Ozone NAAQS in Delaware

FINAL REPORT

Submitted to:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Region 3 - Philadelphia, PA

Prepared by:

Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Control

Division of Air Quality

Airshed Planning & lnventory Program

655 S. Bay Road

Dover, DE 19901

July 20, 20'14
hfroduction 

Background & RequirementsResponsibilitiesProject ManagementInventory Planninglnventory Development

Emissions Summary

SECTION 2 _ STATIONARY POINT SOURCES

Emissions Summary

SECTION 3 - STATIONARY NON-POINT SOURCES

Source CategoriesEmission Estimation Methodologies and Activity Data

Emissions Summary

SECTION 4 _ NON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCES

Emission Estimation Methodologies 4-lEmissions Summary 4-2

NONROAD Model Equipment 4-3 Aircraft 4-6

Locomotives ............. 4-10

Commercial Marine Vessels ...............4-12

l-lt-2l-2

1-31-41-5

3-13-1

3-4

5-2

5-2

5-3

') ')

SECTION 5 _ ON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCES

Delaware-specific input data for 2011

Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Data

VMTFractions by Vehicle Type

VMT Temporal Allocations ....Vehicle Populations and Age DistributionsVehicle Speeds

5-4

5-5

5-6

5-7

5-8

5-9

Inspect

Controls

ion and Maintcnance (IiM)

Emissions from NEI vl
SECTION 2

Table 2-1 2011 Facility-level Emissions for New Castle County. 2-2 Table2-2 2011 Facility-level Emissions firr Sussex County. 2-3SECTION 3

Table 3-l Non-point Source Categories InventoriedTable 3-2

Table 3-3Table 3-4SECTION 4

Table 4-lTable 4-2Table 4-3'lable 4-4

Table 4-5Table 4-6Table 4-7

Table 4-8'ïabIe 4-9

Table 4-10Table 4-11Table 4-12Table 4-13Table 4-14

Table 4-15Table 4-16Table 4-17

Table 4-18Table 4-19Table 4-20Table 4-21SECTION 5

Table 5-1Table 5-2

Summary of 2011 Non-point Source Activity DataSutnrnary of 201 I Non-point Emissions for New Castle County

Summary of 2011 Non-point Emissions for Sussex County

20 1 I Delaware-specific Geographic Allocation Factors2011 New Castle County Emissions for NONROAD Equipment

2011 Sussex County E

SCCs for Aircraft

missions for NONROAD Equipment

3-2

3-4

3-5

3-6

4-2

4-44-54-6

4-64-7

Summary of 201I Non-road Emissions for New Castle County

Summary of 2011 Non-road Emissions for Sussex County 4-3SCCs Addressed by the NONROAD Model 4-4

NONROAD Model Temperature and Fuel Characteristic

lnput Values by Season for 201I

2011 LTO Data for New Castle and Sussex Counties

2011 Annual Emissions by County for Aircraft

SCCs for Locomotives

2011 Locomotive Fuel Consumption Data by County

for Class I [,ine Haul Operations ....... 4-11

20 1 1 Switchyard Activity and Estirnated Fuel Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . 4-l l2011 Locomotive Ernissions by County .........4-12

U.S. EPA Marine Engine Category Definitions ...... 4-12

SCCs fur Commercial Marine Vessels .......4-13

Waterway Segment Distances for the Delaware River Area . ... 4-14

Vessel Types Calling on Delaware River Area Ports in 201 l. . . . ..... 4-15Average Propulsion Engine Power and the 201 1 Number of Calls for

OGVs Calling on the Delaware River Area (DE, NJ, and PA) . . .... 4-16

Material Dredged in Delaware Water during 20ll . . 4-182011 Commercial Marine Vessel Emissions by County . 4-19

SCC Included in On-road Mobile Inventory 5-1

New Castle County VMT Fractions by Road'fype 5-3

4-8

4-9

4-10

lll
TabIe 5-7

'Iable 5-8Table 5-9Table 5-10Table 5-11Table 5-12Table 5-13

Monthly VMT Allocation F

ractions for Sussex County

2011 Vehicle Populations for New Castle County2011 Vehicle Populations for Sussex County.2011 Average Speed Matrix

New Castle County I/M Program Parameters

Sussex County I/M Prograrn Parameters

2011 Annual and SSWD Emissions for On-road Mobile Sources

by County

5

5

5-5

5-65-6

5-7

5-8

5-9

iv
y 

(SIP) revision under the 8-hour ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) setforth by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2008.

lìackground and RequirementsGround-level ozone, one of the principal components of "smog," is a serious air pollutant that

harms human health and the environment. I{igh levels of ozone can damage the respiratory

system and cause breathing problems, throat irritation, coughing, chest pains, and greatersusceptibility to respiratory infection. High levels of ozone also cause serious damage to forests

and agricultural crops, resulting in economic losses to logging and farming operations.In March 2008, the EPA revised the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS of 0.08 parts per million (pp-)

to 0.075 ppm (73 FR 16436). The 2008 ozone standard of 0.075 ppm is expected to providebetter protections of public health and environment. In a final rule of May 2012, the EPA

designated 46 arcas in the country as nonattainment for the 2008 ozone standard. New CastleCounty of Delaware was designated as nonattainment as a part of the Philadelphia-WilmingtonAtlantic City Marginal Non-Attainment Area Q.{AA) (77 FR 30088). Since this marginal NAA

is centered by the City of Philadelphia, it is often referred to as "the Philadelphia NAA." In the

same final rule, Sussex County of Delaware was designated as a stand-alone nonattainment area,

called "Seaford Marginal NAA," and Kent County was in attainment (77 FR 30088). The EPA

made the designations of these three counties based on their 2009-2010-201I design values, andthe effective date of the designations were July 20, 2012.

