* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding

precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and

collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent

with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

March 17, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

KAREN CRANE,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, Commissioner

of Social Security Administration,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 09-3137

(D.C. No. 6:08-CV-01055-JTM)

(D. Kan.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before HARTZ, McKAY, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

Karen Crane appeals from a judgment of the district court affirming the

Commissioner’s denial of her application for Social Security disability benefits

and supplemental security income benefits. Exercising jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), we affirm.
-2-

I.

Ms. Crane was 47 years old at the time of her final hearing before the

administrative law judge (ALJ). In her July 23, 2002, application, she claimed

disability as of January 1, 2001, due to “[n]umbness in legs, muscles tightening

up – stiffness, makes walking extremely hard to do every day it gets worse.” 

R. Vol. 2 at 134. In October 2002, Ms. Crane had back surgery. The ALJ

conducted two hearings. The first hearing took place on October 13, 2004. 

When asked about his theory of the case, Ms. Crane’s lawyer explained:

I think she’s disabled [at] five of the sequential process. She had a

serious back surgery, which the, an MRI following the surgery

showed she still had spinal cord problems that would justify her

complaints. She also has mental impairments. . . . [S]he’s also

started [mental health] treatment . . . just last month[,] [b]ut we

haven’t been able to obtain . . . that record yet.

Id. at 838-39.

Among the records presented was a December 2002 consultative mental

status examination that contained a diagnosis of dysthymia, but the examiner had

concluded that this impairment resulted in either no or only mild functional

limitations. Ms. Crane’s lawyer also offered records from a February 2004 visit

to the emergency room, which contained a clinical impression of “anxiety.” 

Id. at 744. The visit occurred after she was licked by a dog that she believed to

have been poisoned. Ms. Crane sought mental-health treatment beginning in

September 2004, and her lawyer had requested the records of that treatment. 
-3-

In addition, the ALJ heard testimony from Ms. Crane. At the conclusion of

the hearing, he referred her for a “psych CE [consultative examination], with

appropriate testing,” id. at 865, and “an orthopedic CE, since the previous CE was

done on a prospective type basis, because they expected her to improve [after

surgery],” id. at 866. The second hearing was held on June 14, 2005. Ms. Crane

again testified, along with a vocational expert. 

In his decision the ALJ found that Ms. Crane had a number of severe

impairments that precluded her from performing her past relevant work. At step

five of the five-step sequential evaluation process, however, he found that the

Commissioner had met his burden of proving that Ms. Crane retained sufficient

residual functional capacity to perform other work in the national economy. 

He thus concluded that she was not disabled. The Appeals Council denied her

request for review, making the ALJ’s denial of benefits the agency’s final

decision. The district court affirmed. 

II.

Because we review de novo the district court’s ruling in a social security

case, “we independently determine whether the ALJ’s decision is free from legal

error and supported by substantial evidence.” Wall v. Astrue, 561 F.3d 1048,

1052 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Substantial evidence

is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to

support a conclusion. It requires more than a scintilla, but less than a
-4-

preponderance.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]e neither reweigh

the evidence nor substitute our judgment for that of the agency.” Casias v. Sec’y

of Health & Human Servs., 933 F.2d 799, 800 (10th Cir. 1991).

A.

At step two of the five-step sequential evaluation process, the ALJ

determines whether the claimant has a medically severe impairment or

impairments. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(ii), 416.920(a)(4)(ii); see also

Wall, 561 F.3d at 1052. The ALJ found that Ms. Crane had the following

medically determinable severe impairments: “dysthymic disorder; learning

disorder; degenerative disk disease-lumbar spine; subdural extramedullary mass,

status post surgery; and, migraine headaches.” R. Vol. 2 at 30. Ms. Crane argues

that the following impairments were also medically determinable and that the ALJ

erred when he did not include them in his analysis of her residual functional

capacity at step four: schizoaffective disorder; paranoid personality disorder;

obsessive compulsive personality disorder; and general anxiety disorder.

We summarize the pertinent evidence before turning to the analysis. 

