SECOND DIVISION

ANDREWS, P. J.,

McFADDEN and MCMILLIAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

October 23, 2014

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A14A0762. CITY OF BROOKHAVEN, GEORGIA et al. v. CITY

OF CHAMBLEE, GEORGIA.

MCMILLIAN, Judge.

This appeal presents an issue of first impression: whether a municipality has

the authority pursuant to OCGA § 36-36-21 to annex land that the General Assembly

has designated for annexation to another municipality,subjectto a referendum, before

the referendum takes place. We find that municipalities do not have such authority.

The facts underlying this appeal are undisputed, and thusthe application of law

to these facts is subject to de novo review. Fayette County v. Steele, 268 Ga. App. 13

(601 SE2d 403) (2004). In 2013, the General Assembly passed Local Act 205 (the

“Act”), which established boundariesfor an area of land (the “Annexation Area”) for
annexation by the City of Chamblee, Georgia (“Chamblee”).1 Ga. L. 2013, Vol. 2, p.

4320-4322. The Annexation Area included “Century Center,” a commercial

development owned by Highwoods Properties, Inc.2

(“Highwoods”). Section 1 of the

Act provided a legal description of the Annexation Area and stated that it was

creating a new charter for Chamblee “by annexing [the area] to the existing corporate

limits” of Chamblee. Ga. L. 2013, Vol. 2, at 4320. Section 2 of the Act provided that

“the election superintendent of DeKalb County shall call and conduct an election as

provided in this section for the purpose of submitting this Act to the electors of the

[Annexation Area] for approval or rejection.” Id. at 4321. The legislation further

provided that the superintendent was to conduct this referendum “on the Tuesday

after the first Monday in November, 2013,” and that “[i]f more than one-half of the

votes cast on such question are for approval of the annexation, then this Act shall

become effective on December 30, 2013.” Id. But “[i]f more than one-half of the

votes cast on such question are for rejection of the annexation, this Act shall not

1 As Highwoods notes, the Act originated in the legislature as House Bill 619.

Ga. House Journal 2013, pp. 2845, 4066, 4070, available at

http://www.house.ga.gov/clerk/en-US/HouseJournals.aspx.

2 The City of Brookhaven, Georgia joined Highwoods in filing the notice of

appeal in this case but never filed any appellate briefing. Accordingly, Brookhaven’s

appeal is deemed abandoned, leaving Highwoods as the sole appellant.

2
become effective and shall be automatically repealed on the first day of January

immediately following such election date.” Id. The Act was signed by the Governor

on May 6, 2013. Ga. L. 2013, Vol. 2, at 4322.

Thereafter, on July 1, 2013, Highwoods applied to the City of Brookhaven,

Georgia (“Brookhaven”) for annexation of Century Center into that city’s corporate

limits under the “100 percent method” of annexation outlined in OCGA § 36-36-21.

3

After Brookhaven’s city council scheduled a vote on the issue, Chamblee filed a

petition seeking a declaratory judgment and injunctive relief against Brookhaven.

Chamblee initially obtained a temporary restraining order enjoining the Brookhaven

city council from voting on the annexation. Subsequently, the trial court allowed

Highwoods to intervene in the action as a defendant, without objection by Chamblee

or Brookwood. And on August 19, 2013, the trial court issued an interlocutory

injunction barring the City of Brookhaven “from acting to annex any portion of the

[Annexation Area] until further order of this Court.” In September 2013, the parties

filed cross-motions for summary judgment. 

3 Thatstatute allows municipal corporations “to annex to the existing corporate

limits thereof unincorporated areas contiguous to the existing corporate limits at the

time of such annexation . . . upon the written and signed applications of all of the

owners of all of the land.” OCGA § 36-36-21.

3
In the interim, Brookhaven and Highwoods filed an emergency motion in the

Supreme Court of Georgia seeking relief from the August 19 injunction. On October

3, 2013, the Supreme Court granted the motion, staying the trial court’sinterlocutory

injunction “to the extent that it prohibits a vote by the City Council of Brookhaven

on the annexation of Century Center or otherwise interferes with acts of a legislative

character.” Thereafter, on October 11, 2013, Brookhaven and Highwoods filed a

document entitled “Notice of Annexation” in the trial court, which stated that “on

Tuesday, October 8, 2013, the City of Brookhaven annexed the territory known as

Century Center,” but which did not include any supporting documentation. 

