OKLAHOMA 

AQUATIC NUISANCE SPECIES 

MANAGEMENT PLAN 

 

 Zebra Mussels White Perch 

 Golden Alga Hydrilla 

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents........................................................................................................... 3 

Executive Summary......................................................................................................... 4 

Introduction.......................................................................................................................6 

Problem Definition..........................................................................................................10 

Goals..............................................................................................................................23 

Existing Authorities and Programs.................................................................................24 

Objectives, Strategies, Actions & Cost Estimates..........................................................32 

 Objective 1: Coordinate and implement a comprehensive management plan..........32 

 Objective 2: Prevent the introduction of new ANS into Oklahoma............................35 

 Objective 3: Detect, monitor, and eradicate ANS......................................................38 

Objective 4: Control & eradicate established ANS that have significant impacts.....40 

Objective 5: Educate resource user groups..............................................................43 

Objective 6: Conduct/support research.....................................................................45 

 

Priorities for Action..........................................................................................................48 

Implementation Table.....................................................................................................50 

Program Monitoring........................................................................................................55 

Glossary.........................................................................................................................56 

Literature Cited...............................................................................................................58 

Appendices.....................................................................................................................61 

Appendix A: List of non-indigenous and transplanted species in Oklahoma.......61 

Appendix B: ANS Steering Committee and Technical Advisors..........................63 

Appendix C: Harmful Algal Bloom Response Plan.......................................67 

 Appendix D: Acronyms Defined...........................................................................79 

 Appendix E: Public Comments................................................................80 
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A. Executive Summary

Aquatic Nuisance Species (ANS) pose significant ecological and socio-economic 

threats to aquatic ecosystems in Oklahoma. Zebra mussels, golden alga, white perch, 

hydrilla, among others, have already become established in Oklahoma aquatic systems. 

While their initial impacts have been limited and localized, there is little doubt that these 

and other ANS pose a serious threat to the aquatic resources, and potentially the 

economy, of the State of Oklahoma. 

The importance of the State’s aquatic resources requires a coherent and integrated 

response to the threat posed by ANS. Using guidance from the National ANS Task 

Force and other accepted state agency plans such as Kansas, Illinois, Iowa and 

Oregon, this management plan was developed to establish management actions to 

address the prevention, control, and effects of non-indigenous aquatic nuisance species 

that have invaded or may invade Oklahoma waters. The Oklahoma Aquatic Nuisance 

Species Management Plan serves as the initial step in establishing a program to 

specifically address ANS issues in Oklahoma. 

The development of a state ANS management plan, as called for in Section 1204 of the 

Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act (NANPCA) of 1990, 

provides an opportunity for federal cost-share support for implementation of the plan. 

NANPCA, reauthorized in 1996 as the National Invasive Species Act (NISA), specifies 

that state plans identify feasible, cost-effective management practices and measures 

that can be implemented by the state to prevent and control ANS infestations in an 

environmentally sound manner. The goal of the Oklahoma ANS Management Plan is 

to: Minimize the harmful ecological, economic, and social impact of ANS through 

prevention and management of introduction, population growth, and dispersal of ANS 

into, within, and from Oklahoma. 

The goal will be met by implementing a set of objectives as follows: 

 

1. Coordinate and implement a comprehensive management plan; 

2. Prevent the introduction of new ANS into Oklahoma; 

3. Detect, monitor, and eradicate ANS; 

4. Control and eradicate established ANS that have significant impacts; 

5. Educate resource user groups about the risks and impacts of ANS and how to 

reduce the harmful impacts; 

6. Conduct/support research to determine risks associated with pathways of 

introduction/spread; environmental conditions favorable for establishment of 

ANS; interactions with native species; and cost-effective and environmentally 

safe control/eradication measures. 
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Included in this plan are discussions of existing problems; a summary of federal, 

regional, and state policy; a list of non-indigenous species known to exist in Oklahoma; 

identification of existing priority ANS; and a discussion of regional ANS that pose a 

threat to Oklahoma’s aquatic ecosystems. 

To ensure that the goals of this plan are being effectively addressed a procedure for 

monitoring and evaluating the implementation of strategies and tasks will be initiated. 

This evaluation will focus on the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of management 

activities. The plan is a working document and will be periodically updated and 

expanded based upon the experience gained from implementation, scientific research, 

and new tools as they become available. 

The effort to develop a state ANS management plan was led by the Oklahoma 

Department of Wildlife Conservation in conjunction with personnel from other 

government agencies and private organizations (Appendix B). Public comments were 

solicited from local governments, regional entities, public and private organizations, and 

resource user groups that have expertise and interest in the control of ANS. Comments 

were considered, and revisions have been made to the plan. 
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B. Introduction

Non-native invasive species, or for the purpose of this document, aquatic nuisance 

species (ANS), threaten the ecological integrity of aquatic systems worldwide. These 

invaders displace native species, disrupt ecological processes, upset the stability of 

ecosystems, and can irreversibly change natural landscapes. In addition to the 

ecological damage caused by ANS, the burden to local, state, and federal economies 

can be staggering. State and local governments spend hundreds of millions of dollars 

annually to control ANS. It is estimated that ANS cost the U.S. economy $137 billion 

annually (Pimentel et al. 2000). 

Recognizing the ecological and economic threats posed by ANS, the federal 

government passed the Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act 

(NANPCA) in 1990. This legislation provided a funding mechanism for states to 

address ANS issues. This legislation was expanded with passage of the National 

Invasive Species Act (NISA) in 1996. NISA specifies that state plans identify feasible, 

cost-effective management strategies to prevent introductions of and control the spread 

of ANS in an environmentally sound manner. For Oklahoma to be eligible for federal 

cost-share funds to combat ANS, a state-wide ANS management plan must be 

approved by the Federal ANS Task Force established under NISA. 

Oklahoma’s State Wildlife Action Plan (SWAP; State Wildlife Grant T-2-P-1) identifies 

exotic and invasive species as one of five priority issues that threaten the conservation 

of Oklahoma’s wildlife resources. Specific issues within SWAP that identify ANS as 

threats include: 

 water diversion projects, particularly inter-basin transfers, that can serve as 

pathways for the spread of ANS; 

 nutrient runoff from fertilizers and confined animal feeding operations degrade water 

quality and destabilize aquatic systems which increases the potential for 

establishment of non-native species; 

 establishment of ANS destabilizes aquatic systems often resulting in decreased 

biodiversity and threatens populations of “species of greatest conservation need”; 

 movement of species outside their native range by the public, i.e., bait bucket 

releases, were likely the cause of establishment of the Red river shiner Notropis 

bairdi becoming established in the Cimarron River and the Red river pupfish 

Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis becoming established in the Canadian River; 

 zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha and Asian carp are potential threats to native 

mussel populations. 

Action plans identified in SWAP to deal with these threats include: 

 develop an invasive species management plan; 

 survey aquatic systems to determine distribution of ANS; 

 remove non-native plants from wetlands and restore native plant communities; 

 develop cost-share or incentive programs for private landowners to encourage 

control of ANS on private property; 
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 educate the public on ANS issues and roles that the public plays in preventing 

introductions and controlling the spread of ANS. 

Development of this plan is partially funded through a SWAP grant (T-44-P-1) to the 

Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC). 

The northeast quadrant of Oklahoma is the region of the state currently most impacted 

by ANS (Figure 1). Zebra mussels have moved up the McClellen-Kerr Arkansas River 

Navigation system, most likely via barge traffic from the Mississippi River and are 

progressing down the Arkansas River via natural movement from El Dorado Reservoir 

in Kansas. Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis have been found in Grand Lake 

and in the Neosho River above Grand Lake. Bighead carp have also been verified from 

the Red River below Lake Texoma and from the Kiamichi River below Hugo Lake. 

White perch Morone americana have moved downstream from Cheney Reservoir in 

Kansas and are currently found in Kaw and Keystone Reservoirs. They will likely 

continue to move downstream throughout the Arkansas River system. Golden alga 

Prymnesium parvum has caused fish kills in Lake Texoma and Altus City Lake. Hydrilla 

Hydrilla verticillata has recently been found in Arbuckle, Murray, and Sooner Reservoirs, 

likely as a result of movements via recreational boaters. The exotic zooplankton 

Daphnia lumholzi has been found in 18 Oklahoma reservoirs. Strategies to contain 

these and other ANS species infesting Oklahoma waters, as well as strategies to 

prevent the introduction of ANS not currently found in Oklahoma will be addressed in 

this plan. 

Figure 1. Current known distribution of selected ANS in Oklahoma, July 2007. 

To prevent the spread of ANS into, or out of Oklahoma, strategies that are cohesive 

with those of neighboring states are vital. The Arkansas River runs through both 
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Kansas and Oklahoma and has served as a pathway for the introduction of ANS. Lake 

Texoma is shared by Oklahoma and Texas and has experienced fish kills due to golden 

alga. Grand Lake in the northeastern corner of Oklahoma is a popular fishing 

destination connected to Missouri via the Elk River. Kansas has an approved state 

ANS management plan and Missouri and Texas both have plans drafted. Texas has 

also produced a state plan for the management of golden alga in public waters. The 

strategies in these documents were considered and incorporated where relevant in this 

management plan. A common goal of Oklahoma and its bordering states is to establish 

working partnerships with ANS management programs in regional states to facilitate the 

sharing of data and coordination of management activities. Oklahoma, Texas and 

Kansas all support the 100th Meridian Initiative, and participate in the Western and 

Mississippi River Basin Panels of the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force. 

Participation in these forums will help to facilitate development of a coordinated network 

among state agencies to document, evaluate, and monitor effects of invasive species 

on the economy, the environment, and human health. 

As per Rendall (1997), ANS management plans need to consider the following points 

when developing strategies to control invasive species: 

 many pathways exist for the introduction and spread of ANS, most of which are 

related to human activity; new species are continually introduced via these 

pathways; 

 introductions have many associated costs, i.e., control and management costs, longterm ecosystem changes, loss of recreational opportunities; 

 once ANS become established, few, if any, acceptable control measures are 

available; control measures are very expensive and eradication unlikely; 

 prevention is the best course of action with comprehensive management plans, 

education programs, and regulations offering the best chances of containment. 

These points have provided guidance in drafting the strategies aimed at prevention and 

control of ANS in Oklahoma’s aquatic ecosystems. 

The intended outcomes of this plan include: 

 identifying species of greatest concern, whether currently present in Oklahoma 

waters or likely to invade in the future; 

 create sufficient funding and personnel to support the plan; 

 identify gaps in distribution data to focus survey efforts to best determine current 

distribution patterns; 

 identify pathways for spread of invasives outward from current locations; 

 identify shortcomings in current statutes aimed at preventing introductions of ANS 

not currently in Oklahoma and movement of ANS to uninfested systems; 

 recommend language to lawmakers on how to strengthen said regulations; 

 develop public outreach strategies to raise public awareness of ANS issues and the 

role of aquatic resource users in preventing their introduction and spread; 

 create a framework for coordination of ANS activities among federal, state and local 

government, private industry, non-governmental organizations, and the public. 
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The ODWC was the lead agency in drafting this plan. Members of the Zebra Mussel 

Task Force (ZMTF), an interagency coordination group established shortly after zebra 

mussels were found in Oklahoma (1993) and the ANS Plant Task Force (PTF) reviewed 

drafts of the plan. Staffs from the office of the State Secretary of the Interior, 

representatives from state agencies with regulatory authority over ANS issues and 

academics from state universities with expertise in ANS were involved in the review 

process. A complete list of individuals and their respective agencies are included in 

Appendix B. Public comments were solicited from local governments, private industry, 

public and private organizations, and resource user groups. All comments were 

considered and incorporated where appropriate. A summary of these comments is 

included in Appendix E. 

To effectively manage ANS, a definition must first be established to help focus 

resources aimed at control and management of individual species. Oklahoma will use 

the definition for invasive species, or for the purpose of this report, ANS, outlined in 

Executive Order 13112 on Invasive Species, signed by President Clinton on February 3, 

1999. The Order states that an “invasive species” is one that is non-native to the 

affected ecosystem and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or 

environmental harm or harm to human health. As per this definition, not all non-native 

species are considered ANS. ODWC uses non-native species, such as striped bass 

Morone saxatilis and walleye Sander vitreum and their hybrids in its management 

programs. These species have created economically valuable fisheries with no 

measurable negative affects on reservoir ecosystems. 
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C. Problem Definition

Non-indigenous Aquatic Animals 

A draft list of non-indigenous aquatic animals in Oklahoma is included in Appendix A 

and is based on existing data. As such, the list is likely incomplete as information on 

such animals in Oklahoma is limited. A discussion of ANS species considered of 

special concern in Oklahoma follows. 

Asian Carp: The life history traits of Asian carps (e.g., reproductive capability, 

population densities, feeding habits, broad climate tolerance, mobility, and longevity) 

indicate that they have a high probability of causing ecological and economic effects 

where populations become established (Mandrak and Cudmore 2004; Kolar et al. 2005; 

Nico et al. 2005). In some locations of the Mississippi River Basin, such effects have 

occurred. Natural resources managers are concerned that the four species of Asian 

carp have the potential to cause extensive and irreversible changes to the aquatic 

environment, thereby jeopardizing the long-term sustainability of native aquatic species, 

particularly to imperiled, threatened, and endangered species. Confounding this 

situation is the fact that the bighead carp has been cultured and sold as a live food fish 

product since the early 1980s, grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella have been stocked 

nationally by public and private entities since the late 1960s as a biological control for 

aquatic weeds (grass carp are also cultured and sold as a live food fish product), and 

the black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus has been used since the early 1980s as a 

biological control for pest snails in commercial aquaculture production ponds. 

Small silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp resemble gizzard shad 

Dorosoma cepedianum. Cast-netting for bait in tailwaters below some major reservoirs 

in Oklahoma has the potential to introduce Asian carp into some of the premier sport 

fishing lakes in the state. Anglers routinely cast net for bait below the Dennison Dam at 

Lake Texoma and use the bait to fish for striped bass or catfish in Lake Texoma. Asian 

carp can be accidentally introduced into the lake through this practice. Bighead and 

silver carp have reproductive requirements similar to those of striped bass. There is a 

real potential to establish a reproducing population of Asian carp in Lake Texoma which 

could be devastating to the striped bass fishery and paddlefish Polyodon spathula

recovery efforts. 

Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Grass carp are native to large rivers in Asia, 

ranging from the Amur River in China and Siberia south to the West River in China and 

Thailand. As a food fish, the species has been cultured nearly worldwide. The diploid 

grass carp has been used for biological control of aquatic plants. Numerous studies 

have been conducted to evaluate its potential for reproduction, feeding preferences, 

stocking rates, and impacts on other aquatic resources (Smith and Shireman 1983). 

However, the potential of the diploid grass carp to naturally reproduce caused 

considerable controversy over its use as a biological control agent. This eventually led 

to the production of sterile, triploid grass carp which most states allow to be used for the 

control of aquatic plants, at least for experimental purposes. Through the use of grass 

carp to control excessive aquatic vegetation, they have been legally introduced into at 

least 35 states, including Oklahoma. Diploid grass carp stocking for control of aquatic 
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vegetation in private waters was legalized in Oklahoma in the early 1980's. Currently 

grass carp are available for purchase for private use through a number of commercial 

fish producers in the state. The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation 

currently uses grass carp on its four fish hatcheries for control of aquatic vegetation in 

culture ponds. Grass carp orient to flow and will quickly leave ponds when water is 

flowing over the spillway. Today grass carp can be found in most reservoirs in 

Oklahoma and reproduction of grass carp has been verified in Lake Texoma by ODWC 

biologists and the University of Oklahoma (Hargrave and Gido 2004). The ability of 

grass carp to consume vegetation and reproduce in state waters gives them the 

potential to significantly impact, if not totally eradicate, beneficial aquatic plants. 

Without protective and escape cover, small species of fish and young game fish 

abundances would decline. Their distribution throughout the state makes grass carp a 

significant threat that warrants attention. 

Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis): The bighead carp is a large-bodied 

planktivore endemic to eastern China. In 1973, an aquaculturist introduced bighead 

carp into Arkansas in an attempt to improve water quality in production ponds (Freeze 

and Henderson 1982). In 1974, regulations were mandated to restrict bighead carp 

stocking into public waters of Arkansas to reduce the probability of accidental 

introductions. Despite these regulations, bighead carp escaped from aquaculture 

facilities and subsequently dispersed into nineteen states. The bighead carp has been 

observed in Oklahoma below Hugo dam in the Kiamichi River, below Denison Dam on 

the Red River, and in the Neosho River in and above Grand Lake (Pigg et al. 1993; 

Pigg et al. 1997). This species is currently not in sufficient numbers to cause harm, but 

this situation could change as bighead carp become more widespread in Oklahoma. 

Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): Silver carp were imported and stocked 

for phytoplankton control in eutrophic water bodies and also as a food fish. They were 

first brought into the United States in 1973 when a private fish farmer imported them 

into Arkansas. By 1980 the species was discovered in natural waters, probably a result 

of escapes from fish hatcheries and other types of aquaculture facilities (Freeze and 

Henderson 1982). In numbers, the silver carp has the potential to cause enormous 

damage to native species because it feeds on plankton required by larval fish and 

native mussels. Population densities in the Mississippi River have exploded and native 

fish species have been displaced. Presently, silver carp have been recorded in 12 

states including Oklahoma (Benson et al. 2001). Although they have been found in 

Oklahoma, silver carp do not appear to be causing any severe problems at this point. 

This situation could change as silver carp become more widespread. Monitoring of this 

species will be needed. 

Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus): The black carp is a large river fish native to 

Pacific drainages in eastern Asia. Black carp entered the United States in the early 

1970s as a contaminant in imported grass carp and are currently being maintained in 

research and fish production facilities in seven states including two that border 

Oklahoma (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2002). Approximately 30 black carp escaped 

from a fish farm in Missouri into the Osage River, Missouri River basin, in April 1994. 

The first specimen reported from the wild was captured in March 2003 from Horseshoe 
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Lake, Illinois. A second specimen was captured from the wild in the lower Red River, 

Louisiana in April 2004 (Nico and Fuller 2004). In 2007, the black carp was listed as an 

injurious species under the Lacey Act. Black carp are likely to survive in the wild and 

spread throughout the Mississippi drainage. Black carp are molluscivores but also feed 

on freshwater shrimp, crayfish, and insects thus competing for food with native fish and 

wildlife species (Nico and Williams 1996). If black carp become established in North 

American ecosystems, their feeding habits could drastically modify the ecological 

balance and forever change the aesthetic, recreational, and economical values of native 

aquatic systems. This species would also be especially harmful to native unionid 

mussels, a taxonomic group that is already imperiled throughout its native range. It is 

highly probable that black carp would feed on and reduce populations of native mussels 

and snails (Nico and Williams 1996). Even at relatively small sizes (age 4), black carp 

will eat 3-4 lbs. of mollusks daily, posing a direct threat to one of the most diverse 

mollusk faunas in the world. 

The risks that black carp pose to ecosystem integrity do not stop at its direct effect via 

mollusk predation. Mollusks serve a critical role in maintaining ecosystem health 

through their role as filter feeders. Mollusks also serve as “early warning systems” in 

identifying degrading water quality. Black carp also pose a threat to other aquatic 

organisms through competition for food with native molluscivores and serve as hosts to 

a wide array of parasites that could have negative impacts on native species and 

potentially humans. Black carp have not been reported in Oklahoma, but the potential 

ecological harm posed by black carp and their current proximity to Oklahoma make it a 

significant threat that warrants attention. 

White perch (Morone americana): A native to the Atlantic coast region of North 

America, the white perch invaded the Great Lakes in the 1950s through the Welland 

and Erie canals (Boileau 1985). Through competition with native species, predation on 

fish eggs, preying on young fish, and hybridization with white bass Morone chrysops, 

white perch can quickly become the dominant species in freshwater lakes. White perch 

tend to stunt and become undesirable when over-population occurs in freshwater lakes 

(Scott and Crossman 1990). Since its arrival, it has been associated with declines in 

both walleye and white bass populations in those areas where it has become wellestablished. White perch were introduced in Kansas from a contaminated stocking of 

striped bass in Cheney Reservoir. A reproducing population subsequently became 

established followed by downstream migration in the Arkansas River. The species is 

now established in Kaw Lake, Oklahoma. White perch populations have spread into 

Kaw, Sooner and Keystone Lakes in Oklahoma with continued migration downstream 

throughout the Arkansas Rivers system appearing likely. This is a priority species, and 

demands immediate attention and management. 

Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans): Brook sticklebacks occur in Canada and the 

northern United States, but have become established to the south, including Oklahoma, 

through bait bucket transfers. Pigg et al. (1993) discovered brook stickleback in a bait 

shipment of fathead minnows from Minnesota and suggested a possible link between its 

introduction into Oklahoma and the bait fish industry. A much earlier report in 

Oklahoma is apparently based on observations of this species in bait tanks near Ft. 

Gibson Reservoir in Wagoner County (Heard 1959; Moore and Riggs 1963). Although, 
13

there are no verified records from open waters, at least some individuals were likely 

introduced through discarded or escaped bait. The impact of their introduction is largely 

unknown at this time. Woodling (1985) stated that the species is pugnacious and preys 

on eggs. As such, its use as a bait fish is discouraged so as to prevent accidental 

range expansion. 

Rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus): Introduced into the United States in the early 

1900s as baitfish, this Eurasian native is found in 20 states, including Oklahoma (Nico 

and Fuller 2003). Similar in appearance to the golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas, 

the rudd is capable of growing to 20 inches in length. Currently, the rudd is one of the 

most rapidly spreading non-indigenous fishes in the United States. The greatest threat 

posed by the rudd is its ability to hybridize with the golden shiner which may endanger 

that species’ genetic integrity (Burkhead and Williams 1991). While little is known about 

the threat posed by rudd, its occurrence in several Oklahoma rivers suggest the need to 

monitor this ANS. 

Northern snakehead (Channa argus): Most likely brought into the United States as a 

food fish, the northern snakehead is a predatory fish native to Asia. It became a 

concern in the Mid-Atlantic after being discovered in Maryland ponds and the Potomac 

River (Courtenay and Williams 2004). A voracious predator with sharp teeth and mature 

body length from three to four feet, snakeheads have the potential to drastically alter 

freshwater ecosystems by out competing native fish species, including many sport fish. 