On December 18, 2002, Jill Spradlin, Psy.D., met with Ms. Crane at the Cowley

County Mental Health & Counseling Center (Cowley). According to

Dr. Spradlin, Ms. Crane was referred “to get a statement . . . so that she

could have a hysterectomy.” Id. at 791. After listing her diagnostic impression

of “Schizoaffective Disorder” and “[rule out] Paranoid Personality Disorder,”
1 Ms. Schwinghammer also included dysthymia and a learning disorder in her

diagnosis. The ALJ found these were medically determinable impairments on the

(continued...)

-5-

Dr. Spradlin wrote: “It is highly recommended that Ms. Crane undergo a full

psychological evaluation to fully assess her diagnosis. Psychological testing,

including personality testing with measures of validity is recommended.” Id.

at 793. But testing was not completed, because Ms. Crane did not respond

“[a]fter numerous attempts to reach her and encourage her to finish the testing.” 

Id. at 778. Dr. Spradlin closed the file in April 2003. 

Ms. Crane returned to Cowley in September 2004, in response to the

anxiety she experienced in February 2004 when she was licked by a dog. This

time she was seen by Alan Smith, a marriage-and-family therapist. He wrote,

“[She] states that the reason she is out here is because of medical conditions and

financial stress.” Id. at 785. He diagnosed her with generalized anxiety disorder

and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Mr. Smith closed Ms. Crane’s

file on March 7, 2005, because “[s]he attended two appointments, no showed

once and did not respond to a contact letter.” Id. at 777. Her last visit to Cowley

was on April 4, 2005, when she was seen by Kathy Schwinghammer, also a

marriage-and-family therapist. Ms. Crane “reported symptoms of depression,

which she feels stem from conflicts with her boss at work.” Id. at 780. 

Ms. Schwinghammer listed, among other things, general anxiety disorder and

personality disorder in her diagnosis.1
1

(...continued)

basis of evidence from medically acceptable sources, and included them in his

disability evaluation. 

-6-

There is no need for an extended discussion of the diagnoses of generalized

anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, or personality disorder. 

Marriage-and-family therapists, such as Mr. Smith and Ms. Schwinghammer, are

not acceptable medical sources; and only acceptable medical sources can provide

evidence to establish the existence of a medically determinable impairment. 

20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1513(a) and 416.913(a). See also Frantz v. Astrue, 509 F.3d

1299, 1301 (10th Cir. 2007) (explaining that under § 1513(a), evidence from

an acceptable medical source is required to establish a medically determinable

impairment). 

Ms. Crane argues that the ALJ should have considered Mr. Smith’s and

Ms. Schwinghammer’s reports because their opinions were bolstered by the

opinions of Drs. Daehnke and Murphy. To be sure, evidence or opinions from

non-medically acceptable sources are not always irrelevant. For example,

“evidence from other sources [may be used] to show the severity

of . . . impairment(s) and how it affects your ability to work.” 20 C.F.R.

§§ 404.1513(d) and 416.913(d). See also SSR 06-03P, 2006 WL 2329939, *2

(same). Both the regulations and ruling, however, are clear that information from
2 Ms. Crane does not argue that the ALJ erred by failing to adopt the

diagnoses of anxiety made by Drs. Daehnke and Murphy.

-7-

non-medically acceptable sources cannot establish a medically determinable

impairment.2

 

Also cited as error is the ALJ’s failure to subpoena Mr. Smith’s and

Ms. Schwinghammer’s treatment notes. The agency suggests several reasons why

the ALJ’s failure to do so is not error, but we need address only one: their notes,

if any, are irrelevant because neither is an acceptable medical source whose

opinion could establish a medically determinable impairment.

As for the claim that Ms. Crane suffers from schizoaffective disorder, we

recognize that Dr. Spradlin is a medically acceptable source. But the ALJ

rejected for several reasons her diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder, finding it

insufficient to establish a medically determinable impairment. He wrote:

The claimant was diagnosed in December 2002 with a schizoaffective

disorder by a non-treating medical source who saw the claimant on

only one occasion. However, it is documented that claimant had an

acute psychosis at one point, which was possibly due to delirium. 

