2024 IL App (1st) 221927-U

FOURTH DIVISION

Filed February 15, 2024 

No. 1-22-1927 

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

In re MARRIAGE OF

YARYNA CHOLACH, 

 Petitioner-Appellee, 

and 

NAZAR CHOLACH, 

 

 Respondent-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the Circuit Court

of Cook County.

No. 19 D 230474 

Honorable 

Jeanne Marie Reynolds, 

Judge, presiding.

JUSTICE OCASIO delivered the judgment of the court.

Presiding Justice Rochford and Justice Martin concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: We affirm the trial court’s contempt determination and the underlying orders 

granting interim attorney fees, childcare expenses, and 508(b) fees. 

¶ 2 The respondent, Nazar Cholach, appeals the circuit court’s order that held him in indirect 

civil contempt for disobeying court orders for interim attorney fees, child-related expenses, and 

attorney fees under section 508(b) (508(b) fees) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution Act (Act) 
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(750 ILCS 5/508(b) (West 2020)). A body attachment was issued against Nazar for failing to pay 

the purge amount. We affirm. 

¶ 3 BACKGROUND

¶ 4 The parties are involved in a dissolution-of-marriage proceeding. This is the second time 

the parties have been before this court during the course of this dissolution. Previously, we 

affirmed the circuit court’s allocation of decision-making responsibilities, finding it was not 

against the manifest weight of the evidence. See In re Marriage of Cholach, 2023 IL App (1st) 

221776-U. 

¶ 5 Yaryna filed a petition for dissolution of marriage on October 19, 2019. On October 29, 

2019, the circuit court ordered Nazar to pay for half of the day-care expenses. A guardian ad litem

(GAL) was appointed for the minor children on October 22, 2021. On July 20, 2022, an order was 

entered requiring the parties to pay the GAL an additional retainer of $4000. One-third was to be 

paid by Yaryna, and the remaining two-thirds was to be paid by Nazar. 

¶ 6 On August 24, 2022, Yaryna filed a “Petition for Specific Contribution to Petitioner’s 

Attorney’s Fees and Costs Incurred Due to Respondent’s Failure to Pay Guardian Ad Litem Fees,” 

which she later amended on September 16, 2022. Yaryna argued Nazar’s failure to pay his portion 

of the GAL’s additional retainer caused her to incur additional attorney fees and costs. 

¶ 7 On September 12, 2022, Yaryna filed a “Verified Petition for Rule to Show Cause and for 

Other Relief.” Yaryna argued Nazar should be held in indirect civil contempt of court as “Nazar 

has willfully and contemptuously failed to pay all his Day Care, extra-curricular expense, and 

school fee obligations due to Yaryna” despite the October 29, 2019 order. Additionally, “Nazar is 

unable to provide any good cause or justification on why he has failed to pay his share of the Day 
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Care expenses for the parties’ youngest minor child.” In his response, Nazar argued he was not 

obligated to contribute to the day-care expenses as he was not provided an invoice. 

¶ 8 On September 16, 2022, Yaryna filed a “Verified Petition for a Finding of Civil Contempt, 

to Set a Purge, and for Sanctions.” Yaryna alleged Nazar was in willful indirect civil contempt for 

his failure to comply with the July 20, 2022 order requiring him to pay two-thirds of the GAL’s 

additional retainer. Yaryna asked the circuit court to find Nazar in contempt of court and requested 

508(b) fees due to the attorney costs incurred due to Nazar’s conduct. 

¶ 9 On September 16, 2022, Yaryna filed a “Petition for Contribution to Interim and 

Prospective Attorney’s Fees.” The petition alleged Yaryna had “exhausted her financial resources, 

available credit, and [could not] further pay interim and prospective attorney’s fees.” It also alleged 

“Nazar’s willful refusal to participate efficiently in the judicial process by attending a Pre-Trial 

Conference and his constant failure to respond to discovery requests has caused unnecessary 

attorney time to be expended in the instant case.” In support of her petition, Yaryna attached a 

signed and notarized affidavit in which she stated she “[had] no financial assets” and she “incurred 

debt to pay [her] attorneys’ fees and [her] credit cards [were] maxed out.” Additionally, “Nazar is 

self-employed” and “according to his financial affidavit earns a gross monthly salary of $7,000.00 

from said employment.” 

