10-i

CHAPTER 10. NATIONAL IMPACTS ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

10.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 10-1

10.2 BASE-CASE AND STANDARDS-CASE FORECASTED EFFICIENCY 

DISTRIBUTIONS AND FIXTURE STOCKS ................................................................. 10-1

10.2.1 Base-Case and Standards-Case Efficiency Distributions .................................. 10-2

10.2.2 Installed Fixture Stock ....................................................................................... 10-2

10.3 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS ................................................................................... 10-3

10.3.1 National Energy Savings Definition .................................................................. 10-3

10.3.2 National Energy Savings Inputs ........................................................................ 10-4

10.3.2.1 Unit Energy Consumption (UEC) ....................................................... 10-4

10.3.2.2 Fixture Stock ....................................................................................... 10-4

10.3.2.3 Site-to-Source Conversion Factors ..................................................... 10-4

10.3.2.4 Interactions with Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning 

(HVAC) Systems ................................................................................ 10-5

10.3.2.5 Rebound Effect ................................................................................... 10-5

10.4 NET PRESENT VALUE .................................................................................................. 10-5

10.4.1 Net Present Value Definition ............................................................................. 10-5

10.4.2 Net Present Value Inputs ................................................................................... 10-6

10.4.2.1 Total Annual Installed Cost Increases ................................................ 10-6

10.4.2.2 Total Annual Operating Cost Savings ................................................ 10-6

10.4.2.3 Discount Factor ................................................................................... 10-7

10.5 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT VALUE RESULTS ............. 10-7

10.5.1 National Energy Savings and Net Present Value Input Summary .................... 10-7

10.5.2 National Energy Savings Results ...................................................................... 10-8

10.5.3 Net Present Value Analysis ............................................................................... 10-9

10.5.4 Net Present Value Results ............................................................................... 10-10

LIST OF TABLES

Table 10.3.1 National Energy Saving Inputs ............................................................................. 10-4

Table 10.4.1 Net Present Value Inputs ...................................................................................... 10-6

Table 10.5.1 National Energy Saving and Net Present Value Inputs ........................................ 10-8

Table 10.5.2 Cumulative National Energy Savings for Fixtures under the Roll-Up and 

Shift Scenarios (2015–2044).............................................................................. 10-9

Table 10.5.3 Cumulative NPV Results for Metal Halide Lamp Fixtures (2015-2044) ........... 10-11
10-1

CHAPTER 10. NATIONAL IMPACTS ANALYSIS

10.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the method for estimating the national impacts of candidate standard 

levels (CSLs) for analyzed metal halide lamp fixtures (MHLF). Because fixtures are designed to 

operate metal halide (MH) ballasts and lamps, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) chose the 

most common MH lamp and ballast used with each fixture to develop representative metal halide 

lamp fixtures. MH lamps will not be regulated under the proposed amended energy conservation 

standards for fixtures; however, the characteristics of complete metal halide lamp fixtures (energy 

consumption, installed cost, etc.) must be considered for estimating national impacts of fixture

CSLs. 

In the national impacts analysis (NIA), DOE assessed the cumulative national energy 

savings (NES) and the cumulative national economic impacts of CSLs. DOE measured energy 

savings as the cumulative quadrillion British thermal units (Btu), or “quads,” of energy a CSL is 

expected to save the nation. DOE measured economic impacts as the net present value (NPV) in 

dollars of total customer costs and savings expected to result from a CSL. The analysis period 

over which DOE calculated the NPV and NES is from 2015 to 2044. 

DOE determined both the NPV and NES for each CSL and each representative product 

class it selected in the engineering analysis (preliminary technical support document (TSD) 

chapter 5). In this rulemaking, DOE considered up to four CSLs for each of the representative 

fixture equipment classes. 

DOE performed all NIA calculations using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, available at 

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/commercial/metal_halide_lamp_fixt

ures.html. 

The following sections describe in detail the methodology and inputs for the NIA.

Several NIA inputs, including per-unit costs, per-unit energy consumption, and national 

shipments, are discussed in other analyses. In describing the inputs to the NIA, this chapter 

references those analyses and presents new information on installed stock. Section 10.2 discusses 

DOE’s fixture shipment forecasts by CSL, the installed stock of fixtures, and the mix of 

efficiencies of that stock. Section 10.3 discusses DOE’s calculation of national energy 

consumption in the base and standards cases, and the resulting difference in NES between these 

cases. Section 10.4 discusses the NPV calculation. Section 10.5 presents the NES and NPV 

results by representative equipment class. 

