[Cite as McGarry & Sons, Inc. v. Constr. Resources One, L.L.C., 2018-Ohio-528.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 SANDUSKY COUNTY 

Mike McGarry & Sons, Inc. Court of Appeals No. S-17-005 

 

 Appellant Trial Court No. 14 CV 926 

v. 

Construction Resources One, LLC, et al. DECISION AND JUDGMENT

Appellees Decided: February 9, 2018 

* * * * * 

 Timothy L. McGarry and Brendan M. Mewhinney, for appellant. 

 Robert T. Glickman and John E. Moran, for appellees. 

* * * * * 

OSOWIK, J. 

Introduction 

{¶ 1} This case concerns a contractual dispute between a painting subcontractor, 

Mike McGarry & Sons, Inc., a general contractor, Construction Resources One, Inc., and 

the owner of the facility where the work was performed, Cuyahoga Heights Commerce 

One, LLC. 
2. 

{¶ 2} In 2013, Construction Resources One, Inc. (“CR-One”) engaged Mike 

McGarry & Sons, Inc. (“MMS”) to clean, prime and paint part of an unoccupied 

manufacturing facility. The property owner, Cuyahoga Heights Commerce One, LLC. 

(“Cuyahoga Heights”), was negotiating with a tenant, and CR-One’s job was to prepare 

part of the building for occupancy. 

{¶ 3} The painting aspect of the project was beset by cost-overruns and delays. 

MMS alleges that Cr-One breached an agreement to pay it for those extra costs. When 

CR-One did not pay, MMS filed a mechanic’s lien against the property owner, asserting 

more than twice the value of the original contract. 

{¶ 4} On October 24, 2014, MMS filed a four count complaint in the Sandusky 

County Court of Common Pleas against CR-One and Cuyahoga Heights (referred jointly 

as “appellees”) for breach of contract, violation of Ohio’s Prompt Payment Act, unjust 

enrichment, and foreclosure of a mechanic’s lien. Cuyahoga Heights counterclaimed, 

asserting fraud and tortious interference with business relations based upon the filing of 

the lien. 

{¶ 5} Acting on the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment, the trial court 

dismissed all of MMS’ claims, except the breach of contract claim. After a bench trial, 

the trial court found that MMS failed to show that appellees breached an agreement to 

compensate it for any amount over the original contract. The court found in favor of 

Cuyahoga Heights as to both of its counterclaims. The court also sanctioned MMS for 

maintaining the mechanic’s lien and for unnecessary motion practice. MMS appealed. 
3. 

{¶ 6} The facts giving rise to the claims asserted in this case, unless noted, are not 

disputed and are set forth below. 

Facts and Procedural History 

{¶ 7} Cuyahoga Heights owns commercial properties throughout northern Ohio, 

including property located at 4600 Oak Harbor Road, in Fremont, Ohio. In 2013, it hired 

CR-One to act as general contractor and to prepare the vacant facility for occupancy. At 

the time, Cuyahoga Heights was negotiating with “Unican” to lease the facility. Among 

other items, Unican manufactures paint cans. It was to occupy part of the property and 

operate a single manufacturing line, with the hope that it would add lines, and with them, 

the need for more space in the future. Accordingly, Cuyahoga Heights hired CR-One to 

refurbish the facility in four phases. Phases two, three and four would be added when 

and if the need arose. 

{¶ 8} CR-One’s President, Matt Ambrose (“Ambrose”), invited MMS to submit a 

quote to clean, prime, and paint the walls and ceiling of phase I, which consisted of 

105,717 square feet. 

{¶ 9} Cuyahoga Heights and CR-One share common owners. Real estate 

developers Christopher Semarjian and Stuart Lichter are the majority owners of 

Cuyahoga Heights and the co-owners of CR-One. Semarjian testified that CR-One is 

Cuyahoga Heights’ exclusive general contractor, although CR-One occasionally performs 

contracting service for other clients. 

{¶ 10} MMS is in the commercial painting business. Sean McGarry (“Sean”) is 

MMS’ estimator and project manager. Sean has been in the painting industry for 26 
4. 

years and has estimated thousands of projects. In preparation for quoting this job, Sean 

was given complete access to the property. After visiting the property, Sean provided 

CR-One with a quote of $118,340, which amounted to $1.12 per square foot. Sean 

estimated that the project would require six weeks, three to prime and clean and three 

weeks to paint. The evidence shows that CR-One had no input on the methods or 

products used by MMS. 

{¶ 11} On February 13, 2013, prior to executing a written contract, MMS set up at 

the property. As it did so, MMS asked CR-One for access to water so that it could power 

wash the surfaces, to turn off the electricity, and to increase the temperature to at least 50 

degrees so that paint could adhere. 

{¶ 12} CR-One delivered heaters to the property and hung tarps to enclose phase I 

so as to prevent heat from escaping. The temperature improved when the heaters were 

delivered. MMS did not raise any concerns about temperature after the delivery of the 

heaters. At MMS’ request, CR-One also delivered water trucks to allow MMS to power 

wash. To maintain safety while power washing, Ambrose proposed that CR-One would 

shut off the electricity in segments (so MMS would have access to lighting and power), 

and he asked MMS to cover the electrical bus ducts to avoid electrocution. MMS did not 

object to this proposal or state that it would result in extra cost. 

{¶ 13} Despite asking for access for water, MMS decided to “blow down” the 

surfaces of the property, rather than to power wash. This change was not done at CROne’s request. On February 28, 2013, after MMS had decided to change its cleaning 
5. 

method, Ambrose asked Sean for a breakdown of the costs for the project, including the 

“blow down.” On March 6, 2013, Sean responded that the cost would remain $118,340. 

{¶ 14} MMS’ paint supplier on the project was Glidden. On February 20, 2013, 

Glidden agent, Brian Conroy, recommended that MMS should prime “all surface areas 

(100%)” with a primer called “Devguard 436.” At trial, Sean testified that he viewed the 

recommendation to prime the entire project as “overkill.” 

{¶ 15} MMS began working on the property on or about February 21, 2013, still 

without a contract. 

{¶ 16} On March 7, 2013, MMS, through its president, Brendan McGarry, signed 

a “SUBCONTRACT AGREEMENT BETWEEN GENERAL CONTRACTOR AND 

SUBCONTRACTOR.” Before sending it to Ambrose for CR-One’s signature, Brendan 

unilaterally made some handwritten changes to a few provisions, but he left undisturbed 

the originally quoted price, notwithstanding that, by then, (1) MMS had decided to 

change its cleaning methods and (2) it was aware of its paint supplier’s recommendation 

that MMS prime the whole structure, not just to “spot prime.” The quoted price included 

“spot priming,” which means only priming certain areas, not the entire structure. Sean 

reviewed the contract and advised Brendan that it was acceptable. 

{¶ 17} Paragraph 2 of the contract provides, “[f]or performing the scope of work, 

The Subcontractor will be paid in monthly payments, based on completion percentages, 

the following not-to-exceed amount: $118,340.00.” The term “scope of work” is used 

throughout the contract, but is not defined. CR-One’s president, Ambrose, told Sean that 

he wanted phase I properly cleaned, primed, and painted to an industry standard. Sean 
6. 

testified that MMS’s promise to CR-One was more than just that MMS “would clean and 

paint,” but instead that phase I would be cleaned, primed, and painted “appropriately” so 

that “[t]he paint would stay on the wall” and the “paint would stay on the ceiling,” or else 

MMS would fix the problems at MMS’s cost. 

{¶ 18} On or about March 15, 2013, CR-One asked MMS to vacate the property 

and to stop working, due to Cuyahoga Heights’ uncertainty over lease negotiations with 

Unican. 

{¶ 19} On March 25, 2013, during the shutdown, Sean sent Ambrose an email (the 

“March 2013 Email”). In it, Sean stated that he had “anticipated maybe 20-30% of the 

[old] paint would come off but it is more like 70-80%.” Sean then relayed MMS’ 

decision to prime “the entire structure to prevent further rusting.” The email then lists 

four costs after the word “Add”: $55,000 for primer; $23,400 for labor; $4,000 for 

overtime; and $3,000 for equipment rental delays, for a total of $85,400. 

{¶ 20} Paragraph 13 of the contract provides for a process whereby “change 

orders” can be added to the contract.1

 Sean testified that the March 2013 email, quoted 

above, amounts to a change order request because he used the word “Add” at the bottom 

of it. Ambrose testified that neither party ever discussed the change order provision and 

that MMS never requested a change order for changed specifications. 

 

1

 This change order process is discussed in detail in MMS’ fourth and fifth assignments 

of error. 
7. 

{¶ 21} On April 2, 2013, Sean added a chain to the March 2013 email asking, “let 

me know if you [h]ave had a chance to review our costs due to changing the Spec and 

Overtime and Rental delays.” 