¶ 10 Nazar filed a response to the petition asking the circuit court to deny Yaryna’s request for 

interim attorney fees. Nazar alleged Yaryna owned her own cleaning business and made

approximately $121,647 after expenses. Further, Nazar alleged his net income from the previous 

year was $52,877 and he paid the mortgage, association dues, taxes, electricity for the martial 

home. 
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¶ 11 On November 3, 2022, the circuit court heard testimony from the parties and the GAL

regarding the pending motions. With regard to the “Petition for Specific Contribution to 

Petitioner’s Attorney’s Fees and Costs Incurred Due to Respondent’s Failure to Pay Guardian Ad 

Litem Fees,” the circuit court stated, “I do recognize the fact that as a direct result of the 

respondent’s noncompliance, that fees were incurred. And I do believe that they were willfully 

incurred.” Further, it found “[t]he respondent’s behavior in this case did cause numerous court 

proceedings to occur that didn’t need to occur” and awarded $2500 in 508(b) fees.

¶ 12 With regard to the “Petition for Contribution of Interim Attorney’s Fees,” Yaryna argued 

there had been “an enormous rate of time trying to chase [Nazar] around, filing petitions, pursuing 

discovery, getting discovery, subpoenaing documents.” Additionally, Nazar had received 

approximately $225,000 in deposits in 2021 and through June 2022 he had approximately 

$150,000 in deposits. Nazar also transferred $300,000 from his bank accounts to a bank in Ukraine. 

Yaryna also argued Nazar had a number of assets and collected rental income. Nazar argued 

Yaryna had a higher gross income and he was paying for the mortgage, the association fees, and 

other utilities and bills. 

¶ 13 The circuit court awarded $25,000 in interim fees finding “there are large sums of cash 

available to [Nazar] from his business records” and “[Nazar] has a greater ability than [Yaryna] 

does to pay the interim fees.” 

¶ 14 With regard to the “Verified Petition for Rule to Show Cause and for Other Relief,” Yaryna 

testified Nazar had not paid his half of the day-care expenses. In 2020, she paid the total amount

for day care in August, September, and October as Nazar did not pay his portion. Yaryna testified 

she sent Nazar invoices for the amount due for summer camp from June 2022 to August 2022. 

Nazar did not pay his half of the summer-camp expenses. 
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¶ 15 Nazar testified he was aware he was required to pay half of the childcare expenses to the 

provider. Nazar admitted he did not make payments in August, September, and October 2020. 

Nazar testified he did not make the payments because Yaryna “received support from the 

government based on taxes.” Nazar further testified he did not make payments for summer camp 

because “[t]here were too many different statements.”

¶ 16 The circuit court found Nazar had an obligation to pay the childcare expenses. Yaryna 

emailed Nazar about summer camp and extracurricular activities and Nazar did not respond. The 

court found “summer camp necessary for childcare for an eight-year-old child while her mother is 

working, and her father is out of town working.” The circuit court found Nazar’s unpaid childcare 

expenses to be $4909. 

¶ 17 In a written order, the circuit court found Nazar had the financial ability to contribute to 

the interim and prospective attorney fees of Yaryna and Yaryna did not have the financial ability 

to pay. Nazar had “caused this entire proceeding to be elongated by his unreasonable conduct and 

failure to cooperate, which has caused substantial additional time and expense to be incurred by 

[Yaryna] for legal fees which would have been unnecessary.” The circuit court ordered Nazar to 

pay $25,000 in interim attorney fees. The circuit court also found Nazar had “intentionally and 

willfully failed to pay the child care expenses” and was in “willful violation of the October 2019 

Court order.” The circuit court found Nazar in contempt and ordered him to pay the $4909 in back 

childcare expenses. Finally, the circuit court awarded $2500 in 508(b) fees, which were incurred 

due to Nazar’s failure to pay GAL fees, to Yaryna’s attorney “due to the contemptuous conduct 

on the part of [Nazar]” and “the itemized billing statements [were] reasonable and necessary.”

