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In The

Court of Appeals

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

___________________

NO. 09-13-00074-CV

___________________

SHANE HODGSON and PHILLIP KITCHENS, Appellants

V.

U.S. MONEY RESERVE, INC. d/b/a UNITED STATES RARE COIN & 

BULLION RESERVE, Appellee

__________________________________________________________________

On Appeal from the 58th District Court

Jefferson County, Texas

Trial Cause No. A-180,741

__________________________________________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Shane Hodgson and Phillip Kitchens ask that we dissolve a temporary 

injunction which, among other restrictions, prohibits them from selling or 

purchasing coins from persons they contacted while employed with their former 

employer and prohibits them from working with persons who were formerly 

employed by their former employer. We conclude that parts of the trial court’s 

order are enforceable but that other parts of it are not. We affirm the order to the 
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extent it is enforceable; the portions of the order that are not enforceable are 

dissolved.

Background

As of the second quarter of 2012, Hodgson and Kitchens were employees of 

U.S. Money Reserve, Inc. d/b/a United States Rare Coin & Bullion Reserve

(USMR). USMR is in the business of buying and selling precious metals, including 

coins. As employees of USMR, Hodgson and Kitchens signed employment 

agreements containing noncompetition agreements. During the years in which 

Kitchens was employed at USMR, he held the positions of salesman and sales 

manager. During the years Hodgson worked for USMR, he was a salesman.

Hodgson and Kitchens resigned from their position at USMR in the summer 

of 2012. After leaving, Hodgson and Kitchens, along with one other person who 

was never employed by USMR, formed United Gold Coin & Bullion Reserve 

(UGCB). Hodgson and Kitchens provided UGCB with their skills as salesmen; the 

other principal contributed the money needed to provide UGCB’s working capital.

After leaving USMR, Hodgson and Kitchens remained subject to the terms 

of noncompetition agreements they signed while employed at USMR. One 

covenant in their noncompetition agreements prohibits them, as former USMR

employees, from using USMR’s trade secrets or marketing techniques. Another
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covenant prohibits Hodgson and Kitchens from hiring or attempting to hire current 

USMR employees. The restrictive covenants also prohibit Hodgson and Kitchens 

from buying or selling coins from persons with whom they did business or 

provided marketing material while employed by USMR for a period of five years. 

 Several weeks after the temporary injunction hearing, the trial court 

rendered an order granting USMR’s request for temporary injunctive relief. The 

trial court’s order restricts Hodgson and Kitchens from the following:

(i) hiring, soliciting for hire, calling on, soliciting, diverting, or 

working with any past, present, or anybody retained in the 

future as an employee, agent, representative, or consultant of 

[USMR], or attempting to do so, including, but not limited to

[Hodgson and Kitchens];

(ii) contacting, communicating with, selling coins to and/or 

purchasing coins from any of [USMR’s] customers that 

[Hodgson and Kitchens] initially contacted by utilizing [US 

MR’s] confidential and/or proprietary information[;]

(iii) revealing the names and/or contact information of any of 

[USMR’s] customers that [Hodgson and Kitchens]

discovered through the use of [USMR’s] confidential and/or

proprietary information[;]

(iv) utilizing any of [USMR’s] confidential and/or proprietary 

information[;]

(v) disclosing any of [USMR’s] confidential and/or proprietary 

information to anyone[;] and/or

(vi) associating with or forming any other entity in the business 

of selling gold coins or similar items within two-hundred

miles of Austin or Beaumont, Texas.

We note our jurisdiction over interlocutory appeals seeking appellate review 

of rulings granting temporary injunctions. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 
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51.014(a)(4) (West Supp. 2012). In three issues, Hodgson and Kitchens argue that 

the trial court’s order should be dissolved.

Standard of Review

An abuse of discretion standard governs an appellate court’s review of a trial 

court’s interlocutory ruling on a party’s request for a temporary injunction. Davis 

v. Huey, 571 S.W.2d 859, 861-62 (Tex. 1978). An abuse of discretion occurs when 

a trial court acts in an unreasonable or arbitrary manner. See Downer v. 

Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985). “An abuse of 

discretion does not exist where the trial court bases its decisions on conflicting 

evidence.” Davis, 571 S.W.2d at 862. 

When a trial court has not been requested to enter findings of fact or 

conclusions of law, the evidence from a temporary injunction hearing is viewed on 

appeal in the light most favorable to the trial court’s order; every reasonable 

inference from the evidence introduced at the temporary injunction hearing is 

indulged in the light that favors the trial court’s ruling. See Thomas v. Beaumont 

Heritage Soc’y, 296 S.W.3d 350, 352 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2009, no pet.). 

Viewing a ruling in the light most favorable to the ruling in the court below 

requires that we affirm the order granting temporary injunctive relief if we can do 
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so on any valid legal theory that is supported by both the pleadings and the 

evidence. See id.; Davis, 571 S.W.2d at 862. 