10.2 BASE-CASE AND STANDARDS-CASE FORECASTED EFFICIENCY 

DISTRIBUTIONS AND FIXTURE STOCKS

The characteristics of DOE’s shipment forecasts (such as equipment costs and operating 

costs) and projected fixture stocks (such as average efficiency and energy consumption) are key 

aspects of DOE’s NES and NPV estimates. This section describes these key characteristics of 

stock and shipments as they relate to the NES and NPV. 
10-2

The projected distribution of fixture efficiencies shipped and fixture efficiencies in stock

are key factors in determining the NPV. Two inputs to the NPV are the per-unit total installed 

cost and per-unit annual operating cost. The per-unit total installed cost often varies with the 

efficiency of fixtures shipped. Therefore, when higher efficiency fixtures are shipped, higher 

installed costs are often incurred. Chapter 8 of the preliminary analysis TSD describes how perunit total installed costs vary as a function of efficiency for each MH fixture. 

Per-unit annual energy consumption is a key input to the NPV (as an input to the per-unit 

operating cost) and NES. The per-unit annual energy consumption is a function of metal halide 

lamp fixture characteristics in the installed stock. The total installed stock of metal halide lamp 

fixtures is used to determine total annual energy consumption, a key input into the NES and NPV 

calculations. 

Also important to determining NES and NPV is the average efficiency of the MH fixture

stock. The engineering analysis (preliminary TSD chapter 5) discusses the relationship between 

metal halide lamp fixture design, system input power, and fixture efficiency. The energy use 

characterization (preliminary TSD chapter 6) describes how the per-unit energy consumption 

varies as a function of system input power and market sector application for each metal halide 

lamp fixture design. 

Sections 10.3.3 and 10.4.2 discuss inputs to calculation of the NES and NPV in further 

detail. 

10.2.1 Base-Case and Standards-Case Efficiency Distributions

Because the end-user price of fixtures varies with efficiency level, the base-case and 

standards-case forecasted efficiency distributions of shipments affect the average total installed 

cost per unit. Generally, as the efficiency of a metal halide lamp fixture design increases, the 

total installed cost increases as well. In addition, the base-case and standards-case efficiency

distributions affect the average fixture efficiency in the installed stock, an indication of annual 

energy consumption. For fixtures, DOE first presented the market share apportionments in the 

base case in preliminary TSD chapter 9. These market share apportionments characterize the 

shipments of fixtures for each analyzed equipment class. The forecasted efficiency distributions 

of shipments for fixtures depend directly on these apportionments and the total shipments of a 

particular fixture type in each year of the analysis period. 

10.2.2 Installed Fixture Stock

The installed fixture stock in a given year is the total number of fixtures shipped that year 

and in prior years that are still operating. The NES model tracks the fixtures shipped each year, 

and fixtures are retired when they reach the end of their lifetime. From this information and the 

shipments forecasts presented in chapter 9, DOE established the installed fixture stock profile for

all analyzed fixture equipment classes. Please see preliminary TSD chapter 9 for plots of the 

installed fixture stock profiles for each equipment class. 

For most types of fixtures, installed stock increases over time. However, some fixture

types experience a decline in stocks over the analysis period due to the encroachment of newer 
10-3

technologies such as induction (electrodeless fluorescent), high-intensity fluorescent, lightemitting diode (LED), and light-emitting plasma (electrodeless metal halide) fixtures.

10.3 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS

10.3.2 National Energy Savings Definition 

DOE calculated annual national energy savings as the difference in energy consumption 

by metal halide lamp fixtures between the base case (without new standards) and the standards 

case (with new standards). Positive values of NES correspond to net energy savings following 

standards implementation; i.e., national annual energy consumption (AEC) with standards is less 

than AEC in the base case.

t baset t std t NES (AEC AEC src _) conv = , , ×− Eq. 10.1 

Where: 

NESt = national energy savings in year t, 

AEC = annual national energy consumption each year (at the source) in quadrillion British 

thermal units (quads), 

t = year in the forecast (e.g., 2015 to 2044), 

base = base case, 

std = standards case, and 

src_convt = time-dependent conversion factor to convert from site energy (kWh) to source 

energy (quads, Btu/kWh).

