&'2412015 Toxic Algae Bloom Leaves 500,000 Without Drinking Water in Ohio 

r. ecowatch.com http:l/ecowatch.com12014/08/031toxic-algae-bloom-5000QO.without-dfinking-water-ohio/ 

Toxic Algae Bloom Leaves 500,000 Without Drinking Water in 

Ohio 

Codi Yeager-Kozacek, Circle of Blue 

Don't miss out. Stay Informed. Gat EcoWatch's Top News of the Day. 

The City of Toledo has issued a "Do Not Drink" advisory tor residents served by Toledo water after chemical 

tests confinned the presence of unsafe levels of the algal toxin Microcystin in the drinking water plant's finished 

water. The advisory, spanning three counties in Ohio and one in Michigan, leaves more than 400,000 people in 

the Toledo area without drinking water. 

Harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie, like this bloom in 2013, can become so concentrated that the water is often described as pea soup. 

Befow the surface, decomposing algal blooms cause a different problem: oxygei'H:Ieprived dead zones that kill bottom-dwelling organisms 

and can force flah out of their preferred habitats. Photo credit: Jeff Roolfer I Ohio Sea Grant and Stone Laboratory 

"Do not drink the water," Melanie Amato, public information officer for the Ohio Department of Health," told 

Circle of Blue. "You can shower in it, bathe in it, but do not try to ingest it. That means no washing dishes: you 

can brush your teeth with it as long as you don't swallow any water, but we recommend using bottled water for 

that as well." 

The Toledo advisory was posted at 2 a.m. Saturday morning. Ohio governor John Kasich soon announced a 

state of emergency to mobilize more resources for the city. 

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&'2412015 Toxic Algae Bloom Leaves 500,000 Without Drinking Water in Ohio 

Other emergency measures also became apparent across northwest Ohio: 

• Stores sold out of bottled water, sending residents into neighboring cities and Michigan to find supplies. 

• Local restaurants, universities and public libraries closed. 

• Several nearby municipalities that have not been affected by the toxin are offering water to Toledo 

residents free of charge. 

• The National Guard is charged with delivering 300 cases of bottled water from Akron, Ohio, as well as 

Meals Ready to Eat (MRE's) for distribution to homeless shelters and other vulnerable populations who 

are unable to cook with their water. 

• Humanitarian organizations like the American Red Cross are responding, manning water distribution 

centers and providing water delivery assistance to homebound residents. 

Microcystin is a toxin produced by blooms of freshwater algae, which are a vast and growing problem in Lake 

Erie-Toledo's drinking water source. Microcystin can cause nausea, vomiting and liver damage if ingested, and 

it has been known to kill dogs and livestock that drink contaminated water. Skin contact with the toxin can also 

cause irritation and rashes, though levels in treated water are not high enough at this time to warrant a 

complete ban on water use, Amato said. 

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r. ecowatch.com http://ecowatch.com/2014/081031toxic-algae-bloom-500000-without-drinking-water-ohio/2/ 

Toxic Algae Bloom Leaves 500,000 Without Drinking Water in 

Ohio 

Cadi Yeager-Kozacek, Circle of Blue 

Don't miss out. Stay Informed. Gat EcoWatch's Top News of the Day. 

Read page 1 

Microcystin appears to be a growing public health problem in the western portions of Lake Erie. Almost a year 

ago, in September 2013, Carroll Township near Toledo detected dangerous levels of Microcystin in its water 

supply, shut down its water treatment plant, and simultaneously alerted the community's 2,000 residents not to 

drink the water. 

Efforts by the City of Toledo and other "poont source" dischargers of phosphorus have not been enough to stop toxic algal blooms In Lake 

Erie. The city warned residents not to drink their water Sabm!ay due to algal toxins. Click image to enlarge. Photo credit: Scott Straz:zante 

I Clrde of Blue 

Toledo is the first major city in the Great Lakes region to fall victim to Microcystin contamination, despite testing 

and treatment for the toxin. The city allocated $US 4 million for water treatment chemicals last year-double 

what it spent in 2010. The spending increase is largely due to concerns about algal toxins. City water managers 

were especially worried after the Carroll Township crisis, which was alleviated by the township's ability to 

connect to an outside water supply while it flushed the toxin from its own system. It is unclear if Toledo has 

similar options available. The city's Facebook page states: 

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"It is understandable that there is a huge degree of public concern, but we would advise everyone to remain 

calm, an alternative water supply and a distribution system will be announced as quickly as possible." 

