Supreme Court

No. 2021-47-C.A.

(N2/10-173A)

State :

v. :

Geoffrey A. Regan. :

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision 

before publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers 

are requested to notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme 

Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence, 

Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone (401) 222-3258 or 

Email: opinionanalyst@courts.ri.gov, of any

typographical or other formal errors in order that 

corrections may be made before the opinion is published. 

May 2, 2022
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Supreme Court

 No. 2021-47-C.A.

(N2/10-173A)

State :

v. :

Geoffrey A. Regan. :

Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and Long, JJ.

O P I N I O N

Justice Goldberg, for the Court. This case came before the Supreme 

Court on March 1, 2022, pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and 

show cause why the issues raised in this appeal should not be summarily decided. 

The defendant, Geoffrey A. Regan (defendant or Regan), appeals from a Superior 

Court decision and order declaring him to be in violation of his probation.

1

 For the 

reasons stated herein, we vacate the order of the Superior Court.

Facts and Travel

In January 2011, a judgment of conviction entered following defendant’s

plea of nolo contendere to the charge of unlawful appropriation in an amount 

greater than $1,000, in violation of G.L. 1956 § 11-41-11.1. He was sentenced to 

1 The defendant, who is a disbarred lawyer, appeared pro se. 
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ten years at the Adult Correctional Institutions, with one year to serve at the ACI, 

one year to serve on home confinement, and eight years suspended, with 

probation.

2

 The defendant also was required to perform 250 hours of community 

service and, relevant to this appeal, to pay restitution in the amount of 

$520,295.46. No hearing was held to determine defendant’s ability to satisfy this 

obligation. In June 2017, Regan signed a periodic payment plan in the Superior 

Court, providing that he was to make monthly payments of $200 toward his

restitution obligation (the payment plan). There was no dispute that Regan has

been in full compliance with the payment plan.

Nonetheless, on September 10, 2018, in anticipation of Regan’s failure “to 

pay restitution in full prior to expiration of sentence[,]” the state filed a notice 

pursuant to Rule 32(f) of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure alleging 

that Regan failed to comply with his restitution condition and was, therefore, in 

violation of his probation. In support of the notice of violation, the state pointed to 

the criminal case docket, which stated, “Restitution * * * $520,295.46, 

01/10/2011-12/15/2018, Closed 12/15/2018[,]” and the state contended that it was

this notation that mandated Regan to pay restitution in full by December 15, 2018.

2 On May 4, 2010, defendant filed a request to enter a plea, and on December 16, 

2010, the Superior Court held a sentencing hearing; the sentence was executed, and 

the judgment of conviction entered on January 10, 2011.
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Two years later, on December 7, 2020, the Superior Court conducted a 

violation hearing. The trial justice, recognizing that Regan’s “sentence [was] 

coming up to expire[,]” determined that, if he was declared a probation violator for 

failure to pay restitution, the Superior Court could then “keep sentencing open on 

that violation past the time that [his] probation would otherwise have expired.” 

Although there was no dispute that Regan was in compliance with the courtordered payment plan, the trial justice nonetheless declared Regan to be a 

probation violator. The trial justice reasoned that Regan’s sentence obligated him 

“to pay restitution in the time period in which [he] w[as] sentenced * * * [and] 

short of a miracle[,]” he would be unable to pay the remaining $488,000 balance

before the sentence expired in January 2021. The trial justice held that the court 

would continue to review the matter for sentencing on the violation to ensure that 

Regan continued to make payments, but that, at any given point, the court could 

“remove the suspended period of time and order [him] to serve that amount of time 

at the ACI[.]” (Citing State v. LaRoche, 883 A.2d 1151 (R.I. 2005).)

On December 24, 2020, an order entered declaring Regan a probation 

violator “based on his failure to pay the full amount of the court ordered restitution 

prior to the expiration of his probationary period.”

3 Regan filed a timely appeal.

3 The sentencing hearing on the finding of probation violation was initially

scheduled for March 2021, and then was rescheduled on several occasions, while
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Standard of Review

To establish a probation violation, the state must demonstrate “by a fair 

preponderance of the evidence that the defendant breached a condition of the 

defendant’s probation[.]” Super. R. Crim. P. 32(f). “This Court will reverse a 

probation-violation finding only if the hearing justice acted arbitrarily or 

capriciously.” LaRoche, 883 A.2d at 1154.