Ozone is generally not directly emitted to the atmosphere. It is formed in the atmosphere by

photochemical reactions among volatile organic compounds (VOC), oxides of nitrogen (I.{Ox),

and carbon monoxide (CO) in the presenoe of sunlight. To facilitate planning, Sections

182(a)(1) and 172(c)(3) of the CAA require all ozone non-attainment areas to establish a

comprehensive, acculate, and current inventory of actual emissions from all sources of the

relevant pollutant or pollutants in the areaby July 20,20T4 (i.e., two yeals after designation asnonattainment). Delaware has previously been designated nonattainment flor ozone under the

1990 1-hour and 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQSs, and has therefore been subject to this emission

inventory requirement since 1990. I)elaware has developed emission inventories that meet thecriterion of CAA 182(a)(1) and I72(c)(3) every three years since 1990, and Delaware's latestcomprehensive, accurate inventory of actual emissions from all sources of VOC, NOx and CO in

tlre State covered calendar year 20II.The purpose of this SIP revision is to establish Delaware's calendar year 2011 emissions

inventory, described in this document, as its base year emissions inventory under the 2008 ozone

NAAQS.

l-1
Branch Manager Ronald A. Arnirikian. David lìees, P.8., managing engineel, is the principal

author of this documetf.Project ManagementThe Emission lnventory Development (EID) Plogram within the Planning Branch of DAQ wasresponsible for preparing the 2011 Periodic Ernission Inventory (PEI) for critelia pollutants to

include emissions of VOC, NO* and CO summarized in this report. Internal planning began in

September 2011, with focus on the 2011 point source inventory reporting cycle taking place in

March/April of 2012.The overall project manager was responsible ftrr identifying overall inventory goals, objectives,

and deadlines, initiating inventory planning, approving estimation methodologies recomrnended

by staffl, reviewing emissions development wotk, and preparing inventory reports and

documentation.

Point Sources

Point sources staff was responsible lÌrr the following:

ldentifying point source inventory goals, objectives, and deadlines;Establishing the universe of f,acilities to inventory;

Overseeing the development of the survey forms and instructions;

Providing training and guidance to industry representatives;

Setting up the on-line electronic reporting system and working with DNREC's Office of

Information Technology in preparing the on-line reporting capabilities;Perforrning a technical review of emissions data submitted by facilities;

Working with facility representatives to correct errors;Managing the point source inventory database; andOverseeing quality control of point sources data.

Non-point and Off-road Sr¡urcesNon-point and off-road sources staff was responsible for the following:

Iìesearching and recommending emission estimation methodologies;Defining all simpli$ing assumptions;

Obtaining 20Il activity data, current emission factors, and applicable control information

Using spreadsheets to calculate emissions;

aaa

oaa

ooa

aa

ao

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On-road mobile sources staff was responsible for the following:

. Downloading the MOVES model;. Obtaining 2011 vehicle miles traveled (VMT), vehicle registration, and other mobile

input data from the Delaware Department of Transportation;

. Obtaining other data for inclusion in the model inputs;. Preparing the input files for running MOVES;o Running MOVES and summarizing the model outputs;o Reviewing emissions for accuracy and cornpleteness;. Preparing report documents; and. Compiling supporting documentation.

As is noted in Section 5 of this report, DAQ is utilizing output from EPA's National Emission

Inventory (NEI), version 1, run of the MOVES model.Inventory PlanningCalendar year 2011 is a PEI year as defined by the Air Emissions Reporting Requirements

(AERR). The AERR specifies the emissions data for criteria pollutants that arc required to be

reported to EPA's NEI. A PEI requires the development of emission estimates from all sourceswithin a state or local area for all criteria pollutants and their precursors. As such, the 20ll

inventory can provide the necessary data for the 2008 8-hour ozone NAAQS base year

inventory.

Inventory Parameters

The inventory parameters defined by the 2011 Ozone Base Year SIP inventory include thefollowing:

o Inventory year -201I;. Pollutants - VOC, NO* and CO as precursors to ozone;. Source coverage - all sources, including point, non-point, mobile, and non-road sources;¡ Spatial resolution - county level emissions;

. Geographic coverage -New Castle County and Sussex County; ando Temporal resolution - annual and surnmer season weekday daily ernissions.

Dala Collection and Managemenl

For all source categories the gatheling of local activity data represented a major task spread overmany months. I.-or point sources, most facilities reported their emissions through the use of the

1-3
Emissions for most of the non-r'oad vehicles and equipment categories were calculated using the

NONROAD2OO8a model. Aircraft engine emissions for landing and take-offs at airports in

Delaware were calculated using the þ-ederal Aviation Administration's Emissions and DispersionModeling System (EDMS), Version 5.I.4.1.Emissions data were transferred frorn SLEIS (point sources), from the non-point and non-road

spreadsheets, and from the model outputs to staging tables in Microsoft Accesso databases.

These databases were then convelted to XML files via the EIS bridge tool, and then transmittedto the EIS via CDX web client by December 31, 2012 to meet the reporting lequirements of theAERR.

Inventory DevelopmentFor point sources, DAQ developed a set of criteria to use in establishing the universe of facilitiesrequired to report. These criteria are presented in the point source section of this reporl.Reporting packages were sent to each facility meeting one or more of the reporting criteria. An

extensive arnount of review and follow up was performed on the point source data submitted byfucilities.For non-point sources, the first main task involved gathering activity data for each sourcecategory. In many cases, these data were obtained frorn Delawale-specific sources. In some cases

the activity data were developed through the allocation of a portion of a national activity dataset

(i.e., national off-road equipment populations) to Delaware. Basic demographic data were alsoused for some source categories and are presented in Table 1-1. Once activity data wereobtained, spreadsheets were developed to rnanage the data and combine the activity data with the

selected emission factors to obtain uncontrolled emissions. Irinally, for those sources wherecontrols applied, emissions were adjusted to account for control efficiency, rule effectiveness,and rule penetration

Table 1-1. 2011 Demograph¡c Data for New Castle and Sussex Gounties

Demoqraphic Parameter New Castle SussexPooulation 544.325 200,771

Households 205,500 80,638Land Area (square miles) 439 950

Annual VMT (million miles) 5.201 2,224

For on-road mobile and off-road equipment, the MOVES and NONROAD models, respectively,were used to develop emissions from these sources. In the use of these models, activity data were

t-4
and CO for New Castle County and Sussex County broken down by source sector. 

l

hroughout

this document, annual emissions are reported in tons per year (TPY) and summer seasonweekday daily emissions in tons per day (TPD). The totals may not match the sum of the

individual values due to independent rounding.