A temporary injunction hearing allows the trial court to determine if the 

party seeking temporary injunctive relief is entitled to “preserve the status quo of 

the litigation’s subject matter pending a trial on the merits.” Butnaru v. Ford Motor 

Co., 84 S.W.3d 198, 204 (Tex. 2002). “To obtain a temporary injunction, the 

applicant must plead and prove three specific elements: (1) a cause of action 

against the defendant; (2) a probable right to the relief sought; and (3) a probable, 

imminent, and irreparable injury in the interim.” Id. 

On appeal, the merits of the underlying case are not presented for appellate 

review. A trial court’s ruling on a party’s request for temporary injunctive relief is 

a preliminary decision. See Tom James of Dallas, Inc. v. Cobb, 109 S.W.3d 877, 

882-83 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.). “[B]y granting a temporary injunction, 

a trial court does not declare that a covenant not to compete is valid.” Vaughn v. 

Intrepid Directional Drilling Specialists, Ltd., 288 S.W.3d 931, 938 (Tex. App.—

Eastland 2009, no pet.).

Analysis

In issues one and two, Hodgson and Kitchens argue that USMR failed to 

demonstrate that it would likely succeed in preventing them from working with 
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any current or former employees of USMR. Hodgson and Kitchens argue that 

restraining them from working with former USMR employees is a more severe 

restriction than is necessary to protect USMR’s business interests. Also in arguing 

these issues, Hodgson and Kitchens assert that no evidence was produced showing 

that the covenant prohibiting them from competing with USMR within two

hundred miles of Austin and Beaumont is a reasonable restriction. According to 

Hodgson and Kitchens, the evidence from the hearing does not show that they had 

conducted business within the restricted territory defined by their agreements. 

Hodgson and Kitchens conclude that because the restrictions in their agreements 

were not shown to be reasonably necessary to protect USMR’s business, the 

restrictions violate section 15.50 of the Texas Business and Commerce Code.1 See

Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 15.50(a) (West 2011). When covenants are 

ancillary to an agreement to provide an employer with services, the Texas Business 

and Commerce Code requires the employer to prove that the restrictions are

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The portion of section 15.50 relevant to the appeal provides that “a 

covenant not to compete is enforceable if it is ancillary to or part of an otherwise 

enforceable agreement at the time the agreement is made to the extent that it 

contains limitations as to time, geographical area, and scope of activity to be 

restrained that are reasonable and do not impose a greater restraint than is 

necessary to protect the goodwill or other business interest of the promisee.” Tex. 

Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 15.50(a) (West 2011).
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necessary to protect its business interests. See id. § 15.51(b) (West 2011);

2 see also 

id. § 15.50(a). 

The testimony from the hearing reflects that none of the witnesses explained 

how USMR’s business interests would be protected by a blanket restriction 

preventing Hodgson and Kitchens from working with former USMR employees if 

they were to work together for an organization that did not compete with USMR. 

Additionally, there was no evidence that USMR had customers who lived within 

the restricted territory, nor was there any evidence showing that Hodgson and 

Kitchens had sold coins to any of their former customers or to persons with whom 

they had contact while working at USMR.

On appeal, USMR has not explained why its business interests would be 

protected by prohibiting Hodgson and Kitchens from working with USMR’s 

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We note that the noncompetition agreements prohibit Hodgson and 

Kitchens from working in a business similar to USMR’s anywhere in the United 

States, Canada, or the United Kingdom. At the hearing, USMR did not request 

injunctive relief based on this provision of the noncompetition agreement.

Nonetheless, in 2008, in a case involving two other persons who were formerly 

employed by USMR, we determined that “the trial court [had] abused its discretion 

in enjoining [Chad Poole and Terry Fendley] from engaging in any subsequent 

employment in [the coin and bullion] industry throughout the United States.” See 

Poole v. U.S. Money Reserve, Inc., No. 09-08-137 CV, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 

8257, at *12 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Oct. 30, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.). In 

Hodgson’s and Kitchens’ case, we note that the trial court’s order is narrower than 

the one we reviewed in Poole, as the order under review does not generally 

prohibit Hodgson and Kitchens from working as salesmen in the coin and bullion 

business throughout the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. 
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former employees in a noncompeting business, nor has USMR pointed to evidence 

that explains why, given a restriction that prevents Hodgson and Kitchens from 

contacting their former customers, a two-hundred-mile restriction is necessary to 

protect USMR’s business interests. For example, the record does not show that 

Hodgson’s and Kitchens’ former customers live within the restricted territory, nor 

does it show that USMR has a significant number of customers living within the 

restricted territory. Finally, the testimony does not show that Hodgson and 

Kitchens solicited their former USMR customers while working for UGCB.

