UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

ALEXANDER GALLO,

Plaintiff,

v. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 

Defendant.

Case No. 1:21-cv-03298 (TNM)

MEMORANDUM ORDER

 Alexander Gallo owns and rents condos in the District of Columbia. His business took a 

hit during the pandemic when the District passed laws that curbed his right to evict tenants or sue 

for rent. So he sued, alleging that these laws violated his constitutional rights. The Court 

disagreed and dismissed Gallo’s Complaint. 

Now, Gallo asks the Court to reconsider that decision. He says the Court got some facts 

wrong and challenges the Court’s Contract Clause and takings analyses. Some of Gallo’s factual 

points are well taken; had he made them in his Complaint, the result may have been different. 

Thus, to prevent manifest injustice and afford Gallo solicitude as a pro se litigant, the Court will 

reopen this case and direct him to amend his Complaint within 30 days. 

I.

 Starting in 2020, the District passed a flurry of temporary COVID laws. One of these 

barred landlords from suing to evict tenants. See Coronavirus Omnibus Emergency Amendment 

Act of 2020, D.C. Act 23-317, § 10 (May 13, 2020). Another barred suits to collect debts. See 

COVID-19 Response Supplemental Emergency Amendment Act of 2020, D.C. Act 23-286, 

§ 207 (Apr. 10, 2020). Plus, it launched STAY DC, a program that allowed landlords and 

tenants to apply together for rental assistance. See Press Release, Exec. Off. of the Mayor, 
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Mayor Bowser Announces $350 Million Rent and Utility Assistance Program for DC Residents, 

Gov’t of the Dist. of Columbia (April 12, 2021), https://bit.ly/3gLibqH. And it enacted the 

Coronavirus Support Temporary Amendment Act of 2021 (PPP). D.C. Act 24-62, § 402 (May 3, 

2021) (codified at D.C. Code § 42-3192.01). The PPP required landlords to offer payment plans 

to certain tenants, and it protected those tenants from lawsuits if they abided by their plans’

terms. D.C. Code § 42-3192.01(g).

In 2021, the District began sunsetting these laws. D.C. Act 24-125 (Jul. 24, 2021) 

(codified at D.C. Code § 42-3505.01 et seq.) (“Phasing Act”). Thus, landlords who had used the 

District’s rental-assistance program could begin filing eviction lawsuits in October of that year. 

Id.

Because of these laws, Gallo could not evict a squatter from one of his condos. Compl. 

¶ 2, ECF No. 1-1. So he sued the District, alleging that it had violated the Constitution’s

Contract Clause, Petition Clause, and Takings Clause, as well as his right of access to courts. Id. 

at 2. The District then moved to dismiss. See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 6.

The Court agreed with the District and dismissed Gallo’s claims without prejudice. 

Order, ECF No. 19. It found that Gallo lacked standing for his claim that the PPP violated the 

Contract Clause. Mem. Op. at 6, ECF No. 18. And the Court found that neither the Filing 

Moratorium nor the Debt Collection Moratorium violated Gallo’s constitutional rights. Id. at 10, 

15, 20, 22. Now, Gallo asks the Court to reconsider. See Mot. for Recon. (MFR), ECF No. 22.

II.

On a motion for reconsideration under Rule 59(e), the movant must point to either “an 

“intervening change of controlling law,” “new evidence,” “a clear error,” or the need to “prevent 

manifest injustice.” Leidos, Inc. v. Hellenic Republic, 881 F.3d 213, 217 (D.C. Cir. 2018)
3

(cleaned up). These motions are disfavored and must be denied if they merely “raise arguments 

or present evidence that could have been raised prior to the entry of judgment.” Id. (cleaned 

up).

Gallo raises many points for reconsideration. Most get him nowhere. But a few factual 

points are compelling: Gallo explains that the squatter did not apply for assistance and then 

disappeared. And he also suggests that he never invited the squatter in the first place (although 

his first Complaint seems to undercut that). 