{¶ 22} On CR-One’s behalf, Ambrose signed the contract on April 5, 2013 and 

returned it to Sean. He left undisturbed those handwritten changes made by Brandon, 

except to initialize them. Ambrose did not address Sean’s recent email regarding the 

increased costs. Likewise, upon receipt of the fully executed contact, Sean did not object 

to its price or terms. 

{¶ 23} On or about May 15, 2013, MMS returned to the property to resume 

working. Ambrose told Sean that he would discuss “with ownership” MMS’ delay costs 

caused by the shutdown. 

{¶ 24} When MMS returned to the property, there were “obvious defects,” 

according to the trial court’s findings of fact. MMS did not dispute this during trial, and 

the email correspondence bear this out. Specifically, there were spots of rust “bleeding 

through” newly painted surfaces and new paint was peeling and chipping off the surface. 

Ambrose testified that falling paint chips posed safety and quality control problems for its 

tenant. Ambrose and Sean had many conversations about MMS’s defective work, and 

MMS never objected or claimed that its work was not defective. 

{¶ 25} In compliance with Paragraph 15, CR-One advised MMS in writing that its 

defective work was jeopardizing completion of the project. CR-One did not, however, 
8. 

instruct MMS how to fix the defective work.2 According to Sean, the defects in MMS’s 

work were covered under MMS’s warranty. 

{¶ 26} On May 16, 2013, upon resuming the project, Sean re-sent the March 2013 

email to Ambrose. He wrote, “I should be able to get there * * * [t]o work on a fix for 

the bleed through. We need to work out the extras for [t]he delay and changing the 

specifications. Maybe we could do this on a Cost plus basis. I sent you this estimate 

back in March.” 

{¶ 27} That same day, Ambrose responded, 

 Sean; As you are aware, we are at a critical time on this project in 

which we need to be out of the way for the tenant to set up his assembly 

line and we need your resolution on deficient work in order to be clear for 

him. I will have a check for you either today or tomorrow as discussed, yet 

ownership here along with the tenant is eyeing your performance to fix the 

here and now and then finish the project. I will absolutely discuss the 

extras you had presented to me and I assure you we will both be happy in 

the end, yet I cannot discuss that until we are on course for the here and 

now. (Emphasis added.) 

 

2

 Paragraph 15 states that, if the Subcontractor is failing to deliver its scope of work, the 

General Contractor reserves the right to complete the Subcontractor’s work by whatever 

method the General Contractor deems necessary. Reasonable expenses incurred to 

complete the remaining portion of the work were to be charged against the subcontractor. 
9. 

{¶ 28} Ambrose explained at trial that he told Sean that MMS could have “the 

opportunity to bid competitively on future projects including those in the building.” He 

added that this future business would make MMS “happy,” because MMS could recover 

cost overages through profits on future jobs if those jobs were run more efficiently. It is 

undisputed that CR-One never agreed to pay for any additional amounts for “changed 

specifications.” 

{¶ 29} Sean testified that it was his “understanding” that MMS would get a change 

order for the delay, and that MMS would be hired on the other phases of the project. 

Sean testified that Ambrose agreed to “help me out as much as he could right now and 

then, and then fully help me out, you know, when we did the work on the rest of the 

building.” Brendan also interpreted Ambrose’s email as a guarantee that CR-One would 

pay “something above MMS’ costs.” 

{¶ 30} As it corrected the problems, MMS decided to use a different primer, but it 

never discussed that primer with CR-One. The record also indicates that MMS power 

washed some, if not all, of phase I. 

{¶ 31} On June 13, 2013, Sean wrote to Ambrose that MMS’ costs “may be over 

$200,000.” 

{¶ 32} On or about July 9, 2013, MMS sent CR-One a quote to clean, prime, and 

paint phases 2, 3, and 4, totaling $538,710, or $2.13 per square foot. Ambrose responded 

that, “I cannot turn the remaining work loose without getting out of the first phase. Got 

to out – done/ done by August 19. I will write a check to you the beginning of next week, 

please step this up.” To that, Sean responded, by email dated July 25, 2013, “I am glad 
10. 

that [my rest-of-building quote] works for you in your budget.” Ambrose testified at trial 

that he did not know what Sean meant because and he had not yet developed a budget for 

the other phases and he had not indicated that Sean’s quote was or would be accepted. 

{¶ 33} On September 4, 2013, Sean provided a timeline for finishing the project. 

He included a request to “collect the remainder of the [contract price of] $118,000 and 

the delay.” 

{¶ 34} During the course of the project, MMS’ controller, Linda Vasquez, sent 

two payment applications to CR-One. The first one, on March 31, 2013, requested 

$94,500 and the second one, on October 31, 2013, sought $12,006. Both payment 

applications were signed under oath by Vasquez, do not reference any extra work, and 

state that there were no change orders. The applications contains a field for “Net Change 

by Change Orders.” They also contain a grid entitled “Change Order Summary,” in 

which the preparer can insert amounts for change orders. In each designated area in 

which change orders could be reflected, Vasquez inserted zero (“0”) dollars. Vasquez 

testified that she did not include a request for additional monies for any additional work 

or charges because she knew that CR-One would have rejected the payment application if 

she had done so. 

{¶ 35} Lien waivers accompanied both payment applications. A lien waiver is an 

acknowledgement by the party seeking payment that it will not file a lien against the 

property for the amount of the compensation received. The two payment applications 

total $106,506. Thus, as of October 31, 2013, the full contract price had been billed by 

MMS, less 10%. The ten percent that was not billed represents “retainage.” Retainage is 
11. 

money taken out of each invoice, to be paid by the general contractor at the conclusion of 

the project. The retainage in this case was $11,834. As of the trial date in this case, 

MMS had not submitted a payment application or invoice for the retainage amount, 

despite Ambrose’s request that it do so. In its decision, the trial court ordered CR-One to 

pay MMS that amount, and CR-One does not dispute that it is owed. 

{¶ 36} On October 3, 2013, Sean sent Ambrose an email requesting $37,000 in 

“delay costs” that MMS alleged it incurred as a result of the two month delay. Ambrose 

testified that he was expecting a $5,000 to $7,000 cost for the delay. As he said he 

would, Ambrose discussed MMS’s delay claim with CR-One’s co-owner, Christopher 

Semarjian (“Semarjian”). The trial court found that, “Semarjian, with Ambrose’s 

recommendation, rejected the request.” On December 30, 2013, Ambrose communicated 

the denial of the delay claim to Sean via email. Ambrose explained, “[l]ooks like delay 

claim will not be entertained. There was quite a bit of damage * * * due to pressure 

washing that was done. This ended up costing us more money to repair and along with 

everything else put us over the budget significantly.” Sean did not object or otherwise 

complain that CR-One denied its delay claim. In its decision, the trial court ordered CROne to pay MMS $7,000 in compensation for the delay, in addition to the retainage 

amount. In all, the court ordered CR-One to pay MMS $18,834. CR-One did not appeal 

the judgment or otherwise object. 

{¶ 37} On November 6, 2013, MMS submitted a quote for Phase II of the project 

in the amount of $382,610.00, or $5.20 per square foot. Ambrose responded to the quote 

with questions. He also pointed out that areas in phase 1 still suffered from “bleed 
12. 

through.” To that specific issue, Sean responded, “[i]f you want me to touch up in Phase 

1 let me know if I can coordinate with Gary. Let me know if you would like me to 

proceed.” At trial, Sean testified that he did not remember whether Ambrose ever called 

him in response to this email. Ambrose testified that he never spoke to Sean about it and 

he did not authorize MMS to come back to the property. 

{¶ 38} Sean contacted Gary Paxson, a Unican representative, to arrange for access 

to the property. MMS then sent painter Duane Blake there to perform “touch up” work. 

Blake’s last day at the property was November 22, 2013. The trial court found that “CROne was without any knowledge of this work and did not order it.” 

{¶ 39} On January 31, 2014, Vasquez executed a mechanic’s lien in the amount of 

$269,960.00 in favor of MMS against the property, which it recorded with the Sandusky 

County Recorder, and sent to CR-One. Upon receipt, Ambrose contacted MMS and 

demanded that it be withdrawn. Ambrose sent two writings to MMS, each one claiming 

that the lien was filed in error or fraudulent and must be removed. MMS refused to 

release the lien. 

{¶ 40} Cuyahoga Heights learned of the mechanic’s lien in November of 2014. At 

that time, it was in the process of financing the property with lender FC Bank. Its request 

for a loan had been approved, and it had received a “term sheet” from the bank. Once the 

lien was discovered, however, processing of the loan “ground everything to a halt.” To 

maintain its financing arrangement with the bank, Cuyahoga Heights took out a bond on 

the property with SureTec, a bonding company. Cuyahoga Heights had to make a deposit 

of $405,000 into an escrow account and pay $8,100 in premiums. The deposit that was 
13. 

placed in an escrow account was unavailable for use throughout the 456 days that the lien 

was in place.3

 Cuyahoga Height proffered evidence that it suffered $63,570 in damages 

based upon the loss of use of those funds plus the premiums. MMS did not challenge the 

calculation method or damages amount. 

