# OAR Box 1878

Prepped by Charmelle Mathews



## Document

Number: 

# 68 ) 11-1-4 7
Docket Number: 

# A-90-1 9

Printed 11/28/200811:47:27

AM Sheet 68of 68 P. 1

## P. 2 

# A-90-1 9 &UmloU

PUUMCU 

## S+ntfiiti

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## _ 4 7 

### SEPTEMBE R 198

8 Fte^Ise-t-Jun a 198 7 CHLOROFOR M
FOCUS....Chloroform , aie o know n a s trichloromethene , l a a volatil e organi c compound
. I t i e one o f th e com modit y chemica l famil y o f chlorinate d hydrocarbons
. Synthesi s o f monochlorodifluoromethane , fluorocarbo n 2 2 (F-22 , ale o commonl y referre d t o a s CF C 22) , account s fo r ove r 93 1 o f U S chlorofor m consumption
. Th e majo r us

e fo r fluorocerbo n 2 2 i a a s a refrigerant
. F-2 2 ale o i a use d 8 8 a reel n intermediate , propellen t oas , an d a s a foam blowin g agen t fo r aom e applications
. I t haa relativel y mino r solven t applications
. industriea
. A hig h leve l o f refrigerato r an d aut o productio n require e mor e refrigeran t gaae a fo r ai r con ditioner s an d fluoropolymer s fo r inaulstio n an d othe r applications.
. Afte r droppin g belo

w30 0 millio n pounde I n 1962 , U S chloroform ' productio n wa s abou t 52 4 millio n pounde l n 198 8 baae d on preliminar y dat a fro m th e U S Internationa l Trad e Commissio n (USITC)
. I n recan t years , deman d for r e frigerent e hee fluctuate d althoug h ther e haa bee n relativel y stron g growt h l n fluoropolymere
. Estimate d 198 8 U

S chlorofor m deman

d o f 49 1 millio n pound e wa a a recor d hig h as consume r spendin g continue d etrong
. I n additio n t o goo d businss s conditions , anothe r majo r reaeo h fo r etron g chlorofor m deman d via e th e environmenta l conaideration
. F-2 2 i a one o f th e fe walgnlficen t chlorofluorocerbon a (CFCe ) no t reetrlcte d h y th « Montrea l Protocol
. Th e Montrea l Protoco l i a th e internationa l agreemen t that , eall a fo r a freez e i n CF C ue e e t 198 6 level s i n 1989 , e 20 5 cutbac k

i n us e b y 1994 , an d a furthe r 5G S cu t I n certai n CF C emission s b

y 1998
. Th

s U S EP A an d majo r CF

C producer a ar e committe d t o a pheaeou t o f CFC s a e feB t a

a saf e substitute s ca n b

e introduced
. F-2 2 reportedl y ha e 95 * lee e ozon e drainin g .potentia l tha n F-12
. Therefore , •""•4 4 ± o UBlii< y WSO U • •a •ub«kil>Uk l 9 fy » ewn c ay^H m nvi > o v f r-i i «i u r-\ t nliii_|
. mi. W

liihluwa< J A M U I B Protocol . F-l l l a use ds s e foa m blowin g agen t wherea s the principa l application s for CF C 1 2 ar e i n re frigeratio nan

d ai r conditioning , Th e 198 8 increas e l nU S chloroform consumptio nwa s accompanie db y a ris e i nexports . Export s increase dl n 196 8 wit hthe weak dolla r an d strong worl ddemand . Import s o f chlorofor m remaine drelativel y

eonatan t durin g th e 1980'e , i nth e rang e o f 25-3 0 millio npounde . OUTLOOK....Unles s environmenta l concern s relate dto ozon e depletio nb y fluorocarbon s mandat e a reductio n i nue e o f F-22 , long-term chloroform

consumptio nshoul dincreaae . Althoug hshort-ter m demandpattern e ma

y fluctuat e wit heconomi c condition e en d coneume r apandin g for durebl e goode , th e overal l tren dfo r chloro for m consumptio nshoul db e upwards . A highrat e o f automobil e production , housing , an d othe r constructio n stimulate s deman dfor ai r conditioning , refrigeration , an d fluoropolymere . Deman dgrowt hi n1989/199 0 wil l no t b e a e grea t aa i n 1987/1988 wit ha projecte dslowdow ni nhousin g an