Because of the solicitude courts afford pro se litigants and the need to prevent manifest

injustice, the Court reopens this case. See Moini v. LeBlanc, 456 F. Supp. 3d 34, 40 (D.D.C. 

2020) (declining to dismiss inartfully pled pro se complaint). Gallo shall thus have 30 days to 

file an Amended Complaint that addresses the factual deficiencies in his first.

III.

These key fact issues rear their head in a few places.

A.

Gallo claims that the Court erred in characterizing some of the District’s programs as 

relief programs for landlords. See, e.g., Mem. Op. at 3 (calling STAY DC a “program[] to assist 

property owners facing financial strain from unpaid rent”); id. at 6 (“The PPP is a remedy for the 

District’s laws restricting evictions.”). Instead, he protests, those programs were meant to assist 

tenants. MFR at 2, 4. Relatedly, Gallo says that the Court wrongly assumed that he “could 

‘apply’ for relief and receive it.” MFR at 1. 

Start with STAY DC. Gallo quibbles with the Court’s characterization that the program 

helped “certain tenants and housing providers.” MFR at 2 (quoting Mem. Op. at 3). Gallo 

insists that this is not so because the program requires that both a landlord and his tenant apply. 
4

Granted, that rule may mean that many landlords received no help. But it does not mean that the 

program helped no landlords. By assisting tenants who were otherwise unable to pay, the 

program helped landlords who might otherwise have received no money.

That said, the fact issues raised in Gallo’s motion bear on whether relief was available to 

him. Gallo argues that relief was unavailable to him under STAY DC because “[i]f a tenant does 

not act there is no application.” MFR at 2; see also Reply at 1, ECF No. 25. But Gallo never

clearly said in his Complaint that the “squatter” in his house had refused to apply. So the Court 

could not assume that relief was unavailable to him.

To be sure, Gallo said that “[n]o compensation was or is provided or promised by the 

District.” Compl. ¶ 4. And he also called the District’s remedies for landlords non-existent. See 

Motion to Strike at 1, 3, ECF No. 10. But the Court need not take these conclusory allegations

as true. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 681 (2009). 

Yet now, Gallo clarifies that “the occupant did not pay, did not ‘apply’ for assistance, 

[and] disappeared.” MFR at 5. This may change things. And Gallo may plead these facts in his 

Amended Complaint.

B.

Those fact issues may alter the Court’s takings analysis.

1. Yee. Start with Gallo’s claim that the Court improperly relied on Yee v. City of 

Escondido, 503 U.S. 519 (1992). He argues that Yee does not control here because the law at 

issue there allowed eviction for nonpayment of rent. See MFR at 7. True, but that was not 

central to the Court’s holding. Instead, Yee rested in large part on the voluntariness of the 

owner/renter relationship. As the Supreme Court noted, “Petitioners voluntarily rented their land 

to mobile home owners.” 503 U.S. at 527. And it considered that relationship voluntary even 
5

though there was at least one restriction on evictions. Id. at 528 (“[A] park owner who wishes to 

change the use of his land may evict his tenants, albeit with 6 or 12 months notice.”). Had the 

District forced Gallo to allow the squatter access to his apartment in the first place, Gallo’s 

argument would fare better. But on the face of Gallo’s Complaint, it appeared that he initially 

“invited” the squatter onto his property.

Yet Gallo now says that the Court misread his Complaint when finding that he had 

“invited” the squatter. See MFR at 4. As Gallo notes, he plead that “a squatter has been residing 

at the District’s invitation for nearly two years.” Compl. ¶ 2 (emphasis added). So the Court 

was wrong to write that “Gallo invited the nonpaying tenant onto his property.” Mem. Op. at 16. 

The Court disagrees. Gallo ignores the rest of his Complaint. There, he adds that this 

squatter “was foreclosed nearly two years ago for not paying his bills.” Compl. ¶ 2. Based on 

that, the Court read Gallo’s allegation that the District “invited” the squatter as follows: by 

passing laws restricting evictions, the District had “invited” the squatter to stay. And that was a 

fair reading. The squatter was at one point “paying his bills” and thus presumably invited there 

by Gallo. If that is wrong, as Gallo now suggests, then he may clarify those facts in his 

Amended Complaint.