{¶ 41} On October 24, 2014, MMS filed a four count complaint in the Sandusky 

County Court of Common Pleas against appellees for breach of contract, violation of 

Ohio’s Prompt Payment Act, unjust enrichment, and foreclosure of the mechanic’s lien. 

Cuyahoga Heights counterclaimed, asserting fraud and tortious interference with business 

relations based upon the filing of the lien. On December 21, 2015, MMS moved for 

leave to file an amended complaint. It sought to add claims of fraud and breach of a duty 

to act in good faith against the appellees. The trial court denied MMS leave to amend. 

{¶ 42} The appellees filed for summary judgment as to counts 1, 2, and 3, and, 

Cuyahoga Heights filed a separate motion for summary judgment as to the alleged invalid 

mechanic’s lien. MMS also filed for summary judgment as to Cuyahoga Heights’ 

counterclaims. By judgment dated April 29, 2016, the trial court granted, in part, the 

appellees’ motions, dismissing all claims asserted against them, except for MMS’ breach 

of contract claim (Count 1). The trial court denied, in toto, MMS’ cross motion for 

summary judgment. 

{¶ 43} Following a two day bench trial, the lower court issued findings of fact and 

conclusions of law. In its December 29, 2016 decision, the court ruled against MMS as 

 

3

 The lien was discharged by the trial court in its grant of summary judgment in 

Cuyahoga Heights’ favor. 
14. 

to the breach of contract claim, based upon its finding that MMS failed to show that 

appellees breached an agreement to compensate it for any amount over the original 

contract. It ruled in favor of Cuyahoga Heights as to both counterclaims, and it awarded 

$63,570 in damages. It also sanctioned MMS for “persistent maintenance of claims 

premised on a late-filed Mechanic’s Lien” and for unnecessary motion practice. 

{¶ 44} At issue in this appeal are rulings by the trial court as to three pretrial 

motions: the denial of MMS’ motion for leave to amend its complaint, the denial of 

MMS’ motion for summary judgment as to Cuyahoga Heights’ counterclaims, and the 

grant of Cuyahoga Height’s motion for summary judgment as to MMS’ claim to 

foreclose on the mechanic’s lien. The remaining issues on appeal involve the trial court’s 

findings of fact and conclusion of law, following the bench trial. 

MMS’ Assignments of Error 

1. Whether the trial court erred by denying Plaintiff’s Motion to 

Amend Complaint. 

2. Whether the trial court erred by granting Defendants’ Motion for 

Summary Judgment in part when numerous issues of material fact existed. 

3. Whether the trial court erred by failing to grant Plaintiff’s Motion 

for Summary Judgment as to Defendants’ Counterclaim. 

4. Whether the trial court erred at trial by failing to construe the 

parties’ written contract pursuant to its terms. 
15. 

5. Whether the trial court’s finding that Defendants Did Not Waive 

the Change Order Provision is Against the Manifest Weight of the 

Evidence. 

6. Whether the trial court erred at trial by ruling in favor of 

Defendants’ Counterclaim. 

7. Whether the trial court erred by finding Plaintiff’s conduct was 

frivolous. 

MMS’ motion to amend its complaint

{¶ 45} In its first assignment of error, MMS argues that the trial court erred by 

denying its motion for leave to amend its complaint. MMS requested leave to add claims 

of fraud and breach of a duty to act in good faith against appellees. The trial court denied 

the motion on the basis that it was untimely, prejudicial - because it would require the 

reopening of discovery - and “pointless” because MMS’ claims failed as a matter of law. 

On appeal, MMS assigns error only as it relates to its fraud claim. It argues that it 

expeditiously moved for leave once it learned of its potential claim and that it sufficiently 

pled operative facts of fraud. 

{¶ 46} Before a responsive pleading is served, a plaintiff may file an amendment 

to the complaint without leave of court. Thereafter, Civ.R. 15(A) directs a court to grant 

leave to amend freely “when justice so requires.” The decision whether to allow a party 

leave to amend a complaint lies exclusively within the discretion of the trial court, and 

the ruling will not be disturbed on appeal by a reviewing court absent an affirmative 

showing of an abuse of discretion. Wilmington Steel Prod., Inc. v. Cleveland Elec. Illum. 
16. 

Co., 60 Ohio St.3d 120, 122, 573 N.E.2d 622 (1991); Morrow v. Reminger & Reminger 

Co. LPA, 183 Ohio App.3d 40, 2009-Ohio-2665, 915 N.E.2d 696, ¶ 52 (10th Dist.). 

“This court has held that denial of a motion for leave to amend a pleading may be based 

upon a showing of bad faith, undue delay or undue prejudice to the opposing party.” Leo 

v. Burge Wrecking, LLC, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-16-1163, 2017-Ohio-2690, ¶ 16, quoting 

Sun Fed. Credit Union v. Yeager, 6th Dist. Fulton No. F-12-015, 2013-Ohio-2810, ¶ 12. 

{¶ 47} MMS filed suit on October 24, 2014. Fourteen months later, on December 

18, 2015, MMS filed for leave to amend and attached to its motion the proposed amended 

complaint. In it, MMS made the following allegations: 

CR-One “failed to disclose, when it had a duty to do so, that [CROne] was not an independent general contractor, but was a sister company 

to the owner of the Property, Cuyahoga One.” 

Appellees “made numerous misrepresentations to MMS, through 

[Ambrose], including that [Cuyahoga Heights] would consider MMS’s 

extra costs and that MMS would be able to recoup its extra costs in later 

phases of the construction project.” 

CR-One failed to disclose that Ambrose’s bonus “was based upon 

meeting budgets” for the owners, “thus making it less likely that [he] would 

receive a bonus if Cuyahoga Heights paid MMS’ extra costs”; and 

Based upon those assurances, MMS continued to perform work over 

and above what it was contractually required to perform. 
17. 

{¶ 48} Pursuant to Civ.R. 9(B), whenever fraud is alleged in a complaint, the 

circumstances constituting such fraud “shall be stated with particularity.” Those 

circumstances include: “the time, place and content of the false representation; the fact 

misrepresented; the identification of the individual giving the false representation; and 

the nature of what was obtained or given as a consequence of the fraud.” Woods v. 

Caterpillar, Inc., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-04-1176, 2005-Ohio-4170, ¶ 11, quoting 

Aluminum Line Prods. Co. v. Bard Smith Roofing Co., Inc., 109 Ohio App.3d 246, 259, 

671 N.E.2d 1343 (8th Dist.1996). Where a fraud complaint fails to set forth facts with 

sufficient particularity, a trial court does not err in dismissing it. Woods at ¶ 30. 

{¶ 49} MMS failed to assert anything other than the thinnest of allegations. That 

is, there are no details set forth its proposed claim, or in the proposed complaint as a 

whole, regarding the time, the place and/or the precise content of appellees’ alleged 

“numerous misrepresentations.” Woods at ¶ 11. We agree with the trial court that MMS 

did not sufficiently allege a claim a fraud, as a matter of law. 

{¶ 50} Even the allegation of fraud described by MMS in its appellate brief fails 

to allege operable facts of fraud. There, MMS described the fraudulent statement as 

follows: 

Ambrose promised Sean McGarry he would “absolutely discuss the 

extras [with ownership] you had presented to me and I assure you we will 

both be happy in the end [of the project]” and that Defendants would “take 

care” of MMS by the end of the project. 
18. 

{¶ 51} MMS alleged, at most, a future promise by Ambrose, i.e. that CR-One 

“would take care of” MMS. To support a claim of fraud, a misrepresentation must be a 

fact, rather than a promise. Cuspide Props. v. Earl Mech. Servs., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L14-1253, 2015-Ohio-5019, ¶ 56. “Fraud is generally predicated on a misrepresentation 

relating to a past or existing fact, and not on promises or representations relating to future 

actions or conduct.” Id., quoting Krukrubo v. Fifth Third Bank, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 

09AP-933, 2010-Ohio-1691, ¶ 9. An exception to this rule exists, however, where an 

individual makes a promise concerning a future action, occurrence, or conduct, and at the 

time of the promise, the individual has no intention of keeping the promise. Id., quoting 

Williams v. Edwards, 129 Ohio App.3d 116, 124, 717 N.E.2d 368 (1st Dist.1989). The 

fact that the promise was later unfulfilled is not enough to meet the burden of proving a 

misrepresentation in this manner. Id., citing Wall v. Firelands Radiology, Inc., 106 Ohio 

App.3d 313, 328, 666 N.E.2d 235 (6th Dist.1995). MMS failed to allege, much less to 

demonstrate, anything other than a vague promise by CR-One to pay MMS an undefined 

amount, at some unknown time in the future. Moreover, there are no facts to suggest that 

Ambrose, when he made the “promise,” had no intention of keeping it. Because MMS, 

as the movant, failed to present operative facts in support of its new allegations, the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to amend. Solowitch v. Bennett, 8 

Ohio App.3d 115, 117, 456 N.E.2d 562 (8th Dist.1982). 

