# Patent

## Title
System and method of mapping memory blocks in a configurable integrated circuit

## Abstract

Some embodiments provide a method of providing configurable ICs to a user. The method provides the configurable IC and a set of behavioral descriptions to the user. The behavioral descriptions specify the effects of accesses to a memory by a set of memory ports given a set of parameters chosen by the user.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS 
This Application is related to the following applications: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/371,214, filed Mar. 8, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/609,875, filed Dec. 12, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/371,191, filed Mar. 8, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/371,194, filed Mar. 8, 2006; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/371,352, filed Mar. 8, 2006; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/371,198, filed Mar. 8, 2006.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed towards configurable integrated circuits with memory ports and offset connections.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Integrated circuits (“ICs”, often called “chips”) are typically grown on and etched into semiconductor substrates. The transistors that make up the majority of their circuitry are generally confined to a two dimensional plane on the surface of the substrate. Almost any integrated circuit design requires connections from transistors on one part of the substrate to transistors on other parts of the substrate. These transistors are connected by tiny metal wires. The wires are not free wires, but are rather laid down in rigid layers (wiring planes) over the transistors. Unlike the transistors, the wired connections can use three dimensions, moving among different wiring planes by use of “vias”. Vias are implements at which connections can pass from one layer to another.
The confinement of transistors to a single, two-dimensional plane means that connections through transistors alone cannot go over each other, but must instead go around. The freedom of wired connectors to change layers means that one wire can go over another wire, rather than going around it.
Configurable ICs are ICs that can be “programmed” to provide different integrated circuit configurations. Configurable ICs can be thought of as general purpose chips. The logical blocks within them can be re-assigned to different tasks as needed. For instance, acting as a logical “AND” gate in one set up and as a logical “OR” gate in another setup. The importance of the difference between transistor connections and wire connections to configurable ICs will be explained below.
The use of configurable ICs (e.g. field programmable gate arrays, “FPGAs”) has dramatically increased in recent years. Configurable ICs usually have logic circuits, interconnect circuits, and input/output (I/O) circuits. The logic circuits (also called logic blocks) are typically arranged as an internal array of circuits. These logic circuits are connected together through numerous interconnect circuits (also called interconnects). The logic and interconnect circuits are typically surrounded by the I/O circuits.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a configurable logic circuit 100. This logic circuit can be configured to perform a number of different functions. As shown in FIG. 1, the logic circuit 100 receives a set of input data 105 and a set of configuration data 110. The configuration data set can be stored in a set of SRAM cells 115. From the set of functions that the logic circuit 100 can perform, the configuration data set specifies a particular function that this circuit is to perform on the input data set. Once the logic circuit performs its function on the input data set, it provides the output of this function on a set of output lines 120. The logic circuit 100 is said to be configurable, as the configuration data set “configures” the logic circuit to perform a particular function, and this configuration data set can be modified by writing new data in the SRAM cells. Multiplexers and look-up tables are two examples of configurable logic circuits.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a configurable interconnect circuit 200. This interconnect circuit 200 connects a set of input data 205 to a set of output data 210. This circuit receives configuration data bits 215 that are stored in a set of SRAM cells 220. The configuration bits specify how the interconnect circuit should connect the input data set to the output data set. The interconnect circuit 200 is said to be configurable, as the configuration data set “configures” the interconnect circuit to use a particular connection scheme that connects the input data set to the output data set in a desired manner. Moreover, this configuration data set can be modified by writing new data in the SRAM cells. Multiplexers are one example of interconnect circuits.
FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of a prior art configurable IC 300. As shown in this figure, the IC 300 includes an array of configurable logic circuits 305 and configurable interconnect circuits 310. The IC 300 has two types of interconnect circuits 310a and 310b. Interconnect circuits 310a connect interconnect circuits 310b and logic circuits 305, while interconnect circuits 310b connect interconnect circuits 310a to other interconnect circuits 310a. In some cases, the IC 300 has hundreds or thousands of logic circuits 305 and interconnect circuits 310.
The arrangement of interconnect circuits illustrated in FIG. 3 allows configurations in which the output of one chosen logic circuit can be sent through a series of interconnect circuits to an input of any other single chosen logic circuit. The connection would be made though a succession of interconnect circuits. However, it is usually the case that multiple logic circuits must be made to connect to each other.
One reason that multiple logic circuits must be connected is that ICs commonly need to deal with multiple bit “words”, not just single bits. For example, a user might want to invert a 4-bit number, and then perform another operation on the resulting 4-bit number. Each logic circuit in the configurable IC can perform an operation on one bit, and then pass the result on to another logic circuit to perform the next operation.
Such a set of operations results in a “data path” that, in this example, is 4 bits wide. Each logic circuit does an operation on one data bit, so a 4-bit set of operations requires 4 logic circuits in a row. In order to perform a series of operations on a particular 4-bit set of data, all 4 bits must be sent to another row of 4 logic circuits. The simplest way of doing this is to send all 4 bits to the next row down.
Another way of doing this is shown in FIG. 4. In FIG. 4, the output from logic circuits 405a, goes through the interconnect circuits 410a and 410b to the inputs of logic circuits 405b. 
FIG. 4 demonstrates that in the prior art multiple logic circuits could be connected in parallel to multiple other logic circuits. However, this set of connections came at a price; because each interconnect circuit can only be used to make one connection at a time. Thus, the figure also shows that logic circuits 405c and interconnect circuits 410c are completely isolated from other circuits. The figure also shows that any circuits on opposite sides of the connected circuits can only connect to each other if they go around the connected block.
The problem of blocked circuits gets worse if a user wants to shift a data path over, as shown in FIG. 5. This figure shows an attempt to shift a 3-bit data path from the logic circuits shown in tile set 520a over to the logic circuits in tile set 520b. Unless otherwise noted a “tile set” in this specification defines a group of tiles in the diagram, and is not itself an actual physical object. Circuit 505a connects to circuit 505d, and circuit 505b connects to circuit 505e, but each interconnect circuit can only be used once. Each interconnect circuit used in those two connections is unavailable for making a connection between circuit 505c and circuit 505f. Once the path between those circuits reaches dead end 530, it has no available interconnect circuit to go to. In some cases, long routes could connect circuits 505c and 505f, rather than the path simply being blocked outright. The long route would use interconnect circuits that are outside the illustrated area (below those shown in FIG. 5). However, data following such a route would pass through a greater number of interconnect circuits than data following the routes shown in FIG. 5 and would thus take longer to reach the destination circuit than data following the illustrated routes. In addition to creating timing problems, such long routes also become more and more complicated the greater the number of tiles in the tile sets.
Other configurable ICs of the prior art attempted to solve this problem by making direct connections between interconnect circuits in distant rows or columns. Here, a direct connection is one which does not pass through any routing circuitry other than that associated with the individual logic circuits it connects. FIG. 6 shows available direct connections 610 between a group of circuits 620a and several groups of circuits 620b-620e below.
Having distant interconnects in the same row or column is only a partial solution. Often a user may want a long sequence of operations performed on a multi-bit set, each operation taking one logic circuit per bit. Vertical and horizontal direct connections still confine wide data paths to stay within one set of columns or rows, and if a large number of operations needs to be performed, there may not be enough available space in a set of columns to allow for individual rows to be skipped by long direct connections.
As FIG. 7 shows, because of the blocking effects of a row of occupied circuits, such a sequence of operations may result in a large section of the chip being occupied by a wall 730 of in-use circuits. With such a wall in place, circuit 705a has no path to reach circuit 705b. 
One type of circuitry found on some configurable ICs is memory circuitry, sometimes called “digital memory” or just “memory”. Digital memory is accessed according to a system of addresses and words. Memory typically has a set of n addresses which specify the location of memory words that are m-bits long (where m and n are integers). The total number of bits stored in such a memory is the product of the number of addresses (sometimes called the depth of the memory) and the length of the words (sometimes called the width of the memory. A memory with n addresses that is m-bits wide contains n times m bits of information.
Memory is typically accessed through memory “ports” that specify the address of the memory word to be read or written over. Such ports have pre-configured word widths. Digital circuits typically operate on some time scale, each operation of such circuits takes place in one time period, or “clock cycle”. A memory port can perform one access to a memory per clock cycle of the memory. One access means reading or writing one word to the memory.
Some memories have multiple ports. These ports enable the memory to be accessed multiple times per clock cycle. This allows data to be written to and read from the memory about twice as fast. However, multiple ports accessing the memory at the same time creates the possibility that two or more ports may try to read from or write to the same address at the same time. Attempts to write to the same address at the same time with multiple memory ports at best result in an ambiguous result about which port “wins” and has its word written to that address. Attempts to read the memory through one port and write to the memory from another port create an ambiguity about whether the word previously written in that address or the word currently being written to that address will be read from the memory.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a configurable IC with behavioral descriptions for dealing with the issues raised by multiple ports accessing the same memory.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Some embodiments provide a method of providing configurable ICs to a user. The method provides the configurable IC and a set of behavioral descriptions to the user. The behavioral descriptions specify the effects of accesses to a memory by a set of memory ports given a set of parameters chosen by the user.
Some embodiments provide a method of configuring a configurable IC with a set of memory ports. The method receives a user design. The user design includes a multi-port memory and specifies multiple accesses to a particular location in the memory in one user cycle through at least two ports. The multiple accesses are specified based on a particular port priority hierarchy. The method maps the multi-port memory to a physical memory in the configurable IC using the port priority hierarchy to specify access priority to the physical memory based on the access port priority hierarchy.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a prior art configurable logic circuit.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a prior art configurable interconnect circuit.
FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of a prior art configurable IC.
FIG. 4 illustrates connections of a data path in a prior art configurable IC.
FIG. 5 illustrates connections of another data path in a prior art configurable IC.
FIG. 6 illustrates long connections within a column of tiles in a prior art configurable IC.
FIG. 7 illustrates circuits blocked by an extended data path in a prior art configurable IC.
FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a tile in a configurable IC.
FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a non-neighboring offset connection.
FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a set of parallel non-neighboring offset connections.
FIG. 11 illustrates a close up of two tiles from the previous figure.
FIG. 12 illustrates an example of data path shifting.
FIG. 13 illustrates a more detailed example of data path shifting.
FIG. 14 illustrates the results of the logical operations from the previous figures.
FIG. 15 illustrates an example of actual wire paths for parallel non-neighboring offset connectors where each wire path is identical.
FIG. 16 illustrates an example of actual wire paths for parallel non-neighboring offset connectors where some wire paths are not identical to the other wire paths.
FIG. 17 illustrates a different topological layout of the set of tiles illustrated in FIG. 10.
FIG. 18 illustrates a close up of four tiles from the previous figure.
FIG. 19 illustrates an example of longer non-neighboring offset connections shifting a horizontal 8-bit data path by eight bits.
FIG. 20 illustrates two sets of parallel NNOCs starting on different rows ending on the same row.
FIG. 21 illustrates two sets of parallel NNOCs with each set ending on a different input locus of the same tile set.