Even so, the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder . . . is not

supported by the evidence or by any test. In addition, the symptoms

justifying this diagnosis did not last 12 months, as required by the

regulations. The examining doctor recommended that the claimant

undergo a full psychological evaluation to fully assess her diagnosis. 

The record does not substantiate that a full psychological evaluation

was done.

R. Vol. 2 at 34 (citations omitted). Ms. Crane does not point to any legal error or

the lack of substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s finding. Instead, her
3 The GAF is a subjective determination using a scale of 1 to 100 of

“the clinician’s judgment of the individual’s overall level of functioning.” 

Am. Psychiatric Ass’n, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 32

(Text Revision 4th ed. 2000). A GAF score of 41 indicates “[s]erious symptoms.” 

Id. at 34. 

-8-

argument is for a reweighing of the evidence, which we cannot do. “We review

only the sufficiency of the evidence, not its weight[.]” Oldham v. Astrue,

509 F.3d 1254, 1257 (10th Cir. 2007). 

For similar reasons we disagree with Ms. Crane’s contention that the ALJ

erred by failing to discuss her global assessment of functioning (GAF) score of 41

when she met with Dr. Spradlin in 2002.3

 The ALJ is not required to discuss

every piece of evidence. Clifton v. Chater, 79 F.3d 1007, 1009-10 (10th Cir.

1996). To be sure, he must discuss the evidence supporting his decision, and in

addition he “must discuss the uncontroverted evidence he chooses not to rely

upon, as well as the significantly probative evidence he rejects.” Id. at 1010. 

But Dr. Spradlin’s GAF evaluation was not uncontroverted; and the ALJ, for the

reasons given for his not accepting Dr. Spradlin’s diagnosis, did not need to find

her GAF scoring to be significantly probative. We also reject Ms. Crane’s

argument that the ALJ should have performed his own evaluation and

interpretation of the consultative psychological examination performed by

Dr. Schwartz in November 2004; an ALJ cannot substitute his own medical

opinion for that of a physician. See Hamlin v. Barnhart, 365 F.3d 1208, 1221

(10th Cir. 2004).
-9-

Finally, to the extent that Ms. Crane contends that the ALJ did not

consider that she had an impairment from panic attacks, we note that the only

evidence concerning panic attacks came from Ms. Crane. She testified: 

“[M]y chest hurts because my heart’s pounding really fast. . . . [S]ometimes

I feel really hot. I don’t know if it’s a hot flash or if it’s related to my panic

attacks. . . . I sometimes hyperventilate. . . . [The attacks happen] [o]nce a week,

maybe twice. . . . One [attack] lasted two days, [and some are gone] within

30 minutes to an hour.” R. Vol. 2 at 879-81. To establish the impairment of

panic attacks, however, Ms. Crane was required to provide “medical evidence

consisting of signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings, not only . . . [her]

statement of symptoms.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1508 and 416.908.

B.

“At step three, the ALJ considers whether a claimant’s medically severe

impairments are equivalent to a condition listed in the appendix of the relevant

disability regulation.” Wall, 561 F.3d at 1052 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

See also 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iii) and 416.920(a)(4)(iii). Ms. Crane

contends that the ALJ erred at this step when he failed to “consider whether [her]

impairments were equivalent to [Listing 12.05C]” for mental retardation. Aplt.

Opening Br. at 14. “In order to satisfy listing 12.05, a claimant must meet the

requirements of that listing’s capsule definition as well as one of the four severity

prongs for mental retardation as listed in the regulations.” Wall, 561 F.3d at 1062
-10-

(internal quotations marks and alterations omitted). “The capsule definition for

listing 12.05 states: ‘Mental retardation refers to significantly subaverage general

intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive functioning initially manifested

during the developmental period; i.e., the evidence demonstrates or supports onset

of the impairment before age 22.’” Id., quoting 20 C.F.R. Ch. III, Pt. 404,

Subpt. P, App. 1. Severity prong (C) of Listing 12.05, requires a showing of: 

“a valid verbal, performance, or full scale IQ of 60 through 70 and a physical or

other mental impairment imposing an additional and significant work-related

limitation or function.” Wall, 561 F.3d at 1062 (internal quotation marks

omitted).

