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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

3 Plaintiff-Appellant,

4 v. NO. 32,317

5 DOROTHY CHAVEZ,

6 Defendant-Appellee.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF VALENCIA COUNTY

8 Violet Otero, District Judge

9 Gary K. King, Attorney General

10 Santa Fe, NM

11 Ralph E. Trujillo, Assistant Attorney General

12 Albuquerque, NM

13 for Appellant

14 John V. Nilan, LLC

15 John V. Nilan

16 Albuquerque, NM

17 for Appellee
2

1 MEMORANDUM OPINION

2 CASTILLO, Chief Judge.

3 The State appeals from an order granting Defendant’s motion to suppress. We

4 proposed to affirm in a notice of proposed summary disposition. The State filed a

5 memorandum in opposition, and Defendant filed a memorandum in support of our

6 proposed disposition. After reviewing the memoranda, we remain unpersuaded by the

7 State’s arguments and thus affirm the district court’s order granting the motion to

8 suppress.

9 In our notice of proposed summary disposition, we proposed to affirm because

10 the State failed to prove exigent circumstances justifying the officers’ behavior in

11 ordering Defendant from her house at gunpoint. See State v. Nance,

12 2011-NMCA-048, ¶ 18 n.1, 149 N.M. 644, 253 P.3d 934 (recognizing that “[a]n arrest

13 outside the home can require a warrant if the defendant’s exit was coerced”). A

14 warrantless arrest at a suspect’s home requires both probable cause and exigent

15 circumstances. See id. ¶ 12. Exigent circumstances have been defined as “an

16 emergency situation requiring swift action to prevent imminent danger to life or

17 serious damage to property, or to forestall the imminent escape of a suspect or

18 destruction of evidence.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see

19 Chavez v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, 2001-NMCA-065, ¶ 17, 130 N.M. 753, 31 P.3d 1027
3

1 (recognizing that law enforcement officers may not make a warrantless entry into a

2 residence unless, “exigent circumstances have been shown indicating that immediate

3 action is necessary to prevent imminent danger to life or serious damage to property,

4 to forestall the imminent escape of a suspect, or to prevent the destruction of

5 evidence” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Moreover, the exigent

6 circumstances “must be supported by specific articulable facts” and must be known

7 to the officers prior to entry. State v. Duffy, 1998-NMSC-014, ¶ 70, 126 N.M. 132,

8 967 P.2d 807, overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Tollardo,

9 2012-NMSC-008, ¶ 37 n. 6, 275 P.3d 110.

10 In its memorandum in opposition, the State makes two arguments. First, it

11 claims that the officers were justified in arresting Defendant without a warrant for

12 resisting, evading, or obstructing an officer because Defendant must have been aware

13 that Officer Alderete was attempting to stop her before she turned into her driveway

14 and shut the garage door. [MIO 2-3] See NMSA 1978, § 30-22-1 (1981) (defining

15 the crime of resisting, evading or obstructing an officer); cf. State v. Gutierrez,

16 2007-NMSC-033, ¶ 36, 142 N.M. 1, 162 P.3d 156 (recognizing that a defendant

17 cannot be convicted of resisting, evading, or obstructing an officer based upon the

18 defendant’s flight unless the state proves that the defendant knew the officer was

19 trying to detain him).
4

1 We need not address this argument. Even if the State is correct that the officers

2 had probable cause to arrest Defendant for resisting, evading, or obstructing an

3 officer, in the absence of exigent circumstances, the officers were not justified in

4 ordering Defendant from her home at gunpoint because that crime is a misdemeanor,

5 see Section 30-22-1, and there was no evidence that Defendant posed a danger to life

6 or property or a threat of escape. See State v. Gutierrez, 2008-NMCA-018, ¶ 17, 143

7 N.M. 422, 176 P.3d 1154 (recognizing that without any information that the defendant

8 posed a threat to anyone’s life or property and no indication of an emergency or

9 violence, there was no exigency to justify the officers’ warrantless entry into the

10 defendant’s home); Chavez, 2001-NMCA-065, ¶ 17 (recognizing that a warrantless

11 entry into a residence requires a showing “that immediate action is necessary to

12 prevent imminent danger to life or serious damage to property, to forestall the

13 imminent escape of a suspect, or to prevent the destruction of evidence” (internal

14 quotation marks and citation omitted)).

15 At the time the officers ordered Defendant to come out of her home at gunpoint,

16 they only had evidence suggesting that Defendant had been speeding; there were no

17 facts justifying a reasonable suspicion that Defendant had committed or was

18 committing DWI or any felony. To the contrary, the officers acknowledged that

19 before they entered Defendant’s residence, there was no evidence of weapons, drugs,
5

1 or destructible evidence. [RP 59] In addition, the officers testified that there were no

2 sounds emanating from the residence indicating that anyone was in danger of violence

3 or harm. [RP 59]

4 In its memorandum in opposition, the State contends that exigent circumstances

5 were presented because the officers were concerned that Defendant might escape.

6 [MIO 4] We disagree.

7 As the State acknowledges in its memorandum in opposition, the outside of the

8 house was secured, and officers were stationed in front and behind Defendant’s house

9 to prevent her escape. [MIO 4; RP 59] Given that Defendant drove into her driveway

10 and shut the garage door, and given that the officers had secured the outside of

11 Defendant’s home, we are not convinced that the possibility of escape presented

12 exigent circumstances justifying the officers’ actions in ordering Defendant from her

13 home at gunpoint.

14 CONCLUSION

15 For the reasons set forth above as well as those discussed in our notice of

16 proposed summary disposition, we affirm the district court’s order granting

17 Defendant’s motion to suppress.

18 IT IS SO ORDERED.
6

1 __________________________________

2 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge

3 WE CONCUR:

4 __________________________________

5 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge

6 __________________________________

7 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge