*

The Honorable James L. Graham, United States District Judge for the Southern District of

Ohio, sitting by designation.

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 05a0288n.06

Filed: April 18, 2005

No. 03-2473

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

v. STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

TODD LEVON,

Defendant-Appellant.

_______________________________/

BEFORE: DAUGHTREY and CLAY, Circuit Judges; GRAHAM, District Judge.*

CLAY, Circuit Judge. Defendant Todd Levon appeals his conviction for conspiracy to

manufacture marijuana in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846 and for being a felon in possession of a

firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), alleging that he was not brought to trial within the time

allotted under the Speedy Trial Act (“STA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c). Levon also appeals the 120

month sentence imposed by the district court. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM Levon’s

conviction under § 846, REVERSE his conviction under § 922(g), and AFFIRM his 120 month

sentence. 

I. BACKGROUND

A. Procedural History
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Throughout the opinion, we refer to Defendant as “Levon” and his brother as “Bruce.”

2

Defendant Todd Levon, his brother Bruce Levon, and Mark Isaacs were indicted by a grand

jury on August 21, 2001 on multiple counts of conspiracy to manufacture marijuana in violation of

21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846. Bruce was additionally charged with being a felon in possession of a

firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).1

 All three co-defendants appeared before the district

court on August 31, 2001. At that time, Bruce entered a plea of not guilty, however Levon and

Isaacs did not enter pleas as they had not yet obtained counsel. Levon informed the court that he

intended to secure the representation of attorney Robert Slemaka, who had already entered an

appearance on Bruce’s behalf. The court advised Levon that a potential conflict of interest could

result from this arrangement, and continued Levon’s arraignment for September 4, 2001. Attorney

Slemaka did, in fact, represent Levon at his arraignment, at which time Levon pleaded not guilty.

The court appointed counsel for Isaacs, who also pleaded not guilty on September 4, 2001.

On September 14, 2001, the district court issued an order scheduling a hearing concerning

attorney Slemaka’s joint representation of Levon and Bruce for September 17, 2001. No such

hearing was held, however, as attorney Susanna Kostovski entered an appearance on Bruce’s behalf

on September 17, prior to the time scheduled for the hearing. On October 3, 2001, the district court

held a status conference concerning all three co-defendants. On November 15, 2001, Isaacs filed

a motion to suppress evidence, and on November 28, 2001, Bruce filed an additional motion to

suppress and to join Isaacs’ motion.

On May 22, 2002, the government filed a superseding indictment against all three codefendants. The new indictment added a charge of felon in possession of a firearm under § 922(g)
No. 03-2473

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against Levon. Bruce and Isaacs pleaded guilty to the charges in the superceding indictment on June

11, 2002, and the district court took their plea agreements under advisement. Attorney Slemaka

withdrew as Levon’s counsel on June 26, 2002, and on July 1, 2002, the district court appointed a

federal defender to represent him. 

On September 11, 2002, the government filed a motion requesting the district court to

determine any excludable delay under the STA. Levon then moved to dismiss the case against him

on September 23, 2002, arguing that more than seventy non-excludable days had passed from the

time of his arraignment, in violation of the STA. The district court issued an opinion and order on

October 30, 2002, concluding that the STA had not been violated because “at most” 69 days had

elapsed. United States v. Levon, No. 01-80308, 2002 WL 31548623 at *5 (E.D. Mich. Oct. 30,

2002). Levon’s jury trial finally commenced on January 7, 2003. The jury convicted him of

conspiracy to manufacture 1,000 plants or more of marijuana, and of being a felon in possession of

a firearm. After determining that the marijuana offense carried a ten-year mandatory minimum

sentence, the district court sentenced Levon to 120 months imprisonment on each count, to run

concurrently. Defendant timely appealed to this Court.

