IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION THREE

PAUL LEWIS, an individual, and all those 

similarly situated,

Appellant,

v.

VERNICE ZANCO, an individual, and 

FRED ZANCO, an individual, and their 

marital community, d/b/a ZANCO 

PROPERTIES, and UNIVERSITY 

SOUTH AND EAST, LLC., a Washington 

limited liability company,

Respondents.

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No. 37471-8-III

PUBLISHED OPINION

PENNELL, C.J. — The Residential Landlord-Tenant Act of 1973 (RLTA), 

chapter 59.18 RCW, is a comprehensive statute, intended to regulate landlord-tenant 

disputes. When rights and remedies are available to resolve a landlord-tenant dispute 

under the RLTA, they operate to the exclusion of more general remedies available under 

the Consumer Protection Act (CPA), chapter 19.86 RCW. But not all landlord-tenant 

disputes are addressed by the RLTA. When the RLTA’s rights and remedies are not at 

issue, there is no basis for barring other statutory claims, such as those under the CPA. 

FILED

MARCH 30, 2021

In the Office of the Clerk of Court

WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
No. 37471-8-III

Lewis v. Zanco

2

Paul Lewis sued his former landlord, Zanco Properties (Zanco), alleging it had 

violated the CPA by reaching outside the RLTA to impose a state fire code fine. By its 

very nature, this claim was not covered by the RLTA. As such, it was not subject to 

dismissal based on the RLTA. The trial court’s holding to the contrary is reversed.

FACTS

Paul Lewis started renting an apartment from Zanco in September 2014. He paid a 

$200.00 security deposit, a nonrefundable $150.00 for carpet cleaning and administrative 

fees, and $495.00 in monthly rent. The rental agreement noted the smoke detector was 

functional. It also warned Mr. Lewis it was his responsibility to maintain the smoke 

detector, and he “could be held liable for a fine of up to $200.00 per RCW 59.18.130(7) 

and RCW 43.44.110” if he did not fulfill this duty. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 34, 79. This 

responsibility was listed as one of Zanco’s “House Rules of Occupancy.” Id. at 34, 78. 

Failure to abide by these rules was “grounds for termination of tenancy.” Id. at 34, 78-79.

Mr. Lewis moved out of the apartment on July 29, 2016, and Zanco sent him a 

final bill on August 4. It itemized $699.90 worth of charges, primarily for cleaning 

services. The largest single charge was a $200.00 fee for the smoke detector, which 

according to Zanco was “not working.” CP at 54, 80. Zanco subtracted one $5.00

overpayment and Mr. Lewis’s $200.00 security deposit from these charges, leaving a 
No. 37471-8-III

Lewis v. Zanco

3

balance owing of $494.90. Zanco informed Mr. Lewis he had 14 days to pay the charges 

before they would be “turned over to collections.” Id. at 53. Mr. Lewis sent Zanco a letter 

disputing the charges on August 18. Zanco responded by sending the unpaid bill to 

collections. “Because [Zanco’s] third-party collection action threatened Mr. Lewis’[s]

continued housing assistance program support, he capitulated to [its] demand for a 

revised payment of $510.00 under protest.” Id. at 80.

Mr. Lewis sued Zanco and its owners in September 2017. His complaint alleged 

Zanco’s “unauthorized imposition of administrative agency ‘fines’ against tenants 

constitutes unfair or deceptive conduct” based upon Zanco’s imposition of the smoke 

detector fine. CP at 7. As relief, Mr. Lewis sought class action certification, a security 

deposit refund, declaratory relief regarding the imposition of the smoke detector fine, an 

award of triple the smoke detector fine amount, and reasonable attorney fees and costs.

Zanco moved to dismiss Mr. Lewis’s claim under CR 12(b)(6), or alternatively, 

CR 12(c) and CR 56. It argued Mr. Lewis could not bring a claim related to the RLTA

under the CPA; the complaint was time-barred by a one-year statute of limitation under 

RCW 4.16.115; and Zanco had the authority to impose the smoke detector fine as a civil 

penalty.
No. 37471-8-III

Lewis v. Zanco

4

The trial court agreed Mr. Lewis raised “landlord-tenant problems” covered by the 

RLTA. CP at 80. It posited RCW 59.18.130(7), RCW 59.18.230(3), and RCW 59.18.280 

addressed Mr. Lewis’s claims. Applying State v. Schwab, 103 Wn.2d 542, 693 P.2d 108 

(1985), the court concluded “these landlord tenant disputes” did not violate the CPA. Id. 

“Although not a necessary finding based on [the Schwab] holding,” the trial court also 

concluded “the assessment of a $200.00 fine under RCW 43.44, et seq., is within the 

purview of the state fire department.” Id. The court further determined “the statute of 

limitation present in RCW 4.16.115 is not applicable . . . because Landlord Tenant 

disputes do not constitute a violation of [or are not] actionable under the CPA.” Id. at 80-

81; see 1 Report of Proceedings (Dec. 20, 2019) at 16-17 (“I . . . wouldn’t find that the 

statute of limitations for the penalties would be the appropriate statute of limitations, but 

again, I’m not sure that matters based upon my ruling [regarding the CPA].”). 

Mr. Lewis now appeals the trial court’s dismissal of his complaint.