Cumulative energy savings are the sum over a defined time period from the 

implementation of a standard forward (from 2015 to 2044) of the annual national energy savings. 

= ∑t

NEScum NESt Eq. 10.2

Where: 

NEScum = cumulative national energy savings.

DOE calculated the AEC (in any year) by multiplying the number or stock of fixtures by 

the product of the annual unit energy consumption and the site-to-source conversion factor, 

shown by the following equation:

bd

bd

AEC = ∑STOCKbd ×UEC Eq. 10.3

Where: 

bd = fixture ID number,

STOCKbd = stock of fixtures for a given design surviving in the year for which DOE calculated 

AEC, and

UECbd = unit energy consumption (kWh per year). 
10-4

10.3.3 National Energy Savings Inputs 

Table 10.3.1 lists the inputs for the determination of NES.

Table 10.3.1 National Energy Saving Inputs 

Input

Unit Energy Consumption, UEC

Fixture Stock by Design (STOCKbd)

Site-to-Source Conversion Factor (src_conv)

10.3.3.1 Unit Energy Consumption (UEC)

DOE presents the per-unit UEC for each metal halide lamp fixture design in the energy 

use characterization (preliminary TSD chapter 6). For the NES and NPV calculations, DOE used 

an average number of annual operating hours for each sector in calculating the UEC of each 

MHLF design.

10.3.3.2 Fixture Stock 

The fixture stock in a given year is the sum of the shipments in that year, and the total 

number of fixtures shipped in prior years that survive. The NES spreadsheet model keeps track 

of the fixtures shipped each year. DOE discusses forecasted shipments for the base case and all 

standards cases in chapter 9. To generate the shipments that eventually comprise the fixture

stock, the shipments analysis incorporates one set of base-case scenarios and one set of 

standards-case scenarios that can affect shipments. The base-case scenarios determine the total 

volume of fixture shipments and installed stock. The standards-case scenarios are composed of

the roll-up and shift scenarios. These scenarios dictate the inputs to the market-share 

apportionments, and therefore affect the breakdown of the installed stock by fixture design from 

2015 to 2044. The shift scenario generally results in higher energy savings than the roll-up 

scenario. 

10.3.3.3 Site-to-Source Conversion Factors 

The site-to-source conversion factor is the multiplier DOE used for converting siteenergy consumption into primary or source energy consumption. For electricity, the conversion 

factors can vary over time due to projected changes in generation sources (i.e., the power plant 

types projected to provide electricity to the country). For the preliminary analysis, DOE used a 

site-to-source conversion factor of 10,329, derived from the 2010 version of the Energy 

Information Administration’s (EIA’s) Annual Energy Outlook (AEO2010), and will update to the 

latest available version of the AEO during the next phase of the analysis.1 DOE will also 

incorporate time-dependent changes in the site-to-source conversion factor in the next phase of 

the analysis.
10-5

10.3.3.4 Interactions with Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) 

Systems

Interactions with HVAC systems in the commercial and industrial sectors are represented 

by an HVAC factor, as given in Eq. 10.3. The HVAC factor reflects the extent to which the 

energy savings from more efficient equipment are offset by increased demands placed on heating 

and cooling equipment in the presence of more efficient equipment. Typically this takes the form 

of increased efficiency being achieved through less energy wasted as heat, increasing the burden 

on HVAC equipment in winter months.

In a previous rulemaking (the 2010 fluorescent ballast rule), DOE found that the HVAC 

factor is highly dependent on the composition of building stock2

. Due to the great uncertainty in 

building stock, DOE used an HVAC factor of 1 for calculating energy savings in the preliminary 

analysis. 

10.3.3.5 Rebound Effect

In its analysis, DOE considered the rebound effect that occurs after installation of energyefficient lighting equipment. Under economic theory, “rebound effect” refers to the tendency of a 

consumer to respond to the cost savings associated with more efficient equipment in a manner 

that actually leads to marginally greater product usage, thereby diminishing some portion of 

anticipated benefits related to improved efficiency. DOE examined a summary of the literature 

regarding the rebound effect in relation to lighting equipment.3

 Based on four studies, the 

summary estimated that for a 100-percent increase in energy efficiency, “take-back” or rebound 

values for residential lighting are between 5 and 12 percent of energy consumption savings. The 

summary estimated zero to 2 percent rebound values for commercial and industrial lighting. For 

the commercial and industrial equipment considered in this rulemaking, DOE believes that 

equipment use is driven by the application needs, and that affected consumers will not alter their 

usage patterns in response to incremental efficiency gains. Therefore, in this preliminary 

analysis, DOE assumed a zero percent rebound effect in all three sectors analyzed. 

