IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

CHRISTOPHER DENNEY, ) 

) No. 97494-2

Petitioner, ) 

) 

v. ) En Banc

) 

CITY OF RICHLAND, ) 

) 

Respondent. ) Filed

_______________________________________) 

MADSEN, J.—The RAPs direct a party seeking review of a final judgment to 

appeal within 30 days, regardless of whether the judgment reserves for future 

determination an award of attorney fees or costs. RAP 2.2(a)(1), 5.2(a). We are asked

whether a summary judgment order resolving all substantive legal claims constitutes a 

“final judgment” pursuant to RAP 2.2(a)(1). We hold that it does. 

BACKGROUND 

Christopher Denney, a firefighter, sued the city of Richland in 2017. He argued 

that the city violated the Public Records Act, ch. 42.56 RCW, by withholding two 

investigative complaints Denney made about on-the-job harassment and discrimination. 

May 7, 2020

FILE 

IN CLERK’S OFFICE

SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON 

MAY 7, 2020 

THIS OPINION WAS FILED 

FOR RECORD AT 8 A.M. ON

MAY 7, 2020

SUSAN L. CARLSON 

SUPREME COURT CLERK 
No. 97494-2

2

In 2019, both Denney and the city filed cross motions for summary judgment. After a

hearing, the trial court granted summary judgment for the city and denied Denney’s

motion, finding the requested records were properly exempted from disclosure as

attorney work product. The order states, in relevant part:

Based on the foregoing IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED:

1. Defendant City of Richland’s motion for summary judgment is

GRANTED;

2. Plaintiff Mr. Denney’s motion for summary judgment is

DENIED;

3. All claims and causes of action alleged by plaintiff in this matter

are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE; and

 [4.] Defendant City of Richland is the prevailing party herein and

 may present judgment accordingly.

Appellant’s Mot. for Discr. Review, App. 6. The order is dated February 12, 2019. The

city promptly filed its notice of presentation three days later. On March 14, 2019, the

final judgment was entered against Denney, awarding taxable costs to the city for a total

judgment of $200. Denney filed his notice of appeal on April 1, 2019, two weeks after

the entry of final judgment and more than 30 days after the summary judgment and

dismissal order. 

Because Denney filed his appeal more than 30 days after the summary judgment

order was issued, the Court of Appeals sua sponte set the matter for dismissal as

untimely. Denney argued the 30-day limitation ran from the March 14 judgment;

alternatively, he asked for an extension of time based on the extraordinary circumstance

that the February 12 order was misleading. The Court of Appeals commissioner

disagreed. She noted that under RAP 2.2(a)(1), “[t]he language Mr. Denney quotes from
No. 97494-2

3

the [trial court’s] Order was not misleading because it clearly refers to entry of a

judgment in favor of the City, as the ‘prevailing party.’ The requested judgment is for a

judgment that awards specific amounts as costs to the City.” Id., App. at 3 (ruling

terminating review, No. 36720-7-III (May 17, 2019)). The commissioner dismissed

Denney’s appeal, which Denney then moved to modify. Chief Judge Lawrence-Berry

denied the motion in part, upholding the commissioner’s ruling dismissing Denney’s

appeal of the February 12 order and granting the motion as to the appeal of the March 14

final judgment on the “limited scope of the [$200] cost award.” Id., App. at 1 (Order

Granting in Part and Denying in Part Mot. to Modify Comm’r’s Ruling, No. 36720-7-III

(July 17, 2019)). Denney moved for discretionary review here, which we granted. 

ANALYSIS

To determine the timeliness of Denney’s appeal we must interpret our rules of

appellate procedure. The interpretation of a court rule presents a question of law that we

review de novo. State v. Stump, 185 Wn.2d 454, 458, 374 P.3d 89 (2016) (citing State v.

Engel, 166 Wn.2d 572, 576, 210 P.3d 1007 (2009); Jafar v. Webb, 177 Wn.2d 520, 526,

303 P.3d 1042 (2013)). When we interpret a court rule, similar to when we interpret a

statute, we strive to determine and carry out the drafter’s intent. Dep’t of Ecology v.

Campbell & Gwinn, LLC, 146 Wn.2d 1, 9-10, 43 P.3d 4 (2002) (citing State v. J.M., 144

Wn.2d 472, 480, 28 P.3d 720 (2001)). We determine that intent by examining the rule’s

plain language, not in isolation but in context, considering related provisions, and in light

of the statutory or rule-making scheme as a whole. State v. Conover, 183 Wn.2d 706,
No. 97494-2 

4 

711, 355 P.3d 1093 (2015) (quoting Ass’n of Wash. Spirits & Wine Distribs. v. Wash. 