{¶ 52} Not only is MMS’ fraud claim legally insufficient, but it is also premised 

upon an allegation of fact that is contradicted by the record. In its proposed fraud claim, 

MMS alleged that Ambrose promised to present its claim for extra costs and its delay 
19. 

claim to “ownership.” In reality, MMS claims that Ambrose unilaterally denied those 

claims. The only evidence on this point was offered by (1) Ambrose who testified during 

his deposition that “the ownership, Chris Semarjian” decided that MMS’ delay claim 

would not be considered; and (2) Semarjian who testified during his depositon that 

Ambrose came to him to discuss the fact that MMS was seeking “extra compensation for 

work performed in [p]hase 1.” Semarjian asked whether the claim was “valid” and 

whether “we had changed any scope.” Ambrose answered “no” to both, and Semarjian 

“moved on because I didn’t think it was realistic.” Thus, the record on this point, at the 

time MMS moved for leave, was that Ambrose was not the decision-maker with regard to 

MMS’ delay claim and/or claim for extra costs. We find that MMS’ proposed fraud 

claim is both legally and factually flawed. 

{¶ 53} Finally, to the extent that MMS cites the timing of Semarjian’s December 

7, 2015 deposition to justify waiting until December 18, 2015 to request leave, that 

reliance is misplaced. Throughout the legal memoranda filed in this case, MMS laments 

that it did not know that, while it was negotiating the contract and then performing 

services under the contract, CR-One and Cuyahoga Heights shared common owners, 

namely Chris Semarjian and Stuart Lichter. MMS inconsistently argues on the one hand, 

that this common ownership precluded CR-One from being “independent” from 

Cuyahoga Heights and, on the other, that Ambrose, as the president of CR-One, 

unilaterally determined that MMS would not be compensated for its extra costs. Either 

way, MMS acknowledges that “[a]t the time the promise [to pay its claim] was made [by 

Ambrose], MMS reasonably relied upon the promise because it did not know the 
20. 

Property’s owner and the general contractor were one and the same.” MMS learned of 

the co-ownership of the businesses back on September 15, 2015, when it deposed 

Ambrose. Thus, to the extent that MMS’ lack of knowledge of that fact led it to “rely to 

its detriment that CR-1 was an independent general contractor,” MMS learned otherwise 

in September. It offers no basis for waiting an additional three months before seeking 

leave. “Where a motion for leave to file an amended complaint is not timely tendered 

and there is no apparent reason to justify the delay, a trial court does not abuse its 

discretion in denying the amendment.” Leo, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-16-1163, 2017-Ohio2690, ¶ 10 citing Vitek v. Wilcox, 6th Dist. Williams No. WM89-000004, 1990 Ohio App. 

LEXIS 4897, *21 (Nov. 9, 1990). 

{¶ 54} MMS moved to amend its complaint fourteen months after it filed its 

action, after the close of discovery, and three months after it learned about its potential 

claim(s). Due to MMS’ failure to seek leave on a timely basis and its failure to allege 

legally sufficient facts, supported by the record, we cannot find an abuse of discretion by 

the trial court in denying MMS’ motion for leave to amend its complaint. We find MMS’ 

first assignment of error is not well-taken.

MMS’ Mechanic’s Lien and Cuyahoga Height’s Counterclaims 

{¶ 55} MMS’ second and third assignments of error concern the trial court’s ruling 

on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. In its second assignment of error, 

MMS argues that the trial court erred in granting Cuyahoga Height’s motion for summary 

judgment as to MMS’ foreclosure of its mechanic’s lien claim. It asserts that there was 

an issue of fact regarding whether the mechanic’s lien was valid, which precluded 
21. 

dismissal of its claim at the summary judgment phase. 4 Conversely, in its third 

assignment of error, MMS argues that the trial court should have granted summary 

judgment in its favor as to Cuyahoga Heights’ counterclaims. As set forth below, we 

agree with MMS in both instances. 

{¶ 56} Appellate review of a summary judgment is de novo. Grafton v. Ohio 

Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671 N.E.2d 241 (1996). We employ the same 

standard as the trial court, without deference to it. Lorain Natl. Bank v. Saratoga Apts., 

61 Ohio App.3d 127, 129, 572 N.E.2d 198 (9th Dist.1989). A motion for summary 

judgment may be granted only when it is demonstrated (1) that there is no genuine issue 

as to any material fact; (2) that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law; and (3) that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and that conclusion is 

adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, who is 

entitled to have the evidence construed most strongly in his favor. Harless v. Willis Day 

Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 67, 375 N.E.2d 46 (1978), Civ.R. 56(C). 

{¶ 57} When seeking summary judgment, a party must specifically delineate the 

basis upon which the motion is brought and identify those portions of the record that 

demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio 

St.3d 280, 293, 662 N.E.2d 264 (1996). When a properly supported motion for summary 

 

4

 In its second assignment of error, MMS complains that the trial court erred in granting 

the “defendants’ motions for summary judgment.” Its argument, however, is limited to 

the trial court’s decision as to the foreclosure claim only. That is, MMS does not

challenge the trial court’s dismissal of counts 2 (Prompt Pay Act) or 3 (unjust 

enrichment) of its complaint. We leave undisturbed the trial court’s judgment as to those 

claims. 
22. 

judgment is made, an adverse party may not rest on mere allegations or denials in the 

pleadings, but must respond with specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue of 

material fact. Civ.R. 56(E); Riley v. Montgomery, 11 Ohio St.3d 75, 79, 463 N.E.2d 1246 

(1984). A “material” fact is one which would affect the outcome of the suit under the 

applicable substantive law. Russell v. Interim Personnel, Inc., 135 Ohio App.3d 301, 

304, 733 N.E.2d 1186 (6th Dist.1999), citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 

242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). When reviewing a ruling on summary 

judgment, an appellate court restricts its consideration to the same evidentiary materials 

that were properly before the trial court at the time it ruled on the summary judgment 

motion. Guernsey Bank v. Milano Sports Enters., LLC, 177 Ohio App.3d 314, 2008-

Ohio-2420, 894 N.E.2d 715, ¶ 30 (10th Dist.). 

{¶ 58} The mechanics’ lien statutes are remedial in nature and “designed to protect 

the * * * contractor whose work, goods, and skill create the structures to which the lien in 

part attaches.” Wayne Bldg. & Loan Co. v. Yarborough, 11 Ohio St.2d 195, 217, 228 

N.E.2d 841 (1967). Ohio’s mechanics’ lien statutes create rights in derogation of the 

common law, and are generally strictly construed as to the question of whether a lien 

attaches. Fifth Third Bank v. Ohio Farmers Ins. Co., 5th Dist. Stark No. 2010CA00286, 

2011-Ohio-1774, ¶ 34, citing Crock Constr. Co. v. Stanley Miller Constr. Co., 66 Ohio 

St.3d 588, 592, 613 N.E.2d 1027 (1993), quoting Robert V. Clapp Co. v. Fox, 124 Ohio 

St. 331, 178 N.E. 586 (1931), paragraph one of the syllabus. 

{¶ 59} Under Ohio law, a contractor must file a mechanic's lien affidavit “within 

seventy-five days from the date on which the last of the labor or work was performed or 
23. 

material was furnished by the person claiming the lien.” R.C. 1311.06(B)(3). Liens filed 

more than 75 days after the completion of work will be deemed invalid. See e.g. J. & F. 

Harig Co. v. Fountain Square Bldg., 46 Ohio App. 157, 187 N.E. 872 (1933) (Construing 

residential construction lien deadline of sixty days under Section (B)(1)). 

{¶ 60} In Count 4, MMS asserted that it filed a lien against the property on 

February 5, 2014, attached a copy of the “affidavit for mechanics’ lien” to the complaint, 

and requested an order foreclosing upon the lien due to appellees’ alleged “default.” In 

that affidavit, MMS’ controller, Linda Vasquez, asserted that MMS last performed labor 

and/or furnished materials under the contract with CR-One on November 22, 2013. 

MMS claimed a lien in the amount of $269,960.00 against the property, owned by 

Cuyahoga Heights Commerce One, LLC. MMS recorded the lien affidavit with the 

Sandusky County Recorder on February 5, 2014. On these facts alone, MMS appears to 

have perfected its mechanic’s lien, based upon a prima facie showing of compliance with 

R.C. 1311.06. National City Bank v. Golden Acre Turkeys, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-91-

20, 1992 Ohio App. LEXIS 3786, *2 (Jul 17, 1992). 

