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ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION II

No. CV-16-21

SUSANNAH BAXTER

APPELLANT

V.

JOHN WING

APPELLEE

Opinion Delivered December 7, 2016

APPEAL FROM THE BENTON

COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

[NO. 04CV-14-775-6]

HONORABLE DOUG SCHRANTZ,

JUDGE

REVERSED

RITA W. GRUBER, Judge

This case involves a dispute about life-insurance proceeds received by Susannah Baxter

upon the death of her stepfather, Bazel Winstead. Susannah’s brother, John Wing, sued her,

contending that the policy proceeds were intended to be split equally between Susannah,

John, and their two siblings, Stephen Wing and Lanie Martin. The Benton County Circuit

Court entered an order imposing a constructive trust on the proceeds after finding that Bazel

and Susannah had entered into an oral contract requiring Susannah to divide the proceeds

with her siblings. Susannah has appealed from that order. We hold that the court’s finding

of an oral contract is clearly erroneous, and we reverse the circuit court’s order.

John, Stephen, Lanie, and Susannah are the stepchildren of Bazel Winstead, who

married their mother, Betty, in 1988. At that time, Susannah was in eighth grade; the other

three children were grown, married, or out of the house. Susannah was the only sibling who

grew up with Bazel acting as her father. In January 2011, Betty died. Shortly thereafter,
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Bazel began updating his estate plan. In February 2011, Bazel updated one of his lifeinsurance policies, naming Susannah as his sole beneficiary. In March 2011, he updated his

will, leaving his estate to the four siblings “share and share alike.” In April 2011, he applied

for additional life insurance and named Susannah as the sole beneficiary. In the spring of

2011, Bazel called Susannah and told her what he had done with his estate. According to

Susannah, he told her that the will divided the estate four ways and that the life insurance was

in Susannah’s name only. She said that he told her to “just share some with your brothers and

sister.” 

Bazel died on September 16, 2013. The proceeds from his life-insurance policies, in

the total amount of $208,004.74, were eventually all paid to Susannah. The parties dispute

exactly what conversations occurred between the siblings after Bazel’s death, but they do

agree that Susannah said that she would share some of the proceeds with her siblings. John

believed it was incumbent on Susannah to divide the proceeds evenly: 25 percent to each

sibling. Susannah believed that the proceeds were hers and that Bazel’s instructions to her

were to “share some” as she chose. John sent numerous messages to Susannah inquiring

about her intent regarding the life-insurance proceeds and eventually filed a complaint against

her. He initially filed the lawsuit in Garland County on February 7, 2014, but it was

transferred to Benton County on June 6, 2014.

The circuit court held a bench trial in March 2015 at which testimony was given by

all four siblings; Susannah’s husband, Josh Baxter; and the father of the four siblings, Franklin

Wing. John testified first. He said that he was in his late twenties when his mother married

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Bazel and that he had never lived near them. He said that he lived in Austin, Texas, and had

two grown children. He admitted that, before Bazel died, John had no knowledge about

Bazel’s estate plan, no idea whether he had life insurance, and no conversation with Bazel

or any of his siblings about either subject. He testified that he and Bazel had not been close.

He said that he had learned about the life insurance the day after Bazel’s funeral when Lanie

told him that Susannah had approached her and suggested they not tell John about the life

insurance and split it three ways. He also referred to a conversation among the four siblings

during lunch at Subway in which Susannah had told the siblings that everyone would get

some of the proceeds. He admitted that he had continued to email and text Susannah and

Josh, stating that he was waiting on his “portion” and asking if Susannah was going to follow

Bazel’s instructions. John said he did not dispute that Susannah was the named beneficiary

on all of the life-insurance policies, but he had been told by Lanie and by his father, Franklin,

that Bazel had given Susannah specific instructions regarding those proceeds. His opinion was

that Susannah had “some sort of oral contractual agreement to distribute the life insurance

equally at the specific instruction of Mr. Winstead,” although he admitted that he did not

have first-hand knowledge about those instructions. He said that Lanie had not told him

about any specific instructions but had merely said that they would all “be taken care of.”