Gallo also argues that he invited “a leasehold- not an individual who can be extracted 

from his leasehold (eg, his payment) and still be considered ‘invited.’” MFR at 7; see also Reply 

at 2–5 (arguing similar); Notice of Suppl. Auth., ECF No. 26 (“Court is not free to simply adopt 

language from other federal district courts and conjure tenancies.”); Notice of Suppl. Auth., ECF 

No. 30 (discussing reversionary interests). In other words, he now asks “the Court to reassess its 

‘invitation’ analysis under Yee as one potentially applicable to some leaseholds- not individuals.” 

Reply at 3.
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His novel argument goes like this: A tenant who stops paying rent is no longer a tenant. 

Id. And because the former tenant has no estate, that person “is no different than a member of the 

public.” Id. So the Government “commits a physical taking when it grants possession to [that] 

person.” Id. (emphasis in original).

The Court disagrees. That person is different “than a member of the public” because that 

person was invited. Id. at 3. That is why the Court found that Yee controls. Mem. Op. at 17 

(“The District’s laws do not force Gallo to give anyone access to his property that he did not 

invite. So he does not suffer the same infringement on his right to exclude as the growers in 

Cedar Point.”). Yee never makes the distinction that Gallo presses and this Court will not either. 

Gallo also says that the “8th Circuit [c]orrectly [d]istinguished Yee.” Reply at 6. He 

claims that the Eighth Circuit “simply recognized that the government forced occupancy 

‘regardless of whether tenants provided compensation’ and where leases were ‘materially 

violated.’” Id. (quoting Heights Apartments, LLC v. Walz, 30 F.4th 720, 733 (8th Cir. 2022)). In 

support, he again tries to distinguish Yee. His case is different, he urges, because it involves 

nonpayment of rent. Reply at 6. And to prove that, he quotes Yee out of context, noting that it 

“highlighted the unambiguous distinction between a . . . lessee and an interloper with a 

government license.” Id. (quoting Yee, 503 U.S. at 532 (cleaned up)). 

But the sentence before that notes that “it is the invitation, not the rent, that makes the 

difference.” Yee, 503 U.S. at 532 (cleaned up). And because Gallo’s Complaint suggests that he 

invited the squatter, the squatter appeared more like a lessee than an interloper. So this line of 

argument failed on factual grounds too.

2. Regulatory takings. In closing, Gallo briefly repeats that the District’s programs were 

regulatory takings as well. MFR at 9–10. His chief complaint here is that the Court’s 
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“regulatory takings analysis centers on an assumption that [he] was ‘not without recourse.’” Id.

at 9 (quoting Mem. Op. at 20). But as the Court explained earlier, that assumption was fair based 

on Gallo’s Complaint and the District’s laws.

If Gallo meant to raise an as applied challenge, then he needed to plead specific facts 

with more clarity. In Yee, the petitioners claimed that “the statutory procedure for changing the 

use of a mobile home park is in practice kind of a gauntlet,” such that they were not actually 

“free to change the use of their land.” 503 U.S. at 528 (cleaned up). But because they never 

“claim[ed] to have run that gauntlet,” the Court examined the statute facially instead. Id. 

Similarly, Gallo never clearly claimed that he tried to use the District’s programs. Rather, he just 

said that “[n]o compensation was or is provided by the District for the occupancy imposed.” 

Compl. ¶ 4. Again, Gallo’s terse Complaint was not enough.

C.

Gallo’s new allegations may also affect the Court’s Contract Clause analysis.

Here, he asks if the “Court h[eld] that ‘seeking’ rent equates to receiving it?” MFR at 5. 

No, the Court did not. When dismissing Gallo’s Complaint, the Court noted that “the Filing 

Moratorium is not permanent and does not bar landlords from seeking past-due rent after its 

expiration.” Mem. Op. at 15. That is true. 