FIG. 22 illustrates two successive rows of tiles with a set of NNOCs connecting them to two other successive rows of tiles.
FIG. 23 illustrates two successive rows of tiles with two sets of NNOCs connecting them to another rows of tiles.
FIG. 24 illustrates parallel NNOCs shifting a vertical data path.
FIG. 25 illustrates non-parallel NNOCs re-orienting a data path from horizontal to vertical.
FIG. 26 illustrates two sets of parallel NNOCs interlacing data from different sets of tiles.
FIG. 27 illustrates direct connections, parallel offset connections and non-parallel NNOCs consolidating an 8-bit data path into a 4-bit data path.
FIG. 28 illustrates a set of four tiles with two sets of NNOCs coming out of it and going to two other sets of four tiles.
FIG. 29 illustrates multiple sets of NNOCs going from one output locus on a tile set to multiple input loci on another tile set.
FIG. 30 illustrates multiple sets of NNOCs going from multiple output loci on a tile set to multiple input loci on another tile set.
FIG. 31 illustrates intra-tile connections.
FIG. 32 illustrates an example of a logic circuit with three input multiplexers.
FIG. 33 illustrates a user design implemented with the logic circuit and multiplexers of the previous figure.
FIG. 34 illustrates a more detailed user design implemented with the logic circuit and multiplexers of the previous figure.
FIG. 35 illustrates a 4-bit barrel shifter.
FIG. 36 illustrates some of the connections used in a 16-bit barrel shifter.
FIG. 37 illustrates a 16-to-1 multiplexer.
FIG. 38 illustrates a 16 bit barrel shifter.
FIG. 39 illustrates a 16-bit barrel set to shift a 16 bit word by one bit to the left.
FIG. 40 illustrates a 16-bit barrel set to shift a 16 bit word by six bits to the left.
FIG. 41 illustrates a 16-bit barrel set to shift a 16 bit word by eleven bits to the left.
FIG. 42 illustrates a 16-bit barrel set to shift a 16 bit word by twelve bits to the left.
FIG. 43 illustrates a topological wiring diagram to implement a 16-bit barrel shifter for shifting to the left and a 16 bit barrel shifter for shifting to the right.
FIG. 44 illustrates use of multiple sets of parallel NNOCs passing a signal through an interconnect circuit on a set of tiles.
FIG. 45 illustrates use of a set of parallel NNOCs coupled with use of parallel intra-tile connections.
FIG. 46 illustrates the use of subcycles in a reconfigurable integrated circuit.
FIG. 47 illustrates memory and a memory port.
FIG. 48 illustrates a memory with more logical ports than physical ports.
FIG. 49 illustrates multiple accesses of a memory location during one user cycle.
FIG. 50 illustrates a virtual memory presented as narrower and deeper than the physical memory.
FIG. 51 illustrates a flowchart of an example of virtual memory presented as being narrower and deeper than the physical memory.
FIG. 52 illustrates a barrel shifter and outputs presenting a narrowed memory.
FIG. 53 illustrates a conceptual diagram of an example of a memory with two ports.
FIG. 54 illustrates a user design with multiple memory blocks.
FIG. 55 illustrates a conceptual diagram of multiple memory blocks and memory ports for those memory blocks.
FIG. 56 illustrates a conceptual diagram of an example of user design memory blocks mapped to different locations is a physical memory.
FIG. 57 illustrates a flow chart for mapping user design memories to a physical memory accessed on a subcycle basis.
FIG. 58 illustrates a flow chart for determining the subcycles in which to map memory port accesses.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the following description, numerous details are set forth for the purpose of explanation. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the invention may be practiced without the use of these specific details. For instance, not all embodiments of the invention need to be practiced with the specific number of bits and/or specific devices (e.g. multiplexers) referred to below. In other instances, well known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to not obscure the description of the invention with unnecessary detail.
I. Overview
A. Brief Overview
Some embodiments provide novel wiring architectures for configurable integrated circuits (ICs). In some embodiments, the configurable resources of the IC include configurable logic circuitry and configurable interconnect circuitry. In some embodiments such configurable circuitry can be conceptually grouped into tiles that are arranged in some arrangement such as an array with a number of rows and columns of tiles. The configurable IC includes a first tile and a second tile that is offset from the first tile by at least one row and at least two columns or by at least one column and at least two rows. The configurable IC also includes a non-neighboring offset connection (NNOC) that directly connects an output of the first tile to an input of the second tile. Some embodiments use multiple parallel NNOCs to directly connect a first set of tiles to a second set of tiles that are offset from the first set of tiles in a similar manner to the one described above for individual tiles.
Some embodiments use NNOCs to implement a variety of useful circuit designs. For example, NNOCs, along with other connections and circuits, can be used to implement barrel shifters which shift data words by specified numbers of bits. In some embodiments, barrel shifters that shift by increments of one bit (which allow precise shifts) are placed before or after barrel shifters that shift by increments of multiple bits (which allow long shifts). These embodiments allow shifts that are both long and precise, with the multi-bit increment shifters providing long shifts and the one-bit increment shifters providing precise shifts.
In some embodiments, the logic circuitry of the configurable ICs mentioned above may include look up tables (LUTs) and input-select multiplexers (IMUXs) that select the inputs of the LUTs. These LUTs can themselves be configured to act as multiplexers. Such LUTs can be used along with the IMUXs to implement multiplexers with larger numbers of inputs. For example, a 3-input LUT can be configured as a two-input multiplexer with the first two inputs of the LUT receiving data bits a third input of the LUT receiving the selection bit. The IMUXs connected to the first two inputs can be configured as two-input multiplexers. The combination of these elements would act as a 4×1 multiplexer. Such LUT and IMUX multiplexers can be used to implement barrel shifters like the ones mentioned above.
Barrel shifters are used in some embodiments to present digital memories as being narrower and deeper than they are. Some embodiments provide novel techniques for accessing memory multiple times per user cycle. These embodiments may map virtual ports onto the multiple accesses. A more detailed overview of some features starts below.
B. Detailed Overview
Some embodiments of the invention provide architectures for configurable ICs that have configurable computational units (e.g., configurable logic circuits) and configurable routing circuits for configurably routing signals between the configurable computational units. For instance, some embodiments provide a configurable IC that can be thought of as having numerous configurable computational tiles (e.g., hundreds, thousands, hundreds of thousands, etc. of tiles) that are laid out on the IC according to a particular arrangement. These tiles are an abstraction used to represent sections of the IC rather than any sort of physical object. In some embodiments, the configurable computational tiles include configurable logic circuits and configurable interconnect circuits. In other embodiments, the only configurable circuits in the configurable computational tiles are configurable logic circuits or configurable interconnect circuits.
The computational tiles in some embodiments are arranged in numerous rows and columns that form a tile array. Also, the tile arrangement in some embodiments results in one or more sets of the configurable circuits (e.g., the configurable logic circuits and/or configurable interconnect circuits) being arranged in an array with several aligned rows and columns. Alternatively, some embodiments might organize the configurable circuits in an arrangement that is not an array.
For simplicity of explanation, the embodiments below are generally described and illustrated as being in arrays. However, some arrangements may have configurable circuits or tiles arranged in one or more arrays, while other arrangements may not have the configurable circuits or tiles arranged in an array. In the tile or circuit arrangement, some embodiments intersperse several other circuits, such as memory blocks, processors, macro blocks, IP blocks, SERDES controllers, clock management units, etc. Alternatively, some embodiments arrange some of these other circuits (e.g., memory blocks) within the tile structure.
In some embodiments, each routing interconnect circuit can receive several input signals and distribute output signals to several different types of circuits, such as routing or input select interconnect(s) of the same tile, or routing and input-select interconnects of other tiles. Also, routing interconnects can have a fan out greater than one in some embodiments.
In some embodiments, sets of multiple parallel connections directly connect sets of tiles with other sets of tiles. As further described below, a direct connection between two circuits is an electrical connection between the two circuits that is achieved by (1) a set of wire segments that traverse through a set of the wiring layers of the IC, and (2) a set of vias when two or more wiring layers are involved. In some embodiments, a direct connection between two circuits might also include a set of buffer circuits.
A particular computational tile's input select interconnect(s) can receive input signals from circuits outside or inside of the particular tile, and pass a set of these received signals to a logic circuit in the particular computational tile. In some of these embodiments, the particular computational tile's input select interconnects have direct connections with circuits in tiles that are several tiles away from the particular tile. In some of these embodiments, one or more of these other tiles are not vertically or horizontally aligned with the particular computational tile in the tile arrangement. In other words, some embodiments have several long direct offset connections for connecting the inputs of some input select interconnects with circuits that are in computational tiles that are offset from the particular computational tile by at least two rows and at least one column or by at least two columns and at least one row.
Some embodiments also have several offset connections between interconnects in different computational tiles. For instance, in some embodiments, the output of a routing interconnect in a particular computational tile can be supplied through an offset connection to the input of the routing interconnect of another computational tile. Such an offset connect can also be used to provide the output of a routing interconnect in one computational tile to the input select interconnect in another computational tile. Some embodiments use long offset connections to connect two interconnects that are neither in neighboring computational tiles nor in vertically or horizontally aligned computational tiles. Some embodiments also use long offset connections to provide the output of logic circuits to circuits that are in computational tiles that do not neighbor the computational tiles of the logic circuits.
The use of direct offset connections in the configurable IC of some embodiments increases the interconnectivity between the circuits of the configurable IC. In addition to computational tiles, some embodiments include other types of tiles (e.g., tiles that embed memory arrays) that do not include some or all of the circuits of a computational tile. In some embodiments, these other tiles connect to each other and/or to computational tiles in the same manner as was described above for connections between computational tiles. The configurable IC of some embodiments is a reconfigurable IC. In some of these embodiments, the reconfigurable IC is a subcycle reconfigurable IC.
Some embodiments use sets of non-neighboring offset connections to establish wide paths for data. In some such sets, the connectors are topologically parallel to one another, that is, parallel on a topological representation of the tiles and/or connectors. More detailed descriptions of such embodiments can be found below.
Some embodiments implement a user design that includes the tiles configured as four-to-one multiplexers. These embodiments allow the user's design to select which input of the four-to-one multiplexer is active. One type of device that may use such multiplexers is a barrel shifter. A barrel shifter is a device that can shift a data word by some number of bits. Some embodiments use barrel shifters to present the physical memory of the configurable IC as being narrower and deeper than it really is.
Some embodiments use a configurable IC that operates on a subcycle time scale. The configurable IC of such embodiments implements a user design that is treated as being run on a user design clock cycle (sometimes called “user cycle”) time scale. Multiple subcycles occur for each user design clock cycle. In some embodiments, the configurable IC can be re-configured once per subcycle, thus more than once per user cycle. Some such embodiments use the ability to access memory multiple times per user cycle to present the memory to the user design as having more logical memory ports than there are physical memory ports.
In some embodiments, a user is provided with a configurable IC and a set of behavioral descriptions about how to use multiple ports with different priority levels to write to the same memory address. More detailed descriptions of such embodiments can be found below.
II. Terms and Concepts
A configurable IC is an IC that has configurable circuits. In addition to configurable circuits, a configurable IC also typically includes non-configurable circuits (e.g., non-configurable logic circuits, interconnect circuits, memories, etc.).
A configurable circuit is a circuit that can “configurably” perform a set of operations. Specifically, a configurable circuit receives “configuration data” that selects an operation that the configurable circuit will perform out of a set of operations that it can perform.
In some embodiments, configuration data is generated outside of the configurable IC. In some embodiments, a set of software tools converts a high-level IC design (e.g., a circuit representation or a hardware description language design) into a set of configuration data that can configure the configurable IC (or more accurately, the configurable ICs configurable circuits) to implement the IC design.