State Liquor Control Bd., 182 Wn.2d 342, 350, 340 P.3d 849 (2015)). 

Appealing a final order under the RAPs 

RAP 2.2(a)(1) allows a party to appeal a “final judgment entered in any action or 

proceeding, regardless of whether the judgment reserves for future determination an

award of attorney fees or costs.” RAP 5.2(a)(1) requires a notice of appeal to be filed no 

later than “30 days after the entry of the decision of the trial court that the party filing the 

notice wants reviewed.” 

Definitions included in the appellate rules are controlling, but in their absence, this 

court will give a term its plain and ordinary meaning ascertained from a standard 

dictionary. State v. Taylor, 150 Wn.2d 599, 602, 80 P.3d 605 (2003) (citing State v.

Watson, 146 Wn.2d 947, 954, 51 P.3d 66 (2002)). The term “final judgment” is not 

defined in the RAPs. Id. We have looked to Black’s Law Dictionary for a definition: 

“‘A court’s last action that settles the rights of the parties and disposes of all issues in 

controversy, except for the award of costs (and, sometimes, attorney’s fees) and 

enforcement of the judgment.’” Id. (quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 847 (7th ed. 

1999));1 accord Wachovia SBA Lending, Inc. v. Kraft, 165 Wn.2d 481, 492, 200 P.3d 683 

(2009). We have also relied on Webster’s Third New International Dictionary: a final 

judgment is “‘a judgment . . . that eliminates the litigation between the parties on the 

merits and leaves nothing for the inferior court to do in case of an affirmance except to 

1 The most recent edition of Black’s provides the same definition. See BLACK’S LAW

DICTIONARY 1008 (11th ed. 2019).
No. 97494-2 

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execute the judgment.’” In re Pers. Restraint of Skylstad, 160 Wn.2d 944, 949, 162 P.3d

413 (2007) (alteration in original) (quoting WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL

DICTIONARY 851 (2002)). Thus, this court has generally defined a final judgment in 

terms of its effect on the underlying cause of action. See also In re Dependency of A.G., 

127 Wn. App. 801, 808, 112 P.3d 588 (2005) (it is the “practical effect of an order which 

determines its appealability”). That is, whether it resolved the merits of a party’s legal 

claims. See Taylor, 150 Wn.2d at 602 (quoting BLACK’S, supra, at 847 (7th ed. 1999)); 

Skylstad, 160 Wn.2d at 949 (quoting WEBSTER’S, supra, at 851). 

The definitional focus on the effect of a judgment is borne out in our appellate 

rules. See 21 SCOTT J. HORENSTEIN, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: FAMILY AND COMMUNITY

PROPERTY LAW § 51:7, at 250 (2d ed. 2015) (stating that judgments listed in RAP 2.2 are

all characterized by a measure of finality). As stated above, a party may appeal within 30 

days a “final judgment . . . , regardless of whether the judgment reserves for future 

determination an award of attorney fees or costs.” RAP 2.2(a)(1); RAP 5.2(a). RAP 

2.2(a)(1) exempts attorney fees from an otherwise final judgment on the merits. 

Dovetailing RAP 2.2, RAP 2.4(b) explains that “[a] timely notice of appeal of a 

trial court decision relating to attorney fees and costs does not bring up for review a 

decision previously entered in the action that is otherwise appealable under rule 2.2(a) 

unless a timely notice of appeal has been filed to seek review of the previous decision.” 

An “appeal from an attorney fee decision does not bring up for review a separate 

judgment on the merits unless a timely notice of appeal is filed from that judgment.” 

Bushong v. Wilsbach, 151 Wn. App. 373, 377, 213 P.3d 42 (2009). Under RAP 2.4(g), 
No. 97494-2

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an appeal from the judgment on the merits also brings up for review an award of attorney

fees by the trial court, entered after the appellate court has accepted review. The rule

eliminates the need to file a second, separate notice of appeal from an award of attorney

fees. 2A KARL B. TEGLAND, WASHINGTON PRACTICE: RULES PRACTICE RAP 2.4, at

198 (8th ed. 2014). 

Read together, RAPs 2.2 and 2.4 differentiate between appeals on the merits of a

legal claim and on its costs. A party who wishes to appeal both need not appeal

separately. A party may file a notice on the merits of a case and so bring along a later

cost judgment, while the reverse brings up only attorney fees and costs. Bushong, 151

Wn. App. at 376.

The drafter’s comments for RAPs 2.2 and 2.4 reinforce the distinction between

finality on the merits and finality of costs. In 2002, RAP 2.2 was amended, and the

drafters explained that the rule “makes clear that a party may, and indeed should if review

on the merits is desired, appeal from a final judgment whether or not an award of attorney

fees or costs is reserved for future determination.” 2A TEGLAND, supra, RAP 2.2, at 133

(8th ed. 2014).