Snakeheads prey on fish, frogs, crustaceans, and aquatic insects. Many species of 

snakehead fish, including northern snakehead, have the ability to breath air and crawl 

short distances between waterbodies. Its native range suggests it could become 

established throughout the contiguous United States (Courtenay and Williams 2004). It 

is currently illegal to possess or import any species of snakehead (Channa spp.) or their 

eggs in Oklahoma. A reproducing population was confirmed in the Pine Creek drainage 

in eastern Arkansas in April, 2008. Northern snakeheads have not been reported in 

Oklahoma, but the potential ecological harm posed by northern snakeheads and their 

current proximity to Oklahoma make it a significant threat that warrants attention. 

Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): The zebra mussel is one of the best known 

invaders of the Great Lakes region and other areas of the country where it has spread. 

Zebra mussels were introduced from Eastern Europe via ballast water discharge from 

European freighters. In the late-1980s, the zebra mussel was discovered in Lake St. 

Clair, between Lake Huron and Lake Erie. This species spread rapidly to 20 states in 

the Mississippi River drainage. Zebra mussels can easily survive overland transport 

while attached to boat hulls or in live wells, engine cooling systems, or bait buckets. 

Live zebra mussels have been found at California agricultural stations on boats from the 

Midwest, and in Washington on boats destined for British Columbia. 

The zebra mussel is a prolific fouling organism with great potential to disrupt fish 

passage facilities and cause ecological and economic damage. It is a highly 

opportunistic mollusk, reproduces rapidly, and consumes large quantities of plankton 

from the water column (Trometer et al. 1999). The potential and profound impacts to 

fisheries include changes in food availability and spawning areas. Reductions in density 

and biomass of the zooplankton community may result in reduced growth or abundance 
14

of age-0 fish. The first year of a fishes' life is a time when it is most vulnerable to 

predation; reduced growth rates at this age may extend this period of vulnerability (Wu 

and Culver 1991). 

Economic impacts of zebra mussels are primarily caused by their fouling characteristics. 

Mussel build-up on water intake/discharge structures cause utilities, and industries to 

incur significant costs associated with monitoring, cleaning, and controlling infestations. 

According to a recent economic impact study, each of 84 Great Lakes water users 

reported average total zebra mussel control expenditures of $513,600 over the five-year 

period from 1989 to 1994 (Hushak et al. 1995). Nationwide expenditures to control 

zebra mussels in water control infrastructures are estimated at $3.1 billion over 10 years 

(U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment 1993). 

In Oklahoma, Zebra mussels were first found in the McClellen-Kerr Arkansas River 

Navigation System 1993, most likely moving up the river with barge traffic. From there 

zebra mussels have moved up the navigation system and have attached to locks in the 

Port of Catoosa near Tulsa. Populations remained relatively low, rarely exceeding 

5000/m2

. However, a population explosion occurred in 2004, coincident with a mild 

summer, when densities in excess of 100,000/m2 were recorded. Zebra mussels were 

found in Oologah Reservoir in 2003, likely as hitchhikers on recreational boat traffic. 

Zebra mussels were found in Kaw Reservoir in 2004, likely moving downstream from a 

population established in El Dorado Lake, Kansas. Zebra mussels continued to move 

downstream, infesting Sooner and Keystone Reservoirs and can currently be found 

throughout the Arkansas River in Tulsa. Two zebra mussel adults were found in Grand 

Lake in 2006 but no veligers have been found there to date. Zebra mussels have been 

discovered on several boats by marina personnel who prevented the infested boats 

from being launched in the lakes. Considered a high priority species, zebra mussels 

represent a serious threat to Oklahoma's aquatic resources and deserve immediate 

management action. 

Quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis): Quagga mussels are native to Caspian Sea 

drainage in Eurasia. They most likely arrived as stowaways in the ballast water of 

ocean going ships. They were discovered in the Great Lakes region in September 

1989. The quagga mussel is related to the zebra mussel but was not identified as a 

distinct species until 1991. Quagga mussels like silty or sandy lake bottoms, as well as 

hard surfaces. They can live in waters ranging from warm and shallow to deep and 

cold. They are also able to tolerate somewhat salty water. A quagga mussel feeds all 

year, even in winter. In addition, it may have the same potential as the zebra mussel to 

clog water intakes. Quagga mussels can easily survive overland transport while 

attached to boat hulls or in live wells, engine cooling systems, or bait buckets. Quagga 

mussels were recently found attached to a boat preparing to but prevented from 

launching at Eisenhower State Park on Lake Texoma. To date, no other reports of 

quagga mussels have been made in Oklahoma, but it is considered a priority species 

because of the potential for infestation and environmental damage. 

Exotic waterflea (Daphnia lumholtzi): Native to Africa, Australia, and India, this 

Cladoceran species was first discovered in 1990 in Texas. It has since been found in 

several Midwestern states including Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Havel and 
15

Shurin (2004) reported D. lumholtzi from Atoka, Broken Bow, Coalgate, Copan, Fort 

Gibson, Grand, Greenleaf, Hugo, Humphreys, Keystone, Murray, Pine Creek, Raymond 

Gary, Robert S. Kerr, Sardis, Texoma, Tenkiller, and Waurika reservoirs in Oklahoma. 

The continuing discovery of the organism in new locations could be due to 

contaminated stockings of fish through commercial trade. At the same time, the close 

proximity of affected reservoirs might lead to the conclusion that it may have spread by 

recreational boating from infested reservoirs (Benson et al. 2005). Analyses of preinvasion zooplankton communities indicate that D. lumholtzi may be invading reservoirs 

in which native Daphnia species are rare. While the long-term effects of the invasion of 

D. lumholtzi are unknown, it has the potential to dominate late summer zooplankton 

communities in reservoirs (Dzialowski et al. 2000). 

New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum): Native to New Zealand, this 

species was discovered in North America in 1987 and has rapidly spread throughout the 

western United States. It is a parthenogenetic livebearer with a high reproductive 

potential. Mature New Zealand mudsnails (NZMS) average 5 mm in length; juveniles 

are much smaller, making them difficult to notice on gear. Snail populations can reach 

densities greater than 100,000/m2

 in suitable habitat. The highest recorded densities 

reported are 800,000/m2 in Lake Zurich, Switzerland, where this species colonized the 

entire lake in less than seven years (Richards 2002). To date, few data have been 

reported or research conducted on the impacts of the animal on native 

macroinvertebrate populations or aquatic ecosystems. 

Concern about the potential impacts of the NZMS on native species, fisheries and 

aquatic ecosystems in the western United States has been generated by the rapid 

spread of this species. NZMS degrade habitat with their high reproductive capacity and 

the subsequent impacts on invertebrate food sources. Its spread into new systems is 

considered to be primarily human-caused and unintentional transport by people is 

probably the primary vector for the spread of NZMS. The snail clings to the boots of 

anglers wading in infested streams. The NZMS has not been reported in Oklahoma, but 

is considered a priority species because of the late 2004 introduction into Colorado and 

the highly mobile nature of trout anglers. 

Rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus): The native range of the rusty crayfish is 

Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. However, in recent years its distribution has expanded 

because of the use of live crayfish as bait by anglers. They are more aggressive than 

other native crayfish, better able to avoid fish predation, and can harm native fish 

populations by eating their eggs and young. They can displace native crayfish, 

hybridize with them, and graze on and eliminate beneficial aquatic plants. Large 

populations can adversely impact native plant populations (Lodge et al. 2000). As a 

result of its voracious appetite, it competes with other aquatic organisms for food. 

Eradicating established infestations is currently impossible. The rusty crayfish has not 

been found in Oklahoma, but it has been transplanted to new waters in neighboring 

states where self-sustaining populations have become established. The species 

warrants attention. 

Nutria (Myocastor coypus): The nutria is a large semi-aquatic rodent smaller than a 

beaver but larger than a muskrat. Nutria are strict vegetarians consuming 
16

approximately 25 percent of their weight daily. Nutria predominately feed on the base of 

plant stems and dig for roots and rhizomes in the winter. Native to South America, 

nutria were imported into the United States in the 1930’s for fur farms. They were 

released, either intentionally or accidentally, in the Louisiana marshes and soon after, 

feral populations were established near the Gulf Coast. Nutria continued to expand 

their range from there as they were trapped and transplanted into marshes from Port 

Arthur, Texas to the Mississippi River. Rapid population growth followed for several 

years thereafter and reports of agricultural damage increased. In 1958, nutria were 

taken off the list of protected wildlife. They have been found in far southeast Oklahoma 

where their impact on aquatic environments is primarily by reduction of native 

vegetation in marsh and riverine areas. 

Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum): Harmful algal blooms are ubiquitous world wide 

in marine and freshwater systems. Texas has documented fish kills from golden alga in 

inland waters since 1985. The spread of golden alga in Texas and resulting fish kills 

have had major ecological and economic ramifications. A fish kill in the upper Red 

River arm of Lake Texoma attributed to golden alga occurred in January 2004. A 

golden alga-related fish kill in Altus City Lake was documented in August 2004. Fish 

kills in the upper Red River arm of Lake Texoma occurred in February 2006 and again 

in March 2007. Given the history of reoccurrence of golden alga-related fish kills in 

Texas, it is anticipated that such kills will reoccur in infested waters and likely spread to 

waters not currently experiencing kills related to golden alga. 

ODWC developed the Oklahoma Harmful Algal Bloom Response Plan to coordinate a 

timely interagency response to harmful algal blooms (Appendix C). In addition, ODWC 

is currently funding research conducted by the University of Oklahoma on the toxicology 

of the prymnesin toxin to various sport fishes and zooplankton and the ecological 

interactions of golden alga with phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in Lake 

Texoma. The University of Oklahoma is also currently monitoring golden alga 

abundance on Lake Texoma and investigating physical, chemical, and ecological 

triggers to blooms and toxin production. A proposed expansion of these efforts on a 

statewide basis would identify lakes at risk and focus on efforts to control the spread to 

currently uninfested water bodies. 

Didymo (Didymosphenia geminata): Didymo is a diatom which is native to the 

northern hemisphere. Until recent years, it occurred at low levels in pristine lakes and 

streams but has become invasive, forming dense mats in many streams in North 

America. In close proximity to Oklahoma, Didymo has been found in Colorado and the 

White River in Arkansas. This invasive species attaches to rocks and plants in 

streambeds and may impact freshwater fish, aquatic plants, and important aquatic 

insects. Didymo can completely smother rocks and plants and reduce the area of clean 

substrate and interstitial spaces on which fish and their prey depend for spawning and 

feeding. It also tends to outcompete native algal species, many of which are food for 

aquatic insects, which are the main diet source of native stream fishes. Didymo mats 

have become so thick in some areas it became impossible for anglers to fish. Didymo 

is particularly fond of cold tailwaters and, as such, poses a particular threat to the trout 

fisheries in the lower Illinois and lower Mountain Fork rivers. Anglers have been the 

principle means of spread. Trout anglers who fish streams in the western United States 
17

and Arkansas, and return to fish the lower Illinois and/or the lower Mountain Fork rivers 

must take precautions to avoid spreading Didymo to state waters. 

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia: Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) has historically 

been considered as the most serious viral disease of salmonids reared in European 

freshwater environments. VHS has been associated with marine finfish species, and 

most recently has become an emerging disease of freshwater fish in the Great Lakes 

region of the United States and Canada. VHS is an aquatic rhabidovirus and is shed in 

the urine, feces, and sexual fluids. Infested waters include clinically ill fish and 

asymptomatic carriers. Transmission can occur through the water or by contact. 

Prior to 2003, isolates of the VHS virus were limited in North America to saltwater finfish 

from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, including Chinook and Coho salmon, Pacific 

herring, Atlantic herring and cod. VHS was first detected in the Great Lakes region in 

the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, in 2005, and was subsequently detected in an archived 

2003 sample from Lake St. Clair. VHS virus also was detected in Lake St. Clair in 2005 

and in Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River in 2006 in a variety of fish 

species. Since 2005, the list of species known to be affected by VHS has risen to more 

than 40, including a number of ecologically and recreationally important fish. 

Retail sales and live release of baitfish into the wild represent an area of concern for the 

potential introduction and/or spread of VHS. Fish belonging to the cyprinid family and 

other species are collected from the Great Lakes and used as bait for sport fisheries 

around the U.S. Baitfish from Canada are also routinely exported to the U.S. 

Additionally, some aquaculture producers collect baitfish brood stock from the Great 

Lakes to produce commercial baitfish in their facilities. The destinations and numbers 

of baitfish moved are not well documented, and regulation of this sector is inconsistent 

among States, or lacking entirely. Live sale of fish by commercial fishers is also a 

concern. Fish from Lake Erie are sold live in Ontario, Canada for transport to pond 

aquaculture facilities in the Midwest U.S. The species, volume and destinations of 

these fish are not well documented. 

Recent federal restrictions on interstate movement of fish from the Great Lakes region 

are aimed at slowing the spread of VHS. The virus has not been detected in Oklahoma 

but monitoring and disease-free certification of imported fish should be a priority. 

Largemouth Bass Virus: Largemouth Bass Virus (LMBV) is one of more than 100 

naturally occurring viruses that affect fish but not warm-blooded animals. The origin is 

unknown, but it is of the Iridovirus family, genus Ranavirus. LMBV is related to a virus 

found in frogs and other amphibians and nearly identical to a virus isolated in some fish 

imported to the U.S. for the aquarium trade. Although other species of fish can serve as 

carriers, symptoms of disease have been evident in largemouth bass only. The mode 

of transmission and disease triggers are unknown. The disease appears to differentially 

affect the larger individuals in a population and kills have resulted in negative impacts to 

sport fisheries. However, long-term impacts to largemouth bass fisheries have been 

negligible. 
18

LMBV fish kills have been reported throughout the southeast and Midwest United 

States. Although LMBV-related fish kills have been suspected on a number of 

Oklahoma reservoirs, LMBV has been verified as the causative agent of kills only on 

Tenkiller in 2000 and Wes Watkins reservoirs in 2005. Since 2000, 26 lakes have been 

tested for LMBV with positive results found at Arbuckle, Eucha, Eufaula, Ft. Gibson, 

Grand, Hudson, Keystone, Konawa, Lawtonka, McGee Creek, Murray, Okemah, 

Oologah, Sardis, Skiatook, Sooner, Tenkiller, Texoma, Thunderbird, Webbers Falls and 

Wes Watkins. Lakes Arcadia, Bixhoma, Broken Bow, Crowder and Holdenville have so 

far tested negative for LMBV. Because of the short-term impact to economically 

valuable largemouth bass fisheries, and the vast amount of negative publicity generated 

by such kills, LMBV warrants attention in this plan. 

Spring Viremia of Carp: Spring viremia of carp (SVC) is a contagious and potentially 

fatal viral disease affecting fish. As its name implies, SVC may be seen in carp in the 

spring season. However, SVC may also be seen in other seasons (especially in the fall) 

and in other fish species including goldfish and the European wells catfish. Until 

recently, SVC had only been reported in Europe and the Middle East. The first cases of 

SVC reported in the United States were in Spring 2002 in cultivated ornamental 

common carp (Koi) and wild common carp. The number of North American fish species 

susceptible to SVC is not yet known. The first signs of SVC disease in fish may be a 

change in behavior. The diseased fish may breathe and move more slowly, form groups 

in slow–flowing water near the pond bank, and lie on their side at the pond bottom. On 

the outside of a fish with SVC, the skin and gills may appear dark red, the eyes may 

bulge outward, the belly may be swollen, and bloody mucus may hang from the vent. 

On the inside of a fish with SVC, a lot of fluid may be in the belly cavity and internal 

organs, blood in the swim bladder, and reddening and swelling of the gut. However, not 

all fish showing these signs necessarily have SVC, as these same signs may also be 

seen in many other diseases. Those fish that don't die from SVC may recover and 

appear healthy, but these fish actually may remain infected with the virus and continue 

to shed and spread the virus to other fish. Because the SVC virus may remain hidden 

in infected fish, the disease is difficult to eliminate from a site. Diagnosis of the SVC 

virus in fish can be confirmed through virus isolation and other sophisticated diagnostic 

tests done by an approved laboratory. 

The spread of SVC may occur through contact with water contaminated with the 

infected fish's feces, urine, or mucus. The virus may be spread through contaminated 

equipment, fish parasites, predatory birds, and on the outside of an infected fish's eggs. 

Once SVC is established at a site, it may be difficult to eradicate because of virus–

infected carrier fish. It may be necessary to destroy all aquatic life in a pond to 

eliminate the disease from the site. Although complete eradication is difficult, SVC can 

likely be controlled and contained within high–risk zones through surveillance and better 

management practices, including strict biosecurity procedures. People may transmit the 

virus from place to place on their clothing, footwear, equipment, etc, but the virus does 

not cause disease in humans. 

SVC has not been confirmed in Oklahoma; however. in 2006 a Koi retailer received a 

shipment of fish that exhibited many of the classic SVC symptoms. The merchant 

destroyed the dead and dying fish but released those that were still alive into Lake 
19

Hefner in Oklahoma City. The popularity of Koi and the regular importation of these fish 

from other parts of the U.S. and abroad, warrant careful attention and inclusion of SVC 

in this plan. 

Whirling Disease (Myxobolus cerebralis): Whirling disease is a metazoan parasite 

that penetrates the head and spinal cartilage of fingerling trout where it multiplies very 

rapidly, putting pressure on the organ of equilibrium. This causes the fish to swim 

erratically (whirl), and have difficulty feeding and avoiding predators. In severe 

infections, the disease can cause high rates of mortality in young-of-the-year fish. 

Those that survive until the cartilage hardens to bone can live a normal life span, but 

are marred by skeletal deformities. Fish can, however reproduce without passing on 

the parasite to their offspring. 

The minute whirling disease organism, native to the Eurasian continent, was introduced 

into North American waters in the late 1950s. So far its severe damage has been 

primarily to wild rainbow populations, although many other salmonid species can 

become infected, with or without clinical disease. Brown trout salmo trutta, also a 

European import, become infected but rarely suffer clinical disease. Under some 

circumstances infected brown trout suffer some mortality, but they always insure the 

survival of the parasite. Regardless of species, when each infected fish dies, many 

thousands to millions of the parasite spores are released to the water. The organism is 

virtually indestructible. Spores can withstand freezing and desiccation, and can survive 

in a stream for 20 to 30 years. Eventually, it must be ingested by its alternate host, the 

tubifex worm Tubifex tubifex, where the spore takes on the form that once again will 

infect trout fry. 

The parasite that causes whirling disease will continue to spread to drainages now 

clean, since it is so easily and unknowingly transported by animals, birds and humans. 

The ODWC purchases trout for stocking in public waters from a variety of out-of-state 

commercial producers. Winter trout fisheries in various private waters, also supported 

by purchasing trout from out-of-state suppliers, have become popular. Although 

whirling disease has not been reported from Oklahoma, this disease is listed in this plan 

to help ensure that trout continue to be purchased from certified disease-free suppliers. 
20

Non-indigenous Aquatic Plants 

A draft list of non-indigenous aquatic plants in Oklahoma is included in Appendix A. This 

list is incomplete as information on non-indigenous aquatic plants in Oklahoma is 

somewhat limited. The following ANS species are considered of special concern in 

Oklahoma: Alligatorweed, Eurasian Watermilfoil, Hydrilla, Purple Loosestrife, Salvinia, 

and Water Hyacinth. Currently, Hydrilla is considered a high priority species. A 

discussion of each species follows. 

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata): Hydrilla is the most damaging aquatic weed in the 

United States. It was imported into the United States from Asia in the early 1950s for 

use in aquariums, and was likely introduced into the wild near Tampa and Miami, 

Florida. It was popular in the aquarium trade until Federal regulations banned its 

interstate sale and movement. Distribution in the United States now ranges from 

Connecticut southward along the coast to Texas. The plant is also present in California 

and Washington. Several inland states (Illinois, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Tennessee 

and Arizona) also have populations. 

Hydrilla plants produce long stems with whorled leaves and are profusely branched at 

the water surface. It thrives in low light conditions and can be found in streams, ponds, 

lakes and reservoirs. Reproduction is by fragmentation, seeds, tubers, and turions. 

Hydrilla is most likely to spread when plant fragments are carried on boat trailers into 

new habitat. 

Hydrilla causes major problems with water use. In drainage and irrigation canals, it 

greatly reduces flow and causes clogging, which can result in flooding and damage to 

canal banks, structures, and pumps. In utility cooling reservoirs, hydrilla can disrupt 

flows necessary for adequate water-cooling. Hydrilla can interfere with recreational and 

commercial vessel navigation. In addition to interfering with boating by fisherman and 

water skiers, hydrilla hampers swimming, displaces native vegetation communities, and 

can damage sportfish populations. The economic consequences of aquatic weed 

infestations can be staggering. Annual expenditures to control aquatic weeds in the 

United States (most of them non-natives, such as hydrilla) are reported to be $100 

million (OTA, 1993). Three hydrilla infestations are known to occur in Oklahoma 

(Arbuckle, Murray and Sooner reservoirs), although surveillance efforts have been 

limited. 

Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta): The number one noxious aquatic plant in the world, 

Giant Salvinia is a perennial, aquatic fern, from South America which is very common in 

the water garden and aquarium industries. In favorable environments, plants may be 

expected to double in volume within a week. Giant salvinia is a small, floating plant with 

round to oblong, light green leaves that have hair-like projections on their surface. 

Submerged leaves function as modified roots. The plant prefers shallow, fertile waters 

to moist soil areas. It can be found in ponds, lakes and slow moving streams. 

Reproduction is by fragmentation and spores. It forms extensive mats that can 

completely cover water surfaces resulting in the degradation of natural habitats by 

shading native plants, reducing available dissolved oxygen, and creating large amounts 

of decaying plant material. The mats are reported to be up to three feet thick, which 
21

hinders management by chemical control, and the weed reproduces so rapidly that 

infestations quickly become impossible to eradicate. It is known to over-winter easily by 

blanketing sister plants. Giant Salvinia can clog water intakes, which interferes with 

irrigation, drainage, and electrical generation. In the United States it has been observed 

in Arizona, South Carolina, North Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and 

California. Its expected range includes portions of southern and western Oklahoma 

(USGS, 2000). Within a year of its 1998 discovery in the United States, Giant Salvinia 

was found in six states and over a dozen watersheds. Human transport will spread 

Giant Salvinia locally, with plants adhering to and carried overland on anything entering 

infested waters, including boats, trailers, vehicular wheels, intakes and gear and other 

plants. It has been found for sale in a number of nurseries in Oklahoma, mostly for use 

in water gardens. The Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry 

(ODAFF) has issued stop-sell orders to all vendors and confiscated and destroyed 

plants. However, shipments of plants from other states where Salvinia infestations are 

unchecked still occur and local nurseries report receiving “hitchhiking” Salvinia regularly. 

