NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LUKE DAVIS, JULIAN VARGAS, and 

AMERICAN COUNCIL OF THE BLIND, 

individually and on behalf of all others 

similarly situated, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

LABORATORY CORPORATION OF 

AMERICA HOLDINGS, d/b/a LABCORP, 

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 22-55873 

D.C. No.2:20-cv-00893-FMO-KS

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Fernando M. Olguin, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted November 9, 2023

Pasadena, California

Before: FLETCHER and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges, and SCHREIER,** District 

Judge.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Karen E. Schreier, United States District Judge for the 

District of South Dakota, sitting by designation.

FILED

FEB 8 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

On May 23, 2022, the district court certified two classes in the instant action: 

a California class under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) seeking damages 

under California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act (Unruh Act); and a nationwide class 

seeking relief under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Rehabilitation 

Act, and the Affordable Care Act. On June 13, 2022, the district court amended its 

class certification order to refine the class definitions. LabCorp filed an 

interlocutory appeal of the May 23 class-certification order under Rule 23(f), sua 

sponte challenging plaintiffs’ Article III standing, as well as the propriety of the 

district court’s certification order. We authorized the interlocutory appeal on 

September 22, 2022. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(e) and Rule 

23(f). Considering Article III standing de novo, Crum v. Circus Circus Enters., 

231 F.3d 1129, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000), and reviewing the district court’s classcertification decision for abuse of discretion, Sali v. Corona Reg’l Med. Ctr., 909 

F.3d 996, 1002 (9th Cir. 2018), we affirm.

1. LabCorp argues that plaintiffs lack Article III standing for their Unruh 

Act claim because class representative Vargas, along with class members, did not 

experience a cognizable injury and were not concretely harmed. Although the 

district court did not directly address standing in either of its class-certification

orders, “we have an independent duty to do so before turning to the merits.” 

Langer v. Kiser, 57 F.4th 1085, 1091 (9th Cir. 2023). “To establish injury in fact, a 
3 

plaintiff must show that he or she suffered ‘an invasion of a legally protected 

interest’ that is ‘concrete and particularized’ and ‘actual or imminent, not 

conjectural or hypothetical.’” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338 (2016) 

(quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992)). In the 

disability discrimination context, we have found that “it is not necessary for 

standing purposes that the barrier completely preclude the plaintiff from entering 

or from using a facility in any way.” Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.) Inc., 631 

F.3d 939, 947 (9th Cir. 2011). Instead, the plaintiff need only demonstrate that the 

barrier “interfere[s] with the plaintiff’s ‘full and equal enjoyment’ of the facility.” 

Id. (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12182). Full and equal enjoyment requires “effective 

communication” with disabled individuals. Robles v. Domino’s Pizza, LLC, 913 

F.3d 898, 906-07 (9th Cir. 2019); see also 28 C.F.R. § 36.303(c)(1). 

Vargas established an injury sufficient to confer standing. Because a 

plaintiff must demonstrate standing “with the manner and degree of evidence 

required at the successive stages of the litigation,” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561 (1992), 

we assess whether plaintiffs have demonstrated standing under a “preponderance 

of the evidence” standard, Olean Wholesale Grocery Coop., Inc. v. Bumble Bee 

Foods LLC, 31 F.4th 651, 665 (9th Cir. 2022). Vargas contends that he entered a 

LabCorp facility and intended to check in using the kiosk but was unable to do so 

because the kiosk was not accessible to the blind. Instead, Vargas was forced to 
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wait until he was noticed by a staff member who aided him with check-in. As a 

result of the inaccessibility of the kiosk, Vargas was unable to immediately 

preserve his place in the patient queue, as sighted patients could, or to access any 

other kiosk features, such as the ability to privately alter account information. 

Thus, Vargas was denied effective communication and, by extension, the full and 

equal enjoyment of LabCorp’s services. This injury is adequately concrete to 

convey Article III standing.

2. The district court also did not abuse its discretion in certifying the 

Unruh Act class over LabCorp’s objections to commonality, predominance, 

typicality, manageability, and superiority. To certify a class under Rule 23, 

plaintiffs must make two showings. First, plaintiffs must demonstrate 

commonality, numerosity, typicality, and adequacy of representation under Rule 

23(a). “Second, the plaintiffs must show that the class fits into one of three 

categories.” Olean Wholesale Grocery Coop., 31 F.4th at 663. This case falls into 

the third category, which permits a class action if “questions of law or fact 

common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only 

individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods 

for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3).