¶ 18 On November 9, 2022, the circuit court ordered Nazar to pay Yaryna’s attorney $27,500, 

which included the $25,000 in interim attorney fees, as ordered by November 14, 2022, and $2500 
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in 508(b) fees as ordered by December 1, 2022. The circuit court also ordered Nazar to pay Yaryna

$4909 for back childcare expenses by November 14, 2022. 

¶ 19 On November 21, 2022, Yaryna filed a petition to find Nazar in indirect civil contempt. 

Yaryna alleged Nazar had failed to pay the $25,000 in interim attorney fees as ordered, failed to 

pay the $4909 in back childcare expenses, and had not paid the $2500 in 508(b) fees. 

¶ 20 Nazar filed a motion to vacate and reconsider the November 3, 2022 and the November 9, 

2022 court orders. 

¶ 21 The circuit court denied Nazar’s motion and issued a rule to show cause as to why he 

should not be held in contempt for failing to comply with the court’s orders.

¶ 22 On December 13, 2022, the circuit court held a hearing on the petition for the rule to show 

cause and contempt. Yaryna, her attorney, and Nazar’s attorney were present in person; however, 

Nazar failed to appear. The circuit court found Nazar was in “willful and direct civil contempt for 

failure to abide by the Court orders.” The court set the purge at $32,409, which had to be paid by 

December 16, 2022. The circuit court also issued a body attachment.

¶ 23 On December 20, 2022, Nazar filed a notice of appeal. 

¶ 24 ANALYSIS

¶ 25 On appeal, Nazar argues the circuit court erred by (1) ordering him to pay $25,000 in 

interim attorney fees, (2) when it issued a judgment for $4909 for child-related expenses, and 

(3) when it ordered him to pay $2500 in 508(b) fees. 

¶ 26 Initially, we note that Yaryna did not file an appellee’s brief. On December 4, 2023, we

ordered that this case be taken on the record and Nazar’s brief only. Generally, the court will not 

act as advocate for an appellee who has not filed a brief. First Capitol Mortgage Corp. v. Talandis 

Construction Corp., 63 Ill. 2d 128, 133 (1976). A reviewing court may decide the merits of a case 
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where the record is simple, and the issues can be decided without the aid of the appellee’s brief. 

Id. We believe we can decide the merits of this case without the aid of an appellee’s brief. 

¶ 27 I. Contempt of Court

¶ 28 Rule 304(b)(5) permits the appeal of “[a]n order finding a person or entity in contempt of 

court which imposes a monetary or other penalty” without a Rule 304(a) finding. Ill. S. Ct. R. 

304(b)(5) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016). Therefore, only a contempt order that imposes a sanction is 

immediately appealable. In re Marriage of Gutman, 232 Ill. 2d 145, 152 (2008). 

¶ 29 “Contempt of court has been defined as ‘conduct that is calculated to impede, embarrass, 

or obstruct the court in its administration of justice or derogate from the court’s authority or dignity, 

or to bring the administration of the law into disrepute.’ ” Windy City Limousine Co. v. Milazzo, 

2018 IL App (1st) 162827, ¶ 36 (quoting People v. Geiger, 2012 IL 113181, ¶ 26). “Courts have 

the inherent authority to reprimand contemptuous conduct because ‘such power is essential to the 

maintenance of their authority and the administration of judicial powers.’ ” Id. (quoting People v. 

Simac, 161 Ill. 2d 297, 305 (1994)).

¶ 30 Contempt may be direct or indirect and either civil or criminal. Id. “Properly identifying 

the type of contempt is critical because the procedures that must be followed depend on the type 

of contempt involved.” Id. “[C]ivil contempt concerns future conduct while criminal contempt 

concerns past conduct. Usually, the distinguishing characteristic between civil and criminal 

contempt is the alleged contemnor’s ability to purge the ‘contempt charge by complying with the 

order the court sought to enforce.’ ” Id. ¶ 37 (quoting Milton v. Therra, 2018 IL App (1st) 171392, 

¶ 35). A person held in civil contempt must have the ability to purge the contempt by complying 

with the court order. In re Marriage of O’Malley, 2016 IL App (1st) 151118, ¶ 26. Civil contempt 
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is coercive in nature, so “the civil contemnor must be provided with the ‘keys to his cell.’ ” In re 

Marriage of Logston, 103 Ill. 2d 266, 289 (1984). 