Table 1-2. 2011 New Gastle County Emissions by Source Sector

Source

Sector

AnnuallTPYl SSWD (TPD}

voc NO" co voc NO" co

Point 819 2.750 3,649 2.97 12.02 12.32

Non-point 4,882 1,324 3,425 '1 1.39 2.11 2.24

On-road 3.285 7.495 37.489 8.85 20.65 91.58

Non-road 1,989 3.577 20,688 7.04 11 19 79.33

AllSectors 10.975 1s.146 65,251 30.25 45.97 185.47

Table 1-3. 2011 Sussex County Emissions by Source Sector

Source

Sector

AnnualfTPYl SSWD (TPD)

voc NO. co VOG NO" co

Point 815 2.456 442 4.94 12.10 1.60Non-point 2,177 478 2.463 5.95 0.86 2.05

On-road 2,974 4,702 28.323 8.86 14.87 78.67

Non-road 2,558 3.045 16.917 8.47 10.02 60,50

AllSectors 8.524 10.681 48,',|45 28.22 37.85 142.82

t-5
within the industrial sector, comprise the majority of all reporting point sources. The institutional

sector includes hospitals, universities, prisons, military bases, landfills, and wastewater treatment

plants.

ljnlike other souroe sector emissions which are estimated by DAQ, point source emissions data

are submitted to DAQ by the facilities. Emissions are reported at the plocess level and include

both confined (stack) emission points as well as unconfined (fugitive) emission sources. A key

aspect of point source data is the inclusion of facility coordinates to accurately allocate emissions

spatially within a county for purposes of perfbrming air dispersion modeling.

The planning and execution of the point source inveutory was accolnplished in the followingchronological ordet':

o Establish the reporting criteria and list of facilities to survey;o Obtain inventory data from facilities;. Perform administrative and technical review of data received fi'om facilities;. Seek resubmissions/corrections from facilities based on data review;. Perform internal data manipulation (i.e., apply rule effectiveness, relnove non-reactive

VOCs, create sulnmer season weekday emission values); and

. Prepare inventory data hles, report, and supporting documentation.

Since there may be overlap between point sources and stationary non-point source categories,

one final activity required of the point source inventory staff is to provide point source back outdata where appropriate. Point source back out data includes emissions, throughput, or employees,depending on the non-point source category rnethodology.

The following criteria were established for defining the universe of facilities to be surveyed for

20rl:

o Facilities that held a'l'itle V permit in20Il;

o Any facility with emissions greatel than 5 TPY for VOCs or 25 TPY for NO* in 2008,

2009 or 2010, as previously reported to the DAQ inventory prograrn; and

. Any facility that rnay be a significant source of ernissions but for which DAQ does not

have ptevious inventory data, or otherwise of particular interest.

Based on these criteria, 72 lacllities statewide reported air emissions data for 2011. Since only

New Castle and Sussex Counties have been designated within a marginal non-attainment area for

the 2008 8-hour ozone standard, a total of 57 facilities will be presented in this report.

2-1
q

Amtrak Maintenance Facilitv 2 < 0.01 4 0 3 0Ashland Research Center (Hercules) 1 < 0.01 2 0.01 4 0.02Astrazeneca Pharmaceuticals 1 < 0.01 7 0.04 7 o.o2

BASF (Ciba Soecialtv Chemicals) 24 0.07 11 0.03 24 0.06

Calpine - Christiana (Conectiv) <1 < 0.01 1 0.42 <1 0.01Caloine - Delaware Citv (Conectiv) <1 < 0.01 <1 0.06 <1 < 0.01Calpine - Edqe Moor (Conectiv) 25 0.21 346 1.74 110 0.43Caloine - Hav Road lConectiv) 33 0.12 602 219 167 0.61Calpine - West Substation (Conectiv) <1 < 0.01 <1 0.20 <1 0.01Christiana Hospital 1 < 0.0'1 14 0,'13 11 0.05Clean Earth of New Castle 3 0.03 20 0.14 4 0.03Croda (Uniqema) 4 0.01 24 0.09 26 0.08

Dassault Falcon Jet 14 0.03 1 <001 1 < 0.01Delaware Citv Refinerv (Premcor) 303 1.22 1.072 4.51 617 2.14Delaware Citv Terminal lPremcor) 18 0.05 <1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01Del. Correctional Center - Smvrna <1 < 0.01 5 0.01 7 0.02Diamond Materials 3 0.03 4 0.05 13 0.13DSWA Cherrv lsland Landfill 7 o.o2 1 0.02 3 0.05DuPont - Chestnut Run 3 0.02 48 0.15 5 0.01DuPont - Edoe Moor oo 0.29 27 0.08 2.051 5.97DuPont - Red Lion 2 0.01 23 0.10 4 0.02DuPont Buildino - Wilminoton <,1 < 0.01 6 0,06 5 0.03DuPont Experimental Station B 0.05 180 0.76 17 0.09DuPont Stine-Haskell Lab 3 0.02 I 0.13 10 0.05E-A-R Soecialtv Composites 2 0.01 <1 < 0.0'1 <1 < 0.01Evraz Clavmont Steel 69 0.20 166 0,49 346 1.03Fisker (General Motors) 1 < 0.01 11 0.03 I 0.02FMC 3 0.01 31 0.08 26 0.06Formosa Plastics 59 0,16 32 0.10 22 0.05FP lnternational 2 0.01 1 < 0.01 1 < 0.01

Johnson Controls Batterv <1 < 0.01 3 < 0.01 2 < 0.01

Kuehne Chemical <1 < 0.01 2 < 0.01 1 < 0,0'1MacDermid 1 < 0.01 <1 <001 <1 < 0.01Maqellan Terminals 39 0.10 2 < 0.01 I < 0.01Micropore 3 0.01 0 0 0 0Prinf nack 44 0.13 3 0.01 3 0.01Rohm & Haas Electronic Materials 7 0.03 4 0.02 5 o.o2

Sunoco 46 0.10 54 0.14 111 0.'10

Universitv of Delaware - Newark 4 < 0.01 20 0.03 26 0.06

Veterans Administration Hospital <1 < 0.01 4 0.06 3 0.02Wilminoton WWTP 1 < 0.01 4 0.01 4 0.01

New Castle Countv Total 819 2.97 2.750 12.02 3.649 12.32

a.l
lnvista 7 0.02 2 0.09 10 0.06

Justin Tanks 6 o.o2 0 0 0 0

Mountaire Farms - Millsboro 1 < 0.01 4 0.02 9 0.02Mountaire Farms - Selbyville <1 < 0.01 17 0.05 2 0.01Multi-Tech I 0,04 0 0 0 0NRG lndian River Power Plant 17 0.09 2.352 11.68 171 0.84

OSG Ship Manaqement (Maritrans) 764 4.73 0 0 0 0

Perdue Farms - Bridqeville <1 < 0.01 5 0.02 4 0.01Perdue Farms - Georqetown <1 <001 I 0.02 5 0.01Perdue Farms Aqrirecvcle <1 < 0.0'1 16 0.03 <1 < 0.01Pinnacle Foods 1 < 0.01 5 0.02 3 o.o2

Sussex Countv Total 815 4_94 2.456 12.10 442 1.60

L-)
of small businesses, or is a cornlnon activity, such as residential open burning. Emissions from the

non-point source categories were estimated at the county level.

Source Categories

There are a number of non-point source categories which contribute emissions of ozone precursors.

These categories can be grouped into several category types. These include:

o Solvent Use - Many products used by homeowners and businesses contain VOC

solvents to achieve the intended purpose of the product. Paints, cleaners, pesticides,

personal care products, and inks are a few examples of products that contain VOC

solvents.

Gasoline Usage - The distribution and use of gasoline in vehicles and other gasolinepowered engines result in emissions of VOCs whenever the volatile gasoline vaporsare allowed to escape.

Fuel Combustion - The combustion of fuels in industrial, commercial, institutional,

and residential furnaces, engines, boilers, wood stoves, and fireplaces create emissions

of VOCs, NO* and CO.

o Open Burning - Open burning creates emissions of VOCs, NO* and CO. Open

burning categories include trash burning, prescribed burning, burning of land clearingdebris, wildfires, and house and vehicle fires.

Individual facilities are typically grouped with other like sources into a source category. Sourcecategories are grouped in such a way that emissions are estimated collectively using one

methodology. For the 201I inventory, the distinction between point and non-point was definedby an annual emission threshold based on recent point source data (see Section 2 for point sourcecriteria). Table 3-1 lists the source categories for which VOCs, NO* and CO for New Castle and

Sussex Counties were estimated.

Emission Estimation Methodologies and Activity Data1'he 2008 Delaware Periodic l}nission Inverrtory served as the starting point for non-point sourcecategory selection and methodology development. New methods were applied to some existing

source categories, and emission factors were updated where available. New methods and emissiou

factors came primarily fi'om current Emission Inventory Improvemenl Program, Volume IIIdocuments and documented projects performed by the California Air Resource Board (CARB).Other sources of information included the Corytilatbn of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I

3-l
VOC Emissions Onlv Emissions of VOC, NO

, and CO

Aqricultural Pesticides Aoricultural BurninqAIM Coatinos Commercial CookinqAsphalt Pavinq Commercial Fuel Combustion

Autobodv Refinishinq lndustrial Fuel Combustion

Commercial & Consumer Products Land Clearinq Debris Burninq

Deoreasinq Prescribed BurninqDrv Cleanino Residential Fuel Combustion

Gasoline (Petroleum) Marketinq Residential Open BurninqGraohic Arts Residential Wood Combustion

lndustrial Ad hesives Structure Fireslndustrial Surface Coatinqs Vehicle Fires

Traffic Markinos Wildfires

Ernissions fi'om most non-point source categories were estimated by rnultiplying an indicator of

collective activity by a corresponding emission factor. An indicator is any parameter associated with

the activity level of a source, such as production, employrnent, fuel usage, or population that can be

correlated with the emissions from that source. The corresponding emission fäctors are per unit of

production, per employee, per unit of commodity consumed, or pel' capita, respectively. The basic

equation that was applied to emission development for most non-point source categories is as

follows:

Emissions (E) : Activity Data (Q) x, Emissktn Factor (EÞ)

lfa source category had a regulatory control placed on it at the Federal or State level, the equationexpands to the following:

E Q x EF x tt - (cE)(ItE)(RP)l

where: CE : control efficiency

RE, : rule effectivenessRP : rule penetration

The control efficiency (CE) represents the typical emissions reduction achieved as compared to the

otherwise uncontrolled emissions. A control may be a piece of equipment, such as a condenser used

to recover vaporized solvent, or it may be an operational control, such as the use of only low VOC

content paints.

3-2
Rule penetration (RP) represents the percent of sources within a source category that are subject to

the rule that requires control. As an example, gas stations that dispense mol'e than 10,000 gallons of

gasoline in a month are required by Delaware regulations to place vapor recovery systems on their

gas pumps. Those dispensing less than 10,000 gallons are not required to install controls. Therefbre,RP is less than 100%. In the case of the burning of trash or leaves, no persotl or business is exempt,and thus RP is 100%.The mass balance approach was used for several source categories as an alternative to the use of anemission factor. The mass balance apploach is applicable to VOC source categories where all of the

VOC content in the products used (i.e., paints and adhesives) evaporates and is emitted as a result of

the normal use of the product. Raw material or product purchase records were used to quantify

emissions. Emissions were equated to the VOC content of the material usage minus amounts

leaving the site as or in waste.

A rnajor portion of the work involved in creating the 2011 non-poirrt source inventory was in

collecting activity data for each source category. The activity data gathered was related to the typeof emission factors available and, in many cases, obtained from local sources. Surveys, letters, emails, and phone calls to individual businesses to obtain representative data for a source category

was a technique used for several source categories. The type of activity data and the data source for

each category is provided in l'able 3-2.Point source backout was performed for the industrial and commercial fuel combustion categoriesand many of the solvent usage categories to avoid double counting of emissions between point and

non-point souÍces. Point source fuel usage was backed out from fuel consumption data obtained

fiom the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Energy Information Administration (EIA). Point

source ernployment was backed out fiom employment data obtained from the Delaware

Department of Labor.