10.4 NET PRESENT VALUE

10.4.1 Net Present Value Definition

The NPV is the value in the present of a time series of costs and savings. The NPV is 

calculated as follows: 

NPV −= PVCPVS Eq. 10.4

Where: 

PVS = present value of operating cost savings, and

PVC = present value of increased total installed costs.

The PVS and PVC are determined according to the following expressions:

PVS ∑ ×= DFOCS tt Eq. 10.5
10-6

PVC ∑TIC ×= DFtt Eq. 10.6

Where: 

OCSt = total annual operating cost savings in year t, 

TICt = total annual installed cost increases in year t, 

DFt = discount factor associated with year t, and 

t = year (PVS and PVC are summed over 2015–2044).

DOE determined the contributions to PVC and PVS for each year from 2015 to 2044, and 

discounted these costs to 2011. DOE calculated savings as the difference between a standards 

case (i.e., with amended standards) and a base case (i.e., without amended standards). DOE 

discounted savings using the discount rate and the number of years between the “present” (i.e., 

year to which the sum is being discounted) and the year in which the costs and savings occur. 

DOE calculated the net present value as the sum over time of the discounted net savings (which 

is equivalent to the approach shown in Equations 10.4 through 10.6).

10.4.2 Net Present Value Inputs

Table 10.4.1 summarizes the inputs to the NPV calculation.

Table 10.4.1 Net Present Value Inputs

Input

Total Annual Installed Cost Increases (TICt)

Total Annual Operating Cost Savings (OCSt)

Discount Factor

10.4.2.1 Total Annual Installed Cost Increases 

DOE calculated the increase in total annual installed costs as the difference between the 

total annual installed costs in the standards case minus those in the base case. For each case, the 

total annual installed costs equal the product of the shipments and per unit installed cost 

(summed over each fixture design). DOE used an average lifetime of each fixture type for each 

equipment class. 

10.4.2.2 Total Annual Operating Cost Savings 

As the life-cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP) analysis (preliminary TSD 

chapter 8) describes, DOE calculated total annual operating costs based on national average 

electricity prices. DOE calculated total annual operating cost savings as the difference between 

total annual operating costs in the base case minus those in the standards case. (The only 

component of annual operating cost for metal halide lamp fixtures that is different between the 

base case and the standards case is the cost of electricity consumption.) 

= ∑ ××

bd

t bd bd OCS STOCK UEC electricity price Eq. 10.7
10-7

Where:

OCSt = total annual operating cost savings in year t, 

STOCKbd = total stock of fixture type bd, 

UECbd = unit energy consumption of fixture type bd, 

electricity price = electricity price associated with fixture type bd, 

t = year, and

bd = fixture ID number. 

DOE used an average number of annual operating hours for each sector and fixture type 

in calculating the UEC of each MHLF. DOE used AEO2010 to establish all electricity prices.

4

Chapter 8 provides the electricity price forecasts DOE used to calculate the NPV. 

10.4.2.3 Discount Factor 

DOE multiplied monetary values in future years by the discount factor (DF) to calculate 

the present value. The following equation describes how to calculate the discount factor:

( )( ) ptt DF r − 11 += Eq. 10.8

Where: 

r = discount rate,

t = year of the monetary value, and

tp = year in which the present value is being determined.

DOE estimated national impacts with both a 3-percent and a 7-percent real discount rate 

as the average real rate of return on private investment in the U.S. economy. These discount rates 

were used in accordance with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)’s guidance to 

Federal agencies on the development of regulatory analysis (OMB Circular A-4, September 17, 

2003), and section E, “Identifying and Measuring Benefits and Costs,” therein.5 DOE defined 

2011 as the year to which future expenses are discounted. 

10.5 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT VALUE RESULTS

The NES spreadsheet model provides estimates of the NES and NPV due to various 

CSLs. The inputs to the NES spreadsheet are discussed in sections 10.3.3 and 10.4.2. DOE 

generated the NES and NPV results using Microsoft Excelspreadsheets, accessible at 

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/commercial/metal_halide_lamp_fixt

ures.html. 