Internet sale and shipments of the plant continue unchecked. 

Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides): Alligatorweed is a member of the 

pigweed family that has spread quickly throughout the southern United States. Several 

members in this genus are readily available in the ornamental trade. It produces white, 

clover-like flowers on hollow stems supporting oppositely arranged leaves. The plant 

can grow in most aquatic environments from fully submerged to moist soil. It 

reproduces by fragmentation and seed. This plant is difficult to control once 

established. Alligatorweed easily displaces native species by producing thick 

monocultures. It is established in Oklahoma in the Chouteau and Newt Graham pools 

of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation system and in several homeowners’ 

association ponds on Spring Creek in Oklahoma City. Alligatorweed flea beetles 

Agasicles hygrophila were imported into Oklahoma in 2005 as a bio-control experiment 

on the Spring Creek chain of lakes. Results were marginal in 2005, but 2006 releases 

reduced infestations by as much as 50% on some of the ponds while in others, the 

plants were reduced by over 75%. Oklahoma winters are likely severe enough to 

prevent over-wintering of the beetles so annual releases will be necessary to maintain 

control. 

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria): A showy wetland plant, purple loosestrife is 

popular in the ornamental trade because of the brilliant purple spike of flowers. It is still 

sold in some states, although 24 states, including Oklahoma, have listed it as a noxious 

weed and prohibit its sale. It grows up to 8 feet tall in thick stands. It has leaves that 

are arranged opposite along the stem and are lance shaped. It was originally imported 

from Eurasia in the early 1800s for its medicinal value and beautiful flowers. It inhabits 

damp terrestrial sites often bordering bodies of water. Reproduction is primarily by seed 

with each plant producing up to 2 million seeds. It can crowd out native wetland plants 

and has been spreading across the United States for decades. Estimated losses are 

$45 million per year in control costs and forage loss (ATTRA, 1997). It is found in 42 of 

the contiguous states, and could invade the remaining six. It is present in Oklahoma 

with a persistent stand at Guthrie City Lake. 
22

Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum): The most problematic nonindigenous plant in northern and central United States. It is a submersed, rooted 

perennial with branching stems that fill the water column. It has leaves divided into 

feathery, threadlike leaflets. It inhabits reservoirs, lakes, ponds and back water areas. 

Reproduction is primarily by fragmentation and it is capable of establishing new colonies 

when disturbed by recreational activity, and it is easily transported to new waterbodies 

through fouling of boat props and trailers. The species has also been introduced 

through the aquarium trade and water gardens. Once established in a waterbody, it can 

quickly grow into dense mats that shade out native plants, reduce fish habitat and 

recreational use. It is present in Oklahoma in several reservoirs (Fuqua, Longmire), 

many smaller city water supply lakes and numerous farm ponds. 

Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes): Water hyacinth is present in all Gulf Coast 

states as well as California. Its presence has caused massive problems with 

navigation, water based recreation, canal systems, and pumping stations as it can 

completely cover lakes with floating mats that become dislodged and stuck in water 

intakes. Although the risk of water hyacinth overwintering in Oklahoma is considered 

small due to cold winter air temperatures, its continued use in water gardens poses a 

threat that it will adapt to colder temperatures, or become established in thermal refugia. 

Water hyacinth has been found in Lake Eufaula, Soldier Creek in Midwest City and 

Landsbrook Lake in Oklahoma City, all probable releases from water gardens. 
23

D. Goal

The goal of the Oklahoma ANS Management Plan is to: 

Minimize the harmful ecological, economic, and social impact of ANS through 

preventing the introduction and managing the population growth and dispersal of 

ANS into, within, and from Oklahoma.

The goal will be achieved through implementation of a plan that: 

 emphasizes prevention of introductions; 

 requires a risk assessment and review for all aquatic non-indigenous species prior to 

their importation, transport, or use in Oklahoma; 

 allows for early detection; 

 includes development of contingency plans; 

 permits appropriate and timely response to new and existing populations; 

 protects and restores native plant and animal communities; 

 provides for access to accurate up-to-date distribution and management information; 

 incorporates education and research elements; 

 recommends funding levels adequate for effective implementation; 

 produces agency collaboration through an invasive species council; 

 facilitates inter-jurisdictional coordination with state, federal and tribal agencies; 

 seeks cooperative solutions with the private sector and user groups. 

It is not possible to address all potential invaders, their impacts, and the constraints and 

contingencies that may develop. Consequently, this plan is intended to be adaptable to 

changing circumstances. As a result, continual review of the plan is imperative to use 

the most up-to-date information and procedures to limit the spread of ANS both into and 

within Oklahoma. 
24

E. Existing Authorities and Programs

 

The State of Oklahoma currently has a limited number of statutory and regulatory 

authorities aimed at prevention and control of ANS. Existing statutes and regulations 

were drafted and passed with the intent of dealing with specific concerns as they arose 

and were not intended to be proactive in dealing with the threats of invasive species. 

State statutory authority pertaining to ANS is spread across several agencies and 

coordinated efforts to date have been lacking. One objective of Oklahoma’s ANS 

management plan is to identify gaps in existing statutes and regulations and to 

recommend development of new legislation to address shortcomings in existing 

authorities and programs. 

STATE 

Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC) 

The mission of the ODWC is the management, protection and enhancement of wildlife 

resources and habitat for the scientific, educational, recreational, aesthetic and 

economic benefits to present and future generation of citizens and visitors to Oklahoma. 

Existing statutory authorities are inadequate to protect Oklahoma’s aquatic resources 

from invasive species and to help the agency meet its mission. Existing authorities 

include: 

The Wildlife Conservation Commission will constitute a policymaking board for the 

restoration, conservation, and management of wildlife in Oklahoma (Oklahoma Statute 

Title 29, §§3-103A, 7-801A). A license is needed to engage in the private commercial 

production of catfish, minnows, fingerlings, fish, frogs, or other water species 

(Oklahoma Statute Title 29, §4-102A). A license is also needed to harvest, sell, buy, 

ship, or transport minnows into or out of Oklahoma (Oklahoma Statute Title 29, §4-

115A, B). No person may transport or sell non-game fish outside Oklahoma without a 

commercial fishing license and a special permit for transporting or selling the fish 

(Oklahoma Statute Title 29, §4-105A). Violations are punishable by a fine of between 

$25 and $200, imprisonment for up to 30 days, or by both (Oklahoma Statute Title 29, 

§§4-102E, 4-105B, 4-115C). 

The importation into the State and/or the possession of the following exotic fish or their 

eggs is prohibited (Oklahoma Administrative Code §800:20-1-2): 

(1) Walking Catfish: The Walking Catfish, (Clarius batrachus) and other members of 

the exotic catfish family Claridae, including but not limited to species of the genera 

Clarias, Heteropneustes, Gymnallables, Channallabes, and Heterobranchus are 

prohibited. Any live specimens of Walking Catfish or other Claridae species within 

the boundaries of the State of Oklahoma are contraband and subject to seizure by 

the Department of Wildlife Conservation. 

(2) Grass carp: Release of grass carp, also known as white amur or Chinese carp 

(Ctenopharyngodon idella) or their hybrids into public waters is prohibited in 

accordance with 29 O.S., Section 6-504. Importation, possession and introduction 

of grass carp or their hybrids for the purpose of stocking private waters is 

permitted. 
25

(3) Bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). 

(4) Silver carp (Aristichthys nobilis). 

(5) Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). 

(6) Boney-tongue group: Osteoglossum spp., and Arapaima spp. 

(7) Piranha group: Serrasalmus spp., Pygocentrus spp., Rooseveltiella spp., Catoprion

spp., Hydrocynus spp., and Salminus spp. 

(8) Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus). 

(9) Electric catfish (Malapterus electricus). 

(10) Gar-pike topminnow (Belonesox belizanus). 

(11) Snakehead groups: Opicephalus spp., and Channa spp. 

(12) Pavon or Peacock Bass (Chichla temensis and Chichia ocellaris). 

(13) Parasitic South American Catfish group (Candiru), genera & species of the 

Trichomycteridae family. Vandellia spp., Tridens spp., and Pyqidium spp. 

(14) Freshwater Stingray group: Paratrygon spp., Potomotrygon spp., and Disceus spp. 

(15) Houri (from South America): Macrodon spp., and Hoplias spp. 

(16) Rudd and rudd hybrids (Scardinius spp.). 

(17) Blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis). 

The following species shall be permitted by application and written letter of authorization 

from the Department of Wildlife Conservation for research purpose only (Oklahoma 

Administrative Code §800:20-1-2): 

(1) Alewives (Aloso pseudoharengus). 

(2) Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax). 

Currently, no permits are active. 

The use of Tilapia is restricted as follows (Oklahoma Administrative Code §800:20-1-2): 

(1) The sale and use of all Tilapia species as bait is prohibited. 

(2) The stocking of all Tilapia species in any heated-water reservoir including Sooner, 

Konawa and Boomer Reservoirs is prohibited. 

(3) This shall not interfere with the sale of dead and/or processed Tilapia for human 

food or the sale or transport of Tilapia species for the purpose of aquatic 

vegetation control in privately owned ponds. 

A noxious aquatic plant is any aquatic plant that may cause injury to the environment of 

Oklahoma and is declared noxious by regulation of the Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation 

Commission (Oklahoma Statute Title 29, §6-601B). It is unlawful for any person to 

import, transport, place, or cultivate any noxious aquatic plant or seed in Oklahoma 

waters (Oklahoma Statute Title 29, §6-601A). Violations are misdemeanors, punishable 

by a fine of between $10 and $100, imprisonment for up to 30 days, or by both 

(Oklahoma Statute Title 29, §6-601C). In addition to the provided criminal penalties, the 

commission may enforce the provisions by injunctive action (Oklahoma Statute Title 29, 

§6-601D). The following plants, seeds or plant parts are hereby declared to be noxious: 

(1) Azolla pinnata - Mosquito Fern (aka - Water Velvet, Water Fern) 

(2) Caulerpa taxifolia - Caulerpa (aka - Mediterranean Clone of Caulerpa) 
26

(3) Eichhornia azure - Anchored Water Hyacinth (aka - Rooted Water Hyacinth, Blue 

Water Hyacinth, Saw-petal Water Hyacinth) 

(4) Hydrilla verticillata - Hydrilla (aka - Florida Elodea, Star Vine, Oxygen Plant, 

Oxygen Weed) 

(5) Hygrophila polysperma - Hygro (aka - Miramar Weed, Green Hygro, Oriental 

Ludwigia, East Indian Hygrophila) 

(6) Ipomoea aquatica - Water Spinach (aka - Swamp Morning Glory, Chinese Water 

Spinach, Water Bindweed, Aquatic Morning Glory) 

(7) Lagarosiphon major - African Elodea (aka - Oxygen Weed) 

(8) Limnophila species - Ambulia (aka - Asian Marshweed, Limno, Red Ambulia, 

Indian Ambulia) 

(9) Lythrum salicaria - Purple Loosestrife (aka - Loosestrife) 

(10) Marsilea quadrifolia - Marsilea (aka - European Waterclover, Four-leaf Clover 

Fern, Water Fern, Water Clover, Hairy Pepperwort) 

(11) Marsilea mutica - Australian Waterclover (aka - Varigated Water-clover, Nardoo) 

(12) Marsilea minuta - Waterclover 

(13) Melaleuca quinquenervia - Paperbark Tree (aka - Melaleuca, Cajeput, Punk) 

(14) Monochoria hastata - Cat=s Claw (aka - Monochoria) 

(15) Ottellia alismoides - Duck Lettuce 

(16) Sagittaria sagittifolia - Japanese Arrowhead (aka - Hawaiian Arrowhead, Common 

Arrowhead, Chinese Arrowhead) 

(17) Salvinia spp. - all giant and common salvinia species - (aka - Salvinia, Butterfly 

Fern, Water Fern, Water Moss, Water Velvet, Karibaweed, Koi Kandy, Water 

Spangles, Floating Fern, South American Pond Fern) 

(18) Alternanthera spp. - Alligatorweed and congeneric species (aka - Alligator-weed, 

Chaff Flower, lilacina, roseafolia) 

(19) Solanum tampicense - Wetland Nightshade 

(20) Sparganium erectum - Exotic Bur-reed 

(21) Glossostigma diandrum - Mud Mat 

The following species are classified as "Species to Watch" and are not currently listed 

as noxious aquatic plants. However, they are aquatic plants whose impact on the 

Oklahoma environment is presently unknown, and therefore, may be considered for 

inclusion on the noxious aquatic plant list (above) as additional information becomes 

available to, and as deemed necessary by, the Department of Wildlife Conservation: 

(1) Colocasia esculenta - Wild Taro (aka - Green Taro, Elephant Ear, Taro, Dasheen) 

(2) Egeria densa - Brazilian Waterweed (aka - Common Waterweed, Brazilian Elodea, 

Anacharis, Oxygen Weed, Elodea) 

(3) Eichhornia crassipes - Floating Water Hyacinth (aka - Water-hyacinth) 

(4) Hydrocleys nymphoides - Water-poppy (aka - Hydrocleys, Hydrocleis) 

(5) Iris pseudacorus - Yellow Iris (aka - Yellow Flag, Yellow Flag Iris) 

(6) Ludwigia hexapetala - Uruguay Seedbox (aka - Water Primrose) 

(7) Myriophyllum spicatum - Eurasian Watermilfoil (aka - European Watermilfoil, 

Watermilfoil, Fox Tail) 

(8) Myriophyllum aquaticum - Parrotfeather (aka - Parrot=s Feather, Watermilfoil, 

Golden Myriophyllum) 

(9) Najas minor - Brittle Naiad (aka - Slender Naiad, Spiny leaf Naiad) 
27

(10) Nymphoides peltata - Yellow Floating Heart (aka - Floating Heart) 

(11) Panicum repens - Torpedo Grass (aka - Torpedograss) 

(12) Pistia stratiotes - Water Lettuce 

(13) Spirodela punctata - Dotted Duckweed (aka - Punctate Duckweed, Spotted 

Duckweed, Giant Duckweed) 

(14) Trapa natans - Water Chestnut (aka - European Water Chestnut) 

Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry (ODAFF) 

ODAFF is the agency charged with licensing aquaculture facilities. The private 

commercial production of fish, frogs, or other aquatic species OAC 35:50-1-1 prohibits 

the importation or exportation of minnows and other fish species that are subject to the 

provisions of Sections 4-105, 4-115, and 7-602 of Oklahoma Statute Title 29. ODAFF 

conducts at least one inspection every two (2) years of each licensed aquaculture 

operation. It is unlawful for any person to operate a concentrated animal feeding 

operation without first obtaining a license from the State Board of Agriculture (Oklahoma 

Statute Title 2, §9-208). 

ODAFF licenses all plant nursery operations (Oklahoma Statute Title 2, §2-3-32). 

Inspections of these facilities by authorized agents of the State Board of Agriculture are 

provided for under Oklahoma Statute Title 2, §2-3-32.2. Administrative Code 35:30-37-

6 states that authorized agents have the authority to inspect any plant or plant product 

for the purpose of export. Under OAC 35:30-37-10, it is unlawful to knowingly 

propagate, sell, or offer for sale any aquatic plant pest, as listed under OAC 800:20-3-2. 

Under Oklahoma Statute Title 2, §2-3-32.3 the State Board of Agriculture, upon finding 

a plant pest at any facility, shall notify the owner in writing and issue a stop sale until 

treatment or destruction of the plant pest is completed. No damages shall be awarded 

to the owner for loss of infested or infected trees, plants, shrubs, or other plant material 

destroyed as a result of an order of the Board. 

ODAFF licenses pesticide applicators under Oklahoma Administrative Code 35:30-17-

1(8) and provides testing for such licenses under 35:30-17-4. 

Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ)

Under Oklahoma Statute 252:611-3-1, any entity conducting an activity which may 

result in any discharge into, or pollution or alteration of the waters of the State of 

Oklahoma, shall first obtain a water quality certification from the DEQ. 

Oklahoma State Statute 27A § 1-3-101 gives the DEQ the authority to issue swimming 

advisories. In conjunction with this requirement, DEQ has developed a Blue-Green 

Algae Response Plan to provide guidance for Public Drinking Water Supplies of the 

State. 

The Federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) established primary and secondary 

drinking water standards for the nation’s water supplies (40 CFR §141 and 40 CFR 

§143). These standards are contained in the Oklahoma Department of Environmental 

Quality (ODEQ) “Regulations Governing Operation of Public Water Supply Systems” 
28

(Oklahoma Administration Code Chapters 626,631,652,690,and 710) as maximum 

allowable levels (primary standards), and recommended allowable (secondary 

standards) levels. DEQ Water Quality Division (DEQ WQD) is the primacy agency with 

regards to drinking water in Oklahoma. The DEQ WQD has public supply district 

engineers that manage the drinking water systems within the State. 

Oklahoma State Statute 27A § 2-3-101 F gives the DEQ authority to investigate 

environmental issues for the State. This is carried out by the Environmental Complaints 

and Local Services Division (ECLS DEQ). 

Oklahoma State Statute 27A § Supp. 207, Section 2-4-201 gives the DEQ the authority 

to acquire, operate, and maintain laboratories to analyze samples to obtain factual data 

to support any order, permit, function, or program of the department... This authority 

provides the funding and maintenance for the State Environmental Laboratory. This 

authority is utilized to maintain the Toxics in Reservoirs program which monitors toxics 

in fish and sets criteria for the DEQ to issue fish consumption advisories in accordance 

with Oklahoma Water Quality Standards. This authority is also utilized to maintain the 

Bio-trend program which collects and manages historical and current fish assemblage 

data across the State. 

Oklahoma Water Resources Board (OWRB) 

The OWRB has the following jurisdictional areas of environmental responsibility under 

Oklahoma Statute Title 27 §1-3-101: 

 

OWRB is the lead agency for lakes eligible for funding under Section 314 of the federal 

Clean Water Act or other applicable sections of the federal Clean Water Act or other 

subsequent state and federal clean lakes programs; administration of a state program 

for assessing, monitoring, studying and restoring Oklahoma lakes with administration to 

include, but not be limited to, receipt and expenditure of funds from federal, state and 

private sources for clean lakes; and implementation of a volunteer monitoring program 

to assess and monitor state water resources, provided such funds from federal Clean 

Water Act sources are administered and disbursed by the Office of the Secretary of 

Environment; and Statewide water quality standards and their accompanying use 

support assessment protocols, anti-degradation policy and implementation, and policies 

generally affecting Oklahoma Water Quality Standards application and implementation 

including but not limited to mixing zones, low flows and variances or any modification or 

change thereof pursuant to Section 1085.30 of Title 82 of the Oklahoma Statutes. 

 

Under Oklahoma Statutes Title 82 Chapter 14 Section 1085.2, the OWRB is hereby 

designated as the state agency to administer, receive, and manage all programs and 

funds associated with Section 314 or other applicable sections of the Federal Clean 

Water Act or other subsequent state and federal clean lakes programs having the 

purposes of assessing, monitoring, studying and restoring Oklahoma lakes, provided 

such funds from Federal Clean Water Act sources are administered and disbursed by 

the Office of the Secretary of Environment. In conducting the clean lakes program, the 

OWRB shall employ a cooperative agreement with the Oklahoma Conservation 

Commission (OCC) with regard to lake watersheds. The OCC may cooperate with the 
29

OWRB in providing land use inventory/assessment and stream monitoring portion of the 

clean lakes program. The OWRB may enter into cooperative agreements with other 

federal, state and local agencies as necessary. Any Phase II Clean Lakes projects 

which require watershed implementation of non-point source pollution control practices 

shall be carried out by the OCC. 

Oklahoma Conservation Commission (OCC)

Under Oklahoma Statute Title 27A O.S. § 3-2-106, the OCC has been designated to 

“act as the management agency having jurisdiction over and responsibility for directing 

NPS pollution prevention programs outside the jurisdiction or control of cities or towns in 

Oklahoma. The Commission, otherwise, shall be responsible for all identified non-point 

source categories except silviculture, urban storm water runoff and industrial runoff.” 

The OCC will “monitor, evaluate and assess waters of the state to determine the 

condition of streams and rivers impacted by nonpoint source pollution. In carrying out 

this area of responsibility, the Conservation Commission shall serve as the technical 

lead agency for nonpoint source pollution categories as defined in Section 319 of the 

Federal Clean Water Act or other subsequent federal or state nonpoint source 

programs.” In addition, the OCC will administer the Blue Thumb volunteer monitoring 

and education program and “provide assistance to the Oklahoma Water Resources 

Board on lake projects through stream and river monitoring, assessing watershed 

activities impacting lake water quality, and assisting in the development of a watershed 

management plan.”

 

FEDERAL 

Federal regulations pertaining to the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species 

are fragmented and incomplete. At least 20 agencies currently work at researching and 

controlling invasive species with no clear authority to prohibit or regulate the import of all 

classes of invasives or to regulate pathways for movement of invasives among states. 

Federal laws that apply directly to the introduction of invasive species include the Lacey 

Act, the Federal Noxious Weed Act, the Federal Seed Act, the Federal Plant Protection 

Act of 2000, the Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990, 

and the National Invasive Species Act of 1996. Other Federal Laws indirectly promote 

the control of non-indigenous and invasive species by providing direction or guidance to 

properly manage public lands and programs. Therefore, the control of invasives is 

indirectly authorized. For example, the Endangered Species Act could require controls 

if an ANS was shown to threaten the survival of a federally listed species. The 

Endangered Species Act could also have indirect application if an ANS was shown to 

threaten the survival of a federally listed species. A description of federal agencies with 

programs specific to Oklahoma ANS follows. 
30

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)

The USFWS provides federal funding for implementation of state and regional ANS 

management plans that have been approved by the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task 

Force (ANSTF). One of the major USFWS efforts on ANS is the 100th Meridian 

Initiative. The goals of this Initiative are to 1) prevent the spread of zebra mussels and 

other ANS in the 100th meridian jurisdictions and west and 2) monitor and control zebra 

mussels and other ANS if detected in these areas. These goals will be attained through 

the implementation of the following six components: 1) information and education, 2) 

voluntary boat inspections and boater surveys, 3) involvement of those who haul boats 

for commercial purposes, 4) monitoring, 5) rapid response, and 6) evaluation. This 

initiative represents the first large-scale focused and coordinated effort, working with 

federal, state, provincial and tribal entities, potentially affected industries, and other 

interested parties to begin addressing the pathway to prevent the spread of zebra 

mussels. The success of this Initiative depends on the commitment of these groups to 

combat the spread of this destructive invader. 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)

The USACE administers the only Federally authorized research programs directed to 

manage and control non-indigenous and nuisance species. The Aquatic Plant Control 

Research Program (APCRP) develops technology for the management of nonindigenous aquatic plant species. The Zebra Mussel Research Program (ZMRP), which 

was expanded into the Aquatic Nuisance Species Research Program (ANSRP) 

conducts interdisciplinary research on the prevention, control, and management of 

aquatic nuisance species that impact USACE projects and public facilities. The 

programs are managed by the USACE Environmental Research and Development 

Center (ERDC) in Vicksburg, MS. ERDC has developed Information System Models for 

Plant Management, Aquatic Plants, and Zebra Mussels. 