B. Substantive Facts

1. Marijuana Cultivation

From the early 1990s until approximately 2001, Levon and his brother Bruce grew marijuana

out of various houses in the city of Detroit. Levon and Bruce each owned the houses individually

and ran separate growing operations, but they would apparently assist each other from time to time

by sharing growing equipment and “clones,” or small cuttings from marijuana plants that can be
No. 03-2473

4

used to start a new crop, and by staggering their crops. A number of witnesses testified at Levon’s

trial that they worked for both brothers, doing jobs ranging from maintenance of houses to

harvesting and trimming marijuana crops. These witnesses also testified that in return for their

services, they were paid in cash and marijuana. Three individuals, Janet Shereda, Carl Snyder and

co-defendant Isaacs, testified that at one time, each had lived in a house owned by Levon, and that

during their residency they assisted in growing marijuana. A former drug customer and part-time

dealer, Robert Persinger, testified that in addition to buying drugs from Levon, he saw extensive

evidence of marijuana cultivation around Levon, including unharvested crops, garbage bags full of

marijuana, and hydroponic growing equipment.

Persinger became a Drug Enforcement Agency (“DEA”) informant in late 1999. Through

information supplied by Persinger, in early 2000, the DEA began surveilling a house located at

12070 Longview Street in Detroit. The DEA executed a federal search warrant at the house on

February 2, 2000. The search uncovered a marijuana growing operation in the basement, and

Snyder, who had been living at the house, was arrested. However, neither Levon nor his brother was

arrested following the raid on 12070 Longview.

On April 10, 2001, DEA agents raided a house owned by Bruce located at 3911 Nevada

Street in Detroit. Again, the agents discovered a marijuana growing operation, and arrested the

house’s occupant, co-defendant Isaacs. In May 2001, DEA agents executed a search warrant at

Bruce’s home in Harrison Township, Michigan, uncovering drug paraphernalia, papers relating to

marijuana cultivation techniques, and guns. Following the raids on 3911 Nevada and Bruce’s home,

Levon, Bruce, and Isaacs were indicted.
No. 03-2473

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2. Firearms

One of the guns seized from Bruce’s home was a Remington 12 gauge shotgun. At trial, the

government introduced documentary evidence demonstrating that Levon purchased the gun in

January 1994, and the parties stipulated: (1) that both Levon and Bruce were convicted of prior

felonies; (2) that Levon’s civil rights had not been restored as of January 5, 1994, such that he could

legally purchase a firearm on that date; and (3) the Remington 12 gauge was manufactured outside

of the State of Michigan. The district court instructed the jury that Levon could be convicted either

on a theory that he actually possessed the Remington 12 gauge, or on the theory that he aided and

abetted Bruce’s illegal possession of the gun. 

After trial and sentencing, the government discovered that Bruce’s civil rights had been

restored by May 2001, such that his possession of the Remington 12 gauge was not illegal at that

time. Because Bruce’s status as a felon in possession was a necessary predicate to finding Levon

guilty on an aiding and abetting theory, and there was no evidence that Levon actually or

constructively possessed the Remington 12 gauge when it was seized in May 2001, the government

now concedes that Levon’s conviction under § 922(g) should be reversed.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Speedy Trial Act

The STA issue in this case revolves around whether the district court properly excluded six

days from the speedy trial clock: August 31-September 4, 2001, and September 17, 2001. The

parties agree that all time from November 15, 2001 onward was properly excluded under the STA.

The district court found a total of 69 non-excludable days between August 31 and November 14,
No. 03-2473

6

2001. We review the court’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual determinations for clear error.

United States v. DeJohn, 368 F.3d 533, 538 (6th Cir. 2004).

Section 3161(c)(1) provides:

In any case in which a plea of not guilty is entered, the trial of a

defendant charged in an information or indictment with the

commission of an offense shall commence within seventy days from

the filing date (and making public) of the information or indictment,

or from the date the defendant has appeared before a judicial officer

of the court in which the charge is pending, whichever date last

occurs.