Non-reactive VOCs were excluded from emission estimates. Emission factors specified as nonmethane organic carbon G\IMOC) in AP-42 were used when available. In some instances, the AP42 ernission factor was in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) and the percentage of the methane

component was indicated in a footnote. In these cases, the emission factor was reduced by thepercentage of methane to remove the non-reactive methane componerlt in the emission total. þ-or

example, fiot evaporative emissions fiom crude oil, the methane component was 15 percent. Theemission factor was reduced by 15 percent to remove methane from the calculation.

Source activity may fluctuate significantly on a seasonal basis. As an example, residential wood

combustion is primarily perftrrmed outside the summer season. Paint usage, on the other hand, is

used more often in the warmer months of the year. Because non-point source emissions are

generally a direct function of source activity, seasonal changes in activity levels were examined

-1--)
on the exact dates of episodic activity, such as fir

efiglrting training burns and wildfires.

Table 3-2. Summary o12011 Non-point Source Activity Data

flmissions Summary

Tables 3-3 and 3-4 provide county summaries of the 2011 annual (tons per year, TPY) and

SSWD (tons per day, TPD) emissions for each non-point source category for New Castle County

and Sussex County, respectively. The totals may not match the sum of the individual values due

to independent rounding.

3-4

Source Gateqorv Activitv Data Source of Activitv Data

Aqricultural Burninq Acreaoe and veoetation tvoe DAQ Area Source Compliance ProgramAqricultural Pesticides Planted crop acreaqe Delaware Department of AgricultureAIM Coatinqs

Solvents in U.S. paint shipments;

U.S. Population U.S. Census Bureau

Asphalt Pavino

Cutback and emulsified asphaltUSAOe Delaware Department of Transportation

Autobodv Refinishino Emolovment data Delaware Deoartment of Labor

Commercial & Consumer Products Population Delaware Population ConsortiumCommercial Cookinq Population Delaware Population ConsortiumCommercial Fuel Combustion Fuel consumption DOE Enerov lnformation Admin.

Deoreasino Emolovment data Delaware Department of LaborDrv Cleaninq Facilitv-level solvent usaqe DAQ Area Source Compliance Program

Gasoline (Petroleum) Marketinq

Gasoline fuel sales; VMT through

use of MOVES (Stage 2);

emolovment data (comm. PFCs)

FHWA Motor Fuel Tax Administration;DeIDOT (VMT); Delaware Department

of Labor (employment data)

Graphic Arts Emolovment data Delaware Department of Labor

lndustrial Adhesives Population Delaware Pooulation Consortiumlndustrial Fuel Combustion Fuel consumotion DOE Enerov lnformation Admin.I ndustrial Surface Coatinqs Emolovment data Delaware Department of LaborLand Clearino Debris Burninq

Acreage disturbed during road,

commercial, and residentialconstruction

DAQ data calculated for the

construction dust cateqories

Prescribed Burnino Acreaoe and veqetation tvpe DAQ Area Source Compliance ProqramResidential Fuel Combustion Fuel consumotion DOE Enerqv lnformation Admin.Residential Ooen Burninq Rural households U.S. Census BureauResidential Wood Combustion Occupied households Delaware Population ConsortiumStructure Fires Number of structures fires

Delaware Fire Marshal and DAQ AreaSource Compliance Proqram

Traffic Markinos

U.S. paint shipments; U.S. and Statepublic road miles

U.S. Census Bureau; FHWA highway

statistics oublication

Vehicle Fires Number of vehicle fires Delaware Fire MarshalWildflres Acreaoe and veoetation tvoe Delaware Division of Forestry
q

Asohalt Pavino <1 < 0.01Auto Refinishino 260 1.00

Commercial & Consumer Products 1,245 3.53

Drv Cleaninq <1 < 0.01

Graphic Arts 57 0.21

lndustrial Adhesives & Sealants 127 0.39lndustrial Surface Coatinq 91 0.35

Solvent Cleaninq 191 0.68

Traffic Markinqs 6 0.06

Solvent Use Total 2.692 8.85GASOLINE MARKETING

Retail G asoline Sfafions

Tank Truck Unloadinq (Staqe 1 119 0.41

Refuelino and PFC Fillino (Staoe 2) 102 0.33Underqround Tank Breathinq 81 0.24

Tank Trucks in Transit 7 o.o2

Other Gasoline Ma¡ketinq Activities

Aircraft Refuelinq 23 0.07

Marinas 18 0.06Portable Fuel Containers 241 0.83

CMV Loadinq and Transport 121 0.33

Gasoline Marketinq Total 712 2.29

FUEL COMBUSTION

Commercial/l nstitutional 18 0.03 332 0.60 270 0.50

lndustrial 21 0.06 384 1.20 317 0.99

Residential Fossil Fuel 278 0.02 525 0.30 215 0.13Residential Wood 633 0.07 60 0.01 3572 0.43

Fuel Combustion Total 699 0.19 '1.302 2.',11 4,374 2.05

OPEN BURNINGAoricultural Burninq 0 0 0 0 0 0

Residential Open Burninq 1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 11 0.01Land Clearino Debris Burnino 0 0 0 0 0 0Prescribed Burnino 15 0 7 0 325 0

Structure Fires 3 0.01 <1 < 0,01 14 0.03

Vehicle Fires 1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 4 0.01Wildfires 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ooen Burninq Total 20 0.0r I < 0.01 353 0.05

MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES

Commercial Cookino 20 0.05 52 o.14

NON-POINT SECTOR TOTAL 4.882 11.39 1.324 2.11 3,425 2.24

3-5
Asohalt Pavino 1 0.01Auto Refìnishinq 44 0.17

Commercial & Consumer Products 459 1.30

Drv Cleanino 1 < 0.01Graphic Arts 14 0.05

lndustrial Adhesives & Sealants 40 0.12lndustrial Surface Coatinq 45 o.17

Solvent Cleanino 85 o.32

Traffic Markinqs 6 0.06

Solvent Use Total I,388 4.45GASOLINE MARKETING

Ret a il G a sol i ne Sfaflons

Tank Truck Unloadino (Staqe 'l 73 0.25

Refuelinq and PFC Fillinq (Staqe 2) 70 o.23U nderoround Tank Breathinq 47 o.14

Tank Trucks in Transit 4 0.01

Other G asoline Ma¡ketinq Activities

Aircraft Refuelinq 9 0.03

Marinas 53 0.17Portable Fuel Containers 93 o.32

CMV Loadino and Transpotl 66 0.18

Gasoline Marketinq Total 415 1.34

FUEL COMBUSTION

Commercial/lnstitutional 3 < 0.01 67 0.'10 445 0.07

lndustrial 10 0.03 180 o.57 149 o.47

Residential Fossil Fuel 8 0.01 191 o.17 95 0.09Residential Wood 318 0.06 27 < 0.01 1755 0.31