In July of 2005 a USACE Invasive Species Leadership Team (ISLT) was formed to fulfill 

Federal agency duties under Executive Order 13112. Comprised primarily of Division 

and District representatives, their responsibilities include 1) providing recommendations 

to headquarters, 2) providing strategic direction to research programs, 3) representing 

the USACE on regional invasive species councils 4) developing and implementing cost 

effective strategies to address invasive species problems that affect USACE water 

resource management missions, and 5) coordinating team initiatives with all concerned 

interests. The ISLT is currently developing a USACE Invasive Species Management 

Policy. 

U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)

The U.S. Coast Guard gets its authority to regulate ballast water and ANS from 

NANPCA and NISA. NANPCA directed the Coast Guard to issue regulations and 

guidelines to control the introduction and spread of ANS in the Great Lakes ecosystem. 

It also required an assessment of ballast water management practices in all U.S. ports. 

NISA tasked the USCG with establishing a voluntary ballast water management (BWM) 

program for virtually all U.S. ports. The Coast Guard's BWM program is the primary 
31

emphasis related to ANS in the inland river system. Current USCG efforts include 

establishing mandatory BWM standards and practices, establishing a program to 

approve ballast water treatment technologies, establishing penalties for failure to submit 

required reports, and increasing the applicability to all ships with ballast water tanks 

bound for all ports or places in U.S. waters. 

REGIONAL 

The Western Regional Panel WRP

The WRP on ANS was formed under a provision of NISA to help limit the introduction, 

spread, and impacts of invasives into western North America. This panel includes 

representatives from federal, state, tribal, Canadian provincial, local agencies, and from 

private environmental and commercial interests. 

The Mississippi River Basin Regional Panel (MRBP)

The MRBP on ANS was formed under a provision of NISA to identify priorities for 

activities, develop and submit recommendations to the national ANSTF, coordinate ANS 

program activities, advise public and private interests on control efforts, and submit an 

annual report to the ANSTF describing prevention, research, and control activities in the 

Mississippi River Basin. This panel includes representatives from federal, state, tribal, 

and local agencies and from private environmental and commercial interests. 

Western Governors Association (WGA)

The WGA is developing a new program to address undesirable non-indigenous aquatic 

and terrestrial species in the West because of the significant economic and ecological 

harm they cause. WGA has formed a working group of state and federal agencies, 

industry, non-governmental organizations and academia to develop strategies to limit 

the spread of these species. 
32

F. Objectives, Strategies, Actions, & Cost Estimates

OBJECTIVE 1: Coordinate and implement a comprehensive management plan. 

Problem Definition: There is no clear authority or agency charged with limiting and 

managing ANS in Oklahoma. Most management activities are focused on isolated 

problems and not concerned with addressing the issue of ANS comprehensively. 

Oklahoma needs an organized and centralized approach to ANS management to 

prevent duplication of effort and eliminate gaps in coverage of ANS issues. State ANS 

management efforts need to be coordinated with regional and national efforts. The lack 

of coordination, oversight, and funding has allowed many nuisance species to become 

established in Oklahoma, and permits new introductions. 

Establishment of a management plan with appropriate implementation, authority and 

resources will permit effective prevention and management of ANS. Most importantly, 

native species and habitat can be protected from the competition, introduction of 

parasites and diseases, and predation caused by some ANS. 

Current Agency Activities

ODWC 

ODWC has regulated the use and development of warm water fisheries through lake 

management plans that emphasize the protection of native species. The introduction of fish 

species in Oklahoma streams and reservoirs, outside their native range, is evaluated closely 

and discouraged if any at risk species are compromised. ODWC has developed and 

implemented a Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) program to prevent the spread 

of ANS through Fisheries Division field and hatchery activities. 

DEQ 

DEQ has historical and current fish assemblage data across the State completed through the 

Bio-Trend Program. DEQ will develop and implement a HACCP plan. 

DEQ’s Environmental Complaints and Local Services Division is tasked with investigating 

environmental issues within the State. When a complaint that pertains to ANS is identified, the 

Customer Services Division of the DEQ will be contacted to assist in the investigation. ODWC 

will be notified at that time and data collected in conjunction with the investigation will be 

shared. 

OWRB 

OWRB has produced Technical Report 05-157 entitled, “Decontamination Protocol for 

Aquatic Nuisance Species”. Recommendations within this report are to be followed by 

agency staff to reduce the risk of spreading ANS through their activities. 

http://www.owrb.ok.gov/studies/reports/reports_pdf/DecontaminationdraftCP.pdf 
33

OCC 

The OCC has adopted decontamination protocols recommended by the OWRB as 

described above. Field personnel operate under these guidelines in order to 

decontaminate all equipment after use. 

National Park Service (NPS) 

Operates under ANS plan for all Park Service holdings 

Gaps in State Management Programs and Authorities

• Authorities are unclear 

• Activities are uncoordinated in the State and Region 

• Staffing shortages and lack of funding 

Recommended Strategies and Actions

Strategy 1A: Coordinate all ANS management programs and activities within Oklahoma. 

Task 1A1: Create and fund an ANS Coordinator position with the ODWC. (ODWC) 

 

Task 1A2: Create and fund ANS support staff positions within key state agencies. 

 (ODWC) 

Task 1A3: Develop an ANS training/management class for agency personnel 

associated with the ANS State Task Force. (USFWS) 

Task 1A4: Conduct an annual symposium focused on ANS in Oklahoma and potential 

management alternatives. (ODWC) 

Task 1A5: Coordinate with tribal governments regarding ANS management. (ODWC) 

Task 1A6: Coordinate ANS activities with watershed-based organizations and other 

local governments and/or coordinating bodies. (ODWC) 

Task 1A7: Assign a priority class to all established non-indigenous aquatic species 

present in Oklahoma. (ODWC) 

Task 1A8: Develop a set of uniform definitions and terms to describe aquatic nuisance 

species. (ODWC) 

Task 1A9: Develop, authorize, maintain and administer the Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Task Force in Oklahoma. (ODWC) 
34

Strategy 1B: Participate in and support regional, federal, and international efforts to 

control ANS. 

Task 1B1: The Oklahoma Aquatic Nuisance Species Program Coordinator will work 

with state, federal and private entities to identify personnel with ANS 

responsibilities. (ODWC) 

Task 1B2: Support and participate in the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force’s 

Mississippi River Basin Panel and Western Regional Panel. (ODWC) 

Task 1B3: Support the 100th Meridian Project. (USFWS) 

Task 1B4: Establish working partnerships with ANS management programs in regional 

states to facilitate the sharing of data and coordination of management 

activities. (USFWS) 

Task 1B5: Support the Zebra Mussel Task Force in Oklahoma. (ODWC) 

Task 1B6: Support the Golden Alga Task Force in Oklahoma. (ODWC) 

Task 1B7: Support the ANS Plant Task Force in Oklahoma. (ODWC) 

Strategy 1C: Develop a permanent funding mechanism for ANS management in 

Oklahoma. 

Task 1C1: Explore ideas for permanent funding of ANS management activities. 

(ODWC) 

Task 1C2: Work with the Oklahoma legislature to establish/create a permanent 

Foundation for ANS funding in Oklahoma. (ODWC) 

Strategy 1D: Review and evaluate state efforts in addressing ANS. 

Task 1D1: Conduct a periodic assessment of ANS species presence and 

abundance in Oklahoma. (ODWC) 

Task 1D2: Support the development of a state benchmark on invasive species. 

(ODWC) 

Task 1D3: Produce an annual update of the state ANS plan. (ODWC) 
35

OBJECTIVE 2: Prevent the introduction of new ANS into Oklahoma. 

Problem Definition: There are numerous pathways by which invasive species arrive 

and potentially become established in Oklahoma. For example, zebra mussels first 

became established in Oklahoma as a result of barge traffic moving from the Great 

Lakes down the Mississippi River and up through the McClellen-Kerr Arkansas River 

Navigation system. Zebra mussels have also spread naturally downstream from a 

founding population in El Dorado Lake, Kansas via the Arkansas River and now infest 

Kaw, Sooner, and Keystone reservoirs. Recreational boaters were the likely pathway 

for zebra mussels to become established in Oologah Reservoir. Anglers likely 

intentionally introduced hydrilla to Arbuckle, Murray, and Sooner Reservoirs. Pathways 

for the spread of golden alga are not well understood. Understanding how various 

pathways function as conduits for ANS into Oklahoma is critical for intercepting species 

and preventing introductions. Introduction of species into public waters by private 

individuals is currently legal upon receiving written permission from the Director of the 

Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. Implementation of a program that 

reviews (risk assessment) and regulates which species are intentionally allowed into 

Oklahoma, and monitors the pathways by which species can be unintentionally 

transported into the state, is necessary to slow the rate at which new species become 

established. Prevention is the most cost effective and environmentally sound method of 

addressing this problem. No comprehensive program currently exists in Oklahoma that 

would prevent new ANS introductions or establish control/eradication protocols should 

ANS become established. 

Current Agency Activities: 

ODWC 

ODWC has hired a full-time ANS Coordinator. 

ODWC reviews and maintains a list of prohibited fish and plant species. Introductions of 

all species by private entities into public waters must received written approval from the 

Director. 

ODWC staff has participated in collecting boater surveys sponsored by the 100th

Meridian Initiative of the Fish and Wildlife Service to determine if recreational boaters 

were transporting zebra mussels and whether individuals were aware of the threat 

posed by zebra mussels. 

ODWC developed and distributes a “Don’t Free Lily” brochure to aquatic plant retailers 

and water garden societies which lists prohibited plant species and recommends 

appropriate disposal strategies for unwanted plants. 

ODAFF

ODAFF licenses plant nurseries and conducts inspections to check for presence of 

aquatic plants on the prohibited list. ODAFF licenses private aquaculture facilities and 

inspects those facilities for the presence of species on the prohibitive list. 
36

USACE 

The Tulsa District initiated and has served as the lead agency for the Oklahoma Zebra 

Mussel Task Force since 1993. They provide I&E material, conduct training, give 

presentations to water interests across the state, mailed information notices to water 

users and policy makers, provide interviews with media sources, and maintain a Zebra 

Mussel link on their web page to educate the public and agencies of the hazards of ANS 

introductions. 

Gaps in State Prevention Programs and Authorities

 Limited authority and funding to quarantine species and points of origin 

 Limited authority to enforce regulations for possession of illegal species 

 Limited inspection programs of plant nurseries and commercial fish operations 

 Minimal penalties for violating existing statutes 

 No regulation of mail order or internet sales of organisms 

 Lack of legislated risk assessment protocol for approving introductions 

 Lack of legislated criteria and/or risk assessment documentation incumbent for 

applicants to provide with introduction applications 

Recommended Strategies and Actions

Strategy 2A: Identify ANS that have the greatest potential to infest Oklahoma 

waters and identify existing and potential pathways that facilitate new 

ANS introductions. 

 

Task 2A1: Generate a regional list of ANS and evaluate the potential threat 

posed to Oklahoma by each. (ODWC) 

 

Task 2A2: Compile movement information of ANS on a regional level and 

predict the potential for possible invasion into Oklahoma waters. 

(ODWC) 

 

Task 2A3: Identify existing and potential transport pathways that would facilitate 

the introduction of these ANS into Oklahoma. (ODWC) 

Strategy 2B: Establish approaches to facilitate legislative, regulatory, and other 

actions needed to prevent new ANS movements into and out of 

Oklahoma and promote rules that establish the state’s authority to 

control these movements. 

Task 2B1: Promote legislation and regulatory rules that establish or increases 

the state’s authority to control the introduction and movement of 

ANS. (ODWC) 
37

 Establish the authority to detain and require cleaning of any vehicle, 

vessel or water based equipment containing, infested, or potentially 

infested with ANS traveling in Oklahoma. 

 Increase the authority of the State to regulate the importation of 

aquatic organisms and establish meaningful penalties for violations. 

 Require that any intentionally imported or exported organism is free 

of diseases, parasites, and other unpermitted (nontarget) 

organisms. 

 Amend Statutes and Administrative Codes to change use of diploid 

grass carp in private waters to exclusively triploid grass carp. 

 Amend Title 800 to specifically prohibit and establish penalties for 

bait bucket releases unless bait was obtained from release site. 

 Amend Title 800 to include protocols for evaluating and approving 

introduction requests 

 Amend Title 800 to require risk assessment documentation from 

applicants seeking introduction permits 

 Prohibit live transport of fish obtained in the wild unless specifically 

permitted to do so. 

 Develop cooperative agreements with states that share common 

waters. 

Task 2B2: Prohibit the importation of non-indigenous aquatic species based 

upon their invasive potential. (ODWC) 

 Train ANS Coordinator in risk assessment methodologies 

 Establish risk assessment protocols for proposed introductions of 

non-indigenous species. 

Task 2B3: Develop a list of approved species that may be imported into 

Oklahoma. (ODWC) 

 Establish legislation to change prohibited species list to list of 

species that can be possessed. 

Task 2B4: Increase enforcement and awareness of existing laws controlling the 

transport, propagation, sale, collection, possession, importation, 

purchase, cultivation, distribution, and introduction of ANS and 

establish meaningful penalties for illegal introductions of ANS into 

Oklahoma waters. (ODWC) 

 Train federal, state, and local aquatic regulation enforcement 

personnel on ANS identification and regulations. 

 Distribute information on ANS laws to businesses that import 

aquatic organisms. 

Task 2B5: Participate in regional and national forums to ensure coordinated 

efforts to prevent the introduction of new ANS into Oklahoma. 

(ODWC) 
38

Objective 3: Detect, monitor, and eradicate ANS 

Problem Definition: Once invasive species have arrived there is often a window of 

opportunity to eradicate small pioneering populations before they become a nuisance. 

However, ANS are often not detected until nuisance populations are formed. Usually it 

is too late or too expensive to eradicate a species once it has reached a nuisance level, 

and when management is conducted after a population is well-established, long-term 

routine activities will often be required to control the population and reduce 

environmental impacts. By initiating a detection and monitoring program, the State will 

be able to discover and manage pioneering infestations at a point when the species can 

be eradicated in a cost effective manner. 

Current Agency Activities:

ODWC 

ODWC reviews and maintains a list of prohibited fish and plant species. Introductions 

of listed species into public waters are prohibited. 

ODWC developed and distributes a “Don’t Free Lily” brochure to aquatic plant retailers 

and water garden societies which lists prohibited plant species and recommends 

appropriate disposal strategies for unwanted plants. 

ODWC field staff looks for ANS during routine field/survey activities. 

ODAFF

ODAFF conducts inspections of plant nurseries to check for presence of aquatic plants 

on the prohibited list. 

 

DEQ 

DEQ has historical and current fish assemblage data across the State completed through the 

Bio-Trend Program. Data will be provided to ODWC to review for non-native fish populations. 

DEQ Field staff will also report any other nuisance species (mussels or plant) which are 

identified during any sample collection. 

DEQ’s Environmental Complaints and Local Services Division is tasked with investigating 

environmental issues within the State. When a complaint that pertains to ANS is identified, the 

Customer Services Division of the DEQ will be contacted to assist in the investigation. ODWC 

will be notified at that time and data collected in conjunction with the investigation will be 

shared. 

OCC 

The OCC employs a number of field personnel who regularly monitor water quality, 

conduct habitat evaluations, and sample macroinvertebrates and fish in streams across 

Oklahoma. The OCC field staff will document and report any nuisance species sighted 

during field activities. In addition, the Blue Thumb program has trained volunteers who 
39

monitor water quality across the state, and these individuals will look for and report 

nuisance species. 

USACE 

Lake staff monitors Zebra Mussel presence/absence and ANS plants at USACE lakes. 

Local water users are educated as to the potential pathways for infestations. 

Cooperation is solicited to monitor and detect ANS being brought to the lakes. 

Tulsa District staff shares information with the ZMTF of changes and activities locally 

and across the nation; support monitoring and studies by other agencies and academia; 

and provide I&E materials and training. 

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) 

Monitored zebra mussel presence/absence at several lakes under BOR jurisdiction. 

Oklahoma State University (OSU) 

Compile databases on distribution of native and non-indigenous plants. Monitored zebra 

mussel populations at Oologah and Kaw reservoirs. 

University of Oklahoma (OU) 

University staff conducts periodic surveys and compile a database of known 

occurrences of all non-indigenous plants species. Monitor seasonal abundance of 

golden alga at Lake Texoma. 

The Nature Conservancy (TNC) 

TNC compiles lists of invasive species in their conservation areas through the use of 

sampling records, scientific literature and field surveys. TNC also establishes 

distribution data on those invasive species and incorporates that information into the 

development of their streams database. 

Gaps in State Detection & Monitoring Programs and Authorities

 Limited inspection programs of plant nurseries and aquarium trade operations 

 Minimal penalties for violating existing statutes 

 No regulation of mail order or internet sales of organisms 

 Lack of a risk assessment protocol for approving introductions 

 Lack of training to identify ANS 

Recommended Strategies and Actions

Strategy 3A: Implement a surveillance and early detection program. 
40

Task 3A1: Identify and survey high-risk waters and establish baseline data. 

(ODWC) 

Task 3A2: Create and train a citizen-monitoring network to work in cooperation 

with state agencies. (ODWC)

Task 3A3: Work with watershed-based organizations to ensure ANS are 

included in ongoing monitoring programs. (OCC) 

Task 3A4: Distribute zebra mussel colonization substrates (Portland samplers) 

for individuals to deploy and monitor. (USFWS) 

Task 3A5: Support ANS monitoring by the Grand River Dam Authority. (GRDA) 

Task 3A6: Conduct periodic aerial surveys to detect colonies of plants. (ODWC) 

Task 3A7: Identify high-risk waters for golden alga blooms and conduct surveys 

to determine presence/absence. (OU/ODWC) 

Strategy 3B: Develop an early response mechanism to deal with detected and 

potential invasive species. 

Task 3B1: Develop an emergency response plan for all High Priority species 

(ODWC) 

Task 3B2: Fund and manage an early response fund. (Leg./Gov./ANSTF) 

Strategy 3C: Eradicate pioneering populations of ANS.

Task 3C1: Begin control of hydrilla at Lakes Murray and Sooner. (OTRD, 

ODWC) 

Objective 4: Control and eradicate established ANS that have significant impacts. 

Problem Definition: Established ANS populations can spread to uninfested waters,

thereby increasing their potential for economic and ecological damage. Established 

non-indigenous species often create the most noticeable impacts, yet they are often 

impossible to eradicate or control. Management activities are most effective when they 

are directed at limiting the impacts of a population or stopping that population from 

spreading to new waterbodies. Management activities must be focused on populations 

of established species where there currently is or presumably will be a clear and 

significant impact on native species, and where the control or eradication of specific 

populations is feasible both economically and technically.
41

Current Agency Activities: 

ODWC 

ODWC issues permits for commercial fish, mussel, and turtle harvest, minnow seiners, 

and scientific collectors. ODWC developed and distributes a brochure that illustrates the 

need and methods to prevent spread of ANS through these activities. A similar brochure 

has been developed and distributed to bass fishing tournament organizers. 

ODWC has developed and distributes a brochure that illustrates the Noxious Aquatic 

Plants that threaten Oklahoma and the need and methods to prevent spreading these 

ANS to new aquatic environments. 

ODWC is the point contact with the ANS Plant Task Force (PTF). The PTF is in the 

process of developing protocols for management and control of Hydrilla in reservoirs. 

ODWC has developed protocols for reducing the risk of spreading ANS through its field 

and hatchery activities. These procedures can be found at 

http://www.wildlifedepartment.com/nuisancespecies.htm. 

DEQ 

DEQ monitors public drinking water systems across the State. Other agencies need to 

work with DEQ WQD to assess any vulnerability for contamination of a public drinking 

water system when utilizing chemicals for treatment or eradication of ANS. The contact 

for this program is Kay Coffey. 

DEQ’s Environmental Complaints and Local Services Division is tasked with investigating 

environmental issues within the State. When a complaint that pertains to ANS is identified, the 

Customer Services Division of the DEQ will be contacted to assist in the investigation. ODWC 

will be notified at that time and data collected in conjunction with the investigation will be 

shared. 

OWRB 

OWRB has produced Technical Report 05-157 entitled, “Decontamination Protocol for 

Aquatic Nuisance Species”. Recommendations within this report are to be followed by 

agency staff to reduce the risk of spreading ANS through their activities. 

http://www.owrb.ok.gov/studies/reports/reports_pdf/DecontaminationdraftCP.pdf

OCC 

The OCC has adopted decontamination protocols recommended by the OWRB as 

described above. Field personnel operate under these guidelines in order to 

decontaminate all equipment after use. 
42

USACE 

The ERDC has produced numerous Technical Notes detailing controls for ANS and 

maintains Information Systems on their website and on compact disk for Zebra Mussels, 

Plant Management, and Aquatic Plants. 

The Tulsa District cooperates with water users being impacted by Zebra Mussels to 

educate them on possible control methods. 

The Tulsa District monitors ANS plants at USACE lakes and implements controls as 

needed. 

Gaps in State Control and Eradication Programs and Authorities

 No state agency has a clear program directed at controlling or eradicating ANS. 

 Lack of information/training on control and eradication methods. 

 Coordinated control efforts lacking. 

 Current efforts are directed at individual populations and not at controlling a species 

distribution and extent. 