Configurable circuits may include logic circuits and interconnect circuits. A logic circuit is a circuit that can perform a function (e.g. AND, OR, or XOR) on a set of input data that it receives. A configurable logic circuit is a logic circuit that can be configured to perform different functions on its input data set (see FIG. 1 above).
One type of logic circuit is a look-up table (LUT) circuit. A LUT accepts a set of one or more input bits, and provides a set of one or more output bits. The output bits corresponding to a particular set of input bits are set before the input bits are received. A LUT performs the function its name indicates. It acts like a table with the input bits identifying the desired “row” in the table and the output bits being the entries in the output “column(s)” that intersect with the desired “row”. A configurable LUT allows the output “column(s)” to be set to whatever values are needed for the function the configurable IC is performing at the time. Unless otherwise specified, all LUTs in the embodiments described in this specification are configurable LUTs. However, other embodiments may use non-configurable LUTs.
A configurable interconnect circuit is a circuit that can configurably connect an input set to an output set in a variety of manners. One example of a configurable interconnect circuit is described in relation to FIG. 2 above. Some interconnect circuits described in embodiments below are multiplexers.
A multiplexer (“MUX”) is a circuit that accepts a set of data inputs (sometimes called “data bits” or simply “inputs”) and a set of selection inputs (sometimes called “selection bits”). The multiplexer passes a subset of the data inputs to a set of data outputs. The particular subset that the multiplexer passes on is determined by the selection inputs. Different embodiments of multiplexers may implement this passing through of data in different ways. The passing through might be by establishing an electrical path between the selected input set and the output set of the multiplexer. The passing through could also be by indirectly passing the value of the data at the input set to the output set. Any means of providing the same values at the output set as at the selected input set would be within the definition of passing through used herein.
An input-select multiplexer (IMUX) is a multiplexer that supplies one input signal of the LUTs described in the embodiments below. In other words, an IMUX receives several input signals and passes one of these input signals to its LUT.
A routing multiplexer (RMUX) is an interconnect circuit that can receive signals from and supply signals to interconnect and logic circuits in its own or other tiles in the arrangement. Unlike an IMUX that only provides its output to a single logic circuit (i.e., that only has a fan out of 1), a routing multiplexer in some embodiments, either provides its output to several logic and/or interconnect circuits (i.e., has a fan out greater than 1), or provides its output to one other interconnect or logic circuit.
A user-design signal within a configurable IC is a signal that is generated by a circuit (e.g., logic circuit) of the configurable IC, or in some cases is received by a circuit in the configurable IC from input lines coming into the IC from outside. The word “user” in the term “user-design signal” connotes that the signal is a signal that the configurable IC generates (or receives from the outside) for a particular application that a particular user has configured the IC to perform. User-design signal is abbreviated to user signal in some of the discussion below.
In some embodiments, a user signal is not a configuration or clock signal that is generated by or supplied to the configurable IC. In some embodiments, a user signal is a signal that is a function of at least a portion of the configuration data received by the configurable IC and at least a portion of the inputs to the configurable IC. In these embodiments, the user signal can also be dependent on (i.e., can also be a function of) the state of the configurable IC. The initial state of a configurable IC is a function of the configuration data received by the configurable IC and the inputs to the configurable IC. Subsequent states of the configurable IC are functions of the configuration data received by the configurable IC, the inputs to the configurable IC, and the prior states of the configurable IC.
Some embodiments have “UMUXs”. A UMUX is a multiplexer that receives user-design signals for at least one of its data inputs and one of its selection inputs. A UMUX might receive a user-design signal directly from a configurable logic circuit or indirectly through one or more intermediate configurable interconnect circuits. Some UMUXs are “hybrid” UMUXs. A hybrid UMUX is one which can be set by the configuration data either to receive all its selection inputs from the configuration data or to receive one or more selection bit from user signals and the rest (if any) from the configuration data.
A direct connection is an electrical connection between two nodes that is achieved by (1) a set of wire segments that traverse through a set of the wiring layers of the IC, and (2) a set of vias when two or more wiring layers are involved.
In some embodiments, a direct connection might also include a set of buffer circuits in some cases. In other words, two nodes are directly connected in some embodiments by a set of wire segments that possibly traverse through a set of buffer circuits and a set of vias. Buffer circuits are not logic or interconnect circuits. In some embodiments, buffer circuits are part of some or all direct connections. Buffer circuits might be used to achieve one or more objectives (e.g., maintain the signal strength, reduce noise, delay signal, etc.) along the wire segments that establish the direct connections. Inverting buffer circuits also allow an IC design to reconfigure logic circuits less frequently and/or use fewer types of logic circuits. In some embodiments, buffer circuits are formed by one or more inverters (e.g., two or more inverters that are connected in series). A via is an opening in the insulation between wiring layers that allows wires on different wiring layers to form an electrical connection.
In the embodiments described below, most of the interconnect circuits are multiplexers, each with eight inputs and one output. Multiplexers in other embodiments may have other numbers of inputs and/or outputs. Also in the embodiments described below, most of the logic circuits are LUTs, each with three inputs and one output. One of ordinary skill in the art will realize that other embodiments may have different types of interconnect or logic circuits, and that other embodiments can have interconnect or logic circuits with different numbers of inputs. It will also be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that the configurable ICs may extend considerably farther than the regions shown, and that the tiles on the edge of the illustrated regions may not be on the edges of the configurable ICs.
A non-neighboring offset connection (NNOC) is a direct connection that connects two tiles that are not in the same column or row as each other and are either at least two rows or at least two columns apart.
A virtual memory port (sometimes referred to as a “logical memory port”) is a port in a user design that the user design treats as though it is a physical port, but that is not a physical port. In some embodiments a virtual memory port may be associated with a specific physical port, but accesses to the memory using the virtual port would be limited to specific fractions of the available time of the physical memory port. In other embodiments a virtual port may be assigned to various physical ports using some assignment plan.
A clock domain is the time of operation. Integrated circuits typically use clocks to tell them when to perform an operation. Such clocks typically provide a square wave or other repeating function. Some integrated circuits have all or substantially all their digital circuits perform an operation within a time period specified by the clock. Some circuits perform one set of operations per clock cycle, some perform a set of operations each time the repeating function is high, some perform a set of operations each time the repeating function is low, some perform a set of operation when the repeating function switches from high to low or from low to high, or both. A single integrated circuit may have components that use different sets of signals. In each case, a set of operations that are supposed to take place simultaneously with each other are said to occur within a single clock domain. Clock domains are represented for some embodiments in tables with a “0” for operations supposed to occur when the repeating function is high, a “1” for operations supposed to occur when the repeating function is low and with an arrow for operations supposed to occur when the repeating function switches from high to low or vice versa. More detailed descriptions of several embodiments can be found below.
A user is anyone who operates something or causes it to be operated. Providing something to a user includes any way of providing it, including, but not limited to, giving, leasing or selling the thing to the user, giving, leasing or selling the thing to a third party who will give or sell it to the user or to a chain of people or entities that will ultimately result in the item being in the user's custody or possession. Providing information may include providing it in text form, in some magnetic, optical, or other digital media form, providing a download of the information or any other way of transmitting it. Parameters chosen by a user may include, but are not limited to parameters that are set by another person or a computer program on the user's behalf.
III. Configurable Integrated Circuit Architecture
A. Example of a Tile
Some embodiments of the invention are implemented in configurable ICs. The configurable ICs have configurable interconnect and logic circuits. These interconnect and logic circuits can be conceptually grouped in configurable “tiles”. Such tiles may be arranged in arrays of rows and columns or in other groupings. The tiles themselves are not physical objects, but are a way of describing sections of the array or grouping of circuits. FIG. 8 illustrates a tile of some embodiments. In this figure, the interconnects are multiplexers and the logic circuits are look up tables. This figure shows a tile with eight routing multiplexers (“RMUXs”) 810, three input-multiplexers (“IMUXs”) 820 and one look-up table 805. Each of these multiplexers selects one among several inputs and allows data coming in on that input to pass through to the output of that multiplexer. The selected input can be called the “active input”. The IMUXs select among their various inputs and pass the selected input on to the look-up table. A particular input line on a particular multiplexer can be called an “input locus”. Thus there are sixty-four input loci of the eight RMUXs 810 and twenty-four input loci of the three IMUXs 820 of the tile in FIG. 8.
In some embodiments, multiple tiles may each have circuits identical to each other. Two input loci, one on each tile, that occupy the same position relative to their tiles can be referred to as “corresponding inputs”. For example, the leftmost input of the middle IMUX on one tile is the corresponding input to the leftmost input of the middle IMUX on another tile. Selecting an input locus for a set of tiles means that the input at that locus on each tile in the set becomes an active input.
In some embodiments, each RMUX, IMUX, and LUT has a single output. However, for RMUXs and LUTs, this output may fan out to directly connect to several other inputs. That is, one output value can be sent to many input loci. A direct connection is not itself configurable, but if the input is one of the inputs of a multiplexer, then the multiplexer can be used to select which of several direct connections to receive data from and which ones to ignore. This type of selection is accomplished by making the appropriate input active.
The outputs (not shown) of the RMUXs 810 may connect to inputs on IMUXs 820 or other RMUXs 810 on the same tile, or to IMUXs or other RMUXs on other tiles (not shown). The output of the look-up table 805 may connect to inputs on IMUXs 820 or RMUXs 810 on the same tile, or to IMUXs or RMUXs on other tiles (not shown). In several of the figures, some of these features may be omitted for clarity, but those skilled in the art will realize that they may be present in some embodiments. In particular, several figures have some or all of the RMUXs not shown in order to reduce confusion.
B. Connections Between Tiles
Connections between tiles in a configurable IC affect the function of the configurable IC. These connections will be illustrated in some of the following figures using an array of squares, such as that shown in FIG. 9. Each small square represents a tile. Tiles drawn with thick lines (such as tiles 905a and 905b) are used to illustrate concepts of the invention. Tiles drawn with thin lines are used to illustrate the point that there are more tiles in a configurable IC than the few that are specifically identified in the descriptions of the figures. A line from one thick tile to another thick tile, such as line 910, represents a direct connection. The connection connects an output of the tile at the arrow's tail to an input of the tile with the arrow head. Unless otherwise indicated, connection lines are topological only, and not necessarily the physical paths that the wires take. It will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that any of the connection types described below can be present in the same embodiment as other types of the connections, including the types described below and any connection type found in the prior art.
C. Non-Neighboring Offset Connections
Some embodiments include direct connections between tiles not in the same row or column and not neighboring each other. These connections can be called non-neighboring offset connections (“NNOC”). NNOCs can be further characterized by providing two integers indicating the amount of offset along each direction, in the format NNOC (m,n). One example is that an NNOC (1,2) is a direct connection between an output of a first tile and an input of a second tile one column to the left and two rows down from the first. For NNOCs connecting from an output of a first tile to an input of a tile above or to the right of the first circuit, negative numbers are used. One example is NNOC (−3,−1) is a direct connection between an output of a first tile and the input of a second tile three columns to the right of it and one row above it. The use of these two integers is a shorthand for this specification and leaves out information about which output locus, in the first tile, and which input locus, in the second tile, the NNOC connects. It will be clear to those skilled in the art that this means of characterizing the connections is a way of explaining some embodiments and other embodiments also lie within the scope of the invention.