Analysis

Before this Court, defendant argues that the trial justice erred in declaring

him a violator and delaying the imposition of sentence in order to continue to 

review his payment progress, specifically when the judgment of conviction does 

not place a time limit on payment of restitution. The defendant’s argument

comprises two distinct issues: (1) whether failure to pay restitution in full by the 

expiration of Regan’s sentence amounted to a violation of the terms and conditions 

of his probation; and, if so, (2) whether the trial justice had the authority to keep a 

prison “sentence hanging over [Regan’s] head” beyond the time when his sentence

and probationary term had expired. Because we conclude that the decision of the 

trial justice declaring Regan in violation of his probation was arbitrary and 

capricious, we vacate the order of the Superior Court.

Regan was required to continue making payments. The sentencing hearing has not 

yet occurred.
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“It is well settled in this jurisdiction that appeals from interlocutory orders 

are not permitted unless they fall within certain well-defined exceptions[,]” State v. 

Minior, 175 A.3d 1202, 1206 (R.I. 2018) (quoting Boranian v. Richer, 983 A.2d 

834, 837 (R.I. 2009)), save for “such an element of finality that action is called for 

before the case is finally terminated in order to prevent clearly imminent and 

irreparable harm.” DePina v. State, 79 A.3d 1284, 1288 (R.I. 2013) (quoting Town 

of Lincoln v. Cournoyer, 118 R.I. 644, 648, 375 A.2d 410, 412-13 (1977)). 

Otherwise, “[i]nterlocutory orders are reviewable only by way of writ of 

certiorari.” Dale v. Dale, 37 A.3d 124, 124 (R.I. 2012) (mem.).

More than a year after declaring Regan a probation violator, the Superior 

Court has neither sentenced Regan nor directed the entry of a final judgment. 

Although the order declaring him a violator is interlocutory, and elements of 

finality are scant, the deliberate choice to keep the sentence “hanging over 

[Regan’s] head”—with the possibility of prison for a violation of a probationary 

period that has long expired—has prompted our review.

“The sole purpose of a probation-revocation proceeding is for the hearing 

justice to determine whether defendant failed to keep the peace and remain on 

good behavior, both of which are conditions of probation.” State v. Forbes, 925 

A.2d 929, 934 (R.I. 2007). One of the “basic conditions of probation[,]” according 

to G.L. 1956 § 12-19-8.1, is for a defendant to “[p]ay restitution * * * based on the 
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defendant’s ability to pay[.]” Section 12-19-8.1(a)(8) (emphasis added).

Consequently, in order to constitute a probation violation with consequences for a

breach of this condition, the court must determine a defendant’s ability and efforts 

to pay restitution—that is, “the reasons for the noncompliance.” LaRoche, 883 

A.2d at 1154.

“If the probationer has made sincere efforts to legally acquire the necessary 

money, but remains unable to comply with a restitution obligation, then the court 

must consider alternate measures of punishment other than incarceration.”

LaRoche, 883 A.2d at 1154 (citing Bearden v. Georgia, 461 U.S. 660, 672 (1983)).

“On the other hand, if the probationer has either refused to pay or has not made 

‘sufficient bona fide efforts’ to acquire the resources to pay, then the sentencing 

court may revoke probation and impose a prison sentence.” Id. (quoting Bearden, 

461 U.S. at 672). Nevertheless, there must first be a declaration that a defendant 

was noncompliant with a payment obligation in order for a finding of probation 

violation to be valid. See § 12-19-8.1(d); see also Super. R. Crim. P. 32(f). The 

running of time, such that payment-in-full is not achievable, is not enough to call 

for a prison sentence. See Bearden, 461 U.S. at 672-73; see also LaRoche, 883 

A.2d at 1154.

In the case at bar, the trial justice found that restitution was a condition of 

defendant’s probation and that defendant would be unable to pay the balance in full
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before the expiration of his sentence. Although there was no dispute that Regan 

was compliant with the court-ordered payment plan, the trial justice nonetheless 

declared that failure to pay restitution in full before his sentence expired was a

violation, without any findings with respect to Regan’s ability to pay or whether 

Regan’s failure to pay the full amount of restitution was willful, deliberate, or in 

defiance of his obligations. Given that the trial justice disregarded this standard, 

we are of the opinion that this finding was arbitrary and capricious. 