18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1). Where an indictment charges multiple defendants and the district court has

not granted severance, a single STA clock governs the action. United States v. Culpepper, 898 F.2d

65, 66 (6th Cir. 1990). It is incumbent upon the defendant to file a motion to dismiss for STA

violations prior to the start of trial; failure to do so renders the defendant’s STA claim waived on

appeal. See 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2); United States v. Crossley, 224 F.3d 847, 860 (6th Cir. 2000).

If the district court fails to bring a defendant to trial within seventy days, the indictment “shall be

dismissed on motion of the defendant,” either with or without prejudice. 18 U.S.C. § 3162(a)(2).

However, the statute delineates a number of situations in which the district court may exclude time

from the seventy day calculation, effectively tolling the STA clock. Relevant in the instant case is

§ 3161(h)(1)(F), which excludes “Any period of delay resulting from other proceedings concerning

the defendant, including but not limited to . . . delay resulting from any pretrial motion, from the

filing of the motion through the conclusion of the hearing on, or other prompt disposition of such

motion.” 

1. August 31, 2001 to September 4, 2001
No. 03-2473

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Levon unconvincingly argues that notwithstanding his express confirmation to the district

court that the clock began to run on September 4, the government preserved the running date of the

clock for appeal. Levon points to the government’s STA brief to the district court, in which it listed

as “Defendant’s initial appearance” the period between August 21, 2001, the date of the indictment,

and September 4, 2001, and argued that the entire period was excludable. However, the government

never explicitly argued that the clock began to run on August 21, and in making a motion for

dismissal under the STA, Levon had the burden of proof. Because Levon conceded that the clock

began to run on September 4, we find his argument regarding the government’s district court brief

to be totally without merit. 

7

Levon first argues that the district court erred in finding that the STA clock began to run on

September 4, 2001, the date he pleaded not guilty, as opposed to August 31, 2001, the date he first

appeared before the court. However, Levon failed to argue before the district court that the STA

clock began to run prior to September 4, and therefore, we agree with the government that he waived

the issue and cannot raise it on appeal. The district court’s opinion and order on the STA issue notes

that “as confirmed at the hearing, Defendant does not argue that any time before September 4, 2001

counts under the STA.” Levon, 2002 WL 31548623 at *2 (emphasis added). It is apparent from this

language in the district court’s opinion that Levon did not merely fail to raise time before September

4, he affirmatively confirmed for the court that he was not arguing the STA clock started running

prior to September 4. This amounts to the “intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known

right,” and therefore constitutes a clear waiver. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733

(1993).2

Furthermore, even if Levon had properly preserved an argument regarding August 31-

September 4, we would be bound to reject his claim on the merits. We have previously held that

“[t]he plain meaning of the language of the STA requires a not guilty plea to begin the clock

running.” United States v. O’Dell, 154 F.3d 358, 360 (6th Cir. 1998) (citing 18 U.S.C. §
No. 03-2473

8

3161(c)(1)). Defendant did not enter a not guilty plea until September 4, because he was not yet

represented by counsel at his first appearance on August 31. Because “the statute expressly applies

only to cases in which pleas of not guilty have been entered,” the date on which the defendant

pleaded not guilty, rather than the initial appearance without counsel, “started the Speedy Trial Act

clock in this case.” United States v. Nixon, 779 F.2d 126, 130 (2d Cir. 1985) (cited in O’Dell, 154

F.3d at 361); see also United States v. O’Bryant, 775 F.2d 1528, 1531 (11th Cir. 1985) (holding that

STA clock did not begin to run until defendant appeared before district court with counsel and

entered not guilty plea, despite having initially appeared before court several days earlier); cf. United

States v. Tootle, 65 F.3d 381, 383 (4th Cir. 1995) (holding that because plain language of the STA

requires a not guilty plea, STA was not triggered in case where the defendant never entered a not

guilty plea); United States v. Bermea, 30 F.3d 1539, 1567 (5th Cir. 1994) (STA clock begins to run

with indictment or arraignment, whichever comes last). Therefore, even if Levon did not waive the

argument, the STA clock did not begin to run until he pled not guilty on September 4, 2001. 