d automotive . Afte r th e replacemen t o f F- H and F-1 2 i a accomplished , mos t long-term fluorocerbo n2 2 deman dgrowt h wil l continu e t o com e fro m increase dinstallatio no f reaidentla l ai r conditioning . I nadditio nt o ne w installations , th e replacemen t marke t wil l b e important . Th e development o f mor a efficien t equipmen t an d dual-purpos e hea t pump s wil l obsolet e aome existin g units , crsatln g anexpandin g replacement market . PRICING....Mos t chlorofor m output l a sol dt o manufacturer s o f monochlorodifluoromethan e o n negotiate d hwiiUawle , y»n*iali 7 r« i Lwiot i publishe d iia t price*
. N e US chlozofos m producer a mak e chiecoflwesocecbene
. Th e sverag e gale a an d foreig n tred e value s ar e indicativ e o f trend s i n actua l sellin g prices
. I n mi d 1988 , majo r producer a initiate d e on e cen t lncreee e i n off-lie t pricea
. AVERAG E PRICE RANG

E - CHLOROFOR

M Cent e Pa r Pound •Technica l •Bulk * Delivere d - Conaumer 196 0 196 5 197 0 197 5 198 0 1985 198 6 1987 198 8 198 9 199 0 199 2 Trad e Lie t "T7 ~ "T T 17- f "VT

IM

w f ~T-\J

AK$

~3t T ~1S f "JSf lE f Avg
. Sale s 1 0 8 6 1 6 2 1 •2 0 2 0 •2 0 21(E )
. * Expor t Sele s 1 9 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 9 r r" 

# £ erag e sale s vslu e beee do n USIT C dat a reflect s distributo r discounts , expor t ealee , an d negotiate dprice e t o lerg e volume fluorocerbo nproducsrs . * Th e averag e eele e velue e include d herei nfor 198 5 an

d 198 7 hav e bee nestimate dalnc a th e valu e reporte db y the USIT C wa a probabl y understated . Expor t aale a value e ar e base do n1 5 Burea uo f th e Ceneu a raporta . SUPPL Y AN D DEMAND Million s o f Pound s Cstimeted... .Domesti c U S
Capacit y 6 5 Productio n7 6 15 1 24 0 975



# i n 26 2 6 1 2 25 6 198 0 

## 51 7 353

• • 1 7 33 6 198 5 46 0 385 * 3 3 4 4 374 198 6

46 0 41 6 3 1 4 2 40 5 198 7 50 0 46 2 2 4 3 5 45 1 / i988 ' 52a 

# A 

# /a M 198 9 

### "57 1

52 0 Import s Export s Deman d25 6 33 6 37 4 40 5 45 1 /491 \ 52 0

* 198 5 Productio nl a estimate dsinc e fine l dat a a e reporte db

y th e USIT C we e probabl y Incorrec t althoug hindustry eele a volume we e apparentl y withi nprope r orde r o f magnitude . AVAILABILITY....Wit hth e rapi dincreae e i nU S productio ni n198 7 en d 1986 , accompanie db y operatin g down tim e fo r maintenanc e an d procee s convsrsions , eipplis s o f chlorofor m hev s bee ntight . Althoug hthsr s i s currentl y

onl y nomina l apparen t U S overcepscit y for chloroform , ther e i s stil l nameplat e overcapacit y fo r ehloromethanee . I n genera l - i f procea a modification s ar e imd a • othe r chloromethenea , includin g methylen e chloride , ca n b e mad e l n th e sam e facilities . Ther e i e nameplat e overcapacit y fo r methylen e chlorid e en d i t l a anticipate dtha t demandfor methylen e chlorid e wil l declin e ove r tne long ter m a e chloroform

demen d increasea . Therefore , aom e producer s hav e modifie dfacilitie s t o increae e chlorofor m outpu t an

d Improv e economice . Thee e proces s modification s generall y rsdue s the overal l capabilitie s o f th e unit . 3/8 7P. 3 S-vN I bY-KIK i IM