Based on that filing, Brookhaven and Highwoods asserted in supplemental

briefing on the cross-motions for summary judgment that Brookhaven’s annexation

of the Century Center property was a fait accompli. And they argued that allowing

Chamblee’s annexation to proceed by enforcing the Act would mean that the Act

would serve both to deannex the Century Center property from the corporate limits

of Brookhaven and to annex it to the corporate limits of Chamblee. As a result, they

contended that the Act would violate this state’s constitutional requirement that all

legislation have a single subject matter. See Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. III, Sec. V, Par.

III. On October 28, 2013, the trial court issued an order granting Chamblee’s

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summary judgment motion and allowing Chamblee to proceed with its annexation.

The Order also denied Highwoods’s and Brookhaven’s summary judgment motions,

without addressing their constitutional argument. Highwoods appealed that order the

same day. 

Subsequently, on November 5, 2013, voters approved the annexation by

referendum. Under the terms of the Act, Chamblee’s annexation became effective on

December 30, 2013, but in response to an emergencymotion filed by Highwoods, this

Court issued an order on December 19, 2013, enjoining Chamblee from proceeding

with the annexation of the Century Center property pending resolution of this appeal. 

1. The issues in this case require us to consider the relative powers of

annexation granted to the General Assembly and tomunicipalities under Georgia law.

The starting point of our analysisisthe provision of the Georgia Constitution vesting

all legislative power in the General Assembly. Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. III, Sec. I, Par.

I. Historically, our Supreme Court determined that the power of annexation is

legislative in nature and that the legislature could not delegate such power to

municipalities because the Georgia Constitution did not authorize it to do so. See Du

Pre v. City of Marietta, 213 Ga. 403, 405-406 (2) (99 SE2d 156) (1957); Phillips v.

City of Atlanta, 210 Ga. 72, 75 (77 SE2d 723) (1953). See also Ballentine v.

5
Willingham, 237 Ga. 60, 61 (1) (226 SE2d 593) (1976) (“It has always been within

the power of the General Assembly to extend or diminish the corporate limits of a

municipality.”). Therefore, annexation by a municipality required a local act by the

General Assembly. See Bruck v. City of Temple, 240 Ga. 411, 413 (3), n. 3 (240 SE2d

876) (1977). 

But in 1954, the Georgia Constitution was amended to allow the General

Assembly “[to provide] by law for the self-government of municipalities and to that

end [it was] expressly given the authority to delegate its power so that matters

pertaining to municipalities may be dealt with without the necessity of action by the

General Assembly.” Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. IX, Sec. II, Par. II. This Amendment

thus granted the General Assembly the authority to delegate the power of annexation

to municipalities. See Niskey Lake Water Works, Inc. v. Garner, 228 Ga. 864, 866

(188 SE2d 864) (1972). 

The General Assembly subsequently passed legislation delegating to

municipalities the authority to annex adjoining land under three alternative methods:

(1) the “100% method,” by which a municipality may annex adjoining land upon

application by all the owners of the land, with certain exceptions, OCGA §§ 36-36-20

to 36-36-23; (2) the “60% method,” by which a municipality may annex adjoining

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land upon application by a minimum of 60% of adjoining landowners, OCGA §§ 36-

36-30 to 36-36-40; and (3) the “Resolution and Referendum method,” by which a

municipality may, on its own initiative, annex contiguous lands meeting certain

requirements, by resolution and referendum, OCGA §§ 36-36-51 to 36-36-61.

Nevertheless, the General Assembly has expressly retained its authority to annex or

deannex by local act and has clarified that none of the alternative annexation methods

“is intended to or shall be construed to in any way to restrict, limit, or otherwise

impair the authority of the General Assembly to annex or deannex by local Act.”

OCGA § 36-36-10.

4

 See also OCGA § 36-36-16.

2. In this case, the General Assembly exercised its authority to annex by local

act by designating a particular tract of land for annexation by Chamblee and by

4

 OCGA § 36-36-10 provides in full:

It is the express intent of the General Assembly in enacting the

provisions of this chapter to provide for alternative methods for

annexing or deannexing an area or areas into or from the corporate

limits of a municipality. Except as otherwise expressly provided in this

chapter, no provision of this chapter relating to annexation or

deannexation by any such alternate method is intended to or shall be

construed to in any way restrict, limit, or otherwise impair the authority

of the General Assembly to annex or deannex by local Act.