Recommended Strategies and Actions

Strategy 4A: Limit the dispersal of established ANS to new waterbodies or to new 

areas of a waterbody.

Task 4A1: Establish protocols for priority ANS, that will provide guidance in 

designing and implementing control and eradication strategies. 

(ODWC) 

Task 4A2: Support scientific research between state and federal agencies and 

academic institutions that investigate potential control strategies and 

associated environmental impacts. (ODWC) 

Task 4A3: Ensure that the control strategies developed and implemented by the 

state are done in coordination with federal agencies, local 

governments, inter-jurisdictional organizations and other appropriate 

entities. (ODWC) 

Task 4A4: Ensure that control strategies are based on the best available 

scientific information and conducted in an environmentally sound 

manner. (ODWC) 

Task 4A5: Develop guidelines to ensure the cleaning of water-based equipment 

that may accidentally spread ANS when moved from infested to 

uninfested waters. (ODWC) 
43

Task 4A6: Try to limit the spread of established ANS, through reducing the 

disturbance of existing populations by boats, through the use of 

warning signs and buoys in infested areas. (ODWC) 

Objective 5: Inform the public, policy makers, natural resource workers, private 

industry, and user groups about the risks and impacts of ANS. 

Problem Definition: The lack of awareness concerning ANS impacts is one of the 

largest management obstacles. Few people understand the threat some non-indigenous 

species pose and how their actions might introduce them. Uninformed people have 

introduced many ANS through the dumping of an aquarium or a bait bucket, launching 

of a contaminated boat, or stocking of a private pond. The improper importation and 

holding of organisms have allowed species to escape, or caused the receipt of 

unwanted organisms mixed in with intentionally imported ones. Many policy makers, 

natural resource administrators, and private interest groups have facilitated the 

intentional introductions of species for certain economic or recreational purposes, 

without understanding the effects these species would have on native species. These 

intentional and unintentional methods of introduction can be eliminated or curtailed by 

educating people about their potential to transfer non-indigenous species to Oklahoma. 

Current Agency Activities:

ODWC 

ODWC has included information on ANS in the state fishing regulations and on its 

website, developed a “Don’t Free Lily” brochure, developed a zebra mussel brochure, 

developed a golden alga fact sheet, and included ANS information to private individuals 

and organizations requesting permits from the agency. Periodic press releases on ANS 

issues have been issued. 

ODAFF

ODAFF conducts inspections of plant nurseries to check for presence of aquatic plants 

on the prohibited list. 

DEQ 

DEQ has developed a Blue-Green Algae Response Plan to provide guidance for Public 

Drinking Water Supplies of the State. In conjunction with this program, a fact sheet has 

been developed to educate the public on the effects of blue-green algae. 

OCC 

The OCC has incorporated information about ANS into its Blue Thumb educational 

program. This program offers training to new volunteers about six times per year. In 

addition, the OCC will include educational material about ANS in its area-specific 

projects, where applicable. 
44

USACE 

The Tulsa District initiated and has served as the lead agency for the Oklahoma Zebra 

Mussel Task Force since 1993. They provide I&E material, conduct training, give 

presentations to water interests across the state, mailed information notices to water 

users and policy makers, provides interviews with media sources, and maintain a Zebra 

Mussel link on their web page to educate the public and agencies of the hazards of ANS 

introductions. 

OSU 

OSU is developing an Ecology of Invasive Species Course to be taught in the College of 

Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 

OU 

OU has developed a golden alga website that addresses the research being conducted 

on Lake Texoma and throughout the state. 

http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/H/Karl.D.Hambright-1/ 

Gaps in State Education Programs and Authorities:

 ANS is not addressed as an issue. 

 Inadequate information is disseminated to the public. 

 Few natural resource workers have the training to identify ANS. 

Recommended Strategies and Actions:

Strategy 5A: Educate the public about ANS, how their actions can prevent the 

 spread and introduction of ANS and how they can help reduce the 

 impacts of existing ANS. 

Task 5A1: Continue the incorporation of ANS information into state hunting and 

fishing regulations (ODWC) 

Task 5A2: Create an educational curriculum on ANS for K1-12 schools. Explore 

options through 4-H programs to develop such curricula. 

(ODWC/AREP) 

Task 5A3: Produce press releases on specific ANS. (ODWC) 

Task 5A4: Create articles, videos and web-based media concerning ANS. 

(ODWC) 

Task 5A5: Distribute information on ANS at various conferences, shows, fishing 

tournaments, and public gatherings. (ODWC) 
45

Task 5A6: Develop ANS identification cards to be distributed with hunting and 

fishing licenses. (ODWC) 

Task 5A7: Develop an “Oklahoma friendly” plant labeling system in conjunction 

with the nursery industry. (ODAFF) 

Strategy 5B: Inform policymakers on the extent, impact, and potential for harm of 

ANS. 

Task 5B1: Conduct field trips for policymakers to demonstrate ANS impacts and 

controls. (ODAFF/ODWC) 

Task 5B2: Produce legislative information packets outlining the threats of ANS, 

management alternatives, and the funds needed to address ANS in 

Oklahoma. (ODWC/ODAFF) 

Strategy 5C: Train natural resource workers in identifying ANS. 

Task 5C1: Conduct identification seminars for field personnel. (ODAFF/ODWC) 

Strategy 5D: Educate private industry on the laws regulating and effects of ANS.

Task 5D1: Expand distribution of a pamphlet for the nursery industry identifying 

ANS, the laws regulating them, and their effects in natural systems. 

(ODAFF) 

Task 5D2: Distribute information on ANS to businesses selling aquatic 

organisms, such as pet stores. (ODAFF/ODWC) 

Task 5D3: Provide information to fishing tournament organizers on ANS. 

(ODWC) 

Objective 6: Conduct/support research to determine risks associated with 

pathways of introduction/spread; environmental conditions favorable for 

establishment of ANS; interactions with native species; and cost-effective and 

environmentally safe control/eradication measures. 

Problem Definition: Little is known about the extent and magnitude of the ANS 

problem in Oklahoma. Research is needed to quantify and clarify the effect ANS poses 

to Oklahoma water resources. Some of the research questions relevant to the ANS 

problem include: 1) determining the risks associated with pathways of introduction and 

spread; 2) the environmental conditions necessary for ANS to become established; 3) 

interactions among ANS and native species and the consequences of those 

interactions; and 4) which management options will provide the best results in 

controlling or eradicating ANS populations. 
46

Current Agency Activities: 

OSU

OSU is conducting research to determine the range and densities of zebra mussel 

populations within the Tallgrass Prairie Region as part of the Oklahoma State Wildlife 

Action Plan. 

OU

OU is conducting research on the toxicology of the prymnesin toxin to various sport 

fishes and zooplankton and the ecological interactions of golden alga with 

phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in Lake Texoma. OU is also currently 

monitoring golden alga abundance on Lake Texoma and investigating physical, 

chemical, and ecological triggers to blooms and toxin production. A proposed expansion 

of these efforts on a statewide basis would identify high-risk waters and focus efforts to 

control spread to uninfested water bodies. Development of a web-based database on 

golden alga survey work is ongoing. 

OU has funding to initiate a study on Daphnia lumholtzi genetics and ecology. 

ODWC 

ODWC funds research on zebra mussels through OSU and golden alga through OU. 

DEQ 

DEQ collects annual fish assemblage data across the State completed through the Bio-Trend 

Program. Data will be provided to ODWC to review for non-native fish populations. 

DEQ’s Environmental Complaints and Local Services Division is tasked with investigating 

environmental issues within the State. When a complaint that pertains to ANS is identified, the 

Customer Services Division of the DEQ will be contacted to assist in the investigation. ODWC 

will be notified at that time and data collected in conjunction with the investigation will be 

shared. 

USACE 

The Tulsa District monitors the USACE lakes for ANS presence/absence and densities. 

They also support agency and academia research at the lakes, and keep informed of 

impacts to water users. 

The Tulsa District is actively involved in national efforts and keeps informed of Zebra 

Mussel control and eradication research. Updates are provided to the ZMTF. 

The ERDC has produced numerous Technical Notes detailing controls for ANS and 

maintains Information Systems on their website and on compact disk for Zebra Mussels, 

Plant Management, and Aquatic Plants. 
47

USFWS 

USFWS is conducting surveys of zebra mussel occurrence and abundance on selected 

water bodies using Portland samplers. 

Gaps in State Prevention Programs and Authorities

 Limited funding is available to conduct research 

 Poor understanding of basic biology and impacts of ANS 

 Limited management options for control/eradication 

 Lack of thorough survey of ANS distribution within the state 

Recommended Strategies and Actions

Strategy 6A: Support research that identifies, predicts, and prioritizes potential 

ANS introductions. 

 

Task 6A1: Identify life histories and impacts of introduced aquatic plants and 

animals. (ODWC) 

Task 6A2: Identify critical data needed to prevent the introduction of new ANS. 

(ODWC) 

Task 6A3: Attend scientific and technical conferences addressing the 

mechanisms by which new ANS spread. (ODWC) 

Task 6A4: Monitor ongoing research efforts attempting to develop control 

mechanisms for new ANS. (ODWC) 

Strategy 6B: Research management alternatives for their effect on ANS and 

native species. 

Task 6B1: Investigate the relationship between human-induced disturbance of 

aquatic and riparian systems and ANS invasion, establishment, and 

impacts. (ODWC) 

Task 6B2: Investigate new and innovative methods of control/eradicate ANS. 

(ODWC) 

Strategy 6C: Facilitate the collection and dispersal of information, research results, 

and data on ANS in Oklahoma. 

Task 6C1: Utilize existing field personnel to document the distribution and 

abundance of ANS. (ODWC) 

Task 6C2: Create a database of stakeholders to receive annual ANS updates. 

(ODWC) 
48

Task 6C3: Utilize the internet to distribute information and research findings via 

an agency website. (ODWC) 

G. Priorities for Action

Often efforts to address ANS problems are implemented after the species has arrived 

and become widely distributed. As a result, these efforts are often reactive and 

ineffective. The purpose of this management plan is to expand the scope of efforts in 

Oklahoma to deal with the threats posed by all ANS. The goal of this management plan 

is to implement a coordinated strategy designed to minimize the risk of further ANS 

introductions into Oklahoma through all known pathways, develop funding mechanisms 

to implement and staff an Oklahoma ANS management program, where practical, stop 

the spread of ANS already present and eradicate or control ANS to a minimal level of 

impact. By forming this management plan, it is expected that the problems other states 

have experienced can be minimized or completely avoided. Initially, this plan will focus 

on the Priority Class 1 species listed below. As this program evolves, the focus will shift 

to the development and implementation of new programs designed to address the lower 

priority species and/or species yet to be determined as threats. 

PRIORITY CLASS 1 

Priority Class 1 species are present and established in Oklahoma, have the potential to 

spread in Oklahoma, and there are limited or no known management strategies for 

these species. These species can be managed through actions that involve mitigation of 

impact, control of population size, and prevention of dispersal to other water bodies. 

• Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) 

• Golden Alga (Prymnesius parvum) 

• Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) 

• Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) 

• Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) 

• White Perch (Morone americana) 

• Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) 

PRIORITY CLASS 2 

Priority Class 2 species are currently not known to be present in Oklahoma, but have a 

high potential to invade and there are limited or no known management strategies for 

these species. Appropriate management for this class includes prevention of 

introductions and/or eradication of pioneering populations. 

• Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) 

• Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) 

• Quagga Mussels (Dreisena bugensis) 

• Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia 

• New Zealand Mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) 

• Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) 

• Spring Viremia of Carp 

• Whirling Disease (Myxobolus cerebralis) 
49

PRIORITY CLASS 3 

Priority Class 3 species are not known to be established in Oklahoma and have a high 

potential for invasion and appropriate management techniques are available. 

Appropriate management for this class includes prevention of introductions and/or 

eradication of pioneering populations. 

• Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) 

• Didymo (Didymosphenia geminate) 

PRIORITY CLASS 4 

Priority Class 4 species are present and have the potential to spread in Oklahoma but 

there are management strategies available for these species. These species can be 

managed through actions that involve mitigation of impact, control of population size, 

and/or prevention of dispersal to other water bodies. 

• Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) 

• Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) 

• Exotic Water Flea (Daphnia lumholtzi) 

• Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) 

• Nutria (Myocastor coypus) 

• Largemouth Bass Virus 

• Rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) 

• Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans) 

• Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) 
50

H. Implementation Table Currently, Oklahoma has funding for the development of an aquatic nuisance species management planimplementation of the plan. Therefore, funding amounts on the implementation table will be dependent 

federal funding allocated after plan approval and securing funding from additional outside sources. 

Strategic Actions/Tasks Funds Lead Cooperative Recent ($000/FTE’s) 

Plan # Description Source Agency Agencies FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 Objective 1: Coordinate and implement a comprehensive management plan 

1A Coordinate ANS Management Programs 

1A1 Create and Fund an ANS Coor. ODWC 40/1 1A2 Create and Fund ANS staff ODWC 1A3 Develop ANS Training USFWS USACE, ODWC 1A4 Conduct Annual symposium in OK ODWC USACE, USFWS 1A5 Coordinate With tribal Govt. ODWC USFWS 1A6 Coord w/NGO’s & local governments ODWC USACE,USFWS 1A7 Assign priority class to all species ODWC USACE,USFWS 1A8 Develop definitions and terms ODWC USACE,USFWS 1A9 Authorize ANS Task Force in OK ODWC USFWS 

1B Support regional efforts for control of ANS in Oklahoma 

1B1 Identify AGENCY responsibilities ODWC USACE,USFWS 1B2 Support MRBP and WRP ODWC USFWS 1B3 Support 100th Meridian USFWS USACE, ODWC 1B4 Data Sharing on Regional Basis USFWS 

ODWC 

USACE, OCC, 

OU 

1B5 Support Zebra Mussel Task Force ODWC USACE,USFWS, 

OCC 

1B6 Support Golden Alga Task Force ODWC USACE, OCC, 

OU 

1B7 Support ANS Plant Task Force ODWC USACE, OCC 

1C Permanent Funding Mechanism 

1C1 Explore Funding Ideas ODWC 1C2 Establish ANS Foundation ODWC USFWS 

1D Evaluate ANS Plan Progress 

1D1 Conduct ANS Surveys ODWC USFWS, USACE 20/0.1 10/0.1 13/0.1 1D2 Establish Distribution Benchmark ODWC TNC 1D3 Publish & Distribute Annual Update ODWC USFWS, USACE 
51

Strategic Actions/Tasks Funds 

Source 

Lead 

Agency 

Cooperative 

Agencies 

Recent ($000/FTE’s) 

Plan # Description FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 

Objective 2: Prevent the introduction of new ANS into Oklahoma 

2A Identify ANS that have the greatest potential to infest Oklahoma 

2A1 Generate a regional list of ANS ODWC USFWS, USACE, 

TNC 

2A2 Compile ANS movement data ODWC USFWS, USACE 2A3 Identify transport pathways ODWC USFWS, USACE 

2B Establish approaches to prevent new ANS introductions 

2B1 Strengthen statutory authorities ODWC 2B2 Prohibit transport of ANS ODWC 2B3 Develop list of approved species ODWC USFWS, USACE 2B4 Increase awareness/enforcement ODWC USFWS, USACE, 

OCC, ODAFF 

2B5 Coordinate prevention ODWC USFWS, USACE, 

OCC 

Objective 3: Detect, monitor, and eradicate ANS 

3A Implement a surveillance and early detection program 

3A1 Annual survey of high-risk waters ODWC USACE, USFWS 20/0.1 10/0.1 13/0.1 3A2 Create & train citizen network ODWC USACE, USFWS, 

OCC, OSU 

3A3 Work with watershed council OCC 3A4 Distribute zm colonization substrates USFWS USACE 3A5 Support ANS monitoring by GRDA GRDA OCC, ODWC 5/0.1 5/0.1 3A6 Conduct surveillance flights ODWC 3A7 Conduct golden alga surveys OU, ODWC USACE, OWRB 

3B Develop an early response mechanism 

3B1 Develop emergency response plan ODWC USACE, USFWS 3B2 Fund & manage early response fund Leg., 

Gov., 

ANSTF 

3C Eradicate pioneering populations of ANS 

3C1 Treat hydrilla in Murray & Sooner ODWC, 

OTRD 

 1.5/0.1 1.5/0.1 
52

Strategic Actions/Tasks Funds Lead Cooperative Recent ($000/FTE’s) 

Plan # Description Source Agency Agencies FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 

Objective 4: Control and eradicate established ANS that have significant impacts 

4A Limit ANS dispersal across state ODWC USFWS, USACE 

4A1 Establish protocol for priority rank ODWC USFWS, USACE 4A2 Support research between state-fed ODWC USFWS, USACE 5/0.1 4A3 Coor. Strategies w/other agencies ODWC USFWS, USACE, 

OCC, DEQ 

4A4 Control strategies based on best info ODWC USFWS, USACE, 

DEQ 

4A5 Develop cleaning guidelines ODWC USFWS, USACE, 

DEQ 

10/0.1 
53

Strategic Actions/Tasks Funds Lead Cooperative Recent ($000/FTE’s) 

Plan # Description Source Agency Agencies FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 Objective 5: Educate resource user groups re: risks and impacts of ANS and how to reduce the h

5A Educate the public about ANS 

5A1 Incorporate ANS info in regulations ODWC USFWS, USACE 5A2 Create educational curriculum ODWC, 

OK 

Aquarium 

USFWS, USACE 20/0.1 

5A3 Produce press releases ODWC USFWS, USACE 5A4 Create articles, video & web media ODWC USFWS, USACE 5A5 Distribute information on ANS ODWC USFWS, USACE, 

OCC, DEQ 

5A6 Develop ANS identification cards ODWC USFWS, USACE 5A7 Develop a plant labeling system ODAFF USFWS, USACE 

5B Inform policy makers about the extent, impact, and potential for harm of ANS 

5B1 Conduct field trips for policymakers ODWC, 

ODAFF 

USFWS, USACE 

5B2 Produce a legislative ANS manual ODWC, 

ODAFF 

USFWS, USACE 

5C Train natural resource workers in identifying ANS 

5C1 Conduct ANS identification seminars ODWC, 

ODAFF 

USFWS, USACE, 

DEQ, OSU 

5D Educate private industry on the laws regulating and effects of ANS 

5D1 ANS pamphlet for nursery industry ODAFF 5D2 Distribute information on ANS ODWC, 

ODAFF 

OCC, DEQ 

5D3 Provide information to tournaments ODWC 1/0 
54

Strategic Actions/Tasks Funds Lead Cooperative Recent ($000/FTE’s) 

Plan # Description Source Agency Agencies FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 Objective 6: Conduct & support research on ANS and control measures 

6A Support research that identifies, predicts, and prioritizes potential ANS introductions 

6A1 Identify life histories and impacts ODWC, 

OU 

USFWS, USACE 192/3 445/3 271/3 

6A2 Identify critical data needs ODWC USFWS, USACE 6A3 Attend ANS-related conferences ODWC USFWS, USACE, 

OCC 

3/0 3/0 3/0 

6A4 Monitor on-going research efforts ODWC USFWS, USACE 

6B Research management alternatives for their effect on ANS and native species 

6B1 Human-induced disturbance vs. ANS ODWC USFWS, USACE 6B2 New methods of managing ANS ODWC USFWS, USACE 

6C Facilitate collection/ dispersal of ANS information, research results, and data 

6C1 Document ANS distribution ODWC USFWS, USACE, 

OCC, TNC 

6C2 Distribution list of ANS information ODWC USFWS, USACE, 

OCC 

6C3 Distribute ANS information via web ODWC USFWS, USACE, 

OCC, OSU, OU 
55

I. Program Monitoring and Evaluation 

Evaluation of Oklahoma’s ANS Management Program is vital to the program’s success. 

This plan is intended to be fluid, allowing for mid-course corrections as deemed 

appropriate (adaptive management). Meeting the plan’s stated objectives will require 

oversight, evaluation, and information dissemination. 

An oversight committee will be established upon plan approval by the ANS Task Force. 

This committee will be comprised of external publics (as identified during the plan 

review process); representatives from agencies with plan implementation 

responsibilities; political representation (either legislative or executive); and members of 

the Steering Committee. The role of this interagency committee would be to annually 

review progress toward meeting the plan’s stated objectives. The oversight committee 

should establish performance measures to assess the effectiveness of management 

actions. These measures could include: 

 whether or not objectives were met 

 rate of spread 

 total acreage of habitat occupied by ANS

 changes in abundance of ANS and concomitant decline of impacted species

 level of public awareness of ANS issues.

Identifying funding sources should be an important focus of the oversight committee. 

Prior to plan approval by the ANSTF, temporary performance measures were 

established for the Oklahoma Aquatic Nuisance Species Coordinator. These 

performance measures will be reviewed quarterly by the Fisheries Division 

administration of the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, and are subject to 

change by the oversight committee. 

Program monitoring is important, as unforeseen factors may impact the progress of 

management actions. Unforeseen physical, chemical, or biological stressors have the 

potential to affect the success of management objectives. Examples of potential 

stressors include climate change, natural disasters, and chemical spills. Events like 

these can alter aquatic ecosystems, making them more susceptible to invasion by 

opening new pathways or niches. In the case that these types of events occur, program 

monitoring will allow us to gauge whether management actions are still effective, or 

need to be altered. 

The ANS Coordinator will produce an annual report to be reviewed by the oversight 

committee and made available to all interested agencies and publics. The report should 

focus on the successes in achieving the objectives of the ANS plan and include 

recommendations for future management actions. The report should also recommend 

and justify any shifts in strategies deemed appropriate. 
56

J. Glossary

Accidental introduction: An introduction of non-indigenous aquatic species that 

occurs as the result of activities other than the purposeful or intentional introduction of 

the species involved, such as the transport of non-indigenous species in ballast water or 

in water used to transport fish, mollusks, or crustaceans for aquaculture or other 

purposes. 

Aquatic nuisance species (ANS): A species that is non-native to the affected 

ecosystem and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or 

environmental harm or harm to human health. This term is synonymous with an 

“invasive species” as defined by Executive Order 13112. 

Baitfish: Fish species commonly sold for use as bait for recreational fishing. 

Ballast water: Any water or associated sediments used to manipulate the trim and 

stability of a vessel. 

Control: Limiting the distribution and abundance of a species. 

Ecological integrity: The extent to which an ecosystem has been altered by human 

behavior; an ecosystem with minimal impact from human activity has a high level of 

integrity; an ecosystem that has been substantially altered by human activity has a low 

level of integrity. 