This Court has recognized that a restitution payment obligation need not be 

linked to the duration of the underlying sentence. See State v. Traudt, 679 A.2d 

330, 332 (R.I. 1996). Court-ordered restitution ripens into a civil judgment on 

behalf of the victim and is enforceable as such. See G.L. 1956 § 12-28-5.1. This is 

a collateral consequence of a conviction or plea. Thereafter, “[t]he state may 

maintain a civil action to place a lien on the personal or real property of a 

defendant who is assessed restitution, as well as to seek wage garnishment, and/or 

seek enforcement of civil judgment entered in accordance with § 12-28-5.1

consistent with state and federal law.” Section 12-19-34(c). This is the 

responsibility of the state and does not implicate a prison sentence hanging over 

one’s head. See id.

As a result, upon expiration of a defendant’s probation, the “defendant

remains civilly liable for the restitution.” Traudt, 679 A.2d at 332. If a time period 
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for payment is set forth in an order and payment is not made in accordance with 

the order, interest begins to accrue, with costs and fees, and the judgment becomes 

enforceable in accordance with laws applicable to “civil cases generally.” See 

§ 12-28-5.1. Accordingly, if a defendant is compliant with court-ordered 

restitution payments and simply runs out of time, the remedy does not include 

incarceration, absent a finding of willful violation. See State v. Price, 820 A.2d 

956, 969 (R.I. 2003) (discussing civil contempt to coerce compliance with a court 

order). In this case, because Regan’s sentence has long expired, there are other 

statutory remedies that the state may pursue. See § 12-19-34.

Under the circumstances of this case, we touch on the folly that gave rise to 

this dispute. Imposition of a restitution order in such an insurmountable amount in 

the absence of a hearing on the accused’s ability to pay ought to be avoided. The

court should proceed with caution before entering orders proposed by the state that

seek unrealistic restitution amounts as part of a criminal sentence. In addition, in 

this case, the judgment of conviction—which is the controlling document—does 

not place a timeline on payment of restitution. In the absence of a finding

concerning Regan’s ability to pay this amount, it is irrational to conclude that 

Regan would face a lengthy period of incarceration simply because he could not 

satisfy $520,295.46 in monthly payments of $200. Simply put, there were not 

enough months in his sentence to accomplish this goal.
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Although a probation violation may result in lifting the suspended portion of 

a sentence and imposition of imprisonment, it is well established that a probation 

violation does not allow the trial justice to extend probation or impose a sentence

after probation has expired. See, e.g., State v. Tavares, 837 A.2d 730, 733 (R.I. 

2003) (“The purpose of having a time limitation on the length of the probation is to 

assure the defendant that once the probation has expired, ‘he will not have the 

threat of imprisonment for this offense hanging over his head for the rest of his 

life.’”) (quoting State v. Santos, 498 A.2d 1024, 1026 (R.I. 1985)).

In this case, after declaring that Regan was in violation of his probation, the 

trial justice continued the sentencing hearing on several occasions in order to keep 

the sentence “hanging over [his] head” so that in the event Regan failed to comply 

with making payments, the court could “remove the suspended period of time and 

order [him] to serve that amount of time at the ACI[.]” However, as of January 

2021, Regan’s probation had expired and there no longer existed a sentence to

impose. While Regan remains civilly liable for his restitution obligation, his 

sentence and the Superior Court’s jurisdiction to oversee his probation for the 

offense for which he was convicted has concluded.

Conclusion

Based on the foregoing, we vacate the order of the Superior Court. The 

papers in this case may be remanded to the Superior Court.
SU-CMS-02A (revised June 2020)

STATE OF RHODE ISLAND 

SUPREME COURT– CLERK’S OFFICE

Licht Judicial Complex

250 Benefit Street

Providence, RI 02903

OPINION COVER SHEET

Title of Case State v. Geoffrey A. Regan.

Case Number No. 2021-47-C.A.

(N2/10-173A)

Date Opinion Filed May 2, 2022

Justices Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, Lynch Prata, and 

Long, JJ.

Written By Associate Justice Maureen McKenna Goldberg

Source of Appeal Newport County Superior Court 

Judicial Officer from Lower Court Associate Justice Kristin E. Rodgers

Attorney(s) on Appeal

For State:

Brianne M. Chevalier

Department of Attorney General

For Defendant:

Geoffrey A. Regan, Pro Se