{¶ 61} In its motion for summary judgment, Cuyahoga Heights argued that MMS 

last performed work, for purposes of establishing the deadline to file a lien, on October 

31, 2013 (at the very latest). It premised its argument on MMS’ second application for 

payment, signed by Vasquez on October 31, 2013, in which she represented that 100% of 

the work, excluding retainage, had been completed. Assuming the accuracy of that date, 

the lien would have been due no later than January 14, 2014. Cuyahoga Heights argued 
24. 

that the lien filing date of February 5, 2014 was late and rendered it invalid, as a matter of 

law. 

{¶ 62} MMS countered that the payment application established that the work was 

not fully completed by that date, specifically an amount reflecting 10% of the contract 

price. MMS argued that the project was not completed until November 22, 2013 when its 

painter, Duane Blake, finished doing touch up work and correcting bleed through issues 

at the property. Using that date, MMS’ lien filing 75 days later, on February 5, 2014, was 

timely. 

{¶ 63} The summary judgment evidence on this point established that Ambrose 

sent an email to Sean McGarry on November 6, 2013, with several agenda items, 

including to complain that “a number of areas in phase 1 are [still] bleeding through.” 

The next day, Sean responded, “If you want me to touch up in Phase 1 let Me know if I 

can coordinate with Gary. Let me know if you would like me to proceed.” [sic] 

Ambrose responded generally but not as to that issue. MMS, then, contacted the tenant 

of the building and arranged for MMS painter Duane Blake to return to the job site to 

paint over the rusted areas. The parties disagree as to the legal significance, if any, of 

that visit by Blake. 

{¶ 64} In its judgment entry granting Cuyahoga Height’s motion for summary 

judgment, the court found, 

[T]here is no question that [MMS] did re-enter the warehouse 

premises and attempt ‘to extend our lien rights’ which [Sean McGarry] 

indicated were to expire on 11/21/13. When paired with the deposition 
25. 

testimony of Belinda Vasquez, * * * there is no genuine issue of fact that 

the lien filed on February 5, 2014 was untimely. Thus, [MMS’] prayer to 

foreclose on the mechanic’s lien is dismissed. 

{¶ 65} Without referring to it by name, the trial court quoted from an internal 

email from Sean to brother, Brandan McGarry, the president of MMS. In that email, 

Sean wrote that, “our lien rights expire next Thurs 11-21-13. * * * I also spoke to Gary 

the plant manager about touching up area [sic] that have rust bleed through (I’m trying to 

touch up before 11-21-13 to extend our lien rights) * * *.” The trial court concluded that 

the email, paired with the payment application, established that the lien was untimely. 

{¶ 66} In support of the trial court’s decision, Cuyahoga Heights argues that 

Blake’s visit was “surreptitious” and “unauthorized” and “corrective,” and amounted to 

nothing more than “minor touch up painting work.” It cites a string of cases for the 

proposition that unnecessary and unsolicited tinkering and repair do not extend the last 

day of performance for purposes of establishing the lien filing deadlines. See e.g. Walter 

v. Brothers, 42 Ohio App. 15, 181 N.E. 554 (5th Dist.1932); Bohunek v. Smith, 36 Ohio 

App. 146, 172 N.E. 852 (8th Dist.1930). “The true test is whether the alleged repairs are 

a necessary part of the proper completion and performance of the work which the lien 

claimant undertook to do.” Walter at 18. Cuyahoga Heights also cites Sean’s email as 

evidence of MMS’ lack of good faith and asserts that MMS’ “lack of good faith is crucial 

to determining whether the November 2013 work extended the lien deadline.” 

{¶ 67} MMS counters that there was a question of fact as to whether Ambrose’s 

email to Sean was a request for additional work, and whether MMS’ work at the property 
26. 

in November of 2013 was “unnecessary and unsolicited tinkering.” It also claims that the 

trial court construed Sean’s email to his brother against MMS, in contravention of Civ.R. 

56(C) which provides that the party against whom summary judgment is made is 

“entitled to have the evidence * * * construed most strongly in the party’s favor.” 

{¶ 68} We agree with MMS. Whether the materials furnished and work 

performed were necessary to properly complete the work in good faith and perform the 

contract, or merely an effort to extend the time for filing an affidavit for a lien “is always 

a question of fact.” (Emphasis added.) Gilson v. Windows & Doors Showcase, LLC, 6th 

Dist. Fulton No. F-05-017, F-05-024, 2006-Ohio-2921, ¶ 20, quoting Walter, at 18, and 

Seybold v. Pitz, 101 Ohio App. 316, 136 N.E.2d 666 (10th Dist.1955). In Gilson, a 

subcontractor at a residential construction project delivered screens to the job site over 

six months after delivering the windows and doors. It argued that it did not hold back the 

screens in the hope that it would later be able to collect from the homeowners by 

recording a lien. We found that whether the delivery “was done solely to extend the 

deadline for recording a lien” was “[c]learly * * * a question of fact.” Gilson at ¶ 20. 

Likewise, whether a party acts in good faith is a question generally left to the trier of fact. 

Id., citing Straus v. Doe, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2003-L-082, 2004-Ohio-5316. See also 

Helton v. United States Restoration & Remodeling, Franklin County Court of Common 

Pleas No. 11CVH-10-12874, *32-33 (Jul. 19, 2013) (Issue of fact exists with respect to 

whether lien was timely filed where property owners and contractor disagreed over 

whether the last day contractor performed services at the property or day that roofing 

supplies were dropped off constituted the last day work performed.). 
27. 

{¶ 69} Here, whether the work performed by Blake was gratuitous and/or 

necessary under the contract and/or whether MMS acted in good faith in sending him to 

the property were unresolved issues of fact, at the time Cuyahoga Heights filed for 

summary judgment. These facts were material to determining whether the lien was 

timely, and MMS, as the non-movant, was entitled to have those facts construed in its 

favor. We find that the trial court erred when it resolved those material facts against 

MMS and when it dismissed Count 4 via summary judgment. Therefore, we find MMS’ 

second assignment of error well-taken. As set forth below, however, because the lien 

affidavit formed the basis for Cuyahoga Height’s counterclaims, the validity of the lien 

was, in fact, fully litigated at trial. MMS was given the opportunity, and did, put forth 

evidence demonstrating that it had a good faith basis to assert in its lien affidavit that its 

last day of work was November 22, 2013. However, the trial court resolved that issue 

against MMS. It specifically found, in the context of resolving the fraud claim, that 

“MMS pretextually arranged with the tenant at the Property to perform this work in order 

to inappropriately extend its lien rights” and “MMS falsely represented the last day of 

work.” As an appellate court, we are not fact finders. We do not weigh the evidence or 

judge the credibility of evidence. “Our role is to determine whether there is relevant, 

competent, and credible evidence upon which the fact finder could base his or her 

judgment.” Thompson Thrift Constr. v Lynn, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 16CAE100044, 

2017-Ohio-1530, ¶93. We find that there is competent and credible evidence to support 

the trial court’s determination that MMS’ work at the property in November of 2013 was 

done without CR-One’s knowledge or consent and undertaken for the purpose of 
28. 

extending the lien deadline. Therefore, we sustain the trial court’s conclusion that the 

lien was invalid. Accordingly, we find that the trial court’s dismissal of MMS’ 

foreclosure claim via summary judgment, while erroneous, was harmless error. 

{¶ 70} This brings us to MMS’ third and sixth assignments of error. Both concern 

Cuyahoga Heights’ counterclaims for fraud and tortious interference with a business 

relationship. MMS argues that the trial court improperly denied its motion for summary 

judgment (third assignment of error) and, following the bench trial, improperly found in 

favor of Cuyahoga Heights as to those claims (sixth assignment of error). We agree with 

MMS that the trial court improperly denied its motion for summary judgment as to those 

claims. Accordingly, we sustain its third assignment of error, rendering moot its sixth 

assignment of error. 

{¶ 71} In its counterclaim, Cuyahoga Heights argued that the last day that MMS 

worked at the property was September 25, 2013; that any work done after that, 

specifically in November, 2013 was without appellees’ permission or knowledge; and 

that MMS’ purpose in returning to the property was to “artificially” extend the deadline 

to record a mechanic’s lien. Cuyahoga Heights argues that MMS made the following 

false statement in its lien affidavit: “The last of the labor or work was performed or 

material was furnished to [the Real Property on] November 22, 2013.” (Counterclaim at 

¶ 13). Cuyahoga Heights asserts that MMS knew that statement was false and that it, 

Cuyahoga Heights, relied to its detriment on the false statement. It argues, “[b]ecause of 

[the lien] the Real Property could not be offered as collateral for financing and 

[Cuyahoga Height’s] lender refused to extend financing to [it]. In order to obtain the 
29. 

necessary financing, [Cuyahoga Heights] had to * * * pay premiums and incur other costs 

to ‘bond off’ MMS’s Mechanic’s Lien, and has been forced to detain significant funds as 

security for MMS’s fraudulent lien.” Cuyahoga Heights argues that MMS is liable to it 

for fraud and tortuously interfering with its business relationship with its lender. 