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providing that the electors in the Annexation Area would vote on the issue in a

referendum.

5 But before the referendum could take place, Highwoods petitioned

Brookhaven to annex the Century Center property under the 100% method, and the

Brookhaven city council voted to approve the annexation. Highwoods argues on

appeal that the trial court erred in relying on the Act to grant summary judgment to

Chamblee because under its terms, the Act would not become effective until later,

after referendum approval, which occurred approximately one month after the

Brookhaven council’s vote. 

Thus, we must determine the Act’s status at the time the Brookhaven city

council voted to annex Century Center. Under Georgia law, the baseline rule is that

local legislation is intended to have the effect of law “immediately upon approval by

the Governor or upon [its] becoming law without his approval, unless a different

effective date is specified in the Act . . . .” OCGA § 1-3-4 (b). Among other things,

5 Georgia law requiressuch a referendum“if the number of residentsin the area

to be annexed exceeds 3 percent of the population of the municipal corporation or

500 people, whichever is less.” OCGA § 36-36-16 (b). Although Chamblee’s

argument below suggests that the population of the Annexation Area met this

requirement, the appellate record does not provide clear evidence on thisissue. In any

event, OCGA § 36-36-16 (b) empowers the legislature to provide for a referendum

without regard to the population requirements. See also Wall v. Bd. of Elections of

Chatham County, 242 Ga. 566, 572 (6) (250 SE2d 408) (1978) (holding that the

General Assembly had such authority prior to statutory grant of such power).

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the Act both identified the Annexation Area for inclusion within the Chamblee

corporate limits and directed the elections superintendent in DeKalb County to hold

a referendum to allow a vote on whether that designated area should be annexed. If

the voters approved the annexation, the Act then stated that it would become effective

on December 30, 2013. Thus, we find that the Act was in effect when signed by the

Governor with regard to setting the referendum for a vote on the designated

Annexation Area.6 See Smith v. City Council of Augusta, 203 Ga. 511, 519 (2) (47

SE2d 582) (1948) (“It is obvious . . . that the legislature intended the portions of the

[Act] providing for a referendum to become effective immediately upon its approval

by the Governor.”).

Highwoods argues, however, that the Act was not yet in effect when

Brookhaven voted to annex CenturyCenter based on the language that the Act would

only become effective on December 30, after a positive referendum vote. But this

argument ignoresthe language of the Act providing that if the voters disapproved the

annexation, the Act not only would “not become effective,” it would also be

“automatically repealed.” (Emphasis supplied.) Ga. L. 2013, Vol. 2, at 4321.

6 We note that Highwoods conceded in the trial court that at the very least

“H[ouse] B[ill] 619 [Local Act 205] [was] effective for the purpose of holding the

Referendum.” 

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Highwoods’s argument that the Act was not in effect when the Brookhaven city

council voted would render the word “repealed” mere surplusage, because the

General Assembly would have had no need to repeal an Act that was never in effect.

“In construing statutes, a court must give meaning to and harmonize all parts

of the statute to give them sensible and intelligent effect, while avoiding

constructions that make any part of the statute mere surplusage.” (Citation and

punctuation omitted.) Cherokee Warehouses, Inc. v. Babb Lumber Co., 244 Ga. App.

197, 198 (535 SE2d 254) (2000). Although the language providing that the Act would

not become effective until December 30, 2013 wasinartfully worded, when we apply

the principles of statutory construction, we find that the Act went into effect upon the

Governor’s signature on May 6, 2013, to initiate the referendum process on the

defined Annexation Area, and the referendum was a condition precedent for

annexation. Smith, 203 Ga. at 519 (2). However, the annexation itself was not

intended to become effective until December 30, 2013, if it received voter approval.

Thus, we reject Highwoods’s contention that the Act was not in effect until after the

referendum and that the trial court improperly relied on the Act in granting summary

judgment to Chamblee.

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3. We next consider whether Brookhaven could exercise its power to annex

Century Center out of the designated Annexation Area while the referendum process

was pending, and we conclude that it could not.