2. September 17, 2001

The district court excluded September 17, 2001 as an “other proceeding concerning the

defendant” under § 3161(h)(1), because a hearing on the potential conflict of interest in Slemaka’s

joint representation of Levon and Bruce was scheduled for that date. However, the problem was

resolved before the hearing occurred, and thus, no hearing was held. Levon argues that because the

hearing was not actually held, September 17 cannot be excluded. In rebuttal, the government argues,

as it did before the district court, that the entire time from September 14, when the court issued an
No. 03-2473

3

The Supreme Court recently granted certiorari and issued a brief order vacating the

judgment and remanding Dunbar back to this Court for reconsideration in light of United States v.

Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). See Dunbar v. United States, 125 S. Ct. 1029 (2005). Presumably,

however, the STA issues in the case will not be reconsidered.

9

order setting the hearing date, through September 17, when the matter was resolved, should be

excluded.

We agree with the government that September 14-17 is excludable under the STA. United

States v. Dunbar, 357 F.3d 582 (6th Cir. 2004),3

 which was decided after the district court issued

its STA opinion in this case, involved a situation in which the district court learned of a potential

conflict of interest between the defendant and his attorney during a March 14 hearing. The

defendant failed to request appointed counsel on that date, or at subsequent hearings on May 14 and

15. Finally, on May 16, two months after the initial conflict was brought to the court’s attention,

the government filed a motion to resolve the issue, which was actually resolved a week later when

defense counsel withdrew. Id. at 593. This Court stated that “[a]lthough no formal motion was

made before or at the March 14, 2001 appearance, we hold that March 14, 2001 through May 15,

2001 may be excluded under 3161(h)(1) as ‘other proceedings concerning the defendant.’” Id. The

Court also excluded the entire period between the government’s motion on the conflict issue and the

granting of defense counsel’s motion to withdraw, because where a motion requires a hearing, “§

3161(h)(1) provides for the automatic exclusion of ‘the entire period between the filing of the

motion and the conclusion of the hearing’ on that motion.” Id. (quoting Henderson v. United States,

476 U.S. 321, 329 (1986)).
No. 03-2473

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In addition, we note that § 3161(h)(1)(F) excludes delay resulting from “any pretrial

motion” without reference to the filer of the motion, and other circuits have found that “[m]otions

excludable under subsection (F) includes any pretrial motion and are not limited to those motions

enumerated in Federal Rule Criminal Procedure 12(b)(2).” Hohn, 8 F.3d at 1305 (citing United

States v. Wilson, 835 F.2d 1440, 1443 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (emphasis in original). This further suggests

to us that the lack of a formal motion by one of the parties does not preclude delay from being

excludable under § 3161(h)(1)(F). 

10

While Dunbar is not completely analogous to the present case, we read it to stand for the

proposition that time may be excluded under the STA, in appropriate circumstances,

notwithstanding the lack of a formal motion on the issue. In this case, although neither party made

a formal motion regarding Slemaka’s joint representation of Levon and his brother, the district court

was clearly concerned, sua sponte ordering a hearing on the issue. Clearly, had either party made

a motion concerning Slemaka’s representation, the time between the filing of the motion and the

hearing would have been excluded under § 3161(h)(1)(F). See, e.g., Henderson, 476 U.S. at 329;

Dunbar, 357 F.3d at 593. Essentially, on September 14, the district court made its own motion on

the potential conflict. The fact that the court ordered the hearing sua sponte, as opposed to the

hearing being held on the motion of one of the parties, should not change the result under the STA.