{¶ 72} Without comment, the trial court denied MMS’ motion for summary 

judgment. 

{¶ 73} On appeal, MMS argues that Cuyahoga Heights failed to make a prima 

facie case as to either counterclaim. As to the fraud claim, MMS argues that Cuyahoga 

Heights (1) could not demonstrate that MMS made a misrepresentation on the lien 

affidavit or (2) that it relied upon any misrepresentation to its detriment. As to the 

tortious interference claim, MMS argues that because Cuyahoga Heights failed to 

introduce any evidence that MMS knew of its relationship with its lender, that claim 

failed as a matter of law. 

{¶ 74} A claim of common-law fraud requires proof of the following elements: 

(a) a representation or, where there is a duty to disclose, concealment of a fact, (b) which 

is material to the transaction at hand, (c) made falsely, with knowledge of its falsity, or 

with such utter disregard and recklessness as to whether it is true or false that knowledge 

may be inferred, (d) with the intent of misleading another into relying upon it, (e) 

justifiable reliance upon the representation or concealment, and (f) a resulting injury 

proximately caused by the reliance. Russ v. TRW, Inc., 59 Ohio St.3d 42, 49, 570 N.E.2d 

1076 (1991). 
30. 

{¶ 75} Whether fraud exists is generally a question of fact. Interstate Gas Supply, 

Inc. v. Calex Corp., 10th Dist. No. 04AP-980, 2006-Ohio-638, ¶ 84. However, “when 

the plaintiff fails to produce sufficient evidence from which a jury could find in [its] 

favor, a motion for summary judgment is appropriate.” Doyle v. Fairfield Mach. Co.,

120 Ohio App.3d 192, 208, 697 N.E.2d 667 (11th Dist.1997). 

{¶ 76} There is no allegation that the filing of the lien induced Cuyahoga Heights 

to pay MMS the amount, or any part thereof, set forth in the lien affidavit. Rather, 

Cuyahoga Heights claims that the lien interfered with the processing of its loan and its 

ability to use the property as collateral without “bonding off” the lien. The summary 

judgment evidence on this point was offered by Cuyahoga Height’s property manager, 

Gregory Scott. At the time the lien was filed, Cuyahoga Heights had been approved for 

financing with FC Bank, and it had received a “term sheet,” setting forth the terms of the 

loan. The mechanic’s lien was discovered when it appeared on the title report, which was 

prepared in furtherance of the loan. After that, the loan “process ground to a halt.” In 

order to maintain the loan, FC Bank required Cuyahoga Heights to “bond off” the lien. 

The purchase of the bond allowed the loan to proceed, but with it, came $8,100 in 

premiums. Cuyahoga Heights also had to place $405,000 into an escrow account as a 

security for the bond. 

{¶ 77} On appeal, MMS argues that, even if the last day of work identified in the 

lien affidavit was fraudulent (which it denies), there is no evidence that Cuyahoga 

Heights “relied upon that statement to do anything. While Cuyahoga bonded off the lien, 
31. 

it did not do so in reliance upon MMS’ statement of its last day of work. It bonded off 

the lien so it could obtain financing that it apparently wanted.” 

{¶ 78} We agree with MMS. “A claim of fraud requires a party to prove that it 

irretrievably changed its position to its detriment in reliance upon the defendant’s false 

statement(s). Tier v. Singrey, 154 Ohio St. 521, 97 N.E.2d 20 (1951) (discussing fraud 

for purposes of admitting evidence normally barred by the statute of frauds). “The Ohio 

Supreme Court has held that a party cannot maintain an action for fraud when the 

fraudulent representations were not made to him to induce him to act.” Moses v. Sterling 

Commerce Am., Inc., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-161, 2002-Ohio-4327, ¶ 15, citing 

Wells v. Cook, 16 Ohio St. 67 (1865) syllabus; Sooy v. Ross Incineration Servs, Inc., 9th 

Dist. Lorain No. 98CA007031, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 4889 (Oct. 20, 1999) (“A 

plaintiff fails to state a valid cause of action for fraud when he alleges that a third-party 

relied on misrepresentations made by a defendant and that he suffered injury from that 

third-party's reliance.”) 

{¶ 79} Cuyahoga Heights cannot recover damages on the theory of fraud, based 

upon FC Bank’s changing the terms of the loan with Cuyahoga Heights, even if the lien 

was the cause of the bank’s decision. The costs incurred by Cuyahoga Heights, in 

defending and bonding off the lien, were not made in reliance upon any false statements 

by MMS. See e.g., Ruscilli Constr. Co. v. Major Builders Serv., Franklin C.P. No. 11-

CV-12467, 2013 Ohio Misc. LEXIS 3102, *4-6 (Feb. 27, 2013). In Ruscilli, the plaintiff, 

a general contractor, alleged that the defendant committed fraud by knowingly filing 

invalid mechanics liens, which caused the property owner to withhold over $265,000 in 
32. 

payments to the plaintiff and causing the plaintiff to seek a bond. The court granted the 

defendant’s motion for summary judgment, finding that the general contractor could not 

“recover damages on the theory of fraud based on [the property owner’s] reliance upon 

the statements made by Defendant in the mechanics' liens. The costs incurred by [the 

general contractor] in defending and bonding off these liens were not made in reliance 

upon any false statements” by the defendant. Id. at *6. In this case, we find that the trial 

court erred when it denied MMS’ motion for summary judgment as to Cuyahoga 

Height’s claim for fraud because Cuyahoga Heights failed to put forth any evidence that 

it relied to its detriment on the statements set forth in MMS’ lien affidavit. 

{¶ 80} In Count 2 of its counterclaim, Cuyahoga Heights alleged that it had a 

business relationship with its lender, FC Bank; that MMS “had knowledge” of that 

relationship; that MMS intended to and, in fact, “interfered with [Cuyahoga Height’s] 

financing arrangements by recording the Mechanic’s Lien without privilege to do so, 

given that it was filed past the statutory deadline.” 

{¶ 81} “The torts of interference with business relationships and contract rights 

generally occur when a person, without a privilege to do so, induces or otherwise 

purposely causes a third person not to enter into or continue a business relation with 

another, or not to perform a contract with another.” A & B-Abell Elevator Co. v. 

Columbus/Cent. Ohio Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council, 73 Ohio St.3d 1, 14, 651 N.E.2d 

1283 (1995). A claim for a tortious interference with a business relationship requires 

proof of (1) the existence of a business relationship; (2) the wrongdoer's knowledge of 

the relationship; (3) an intentional interference causing a breach or termination of the 
33. 

relationship; and (4) resulting damages. (Citations omitted.) WLB Radiology, LLC v. 

Mercy Health North, LLC, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-16-1015, 2016-Ohio-5276, ¶ 39. 

{¶ 82} MMS argues that it was entitled to summary judgment as to this claim 

because Cuyahoga Heights failed to establish that MMS knew of its business relationship 

with FC Bank or its attempt to finance the property. MMS denies any such knowledge. 

In further support, it cites the deposition testimony of (1) Gregory Scott, who admitted 

that Cuyahoga Heights never had any discussions with MMS that it was working with a 

lender and (2) Matt Ambrose, who testified that he never had any conversations with 

MMS “in connection with Cuyahoga Height’s lender.” Once MMS put forth its case, it 

became Cuyahoga Height’s reciprocal burden to offer evidence showing that MMS did 

know of the relationship between it and FC Bank. Civ.R. 56(E). 

{¶ 83} Cuyahoga Heights offered none. Instead, it cites a line of cases, as did the 

trial court, which provide that tortious interference of a business relationship may include 

interference with prospective contractual relationships. Those cases rely on the 

Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts, Section 766(B) which provides that a defendant may 

be held liable for intentional interference with prospective contractual relations “whether 

the interference consists of (a) inducing or otherwise causing a third person not to enter 

into or continue the prospective relation, or (b) preventing the [plantiff] from acquiring or 

continuing the prospective relation.” We find that this section is inapplicable to the case 

before us. As “Comment a” to that section makes clear, Section 766(B) “is concerned 

only with intentional interference with prospective contractual relations, not yet reduced 

to contract. The rule for the actor’s intentional interference with a third person’s 
34. 

performance of his existing contract with the plaintiff is stated in § 766.” (Emphasis 

added.) Section 766 pertains to “Intentional Interference with Performance of Contract 

by Third Person.” Under that section, the tortfeasor’s knowledge of the contract remains 

an integral component of a successful claim: 

Actor's knowledge of other's contract. To be subject to liability 

under the rule stated in this Section, the actor must have knowledge of the 

contract with which he is interfering and of the fact that he is interfering 

with the performance of the contract. Although the actor's conduct is in 

fact the cause of another's failure to perform a contract, the actor does not 

induce or otherwise intentionally cause that failure if he has no knowledge 

of the contract. Restat 2d of Torts, § 766 (2nd 1979). 