An illustration of an NNOC is found in FIG. 9. In this figure an output of tile 905a is connected to an input of tile 905b. The tile 905b is one column to the left and two rows down from tile 905a, so the NNOC 910 that connects them can be described as an NNOC (1,2). This is the shortest possible NNOC. Any tiles closer to tile 905a are either neighbors or in the same row, or in the same column as tile 905a. 
D. Parallel Non-Neighboring Offset Connections
Some embodiments include multiple parallel NNOCs. These are NNOCs that connect outputs of a set of successive tiles to inputs of another set of successive tiles. Parallel NNOCs are illustrated in FIG. 10. FIG. 10 shows tiles 1000-1031. The figure also shows that NNOCs 1045a-1045d connect the outputs of the look up tables of tiles 1027-1030, in tile set 1040, to inputs of tiles 1004-1007, in tile set 1050.
As described above, a tile of a configurable IC often has multiple inputs. In some embodiments, each tile in the configurable IC has inputs that are identical to the inputs of other tiles. In a set of parallel NNOCs, each NNOC connects to an input on its destination tile that corresponds to inputs on the destination tiles of the other NNOCs in that set of parallel NNOCs. FIG. 11 illustrates this by showing a close up of tiles 1006 and 1007. NNOC 1045c connects to input locus 1106c on tile 1006 and NNOC 1045d connects to input locus 1107c on tile 1007. Though not shown, NNOC 1045a and 1045b also connect to the corresponding input loci on their respective destination tiles (not shown).
It will be clear to those skilled in the art that in some embodiments, the correspondence is topological rather than physical. Thus, in some embodiments, the corresponding input may be on a different part of the tile. In such embodiments, correspondence means that the input the NNOC connects to serves an identical function to the inputs other parallel NNOCs connect to, including its logical relationships to the other inputs. The corresponding input is not necessarily physically in the same place on the IC.
E. Data Paths and Data Words
Some embodiments allow for chains of logical operations, one after another. Some such embodiments allow for multiple bit “words” to be used, in which all bits in the word are subject to similar or identical operations. In some embodiments, a tile can only perform logical operations on one bit of that word at a time. So in order to perform an operation on a multi-bit word, multiple tiles must be used. When several operations need to be performed on a multi-bit word, this occupies whole sets of tiles, generally with a width equal to the number of bits in the word, and length equal to the number of operations to be performed (not counting skipped rows or columns in the length or width). Such sets of used tiles can be called a “data path”. In some embodiments, data paths can be oriented horizontally or vertically. A horizontal data path is one in which the multi-bit words are oriented horizontally, such that an operation on the word takes place in one row of tiles. A vertically oriented data path is one in which the multi-bit word is oriented vertically, such that an operation on the word takes place in one column of tiles.
1. Data Path Shifting
Multiple NNOCs, parallel to each other, can be used to shift later parts of a data path to a different set of columns. An embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 12. Tile set 1230 contains 8 tiles, 1205a-1205h. Tile set 1240 also contains 8 tiles 1215a-1215h. The data path includes the tiles in those tile sets, along with the tiles above tile set 1230 and the tiles below tile set 1240. Connections between the tiles above tile set 1230 and connections between tiles below tile set 1250 go vertically from one row to the next and are not shown, for clarity.
The output of each look up table (not shown) in tile set 1230 is directly connected to an input of an IMUX (not shown) in tile set 1240 through an NNOC (2,3). Tile 1205a is connected to tile 1215a through NNOC (2,3) 1210a. Tile 1205b is connected to tile 1215b through NNOC (2,3) 1210b, and so forth. Each of the parallel NNOCs (2,3) has the effect of moving the data path of one bit two columns to the left. The combined effect of all 8 NNOCs (2,3) is to move the 8-bit data path two columns to the left.
2. Example of Using NNOCS
One example of a specific application accomplished with the use of NNOCs is an adding operation followed by a logical AND operation. In FIG. 12, the tiles 1205a-1205h in tile set 1230 can be configured as an 8-bit adder (inputs not shown), and the tiles 1215a-1215h in tile set 1240 can take the results of that addition, and perform a logical AND operation on each bit along with a separate set of 8 bits from some other source (not shown).
A more detailed picture of such an arrangement can be found in FIG. 13. Though more detailed, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that details have been omitted for the purpose of clarity, including carry-over logic for the adder and the source of some inputs. The tile set configured as a group of eight 1-bit adders 1230 of FIG. 13 takes inputs of two 8-bit numbers 1330-1337 and 1340-1347. These inputs come in as two sets of eight 1-bit numbers to the individual 1-bit adders 1205a-1205h. The tile set configured as a group of eight 1-bit adders 1230 outputs the sum of the two numbers. The NNOCs 1210a-1210h connect the outputs of the tile set configured as a group of eight 1-bit adders to inputs of the individual AND gates 1215a-1215h in the tile set configured as a group of eight logical AND gates 1240.
The combined result of the tiles and connections produces the same result as using a single 8-bit adder and eight logical AND-gates. A single 8-bit adder and eight logical and gates are represented in conceptual form in FIG. 14. In this figure, only one logical AND-gate 1440 is shown, but it represents a group of eight logical and gates. Input lines 1407a and 1407b each represent eight input wires going into the 8-bit adder 1430 and connection line 1410 represents the eight parallel NNOCs from the previous figure.
F. Layouts
1. Actual Wire Paths
The NNOCs previously shown are topological representations of connections, rather than actual wire paths. In some embodiments, actual wire paths for topologically identical connections are themselves identical, such as those shown in FIG. 15. Here, the tiles in tile set 1530 are connected to the tiles in tile set 1540 by identical wire connections 1510a-1510h. Some other embodiments implement NNOCs with non-identical wiring connections, such as shown in FIG. 16. This figure shows wire connections 1610a-1610h that are not all identical. It will be clear to those skilled in the art that these are merely some examples of actual wiring. Other examples may contain vias, multiple wire layers, buffer circuits, or even diagonal wires, while all still being within the scope of the invention.
2. Topological Sequence of Tiles
In addition to the illustrated connections being topological, rather than physical paths of wires, the arrangement of successive tiles may also be topological rather than physical. For example, the array shown in FIG. 10 might be a topological representation of a set of tiles whose physical arrangement matches that shown in FIG. 17. In both FIG. 10 and FIG. 17 there are tiles 1000-1031. Each row of eight tiles shown in FIG. 10 is a topological representation of a double row of tiles shown in FIG. 17. Note that the numbering of the tiles is the same in FIG. 10 and FIG. 17. In some embodiments, the tiles in FIG. 17 may have that physical arrangement to make fabrication easier, or to make it easier for sets of four tiles to share resources. In those embodiments, the topological model shown in FIG. 10 may make it easier for a layman to understand the parallelism of the NNOC tile connections. The NNOCs of these embodiments are considered topologically parallel. They are topologically parallel (i.e. shown as parallel in the topological representation) because they connect corresponding outputs on one set of tiles with corresponding inputs on another set of tiles. In some embodiments, the NNOCs shown in FIG. 17 connect to corresponding input loci on their respective tiles. This is illustrated in FIG. 18. This figure shows an enlarged view of tiles 1004-1007. The NNOCs 1045a-1045d all go to the corresponding inputs 1107c, 1106c, 1805c and 1804c on their respective tiles.
G. Variations of NNOCS
There are several variations on parallel NNOCs illustrated in the following figures. Parallel NNOCs can be long, such as the ones shown in FIG. 19. This figure shows the tiles in tile set 1930 connecting to the tiles in tile set 1940 through NNOCs (8,12) 1910a-1910h. In this figure, the parallel NNOCs shift the data path by as many columns as the length of the word. Those skilled in the art will realize that NNOCs can also shift a data path by more than the length of the word or less than the length of the word.
FIG. 20 shows two sets of parallel NNOCs bringing two 4-bit data paths together into one 8-bit data path. Here, the tiles in tile set 2030 are connected to the tiles in tile set 2040 by NNOCs (8,12) 2010a-2010d and the tiles in tile set 2035 are connected to the tiles in tile set 2040 by NNOCs (−2,7) 2015a-2015d. This figure also shows that multiple sets of parallel NNOCs can exist within one configurable IC. The parallel NNOCs 2015a-2015d and 2010a-2010d are the same within each set, but the NNOCs in one set are not necessarily the same as the NNOCs of another set.
FIG. 21 shows multiple sets of parallel NNOCs connecting to different inputs on the same set of tiles. The tiles in tile set 2130 are connected to one set of inputs of the tiles 2120a-2120d by NNOCs (5,6) 2110a-2110d. The tiles in tile set 2140 are connected to a second set of inputs of the tiles 2120a-2120d by NNOCs (−4,4) 2115a-2115d. The figure also shows an expanded view of tile 2120d. This expanded view shows NNOC (5,6) 2110d connecting to one input and NNOC (−4,4) 2115d connecting to a second input. This wiring arrangement could be used, for example, to implement a 4-bit adder. The 4-bit adder would include the look-up table 805, and the look-up tables (not shown) in tiles 2120b-2120d configured as 1-bit adders, and additional circuitry (not shown) used to accommodate carried values. Accordingly, with the appropriate pairs of inputs on each tile selected, this wiring arrangement would allow two 4-bit words to be added to each other, one 4-bit word from tile set 2130 and another from tile set 2140.
FIG. 22 illustrates an embodiment in which successive rows of tiles 2210 and 2220 have a set of parallel NNOCs that lead to successive rows of tiles 2230 and 2240. In some embodiments, this arrangement of parallel NNOCs is repeated for several rows. Some other embodiments repeat this type of arrangement of parallel NNOCs over substantially the entire configurable IC. Successive rows of tiles can also have multiple sets of parallel NNOCs. FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment with successive rows of tiles 2310 and 2320 with sets of parallel NNOCs that lead to different sets of tiles 2330 and 2340.
When tiles in several successive rows have parallel NNOCs, a word in the data path can be oriented and shifted vertically. FIG. 24 illustrates this, as the 8-bit wide data path is oriented vertically, and the tiles in tile set 2410 have NNOCs 2420 connecting them to the tiles in tile set 2430. The NNOCs shift the data path four tiles downward.
Some embodiments allow for both vertically and horizontally oriented data paths. Some embodiments use non-parallel connections to re-orient data paths from horizontal orientation to vertical orientation. FIG. 25 illustrates an example of non-parallel offset connections that can be used to re-orient a data path from a horizontal orientation to a vertical orientation. In this figure, the data path is oriented horizontally when it enters tile set 2510. The data path connects through non-parallel NNOCs 2511-2518 to the tiles in tile set 2530, and in the process, the data path is re-oriented to a vertical orientation, which it maintains as it leaves tile set 2530.
Some embodiments allow a word to be constructed from every other bit of two other words, with alternating bits. FIG. 26 shows how parallel NNOCs can be used to interlace data from different rows. In this figure, tiles 2610a, 2610b, 2610c, and 2610d, connect to tiles 2630a, 2630c, 2630e, and 2630g respectively. Tiles 2620a, 2620b, 2620c, and 2620d connect to tiles 2630b, 2630d, 2630f, and 2630h respectively. The net result of these connections is to interlace the bits from tiles 2610a-d and 2620a-d. 
Some embodiments allow parallel offsets that bring together successive bits of a word, in operations such as adding, or other operations that have two input bits and one output bit. FIG. 27 shows how parallel offset connections 2710 can be used to combine successive bits in a data word in such operations. The figure also shows how non-parallel NNOCs 2721-2724 bring data from tiles 2730 together in tile set 2740, completing a change from an 8-bit data path to a 4-bit data path.
Some embodiments allow multiple direct connections to leave one tile. FIG. 28 illustrates that multiple sets of parallel NNOCs 2810 and 2815 can leave one set of tiles 2820 for multiple other sets of tiles 2830 and 2840. In some embodiments, multiple NNOCs fan out from a single output to inputs on several other tiles. In some embodiments, multiple NNOCs come from multiple outputs on a single tile and terminate on inputs of multiple tiles.
Some embodiments use multiple sets of parallel NNOCs that go from one or more output loci on a set of tiles to more than one input loci on another tile. FIG. 29 illustrates multiple sets of parallel NNOCs 2911, 2912, and 2913 going from one output loci 2910 of a set of tiles to multiple input loci 2930, 2940, and 2950 of another set of tiles. This figure demonstrates that direct connections can start from RMUXs, such as RMUXs 2970 rather than simply being limited to starting from LUTs 850. The figure also demonstrates that direct connections can terminate at inputs to RMUXs, such as RMUXs 2980 and 2990. Taken together, these features allow data to enter and leave a tile using only RMUXs, without passing through the LUT at all, as will be further illustrated in FIG. 44, below.
FIG. 30 shows multiple sets of parallel NNOCs 3011, 3012, and 3013 going from multiple output loci 2910, 3020, and 3030 of a set of tiles to multiple input loci 3040, 3050, and 3060 of another set of tiles. It will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that multiple NNOCs from one tile to another can be present in the same embodiment as other direct connections to or from the same tiles, whether NNOCs or other types of connections.
H. Parallel Intra-Tile Connections
