.

Neither are we persuaded by the case law cited by Moore. In Keller v. State, 662 S.W.2d 362, (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1984), a witness testified that he sold the car to the defendant, but refused to testify to where 

he got the car. See Keller, 662 S.W.2d at 364. The question was relevant to whether the defendant 

committed the charged offense of unauthorized use of an automobile. See id. at 365. In Rankin v. State, 41 

S.W.3d 335 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d), the Fort Worth Court held that the trial court erred 

by refusing to allow Rankin to correct a false impression created by a witness who denied performing as 

a topless dancer. See Rankin, 41 S.W.3d at 344. However, Rankin elicited this testimony on crossexamination. See Lopez v. State, 928 S.W.2d 528, 532 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (Evidence is not admissible to 

correct a false impression created by “prompting or maneuvering”); see also Crenshaw v. State, 125 S.W.3d 

651, 656 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d) (False impression exception does not “apply to 

permit opposing counsel to rely on his own interrogation during cross-examination to contradict the 

witness and then admit evidence of collateral matters which would otherwise be inadmissible.”). In 

Cantu v. State, 939 S.W.2d 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997), the Court of Criminal Appeals found that letters 

were relevant to show a witness’s strong bias in the defendant’s favor and her credibility by 

“contradict[ing] her testimony that she did not find the murders [] somehow funny or amusing.” Cantu, 

939 S.W.2d at 635. While the Court of Criminal Appeals did not address the fact that the witness’s 

denials were elicited by the State, we note that the evidence was directly relevant to the defendant’s 

commission of the charged offense of capital murder. 
Moore v. State Page 8

 

FELIPE REYNA

Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,

Justice Reyna, and

Justice Davis

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed July 1, 2009

Do not publish

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