As a starting point, we consider the intent of the General Assembly in enacting

the alternative annexation methods vis-aÌ-vis the General Assembly’s authority to

annex by local act. Although a municipality’s exercise of its delegated power for

annexation has been deemed an exercise of the General Assembly’slegislative power,

our Supreme Court has also recognized that “municipalities can receive and retain

only such legislative power of the General Assembly as that body determines from

time to time they should exercise.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Higdon v. City

of Senoia, 273 Ga. 83, 86 (3) (538 SE2d 39) (2000) (quoting Plantation Pipe Line Co.

v. City of Bremen, 227 Ga. 1, 7 (1) (178 SE2d 868) (1970)). And we must keep in

mind that “allocations of power from the state are strictly construed.” Kemp v. City

of Claxton, 269 Ga. 173, 176 (1) (496 SE2d 712) (1998).

The pivotal question, therefore, focuses on the scope of the General

Assembly’s delegation of annexation authority to municipalities, and we find OCGA

§ 36-10-10 particularly instructive on that issue. OCGA § 36-36-21 provides that the

100% method of annexation relied upon by Highwoods must be exercised in

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accordance with Article 1 of the Georgia Code’s annexation chapter. That article

includes OCGA § 36-36-10, in which the General Assembly specifically set out its

intent that the alternative annexation methods were not intended and should not be

construed “to in any way restrict, limit, or otherwise impair” the exercise of its

constitutionally granted annexation powers. 

Because the words “restrict, limit, or otherwise impair” are not defined, we

“must afford [this] statutory text its ‘plain and ordinary meaning.’” (Citations and

punctuation omitted.) Deal v. Coleman, 294 Ga. 170, 172 (1) (751 SE2d 337) (2013).

See also Clement v. State, 309 Ga. App. 376, 379 (1) (a) (710 SE2d 590) (2011).

Black’s Law Dictionary defines the term “restriction” as meaning “[a] limitation or

qualification,” Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed. 2009); the term “limit” as meaning

to restrict, restrain, or to set a boundary, such as on power, right or authority, id.; and

the term “impair” as meaning “[t]o diminish the value of.” Id. Accordingly, under

OCGA § 36-10-10, the alternative annexation methods were not intended to limit,

restrict, restrain, set a boundary on, or otherwise diminish the value of the General

Assembly’s annexation powers.

Applying these plain meanings, we find that permitting Brookhaven to annex

the Century Center property would clearly restrict, limit, and/or impair the General

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Assembly’s authority to annex in this case. Section 1 of the Act defined the territory

to be annexed by Chamblee to include the Century Center property, and Section 2 of

the Act sets the date of the referendum on the annexation of that territory, required

publication of the election, and spelled out the words to be used in the referendum

ballot. Allowing Brookhaven to annex a portion of this territory before the

referendum could take place would, in essence, allow it to unilaterally effectuate an

amendment to the Act during a period of time when the General Assembly was not

even in session.

7 Such action clearly would limit, restrain, set a boundary on, and

otherwise diminish the value of the General Assembly’s exercise of its annexation

powers through local act.

Moreover, the referendum initiated by the Act had to proceed in accordance

with Georgia law. And in odd yearssuch as 2013, such referendums may only be held

on the third Tuesday in March or the Tuesday after the first Monday in November.

See OCGA § 21-2-540 (c) (2) (A) (setting timesfor special elections); OCGA § 21-2-

2 (33) (defining special elections); Stiles v. Earnest, 252 Ga. 260, 261 (1) (312 SE2d

337) (1984) (a referendum is a special election under Georgia law). Accordingly, the

7

 In 2013, the General Assembly was in session during the period January 14

to March 28, 2013. Ga. House Journal 2013, pp. 1, 48-49, 100, 2806-2808, 2861,

4877. 

13
referendum in this case could not have occurred before November 5, 2013. The

required timing for the referendumfurther supports our conclusion that a municipality

may not carve out a portion of the legislature’s designated Annexation Area before

the referendum could lawfully proceed.

8

Thus, we find that the General Assembly did not intend the alternative methods

of annexation to establish a system for municipalities to race the legislature to annex

land that it already has designated for annexation under local law. To the contrary, we

find that OCGA§ 36-36-10 prohibitedBrookhaven fromattempting to annexCentury

Center during the Act’s referendum process.

9

8 We note that Georgia law provides that annexation, by local act or otherwise,

does not become effective for all purposes until December 31 of the year in which it

occurs. No annexation becomeslawful for ad valoremtax purposes on an earlier date.