Franklin Wing testified that he had a very close relationship with his son John and was

not at all close to his daughter Susannah. He explained his relationships on a scale of 1 to 10

as being a 10 with John, an 8 or 9 with Lanie, and a -3 with Stephen and Susannah. He

testified that Susannah had called him several times after Bazel’s death to discuss the insurance

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policy. He said that he had asked her if Bazel had given her any instructions and then had

told her that she should follow them. Franklin testified that Susannah had said that Bazel told

her to divide the proceeds “evenly and fairly.” He said one time when he had spoken with

Susannah, she told him that Bazel told her to divide the insurance proceeds just as his will

was dividing the property. He said that he had emailed Susannah in January and pleaded with

her to follow Bazel’s instructions and to “do the moral and ethical thing.” Franklin admitted

that he had no first-hand knowledge about the insurance policy and that he had never

spoken with Bazel about his estate or life insurance.

Lanie testified that, after their mother passed away, Bazel had told her that they would

all “be taken care of.” She said that she assumed he meant both the will and the life

insurance, but she admitted that this was Bazel’s only comment to her about it and that he

did not give her any specifics. She testified that Susannah had never told her what Bazel

wanted her to do with the life-insurance money. She said that she did tell John about

Susannah’s comments to split the money three ways and leave John out but that she did not

take Susannah’s comment to mean that, if John were included, the money would be split

four ways. She said, “It just didn’t sit well with me. We are four children. It should be split

four ways.” She testified that she now interpreted Susannah’s comments to mean that she was

obligated to split the money four ways. She said that she did not have any other

conversations with Susannah about the life insurance.

Susannah testified that she had lived with her mother and Bazel from eighth grade

until she was twenty-three years old except for her senior year in high school, when she lived

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with Lanie in order to graduate with her friends in Hot Springs. She said that she moved

back in with her parents when she was twenty-five and lived with them until she was

twenty-eight. She testified that when her mother died in 2011, Susannah was the named

beneficiary of a life-insurance policy in the amount of $20,000 to $25,000. She said that after

the funeral expenses had been paid, she gave the remainder of the money to Bazel for home

repairs.

Susannah testified that Bazel called her in the spring of 2011 and told her, “This is

what I’ve done.” He said that he had taken care of burial insurance, split his property equally

among the four siblings in his will, and left life insurance in Susannah’s name. He told her

to “share some” with her siblings. She said that she did not respond to this, because it was

a declarative statement and not a question seeking a response. She also testified that she was

not clear after Bazel died whether the life-insurance proceeds were part of probate. When

the siblings had lunch at Subway before they met with the estate attorney, she told them that

everyone would get some of the life-insurance proceeds. She did not indicate any particular

amount. She said that she had always intended to share some with her siblings, as Bazel had

instructed. She testified that the estate attorney clarified after lunch that the proceeds

belonged to Susannah and were not part of probate.

Susannah testified that she had spoken several times with Franklin and that he had told

her to split the life insurance “just like the will said.” She testified that Franklin did most of

the talking in their conversations and that he “spent a lot of time trying to explain to me how

I could split it up evenly.” She said that he kept telling her that she was wrong and acting like

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she was confused. She said that she had been frustrated talking to him and had felt like he was

not listening to her. She testified that Franklin’s version of their conversations was

“completely false.”

Stephen testified that he had been appointed by Bazel as the executor of the estate

sometime in early 2011. He testified that Bazel had never told him anything specific about

the will, talked with him about life insurance, or given any specific instructions to him. He

said that he had found no instructions or notes contrary to the will or life-insurance policy

after Bazel’s death. He described Susannah as Bazel’s only “dependent . . . his daughter” and

testified that the other siblings did not have a “real relationship” with Bazel. He said that it

made “perfect sense” to him that Bazel had left the life insurance to Susannah and her young

family. 

On June 22, 2015, the circuit court entered an order finding that Bazel and Susannah 

had entered into an oral contract whereby, upon receipt of the insurance proceeds, Susannah

was to divide the proceeds evenly among her and her three siblings. The court found that,

by not dividing the proceeds, Susannah had breached the contract. Thus, the circuit court

imposed a constructive trust on the proceeds and awarded judgment to John against Susannah

in the amount of $52,001, one-fourth of the total proceeds. The court also awarded him

$20,000 in attorney’s fees.