See United States v. Polan, 970 F.2d 1280, 1285 (3d Cir. 1992); cf. United States v. Hohn, 8 F.3d

1301, 1304 (8th Cir. 1993) (excludable delay allowed under § 3161(h)(1)(F) where pretrial services

filed petition, because petition by third-party is the “functional equivalent” of a motion made by a

party).4

In light of Dunbar, we find that the district court’s order setting a hearing on the joint

representation issue should be treated as if it were a motion by one of the parties. Because the

‘motion’ required a hearing, under § 3161(h)(1)(F) the entire time from the filing of the motion
No. 03-2473

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It is undisputed that September 4, the date of Levon’s arraignment, is itself properly

excludable under § 3161(h)(1)(F). 

11

through the hearing should be excluded, i.e., September 14 thorough September 17. Further, the fact

that the hearing was not actually held is inconsequential, because § 3161(h)(1)(F) excludes delay

“from the filing of the motion through the conclusion of the hearing on, or other prompt disposition

of, such motion.” (emphasis added). Under the plain terms of subsection (F), September 17 is

excludable as the date on which the ‘motion’ was promptly disposed of. Therefore, we hold that

September 14, 2001 thorough September 17, 2001 is excludable under the STA.

3. The Final STA Calculation

Starting the STA clock on September 4, 2001,5

 and excluding September 14, 15, 16 and 17,

as well as October 3, which the parties agree should be excluded, we count a total of sixty-six nonexcludable days from the entry of Levon’s not guilty plea to the commencement of his trial. Thus,

we hold that there was no STA violation. 

B. Firearm Possession

Levon argues, and the government concedes, that his conviction under § 922(g) should be

reversed. The conviction was predicated on Bruce’s status as a felon in possession, and it is now

clear that Bruce was legally entitled to possess a firearm when his house was raided in May 2001.

Accordingly, we reverse Levon’s conviction for being a felon in possession of a firearm under §

922(g). 

C. Sentencing
No. 03-2473

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Levon was convicted of conspiracy to manufacture marijuana under 21 U.S.C. § 846, which

states that the penalty for violating the statute is the same “as those proscribed for the offense, the

commission of which is the object of the attempt or conspiracy.” The relevant substantive statutory

offense for Levon’s conduct is 21 U.S.C. § 841, which prescribes a ten-year mandatory minimum

sentence if the defendant has a prior felony drug conviction. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(B)(vii). It is

undisputed that Levon was previously convicted in Michigan state court in 1979 of delivery of PCP,

and in 1990 of possession with intent to deliver marijuana, both of which qualify as prior felony

drug convictions under § 841(b)(1)(B)(vii). Thus, the 120 month sentence imposed by the district

court was the minimum sentence allowed under the relevant statute.

Levon argues on appeal that his prior convictions needed to be proved to a jury beyond a

reasonable doubt. However, he concedes that in Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224

(1998), the Supreme Court held that prior convictions need not be proved to a jury beyond a

reasonable doubt. Levon also concedes that Booker does not overrule Almendarez-Torres, because

it excludes prior convictions from the facts which must be proved to a jury. Booker, 125 S. Ct. at

756. Further, although Levon does not raise it, the Supreme Court’s post-Booker decision in

Shepard v. United States, 125 S. Ct. 1254 (2005), which addresses the use of prior convictions to

sentence a defendant under the Armed Career Criminal Act, is not implicated here as it is undisputed

that Levon has two qualifying prior felony drug convictions. Finally, we note that there are no

unresolved Booker issues in this case, because the indictment alleged that Levon conspired to

manufacture 1,000 or more plants or marijuana, the jury convicted him of that amount, and he

received the statutorily mandated minimum sentence of ten years, which applies to 100 or more
No. 03-2473

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marijuana plants. Levon’s Sixth Amendment rights were not violated, and he could not have

received a lower sentence for his crime of conviction than the sentence he did, in fact, receive;

therefore, we affirm Levon’s 120 month sentence.

III. CONCLUSION

For the above reasons, we AFFIRM Levon’s conviction for conspiracy to manufacture 

marijuana under 21 U.S.C. § 846 and his 120 month sentence. However, we REVERSE Levon’s

conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), and REMAND to the district court with instructions to enter

judgment dismissing the firearm count.