Environmentally sound: Methods, efforts, actions, or programs to prevent 

introductions or to control infestations of ANS that minimize adverse environmental 

impacts. 

Eradicate: The act or process of eliminating an ANS. 

Exotic: Any species or other biological material that enters an ecosystem beyond its 

historic range on the continent. 

Great Lakes: Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron (including Lake St. Clair), Lake 

Michigan, Lake Superior, and the connecting channels (Saint Mary's River, Saint Clair 

River, Detroit River, Niagara River, and Saint Lawrence River to the Canadian Border), 

and includes all other bodies of water within the drainage basin of such lakes and 

connecting channels. 

Infested: Any waterbody where an aquatic nuisance species is known to occur. 

Intentional introduction: All or part of the process by which a non-indigenous species 

is purposefully introduced into a new area. 

Native: A plant or animal species that naturally occurs in Oklahoma and has not been 

introduced outside of its historic range. 
57

Non-indigenous species: Any species or other variable biological material that enters 

an ecosystem beyond its historic range. 

Pioneer infestation: A small ANS colony that has spread to a new area from an 

established colony. 

Population: A group of individual plant or animal species occupying a particular area at 

the same time. 

Transplant: A species that is native to Oklahoma but has been moved outside its native 

range.
58

K. Literature Cited

Belanger, S.E., J.L. Farris, D.S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1985. Sediment Preference 

Of The Freshwater Asiatic Clam, Corbicula Fluminea. The Nautilus 99(2-3):66-

73. 

Benson, A.J. E. Maynard, and D. Raikow. 2005. Daphnia lumholtzi . Non-indigenous 

Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. 

Benson, A. J., P. L. Fuller, and C. C. Jacono. 2001. Summary report of non-indigenous 

aquatic species in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 4. USFWS report. 

Arlington, VA. 

Boileau, M. G. 1985. The expansion of white perch Morone americana in the Lower 

Great Lakes. Fisheries 10(1):6–10. 

Burkhead, N. M., and J. D. Williams. 1991. An intergeneric hybrid of a native minnow, 

the golden shiner, and an exotic minnow, the rudd. Transactions of the American 

Fisheries Society 120:781–795. 

Courtenay, W.R., and J.D. Williams. 2004. Snakehead (Pisces, Channidae): A 

biological synopsis and risk assessment. USGS Circular 1251. 

Dzialowski, A. R., W. J. O'Brien and S. M. Swaffar. 2000. Range expansion and 

potential dispersal mechanisms of the exotic cladoceran Daphnia lumholtzi. 

Journal of Plankton Research 22(12):2205-2223. 

Freeze, M. and S. Henderson. 1982. Distribution and status of the bighead carp and 

silver carp in Arkansas. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 

2(2):197-200. 

Gottfried, P.K., and Osborne, A. 1982. Distribution, abundance and size of Corbicula 

manilensis (Philippi) in a spring-fed central Florida stream. ID 1652. 

Hargrave, C.W. and K. B. Gido. 2004. Evidence of reproduction by exotic grass carp in 

the Red and Washita Rivers, Oklahoma. Southwestern Naturalist 49:89-93. 

Havel, J.E. and J.B. Shurin. 2004. Mechanisms, effects, and scales of dispersal in 

freshwater zooplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 49: 1220-1238. 

Heard, W.R. 1959. Live bait imports: Chrosomus eos and Eucalia inconstans as 

potential additions to Oklahoma's fish fauna. Proceedings of the Oklahoma 

Academy of Science (for 1956) 37:47-48. 

Hushak, L. J., Y. Deng, and M. Bielen. 1995. The Cost of Zebra Mussel Monitoring and 

Control. Aquatic Nuisance Species Digest 1(1). 

Jenkinson, J.J. 1979. The Occurrence And Spread Of Corbicula Manilensis In Eastcentral Alabama. Nautilus 94(4):149-153. 
59

Kolar, C.S., D.C. Chapman, W.R. Courtenay, C.M. Housel, J.D. Williams, and D.P. 

Jennings. 2005. Asian carps of the genus Hypophthalmichthys (Pisces, 

Cyprinidae) ― a biological synopsis and environmental risk assessment. Report 

to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Geological Survey, LaCrosse, WI. 184 

pages. 

Lachner, E. A., C. R. Robins, and W. R. Courtenay, Jr. 1970. Exotic fishes and other 

aquatic organisms introduced into North America. Smithsonian Contributions to 

Zoology 59:1-29. 

Lodge, D. M., C. A. Taylor, D. M. Holdich, J. Skurdal. 2000. Non-indigenous crayfishes 

threaten North American freshwater biodiversity: lessons from Europe. Fisheries 

25(8):7–20. 

Mandrak, N.E. and B. Cudmore. 2004. Risk assessment for Asian carps in Canada. 

Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat, Department of Fisheries and Oceans 

Canada. Burlington, Ontario. Research Document 2004/103. 48 pages. 

Moore, G. A., and C. D. Riggs. 1963. Checklist of known Oklahoma fishes. Pages 41-44 

in Oklahoma Wildlife Commission. Know Your Oklahoma Fishes. Department of 

Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma City, OK. 

Nico, L. G., and P. Fuller. 2003. Rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus fact sheet. 

USGS Non-indigenous aquatic species database. Gainsville, FL. 

Nico, L. G., and P. Fuller. 2004. Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus fact sheet. 

USGS Non-indigenous aquatic species database. Gainsville, FL. 

Nico. L., P. Fuller, and P.J. Schofield. 2006. Ctenopharyngodon idella. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. Available: 

http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.asp?speciesID=514. Revision date: 

2/2/2006. 

Nico, L.G., J.D. Williams, and H.L. Jelks. 2005. Black carp: biological synopsis and risk 

assessment of an introduced fish. American Fisheries Society, Special 

Publication 32. Bethesda, Maryland. 

Nico L.G. and J.D. Williams. 1996. Risk assessment on black carp (Pisces: Cyprinidae). 

Final Report to the Risk Assessment and Management Committee of the 

ANSTF. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Gainesville, 

Florida. 

Pigg, J., J. Stahl, M. Ambler, and J. Smith,. 1997. Two Potential Sources of Exotic Fish 

in Oklahoma. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 73:67. 

Pigg, J., J. Smith, and M. Ambler. 1997. Additional records of bighead carp, 

Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, in Oklahoma waters. Proceedings of the Oklahoma 

Academy of Science 77:123. 
60

Pimentel, D., L. Lach, R. Zuniga, and D. Morrison. 2000. Environmental and economic 

costs of non-indigenous species in the United States. BioScience 50:53-65. 

Rendall, W. 1997. Non-indigenous species and upcoming guidelines for prevention. 

Aquatic Nuisance Species Digest 2 (2): 13, 18-19. 

Richards, D. C. 2002. The New Zealand mudsnail invades. Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Digest Vol. 4(4):42-44. 

Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1990. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin of the 

Fisheries Research board of Canada 184. 966 pp. 

Stites, D.L., A.C. Benke, and D.M. Gillespie. 1995. Population Dynamics, Growth, and 

Production Of The Asiatic Clam, Corbicula Fluminea, In A Blackwater River. 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries And Aquatic Sciences 52:425-437. 

Trometer, E. S., Busch, W. D. N. 1999: Changes in Age-0 Fish Growth and Abundance 

Following the Introduction of Zebra Mussels Dreissena polymorpha in the 

Western Basin of Lake Erie. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 

19:604–609. 

 

U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment. 1993. Harmful non-indigenous 

species in the United States,OTA-F-565. Washington, DC. 

USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2002. Conserving America’s fisheries: 

Fisheries Program vision for the future. U.S. Department of the Interior. 27 

pages. Available: www.fws.gov/pacific/Fisheries/Docs/VisionDocument.PDF 

Woodling, J. 1985. Colorado's little fish: a guide to the minnows and other lesser known 

fishes in the state of Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, CO. 77 pp. 

Wu, L., and D. A. Culver. 1991. Zooplankton grazing and phytoplankton abundance: An 

assessment before and after invasion of Dreissena polymorpha. Journal of Great 

Lakes Research 17: 425-436. 
61

Appendix A

List of non-indigenous* and transplanted** species in Oklahoma 

Group Scientific Name Common Name Non-Indigenous/ 

Transplant 

AmphibiansFrogs Eleutherodactylus planirostris Greenhouse Frog Non-indigenous 

AmphibiansFrogs Hyla cinerea Green Treefrog Non-indigenous 

CoelenteratesHydrozoans Craspedacusta sowerbyi freshwater jellyfish Non-indigenous 

CrustaceansCladocerans Daphnia lumholtzi water flea Non-indigenous 

CrustaceansCopepods Eurytemora affinis calanoid copepod Non-indigenous 

CrustaceansCrayfish Procambarus clarkii red swamp crayfish Non-indigenous 

Fishes Ambloplites rupestris rock bass Transplant 

Fishes Ameiurus nebulosus brown bullhead Transplant 

Fishes Astyanax fasciatus banded astyanax Non-indigenous 

Fishes Astyanax mexicanus Mexican tetra Non-indigenous 

Fishes Campostoma oligolepis largescale stoneroller Transplant 

Fishes Carassius auratus goldfish Non-indigenous 

Fishes Ctenopharyngodon idella grass carp Non-indigenous 

Fishes Culaea inconstans brook stickleback Non-indigenous 

Fishes Cyprinella whipplei steelcolor shiner Transplant 

Fishes Cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis Red River pupfish Transplant 

Fishes Cyprinus carpio common carp Non-indigenous 

Fishes Dorosoma petenense threadfin shad Transplant 

Fishes Fundulus catenatus northern studfish Transplant 

Fishes Hiodon tergisus mooneye Transplant 

Fishes Hypophthalmichthys nobilis bighead carp Non-indigenous 

Fishes Ictalurus furcatus blue catfish Transplant 

Fishes Lepomis auritus redbreast sunfish Transplant 

Fishes Lepomis microlophus redear sunfish Transplant 

Fishes Menidia beryllina inland silverside Transplant 

Fishes Micropterus dolomieu smallmouth bass Transplant 

Fishes Micropterus salmoides floridanus Florida largemouth bass Transplant 

Fishes Morone americana white perch Non-indigenous 

Fishes Morone chrysops x saxatilis wiper Non-indigenous 

Fishes Morone saxatilis striped bass Non-indigenous 

Fishes Notropis bairdi Red River shiner Transplant 

Fishes Notropis blennius river shiner Transplant 

Fishes Notropis boops bigeye shiner Transplant 

Fishes Notropis girardi Arkansas River shiner Transplant 

Fishes Notropis nubilus Ozark minnow Transplant 

Fishes Notropis potteri chub shiner Transplant 

Fishes Notropis shumardi silverband shiner Transplant 

Fishes Oncorhynchus mykiss rainbow trout Non-indigenous 

Fishes Oreochromis aureus blue tilapia Non-indigenous 

Fishes Perca flavescens yellow perch Non-indigenous 

Fishes Percina macrolepida bigscale logperch Transplant 

Fishes Phoxinus eos northern redbelly dace Transplant 

Fishes Piaractus brachypomus pirapatinga, red-bellied pacu Non-indigenous 

Fishes Pimephales promelas fathead minnow Transplant 

Fishes Pygocentrus nattereri red piranha Non-indigenous

Fishes Pygocentrus or Serrasalmus sp. unidentified piranha Non-indigenous 

Fishes Salmo trutta brown trout Non-indigenous 
62

Group Scientific Name Common Name Non-Indigenous/ 

Transplant

Fishes Sander vitreus walleye Non-indigenous 

Fishes Scardinius erythrophthalmus rudd Non-indigenous 

Fishes Tinca tinca tench Non-indigenous 

Fishes Umbra limi central mudminnow Non-indigenous 

Fishes Xiphophorus helleri green swordtail Non-indigenous 

Mammals Myocastor coypus nutria Non-indigenous 

MollusksBivalves Corbicula fluminea Asian clam Non-indigenous 

MollusksBivalves Dreissena polymorpha zebra mussel Non-indigenous 

MollusksGastropods Cipangopaludina japonica Japanese mysterysnail Non-indigenous 

MollusksGastropods Pomacea paludosa Florida applesnail Non-indigenous 

Plants Alternanthera philoxeroides alligatorweed Non-indigenous 

Plants Landoltia (Spirodela) punctata dotted duckweed Non-indigenous 

Plants Ludwigia hexapetala Uruguay seedbox Non-indigenous 

Plants Lythrum salicaria purple loosestrife Non-indigenous 

Plants Myriophyllum aquaticum parrot-feather Non-indigenous 

Plants Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian water-milfoil Non-indigenous 

Plants Najas minor brittle naiad Non-indigenous 

Plants Nasturtium officinale water-cress Non-indigenous 

Plants Nymphoides peltata yellow floating-heart Non-indigenous 

Plants Marsilea quadripholia water clover Non-indigenous 

Plants Potamogeton crispus curly pondweed Non-indigenous 

ReptilesCrocodilians Alligator mississippiensis American Alligator Transplant 

ReptilesCrocodilians Caiman crocodilus Common Caiman Non-indigenous 

*Non-indigenous: not native to OK; **Transplant: native to OK but moved outside native range 
63

Appendix B 

ANS Steering Committee and Technical Advisors 

Steering Committee

Ashley Foster Bill Wentroth 

Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Coordinator 

North Central Regional Fisheries 

Supervisor 

Oklahoma Dept of Wildlife 

Conservation 

Oklahoma Dept of Wildlife 

Conservation 

P.O. Box 53465 417 S. Silverdale Lane 

Oklahoma City, OK 73152 Ponca City, OK 74604 

afoster@odwc.state.ok.us odwc@cableone.net 

 

Jeff Boxrucker Gene Gilliland 

Assistant Chief of Fisheries Division Central Regional Fisheries Supervisor 

Oklahoma Dept of Wildlife 

Conservation 

Oklahoma Dept of Wildlife 

Conservation 

P.O. Box 53465 500 E. Constellation 

Oklahoma City, OK 73152 Norman, OK 73072 

jboxrucker@odwc.state.ok.us ggillokla@aol.com 

 

Technical Advisors

Zebra Mussel Task Force 

Everett Laney Jeff Tompkins 

Biologist Natural Resource Specialist 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 

1645 S 101 E Ave. 420 W. Main, Suite 630 

Tulsa, OK 74128 Oklahoma City, OK 73102 

everett.laney@usace.army.mil jtompkins@gp.usbr.gov 

 

Bob Pitman Caryn Vaughn 

Region II ANS Coordinator Heritage Biologist/Assistant Professor 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oklahoma Biological Survey 

P.O. Box 1306, Rm 3118 University of Oklahoma 

Albuquerque, NM 87103-1306 111 E. Chesapeake St. 

bob_pitman@fws.gov Norman, OK 73109-5112 

 cvaughn @ou.edu 

 

Brooks Tramell Marley Beam 

Monitoring Coordinator Area Extension Aquaculture Specialist 

Oklahoma Conservation 

Commission 

Oklahoma Cooperative Extension 

Service 

2800 N. Lincoln Blvd. 008C Ag Hall 

Oklahoma City, Ok 72105 Stillwater, OK 74078 

brookst@okcc.state.ok.us marley.beem@okstate.edu 

 
64

Randy Parham Chuck Potts 

Oklahoma Dept of Environmental 

Quality 

Senior Environmental Program 

Specialist 

P.O. Box 1677 Oklahoma Water Resources Board 

Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677 3800 N. Classen Blvd 

randy.parham@deq.state.ok.us Oklahoma City, OK 73118 

 cpotts@owrb.state.ok.us 

 

Joe Bidwell Jim Schooley 

Assistant Professor Professor of Biological Sciences 

Department of Zoology Northeastern State University 

Oklahoma State University Science 309 

430 Life Sciences West Tahlequah, OK 

Stillwater, OK 74078 Schooley@nsuok.edu 

bidwelj@okstate.edu 

 

Conrad Kleinholz Kara Williams 

Research Professor Oklahoma Dept of Environmental 

Langston University Quality 

P.O. Box 1730 P.O. Box 1677 

Langston, OK 73050 Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677 

cklein@luresext.edu Kara.Williams@deq.state.ok.us 

 

ANS Plant Task Force 

Jeanetta Cooper Paul Koenig 

Oklahoma Dept. of Agriculture Oklahoma Water Resources Board 

P.O. Box 528804 3800 N. Classen 

Oklahoma City, OK 73105-4298 Oklahoma City, OK 73118 

jcooper@oda.state.ok.us pdkoenig@owrb.state.ok.us 

 

TBA Jon Craig 

South Central Regional 

Supervisor 

Oklahoma Dept of Environmental 

Quality 

Oklahoma Dept. Wildlife Conservation P.O. Box 1677 

2021 Caddo Hwy. Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677 

Caddo, OK 74729-3807 jon.craig@deq.state.ok.us 

 

Michael Smart Bruce Hoagland 

Ecologist Heritage Biologist/Assistant Professor 

USACE LAERF Oklahoma Biological Survey 

Lewisville, TX 111 E. Chesapeake St. 

msmart@LAERF.org Norman, OK 73109-5112 

 bhoagland @ou.edu 

Jim Harris 

USACE 

1645 S. 101 E. Ave. 

Tulsa, OK 74128 

 
65

Steve Burrough Precious Peoples 

National Park Service National Park Service 

Chickasaw National Recreation Area Chickasaw National Recreation Area 

P.O. Box 201 P.O. Box 201 

Sulphur, OK 73086 Sulphur, OK 73086 

steve_burrough@nps.gov Precious_peoples@nps.gov 

 

Carol Jackson Mark Teders 

Lake Murray State Park Lake Murray State Park 

18407 Scenic State Hwy 77 18407 Scenic State Hwy 77 

Ardmore, OK 74401 Ardmore, OK 74401 

cjackson@otrd.state.ok.us markttnc@arbuckleonline.com 

At-Large Technical Advisors 

Larry Weider Dave Hambright 

Director/Assistant Professor Assistant Professor 

University of Oklahoma Biological 

Station 

University of Oklahoma Biological 

Station 

HC 71, Box 205 HC 71, Box 205 

Kingston, OK 73439 Kingston, OK 73439 

lweider@ou.edu dhambright@ou.edu 

 

Darrell Townsend Brent Bristow 

Superintendent of Ecosystems Fishery Biologist 

Development Fisheries Resources Office 

Grand River Dam Authority U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

P.O. Box 409 5701 W. Hwy. 7 

Vinita, OK 74301 Tishomingo, OK 73460 

dtounsend@grda.com brent_bristow@fws.gov 

 

David Martinez John Schutte 

Ecological Services Senior Staff Envirochemist 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company 

9014 E. 21st

 St. schuttjm@oge.com 

Tulsa, OK 74129 

david_martinez@fws.gov 

 

Marilyn Barrett O’Leary Richard Standage 

Southeast Aquatic Resources 

Partnership 

Fisheries Program Manager 

U.S. Forest Service 

Louisiana Sea Grant College 

Program 

Ouachita National Forest 

P.O. Box 1270 

Louisiana State University Hot Springs, AR 71902-1270 

Wetland Resources Bldg. rstandage@fs.fed.us 

Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7507 

moleary@lsu.edu 

 
66

Tony Clyde Lee Sanders 

USACE Oklahoma BASS Federation Nation 

1645 S. 101 E. Ave. Triton2lee@brightok.net 

Tulsa, OK 74128 

Tony.clyde@usace.army.mil 

 

Meredith Lee Joe Anderson 

Education Outreach Coordinator Oklahoma Aquarium Association 

Oklahoma Scenic Rivers 

Commission 

Oklahomaaquariumassociation@qmail.

com 

osrc2@fullnet.net 

 

Richard Cartlidge Phil Coventon 

Oklahoma Anglers Unlimited Prairie Fly Fishers 

2300 E. Coleman Rd. pcoventon@cox.net 

Ponca City, OK 74604 

chairman@oauinfo.org 

 

John Money Doss Briggs 

Oklahoma Aquarium Oklahoma Anglers Unlimited 

jmoney@okaquarium.org dbriggs@3riversl.com 

 

Ellen Tejan Karen R. Hickman 

The Nature Conservancy Associate Professor 

2727 E 21st

 St. Department of Natural Resource 

Suite 102 Ecology and Management 

Tulsa, OK 74114 Oklahoma State University 

etejan@tnc.org 008C Agricultural Hall 

 Stillwater, OK 74078 

 Karen.hickman@okstate.edu 

 

Susan Hooks George Luker 

Forest Botanist Research Professor 

U.S. Forest Service Langston University 

Ouachita National Forest P.O. Box 1730 

P.O. Box 1270 Langston, OK 73050 

Hot Springs, AR 71902-1270 gluker@luresext.edu 

shooks@fs.fed.us 

 

Steve Carol 

Oklahoma Striper Association 

Steve@OKFishingGuide.com 
67

Appendix C: 

OKLAHOMA HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM 

RESPONSE PLAN 

OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION 

NATURAL RESOURCES SECTION 

December 7, 2005 

Table of Contents 

Section Title Page 

Background..........................................................2 

Introduction..........................................................2 

Objectives............................................................3

Golden Alga, Prymnesium parvum........................4 

 

Notification 

 Initial Response 

 Contacts for P. parvum confirmation 

 Public health concerns 

 Surveillance 

 Announcing the End of a Bloom 

Blue Green Algae...............................................10 

 

Notification 

 Initial Response 

 Contact for Species Confirmation 

 Effects on Wildlife 

 Surveillance 

 Announcing the End of a Bloom 

OKLAHOMA HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM (HAB) RESPONSE PLAN 
68

BACKGROUND 

Concern among state and federal agencies in Oklahoma for the effect of harmful algal 

blooms on fish and wildlife and human health has grown since the first reported HAB 

related death in the United States. On July 2002 in Dane County Wisconsin a group of 

children took a midnight swim in a golf course pond. All experienced acute diarrhea and 

abdominal pains, one child died of a seizure. The algal toxin, Anatoxin-a, found in a 

sample of the boy’s tissue was enough to have caused all the symptoms experienced 

by the group, including death. The alga in the pond was Anabaena flos-aquae. 