ANALYSIS

The issue here is whether Zanco’s imposition of a $200 fine for Mr. Lewis’s

failure to maintain a smoke detector was a dispute falling under the scope of the RLTA. 

If so, the Supreme Court’s holding in Schwab would prohibit Mr. Lewis from challenging 
No. 37471-8-III

Lewis v. Zanco

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Zanco’s imposition of the fine under the CPA. But if not, the order of dismissal should be 

reversed. 

In Schwab, the State claimed the defendant’s substandard housing practices 

constituted an unfair trade practice in violation of the CPA. 103 Wn.2d at 544. The 

Supreme Court disagreed. The court explained the RLTA was enacted to provide a 

comprehensive set of “rights, duties and remedies of both landlords and tenants.” Id. at 

551. In contrast, the CPA did not suggest any legislative intent to address the “rental of 

residential housing.” Id. at 549. Furthermore, the legislature specifically rejected an 

amendment to the RLTA that would have explicitly made RLTA violations bases for a 

CPA claim. Id. at 551-52. Given this legislative structure, Schwab held violations of the 

RLTA “do not also constitute violations of the [CPA].” Id. at 545. 

Although the Schwab opinion is not a model of clarity, we do not interpret Schwab

to hold that all disputes between landlords and tenants must be resolved under the RLTA. 

Instead, we read Schwab to say that when the RLTA provides a set of rights and 

remedies, those rights and remedies operate to the exclusion of the CPA. This reading is 

consistent with the brief description of Schwab set forth in Panag v. Farmers Insurance

Company of Washington: “In Schwab, this court declined to allow CPA actions based on 

violations of the [RLTA]. This court considered it inappropriate to extend the CPA to 
No. 37471-8-III

Lewis v. Zanco

6

landlord-tenant disputes in view of the detailed nature of the RLTA, which includes an 

array of specific remedies.” 166 Wn.2d 27, 55 n.12, 204 P.3d 885 (2009).

Zanco does not seriously contest the foregoing understanding of Schwab. Instead, 

Zanco argues its imposition of the $200 fine is governed by the RLTA. As a result, Zanco 

claims Mr. Lewis’s challenges to the fine must be pursued under the RLTA, not the CPA. 

We disagree with this assessment.

The statutory fine at issue in this case is part of our state’s fire protection code, 

chapter 43.44 RCW, not the RLTA. See Former RCW 48.48.140 (1995), recodified as 

RCW 43.44.110 (LAWS OF 2006, ch. 25, § 13). The fire code holds tenants responsible for 

maintaining smoke detection devices. See RCW 48.48.140(3). According to the code, 

failure to comply with this obligation “shall be punished by a fine of not more than two 

hundred dollars.” Former RCW 43.44.110(4) (2006). At the time of the parties’ dispute, 

the fire code did not explicitly identify the entity responsible for imposing and collecting 

a smoke detection device fine. The statute now clarifies the authority rests with a city or 

town’s fire department chief, county fire marshal, or other designated county fire official. 

RCW 43.44.110(5)(b)(i)-(ii).

As Zanco points out, the RLTA makes reference to the fire code’s requirement that 

tenants maintain smoke detection devices. The RLTA imposes on landlords the duty to 
No. 37471-8-III

Lewis v. Zanco

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give tenants written notice of their “responsibility to maintain the smoke detection device 

in proper operating condition and of penalties for failure to comply with the provisions of 

RCW 43.44.110(3).” RCW 59.18.060(12)(a). The RLTA also states that one of a tenant’s 

statutory duties is to maintain a smoke detector. RCW 59.18.130(7). 

While the RLTA references a tenant’s statutory smoke detector duties, the RLTA 

does not reference smoke detector fines. A landlord’s remedies for a tenant’s violation of 

statutory duties (including the duty to maintain a smoke detector) are set forth in detail in

the RLTA. Those remedies range from notice of the need to repair to initiation of an 

unlawful detainer action. Former RCW 59.18.170 (1973); RCW 59.18.180-.190. 

Nowhere in the RLTA is a landlord authorized to impose a fine. As held by Schwab, the 

remedies set forth in the RLTA are exclusive. Nothing in the RLTA allowed Zanco to 

reach outside the RLTA for a remedy, such as a fine.

Zanco suggests that regardless of what is generally contemplated by the RLTA, a 

fine was authorized in Mr. Lewis’s case based on his lease agreement and because the 

RLTA covers disputes over illegal leases. See RCW 59.18.230(3). The problem with this 

argument is Mr. Lewis had no claim that his lease was unlawful. The parties’ lease did 

not purport to authorize Zanco to impose a fire code fine. As contemplated by the RLTA, 
No. 37471-8-III

Lewis v. Zanco

8

RCW 59.18.060(12)(a), the lease merely advised Mr. Lewis of his statutory obligation to 

maintain a smoke detector and the risk of a fine.

In assessing the $200 fire code fine against Mr. Lewis, Zanco reached outside the 

comprehensive ambit of the RLTA. Schwab does not apply in this context. Regardless of 

whether Mr. Lewis can ultimately succeed on a CPA claim, his suit against Zanco was not 

governed by the RLTA and should not have been dismissed based on Schwab. 

CONCLUSION

The order of dismissal is reversed. This matter is remanded for further 

proceedings.

_________________________________

Pennell, C.J.

WE CONCUR:

______________________________

Siddoway, J.

______________________________

Lawrence-Berrey, J.