¶ 31 Indirect civil contempt “covers the entire range of contemptuous conduct which does not 

occur in open court or in a constituent part of the court.” In re Marriage of Betts, 200 Ill. App. 3d 

26, 48 (1990). Indirect civil contempt requires minimal due process, which consists of notice and 

the opportunity to be heard. Id. at 52-53. In order to find a person in indirect civil contempt there 

must be “[t]he existence of [a valid] order of the trial court and proof of a willful disobedience of

that order.” In re Marriage of Charous, 368 Ill. App. 3d 99, 107 (2006). 

¶ 32 “ ‘The power to enforce an order to pay money through contempt is limited to cases of 

wilful refusal to obey the court’s order.’ ” In re Marriage of Barile, 385 Ill. App. 3d 752, 758 (2008) 

(quoting Logston, 103 Ill. 2d at 285). Noncompliance with a court order constitutes prima facie

evidence of contempt. Logston, 103 Ill. 2d at 285. Once it is proven that a court order has been 

violated, the burden shifts to the respondent to show they should not be held in contempt. Id.

A finding of indirect civil contempt will not be disturbed unless it is against the manifest weight 

of the evidence or the record reflects an abuse of discretion. Barile, 385 Ill. App. 3d at 759.

Additionally, if the underlying order of the trial court is later found to be invalid, then the contempt 

order must be vacated. In re Marriage of Radzik, 2011 IL App (2d) 100374, ¶ 66. 

¶ 33 Here, Yaryna filed a petition for contempt on November 21, 2022. On December 2, 2022, 

the circuit court entered on order on a rule to show cause finding Yaryna made a prima facie case 

of indirect civil contempt and ordered “a Rule will issue against [Nazar] to show cause why [he] 

should not be held in contempt of Court for failure to [p]ay the $25,000.00 in interim attorney’s 

fees and the $2,500.00 of 508(b) fees to Petitioner’s counsel per the Court Order on November 3, 

2022 and for failing to pay the $4,909.00 to Petitioner for day-care expenses which Nazar Cholach 
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was already held in contempt on November 03, 2022 as ordered by the Court on November 03, 

2022 and November 09, 2022.” Following a hearing on December 13, 2022, the circuit court found 

Nazar in indirect civil contempt based on his violations of the November 3, 2022 and November 

9, 2022 court orders. At the hearing, Nazar did not appear; however, his attorney was present. After 

finding Nazar to be indirect civil contempt, the court ordered a purge of $32,409 and ordered Nazar 

committed to the Cook County Jail. The circuit court stayed the commitment until December 16, 

2022, allowing Nazar time to pay the purge amount.

¶ 34 Nazar was given due process regarding whether he should be found in contempt of court, 

and the December 14, 2022 orders finding Nazar in indirect civil contempt and imposing a sanction 

are appealable orders. As the review of a contempt finding requires review of the underlying 

orders, we have jurisdiction to review the November 3, 2022 and November 9, 2022 court orders 

compelling Nazar to pay interim attorney fees, day-care expenses, and 508(b) fees. See In re 

Marriage of Sharp, 269 Ill. App. 3d 271, 277 (2006). 

¶ 35 II. Interim Attorney Fees

¶ 36 Nazar argues the circuit court abused its discretion when it awarded $25,000 in interim 

attorney fees as the court made contradictory findings and failed to consider Yaryna’s ability to 

pay. 

¶ 37 Section 501(c-1) of the Act allows a trial court to assess attorney fees and costs in favor of 

the petitioning party’s counsel while the case is still pending. 750 ILCS 5/501(c-1) (West 2020). 

Petitions for interim attorney fees must be “supported by one or more affidavits that delineate 

relevant factors.” Id. § 501(c-1)(1). The Act sets forth several factors the trial court should consider 

when assessing whether or not to grant interim attorney fees. Id.

¶ 38 Section 501(c-1)(3) provides: 
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“[T]he court *** shall assess an interim award against an opposing 

party in an amount necessary to enable the petitioning party to 

participate adequately in the litigation, upon findings that the party 

from whom attorney’s fees and costs are sought has the financial 

ability to pay reasonable amounts and that the party seeking 

attorney’s fees and costs lacks sufficient access to assets or income 

to pay reasonable amounts. In determining an award, the court shall 

consider whether adequate participation in the litigation requires 

expenditure of more fees and costs for a party that is not in control 

of assets or relevant information.” 750 ILCS 5/501(c-1)(3) (West 

2020). 