{¶ 84} In this case, Cuyahoga Heights is not arguing that the mechanic’s lien 

interfered with an, as yet unidentified, prospective business relationship. The basis for 

Cuyahoga Height’s claim is that MMS interfered with a specific business venture, 

between it and FC Bank, that caused the processing of its loan to “grind to a halt.” Here, 

there are no facts to suggest that MMS knew of Cuyahoga Height’s relationship with FC 

Bank or of Cuyahoga Height’s pursuit of a loan. 

{¶ 85} The final case cited by Cuyahoga Heights hurts, rather than helps its case. 

In Casciani v. Critchell, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140338, 2015-Ohio-977, ¶ 30-32, the 

court found that an issue of fact existed as to when the defendant, who filed a fraudulent 

mechanic’s lien, learned of the property owner’s relationship with its lender. The 

defendant claimed that it had no knowledge of the plaintiff’s business relationship with 
35. 

the bank, but the record demonstrated otherwise, as evidenced by the fact that it named 

the lender in a separate action to foreclose on the mechanics lien. The court found that 

the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of the defendant. Id. 

{¶ 86} Based upon Cuyahoga Height’s failure to put forth any evidence to 

demonstrate that an issue of fact existed to show that MMS knew of its relationship with 

FC Bank, summary judgment should have been granted to MMS as to Count 2 of 

Cuyahoga Height’s counterclaim. See Lump v. Larson, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-14-14, 

2015-Ohio-469, ¶ 25 (Competent, credible evidence supports the conclusion that landlord 

did not possess the requisite knowledge of the tenant’s business relationships and 

contracts to sustain his claim for tortious interference with business relationships claim.). 

{¶ 87} Having construed all the evidence and inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, i.e., Cuyahoga Heights, we find that reasonable minds must conclude that 

Cuyahoga Heights cannot prevail on either its fraud or intentional interference claims for 

the reason that there are no genuine issues as to any material facts and MMS is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law. Therefore, MMS’ third assignment of error, that summary 

judgment should have been granted in its favor as to these claims, is well-taken. 

{¶ 88} In light of our finding as to the third assignment of error, MMS’ sixth 

assignment of error, which challenges the trial court’s ruling after the bench trial, in favor 

of Cuyahoga Height’s as to their counterclaims, is moot. For the record, we note that 

Cuyahoga Heights put forth no evidence at trial to establish the missing elements of their 

respective counterclaims, i.e. there was no evidence at trial of detrimental reliance to 

support its fraud claim and/or knowledge by MMS of its relationship with FC Bank to 
36. 

support is intentional interference claim. Accordingly, Cuyahoga Height’s claim for 

fraud and intentional interference are dismissed. We vacate the trial court’s award of 

$63,570 in damages in favor of Cuyahoga Heights and against MMS as to those claims. 

{¶ 89} Assignments of error four and five concern the trial court’s findings, 

following the trial, as to MMS’ breach of contract claim. In Count 1 of the complaint, 

MMS alleged that CR-One “significantly changed the scope of the work to be performed 

under the Agreement” and “failed and refused to perform its contractual obligations 

under the Agreement.” As a result of CR-One’s alleged breach of contract, MMS alleged 

damages in the amount of $269,960, over and above the contract price of $118,340. On 

appeal, MMS claims that the trial court erred when it failed to construe the parties’ 

written contract pursuant to its terms (assignment of error number four) and when it 

found that the appellees did not waive the change order provision (assignment of error 

number five). 

{¶ 90} In an appeal from a civil bench trial, we generally review the trial court's 

judgment under a manifest-weight standard of review. United States Fire Ins. v. Am. 

Bonding Co., 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-160307 & C-160317, 2016-Ohio-7968, ¶ 16-17. 

We weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of the 

witnesses, and determine whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trial court 

clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that its judgment 

must be reversed and a new trial ordered. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St. 3d 328, 

2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 20. Where, however, the trial court's judgment is 

based upon a question of law, we review the trial court's determination of that issue de 
37. 

novo. See Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am. v. Benfield, 117 Ohio St. 3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 

884 N.E.2d 12, ¶ 34; see also Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 81, 10 

Ohio B. 408, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984) (holding that a finding of an error of law is a 

legitimate ground for reversal). We begin with the formation of the contract itself. To 

constitute a valid contract, there must be a meeting of the minds of the parties, and there 

must be an offer on one side and an acceptance on the other side. Noroski v. Fallet, 2 

Ohio St.3d 77, 442 N.E.2d 1302 (1982). The contract must also be supported by 

consideration which may consist of some benefit accruing to the promisor, in return for 

which he makes a promise, or some detriment suffered by the promisee, in return for 

which the promise is made to him. Id. 

{¶ 91} As set forth in paragraph 2 of the contract, CR-One promised that, “[f]or 

performing the scope of work, [MMS] will be paid * * * the following amount, not-toexceed amount of: $118,340.00.” In exchange and pursuant to paragraph 4, MMS 

promised that the “following provisions are included in this subcontract agreement, 

including but not limited to:” 

 Item # Inclusion Description 

 1. Wash ceiling deck with Greak lakes Extra Muscle PrePaint TM to 

remove dirt, oil, grease and flaking paint 

 2. Spot prime rusted areas with Devguard 4360 

 3. Apply [illegible] 4380 Drywall Epoxy to deck, walls and 

columns. 

 4. Need temperature of 50 degrees at the interior of building 
38. 

 5. Clean up. 

 6. One year Warranty from date of completion. 

{¶ 92} The record demonstrates that Brandan McGarry, on MMS’ behalf, 

executed the contract on March 7, 2013 and sent it to CR-One. Ambrose signed 

the contact on April 5, 2013 and returned it to MMS. A signature on a contract is 

evidence that the minds of the parties met on the terms of the contract as executed. 

Parklawn Manor, Inc. v. Jennings-Lawrence Co., 119 Ohio App. 151, 197 N.E.2d 

390 (10th Dist.1962) (Noting that such an inference is rebuttable.). Thus, the 

contract became effective when MMS received the fully executed agreement from 

Ambrose, if not sooner, i.e. on April 5, 2013 when Ambrose signed it. Indus. Heat 

Treating Co. v. Indus. Heat Treating Co., 104 Ohio App.3d 499, 509, 662 N.E.2d 

837 (6th Dist.1995) (Under Ohio law, there is no general rule “that requires a 

contract to be physically delivered before it is binding on the parties without an 

agreement to the contrary.”) 

{¶ 93} In its fourth assignment of error, MMS challenges the trial court’s 

interpretation of the contract’s use of the term “scope of work.” The contract does not 

define the term “scope of work.” 

{¶ 94} “In construing a written instrument, the primary and paramount objective is 

to ascertain the intent of the parties so as to give effect to that intent.” Aultman Hosp. 

Assn. v. Community Mut. Ins. Co., 46 Ohio St. 3d 51, 53, 544 N.E.2d 920 (1989). We 

will examine the contract as a whole and presume that the intent of the parties is reflected 

in the language of the contract. Id. When the terms of a contract are unambiguous, 
39. 

courts will not, in effect, create a new contract by finding an intent not expressed in the 

clear language employed by the parties. Shifrin v. Forest City Ent., Inc., 64 Ohio St.3d 

635, 638, 597 N.E.2d 499 (1992), syllabus. The initial determination of whether an 

ambiguity exists presents a question of law subject to a de novo review. Autlman. 

{¶ 95} We agree with MMS that the term, “scope of work” is unambiguous and 

that, in exchange for the contract amount of $118,340, MMS agree to perform the 

services listed in paragraph 4. Indeed, MMS agrees that it promised “to undertake five 

specific items as its scope of work.” MMS complains, however, that CR-One 

“significantly changed the scope of work to be performed.” 

{¶ 96} Throughout its decision, the trial court voiced its disagreement with the 

notion that CR-One changed the scope of the work. The court made a number of findings 

to that effect, including that: it was MMS that dictated the means and methods of how to 

clean, prime and paint phase I; that it was MMS that unilaterally decided to change those 

methods without input or directive from CR-One; that the “changed conditions” 

regarding “blowing down” the surfaces (rather than power washing) and spot priming 

(rather than priming all of the areas) were anticipated prior to execution of the contract; 

and that prior to execution of the contract that MMS assured CR-One that blowing down 

the surface would not result in extra cost. 