10.5.1 National Energy Savings and Net Present Value Input Summary

Table 10.5.1 summarizes the inputs to the NES spreadsheet model. A brief description of 

the data is given for each input. 
10-8

Table 10.5.1 National Energy Saving and Net Present Value Inputs

Input Data Data Description

Shipments Annual shipments from the fixture shipments model. Historical shipments 

are based on U.S. Census Bureau Current Industrial Reports data

(preliminary TSD chapter 9).

Stock of Fixtures Established based on historical and projected fixture shipments, the service 

life of fixtures, and growth rates.

Effective Date of Standard 2015.

Analysis Period 2015 to 2044.

Unit Energy Consumption (kWh/yr) Established in the energy-use characterization (preliminary TSD chapter 6) 

by metal halide lamp fixture and sector.

Total Installed Cost Established in the markups analysis (preliminary TSD chapter 7) and LCC 

analysis (preliminary TSD chapter 8) by MHLF.

Electricity Price Forecast EIA forecasts (to 2035) from the AEO2010 and extrapolation for beyond 

2035 (preliminary TSD chapter 8).

Electricity Site-to-Source Conversion Assumed to be constant across time: 1 site kWh = 10,239 source Btu.

HVAC Interaction Savings 1.

Rebound Effect 0%.

Discount Rate 7 and 3 percent real.

Present Year Future costs and savings are discounted to 2011.

10.5.2 National Energy Savings Results 

The following section provides NES results for each CSL that DOE considered for 

fixtures. Results are cumulative to 2044 and are shown as primary energy savings measured in 

quads. 

Table 10.5.2 shows the NES results under roll-up and shift scenarios, which reflect the 

lower and upper bounds, respectively. Since the shift scenario models more consumers moving

to higher-efficiency metal halide lamp fixtures than in the roll-up scenario, the shift scenario 

results in higher energy savings.

Table 10.5.2 presents total national energy savings for each CSL by fixture type and in 

total. However, it is important to note that the numbers presented in these tables are calculated 

assuming that all fixture types face the same CSLs. 
10-9

Table 10.5.2 Cumulative National Energy Savings for Fixtures under the Roll-Up and Shift 

Scenarios (2015–2044) 

Candidate 

Standard 

Level

Equipment Class National Energy Savings (quads)

Roll-Up Scenario Shift Scenario

7%

Discount 

Rate

3%

Discount 

Rate

0% 

Discount 

Rate

7%

Discount 

Rate

3%

Discount 

Rate

0% 

Discount 

Rate

1 70W Fixtures 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.06

250W Fixtures 0.05 0.11 0.21 0.05 0.11 0.21

400W Fixtures 0.07 0.14 0.27 0.07 0.14 0.27

1000W Fixtures 0.03 0.06 0.12 0.03 0.06 0.12

Total 0.16 0.34 0.65 0.16 0.35 0.67

2 70W Fixtures 0.05 0.11 0.21 0.05 0.11 0.21

250W Fixtures 0.07 0.15 0.29 0.07 0.15 0.29

400W Fixtures 0.12 0.26 0.49 0.12 0.26 0.49

1000W Fixtures 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.24

Total 0.30 0.65 1.23 0.30 0.65 1.24

3 70W Fixtures 0.06 0.12 0.22 0.06 0.12 0.22

250W Fixtures 0.11 0.23 0.43 0.11 0.23 0.43

400W Fixtures 0.15 0.33 0.62 0.15 0.33 0.62

1000W Fixtures 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.24

Total 0.37 0.80 1.51 0.37 0.80 1.52

4 70W Fixtures 0.06 0.12 0.22 0.06 0.12 0.22

250W Fixtures 0.11 0.24 0.46 0.11 0.24 0.46

400W Fixtures 0.19 0.40 0.77 0.19 0.40 0.77

1000W Fixtures 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.24

Total 0.42 0.89 1.69 0.42 0.89 1.69

Note: Totals may not match the sum of equipment class savings due to rounding.

10.5.3 Net Present Value Analysis 

The NPV calculation attempts to calculate the total monetary costs and benefits of the 

standard for all consumers of fixtures. This calculation relies primarily on two inputs: the NES 

calculations described in the previous section, which are translated into a decrease (or in some 

cases increase) in operating costs; and the increase (or in some cases decrease) in installed costs. 

In most cases the operating cost savings, installed costs increases, and NPV all trend 

toward zero over time, reflecting the impacts of discounting.