The goal of section 501(c-1) is “to equalize the relative positions of the parties before the court by 

shifting liability for attorney fees, thereby diminishing the advantage one party may have over the 

other in the presentation of the case due to a disparity in their respective financial resources.” In re 

Marriage of Beyer, 324 Ill. App. 3d 305, 315-16 (2001). 

¶ 39 Generally, an order awarding interim attorney fees under section 501(c-1) of the Act is an 

interlocutory order which is not a final or appealable order. Radzik, 2011 IL App (2d) 100374, ¶ 45. 

“However, when a party appeals from a contempt sanction imposed for violating an interim fee 

order, the contempt finding is final and appealable and presents to the reviewing court the propriety 

of the underlying order.” Id. Nazar timely appealed the circuit court’s contempt sanction for his 

failure to comply with the order assessing the $25,000 interim attorney fees. Therefore, we may 

review the propriety of the underlying order assessing interim attorney fees. In re Marriage of 
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Patel, 2013 IL App (1st) 122882, ¶¶ 33-38. Interim attorney fees are reviewed for an abuse of 

discretion. Beyer, 324 Ill. App. 3d at 320. 

¶ 40 Here, Yaryna filed a petition for interim attorney fees where she asserted she had 

“exhausted her financial resources.” The attached financial affidavits from both Nazar and Yaryna 

showed Nazar had a higher monthly income. There was also evidence presented that Nazar 

transferred a large sum of money to a bank in Ukraine and earned money from other assets. The 

circuit court found Nazar had the financial ability to contribute to interim and prospective attorney 

fees and Yaryna did not have the financial ability to pay. The court noted Nazar had sent a large 

sum of money to Ukraine, purchased a car for his daughter, and stated he had funds to place a 

deposit on another property. Further, Nazar had “caused this entire proceeding to be elongated by 

his unreasonable conduct and failure to cooperate, which has caused substantial additional time 

and expense to be incurred by [Yaryna] for legal fees which would have been unnecessary.” 

¶ 41 There was sufficient evidence provided in Yaryna’s petition for interim attorney fee and at 

the hearing to support the court awarding interim attorney fees to Yaryna. Therefore, we cannot 

say the court abused its discretion by granting the interim attorney fees. 

¶ 42 III. Child Related Expenses 

¶ 43 Nazar argues the circuit court had no legal basis to find him in contempt of court or to 

award Yaryna $4909 in back childcare expenses as it “went beyond the four corners of the order” 

and “added additional items, such as summer camp and extra-curricular activities to its October 

29, 2019 order.” 

¶ 44 As previously discussed above, noncompliance with a court order constitutes prima facie

evidence of contempt. Logston, 103 Ill. 2d at 285. Once it is proven that a court order has been 

violated, the burden shifts to the respondent to show they should not be held in contempt. Id.
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A finding of indirect civil contempt will not be disturbed unless it is against the manifest weight 

of the evidence or the record reflects an abuse of discretion. Barile, 385 Ill. App. 3d at 759. 

¶ 45 Nazar argues the circuit court abused its discretion by adding costs that were not included 

in the October 29, 2019 order, which required him to pay half of the day-care expenses. At the 

November 3, 2022 hearing, Yaryna testified that she paid the total costs for three months of day 

care in 2020, summer camp, and other activities. She also testified she tried to communicate with 

Nazar regarding the payments and he did not respond. Additionally, Nazar admitted he did not 

make payments in August, September, and October 2020 and that he did not make payments for 

summer camp. The circuit court elaborated that day care included summer camp and 

extracurricular activities as they were considered necessary as Yaryna worked during the day and 

Nazar worked out of town. In its written order, the circuit court found that Nazar “intentionally 

and willfully failed to pay the child care expenses of the minor child *** incurred for day care as 

well for summer camp and gymnastics camp which are all child care related expenses as well, 

which conduct is in willful violation of the October 2019 Court Order.” Therefore, Nazar’s 

argument that the circuit court “went beyond the four corners of the order” has no merit. When 

entering the judgment for $4909, the circuit court made it clear that “day care” included any 

activities that the minor child needed to attend while the parents were at work. 