. U
. il'lmm

. Z-14- 8 1
. j-U'/r w< F\HUIMI M ounrun« i Awin-* 41 3 u* o n-n ww

v / ~ rRUUUU.K » M4 J LArALl I It s - tt*.UKl*UKM •MILLION S If POUND S PRODUCE R LOCATIO N 19B 8 CAPACITY Do wChemica l Freeport , T X 17 5 Do wChemica l Plaquemine , L A 15 0 LC P Chemieal B Moundsville , W V 5 0 Occidenta l Chemica l Belle , W V 4 0 Vulca n Chsmicel s Geiemar , L A 6 0 Vulca n Chemical s Wichita , K 5 11 0 TOTAL 54 5 'Capacit y

estimate s ar e generall y aeeume dt o b

e tha t par t o f th e oversl l chloromethan e

•capabilitie s dedicate d -t o producin g chloiv-rurm
. Cayaville o oi c riexlUl e aim' s ultie r ehloromethane s ar e mad e i n th s Bam s equipment . A s marke t deman dfor methylen e chlorid e declined , producer s maximize doutpu t o f chloroform . Som e producer s mad e permanen t procee e «h*-»-*>*-'o

o MKA« htn.i...- . «hl->r*»^*».f par- d<»Jw» w -i-^lli/1—..t- i i»lil./«l.Ja weyawAl* * « Tl.-ec- w *wl(«»<*^oo hev e generall y

reduce doveral l chloromethane e capabilities . Bot hLC P Chemical s an d Occidenta l pla nt o increas e chloroform capacit y

t o 6 0 millio npound s b y mid-1989 . E N Duata....cniororor m (tricniorometnene ) i s a water-wnite , neav y liqui dwit na pleasan t etneree l non ixillatlri g odor . H l o to*it , r-on-rion-inoLlo , ai d I nUr n u-u-Jot'ale bullli' y tuln l «ii(

J vulalAlll y

lanyo . Clilu requirsment s o f th s America nChemica l Societ y Reagen t Chemica l Specifications . Chloroform

i e predominantl y

use da s th e startin g materia l fo r meltin g monochlorodi f luoromethane , com monl y know ne e fluorocerbo n2 2 (f-2 2 or CF C 22) . F.-2 2 i a produce db y reactin g chloroform

and anhydrou s hydroge nfluoride , usin g a partiall y fluorlnate dantimon

y chlorid e catalyst , i na continuou s liqui dphss e process . Fluorocerbo n2 2 ha s e boilin g poin t o f 40.6 ° C , whic hi e significantl y below the t o f chloroform . f"-£ 2 A B UievcPut- B cooll y ooyoiolev J ft-ui n li e toocLmiU o nliiiH i m o i*OL*y*.le- J
. Tl wmajo r a-jpllcBllu n IVii ' r**Z 2 i e a e a refrigeran t i n ai r conditioner s en drefrigerators . F-2 2 i e particularl y usefu l i nunit e havin g highcapacit y

an d smel l size , suc ha s househol droo m an d automobil B ai r conditioners . Th s us e o f smalle r refrigerato r an

d ai r conditionin g irtit s brough t increase ddemandfor F-2 2 relativ e t o F-12 7 However , eon vertin g stetionar y

refrigeratio nsystem s an d mobil e ai r conditioner s fro m F-1 2 t o F-2 Z t o reduc e ozon e de pletio nMoul drequir e extenaiv e equipmen t redesig nsinc e the compressor s operat e s t differen t pressure s an dtemperature s ths nwoul db s nssds dfo r operatio nwit hF-22 . F-2 2 i s a

n intermediat e fo r makin g fluoroplaeti c monomers . Tetrsfluoroethylan e (TFE ) monome r i s pro duce db y th e pyrolyti c dehydrochlorinstio no f F-22 . TF E i e polymerlie dt o polytetrafluoroethylen e (PTFE ) resins . Thee e fluoropolymer s ar e use dt o coa t kitche novens , cookin g pot s and pans , an d othe r househol d uteneil e o r appliance s tha t ar e subjecte dt o hightsmpersturss . PTF E rsein s ar e ele o use dt o provid e a corrosion-resistan t linin g for pipin g en d procee e vessel s a a Nel l a a for insulatio nand fabri c coating . Hsxsfluoropropylen e (HFP ) monome r i s mad e b y the pyrolysi s o f TFE . HF P i s use dt o mak e fluorlnate delas tomer s an