LabCorp first challenges the district court’s finding that common facts 

predominate the Unruh Act claim, arguing that the standing of each class member 
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requires “an individualized inquiry” into whether each class member has 

demonstrated “difficulty, discomfort, or embarrassment.” But difficulty, 

discomfort, or embarrassment are required to recover damages only in 

construction-related Unruh Act claims. See Cal. Civ. Code § 55.56(c). Because 

this case concerns effective communication and not construction, such a showing 

for each plaintiff is not required. Nor is it required that each plaintiff suffer 

identical harm; rather, the relevant inquiry is whether class members were subject 

to the same injuring behavior. See Just Film, Inc. v. Buono, 847 F.3d 1108, 1120 

(9th Cir. 2017). Because all class members maintain that their injury resulted from 

the inaccessibility of a LabCorp kiosk, the commonality requirement is satisfied.1

Based on the same findings, we also uphold the district court’s holding that 

common questions predominate. The district court identified six common issues, 

whose answers could determine key elements of the case. Finding that these 

questions predominate is not an abuse of the district court’s discretion.

Next, LabCorp challenges the typicality of Vargas’s claim, arguing that his 

experiences and the experiences of class members “varied significantly.” Rule 23’s 

typicality requirement, however, is a “permissive standard,” satisfied when 

1 LabCorp’s allegation that some potential class members may not have been 

injured does not defeat commonality at this time. See Olean, 31 F.4th at 668–69 

(holding that Rule 23 permits “certification of a class that potentially includes 

more than a de minimus number of uninjured class members”).
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representative claims “are reasonably co-extensive with those of absent class 

members[.]” Castillo v. Bank of Am., NA, 980 F.3d 723, 729 (9th Cir. 2020)

(quotations omitted). Representative claims “need not be substantially identical[]” 

to the claims of absent members. Id. Here, like the absent class members, Vargas 

is blind, tried to access LabCorp services, and was unable to do so using a kiosk. 

Thus, his claim is typical of the class, and the district court did not abuse its 

discretion in so finding.

Lastly, LabCorp challenges the superiority of class adjudication, as required 

by Rule 23(b)(3). Though four factors determine superiority under the Rule, 

LabCorp disputes only the fourth factor: the manageability of the class. Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 23(b)(3)(A)–(D). LabCorp contends that the class is unmanageable because 

there is no proposed way of identifying which persons visiting LabCorp stations 

are legally blind.2

As the district court found, “identifying class members would not be 

difficult” because “Labcorp knows how many patients checked in, and has 

2 Though LabCorp also argues that the $4,000 damages amount available under the 

Unruh Act issignificant enough to weigh against superiority under Rule 23(b)(3), 

such concerns are typically adjudicated under the Rule 23(a) factors. But, even if 

we were to consider LabCorp’s argument, we agree with the district court that the 

$4,000 statutory damage amount is a minimal sum that “would be dwarfed by the 

cost of litigating on an individual basis” in this case, given the complexity of the 

litigation. SeeWolin v. Jaguar Land Rover N. Am., LLC, 617 F.3d 1168, 1175 (9th 

Cir. 2010).
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information on those patients from their provided ID and insurance.” Though no 

specific method for identifying class members has been identified, claims 

administrators, auditing processes, and other techniques may be used to validate 

claims. And as the court managing the litigation process, the district court is best 

situated to determine its own capacity to oversee the location of class members.

3. The district court did not abuse its discretion in certifying the 

nationwide class based on its determination that a nationwide injunction could 

provide relief to all members. The district court certified the nationwide class 

under Rule 23(b)(2), which permits class certification when “the party opposing 

the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so 

that final injunctive relief . . . is appropriate respecting the class as a whole[.]” 

LabCorp argues that no single injunction could provide relief to all class members, 

because not all blind people prefer the same accommodations. But the class 

members in this action were not injured by LabCorp’s failure to meet their 

preferences; instead, all class members were injured by the complete 

inaccessibility of LabCorp kiosks for blind individuals. As the district court 

reasoned, by adding technological accommodations, the kiosks could be rendered 

accessible to the blind, thus addressing the injuries of the entire class. Although

some class members may still prefer not to use the kiosks, providing them the
8 

ability to make that choice in the first place relieves any current injury. The district 

court did not abuse its discretion in reaching the same conclusion.

4. Lastly, we decline to address LabCorp’s argument that the district 

court erred in certifying two fail-safe classes. LabCorp appeals only the district 

court’s May 23 order, and not the revised class definitions in its June 13 order.

Although LabCorp’s argument references the refined definitions from the June 13

order, only the May 23 order was attached to LabCorp’s interlocutory appeal, as is 

required by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 5. Further, LabCorp never 

attempted to amend or refile its interlocutory appeal to include the June 13 order. 

Therefore, LabCorp’s argument is not properly before this court. See Stockwell v. 

City and County of San Francisco, 749 F.3d 1107, 1113 (9th Cir. 2014) (“We must 

police the bounds of our jurisdiction vigorously [concerning Rule 23(f) appeals] as 

elsewhere.”)

AFFIRMED.