But now, Gallo alleges that “the occupant did not pay, did not ‘apply’ for assistance, 

[and] disappeared.” MFR at 5. And he says that his injury is permanent because the debt is 

uncollectable. Id. at 5–6. This line of attack has a familiar defect. Gallo never pled that full set 

of facts in his Complaint. Had he, the result might have been different. Instead, he said that a 

“squatter occupying the unit was foreclosed nearly two years ago for not paying his bills for 

years prior.” Compl. ¶ 2. And he noted that the District had not promised to pay him any 
8

money. Id. That was not enough to show that his debt was uncollectable.1 So the factual 

ambiguities plagued Gallo here as well.

D.

Gallo also presses four more arguments that the Court found uncompelling.

1. The Court should have taken judicial notice of articles that said landlords had no 

remedy available to them. MFR at 2. Not so: The Court need not defer to the media’s legal 

conclusions. Cf. Knight First Amend. Inst. v. CIA, 424 F. Supp. 3d 36, 44 (D.D.C. 2020), aff’d, 

11 F.4th 810 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (“[I]f people believed everything written in newspapers, there 

would be no need for official confirmation through this FOIA suit.”). Nor must it defer to other 

landlords’ opinions. Nor is the Court bound by other cities’ descriptions of their programs. 

MFR at 3 (“Some jurisdictions recognized that- precisely as I make clear here- tenant assistance 

programs do not assist landlords.”) (emphasis in original).

2. The Court improperly construed Gallo’s estoppel argument. MFR at 3. Gallo’s initial 

estoppel argument was unclear. Gallo appeared to claim that the District had contradicted itself 

by arguing in Superior Court that Gallo could access the courts by filing a takings claim, then 

moving to dismiss his takings claim once he did so. Pl.’s Opp’n at 4–5, ECF No. 8. Now, he 

claims that his argument was really that the District contradicted itself when arguing in this 

litigation that Gallo could have applied for relief. That is inconsistent, he insists, with the 

Government’s past admission that he could not, in fact, apply for relief. MFR at 3.

This argument fails. True, the District admitted in Superior Court that Gallo could not 

apply for relief without his tenant’s cooperation. And it acknowledged that Gallo’s applying for 

1

 The Court declines Gallo’s invitation to “clarify its interpretation of why certain cases may not 

‘control.’” MFR at 6. The Court already explained its view of why binding precedent compelled 

its decision in its previous Memorandum Opinion based on the facts before it.
9 

relief “does not sound entirely practical . . . in his circumstances.” MFR at 3. Yet Gallo points 

to nothing in the District’s motion to dismiss that directly contradicts these admissions. Thus, 

because he points to no contradiction, his estoppel argument fails. See New Hampshire v. Maine, 

532 U.S. 742, 749 (2001). 

3. The Court was wrong that the filing ban had an end date. MFR at 5. True, the filing 

ban was extended. Id. But it eventually ended. See Phasing Act; D.C. Code § 42-3505.01(b). 

So it had an end date. 

IV.

The Court remains skeptical that Gallo’s case can succeed. To stand a chance, he should 

include all relevant facts in his Amended Complaint. For instance, if he could not have applied

for any of the District’s programs, he should plead facts that show why. If the Court must again 

dismiss Gallo’s Complaint, it may do so with prejudice. See Lawyers’ Comm. for 9/11 Inquiry, 

Inc. v. Wray, 424 F. Supp. 3d 26, 36 (D.D.C. 2020), aff’d, 848 F. App’x 428 (D.C. Cir. 2021) 

(“The Court will not give Plaintiffs a third bite at the apple.”).

For these reasons, it is hereby 

ORDERED that Plaintiff’s Motion for Reconsideration is GRANTED; it is further

ORDERED that this case shall be reopened; and it is further 

ORDERED Plaintiff must file an Amended Complaint within 30 days from the entry of 

this Memorandum Order; 

SO ORDERED. 

 

Dated: March 1, 2023 TREVOR N. McFADDEN, U.S.D.J.