d specialt y

plasties . Relativel y mino r quantitie s o f F-2 2 er e uss da a degreasin g solvents . Othe r chemica l application s for chloroform includ e th e manufactur e o f dyes , reaine , an d fire - " extinguishin g agents . A s a n Extractio nsolvent , i t ha a applicatio ni nrecoverin g naturall y occurrin g sub stance s suc h8 8 penicillin , vitsmins , essentia l oils , an d alkaloids . Becaus e o r environmenta l and healt h concerns , chloroform ha s los t positio nin othe r solvent , extraction , o r ambien t ei r uses . Althoug hi t stil l ha a some veterinar y ua e B B a

n anesthetic , chlorofor m ha s bee nlargel y

replaced . EN D US E PATTER

N - 198 8 ESTIMAT E DERIVATIV E PERCEN T Monochlorod l fluoromethan e 5 7 Miscellensou B 3
MANUFACTURING....Althoug hothe r commercia l route s er e available , th e curren t dominan t proces s for makin g chloroform

i s th e hydrochlorlnetio no f msthsno l wit hhydroge nchloride . Methy l chlorid e i s th s initis l derivativ e o f th e reactio no f methano l end HC1 . Furthe r chlorinatio no f methy l chlorid e yield s othe r chloromethsnes , includin g methylen e chloride , chloroform an d carbo ntetrachloride . Throug hvariation s o f proces s snd recycling , th e desire dchlorinate dmethan e ca nb e obtaine dl nquantitie s equate dt o market, , demand . I f th e futur e narke t demandfor methylen e chlorid e decline s to o fsr , th s proces s may become less ' , attractive . Wha noutpu t o f chloroform squal s o r exceed s the productio nret e o f methylen e chloride , th e produc t rstl o me y

become uneconomi c unles s marke t value s o f coproduct e ca nbe improved . Chloroform , end othe r chloromethanes , ca ne l B O b e produce db

y chlorinatin g methane . Methan e chlorina tio nyield s methy l chloride , methylen e chlorid e end cerbo ntetrachloride , e s wel l a e chloroform . However, " flexibility , economics , an d produc t mi xhev e med e th e hydrochlorlnetio no f methano l th e dominan t process . US P chlorofor m

ca n be produce db

y th e resctlo no f seeton e end calciu m hypochlorite . Absolutel y pur e chloroform

decompose s rssdily ; particularl y i f expose dt o moistur e an d sunlight . Thsrsfors , th e US r chlo rofor m require e th e presenc e o f a smal l amoun t o f alcoho l t o retar ddecompoeition . ENVIR0WCNTA L ASPECTS....Chloroform i s a n ey e an d ski nirritant . However , inhalatio ni a th e majo r rout e o f chloroform

exposure . I n higheoncsntrstione , exposur s may esus s narcosi s end death . Llvs r and kidne y dam ag e ma y resul t fro

m bot hacut a an

d chroni c overexposure . Chloroform i s classifie da e a "suspscts dhuma n carcinogen" . Th e 1988/198 9 ACGI H recommende dpermissibl e exposur e limi t i s 1 0 pp m o f air , "tim e weighte d evereg e fo r a n 8-hou r period . I n1985 , th e U S Environmsnts l Protectio nAgsnc y adde dchloroform

t o it s lis t o f hszsrdou s si r pollut ant s unde r th e Clea nAi r Act . I n edditjo nt o pollutio nfro m chloroform

msnufectur e snd othe r industria l sources , ai r emission s o f chloroform ar e inadvertentl y

forme dwhe nwate r i s treate dwit hchlorine . Majo r source s o f emission s includ e pul psn d pape r production , en d wastswste r sn

d drinkin g wsts r trsstment . T o th s bes t o f our knowledge , th e Informatio nconteine dherei ni s accurate . However , w e d o no t aseum s an

y liabilit y

whatsoeve r for the completenes s or accurac y o f thi s report .