Some embodiments include intra-tile connections, for example, a connection from the output of an RMUX to one of the inputs of an IMUX in the same tile or to another RMUX in the same tile. Such parallel intra-tile connections are illustrated in FIG. 31. In this figure, parallel connections 3115 connect RMUXs 3120 to inputs of IMUXs 3130. Parallel connections 3145 connect RMUXs 3150 to inputs of IMUXs 3160. In some embodiments, where multiple parallel NNOCs from other chips provide inputs to RMUXs 3120 or 3150, parallel connections 3115 and 3145 (respectively) may provide a step of the data path on its way from one set of tiles to another.
I. Four-Input Multiplexer
Some embodiments include tiles that can be configured in the user design as four input multiplexers. An example of such embodiments is illustrated in FIG. 32. FIG. 32 illustrates part of a tile; the illustrated part includes a LUT 805 and three IMUXs 3210, 3220 and 3230. The IMUXs 3210, 3220 and 3230 each have eight inputs. IMUXs 3210, 3220, and 3230 each require three selection bits, 3211-3213, 3221-3223, and 3231-3233 (respectively) to select which of the eight inputs will be active. Selection bits 3211, 3212, 3221, 3222, and 3231-3233 for IMUXs 3210, 3220 and 3230 are provided by configuration data. Selection bits 3213 and 3223 are provided by user signals.
The two selection bits 3211-3212 provided by the configuration data for IMUX 3210 narrow down the set of potential active inputs of that IMUX from eight inputs to two inputs. The third selection bit 3213 is provided by a user signal. This selection bit 3213 determines which of the two remaining inputs is the active one. From the perspective of the user, the eight-input IMUX 3210 acts as a two-input multiplexer controlled by the user signal. IMUX 3220 and its inputs are set up in a similar fashion.
The three selection bits for IMUX 3230 select one input. The bit coming in on that selected input is provided by a user signal, effectively turning IMUX 3230 into a pass-through for a bit provided by the user signal. The effective components defined by this configuration are illustrated in FIG. 33.
In FIG. 33 the IMUX 3210 operates as a two-input multiplexer, with selection bit 3213 selecting between inputs 3314 and 3315. Similarly, IMUX 3220 operates as a two-input multiplexer, with selection bit 3223 selecting between inputs 3324 and 3325. The input 3335, which was selected by selection inputs 3231-3233 is passed through directly to the LUT 805.
The LUT 805 can also be configured as a two-input multiplexer. FIG. 34 illustrates a conceptual diagram of the circuit when the LUT 805 is configured as a two-input multiplexer, with the third input 3335 acting as the selection bit. The LUT 805 remains physically a LUT but acts as a two input multiplexer. The values for the table of the LUT 805 necessary to configure the LUT 805 as a two-input multiplexer will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art. In FIG. 34, two IMUXs 3210 and 3220 are set up as two-input multiplexers and the outputs of the multiplexers are fed into the inputs 3406 and 3407 of LUT 805 configured as a two-input multiplexer 805. In that configuration, the tile will act as a four-input multiplexer. User signals on selection inputs 3213 and 3223 select among the four inputs 3314, 3315, 3324, 3325 and another user signal on selection input 3335 selects between inputs 3406 and 3407, and passes the result to the output 3450. Note that in some embodiments, the user signals on selection inputs 3213 and 3223 may come from a single source (or a have a single value), and the user signal on selection input 3335 may come from a second source. In other embodiments, the selection bits on selection inputs 3213, 3223, and 3335 may come from separate sources.
For example, a selection bit with a value “0” sent to IMUXs 3210 and 3220 activates input 3314 of IMUX 3210 and input 3324 of IMUX 3220. A second selection bit with a value of “0” is sent to look-up table 805, activating input 3406. The net result of these two selection bits is that data coming in to input 3314 is passed through to output 3450.
J. Barrel Shifting
One application of parallel NNOCs allows a section of a configurable IC to be configured as a barrel shifter. A barrel shifter is a device that can shift a data word by some number of bits. Some barrel shifters allow shifts of amounts ranging from zero to one less than the length of the word. For example, a four-bit barrel shifter can take as its input a four-bit word, “ABCD” (each letter representing one bit) and shift it to the left by zero, one, two, or three positions, resulting in (respectively) “ABCD”, “BCD0”, “CD00”, or “D000”. A four-bit barrel shifter that shifts bits to the right by zero, one, two, or three positions would result in (respectively) “ABCD”, “0ABC”, “00AB”, or “000A”. In each case, bits that are shifted outside the range of the word (left of the leftmost, or right of the rightmost) are lost. In the preceding example, positions that don't have a corresponding bit before the shift are filled in with zeros, however it will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that those bits could be filled in with ones, or with random bits, or with the bits they started with, or with inversions of the bits they started with, or by any other method of determining which values to fill the vacated positions.
1. 4-Bit Barrel Shifter
Barrel shifters are known to those skilled in the art, though applying NNOCs in a configurable IC to create a barrel shifter is not. Some embodiments create a barrel shifter with NNOCs and multiplexers such as the four input multiplexer described above. FIG. 35 illustrates the implementation of a four-bit barrel shifter by use of four-input multiplexers, NNOC connections, and non-NNOC connections. Tiles 3500-3503 act as four-input multiplexers. Connections 3510a, 3511a, 3512a, and 3513a each connect an output on one tile to an input of a tile three rows below (intermediate rows omitted for clarity) and in the same column as the starting tile. Specifically, they connect outputs of tiles 3528-3531 to inputs 3500a, 3501a, 3502a, and 3503a on tiles 3500-3503. As a result of these connections, selecting in tandem the inputs 3500a, 3501a, 3502a, and 3503a “shifts” the data bits originally in tiles 3528-3531 by zero. Selecting a set of inputs in tandem may be done by sending a common value to corresponding multiplexers on each tile, or in other embodiments by ganging the selection bits together so that they receive their user signals from a common source. If the original data word, in tiles 3528-3531 was “ABCD” the resulting word in tiles 3500-3503 would be “ABCD”.
NNOCs 3511b, 3512b, and 3513b each connect an output on one tile to an input of a tile three rows below and one column to the left of the starting tile. As a result of these NNOCs, selecting in tandem the inputs 3500b, 3501b, 3502b, and 3503b shifts the data bits originally in tiles 3528-3531 by one position to the left. If the original data word, in tiles 3528-3531 was “ABCD” the resulting word in tiles 3500-3503 would be “BCD0”.
NNOCs 3512c and 3513c each connect an output on one tile to an input of a tile three rows below and two columns to the left of the starting tile. As a result of these NNOCs, selecting in tandem, the inputs 3500c, 3501c, 3502c, and 3503c shifts the data bits originally in tiles 3528-3531 by two positions to the left. If the original data word, in tiles 3528-3531 was ABCD the resulting word in tiles 3500-3503 would be “CD00”.
NNOC 3513d connects an output on one tile to an input of a tile three rows below and three columns to the left of the starting tile. As a result of this NNOC, selecting in tandem, the inputs 3500d, 3501d, 3502d, and 3503d shifts the data bits originally in tiles 3527-3531 by three positions to the left. If the original data word, in tiles 3527-3531 was ABCD the resulting word in tiles 3500-3503 would be “D000”.
In some embodiments, the barrel shifter might be characterized as including the top row of tiles. In other embodiments, it might be characterized as only including the lower row (or rows in multi-layer barrel shifters) of tiles and the connections between the upper row and the lower row(s). In such embodiments the tiles in the upper row could be replaced with a block of memory with outputs where the outputs of the logic circuits are in FIG. 35. A more detailed description of this may be found in sub-section K.2 below.
2. Multi Layer Barrel Shifter
In some embodiments, each multiplexer in a barrel shifter can select one out of n signals, where n is the number of selectable inputs of the multiplexer. A barrel shifter implemented with that type of multiplexer can choose n different shift amounts, each shift amount corresponding to one input of the multiplexers. Appropriate wiring would allow each of the specific n shift amounts allowed by a barrel shifter to be any arbitrary number of bits. For example, a one level barrel shifter could be implemented (with four bit multiplexers and words of more than forty bits) that would allow shifts of five, twelve, thirteen and forty bits, but would not allow shifts of any other number of bits.
Some barrel shifters allow shifts from zero to some set number of bits (in increments of one bit). Some embodiments implement barrel shifters allowing shifts from zero to more than n−1 bits (in increments of one bit). Some such embodiments use two or more layers. One layer shifts the word by zero, one, two, . . . , or n−1 bits. The second layer would shift the word by zero, n, 2n, . . . , or n(n−1) bits. Each layer of such an implementation is itself a barrel shifter. Each layer chooses from n possible shift amounts, and by using various combinations of shift amounts, a total shift of any amount between zero and n2−1 can be chosen. It will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that still larger barrel shifter can be implemented by increasing the number of layers, or by using multiplexers with larger numbers of inputs in one or more layers.
3. 16-Bit Barrel Shifter
In the figures below, the multiplexers have four inputs. The two layered barrel shifters implemented with such multiplexers allow shifts from zero to fifteen bits. Even a topological diagram of such an arrangement is complicated, so the next few figures provide subsets of the wiring required for an entire 16-bit barrel shifter. The barrel shifter diagrams also omit the intermediate tiles, this is for clarity of drawing, and not because these tiles are missing from the embodiment. Also for clarity, the relevant tiles in the next several diagrams will be numbered, but not drawn in thick lines like the thick lined tiles drawn in some previous figures.
FIG. 36 illustrates one set of connections that can be used to send output from tile 40 to any selected tile 0-15. Each of the dotted lines between two tiles is a topological representation of a direct connection from one tile to another. An expanded view of tile 15 shows the inputs as shown in the previous description of 4-input multiplexers. As further described below by reference to FIG. 37, up to four connections of the barrel shifter terminate on each tile 0-15, where each of those connections goes to one input of the four-input multiplexer.
A data bit starts out as an output of tile 40. This output of tile 40 fans out through connection 3620 and NNOCs, 3624, 3628, and 3632 to multiplexer inputs (not shown) on tiles 20, 24, 28, and 32. Each of the connections 3620-3632 leads to a different input locus on their respective destination tiles, in the same manner as the connections in the 4-bit barrel shifter in FIG. 35. By selecting the appropriate input, tiles 20, 24, 28, and 32 can pass on or not pass on data from tile 40. For example, if tiles 20, 24, 28, and 32 all select the rightmost input locus, then only tile 32 will pass on the data from tile 40, because tile 40 connects to the rightmost input locus only on tile 32. Once the data bit has passed through (in this example) tile 32, it comes out an output of tile 32 and fans out to tiles 12-15. Again, each output goes to a different input locus on its destination tile, and again, by selecting the appropriate input, any of the tiles 12-15 can receive the data bit that originally started with tile 40.
Some embodiments use NNOCs, non-NNOC connections, and tiles set up as four-input multiplexers to select one bit out of a 16-bit word, effectively creating a 16-input multiplexer. This is illustrated in FIG. 37. Tiles 40-43 send their outputs via parallel NNOCs to tiles 32-35, respectively. These connections all go to the same input locus on their respective tiles, in this illustration, the rightmost input. Similarly, tiles 44-47 send their outputs via another set of parallel NNOCs to tiles 32-35. However, these NNOCs all go to the second input locus from the right, on their respective tiles. Similar connections go from the outputs of tiles 48-51 and 52-55 to their respective input loci on tiles 32-35. By selecting appropriate inputs on tiles 32-35 and tile 15, any data bit from tiles 40-55 can be received by tile 15.
Some embodiments use NNOCs to create 16-bit barrel shifters, such as the one illustrated in FIG. 38. In this figure, a 16-bit word starts in tiles 40-55, is shifted zero, four, eight, or twelve bits to the left by selecting the appropriate set of corresponding inputs on tiles 20-35 and is then shifted a further zero, one, two, or three bits to the left by selecting the appropriate set of corresponding inputs in tiles 0-15. In some embodiments, the selection of appropriate sets of corresponding inputs is done using parallel NNOCs or parallel non-NNOC connections. In some other embodiments, multiple selection inputs (not shown) of the MUXs (not shown) on the tiles come from common sources of user signals. In some of these embodiments, all the tiles in a particular row of the barrel shifter receive the same values (sometimes from the same sources ganged together) for the two one-bit user signals that select the corresponding inputs.
Examples of the connections selected to implement various word-shifts are illustrated in FIGS. 39-41. In these figures, the thick solid lines with arrows connecting tiles are topological representations of direct connections going to active inputs, the dotted lines with arrows connecting tiles are topological representations of direct connections to inactive inputs. In FIG. 39 the leftmost input of each tile 20-35 is selected. The leftmost input of each destination tile 20-35 is connected to the output of a tile 40-55 four rows above and in the same column as the destination tile. Selecting the leftmost input of each tile 20-35 thus shifts the 16-bit word by zero bits, leaving the same 16-bit word on tiles 20-35 as were originally on tiles 40-55. Subsequently, the second input from the left is selected for tiles 0-15. The second input from the left of each destination tile 0-15 is connected to the output of a tile 20-35 three rows above and one column to the right of the destination tile. Selecting the second from the left input of each tile 0-15 thus shifts the 16-bit word by one bit to the left. Thus the net result of passing through the selected connectors is to shift the 16-bit word one bit to the left from where it had been on tiles 40-55. Representing each bit as a letter, with gaps for clarity, the results of the shifts would be:
