With respect to Listing 12.05(C), the Social Security Administration’s

Program Operations Manual System (POMS) provides: 

[S]lightly higher IQ’s (e.g., 70-75) in the presence of other physical

or mental disorders that impose additional and significant workrelated limitation of function may support an equivalence

determination. It should be noted that generally the higher the IQ,

the less likely medical equivalence in combination with another

physical or mental impairment(s) can be found.

POMS No. DI 24515.056(D)(1)(c). This evaluation tool, however, is

used only when “the capsule definition of that impairment is satisfied.” Id.

DI 24515.056(B)(1). 

There was no evidence that Ms. Crane met the capsule definition for

Listing 12.05, which requires evidence “that a claimant exhibit subaverage
-11-

general intellectual functioning before the age of twenty-two.” Wall, 561 F.3d at

1062. Her lawyer never mentioned mental retardation, focusing instead on her

anxiety and panic attacks. Moreover, given that Ms. Crane had a GED and a

steady work history, which included jobs at the semi-skilled and skilled levels,

the ALJ understandably did not discuss this Listing.

What the evidence demonstrated and the ALJ found was that although

Ms. Crane appeared to have a learning disorder and dysthymia, her daily

“activities . . . are not significantly limited due to a mental impairment.” 

R. Vol. 2 at 36. He noted the results of an IQ test administered on November 22,

2004, in which Ms. Crane obtained a verbal IQ score of 74, a performance IQ

of 95, and a full scale IQ of 82; and he cited the examiner’s findings and opinion

that Ms. Crane “could remember work location and procedures, understand and

follow simple directions, . . . and . . . had adequate attention, concentration and

short-term memory for simple tasks. It is substantiated that she functions well

at her job as a motel housekeeper.” Id. These findings are supported by

substantial evidence. 

C.

Ms. Crane claims that the ALJ improperly assessed her credibility when he

found that although her “medically determinable impairments could reasonably be

expected to produce the alleged symptoms, . . . [her] statements concerning the

intensity, duration and limiting effects of these symptoms are not entirely
-12-

credible.” Id. at 35. The framework for evaluating the intensity and persistence

of symptoms and their functional effects is provided in 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(c)

and 416.929(c). See also SSR 96-7P, 1996 WL 374186, at *1 (“When the

existence of a medically determinable physical or mental impairment(s) that could

reasonably be expected to produce the symptoms has been established, the

intensity, persistence, and functionally limiting effects of the symptoms must be

evaluated to determine the extent to which the symptoms affect the individual’s

ability to do basic work activities. This requires the adjudicator to make a

finding about the credibility of the individual’s statements about the symptom(s)

and its functional effects”). “Credibility determinations are peculiarly the

province of the finder of fact, and we will not upset such determinations when

supported by substantial evidence.” Kepler v. Chater, 68 F.3d 387, 391 (10th Cir.

1995) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[F]indings as to credibility should be

closely and affirmatively linked to substantial evidence and not just a conclusion

in the guise of findings.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). To be sure, an

ALJ is required to do more than simply “recite[] the general factors he

considered . . . [without] refer[ring] to any specific evidence.” Qualls v. Apfel,

206 F.3d 1368, 1372 (10th Cir. 2000). But “our opinion in Kepler does not

require a formalistic factor-by-factor recitation of the evidence. So long as the

ALJ sets forth the specific evidence he relies on in evaluating the claimant’s

credibility, the dictates of Kepler are satisfied.” Id. 
-13-

The ALJ’s analysis meets this test. He spent more than two pages

discussing factors such as Ms. Crane’s daily activities, her delay in seeking

mental health treatment, her work and physical activities, and the improvements

following her back surgery. The ALJ’s credibility findings are closely and

affirmatively linked to substantial evidence and may not be disturbed.

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

Harris L Hartz

Circuit Judge