Fuel Combustion Total 338 0.10 466 0.84 2,043 0.94

OPEN BURNING

Aoricultural Burnino 4 0 2 0 64 0

Residential Open Burninq 6 0.01 3 < 0.01 50 0.05Land Clearinq Debris Burninq 5 0.01 2 0.01 75 0.21Prescribed Burnino 4 0 2 0 94 0Structure Fires 3 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 15 0.02

Vehicle Fires <1 < 0.01 <1 < 0.01 I < 0.01Wildfìres 5 0.04 2 0.02 102 o.77Ooen Burnino Total 28 0.06 11 0.03 401 1.06

MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES

Commercial Cookino 7 0.01 19 0.05

NON-POINT SECTOR TOTAL 2.177 5.95 478 0_86 2,463 2.05

3-6
emissions from engine fuel combustion.

Non-road vehicles and equipment are grouped

developing emission estimates. These include:

into four source category types for the purpose of

Aircraft - Commercial, military, and private aircrafl are considered under this sourcecategory.Locomotives - Commercial line haul and yard locomotives are considered under this

source category.Commercial Marine Vessels (CMVs) - Various types of vessels that navigate the

Delaware Bay and River and the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal are included under

this source category. Recreational boats are included in the next category.

Other Off-road Vehicles and Equipment - All other off-road emission sources areaccounted for through the use of EPA's NONROAD model. The NONROAD modelcompiles off-road equipment pertinent to Delaware into the following subcategories:

o Recreational (land-based);o Construction;o Industrial;o Lawn and Garden;o Agricultural;o Comrnercial;o Logging;o Airport Ground Support;o Recreational Marine; ando Railway Maintenance.

Individual equipment SCCs covered in the NONROAD model are further broken down by the

fuel type, including 2-stroke gasoline, 4-stroke gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),

and compressed natural gas (CNG).Emission Estimation MethodologiesThe 2008 Delaware Periodic Ernission Inventory served as the starting point for non-road sourcecategory selection and rnethodology development. No new sources were added to f)elaware's offroad mobile source inventory. However, a new version of the Federal Aviation Administration's

(FAA) Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS) were used for 2011.

4-1
unit of fuel used (locomotives and military/commercial aircraft), per LTO (air taxi and general

aviation) or per unit of power output in brake horsepower or kilowall-hours (NIONROADequipment and CMVs, respectively).A major porlion of the work involved in creating the 2011 non-road source inventory was in

collecting activity data fior each source category. The activity data gathered was related to the typeof emission factors available and, in lnany cases, obtained from local sources. More informationabout gatheling activity data for each source category is presented below.I'here are no point source datathat must be backed out of the non-road rnobile source sector. Even

though larger airports may report as a point source, their reporled point source emissions do not

include ground supporl equipment or aircraft engine' emissions. Also, aircraft ernissions areestimated only for LTOs that take place at a Delaware airporl. Emissions from aircraft that transitDelaware airspace are not included in Delaware's inventory.

Emissions SummaryTables 4-1 and 4-2 provide county summaries of the 2011 annual (tons per yeal, TPY) and

SSWD (tons per day, TPD) emissions for aircraft, locomotives, commercial marine vessels, and

all equiprnent emissions estimated using EPA's NONROAD rnodel. The non-road sector is a

significant contributor to ozone precursors in Delaware.

Tabfe 4-1. Summary o12011 Non-road Emissions for New Castle County

Source Gateqories

voc NOx GO

TPY TPD TPY TPD TPY TPD

NONROAD Model Equipment 1,888 6.76 1.760 6.23 19,849 76.90

Aircraft 31 0.09 56 0.13 630 1.86

Locomotives 19 0.05 233 0.64 48 0.13

Commercial Marine Vessels 51 0.14 1.528 4.19 161 0.44

NEW CASTLE COUNTY TOTAL 1.989 7.04 3.577 11.19 20.688 79.33

4-2
Aircraft I 0.02 1 < 0.01 259 0.78

Locomotives 2 < 0.01 21 0.06 5 0.01

Commercial Marine Vessels 41 0.11 1,285 3.62 122 0.33

SUSSEX COUNTY TOTAL 2,558 8.47 3.045 10.o2 16.917 60.50

NONROAD Model EquipmentDAQ used NONROAD2OO8a to develop 2011 annual emission estimates for New Castle Countyand Sussex County. Most equipment covered by the NONROAD model is powered by dieselfueled compression-ignition engines or gasoline-fueled spark-ignition engines. Engines fueled bycompressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) engines are also included in

the NONROAD model. T'able 4-3 lists general SCCs addressed by the NONROAD model.

Equipment categories are defined at the 7-digit SCC level (with recreational marine and railwaymaintenance being exceptions) and specif,rc equipment are defined at the 1O-digit SCC level.To estimate pollutant emissions, the NONROAD model rnultiplies equipment populations and

their associated activity by the appropriate emission fäctors. Geographic allocation factors

(GAFs) are used to distribute national equipment populations to states/counties. These factorsare based on surrogate indicators of equipment populations. For example, harvested cropland is

the sunogate indicator used in allocating agricultural equipment. A national average engineactivity (i.e., load factor times annual hours of use) is used in NONROAD.To improve the accuracy of the model runs, default inputs were replaced in the NONROAD

model option files for select parameters. In the options packet, inputs that can be replaced

include: Reid vapor pressure (RVP), temperature, oxygenated fuel weight percent, and fuel

sulfur levels. Local activity data inputs, such as equipment populations or activity (e.g., hours of

use or load factors), can also replace default values in the model.

NONROAD model option files were prepared to account for temperatures and fuel

characteristics representative of each county for each of the fbur seasons (winter, spring,

summer, and fall). Temperature and fuel input values for each three-month period (Decemberlìebruary, March-May, June-August, and Septernber-November) were averaged to estimateseasonal values. Minimum, maximum, and average temperatures per month were obtained fi'orn

the National Weather Service for the New Castle County Airporl and the Georgetown Airport.