Tiles 40-55:
ABCD EFGH IJKL MNPQ



Tiles 20-35:
ABCD EFGH IJKL MNPQ



Tiles  0-15:
BCDE FGHI JKLM NPQ0










The zero in the bit streams indicated above indicates a position that has no original bit to shift into it. The zeros in the bit streams indicated below are there for the same reason. As stated above, other fill in methods besides putting in zeros are also within the scope of the present invention.
In FIG. 40 the second from the left input of each tile 20-35 is selected. Selecting the second from the left input of each tile 20-35 shifts the 16-bit word by four bits to the left. Subsequently, the third input from the left is selected for tiles 0-15. Selecting the third from the left input of each tile 0-15 shifts the 16-bit word by two bits to the left. Thus the net result of passing through the selected connectors is to shift the 16-bit word six bits to the left from where it had been on tiles 40-55. Representing each bit as a letter, with gaps for clarity, the results of the shifts would be:
















Tiles 40-55:
ABCD EFGH IJKL MNPQ



Tiles 20-35:
EFGH IJKL MNPQ 0000



Tiles  0-15:
GHIJ KLMN PQ00 0000










In FIG. 41 selecting the third from the left input of each tile 20-35 shifts the 16-bit word by eight bits to the left. Selecting the rightmost input of each tile 0-15 shifts the 16-bit word by three bits to the left. Thus the net result of passing through the selected connectors is to shift the 16-bit word eleven bits to the left from where it had been on tiles 40-55. Representing each bit as a letter, with gaps for clarity, the results of the shifts would be:
















Tiles 40-55:
ABCD EFGH IJKL MNPQ



Tiles 20-35:
IJKL MNPQ 0000 0000



Tiles  0-15:
LMNP Q000 0000 0000










In FIG. 42 selecting the rightmost input of each tile 20-35 shifts the 16-bit word by twelve bits to the left. Selecting the leftmost input of each tile 0-15 shifts the 16-bit word by zero bits to the left. Thus the net result of passing through the selected connectors is to shift the 16-bit word twelve bits to the left from where it had been on tiles 40-55. Representing each bit as a letter, with gaps for clarity, the results of the shifts would be:
