2

 This amendment resolved a “long-standing debate about whether an

appeal must be delayed pending a decision on costs or attorney fees.” Id. The comment

accompanying a corresponding amendment to RAP 2.4 explains the drafters’ intent that

 2 The statutory costs awarded in this case were not the costs contemplated by RAP 2.2 because

there is no future determination about the amount of these costs. Thus, here, the entire order was

appealable upon the judge’s signature.
No. 97494-2

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the time limit for an appeal runs from entry of the final judgment and is not tolled until

issues of costs and attorney fees are resolved. Id. 

As RAPs 2.2 and 2.4 demonstrate, our appellate rules contemplate various final

judgments that may be appealed. “A judgment may be final even though further steps in

the case are contemplated or become necessary.” 2A TEGLAND, supra, RAP 2.2, at 100

(8th ed. 2014); see also Rhodes v. D&D Enters., Inc., 16 Wn. App. 175, 176-78, 554 P.2d

390 (1976) (order construing real estate contract and directing conveyance of part of a

land parcel was held to be final judgment even though specific part of land was left to be

determined by negotiation or referee). Washington Practice sums up the practical lesson

for appellants—“counsel should appeal from the judgment on the merits, even if the issue

of attorney fees is still pending.” 2A TEGLAND, supra, RAP 2.4, at 198 (8th ed. 2014).

Accordingly, Washington courts have held a summary judgment order to be a final

judgment despite later entry of a money judgment. In Carrara, LLC v. Ron & E

Enterprises, Inc., a trial court issued a summary judgment order stating:

It is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that:

1. Defendant Ron & E Enterprises, Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment of

All Claims is GRANTED.

2. Plaintiff Carrara, LLC’s claims against Defendant Ron & E Enterprises,

Inc. are dismissed with prejudice.

137 Wn. App. 822, 826, 155 P.3d 161 (2007). The order was dated July 8, 2005. Id.

The trial court then issued an order granting attorney fees on August 9, 2005, and later

entered a judgment on September 22, 2005. Id. at 824. Carrara filed a notice of appeal

for both the summary judgment and attorney fees and costs orders on October 21, 2005.
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Id. at 824-25. Ron & E Enterprises moved to dismiss the notice as untimely filed more

than three months after the July summary judgment order. Id. at 825. The court

commissioner denied the motion to dismiss; Ron & E moved to modify, and a panel of

judges denied. 

On appeal, the Carrara court reviewed our appellate rules and Washington

Practice’s caution that counsel should appeal from a judgment on the merits even if

attorney fees are yet to be resolved. Id. at 825-26 (quoting 2A KARL B. TEGLAND,

WASHINGTON PRACTICE: RULES PRACTICE RAP 2.4, at 181 (6th ed. 2004)). The court

then held that the July summary judgment order was a “final, dispositive judgment” and

that August 8 was the deadline to appeal that judgment. Id. at 826. Because Carrara did

not file until October 21, its appeal was untimely and it could not “couch the appeal of

the summary judgment order in its appeal of attorney fees.” Id.

A summary judgment order falls within this court’s definition of final judgment.

Under Black’s, an order resolves the rights of both parties when it grants summary

judgment to one party and denies it to another. See BLACK’S, supra, at 847 (7th ed.

1999). Dismissing with prejudice all of a party’s claims with the exception of a

subsequently resolved cost award is anticipated in Black’s and RAP 2.2—both authorities

exempt costs from the requirement that a final order dispose of all issues. Id.; RAP

2.2(a)(1). A summary judgment order fully resolving all legal claims can constitute a

final decision beginning the 30-day appeal deadline.
No. 97494-2 

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Appealing a final order under the Civil Rules 

Central to Denney’s argument is the applicability of RAP 2.2(a)(1). The Civil 

Rules direct the attorney for the prevailing party to “prepare and present a proposed form 

of order or judgment not later than 15 days after the entry of the verdict or decision.” CR

54(e). According to Denney, the summary judgment order here did not limit the March 

CR 54 judgment to fees and costs, and thus, Denny contends, RAP 2.2(a)(1) does not 

apply. Though we find no such specificity requirement in the RAPs or in any other 

relevant authority, we are mindful of the guidance CR 54 provides to trial courts and 

parties. In Department of Labor & Industries v. City of Kennewick, we stated that

“As a practical matter, the bar should not have to act as soothsayers 

to determine when a written trial court opinion or decision might be a final 

judgment. For the sake of uniformity, the better practice is to follow CR 

54; the prevailing party should submit a proposed judgment, decree or

order, with appropriate notice and service upon the opposing party. All 

parties are then aware of the status of the proceeding and can consider the 

applicability of postjudgment motions such as motions for reconsideration, 

CR 59(b), appeals under RAP 2.2, and other time-limited procedures 

hinging upon entry of judgment.” 