To be reasonable, a covenant restricting an activity of an employee must be 

shown as having some bearing on the activities of the employer. See Tex. Bus. & 

Com. Code Ann. § 15.50(a); Peat Marwick Main & Co. v. Haass, 818 S.W.2d 381, 

387 (Tex. 1991) (“The fundamental legitimate business interest that may be 

protected by such covenants is in preventing employees or departing partners from 

using the business contacts and rapport established during the relationship of 

representing the accounting firm to take the firm’s customers with him.”). A 

restriction prohibiting competition in a geographical area must not impose a greater 

restraint than the restraint that is necessary to protect the goodwill or other business 

interest of the employer. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 15.50(a). At the 

temporary injunction hearing, the burden of showing that the restrictions were 
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reasonable and that the restrictions were necessary to protect USMR’s business 

interests was a burden that the law places on USMR. See id. § 15.51(b).

There is no evidence in the record showing that restrictions preventing 

Hodgson and Kitchens from working with a former employee of USMR in a 

noncompeting business are necessary to protect USMR’s business interest. There is 

also no evidence demonstrating that the restriction prohibiting Hodgson and 

Kitchens from working together within two hundred miles of Austin and Beaumont 

are necessary to protect USMR’s business interests. Based on the evidence before 

the trial court, we hold the trial court abused its discretion by finding that USMR 

would probably prevail in its effort to enforce these two restrictions. Issues one and 

two are sustained.

In their third issue, Hodgson and Kitchens argue the trial court’s order 

should be dissolved in its entirety because USMR failed to demonstrate that it 

would suffer probable, imminent, and irreparable injuries. The record shows that 

Hodgson and Kitchens established a business that was competing in the same type 

of business as that of USMR, and that Hodgson and Kitchens intended to continue 

working together in that business. There was also evidence that UGCB’s attempt to 

screen its potential customers by asking whether they had done business with 

USMR had failed to alert UGCB to the fact that some of its sales were people who 
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were customers of USMR, although in these instances the sales were not shown to 

have been to people who were also Hodgson’s or Kitchens’ former customers.

Although there was no evidence indicating that Hodgson and Kitchens had sold or 

contacted their former customers as of the date of the hearing, the trial court could 

reasonably conclude that UGCB did not have sufficient policies or practices in 

place to prevent Hodgson and Kitchens from marketing coins and bullion to their 

former customers.

The evidence also shows that Kitchens, while employed by USMR, had 

access to USMR’s entire customer database. Additionally, Kitchens agreed that he 

used an alias when he talked to potential customers while at UGCB; the alias 

Kitchens used was the same name as one of USMR’s salesmen. Given UGCB’s 

marketing practices, Kitchens’ choice to use the name of one of USMR’s salesmen 

as an alias, and the fact that UGCB was in the coin and bullion business, the threat 

that Hodgson and Kitchens would market coin and bullion to their former 

customers or to persons to whom they marketed while employed by USMR were

not hypothetical concerns; they were real and ongoing. The evidence is also 

sufficient to support the inference that a sale to a former Hodgson’s or Kitchens’

customer or contact would be a sale that USMR lost. We also note that in the trial 

court, Hodgson and Kitchens agreed that their employment agreements prevented 
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them from marketing coins and bullion to their former customers and to persons to 

whom they had marketed while employed by USMR.

On this record, the trial court’s finding on probable, imminent, and 

irreparable harm—to the extent the trial court’s order prevents Hodgson and 

Kitchens from hiring or soliciting USMR’s current employees; utilizing USMR’s 

confidential and proprietary information; contacting, communicating, selling, or 

purchasing coins or bullion from former customers or persons to whom they 

marketed while working at USMR; and from disclosing USMR’s confidential and

proprietary information—is supported by the evidence. With respect to these 

aspects of the trial court’s order, we overrule issue three.

Under the Rules of Appellate Procedure, we are required to render the 

judgment that the trial court should have rendered unless a remand is necessary for 

further proceedings. Tex. R. App. P. 43.2. In this case, we conclude that no remand 

is necessary. Accordingly, we dissolve that portion of the trial court’s temporary 

injunction order that prohibits Hodgson and Kitchens from working with persons 

who were formerly employed by USMR; we also dissolve that portion of the 

temporary injunction order that prohibits Hodgson and Kitchens from working in 

the business of selling gold coins or similar items (but we do not dissolve the 

order’s restriction that prevents their marketing coins and bullion to their former 
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customers or to persons to whom they marketed while working at USMR ), as well 

as that portion of the trial court’s order that prohibits Hodgson and Kitchens from 

working together; finally, we dissolve that portion of the trial court’s order that 

prevents Hodgson and Kitchens from forming a business within two hundred miles

of Austin and Beaumont. Otherwise, the trial court’s order is affirmed.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED AND RENDERED IN PART.

___________________________

 HOLLIS HORTON

 Justice

Submitted on May 8, 2013

Opinion Delivered June 13, 2013

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.