OCGA § 36-36-2 (a) and (b). However, in the case of a local act, the act itself may

provide that the annexation becomes effective for other purposes on an earlier date,

OCGA § 36-36-2 (a), and in the case of annexation by alternative method, the

annexation becomes effective for all other purposes on the first day of the month

following the month in which the requirements for annexation are met. OCGA § 36-

36-2 (b).

9 Therefore, the Act did not need to contain an express provision prohibiting

municipalities from seeking to annex any portion of the designated Annexation Area

in the interim, because it had already prevented any such action under OCGA § 36-

36-10.

14
Highwoods also contends that a local law such as the Act cannot prevent

Brookhaven’s exercise of its authority to annex, which was delegated by general law,

because the Georgia Constitution provides that “no local . . . law shall be enacted in

any case for which provision has been made by an existing general law.” Ga. Const.

1983, Art. III, Sec. 6, Par. IV. We find no merit to this argument because it ignores

the express limitations imposed by general law on the delegation of annexation

authority to municipalities. Even though the General Assembly may only annex by

local act, its enactment of OCGA § 36-10-10 reserved to itself priority in exercising

the legislative power of annexation and limited the municipalities’ annexation power

accordingly. 

We find, therefore, that the trial court properly granted Chamblee’s motion for

summary judgment and denied Highwoods’s motion.

10

4. Highwoods also contends that enforcement of the Act following

Brookhaven’s vote to annex the property would be in violation of the Georgia

Constitution’s one-subject-matter rule, because the Act would simultaneously

10

In order tomaintain the status quo pending any further appellate proceedings,

our December 19, 2013 order enjoining Chamblee from proceeding with the

annexation of the CenturyCenter property owned byHighwoodsisto remain in effect

until remittitur is filed in the trial court or until further order of this Court or the

Supreme Court of Georgia.

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deannex the Century Center property from Brookhaven and annex it to Chamblee.

See Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. III, Sec. V, Par. III.11 This argument fails.

Highwoods raised this constitutional issue before the trial court following the

vote by the Brookhaven city council, but the trial court did not issue a ruling on the

issue. “After [a] constitutional issue has been properly raised in the trial court, the

trial court must rule upon the issue; the appellate court lacks subject matter

jurisdiction to decide issues never ruled upon by the trial court.” In re July-August,

2003 DeKalb County Grand Jury, 265 Ga. App. 870, 871-872 (2) (595 SE2d 674)

(2004). Georgia courts previously have held that a constitutional issue is waived for

appellate review where the trial court fails to rule upon it. Haynes v. Wells, 273 Ga.

106, 108 (3) (538 SE2d 430) (2000); DeKalb County Grand Jury, 265 Ga. App. at

872 (2). However, the Supreme Court of Georgia more recently has directed that this

Court remand a case for the trial court’s consideration of a constitutional issue, even

if this Court has determined that summary judgment was otherwise appropriate. City

of Decatur v. DeKalb County, 284 Ga. 434, 438 (2) (668 SE2d 247) (2008).

11 That provision reads, in relevant part, “No bill shall pass which refers to

more than one subject matter . . . .” Ga. Const. of 1983, Art. III, Sec. V, Par. III.

16
Although, here, we have found that the trial court properly granted summary

judgment to Chamblee, we do not believe a remand is necessary for consideration of

Highwoods’s constitutional argument because it is based on the false premise that

Brookhaven annexed the Century Center property when its city council voted on the

issue. As we have found that Brookhaven lacked the authority to annex that property

during the pendency of Chamblee’s referendum process, no annexation by

Brookhaven has occurred.

12 Thus, no issue arises as to whether enforcement of the

Act will violate Art. III, Sec. V, Par. III of the Georgia Constitution.

Judgment affirmed. Andrews, P. J., and McFadden, J., concur.

12 Moreover, we note that Brookhaven took no further action after its city

council’s vote, because it was enjoined from doing so. The trial court enjoined

Brookhaven from taking any action to annex Century Center, and the Supreme

Court’s order on emergency motion stayed only that portion of the injunction that

prohibited a vote by the city council or other actions of a legislative nature. The order

expressly stated that the injunction remained “in full force and effect” as to any

executive or other non-legislative acts in furtherance of annexation. 

17