¶ 46 Further, at the contempt hearing, Nazar did not appear. Yaryna argued Nazar had not paid 

the $4909 as previously ordered. The court in its oral ruling stated, “I have no reason not to find 

him in willful contempt of Court, because he’s not here to advise the Court as to why he hasn’t 

made the payment in accordance with the Court order.” There is ample evidence to support the 

circuit court’s finding that Nazar was in indirect civil contempt by failing to pay the day care 

arrearage. 
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¶ 47 IV. 508(b) Fees

¶ 48 Lastly, Nazar argues the circuit court abused its discretion when it awarded 508(b) fees. 

Nazar contends there was no legal basis for Yaryna’s petition and the circuit court granted the 

petition without “any meaningful hearing whatsoever and did not allow [Nazar] to present his 

argument.” 

¶ 49 Section 508(b) of the Act provides: 

“In every proceeding for the enforcement of an order or judgment 

when the court finds that the failure to comply with the order or 

judgment was without compelling cause or justification, the court 

shall order the party against whom the proceeding is brought to pay 

promptly the costs and reasonable attorney’s fees of the prevailing 

party. If non-compliance is with respect to a discovery order, the 

non-compliance is presumptively without compelling cause or 

justification, and the presumption may only be rebutted by clear and 

convincing evidence. If at any time a court finds that a hearing under 

this Act was precipitated or conducted for any improper purpose, the 

court shall allocate fees and costs of all parties for the hearing to the 

party or counsel found to have acted improperly. Improper purposes 

include, but are not limited to, harassment, unnecessary delay, or 

other acts needlessly increasing the cost of litigation.” 750 ILCS 

5/508(b) (West 2020). 

While not necessary, a finding of contempt is sufficient to award fees under section 508(b). In re 

Marriage of Davis, 292 Ill. App. 2d 802, 811 (1997). It is the burden of the party that is not in 
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compliance with the court’s order to prove that there is a compelling cause or justification for the 

noncompliance. In re Marriage of McGuire, 305 Ill. App. 3d 474, 481 (1999). “[T]he court has no 

discretion under section 508(b) except to determine if the failure to comply with an order was 

without compelling cause or justification; if it so finds, attorney fees must be imposed.” In re 

Marriage of Putzler, 2013 IL App (2d) 120551, ¶ 37 (citing In re Marriage of Michaelson, 359 Ill. 

App. 3d 706, 716 (2005)). An award of 508(b) fees is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. In re 

Marriage of Schneider, 214 Ill. 2d 152, 174 (2005). 

¶ 50 Here, the circuit court ordered Yaryna to pay one-third of the GAL’s additional retainer and 

the remaining two-thirds was to be paid by Nazar. Nazar failed to pay his portion, and Yaryna filed 

a petition asking the court to find Nazar in contempt of court and requesting 508(b) fees. Following 

the hearing on November 3, 2022, the circuit court entered an order finding “the conduct of [Nazar] 

was contemptuous” and held him in indirect civil contempt. The circuit court also granted the 

request for 508(b) fees finding “that an award of attorney’s fees [was] appropriate against [Nazar] 

and the Court [found] that the itemized billing statements [were] reasonable and necessary.” 

¶ 51 While the circuit court’s order did not explicitly state that Nazar’s conduct was “without 

compelling cause or justification,” such finding is implied by the court finding Nazar’s conduct 

was “contemptuous.” See Putzler, 2013 IL App (2d) 120551, ¶ 38. (“Preliminarily (and as to both 

contempt findings), ‘finding a party in contempt for failing to comply with a court order implies a 

finding the failure to comply was without cause or justification,’ rendering mandatory the 

imposition of attorney fees per section 508(b).” (quoting In re Marriage of Deike, 381 Ill. App. 3d 

620, 634 (2008))). Moreover, we find there is adequate evidence in the record to support the circuit 

court’s finding. Therefore, since the circuit court found Nazar’s conduct contemptuous, his failure 
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to comply with the July 20, 2022 order was without cause or justification and the circuit court did 

not abuse its discretion when it awarded 508(b) fees. 

¶ 52 CONCLUSION

¶ 53 For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court. 

¶ 54 Affirmed.