Tiles 40-55:
ABCD EFGH IJKL MNPQ



Tiles 20-35:
MNPQ 0000 0000 0000



Tiles  0-15:
MNPQ 0000 0000 0000










By combining appropriate selections of inputs in tiles 20-35 and 0-15 the 16-bit word on tiles 40-55 can be shifted by any number of bits from zero to 16. It will be clear to those skilled in the art that by adding additional layers of multiplexers and parallel connections, that barrel shifting can be performed on still longer words. For example, a 64-bit wide barrel shifter can be implemented by taking four, side by side 16 bit barrel shifters, and adding another layer with connections offset by zero, sixteen, thirty-two, and forty-eight columns. The added layer could be added above, below or between the already described layers of the 16-bit barrel shifter.
The barrel shifter shown in the preceding figures is capable of providing shifts to the left (or a shift of zero), but it will be clear to those skilled in the art that similar barrel shifters can be created that provide shifts to the right, and barrel shifters that optionally provide shifts in either direction. One example of a barrel shifter that optionally provides shifts in either direction is illustrated in FIG. 43.
4. Alternate Embodiments of Barrel Shifters
The figures illustrating the previously described embodiments of barrel shifters showed the set of tiles containing the shifted word as being directly beneath the set of tiles containing the original word. The tile corresponding to the most significant bit in the shifted word was directly below the tile corresponding to the most significant bit in the original word, and so on. However, in other embodiments the set of tiles containing the shifted word may itself be offset by one or more columns, such that the tile corresponding to the most significant bit of the shifted word is no longer directly beneath the tile corresponding to the most significant bit of the original word, and so on. Thus, in some embodiments, a shift of a word within a data path may coincide with a shift of the data path itself.
The figures indicated above also showed the larger shift first, followed by a smaller shift. It will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments may have the smaller shift first followed by the larger shift.
The figures illustrating the previously described embodiments also showed (among others) parallel NNOCs (12,4) that directly connected distant tiles. In some other embodiments, distant tiles may be connected by combinations of shorter sets of NNOCs, such as those shown in FIG. 44. This figure shows four parallel NNOCs (6,2) 4415, connecting tile set 4410 to tile set 4420, and four parallel NNOCs (6,3) 4425 connecting tile set 4420 to tile set 4430. The figure shows exploded views of one tile in tile set 4410, one tile in tile set 4420 and one tile in tile set 4430. The connection passes through an RMUX 4440 in the exploded tile 4420a. In some embodiments, where a barrel-shifter uses direct NNOCs for shorter connections and pairs of NNOCs (as shown in FIG. 44) for longer connections, RMUXs and parallel intra-tile connections are used in the destination tiles of the shorter connections, such as those shown in FIG. 45. The use of such RMUXs and intra-tile connections insures that the time it takes for data to get from one layer to another is close to the same.
Most of the delay in passing a signal from one tile to another comes from the logic and routing circuits rather than the direct connections. Therefore adding an extra multiplexer to one data path (as shown in FIG. 44) but not to another data path may result in longer delays for one path than another. In some embodiments where such disparities are to be avoided, an extra multiplexer may be placed in a path that would otherwise not need one.
FIG. 45 illustrates the addition of a multiplexer to a data path of some embodiments. The figure shows NNOCs (4,5) 4515 connecting tile set 4510 to tile set 4530. The exploded view of tile 4530a shows that the NNOC (4,5) 4515 from tile set 4510 connects to RMUX 4540. The exploded view also shows that the outputs of RMUX 4540 connects to IMUX 4550 through intra-tile connection 4545 (connection 4545 is repeated as a parallel intra-tile connection on each tile of tile set 4530, but not shown in the figure). The set of connections (NNOCs 4515 and intra tile connections 4545) ensures that data coming from tile set 4510 passes through one RMUX before reaching an IMUX in tile set 4530, just as the data in FIG. 44 passed through one RMUX on its way from tile set 4410 to tile set 4430. This is one way of ensuring that the amount of time it takes for data to reach tile set 4530 is very close to the same as it takes data to reach tile set 4430 whether the data originates with tile set 4410 or tile set 4510.
K. Memory Ports
Reconfigurable ICs are one type of configurable ICs. Specifically, reconfigurable ICs are configurable ICs that can reconfigure during runtime. FIG. 46 conceptually illustrates an example of a subcycle reconfigurable IC (i.e., an IC that is reconfigurable on a subcycle basis). In this example, the subcycle reconfigurable IC implements a user design 4605 that operates at a clock speed of X MHz. Typically, an IC design is initially specified in a hardware description language (HDL), and a synthesis operation is used to convert this HDL representation into a circuit representation. After the synthesis operation, the IC design includes numerous electronic circuits, which are referred to below as “components.” As further illustrated in FIG. 46, the operations performed by the components in the IC design 4605 can be partitioned into four sets of operations 4610-4625, with each set of operations being performed at a clock speed of X MHz.
FIG. 46 then illustrates that these four sets of operations 4610-4625 can be performed by one subcycle reconfigurable IC 4630 that operates at 4X MHz. In some embodiments, four cycles of the 4X MHz clock correspond to four subcycles within a cycle of the X MHz clock. Accordingly, this figure illustrates the reconfigurable IC 4630 reconfiguring four times during four cycles of the 4X MHz clock (i.e., during four subcycles of the X MHz clock). During each of these reconfigurations (i.e., during each subcycle), the reconfigurable IC 4630 performs one of the identified four sets of operations. In other words, the faster operational speed of the reconfigurable IC 4630 allows this IC to reconfigure four times during each cycle of the X MHz clock, in order to perform the four sets of operations sequentially at a 4X MHz rate instead of performing the four sets of operations in parallel at an X MHz rate. Other embodiments perform even faster, with more subcycles per user cycle.
One possible operation during a subcycle is accessing memory on the IC. Typically, electronic memory is stored in memory circuits as binary data. Data is put into the memory circuits as “words” of data of a set length, dependent on the design of the memory circuits. The length of the words is referred to as the “width” of the memory. An example of a memory width is 16-bits. Each word of data is stored at a particular memory address. A memory address is an n-bit binary number. The total number of memory addresses in a piece of memory is 2n. The number of memory addresses in a piece of memory is referred to as the “depth” of the memory. Accordingly, such memory is 2n-bits “deep”.
Typically, memory is much deeper than it is wide. For example, a block of memory could have words 16-bits long and 1024 memory locations (210) to store the words in. Such a memory would be 16-bits wide and 1024-bits deep.
Memory is accessed by use of memory ports. A memory port for a block of memory allows memory words to be written to or read from the memory, once per time unit. Some memory ports are read/write memory ports that handle both read and write operations. FIG. 47 is a representation of a physical memory port. The memory 4750 has a single memory port. The port has (1) data input lines 4710 (represented by one line) to write data to the memory, (2) memory address input lines 4720 (represented by one line) to specify the address to be accessed, (3) a read/write input line 4730 to specify whether to read to or write from the memory, (4) a clock input 4740, and (5) a data out line 4760 to read data from the memory.
1. Multiple Logical Memory Ports
In some embodiments, memory can be accessed every subcycle. Because this can be done in a subcycle, the memory can be accessed as many times per user cycle as there are subcycles per user cycle. For example, an embodiment with 4 subcycles per user cycle can access the memory 4 times per user cycle.
In some embodiments, multiple accesses per user cycle are presented to the user as multiple logical memory ports. Though the memory may have only one physical port, the repeated accesses manifest as independent logical memory ports, all accessing the same memory address in the same user cycle. Each logical port corresponds to a single physical port, plus a subcycle time slot.
It should be noted that in some embodiments, the user might perceive each logical memory port of a memory of the reconfigurable IC as an actual physical memory port of a memory in the user design. Irrespective of whether the user perceives multiple logical memory ports or multiple physical memory ports, the user specifies a design that includes a memory that has multiple memory ports. The software tool provided by some embodiments takes the user's design and maps accesses to a user-design memory through multiple ports during one user design cycle to multiple subcycle accesses to a memory in subcycle reconfigurable IC.
FIG. 48 illustrates memory access from the physical point of view of the reconfigurable IC and the effective memory access as seen by the user's design. The user's design can operate as though there are four ports, all four accessible in one clock cycle. These four ports are referred to as logical ports as they do not correspond to four physical ports in the reconfigurable IC. The reconfigurable IC operates as though there is one port, accessible once per subcycle. Data-in lines 4810a-d correspond to data-in line 4810 during each of four clock subcycles, data-out lines 4860a-d correspond to data-out line 4810 during each of four clock cycles. Memory address inputs 4820a-d correspond to memory address 4820 during each of four clock subcycles. Read/write command inputs 4830a-d correspond to read/write command input 4830 during each of four clock subcycles. Clock input 4840 receives the clock signals at the frequency used by the reconfigurable IC; clock input 4840a receives the clock signals at the frequency used by the user's design. The clock signals used by the reconfigurable IC are four times the frequency of the clock signals used by the user design. The memory 4850 accessed by the physical ports and the memory 4855 accessed by the logical ports correspond to each other. In some embodiments they are physically the same. In some embodiments they may be construed as different from each other.
FIG. 48 illustrates that the memories receive clock signals that operate at user design cycle rate and at a subcycle rate. One of ordinary skill will realize that these presentations merely conceptually illustrate the effective operational speeds of the memories in the user design and in the reconfigurable IC. To get these memories to operate at these rates, they might receive one or more other clock signals that specify that they operate at the user design cycle rate or at the subcycle rate.
FIG. 49 illustrates the operation of multiple memory accesses, from the point of view of the IC and the point of view of the user, for a four subcycle per user cycle IC. FIG. 49 illustrates the mapping of two read operations through two logical ports of a memory in the user design to two read operations through one physical port of a memory in the reconfigurable IC during the first two subcycles. This figure also illustrates the mapping of two write operations through two logical ports of the memory in the user design to two write operations through the physical port of the memory in the reconfigurable IC during the last two subcycles. In the figure, two read operations and two write operations are performed, however, any combination of read and write operations can be performed.
2. Narrowing Memory
In some cases, the user's requirements for the way the IC memory is arranged may be different from the physical memory arrangement on the IC. Some embodiments use a barrel shifter to present the memory on the configurable IC to the user as being narrower and deeper than it actually is. In the example illustrated in FIG. 50 the actual memory 5010 uses 16-bit words and is 32 memory addresses deep (using 5 bits to provide 25=32 memory addresses). Note that the use of the letter Z for memory location “31” does not indicate that there are only 26 words in the memory. These embodiments can present the memory to the user as being a memory arrangement 5020 2-bits wide and 256 memory addresses deep (using 8 bits to provide 28=256 memory addresses).
In this example, the configurable IC receives from the user a read command for a 2-bit word with 8-address bits. This includes 5-bits that tell the configurable IC what the actual memory location is, and 3-bits that tell the configurable IC which part of the 16-bit word at that memory location is required. Memory 5010 includes a 16-bit word 5030 at binary memory location “00000”. If the user's design wants to read a 2-bit word such as the one at memory location 5040 it would provide the binary address “00000 100” (note, that the space is for clarity, not a required part of these embodiments) to the configurable IC.
FIG. 51 illustrates an example of the process of extracting the specified 2-bit word from the actual memory. In 5110, the configurable IC receives the address from the user's design. In 5120, the configurable IC uses the first 5-bits, “00000”, to find and read word 5030 out of the configurable IC memory. In 5130, the word is shifted to the right using a barrel shifter. The length of the shift is determined by the width of the word (2 bits) the user's memory arrangement uses and the last 3-bits of the provided 8-bit binary address.
The number of bits that the word is shifted by is equal to the product of the width of the word the user's design seeks, times the value of the last 3-bits of the user provided address. In binary, “100” means “4”, and the width of the word the user seeks is 2-bits, so the word 5030 is shifted 8-bits to the right. In 5140 the configurable IC passes only the final two bits A9A8 on to the user's design. As seen in FIG. 50, this is the word found in memory address 5040, which is what the design was trying to read.
FIG. 52 illustrates use of a barrel shifter to narrow the memory of some embodiments. A simplified barrel shifter 5210 is shown in the figure. In some embodiments this barrel shifter may be the type illustrated earlier in this specification, in other embodiments it may be a variation of that type of barrel shifter or some other type of barrel shifter entirely.
The barrel shifter takes as its input the word selected by the first five bits of the 8-bit memory address. In this example, the 8-bit address was “00000100” (as indicated in FIG. 51). The first five bits are “00000”, which is an address in the physical memory that holds the word “A15A14A13A12A11A10A9A8A7A6A5A4A3A2A1A0”.
The barrel shifter 5210 shifts the word by the required number of bits. The size of the required shift depends on the width of the narrowed memory and the number indicated by the last part of the address. The number of bits in the last part of the address is dependent on the ratio of the width of the words in the physical memory to the width of the words in the narrowed memory. In this example, the width of the physical memory is sixteen bits and the width of the narrowed memory is two bits, so the ratio is eight-to-one. Each 16-bit word in the physical memory contains eight 2-bit words. Therefore to specify any particular 2 bit word within a particular 16-bit word requires a number between zero and seven. When shifting to get to the specified 2-bit word, the shifts must be in multiples of two. A shift of zero provides the first narrow word, a shift of two (2=2*1) provides the second narrow word, a shift of four (4=2*2) provides the third narrow word, and so on.
Expressing numbers from zero to seven in binary requires three bits. In this example, the 3-bit binary number is “100”. In binary, “100” means four. Thus the shift here must be eight (8=2*4). In this illustration, the shift is eight bits to the right. The barrel shifter then passes the two least significant bits out of outputs 5220 to another set of tiles 5230. The amount of the shift, here, by 8 bits determines what bits show up at the set of tiles 5230.
In some embodiments, as mentioned previously the top tiles shown in the barrel shifter may be replaced with the physical memory itself, with the outputs of the memory taking the place of the outputs of the tiles. This would reduce the number of connections necessary to perform such memory shifts. In some embodiments (with or without such reduced connection sets) memory narrowing may be performed in a single user cycle.
L. Memory Port Hierarchies
1. Overview
As described previously, some embodiments provide multiple memory ports for accessing one digital memory on the configurable IC. As indicated in the background section, problems arise when two or more ports are trying to access the same memory location at the same time. For example, without some way of deciding which memory port has priority over the other(s), there is no way to decide which memory port will have its word written to the memory address when more than one port is trying to write to that address during the same clock domain. Another example is that without some specified priority, there is no way to decide whether a port that is reading a memory address will read the data written to that address by the other port, or will read the data as it was before the other port wrote to that address. Some embodiments that deal with these issues are described below.
In some embodiments the configurable IC has multiple physical memory ports for one memory. In other embodiments the configurable IC may have one physical memory port for one memory and have multiple memory ports in the user design, either implemented as described in the previous section or otherwise.
2. Behavioral Descriptions
Some embodiments provide a user with a set of behavioral descriptions that specify the results of multiple accesses to the same memory address by multiple ports. This enables the user to predict the results of setting particular priority levels for different ports. For purposes of illustration, FIG. 53 illustrates a conceptual diagram of an example of a memory with two ports and Table 1 provides a set of behavioral descriptions that specify the results of accesses to the memory port. The memory illustrated in FIG. 53 has two ports, port A and port B. Port A has a set of data inputs 5310, a set of memory address inputs 5320, a read command input 5330, a write command input 5340, and a set of data outputs 5350. Port B has a set of data inputs 5311, a set of memory address inputs 5321, a read command input 5331, a write command input 5341, and a set of data outputs 5351. In the illustrated embodiment, the two ports share a common clock input 5360, other embodiments may have a separate clock input for each port.
In some embodiments, the behavioral descriptions may include a truth table such as Table 1 below. Other embodiments may use different truth tables, or provide the behavioral description in ways that are not truth tables. The table shows what happens, in some embodiments, under the assumption that two ports are able to access the same memory during the same clock domain. It assumes that each port is trying to access the same memory address as the other. In other words the memory address coming in on port A's memory address inputs 5320 is the same as the memory address coming in on port B's memory address inputs 5321. In cases where those assumptions do not hold there is no conflict between the ports.
Given that set of assumptions, the table takes a set of independent variables and describes the results of each possible combination of those variables. In Table 1 the independent variables are: 1) the relative priority levels of the ports, represented in the table by the column headed m,n; 2) the state of port A's write command input 5340, represented in the table by the column headed WRTA; 3) the state of port B's write command input 5341, represented in the table by WRTB; 4) the state of port A's read command input 5330, represented in the table by the column headed RDA; and 5) the state of port B's read command input 5331, represented in the table by the column headed RDB. In Table 2 the dependent variables are: 1) the state of the memory address that the ports are trying to access (if any access is happening at all) as of the end of the user cycle; 2) the output on port A's data outputs; and 3) the output on port B's data outputs.
3. Detailed Description of Example Table
In the table, the relative priority levels of the ports are represented by a relationship between m and n. The priority level of port A is represented by m and the priority level of port B is represented by n. The relative priority levels of ports affect which port will have its word written to the memory address first when more than one port is trying to write to that address during the same user design clock cycle.
When port A has a higher priority than port B, that condition is represented in the table by “m>n” similarly, when port A has a lower priority level than port B or an equal priority level those conditions are represented by “m<n” and “m=n” respectively. Some combinations of independent variables make the relative priorities of the ports irrelevant to the determination of the dependent variables. For example, in situations represented by rows in which no port is writing to the memory, there can be no conflict. Where the relative priorities do not affect any dependent variables an “X” is used in the “m,n” column.
The values in the “WRTA” and “WRTB” columns indicate the signal coming in on the write command inputs 5340 and 5341, respectively, and thus whether the port will be written using port A and/or port B. A “1” in one of these columns indicates that the corresponding port will be used in the current cycle to write data to the selected address in the memory. A “0” in one of these columns indicates that the corresponding port will not be used in the current cycle to write data to the corresponding port.
The values in the “RDA” and “RDB” columns indicate the signal coming in on the read command inputs 5330 and 5331, respectively, and thus whether the port will be read using port A and/or port B. A “1” in one of these columns indicates that the corresponding port will be used in the current cycle to read data from the selected address in the memory. A “0” in one of these columns indicates that the corresponding port will not be used in the current cycle to read data from the corresponding port.
The “MEM” column indicates the value that will be in the selected memory address at the end of the current cycle. A “HOLD” in this column indicates that the memory address will retain the value that it had at the beginning of the cycle. A “DINA” in the column indicates that the value at the end of the cycle will be the same as the data being written through port A. A “DINB” in the column indicates that the value at the end of the cycle will be the same as the data being written through port B. An “ERR” stands for “error”. An “ERR” in the column means that the value at the end of the cycle is indeterminate. Note that within the table, these errors only occur in rows where 1) both ports are written to, and 2) the priorities set for the ports are equal. In some embodiments these rows serve as a warning to the user to not allow the set of independent variables to have those combinations of values.
The “Output on A” and “Output on B” columns indicate what values will be read from the data outputs 5350 and 5351 respectively. A “HOLD” indicates that the memory is not being read through the particular port in that cycle, “HOLDs” correspond to the particular port receiving a “do not read” signal on its read command input. In some embodiments, “HOLD” may mean that the output lines are outputting zeros. In other embodiments “HOLD” may mean that the outputs maintain the values they had from the previous cycle. In other embodiments, “HOLD” may mean the outputs are allowed to float or that they have some other method of determining the output.
A “MEM[ADDR]” in these columns indicates that the output is the value that was previously stored in the specified memory address, before the current cycle. A “DINA” indicates that the value of the outputs is the value that is being written on port A. A “DINB” indicates that the value of the outputs is the value that is being written on port B.

















m,n
WRTA
WRTB
RDA
RDB
MEM
Output on A
Output on B







X
0
0
0
0
HOLD
HOLD
HOLD


X
0
0
0
1
HOLD
HOLD
MEM[ADDR]


X
0
0
1
0
HOLD
MEM[ADDR]
HOLD


X
0
0
1
1
HOLD
MEM[ADDR]
MEM[ADDR]