{¶ 97} “[A]n appellate court gives due deference to the trial court's findings of 

fact, so long as they are supported by competent, credible evidence.” The Four Howards, 

Ltd. v. J & F Wenz Road Investment, L.L.C, 179 Ohio App.3d 399, 2008-Ohio-6174, 902 

N.E.2d 63, ¶ 63 (6th Dist.). The record demonstrates that MMS provided the services it 
40. 

was obligated to provide under paragraph 4, albeit at a much higher cost than called for 

under the contract. MMS has not put forth a legal argument, much less facts to support 

that argument, that would allow it to recover any amount over the contract price against 

CR-One (excluding the $7,000 award for MMS’ delay claim, which is not subject to an 

appeal). 

{¶ 98} While the record makes clear that MMS, through Sean, identified $85,400 

in additional costs, as of March 25, 2013, there is no evidence that CR-One ever agreed 

to pay those costs. Moreover, the parol evidence rule bars evidence suggesting that there 

existed any implied contract altering the provisions of the written contract. Any 

conversation or exchange of emails that occurred before the parties entered into a written 

contract on April 5, 2013, is subject to the parol evidence rule. The rule provides that, 

“‘absent fraud, mistake, or other invalidating cause, the parties’ final written integration 

of their agreement may not be varied, contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior 

or contemporaneous oral agreements, or prior written agreements.’” Galmish v. Cicchini, 

90 Ohio St.3d 22, 26, 734 N.E.2d 782 (2000), quoting 22 Williston, Contracts, (4 

Ed.1999) 569-570, Section 33:4. The purpose of the rule is to protect the integrity of 

written contracts. Ed Schory & Sons v. Francis, 75 Ohio St.3d 433, 662 N.E.2d 1074 

(1996). “By prohibiting evidence of parol agreements, the rule seeks to ensure the 

stability, predictability, and enforceability of finalized written instruments.” Galmish at 

26. Accordingly, extrinsic evidence cannot contradict the unambiguous terms of a final, 

written agreement. Id. 
41. 

{¶ 99} The trial court’s findings, that CR-One did not change the scope of work, is 

supported by clear and convincing evidence. MMS’ fourth assignment of error is not 

well-taken. 

{¶ 100} In its fifth assignment of error, MMS argues that the trial court’s finding – 

that CR-One did not waive the written change order requirement – was against the 

manifest weight of the evidence. Paragraph 13 of the contract governs “change orders.” 

It provides, 

 The General Contractor * * * may make changes to the scope of 

work as part of this Subcontractor Purchase Agreement, adding, deleting; 

revising the Subcontract sum and time. Prior to starting any requested 

change order work, the General Contractor will issue a Request for 

Proposal, within 5 days after the request, the Subcontractor shall prepare a 

written proposal detailing the labor, material and mark-up of the change. 

The General Contractor will submit the proposal to the Architect/Owner for 

approval. If the Architect/ Owner accept the proposal; the General 

Contractor will issue a Notice to Proceed with Change and Subcontract 

Contract Change Order. 

{¶ 101} The contact’s change order provision, as set forth in paragraph 13, is valid 

and binding on the parties. Cent. Allied Enters v. Adjutant Gen. Dept., 10th Dist. 

Franklin No. 10AP-701, 2011-Ohio-4920, ¶ 26-28. Pursuant to that provision, MMS 

could not recover for extra work unless it first submitted a “written proposal detailing the 

labor, material and mark-up of the change” and then, could not perform extra work 
42. 

without a written “notice to proceed” from CR-One. Accord, Foster Wheeler 

Enviresponse v. Franklin Co. Convention Facilities Auth., 78 Ohio St.3d 353, 360, 678 

N.E.2d 519 (1997). 

{¶ 102} In its decision, the trial court made a number of findings with regard to the 

change order provision, including: (1) that there were “no change orders during this 

project;” (2) that there were no “written directives in compliance with the change order 

provision;” (3) that there were no requests for proposal under paragraph 13; and (4) that 

CR-One did not agree to any cost increases. We defer to the trial court's findings of fact, 

as we find that they are supported by competent, credible evidence. The Four Howards, 

179 Ohio App.3d 399, 2008-Ohio-6174, 902 N.E.2d 63, at ¶ 63. 

{¶ 103} In lieu of arguing that a valid change order existed, MMS argues that the 

change order provision was waived. A change order may be waived “either in writing or 

by such clear and convincing evidence as to leave no reasonable doubt about it.” Foster 

Wheeler at 364. “Waiver is a voluntary relinquishment of a known right and is generally 

applicable to all personal rights and privileges, whether contractual, statutory, or 

constitutional.” Glidden Co. v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 112 Ohio St.3d 470, 2006-

Ohio-6553, 861 N.E.2d 109, ¶ 49. A party asserting waiver must prove it by establishing 

a clear, unequivocal, decisive act by the other party, demonstrating the intent to waive.” 

Maghie & Savage, Inc. v. P.J. Dick Inc., 10th Dist. Franklin App. No. 08AP-487, 2009-

Ohio-2164, ¶ 27. (Additional citations omitted.) 

{¶ 104} MMS failed to prove that CR-One waived the change order provision, 

either in writing or with clear and convincing evidence. Mere knowledge of a 
43. 

subcontractor’s additional work, or even acquiescence of such work, will not support a 

case of waiver. Foster Wheeler at 364. Thus, CR-One’s knowledge of MMS’ decision to 

change the means and methods and/or to incur extra costs does not amount to a waiver of 

the change order provision. See Dugan & Meyers Const. Co., Inc. v. Ohio Dept. of 

Admin. Servs., 113 Ohio St.3d 226, 2007-Ohio-1687, 864 N.E.2d 68, ¶ 39, citing 

Ebenisterie Beaubois Ltee v. Marous Bros. Constr., Inc., N.D.Ohio No. 02CV985, 2002 

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26625 (Oct. 17, 2002) (“[W]hen a contract has an express provision 

governing a dispute, that provision will be applied; the court will not rewrite the contract 

to achieve a more equitable result.”). 

{¶ 105} When cost overruns substantially increased the cost of the project for 

MMS, it attempted to pass along those costs to CR-One either by renegotiating the 

existing contract or negotiating new contracts for other phases of the project. CR-One, 

through Ambrose, did not accept MMS’ repeated attempts to recover those costs and CROne never agreed to any change in its terms in writing, as required by the contract. Upon 

review, we find insufficient evidence in the record of a clear and unequivocal act 

demonstrating CR-One’s intent to waive the change order provision. MMS’ fifth 

assignment of error is not well-taken. 

{¶ 106} In MMS’ seventh and final assignment of error, it argues that the trial 

court erred in sanctioning it for frivolous conduct, pursuant to R.C. 2323.51. In its 

decision, the trial court cited two instances of frivolous conduct by MMS: its “persistent 

maintenance of claims premised on a late-filed Mechanic’s Lien” and its “filing of 

motions and papers accusing Ambrose of dishonesty under oath * * * result[ing] in 
44. 

extensive briefing.” The trial court ordered the parties to brief the issue of attorney’s fees 

and costs attributable to that frivolous conduct. 

{¶ 107} Appellees submitted an affidavit and billing records seeking $65,419.26 in 

sanctions. MMS did not respond to that issue, but on January 24, 2017, it filed a motion 

to stay all proceedings, pending its appeal. The court granted MMS’ motion. Thus, no 

finding with regard to sanctions has been made. 

{¶ 108} A ruling on a contempt motion is not a final appealable order unless the 

trial court has made a specific finding of contempt and has imposed a penalty or sanction. 

Kimani v. Nganga, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2009-L-060, 2009-Ohio-3796, ¶ 3-4. See also

Heckathorn v. Heckathorn, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2006CA189, 2007-Ohio-5520, ¶ 8. 

{¶ 109} Here, although the appealed judgment made specific findings of frivolous 

conduct, no sanction has yet been ordered. Until a second order is entered by the trial 

court as to the amount of damages, the issue of contempt is not ripe for review. Kimani

at ¶ 4, citing Welch v. Welch, 11th Dist. No. 2004-L-178, 2005-Ohio-560, ¶ 5. 

Accordingly, MMS’ seventh assignment of error is not well-taken. 

{¶ 110} In conclusion, we affirm the trial court’s judgment, in part, and we 

reverse, in part. As set forth above, we find MMS’ first, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh 

assignments of error not well-taken. We find MMS second assignment of error welltaken, but as discussed, the error by the trial court was harmless. Finally, we find MMS’ 

third assignment of error, regarding its motion for summary judgment, to be well-taken. 

MMS is entitled to judgment as a matter of law as to Cuyahoga Height’s counterclaims. 
45. 

{¶ 111} The parties shall share the costs of this appeal equally pursuant to App.R. 

24. 

Judgment affirmed, in part 

and reversed, in part. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. 

See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4. 

Mark L. Pietrykowski, J. _______________________________ 

JUDGE 

Thomas J. Osowik, J. 

_______________________________ 

Christine E. Mayle, P.J. JUDGE 

CONCUR. 

_______________________________ 

JUDGE