Table 4-4 presents a summary of county temperature and gasoline fuel characteristics data usedfor each season. A sulfur content of 15 ppm for off-road diesel fuel was used for 201 1 based on

EPA requirements.

4-3
2260005xxx2260006xxx2260007xxx2265xxxxxx2265001xxx

2265OOZxxx

2265003xxx

226500Axxx

22ô5005xxx2265006xxx

2265007xxx

2265008xxx226501xxxx

2267xxxxxx

2267O}1xxx

2267OoZxxx2267003xxx

2267004xxx

2267}O5xxx

2267006xxx

22670]Bxxx

 agricultural equipment

- light commercial equipment

- logging equipment

4-stroke gasoline engines

- recreational vehicles- construction equipment- industrial equipment- Iawn & garden equipment- agricultural equipment- light commercial equipment- logging equipment- airport service equipment

- oil field equipment

LPG engines

- recreational vehicles- construction equipment- industrial equipment- lawn & garden equipment- agricultural equipment

- light commercial equipment- airport service equipment

22680

lxxxx

22TOxxxxxx2270001xxx

2270O02xxx2270003xxx227OOÙ4xxx

227OO05xxx227OOOâxxx

2270Û07xxx22TOOOBxxx2270009xxx227001xxxx2282xxxxxx

2285xxx015

o

e

d 

q

p

Diesel engines

- recreational vehicles- construction equipment- industrial equipment- lawn & garden equipment- farm equipment

- light commercial equiPment- logging equipment- airport service equiPment- underground mining equipment- oilfield equipment

Recreational marine equipmentRailway maintenance equiPment

Table 4-4. NONROAD Model Temperature and Fuel Gharacteristic lnput Values

by Season lor 2011

Gountv Season

Oxygen

Weiqht % RVP psi

Gasoline

Sulfur

DDln

Daily Average Temperature, oF

Minimum Maximum Averaoe

New Castle Summer 3.6 6.9 43.6 67 B6 77New Castle Autumn 3.67 9.1 05 46,55 50 67 58

New Castle Winter 3.79 11.31 49.5 28 43 36New Castle Sprinq 3.67 9.1 05 46.55 46 64 55

Sussex Summer 3.58 7 49.1 67 87 76Sussex Autumn 3.715 9.1 55 43.35 52 70 61Sussex Winter 3.85 11.31 37.6 30 48 39Sussex Sprinq 3.715 9.1 55 43.35 47 65 56

DAQ researched the availability of state and county-specific data to improve upon the defaultequipment populations and GAFs incorporated in the model. DAQ replaced the defaultequipment population of recreational marine equiprnent with Delawal'e-specific data. DAQ usedrecreational boat registration data provided by the Delaware Division of lìish and Wildlife to

estimate the total recreational marine equiprnent population in use within Delaware waters.DAQ determined this to be a preferable approach to the NONROAD default approach of a topdown allocation of the national equipment population. I"Iowever, registration data were not used

4-4
number of courses that exist in each county. If an equiprnent population is not identified in Table4-5, then the rnodel default GAIrs were used in the 2011 runs.

Table 4-5. 2011 Delaware-spec¡f¡c Geographic Allocation Factors

Sample Calculations and Results

'Ihe standard NONROAD model emission equation is as follows:

where: Ir*¡,

Iexh:Eu*h*A*L*P*N

: Exhaust emissions, (torVyear)E"xh : Exhaust emission factor, (tor/hp-hr)A : Equipment activity, (hours/year) L : Load factor, (proportion of rated power used on average basis)P : Average rated power for modeled engines, (hp) N : Equipment population

Geographic

Allocation Factor Data Source Equipment Population

Pooulation DE Population Consortium

Aircraft NOx emissions Delaware 2008 inventorv Airoort oround support

Construction employment

and buildinq permits

U,S. Census Bureau Construction

Harvested crop acres DE Deoartment of Aoriculture AqriculturalForest harvest oermit acres DE Deoartment of Aqriculture Loqqinq

Area of qolf courses Delaware State Golf Association Golf cartsWholesale businesses DE Department of Labor Commercial

Sinqle and duplex housinq U.S. Census Bureau Residential lawn & qarden

Landscanino businesses DE Department of Labor Commercial lawn & qardenManufacturinq emplovees DE Department of Labor lndustrial

Class I Rail qross ton miles Class I Operators in Delaware Rail maintenance

Rural land area U.S, Census Bureau Land-based recreational

Snowfall Weather Warehouse website Snow blowers and snowmobiles

4-5
Diesel All Equipment 130 1.278 692 0.46 4.52 2.68

LPG All Eouioment 32 122 778 0.12 0.43 3.01

CNG All Equipment <1 12 67 < 0.01 0.04 0.26

All Fuels Total 1.888 1.760 19.849 6.76 6.23 76.90

Table 4-7. 2011 Sussex County Emissions for NONROAD Equipment

AnnualfiPY) SSWD (ÏPD)

Fuel Tvoe Equipment Cateqorv voc NO" co voc NO, co

Gasoline All Eouioment 2,368 463 15.151 7.87 1.69 54.42

Diesel All Equipment 109 1,157 587 0.36 4.22 2.11LPG All Equipment 30 110 739 0.10 0.40 2.65

CNG All Eouioment <1 I 54 < 0.01 0.03 0.19

All Fuels Total 2,507 1.738 16,531 8.34 6.34 59.38

Aircraft

The aircraft source category includes emissions liom commelcial, afu taxi, general aviation, andmilitary aircraft. These sub-categories are described as follows:

. Commercial aircraft are used for scheduled service transpofting passengers, freight, or

both;

. Air taxis are used for scheduled service carrying passengers and/or freight, but are

smaller aircraft that operate on a rnore lirnited basis than the commercial carriers;

. General aviation includes other non-military airqaff used for recreational flying,

business, personal transportation, and various other activities; and

. Military aircraft are used by the U.S. military in a wide range of rnissions.