Susannah appeals the circuit court’s order, arguing that the court clearly erred in

finding that she and Bazel had entered into an oral contract and that it improperly imposed

a constructive trust on the proceeds. Our standard of review on appeal from a bench trial is

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whether the circuit court’s findings were clearly erroneous or clearly against the

preponderance of the evidence. Foundation Telecomm., Inc. v. Moe Studio, Inc., 341 Ark. 231,

238, 16 S.W.3d 531, 536 (2000). We defer to the circuit court’s credibility assessments. Id.

at 240, 16 S.W.3d at 537. Because the court’s imposition of a constructive trust was based

on its finding of an oral contract, we review that issue first.

The question before us is whether Bazel and Susannah entered into an oral contract

pursuant to which she agreed to distribute the life-insurance proceeds equally among her and

her siblings after Bazel’s death in exchange for his promise to refrain from revoking his

beneficiary designation. The parties do not dispute that it was Bazel’s expressed desire for

Susannah to share some of the life-insurance proceeds with her siblings after his death. They

do dispute exactly how much he told her to share and whether he “instructed” her to divide

the money equally or “suggested” that she simply share some of the money. A resolution of

this dispute would be neither relevant nor helpful, however, to the basic issue before us.

Because, even if Susannah had a moral obligation to do what her stepfather asked of her, she

did not have a legal obligation to do so under the facts of this case. 

We turn to the law governing contracts. It is black-letter law that this court cannot

make a contract for the parties but can only construe and enforce the contract that they have

made. City of Dardanelle v. City of Russellville, 372 Ark. 486, 491, 277 S.W.3d 562, 566

(2008). The traditional definition of a “contract” is “a promise or set of promises for breach

of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way

recognizes as a duty.” 1 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 1:1 (4th ed. 2007). A

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promise is “a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so

made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.” Id. § 1:2.

Our supreme court has stated that the purpose of the law of contract is to see that promises

are performed. Bankston v. Pulaski Cty. Sch. Dist., 281 Ark. 476, 479, 665 S.W.2d 859, 862

(1984). 

Under Arkansas law, a contract must include the following essential elements: (1)

competent parties, (2) subject matter, (3) legal consideration, (4) mutual agreement, and (5)

mutual obligation. City of Dardanelle, 372 Ark. at 490, 277 S.W.3d at 565–66. Mutual

promises may constitute consideration, each for the other. Capel v. Allstate Ins. Co., 78 Ark.

App. 27, 40, 77 S.W.3d 533, 541 (2002). While mutual promises will sustain a contract, there

is no valid agreement if there is no promise by one party as a consideration for the other’s

promise. Essential Accounting Sys., Inc. v. Dewberry, 2013 Ark. App. 388, at 6, 428 S.W.3d

613, 617.

According to the law set forth above, the foundation of a contract is a promise. Here,

John argues that even though Susannah was already the designated beneficiary of the lifeinsurance policies at the time of the alleged contract, Bazel had the ability to change the

beneficiary at any time. Thus, he claims, Bazel’s promise to refrain from changing the

beneficiary was sufficient consideration in exchange for Susannah’s promise to divide the

proceeds. While a true-enough proposition, the court did not make this finding. Rather, the

circuit court determined that Bazel and Susannah had entered into an oral contract based on

its finding credible the testimony that Bazel’s “instructions were to divide the insurance

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proceeds evenly.” While it may very well be a clear expression of Bazel’s intent, his

instructions do not constitute an oral contract. The court did not find, and the evidence does

not support a finding, that either Bazel or Susannah made any promise at all. John’s witnesses

testified that Bazel merely instructed Susannah to divide the proceeds evenly. No one

testified that Bazel expressed any intention or desire to revoke his beneficiary designation if

Susannah did not agree to these instructions. Moreover, no one testified that Susannah made

any promise to Bazel to follow his instructions. Accordingly, we hold that the circuit court

clearly erred in finding that Bazel and Susannah entered into an oral contract regarding

distribution of the life-insurance proceeds. 

Given our holding herein, we reverse the circuit court’s order in its entirety, including

the imposition of a constructive trust and the award of costs and attorney’s fees.

Reversed.

HARRISON and HOOFMAN, JJ., agree. 

Matthews, Campbell, Rhoads, McClure & Thompson, P.A., by: Sarah L. Waddoups, for

appellant.

Reece Moore Pendergraft LLP, by: B.R. Price, for appellees.

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