99 Wn.2d 225, 231, 661 P.2d 133 (1983) (quoting Dep’t of Labor & Indus. v. City of 

Kennewick, 31 Wn. App. 777, 783, 644 P.2d 1196 (1982), rev’d, 99 Wn.2d 225). While 

this comment on CR 54 and best practice is dicta, its point is well taken. CR 54’s process 

promotes uniformity and lessens the potential for confusion stemming from multiple final 

judgments. In this case, CR 54’s interaction with our RAPs created the type of confusion 
No. 97494-2

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these rules sought to avoid. The parties here properly followed CR 54, and Denney relied

on the date of this final judgment when filing his notice of appeal.3

Though our appellate rules clearly delineate between final judgments on the merits

and final judgments on costs, the rules also permit appellate courts to alter the time within

which a party must appeal. See RAP 2.2(a)(1), 2.4(b), (g); RAP 18.8(a), (b) (an appellate

court may waive or alter the provisions of any of these rules in order to serve the ends of

justice in extraordinary circumstances and to prevent a miscarriage of justice). In light of

the confusion introduced into our appellate rules by CR 54, we therefore agree with

Denney that the circumstances of his case are sufficiently extraordinary that treating his

appeal as untimely would be a miscarriage of justice. RAP 18.8(b). Extraordinary

circumstances include, among other things, excusable error in interpreting the rules.

Shumway v. Payne, 136 Wn.2d 383, 395, 964 P.2d 349 (1998). Denney’s counsel

interpreted the March judgment, entered in accordance with CR 54, to be the final

judgment from which to appeal, waiting for presentation of the proposed order and

 3 We reject Denney’s assertion that CR 54 effectively creates a state version of the federal

“separate document requirement.” Suppl. Br. of Appellant at 11-12. Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure (FRCP) 58(a) requires that every judgment be set out in a separate document. A

separate judgment filing ensures finality and is required to protect rights to a timely appeal. 

Sanders v. Clemco Indus., 862 F.2d 161, 168 (8th Cir. 1988). FRCP 58(a) was intended to avoid

the inequities that were inherent when a party appealed from a document or docket entry

appearing to be a final judgment only to have the appellate court later announce an earlier

document or entry had been the judgment and dismiss the appeal as untimely. Bankers Trust Co.

v. Mallis, 435 U.S. 381, 385, 98 S. Ct. 1117, 55 L. Ed. 2d 357 (1978). Washington’s CR 54

directs the attorney for the prevailing party to prepare and present a proposed form of order or

judgment not later than 15 days after the entry of a verdict or decision, and to give 5 days’ notice

of presentation and serve a copy of the proposal to opposing counsel. CR 54(e), (f)(2). 

Washington has not adopted FRCP 58. Nor is there any indication in CR 54 or cases interpreting

it that our state rule was intended to parallel FRCP 58. We decline Denney’s invitation to create

a separate document requirement in this case.
11

No. 97494-2 

appealing after the judgment was signed. Denney’s error in interpreting CR 54 and the 

RAPs is excusable, justifying an extension of time to file his appeal. RAP 18.8(b). 

Nevertheless, we caution future, similarly situated appellants that our appellate 

rules establish the correct procedure on review: a summary judgment order disposing of 

all substantive legal issues can constitute a final, appealable judgment regardless of a 

subsequent attorney fees award. As Washington Practice advises, “counsel should 

appeal from the judgment on the merits, even if the issue of attorney fees is still 

pending.” 2A TEGLAND, supra, RAP 2.4, at 198 (8th ed. 2014). 

CONCLUSION 

A summary judgment order disposing of all claims can constitute a final judgment, 

thereby starting the 30-day appeal deadline. RAP 2.2(a), 5.2(a). An appeal of a trial 

court decision on the merits brings along a subsequent cost award, but the reverse is not 

permitted—a timely appeal of a cost judgment does not bring along review on the merits. 

RAP 2.4(b), (g). In this case, the summary judgment order wholly resolved Denney’s 

suit on the merits and reserved a cost award for later determination, triggering the 

deadline. Denny filed his appeal more than 30 days after the summary judgment and 

dismissal order issued; the Court of Appeals dismissed the merits appeal as untimely 

while allowing the cost appeal to proceed. We affirm the Court of Appeals on this issue. 

However, because Denney’s misinterpretation of the RAPs is an excusable error, we hold 

that Denney’s case warrants an extension of time to appeal. We therefore reverse and 

remand the case to the Court of Appeals for further proceedings consistent with this 

opinion. 
No. 97494-2 

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___________________________________ 

WE CONCUR: 

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