X
0
1
0
0
DINB
HOLD
HOLD


X
0
1
0
1
DINB
HOLD
DINB


m>n
0
1
1
0
DINB
DINB
HOLD


m<n
0
1
1
0
DINB
MEM[ADDR]
HOLD


m=n
0
1
1
0
DINB
DINB
HOLD


m>n
0
1
1
1
DINB
DINB
DINB


m<n
0
1
1
1
DINB
MEM[ADDR]
DINB


m=n
0
1
1
1
DINB
DINB
DINB


X
1
0
0
0
DINA
HOLD
HOLD


m>n
1
0
0
1
DINA
HOLD
MEM[ADDR]


m<n
1
0
0
1
DINA
HOLD
DINA


m=n
1
0
0
1
DINA
HOLD
DINA


X
1
0
1
0
DINA
DINA
HOLD


m>n
1
0
1
1
DINA
DINA
MEM[ADDR]


m<n
1
0
1
1
DINA
DINA
DINA


m=n
1
0
1
1
DINA
DINA
DINA


m>n
1
1
0
0
DINA
HOLD
HOLD


m<n
1
1
0
0
DINB
HOLD
HOLD


m=n
1
1
0
0
ERR
HOLD
HOLD


m>n
1
1
0
1
DINA
HOLD
DINB


m<n
1
1
0
1
DINB
HOLD
DINB


m=n
1
1
0
1
ERR
HOLD
ERR


m>n
1
1
1
0
DINA
DINA
HOLD


m<n
1
1
1
0
DINB
DINA
HOLD


m=n
1
1
1
0
ERR
ERR
HOLD


m>n
1
1
1
1
DINA
DINA
DINB


m<n
1
1
1
1
DINB
DINA
DINB


m=n
1
1
1
1
ERR
ERR
ERR









Table 1 shows the outcomes of many different sets of input options. For example, when only one port is set to write, the value in the memory at the end of the cycle is the value written using that port. The table also shows that the ports have what is called “writethrough” in embodiments represented by the table. Writethrough means that when a port performs both a read and a write operation in the same clock domain, the value read by the port at the output is the same as the value written by the port at the input.
Table 1 also shows that for some combinations of inputs, the results of reading and writing through multiple ports may be counter-intuitive. For example when the higher priority port writes and the lower priority port does not, the value stored in the memory at the end of the user cycle is the value written by the higher priority port. However, if the lower priority port reads during the same user cycle it reads the value that was already in the memory before the user cycle began. This is in contrast with the results when the lower priority port writes and the higher priority port does not. In that case, the value stored in the memory at the end of the clock cycle is the value written by the lower priority port. If the higher priority port reads during the same user cycle it reads the value written by the lower priority port. In other words, the lower priority port does not “see” writes made to the memory by the higher priority port during the same user cycle, but the higher priority port does “see” writes made by the lower priority port during the same user cycle, so long as the higher priority port is not also writing.
4. Alternate Embodiments of Port Hierarchies
Some embodiments use this type of hierarchy to provide the user with a description that matches a configurable IC that uses subcycles to provide multiple ports. It will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that hierarchies for configurable ICs that implement multiple-ports without using subcycles are also within the scope of the present invention.
Table 1 is the truth table for a two-port memory, it will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that truth tables detailing a memory-port hierarchy for memories with four, eight, sixteen, or any other number of ports could be provided. The number of bits used in each word could be four, eight, ten, eighteen or any other number.
The embodiments described by Table 1 uses separate write and read command signals. Other embodiments use alternative sets of command signals. For example, some embodiments use a single input that determines whether the port will read or write in one clock domain. Some embodiments read whole words from the memory, but write half words to the memory. Each port of such embodiments would have an input to command the port to read a whole word, an input to command the port to write the most significant half of the bits of a word, and a second input to command the port to write the least significant half of the bits of the a word. Some embodiments have ports operating in different clock domains to minimize the number of potential conflicts.
5. Alternate Embodiments of Port Hierarchies
Some integrated circuits have multiple blocks of memory circuits (sometimes referred to as “memory blocks”). Instead of using one large block of physical memory circuits in one location in the integrated circuit, the circuits have more than one block of physical memory circuits on the integrated circuit. This may be done to put memory blocks close to the circuits that need the information stored in those memory blocks, or because no single location in the IC was available for a large memory, or for some other reason. FIG. 54 illustrates an integrated circuit design with four separate physical memory blocks. The figure includes a physical integrated circuit 5400, with memory blocks 5411-5414. All other circuit elements are omitted for clarity. Memory blocks 5411-5414 are placed in assorted physical locations within the circuit and are of assorted sizes. The positioning and sizes of the memory blocks are intended to illustrate that different memories blocks within an integrated circuit are not necessarily the same size or positioned in an obvious pattern.
In an integrated circuit with several physically independent memory blocks, the separate memory blocks tend to have separate circuits for accessing each memory block. Each memory block has its own port or ports. FIG. 55 provides a simplified illustration of separate inputs and outputs of four memory blocks 5511-5514.
In a configurable IC, there may be one large physical memory block in place of several smaller memory blocks. If a large memory block has at least as much storage capacity as the total of multiple memory blocks in a user design circuit, then each smaller memory block in the user design can be assigned its own section of the storage capacity of the large memory block. So a large memory block in a configurable IC can be used to replace the storage capacity of several small blocks. FIG. 56 illustrates this conceptually. User design memory blocks 5611 to 5614 represent memory capacities demanded for various locations in the user design circuit. In the figure, the individual memory capacities are proportional to the size of the memory blocks. The user design memory blocks 5611 to 5614 can each be mapped to a set of memory locations within a physical memory block 5600. With each user design memory block assigned to a different, non-overlapping, set of memory locations in the physical memory block 5600, a process or program that accesses one of the blocks can do so without overwriting a physical memory location assigned to another user design memory block.
The user design in this example was created under the assumption that the memory blocks, being physically separate, each had separate access ports. Given that assumption, a program or process designed to access the individual user design memory blocks would have no reason to wait for an access of one memory block to be complete before trying to access another. Some programs and processes are designed with the assumption that the user design memory blocks are separate entities within an IC. Such programs or processes could try to access multiple user design memory blocks within the same user cycle. Attempting multiple accesses during one clock cycle would normally cause errors, unless there were either multiple physical ports or multiple virtual ports implemented using subcycles.
Some embodiments of the present invention use subcycles to provide multiple user design ports though there may be as few as one physical port on the large physical memory block. FIG. 48, as described above illustrates the physical ports of the physical memory and the user design ports operating on a subcycle basis. The combination of using a larger memory and using multiple user design memory ports to access that memory allows a configurable IC to accurately provide the same apparent environment that the user design describes, with no overlap in memory space or access times.
FIG. 57 illustrates a flowchart of some embodiments of this method. At 5710, a user design is received. At 5720, multiple user design memories in the user design are mapped to memory locations (sets of memory addresses) within a physical memory of a configurable IC. At 5730, the memory access ports of the user design memory blocks are each mapped to a particular subcycle and memory port of a physical memory on the configurable IC.
In some embodiments, the user design is set up under the assumption that multiple events occur within one user cycle, as for example in an IC with asynchronous memory where, for example, data bits can be read from a memory, added to other data bits, and sent into a register within the same user cycle. In such embodiments, it may be necessary to determine how many subcycles are needed before or after a given block or user design memory is accessed in order to assign data access for a particular user design memory block to an appropriate subcycle. Selecting an appropriate subcycle for actions that need to be performed after a memory access would mean setting the user design memory to use a subcycle early enough to do any needed operations in later subcycles within the same user cycle. Selecting an appropriate subcycle for actions that need to be performed before a memory access would mean setting the user design memory to use a subcycle late enough to do any needed operations in earlier subcycles within the same user cycle. The following description mentions embodiments that use a particular code language to describe the user design; however it will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments could just as easily use some other encoding system while still allowing the analysis as described.
In some embodiments, the user design is expressed in register transfer level code (RTL code). In such embodiments, the RTL code can be analyzed in relation to each user design memory block to determine the maximum number of possible operations that could potentially take place (within a user cycle) before a memory access of that user design memory block and the maximum number of operations that could possibly take place after a memory access of that user design memory block. Given a set of such numbers of operations, it would be possible to determine an assignment of subcycle number for accessing each memory block.
FIG. 58 illustrates a flowchart of some embodiments for mapping user design memory ports to subcycles when there are possible operations during a given user design clock cycle, but before or after accessing user design memory blocks. At 5810, a user design memory block is selected. At 5820 and 5830, the maximum possible number of operations before and after (respectively) a user design memory block access are determined from the user design. At 5840, if there are remaining user design memory blocks to be evaluated, the flowchart repeats from 5810. If there are no remaining user design memory blocks to be evaluated, then a set of subcycle assignments are made that accounts for the needs of each user design memory block.
For example, in accessing four user design memory blocks, A-D, if memory block A could have as many as two operations before it, then accesses to memory block A cannot be assigned to a subcycle earlier than the third subcycle of the user cycle. Assigning accesses of memory block A to the third subcycle would ensure two user cycles in which to perform the two operations before accessing memory block A. It should be noted that in actual operation, the combination of factors that would cause two operations to happen before an access of memory block A might never occur. The assignment of accesses of memory block A to the third subcycle must account for the worst case scenario, in this case, two possible preceding operations.
Similar determinations can be made for operations before and after each of the other blocks. However, in some scenarios, there may be no combination of assignments that will satisfy the worst case scenario for all memory blocks. For example, in an embodiment with eight subcycles per user cycle, if four separate user design memory blocks could each have five operations before a memory access in the same user cycle, then the earliest subcycle assigned for accessing a memory block would be the sixth subcycle. This would leave only three open subcycles (sixth, seventh and eighth) to accommodate four memory blocks. In such a scenario either the user design must be redesigned, or (for this example, and in some embodiments) the memory block least likely to have five operations occur before it is assigned to the fourth subcycle.
In some embodiments, if it can be proven that two user design memory blocks are never accessed in the same user cycle for a particular user design, then accesses of those two blocks could safely be assigned to the same subcycle. For example two memory blocks could both use the fifth subcycle, so long as they would never have to use it in the same user cycle. In such a case, this would solve the conflict described above. In other embodiments, multiple physical ports would allow multiple accesses to the physical memory in each subcycle.
While the invention has been described with reference to numerous specific details, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the invention. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the invention is not to be limited by the foregoing illustrative details, but rather is to be defined by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method of implementing a user design on a configurable integrated circuit (IC), said method comprising:
a) receiving said user design wherein said user design comprises a plurality of user design memory blocks;
b) mapping a first user design memory block of said plurality of user design memory blocks to a first set of addresses of a physical memory;
c) mapping a second user design memory block of said plurality of user design memory blocks to a second set of addresses of said physical memory, wherein said first set of addresses does not overlap with said second set of addresses;
d) mapping a first user design memory port to a first subcycle and a memory port of said physical memory; and
e) mapping a second user design memory port to a second subcycle and said memory port of said physical memory.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said first user design memory port is for accessing said first user design memory block.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein said second user design memory port is for accessing said second user design memory block.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
a) mapping a third user design memory block of said plurality of user design memory blocks to a third set of addresses of said physical memory; and
b) mapping a third user design memory port to a third subcycle and said memory port of said physical memory.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein said user design is expressed in RTL code.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining that said user design allows for N potential operations, during a user design clock cycle, before an access of said first user design memory block, wherein N is a number of at least one.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein said first subcycle has at least N subcycles before it in each user design clock cycle.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining that said user design allows for N potential operations, during a user design clock cycle, after an access of said first user design memory block, wherein N is a number of at least one.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein said first subcycle has at least N subcycles after it in each user design clock cycle.

10. The method of claim 8, further comprising determining that said user design allows for M potential operations, during a user design clock cycle, before an access of said first user design memory block, wherein M is a number of at least one.