Anatoxins and Saxitoxins are predominately produced by the blue green algae genus of 

Anabaena and Aphanizomenon. Microcystin is the algae toxin of most concern in the 

United States. This toxin, although produced by a variety of blue-green algae species, 

is predominately linked to the blue-green algae genus Microcystis. Microcystin has 

been implicated in the deaths of 18 livestock last year in Utah. 49 dialysis patients in 

Brazil died after inadvertent exposure to 19.5 μg/L microcystin via the potable water 

supply. The symptoms and subsequent liver damage were identical to that found with 

previous laboratory animal experiments involving microcystin exposure. The State of 

Nebraska has 20μg/L threshold (recreational exposure) for beach closings. New York’s 

threshold for (recreational exposure) beach closures is 6 μg/L of microcystin. 

Cylindrospermopsis is another algae toxin of concern. This blue-green algae toxin, 

cylindrospermopsin, was implicated in the fish kills of three lakes in Arizona last 

summer. The release of this toxin from a bloom treated with copper sulfate caused the 

hospitalization of over 100 children after drinking potable water in Australia. 

The icthyotoxin producing “Golden Alga”, Prymnesium parvum, has caused fish kills in 

Lake Texoma and Altus City Lake and major fish kills in lake across Texas. The Texas 

fish kills have caused significant economic and recreational losses. Its current 

distribution is spreading in southwestern Oklahoma. Environmental variables that 

trigger blooms, toxin release and toxin release are not well understood. However, 

research into the life history, life cycle, necessary environmental conditions and control 

and management continues to be the focus of some funding sources. Further, the 

ODWC is monitoring for P. parvum on Lake Texoma and other high risk waterbodies in 

an attempt to collect vital environmental data and determine whether cells are present. 

INTRODUCTION 

Most HAB events are revealed primarily through investigation of fish and/or wildlife kills. 

Potentially harmful algal cells can also be identified through probabilistic sampling as 

proposed by the Oklahoma Water Resources Board (OWRB) or through routine 

monitoring by other agencies. A one-year generic HAB sample regime conducted by 

the OWRB indicated most all eutrophic reservoirs in Oklahoma have the potential for 

algae toxin production. A response plan is essential in conducting investigations into 

HABs whether to confirm algal toxins have been released into the environment or 

identify another source of injury or death. 

This contingency plan is intended for state and federal agencies or organizations that 

are required to respond to environmental events that cause harm to fish and wildlife, 

water quality or human health. This document may also help members of the media, 
69

public, researchers, and other local, state and federal organizations understand how 

Oklahoma responds to HABs. Further, this response plan reflects the plan objectives of 

adjacent states (i.e., Texas). 

OBJECTIVES 

1. To ensure all environmental resource agencies and other organizations are 

prepared to investigate and manage response to HAB events; 

2. To ensure public health and environmental safety through effective and 

coordinated response, including monitoring, research, and assessment during 

HABs and related fish mortality events 

3. To help in communication efforts with the public and other affected parties; 

4. To support HAB research on conditions favoring these outbreaks, human 

health threats, and possible control options; 

5. Provide adjacent states with Oklahoma’s plan of action if HAB events should 

occur across state boundaries or in a shared waterbody. 

Golden alga, Prymnesium parvum 

Background (Golden Alga) 

Harmful algal blooms are ubiquitous world wide in marine and freshwater systems. The 

state of Texas has documented fish kills from golden alga, P. parvum, in inland waters 

since 1985. The spread of P. parvum has had significant ecological and economic 

ramifications to Texas water bodies, which resulted in the creation of a Texas Parks and 

Wildlife Golden Alga Response Team. 

In January 2004, the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation (ODWC) biologists 

documented a large fish kill in a tributary to the Red River. The Red River is a major 

tributary of Lake Texoma Reservoir and is a Public and Private Water Supply (PPWS). 

In August of 2004, a significant fish kill in Altus City Lake, also a public water supply, 

was reported by ODWC regional staff members. Both events resulted in the loss of 

thousands of fish and potential threat of recurring blooms in subsequent months. 

The fish kill at Lake Texoma spawned the Oklahoma Golden Alga Task Force (OGART) 

which consists of members from Oklahoma resource agencies, other states (i.e., 

Texas), federal agencies and academia. The purpose of OGART is to implement 

appropriate response protocols and provide proactive solutions to Prymnesium parvum

(P. parvum) blooms in Lake Texoma and other waterbodies that may be at risk. 

Primary components of OGART include response, control and management, water 

quality, research and laboratory techniques. The ODWC has also provided general 

information about golden alga on the ODWC website 

www.wildlifedepartment.com/index.htm and a link to the Texas parks and Wildlife 

Department (TPWD) website at www.tpwd.state.tx.us/hab/ga/ 

Notification (Golden Alga) 

Dead and dying fish usually trigger a phone call to the ODWC , although the cause of 

the injury is often unknown by the caller. Golden alga blooms are typically associated 
70

with fish that are piping at the surface, dead fish, discolored water and foam along the 

shoreline. If any of these symptoms are observed, notifications should be made to the 

ODWC natural resources section. See Appendix A for a general call down list, ODWC 

regional fisheries office locations and contacts, and list of ODWC game wardens for 

Oklahoma. In the event of a large fish kill or event, assistance from other state and 

federal agencies as well as local officials may be necessary. A list of these 

agencies/officials is in Appendix A. A significant bloom may include any of the following 

indicators: 

1. fish kill that is greater than 1,000 fish; 

2. presence of dying fish; 

3. presence of dead or stressed freshwater mussels and/or other wildlife; 

4. discoloration of the water; 

5. foam on the surface of the water; 

6. presence of P. parvum cells in the water column; 

7. presence of toxins in the water column; 

8. percentage of P. parvum cells is the dominant algal species. 

Initial Response (Golden Alga) 

Most of the indicators listed above will not be obvious to the caller or the first responder. 

If a golden algal bloom is suspected, the first course of action is to confirm the presence 

or absence of p. parvum cells. The following guidelines are for use when collecting and 

transporting water samples: 

Live and preserved samples should be collected. Samples for confirmation should 

initially be from at least three sites. Water should be collected in clean plastic or glass 

containers. Be sure to rinse bottles of any prior substance before using. Preferably, 

plastic HPDE 60 ml bottles should be used for all collections. Sampling depth should be 

elbow-deep, or one (1) foot below the surface. 

-Preserved Samples

Collect 50-100 ml and preserve with buffered Lugol’s solution to the amber 

color similar to weak iced tea (1-2 drops per 100 ml). Keep the samples 

refrigerated or on ice, if possible and in the dark until analysis. Samples 

should be preserved in the field immediately after collection. Put sample in 

Ziploc bag to avoid leaks. Include another copy of collection information in a 

separate Ziploc bag in case of a leak. 

-Live Samples 

Collect 50-100 ml sample in a clean container, wrap in wet paper and 

maintain as close as possible to water temperature at collection, but do not 

allow the samples to overheat. Live samples should not be refrigerated or put 

on ice. Sample container should be completely full with no air space. 

Microscopic analysis should be done the same day as collection or as soon 

as possible thereafter. Put sample in Ziploc bag to avoid leaks. Include 
71

another copy of collection information in a separate Ziploc bag in case of a 

leak. 

1. Each sample should be marked with the following information: 

• Waterbody 

• Site/location 

• Date 

• Type of analysis (i.e., p. parvum, toxin, etc.) 

2. In addition to information contained on the bottle, sample submissions should 

be accompanied by a Chain of Custody (COC). See form A in Appendix B. 

3. Samples should be collected for water chemistry analysis. Additionally, other 

parameters should be collected in the field. The following is a list of 

parameters that should be analyzed in the laboratory with each P. parvum

collection event. Form B found in Appendix B should be used to record all 

information. 

Sulfate Total Suspended Solids Turbidity 

Nitrogen, Ammonia as N Nitrogen, Kjeldahl Calcium 

Nitrogen, Nitrate as N Nitrogen, Nitrite as N Magnesium 

Phosphorus, Ortho as P Phosphorus, Total P 

Total Alkalinity Total Hardness 

• Three samples per site should be collected in 1 liter HPDE plastic 

containers. One sample should contain no preservative. The other two 

samples should contain nitric acid and sulfuric acid as provided by a 

certified laboratory. All samples should be transported on ice immediately 

to the ODEQ laboratory in Oklahoma City or other approved laboratory 

after verifying with Ferrella March, Natural Resources Section, transport 

and change of custody. Contact information for ODEQ follows: 

Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality 

707 N. Robinson 

Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677 

405-702-1000 

• The following parameters should be collected in the field if using an YSI 

85, Hydrolab, or other comparable equipment. 

Dissolved Oxygen 

% Oxygen 

Specific Conductance 

Salinity 

Water temperature 

pH 

• Other observations should be included on Form B which include: 
72

Cloud Cover Secchi Depth 

Wave Condition pH 

Air Temperature GPS Location 

Wind Speed Wind Direction 

4. All samples should be coordinated through the following person: 

Buck Ray 

Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation 

Oklahoma City Zoo Office 

405-424-6062 

5. When a fish kill is involved, ODWC staff should document the kill using the 

American Fisheries Society Special Publication 30: Investigation and 

Monetary Values of Fish and Freshwater Mussel kills and modifications 

reflected in the ODWC Fish and Mussel Kill Protocol. This protocol involves 

counting, identifying and size classification (inch or lbs depending on size). 

Documentation of such kills will enable the ODWC to provide economic and 

recreational loss values. Form C in Appendix B can be used to record such 

information. 

6. In the event of a significant kill that requires additional time, personnel, or 

other agencies, the incident command system (ICS) should be implemented. 

Natural Resources will coordinate this effort and identify command posts. 

7. Dead fish and wildlife should be disposed of consistent with local regulations 

and state statutes. The ODWC is not responsible for clean up or disposal of 

carcasses. 

Media Strategy (Golden Alga) 

ODWC Media Contact: Micah Holmes - Information Supervisor (405-522-4872). 

In the event of a serious fish kill, this crisis response plan is designed to educate and 

inform the public, particularly anglers and other user groups, about golden alga 

blooms in Oklahoma. 

The ODWC Media Contact should be made aware of any potential golden alga blooms 

by Buck Ray or Barry Bolton (Fisheries Division). Good communication between the 

Media Contact and the biologists is critical to the success of the media response plan. If 

the bloom occurs at Lake Texoma, the Media Contact will contact Steve Lightfoot, with 

TPWD, so that communication efforts can be complementary. 

The Media Contact will coordinate with other agency personnel to draft three separate 

information items 

• A fact sheet with known location and effects of the bloom to be distributed to agency 

personnel and other cooperating agencies 

• A new release to be distributed to selected media outlets. 
73

• Talking points for agency personnel that may be talking with the media. These points 

will guide individuals to focus on certain issues (such as perspective of the severity 

of the kill, not harmful to humans, economic impact, etc...). 

If possible, all media calls should be funneled through the Media Contact who will then 

get them in contact with the appropriate person (biologist, Fisheries Chief, etc...). 

If necessary, the Media Contact will establish an on-site presence at the lake where the 

bloom occurred and notify Rich Fuller with the ODWC Information and Education 

Division for potential video coverage. 

The Media Contact will call local media outlets to brief them on the current situation. 

If appropriate the Media Coordinator will coordinate a news conference. At the 

conference a basic media kit will be provided including the golden alga brochure, press 

release, B-roll ready for television coverage, lake map etc... 

The Media Contact will communicate with ODWC personnel to place information on the 

Web site or “Outdoor Oklahoma” television show. 

If needed, the Media Contact will assist Fisheries personnel in coordinating and 

promoting a public meeting with local citizens, marina operators and anglers. 

The Media Contact will coordinate with Buck Ray announcing the end of a bloom. 

Public Health Concerns (Golden Alga) 

During a bloom, golden alga may release toxins in sufficient quantities to kill fish and 

other gill breathing animals that come in contact with it. However, there is no evidence 

that golden alga has lethal effects on other organisms or humans. 

Even though golden alga is not linked to human health issues, the ODWC 

strongly recommends that people should not pick up dead or dying fish for 

consumption. 

Monitoring (Golden Alga) 

Surveillance of golden alga cells in affected waterbodies should continue until the bloom 

has completed its cycle. However, long term monitoring should be considered in water 

bodies that have been previously affected for the following reasons: 1) to identify the 

early stages of a bloom; 2) collect important water quality information to determine 

possible trigger mechanisms and predict when subsequent blooms are likely to occur. 

All monitoring should be coordinated through the Natural Resources Section. 

Blue-green Algae, Cyanobacteria 

Background (Blue-green Algae) 
74

Blue-green algae are also called cyanobacteria because they are biologically similar to 

bacteria in many ways. As single cells, large colonies and filaments, blue-green algae 

grow in a wide variety of conditions and can become the dominant algae in nutrient-rich 

water bodies. One of the characteristics of these cyanobacteria is their ability to form 

blooms. When a bloom occurs, the water appears to be blue-green in color and can 

cause taste and odor problems in water supplies. More importantly, blue-green algae 

can produce toxins that can have human health implications and can cause toxicity in 

fish, wildlife, domestic animals and livestock. Anatoxins and Saxitoxins are 

predominately produced by the blue green algae genus of Anabaena and 

Aphanizomenon. Microcystin is the algae toxin of most concern in the United States. 

This toxin, although produced by a variety of blue-green algae species, is predominately 

linked to the blue-green algae genus Microcystis. Awareness is a growing need to 

ensure blue-green algal toxins do not affect water treatment plants without being 

adequately removed or affect. Likewise, it is important that blue green algae blooms 

are monitored due to the increasing levels of nutrients that currently being introduced 

into Oklahoma’s waterbodies. 

Notification (Blue-green Algae) 

Dead and dying fish or wildlife usually triggers a phone call to the ODWC, although the 

cause of the injury is often unknown by the caller. Blue-green algae blooms are 

typically associated thick scum on the surface of the water that looks like blue-green 

paint. If such symptoms are observed, notifications should be made to the ODWC 

natural resources section. See Appendix A for a general call down list, ODWC regional 

fisheries office locations and contacts, and list of ODWC game wardens for Oklahoma. 

In the event of a large fish kill or event, assistance from other state and federal agencies 

as well as local officials may be necessary. A list of these agencies/officials is in 

Appendix A. A significant bloom may include any of the following indicators: 

1. fish kill that is greater than 500-1,000 fish; 

2. presence of dying fish; 

3. presence of dead or stressed freshwater mussels and/or other wildlife; 

4. discoloration of the water; 

5. presence of blue-green algae cells in the water column; 

6. presence of toxins in the water column; 

7. percentage of blue-green algae cells is the dominant algal species. 

Initial Response (Blue-green Algae) 

Most of the indicators listed above will not be obvious to the caller or the first responder. 

If a blue-green algae bloom is suspected, the first course of action is to confirm the 

presence or absence of blue-green algae cells. The following guidelines are for use 

when collecting and transporting water samples: 

• Samples should be collected in a one-liter Nalgene container 

• Samples should remain cool (either in a cooler with freezer packs or 

refrigerated) until analysis can be performed 

• Samples should be processed within 24-72 hours of collection 
75

• Transfer of samples should be coordinated through Ferrella March, 

Natural Resources Section 

8. Each sample should be marked with the following information: 

• Waterbody 

• Site/location 

• Date 

• Type of analysis (i.e., p. parvum, toxin, etc.) 

9. In addition to information contained on the bottle, sample submissions should 

be accompanied by a Chain of Custody (COC). See form A in Appendix B. 

10. Samples should be collected for water chemistry analysis. Additionally, other 

parameters should be collected in the field. The following is a list of 

parameters that should be analyzed in the laboratory with each collection 

event. Form B found in Appendix B should be used to record all information. 

Sulfate Total Suspended Solids Turbidity 

Nitrogen, Ammonia as N Nitrogen, Kjeldahl Calcium 

Nitrogen, Nitrate as N Nitrogen, Nitrite as N Magnesium 

Phosphorus, Ortho as P Phosphorus, Total P 

Total Alkalinity Total Hardness 

• Three samples per site should be collected in 1 liter HPDE plastic 

containers. One sample should contain no preservative. The other two 

samples should contain nitric acid and sulfuric acid as provided by a 

certified laboratory. All samples should be transported on ice immediately 

to the ODEQ laboratory in Oklahoma City or other approved laboratory 

after verifying with Buck Ray, transport and change of custody. Contact 

information for ODEQ follows: 

Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality 

707 N. Robinson 

Oklahoma City, OK 73101-1677 

405-702-1000 

• The following parameters should be collected in the field if using an YSI 

85, Hydrolab, or other comparable equipment. 

Dissolved Oxygen 

% Oxygen 

Specific Conductance 

Salinity 

Water temperature 

pH 

• Other observations should be included on Form B which include: 
76

Cloud Cover Secchi Depth 

Wave Condition pH 

Air Temperature GPS Location 

Wind Speed Wind Direction 

11. All samples should be coordinated through the following person: 

Buck Ray 

Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation 

Oklahoma City Zoo Office 

405-424-6062 

12. When a fish kill is involved, ODWC staff should document the kill using the 

American Fisheries Society Special Publication 30: Investigation and 

Monetary Values of Fish and Freshwater Mussel kills and modifications 

reflected in the ODWC Fish and Mussel Kill Protocol. This protocol involves 

counting, identifying and size classification (inch or lbs depending on size). 

Documentation of such kills will enable the ODWC to provide economic and 

recreational loss values. Form C in Appendix B can be used to record such 

information. 

13. In the event of a significant kill that requires additional time, personnel, or 

other agencies, the incident command system (ICS) should be implemented. 

Natural Resources will coordinate this effort and identify command posts. 

14. Dead fish and wildlife should be disposed of consistent with local regulations 

and state statutes. The ODWC is not responsible for clean up or disposal of 

carcasses. 

Media Strategy (Blue-green Algae) 

ODWC Media Contact: Micah Holmes - Information Supervisor (405-522-4872). 

In the event of a serious fish kill, this crisis response plan is designed to educate and 

inform the public, particularly anglers and other user groups, about harmful algal 

blooms in Oklahoma. 

The ODWC Media Contact should be made aware of any potential harmful alga blooms 

by Buck Ray or Barry Bolton (Fisheries Division). Good communication between the 

Media Contact and the biologists is critical to the success of the media response plan 

The Media Contact will coordinate with other agency personnel to draft three separate 

information items 

• A fact sheet with known location and effects of the bloom to be distributed to agency 

personnel and other cooperating agencies 

• A new release to be distributed to selected media outlets. 
77

• Talking points for agency personnel that may be talking with the media. These points 

will guide individuals to focus on certain issues (such as perspective of the severity 

of the kill, harmful/not harmful to humans, precautions, economic impact, etc...). 

If possible, all media calls should be funneled through the Media Contact who will then 

get them in contact with the appropriate person (biologist, Fisheries Chief, etc...). 

If necessary, the Media Contact will establish an on-site presence at the lake where the 

bloom occurred and notify Rich Fuller with the ODWC Information and Education 

Division for potential video coverage. 

The Media Contact will call local media outlets to brief them on the current situation. 

If appropriate the Media Coordinator will coordinate a news conference. At the 

conference a basic media kit will be provided including a press release, B-roll ready for 

television coverage, lake map etc... 

The Media Contact will communicate with ODWC personnel to place information on the 

Web site or “Outdoor Oklahoma” television show. If needed, the Media Contact will 

assist Fisheries personnel in coordinating and promoting a public meeting with local 

citizens, marina operators and anglers. 

The Media Contact will coordinate with Buck Ray in announcing the end of a bloom. 

Public Health Concerns (Blue-green algae) 

During a bloom, blue-green algae may release toxins in sufficient quantities to harm 

humans and cause toxicosis to fish, wildlife, domestic animals and livestock. If water, 

fish or blue-green algal products containing elevated levels of toxins are ingested by a 

human, symptoms might include headache, fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea 

and vomiting. Itchy and irritated eyes and skin may result if a human is swims in 

contaminated water. If a person suspects they may have come into contact with 

cyanobacterial toxins and are experiencing any of these symptoms, any scum should be 

rinsed off their physician consulted immediately. 

Unlike controls available with a drinking water source contaminated with cyanobacteria, 

there are very few options available once these algae accumulate in water used for 

recreational activities, such as swimming, boating, wind surfing and fishing. Blooms in 

recreational bodies of water are usually associated with unpleasant odors and offensive 

appearance on shorelines as the scum accumulates and decays. Although 

cyanobacterial toxins are probably not absorbed through the skin, they can cause skin 

irritation. The toxins, if present, can be absorbed from the water via ingestion or can 

become airborne and absorbed via inhalation. Individuals should avoid swimming and 

other water-related activities in areas with dense blooms. 

The ODWC strongly recommends that people should not pick up dead or dying 

fish for consumption. Likewise, people should not handle dead animals affected 

by blue green-algae blooms and should wash anything that may have come in 

contact with the scum. 
78

Monitoring (Blue-green Algae) 

Surveillance of blue-green algae cells in affected waterbodies should continue until the 

bloom has completed its cycle. However, long term monitoring should be considered in 

water bodies that have been previously affected for the following reasons: 1) to identify 

the early stages of a bloom; 2) collect important water quality information to determine 

possible trigger mechanisms and predict when subsequent blooms are likely to occur. 

All monitoring should be coordinated through the Natural Resources Section. 
79

APPENDIX D 

Acronyms Defined 

Acronym Definition 

ANS Aquatic Nuisance Species

ANSTF Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force

BOR U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 

BWM Ballast Water Management 

DEQ Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality 

FTE Full Time Employee

GRDA Grand River Dam Authority 

LMBV Largemouth Bass Virus 

MRBP Mississippi River Basin Regional Panel

NANPCA Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act

NISA National Invasive Species Act

NPS National Park Service 

NZMS New Zealand Mudsnail 

OCC Oklahoma Conservation Commission 

ODAFF Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry 

ODWC Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation 

OSU Oklahoma State University 

OTRD Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department 

OU University of Oklahoma 

OWRB Oklahoma Water Resources Board 

PTF ANS Plant Task Force 

SVC Spring Viremia of Carp 

SWAP Oklahoma State Wildlife Action Plan 

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 

USCG U.S. Coast Guard 

USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

VHS Viral Hemorraghic Septicemia 

WGA Western Governors Association 

WRP Western Regional Panel 

ZMRP Zebra Mussel Research Program 

ZMTF Zebra Mussel Task Force 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
80

Appendix E 

Public Comments 

This appendix presents a summary of the oral and written comments that were received 

on the aquatic nuisance species management plan. Over a six month period after 

completion of the first draft, four stakeholder meetings were held and comments were 

accepted. 