Algal Bloom Small, But Concentrated 

The culprit behind Toledo's drinking water problems is a toxic algal bloom in Lake Erie's Maumee Bay. The 

bloom is not very large compared to past blooms, and Microcystin levels, though high, are not out of the range 

of those previously seen on the lake. 

All algal bloom apR:~ ads aCf088 Lake Erie near Point Pelee, Ontario. Blooms In the lake conalst prfmarlly of tiny cyanobacteria that can 

release toxins capable of causing skin rashes and bums when touched, and vomiting and liver damage if ingested. Photo credit: Tom 

Atctter 1 Michigan Sea GranL 

"The bloom right now isn't big in terms of spatial coverage, but it is pretty dense in Maumee bay and that area of 

western Lake Erie," Justin Chaffin, a senior researcher at The Ohio State University's Stone Laboratory in Putin-Bay, Ohio, told Circle of Blue. "It is pretty much surrounding where the Toledo water intake pipes are." 

The bloom in that area is very concentrated and thick, he added. 

"I'm not sure what levels they were seeing coming in through their pipes, but we were out there sampling on 

Wednesday and we got Microcystin levels around 1 0 to 20 parts per billion." 

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r. ecowatch.com http://ecowatch.com/2014/081031toxic-algae-bloom-500000-without-drinking-water-ohio/3/ 

Toxic Algae Bloom Leaves 500,000 Without Drinking Water in 

Ohio 

Cadi Yeager-Kozacek, Circle of Blue 

Don't miss out. Stay Informed. Gat EcoWatch's Top News of the Day. 

Read page 1 

The acceptable level of Microcystin in drinking water is 1 part per billion, according to the World Health 

Organization. Typically, the city of Toledo is able to chemically treat their drinking water to bring Microcystin 

levels below that threshold, even if the intakes receive high levels of the toxin. Chaffin said that there was likely 

a mixing event-such as a storm or strong wind-that forced the toxic algae, which normally floats on top of the 

water, down to the bottom where the intakes are located. 

The city is now hurrying to test water samples drawn from throughout the treatment and distribution system to 

track the Microcystin concentrations. Testing a batch of samples takes approximately three to four hours once 

the test is started, according to Chaffin. 

Harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie can prompt beach dosures, like this one in Sandusky Bay, Erie County, Ohio. They also pose a threat to 

drinking water that is supplied from the lake. The two largest algal blooms ever reeorded on Lake Erie occurred in the past five years. 

Photo credH: Ohio Sea Grant and Stone Laboratory 

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"They are running water samples from hospitals, really from all over Toledo," he said. "Everyone that does 

Microcystin sampling in the Toledo area is either sending their [test] kits to the Oregon [Ohio] treatment plant or 

the city of Toledo's treatment plant. They are just swamped with samples and they ¥Jere running out of kits." 

Toledo is also sending water samples to labs in Cincinnati to undergo a more complete analysis. There are 

approximately 80 different kinds of Microcystin-producing cyanobacteria, Chaffin said. Although all are toxic, 

their level of toxicity varies. The more extensive tests will help to determine a more accurate level of the toxin in 

the water. 

Algal Blooms a Growing Problem 

Commonplace in Lake Erie in the 1960s, toxic algal blooms disappeared from the lake following international, 

national and state efforts to reduce the phosphorus pollution that dr1ves them. The federal Clean water Act of 

1972 was especially important for reducing phosphorus from city sewage plants and other "point" sources that 

discharged pollutants from a pipe. The CWA, however, did little to address phosphorus runoff from farms and 

lawns, known as "nonpoint" sources. Researchers have shown that a rise in phosphorus levels-particularly a 

form of the nutrient that is readily available to promote algae growth-has coincided with renewed blooms in 

Lake Erie, and international agencies have called for a reduction in phosphorus to alleviate problematic blooms 

in Lake Erie and elsewhere in the Great Lakes. The largest bloom ever recorded on the lake occurred in 2011. 

Scientists and environmental groups say addressing agriculture is particularly important for reducing the 

blooms. 

"I have every confidence in the water treatment plant to figure out how to make the drinking water safe," Adam 

Rissien, director of agricultural and water policy at the Ohio Environmental Council, told Cirde of 

Blue."Unfortunately, the options available to them are costly and that means a rate increase-there's no way 

around it. Until we reduce phosphorus and address harmful algal blooms, I'm afraid it's going to come on the 

ratepayers' backs. And that's not fair." 

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