NPV results are cumulative and shown as the discounted value of these savings in dollar 

terms. DOE used national averages for key inputs such as electricity pricing and sector-specific 

point values for operating hours in calculating operating cost savings and installed cost increases. 

Thus, the NPV results are discrete point values rather than a distribution of values as in the LCC 

and PBP analyses. 

The present value of increased total installed costs is the total installed cost increase (i.e., 

the difference between the standards case and base case in given year), discounted to the present, 
10-10

and summed over the time period in which DOE evaluated the impact of standards (i.e., from the 

effective date of standards, 2015 to 2044).

Savings are decreases in operating costs associated with higher efficiency fixtures 

purchased in the standards case compared to the base case. DOE calculated total annual 

operating cost savings as the difference between total annual operating costs in the base case 

minus those in the standards case. Eq. 10.7 gives the total annual operating costs in each case. 

In general, the NPV results at each CSL largely reflect the LCC savings at the 

corresponding efficiency levels. As discussed in the LCC and PBP analyses (preliminary TSD 

chapter 8), for most fixture purchasing events and most baseline fixture designs, increasing 

efficiency levels generally results in increased LCC savings; however, at certain efficiency levels 

(which differ by equipment class), electronic ballasts are used instead of magnetic ballasts. 

Electronic ballasts are more expensive and have a shorter lifetime than magnetic ballasts, and the 

associated maintenance costs with replacing electronic ballasts more frequently far outweigh the 

monetary benefits of energy savings. Therefore, the efficiency levels which require electronic 

ballasts do not generate positive LCC savings. 

10.5.4 Net Present Value Results

Table 10.5.3 shows the NPV results in tabular format for both the roll-up and shift 

scenarios, which represent the lower and upper energy savings, respectively. Within each of 

these scenarios, results are also shown for 7- and 3-percent discount rates. Increases in energy 

savings do not necessarily correspond to increases in NPV savings.
10-11

Table 10.5.3 Cumulative NPV Results for Metal Halide Lamp Fixtures (2015-2044) 

Candidate 

Standard Level

Equipment Class Net Present Value

billion 2010$

Shift Scenario Roll-Up Scenario

7%

Discount 

Rate

3%

Discount 

Rate

7%

Discount 

Rate

3%

Discount 

Rate

1 70W Fixtures 0.104 0.223 0.124 0.265

250W Fixtures 0.258 0.615 0.294 0.692

400W Fixtures 0.167 0.477 0.208 0.562

1000W Fixtures 0.118 0.304 0.111 0.288

Total 0.647 1.619 0.736 1.806

2 70W Fixtures -0.385 -0.773 -0.380 -0.763

250W Fixtures 0.180 0.506 0.248 0.652

400W Fixtures 0.350 0.952 0.443 1.149

1000W Fixtures 0.313 0.758 0.313 0.758

Total 0.457 1.442 0.624 1.796

3 70W Fixtures -0.472 -0.932 -0.472 -0.932

250W Fixtures -2.878 -5.856 -2.884 -5.867

400W Fixtures -3.365 -6.740 -3.351 -6.714

1000W Fixtures 0.313 0.758 0.313 0.758

Total -6.403 -12.770 -6.395 -12.755

4 70W Fixtures -0.472 -0.932 -0.472 -0.932

250W Fixtures -2.647 -5.386 -2.647 -5.386

400W Fixtures -3.944 -7.810 -3.944 -7.810

1000W Fixtures 0.313 0.758 0.313 0.758

Total -6.750 -13.370 -6.750 -13.370

Note: Totals may not match the sum of equipment class savings due to rounding.
10-12

REFERENCES

1. U.S. Department of Energy–Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 

2010. 2010. Washington D.C. DOE/EIA-0383(2010). 

2. U.S. Department of Energy–Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy 

Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Preliminary Technical Support 

Document: Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts. 2010. Washington, D.C. 

<http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/fluorescent_lam

p_ballasts_ecs_prelim_tsd.html> 

3. Greening, L.A., D.L. Greene, and C. Difiglio. 2000. Energy Efficiency and 

Consumption–The Rebound Effect: A Survey. Energy Policy. 28: pp. 389–401. 

4. U.S. Department of Energy–Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 

2010 with Projections to 2035. May 2010. (Last accessed March 28, 2011.) 

< http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo10/index.html>. 

5. Office of Management and Budget. Circular A-4. September 2003. Washington, D.C. 

<http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a004/a-4.pdf>.