Comments from Marley Beem, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service

[E-mail correspondence] 

From: Beem, Marley [mailto:marley.beem@okstate.edu] 

Sent: Monday, August 13, 2007 10:37 AM 

To: odwc@cableone.net 

Subject: ANS Management Plan comments 

Bill, 

You have done a nice job of drafting the plan. One concern is how it can be made more appealing to 

administrators and politicians. Some of my comments are a response to this concern. 

Thanks, 

Marley Beem 

Somewhere up front, it would be good to add one or more case studies from other states to illustrate the 

severe economic impact of ANS and the fact that elimination is usually impossible. Impacts on local 

economies would be good to show. Perhaps TVA or Florida would have something along these lines. 

Perhaps some bullets along these lines: 

What’s the threat to... 

• Agriculture 

• Recreation 

• Industry 

Potential economic impacts for each ANS need to be highlighted. I’m concerned that the lack of stated 

impacts for certain species like the Exotic Water Flea will cause some readers to scoff. 

A graphic showing the spread of ZM in Oklahoma over time and photos of an extremely encrusted object 

would strengthen the plan. 

The inclusion of Ouachita rock pocketbook and Arkansas River shiner on p 29 could well backfire with 

some politicians. They may have constituents who are irate about regulations to protect these species. It 

is better to leave out these species names, in my opinion. 

Objective 1 on p 32 needs to be changed. The first objective of a plan should not be to “Coordinate and 

implement a plan.” Replace with “Objective 1: Coordination and Unification of Management Efforts” 

(also needs to be changed on p 47) 

P 59 

Marley Beem 

Assistant Extension Specialist, Aquaculture/Natural Resources 

Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service 

Natural Resource Ecology and Management 
81

- Other info is correct 

P75 

Add MICRA? 

Response to Comments from Marley Beem, Oklahoma Cooperative Extension 

Service

More information on economical, agricultural, recreational and industrial impacts was incorporated into 

the Problem Definition section where appropriate. 

Extra graphics were considered, but not included. 

The inclusion of specific federally listed species was eliminated. 

Objective 1 was not changed on page 32 or 47. 

Contact information was updated. 

MICRA was not added to Appendix D, as it was not addressed in the plan text. 

 

Comments from Jeanetta Cooper, Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food & 

Forestry

[E-mail correspondence] 

From: Jeanetta Cooper [mailto:Jeanetta.Cooper@oda.state.ok.us] 

Sent: Tuesday, September 18, 2007 8:54 AM 

To: odwc@cableone.net 

Cc: GGillOkla@aol.com; Mitch Broiles 

Subject: ANS Plan 

Additions and corrections (in blue) to page 28, ODAFF: 

 

ODAFF is the agency charged with licensing aquaculture facilities, the private commercial production of 

fish, frogs, or other aquatic species OAC 35:50-1-1 prohibits the importation or exportation of minnows 

and other fish species that are subject to the provisions of Sections 4-105, 4-115, and 7-602 of Oklahoma 

Statute Title 29. ODAFF conducts at least one inspection every two (2) years of each licensed 

aquaculture operation. 

 

It is unlawful for any person to operate a concentrated animal feeding operation without first obtaining a 

license from the State Board of Agriculture (Oklahoma Statute Title 2, §9-208). 

Response to Comments from Jeanetta Cooper, Oklahoma Department of 

Agriculture, Food & Forestry

Additions and corrections were made as specified. 

Comments from Everett Laney, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

[Word Document] 
82

Please consider the following recommendations for changes to the OANSDMP: 

1) Remove all the capital letters from the section headings. They’re not in the table of contents, and 

they’re not needed to track the sections of the document in addition to the page numbers. 

2) Pg 7, line 14 – change “escaped” to “moved downstream” 

3) Pg 8, 2nd set of bullets – add “create sufficient funding and personnel to support the plan” 

4) Pg 8, par following 2nd set of bullets, line 3 – who is the “State Secretary of Interior”? I don’t see 

them in App B, as such. 

5) Pg 10, par 2, line 3 – change “these” to “they” and delete “four species” 

6) Pg 10, par 2, line 6 – change “that Asian” to “that the four species of Asian” 

7) Pg 11, par 3 – should we include a sentence about them being a boating hazard because they jump 

out of the water? 

8) Pg 13, par 6, line 1 – change “area” to “are” 

9) Pg 14, par 2, line 12 – there have been several findings on boats preparing to launch at marinas. I 

recommend “Zebra Mussels have been discovered on several boats by marina personnel who 

prevented the infested boats from being launched in the lakes.” 

10) Pg 14, par 3, line 9 – I would delete the sentence speculating that there may be other species of 

Dreissenidae in the Great Lakes. 

11) Pg 22 – the last sentence that goes to pg 23 needs rewritten. 

12) Pg 22, par 2, line 3 – change “it” to “It” 

13) Pg 29, par 3, line 8 – after “...1996.” insert “Other Federal Laws indirectly promote the control of 

non-indigenous and invasive species by providing direction or guidance to properly manage public 

lands and programs. Therefore, the control of invasives is indirectly authorized. For example, the 

Endangered Species Act could require controls if an ANS was shown to threaten the survival of a 

federally listed species.” 

14) Pg 30 – At the meeting we mentioned that we left out the BOR and Forest Service. But, another 

Federal agency we did not mention was the BIA. They should be included. 

15) Pg 30 – replace the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) paragraph with the following: 

The USACE administers the only Federally authorized research programs directed to manage and 

control non-indigenous and nuisance species. The Aquatic Plant Control Research Program 

(APCRP) develops technology for the management of non-indigenous aquatic plant species. The 

Zebra Mussel Research Program (ZMRP), which was expanded into the Aquatic Nuisance Species 

Research Program (ANSRP) conducts interdisciplinary research on the prevention, control, and 

management of aquatic nuisance species that impact USACE projects and public facilities. The 

programs are managed by the USACE Environmental Research and Development Center (ERDC) 

in Vicksburg, MS. ERDC has developed Information System Models for Plant Management, 

Aquatic Plants, and Zebra Mussels. 

In July of 2005 a USACE Invasive Species Leadership Team (ISLT) was formed to fulfill Federal 

agency duties under Executive Order 13112. Comprised primarily of Division and District 

representatives, their responsibilities include 1) providing recommendations to headquarters, 2) 

providing strategic direction to research programs, 3) representing the USACE on regional invasive 

species councils 4) developing and implementing cost effective strategies to address invasive 
83

species problems that affect USACE water resource management missions, and 5) coordinating 

team initiatives with all concerned interests. The ISLT is currently developing a USACE Invasive 

Species Management Policy. 

The Tulsa District USACE manages over 1.1 million acres of land and water resources on 35 

reservoirs in Oklahoma, southeast Kansas, and northern Texas. Major facilities include five 

hydropower dams and 138 miles of the McClellan-Kerr Navigation System. The five locks and 

dams provide national and international waterway traffic to the Port of Catoosa. Land and water 

based recreation is provided at the reservoirs for approximately 25 million visitors each year from all 

across the nation. This unrestricted visitation provides unlimited opportunities for the importation 

and infestation of non-indigenous and nuisance species by navigation and overland traffic. 

16) Pg 32, par 1, line 6 – change “notional” to “national” 

17) Pg 32, par 2, line 3 – change “native species” to “native species and habitat” 

18) Pg 33, Task 1A9: - delete. Any sea-going ships that come up the navigation system will not have 

ballast water by the time they get here. 

19) Pg 35, USACE – replace the paragraph with; 

The Tulsa District initiated and has served as the lead agency for the Oklahoma Zebra Mussel Task 

Force since 1993. They provide I&E material, conduct training, give presentations to water 

interests across the state, mailed information notices to water users and policy makers, provides 

interviews with media sources, and maintain a Zebra Mussel link on their web page to educate the 

public and agencies of the hazards of ANS introductions. 

20) Pg 38, USACE – replace the paragraph with; 

Lake staff monitors Zebra Mussel presence/absence and ANS plants at USACE lakes. Local water 

users are educated as to the potential pathways for infestations. Cooperation is solicited to monitor 

and detect ANS being brought to the lakes. 

Tulsa District staff shares information with the ZMTF of changes and activities locally and across 

the nation; support monitoring and studies by other agencies and academia; and provide I&E 

materials and training. 

21) Pg 39, Task 3A4: change the lead agency to the (FWS) 

22) Pg 40, USACE – replace the paragraph with; 

The ERDC has produced numerous Technical Notes detailing controls for ANS and maintains 

Information Systems on their website and on compact disk for Zebra Mussels, Plant Management, 

and Aquatic Plants. 

The Tulsa District cooperates with water users being impacted by Zebra Mussels to educate them 

on possible control methods. 

The Tulsa District monitors ANS plants at USACE lakes and implements controls as needed. 

23) Pg 41, ODWC, line 4 – change “for” to “from” 

24) Pg 42, USACE – replace the paragraph with; 

The Tulsa District initiated and has served as the lead agency for the Oklahoma Zebra Mussel Task 

Force since 1993. They provide I&E material, conduct training, give presentations to water 

interests across the state, mailed information notices to water users and policy makers, provides 

interviews with media sources, and maintain a Zebra Mussel link on their web page to educate the 

public and agencies of the hazards of ANS introductions. 
84

25) Pg 44, OSU – change “zebra mussel populations within the Tallgrass Prairie Region” to zebra 

mussel populations at lakes within the Tallgrass Prairie Region”. You could specify what lakes. 

26) Pg 44 – add “USACE” 

The Tulsa District monitors the USACE lakes for ANS presence/absence and densities. They also 

support agency and academia research at the lakes, and keep informed of impacts to water users. 

The Tulsa District is actively involved in national efforts and keeps informed of Zebra Mussel control 

and eradication research. Updates are provided to the ZMTF. 

The ERDC has produced numerous Technical Notes detailing controls for ANS and maintains 

Information Systems on their website and on compact disk for Zebra Mussels, Plant Management, 

and Aquatic Plants. 

27) Pg 52 – delete Ballast water 

28) Pg 60 – add to the ANS Plant Task Force; Jim Harris, USACE, 1645 S. 101 E. Ave, Tulsa, OK, 

74128, jim.l.harris@usace.army.mil. 

Pg 61 – add to the ANS Golden Alga Task Force; Tony Clyde, USACE, 1645 S. 101 E. Ave, Tulsa, OK 

74128, tony.clyde@usace.army.mil. 

Response to Comments from Everett Laney, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Typographical, grammatical, and formatting errors were corrected. 

Changes to sections concerning ballast waster were incorporated. 

All sections concerning the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were modified as requested. 

All other small changes were considered and incorporated where appropriate. 

Comments from Stacey Day, Oklahoma Conservation Commission

[Word Document] 

OCC Comments / Additions to the ANS Management Plan 

Section E. Existing Authorities and Programs 

Oklahoma Conservation Commission (OCC)

Under Oklahoma Statute Title 27A O.S. § 3-2-106, the OCC has been designated to “act as the 

management agency having jurisdiction over and responsibility for directing NPS pollution prevention 

programs outside the jurisdiction or control of cities or towns in Oklahoma. The Commission, otherwise, 
85

shall be responsible for all identified non-point source categories except silviculture, urban storm water 

runoff and industrial runoff.” 

The OCC will “monitor, evaluate and assess waters of the state to determine the condition of streams and 

rivers impacted by nonpoint source pollution. In carrying out this area of responsibility, the Conservation 

Commission shall serve as the technical lead agency for nonpoint source pollution categories as defined 

in Section 319 of the Federal Clean Water Act or other subsequent federal or state nonpoint source 

programs.” In addition, the OCC will administer the Blue Thumb volunteer monitoring and education 

program and “provide assistance to the Oklahoma Water Resources Board on lake projects through 

stream and river monitoring, assessing watershed activities impacting lake water quality, and assisting in 

the development of a watershed management plan.”

 

Section F. Objectives, strategies, etc. 

Current Agency Activities

OCC 

The OCC has adopted a HACCP plan as described by the OWRB. Field personnel operate under these 

guidelines in order to decontaminate all equipment after use. 

Objective 3: 

Current Agency Activities

OCC 

The OCC employs a number of field personnel who regularly monitor water quality, conduct habitat 

evaluations, and sample macroinvertebrates and fish in streams across Oklahoma. The OCC field staff 

will document and report any nuisance species sighted during field activities. In addition, the Blue Thumb 

program has trained volunteers who monitor water quality across the state, and these individuals will look 

for and report nuisance species. 

Objective 4: 

 Current Agency Activities

OCC 

The OCC field personnel operate under HACCP guidelines in order to decontaminate all equipment after 

use and, thus, reduce the risk of spreading ANS. 

Objective 5: 

 Current Agency Activities

OCC 

The OCC has incorporated information about ANS into its Blue Thumb educational program. This 

program has approximately 100 active volunteers and offers trainings to new volunteers about six times 

per year. In addition, the OCC will include educational material about ANS in its area-specific projects, 

where applicable. For example, one of the current OCC watershed projects is in the Grand Lake area, 

and information about zebra mussels (present in that area) will be given to participants in watershed 

activities there. 

“Implementation Table”--OCC will be a cooperative agency for the following tasks:
86

1B4 

1B5 

1B6 

1B7 

2B4 

2B5 

3A2 

3A3 

3A5 

4A3 

5A5 

5D2 

6A3 

6B1 

6B2 

6B3 

Response to Comments from Stacey Day, Oklahoma Conservation Commission

All existing authorities and programs and current agency activities regarding the Oklahoma Conservation 

Commission were added or revised. 

The Oklahoma Conservation Commission was added as a cooperative agency for all specified tasks on 

the implementation table. 

Comments from Sam Ziara, Grand River Dam Authority

[Word Document] 

Recommended revisions for the Oklahoma Aquatic Nuisance Species Management Plan 

E. Existing Authorities and Programs (beginning on pg. 25) 

GRDA 

The Grand River Dam Authority (GRDA) is a state agency that provides hydroelectric and fossil fuel 

generated electricity. Under Oklahoma statutes, GRDA has jurisdiction over the Grand River and its 

tributaries (Oklahoma Statute Title 82, § 861 and 862). GRDA is a conservation and reclamation district 

encompassing 24 counties in Oklahoma. 
87

The GRDA, Office of Ecosystems Management (OEM) was formed to manage, conserve, and enhance 

the natural resources found on GRDA property. OEM works closely with Federal and state agencies to 

insure that these natural resources will be there for future generations to enjoy. 

F. Objectives, Strategies, Actions, & Cost Estimates 

Objective 2: Prevent the introduction of new ANS into Oklahoma (beginning on pg 34) 

Current Agency Activities: 

GRDA 

GRDA has participated on the Oklahoma Zebra Mussel Task Force for 3 years and has recently 

partnered with Protect Your Waters, a web site sponsored by the ANS Task Force. GRDA has printed 

and distributed zebra mussel alert cards, provided funds to build the zebra mussel display at the 

Oklahoma Aquarium, and has recently produced a public service announcement (PSA) about preventing 

the spread of zebra mussels in Oklahoma waters. GRDA believes that prevention through education is 

the key in battling this and all invasive species. 

Objective 3: Detect, monitor, and eradicate ANS (beginning on pg. 39) 

Current Agency Activities: 

GRDA has actively monitored for the presence of zebra mussels in GRDA waters and has helped train 

volunteers from the Oklahoma Water Watch organization to sample for and identify zebra mussel veligers 

and adults. GRDA has also purchased and installed signage for all GRDA lakes informing boaters about 

the possible threat of zebra mussels in GRDA waters. Recently, GRDA implemented control measures for 

controlling zebra mussels by using chlorine dioxide (ClO2

) at a GRDA owned facility. The cost of this 

treatment was approximately $30,000. 

Objective 3: Inform the public, policy makers, natural resource workers, private industry, and user 

groups about the risks and impacts of ANS (beginning on pg. 41) 

Current Agency Activities: 

GRDA has aggressively campaigned for the prevention of ANS at boat shows, fishing tournaments, 

tourism centers, and at elementary school functions. GRDA representatives have performed risk 

assessments for the water treatment facilities. GRDA is hoping to unveil the Zebra Mussel display at the 

Oklahoma Aquarium by September of 2007, and will be covered by the local media. The purpose of this 

display will be to raise public awareness about ANS and to educate the public, specifically, about zebra 

mussels and their associated impacts. 

Contact information for John Money (Oklahoma Aquarium) as requested by Jeff Boxrucker; 

John Money 

Curator Oklahoma Aquarium 

300 Aquarium Drive 

P.O. Box 2007 

Jenks, OK 74037 

(918) 734-0122 cell 

(918) 528-1552 office jmoney@okaquarium.org

Response to Comments from Sam Ziara, Grand River Dam Authority

All existing authorities and programs and current agency activities regarding the Grand River Dam 

Authority were added or revised. 

Contact information for John Money was added. 
88

Comments from Karen Hickman, Oklahoma State University

[Oral and Track Changes on Word Document] 

Good Introduction...has flow to it along with the appropriate information needed to become relevant. 

Objectives can be met, but I don’t think introduction of all ANS can be prevented: maybe help reduce 

introduction. They are realistic if ODWC will help funding. Outcomes are good. 

Suggested that legislation should be changed to increase fines. Increased fines could better deter 

introductions, and fines could be used as a source of funding. 

Concerning objective 1: Develop a set of regulations for control efforts of ANS, leading to public and 

recreational responses. 

Suggested that Tamarisk be added to the plan. 

Add Oklahoma State University as a cooperative agency on implementation table concerning monitoring. 

Response to Comments from Karen Hickman, Oklahoma State University

Comments regarding legislation and regulation changes were taken into account for action at a later date, 

but not incorporated into the plan. 

Tamarisk was not added to the plan. 

Oklahoma State University was added as a cooperative agency on the implementation table. 

Comments from Ellen Tejan, The Nature Conservancy

[Oral] 

Suggested that Tamarisk be added to the plan. 

Response to Comments from Ellen Tejan, The Nature Conservancy

Tamarisk was not added to the plan 

Comments from Susan Hooks, U.S. Forest Service

[Oral] 
89

Need more detail on the priority ranking of species. (Page 48) May need to set priorities for different 

parameters (e.g. education & outreach, prevention, management etc.) 

Response to Comments from Susan Hooks, U.S. Forest Service

Comment was taken into consideration. Priorities for action section was revised. 

Comments from Sherylann Densow, Oklahoma Department of Wildlife 

Conservation

[E-mail Correspondence] 

Ashley, 

I was viewing the ANS Plan on posted on ODWC website and noticed an incomplete sentence under the 

Whirling Disease section. This is the first line of the second paragraph: The minute whirling disease 

organism, native to the Eurasian continent, was introduced into North American waters in the late 1950s. 

It looks like the complete thought process was deleted or left out. I did not go through the entire document 

but was casually reading this on my lunch hour and noticed it. You may want to edit this document again. 

The only other comment that I have is that the ANS Plan looks good as far as format and it seems to 

cover everything necessary that I know of.... but I am not a biologist, just a secretary. 

Best Regards, 

Sherylann Densow, Secretary 

><{{{(*> Oklahoma Fishery Research Laboratory <*)}}}>< 

Response to Comments from Sherylann Densow, Oklahoma Department of 

Wildlife Conservation

Comment was taken into consideration, but no changes were made. 
90

Comments from Chad Boeckman, Oklahoma State University 

[E-mail Correspondence] 

Hi Ashley,

 

My name is Chad Boeckman and I'm a grad. student at OSU. I and my advisor Dr. Joe Bidwell have 

been monitoring the zebra mussel population in Oologah since June of 2003 as well as Sooner Lake 

since Jan 2007. We had an opportunity to provide comments on the ANS plan last year I believe, and I 

recently noticed on the ODWC website it was up for public comment. I just wanted to provide a comment, 

which was mentioned last year but was not changed. In the description of Quagga mussels, the plan 

states that quaggas feed all year long, even during cooler months when zebra mussels are dormant 

(something to that effect). Zebra mussels are not "dormant" during any time of the year. While they do 

not reproduce when water temps drop below 12 degrees C, they are still fairly active and are siphoning, 

able to move around, detach and find new substrate, etc. I believe this is the same for Quaggas too, in 

that they also do not reproduce during "cold" temps. Also the plan states that quagga's like soft 

substrate? I'm not sure that is completely accurate. I recently saw a photo of one of the new quagga 

invasions out west somewhere, with quaggas attached to boat docks, buoys, etc. From my 

understanding, quagga's also prefer some sort of firm substrate where they can use their byssal threads 

to attach, exactly like polymorpha; although they are capable of colonizing deeper depths. 

 

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact me.

thanks very much!

 

chad boeckman

Oklahoma State University

Ecotoxicology and Water Quality Research Laboratory

Department of Zoology

430 LSW

(405) 744-9691

Response to Comments from Chad Boeckman, Oklahoma State University 

Comment was taken into consideration. Some information pertaining to zebra mussels and quagga 

mussels was revised. 

Comments from Ashley Ladd, United States Bureau of Reclamation 

[Word Document] 

ODWC ANS Plan Comments 

July 14, 2008 

Comments

1. Thank you for the opportunity to comment on this document, and all the hard work that has gone 

toward developing it. 

2. Suggest changing “McClellen-Kerr” to “McClellan-Kerr” 

3. Page 14, Paragraph 3, 2nd line: please add the word “in” between the words “System” and “1993.” 

4. Page 31, 2nd heading: Please consider adding parentheses around “WRP.” 

5. Page 36, 1st paragraph: When speaking to Mr. Everett Laney recently, he stated that he had 

handed that responsibility over to the ODWC ANS Coordinator, Ashley Foster. Please consider 

modifying this paragraph to reflect that, or to reflect that the Corps, at least, is no longer the lead 

in the task force. 

6. Page 37, 1st bullet: “Establish the authority to detain and require cleaning of any vehicle, vessel or 

water based equipment containing or infested with ANS traveling in Oklahoma.” Suggest 

changing to, “Establish the authority to detain and require cleaning of any vehicle, vessel or water 
91

based equipment containing, infested, or potentially infested with ANS traveling in Oklahoma.” 

This protects ODWC and other regulatory agencies should they suspect ANS, but are unable to 

positively identify them due to their size, similarity to other species, or other reasons. 

7. Page 78, Paragraph 2, Line 8: Suggest adding “and” between “off” and “their.” 

Response to Comments from Ashley Ladd, United States Bureau of Reclamation

Typographical, grammatical, and formatting corrections were considered and changed where appropriate. 

Changes were made regarding suggestion #6.