Airport-specific emissions for all aircraft sub-categories were allocated to the county in whicheach airport is located. Where there are multiple airports in a given county, the emissions were

summed to provide a county-level emissions estimate. Aircraft emissions are reported under the

f,ollowing SCCs:

4^6
2275060000 Mobile Sources Aircraft Air Taxi Total

DAQ estirnated annual aircraft emissions using a cornbination of airporl-specific activity dataand Federal Aviation Administration (FAAyEPA emission factors. Estimating aircraftemissions focuses on the "mixing zoîe," which has a height (rnixing height) equal to the

thickness of the inversion layer. Air emissions within this zone are trapped by the inversion

layer and ultimately affect ground-level pollutant concentrations. When aircraft are above the

mixing zone, emissions tend to disperse and have no ground-level effects. The aircraftoperations within the mixing zone are defined by the landing and take-off (LTO) cycle. EachLTO cycle consists of five specific operating modes:

. Approach - aircraft operates in this mode when it approaches the airport on

its descent frorn the mixing height to when it lands on the runway.

o Taxi/idle-in - airuaft operates in this mode when it taxis from the runway to the gate

and turns its engines off.

. Taxi/idle-out - this period occurs from engine start-up to take-off as the aircrafl taxis

frorn the gate back out to the runway.

. Take-off - this mode is characterized primarily by full-throttle operation that typically

lasts until the aircraft reaches between 500 and 1000 feet above ground, which is whenengine power is reduced.

. Climb-out - this mode begins right after the take-off mode and lasts until the aircraft

passes out of the rlixing height.

'l-he operation time in each of these modes is dependent on the aircraft category, localmeteorological conditions, and operational considerations at a given airport. The time-in-mode(TIM) for the take-off operating mode is the least variable.The following are the general steps to be used to estimate aircraft emissions:

. Determine the mixing height to be used to define the LTO cycle;. Define the fleet make-up for each airport;

o Determine airport activity in terms of the number of LTOs by aircraftlengine type;o Select emission factors for each engine model associated with the aircraft fleet;o Estimate the TIM for the aircraft fleet at each airporl;o Calculate emissions based on aircraft LTOs, emission flactors for each aircraff engine

model, and estimated aircraft TIM; and

r Aggregate the emissions across aircraft.

4-7
New Castle Countv New Castle Militarv 6,1 80New Castle Countv New Castle Commercial 39

New Castle Countv New Castle Air Taxi 3 463New Castle Countv New Castle GeneralAviation 47,305

Summit New Castle GeneralAviation 42.200Sussex Countv Sussex GeneralAviation 34,000

Laurel Sussex GeneralAviation 9,1 00

DAQ used these airport-specific LTO data to estirnate commercial and military aircraftemissions using Þ'AA's Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS), Version 5.1.4.1'The model requires detailed inputs on aircraft operation by aircraft and engine type. DAQmatched the aircraft LTO data to the existing aircraflengine types in EDMS, and used the

defuult EDMS TIM data. A mixing height of 2,300 feet was used for both airports in New Castle

County based on an isopleth chart of annual average morning mixing heights for the corfinental

U.S. as provided in EPA's Procedures Manual. The Delaware Army National Guard (DEARNG) and the Delaware Air National Guard (DE ANG) operate units at the New Castle

County Airporl and contribute to the military LTOs atthat airport.EDMS generates emissions for VOCs, NO* and CO in tons per year. The model also generatesemissions for ground support equipment (GSE). I-Iowever, DAQ used the GSE estimates

generated fiom the NONROAD model, so these were subtracted from the EDMS results. EPAfleet average emission factors were applied to the LTO data to estimate annual general aviationand air taxi emissions.

Sample Calculøtions and Results

Commercial and Mil.itary Aircrafl

The equation below is the calculation of taxi and queue mode tirne that is

input in EDMS.

Taxi and Queue Mode Tinte : (Airporr Average Taxi-ln Time 1' Airport Average

- EDMS Aircraft-Specific Landing Roll Tinte

an airport-specific

Taxi-Out Time)

The following is the equation used in EDMS to calculate annual emissions by aircraft type for

one LTO cycle:

Eii : E [(TIM|ù * @Ftk/]000) * (EI,¡ù * (NE¡)J

4-8
, 

yp

NE¡ = Number of engines used on ailcraft type.7

Finally, annual emissions per airport are calculated with the following equation:

Annual Emissions.for Airport A (tons/yr) : 2 [(Et¡ * LTO)J/2000 llts/ton

where:

Eij : annual emissions in pounds of pollutant l, produced by aircraft type.i per LTO

cycle.

LTOs¡ : annual nutnber of LTOs for aircraft type j

Air Taxi and General Avial:ion AircraJi

The following equation is the estimate of air taxi and general aviation aircraft emissions usingLTO data and fleet average emission factors.

E¡ : LTOsx EF,x /rooo

where:

E¡ : annual emissions in tons of pollutant I LTOs : annual number of LTOsEF¡ : default aviation fleet mix emission factor in pounds of pollutant for pollutant I

Table 4-10.2011 Annual Emissions by County for Aircraft

scc

Aircraft

Gateoorv Countv

AnnualfiPY) SSWD (TPDI

voc NO" co voc NOx co

2275001000 Militarv New Castle 12 52 44 0.03 0.12 0.10

2275020000 Commercial New Castle <1 <1 <1 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.012275050000 GeneralAviation New Castle 17 3 538 0.05 0.0'1 1.62

2275060000 Air Taxi New Castle 2 <1 49 0.01 < 0.01 0.14

22750xxxxx Total: Aircraft New Gastle 31 56 630 0.09 0.,l3 1.86

2275050000 GeneralAviation Sussex I 1 259 0.02 < 0.01 0.78

4-9
are primarily responsible fol moving railcars within a particular railway yard. Locotnotiveemissions are reported uuder the SCCs provided in 'I'able 4-l 1.

For line haul locomotives, DAQ calculated Class I operation emissions separately from ClassII/III operations. l,ine haul locomotive emissions for passenger trains and commuter lines wereestimated to be zero since rail service in Delaware (Amtrak and SEPTA) is electric powered.Fuel consumption was used to estimate locomotive engine emissions. Fuel consumption ratesare usually known only f,or the entire interstate operating region, therefore, it is necessary to

allocate the total amount of fuel consuned "system-wide" to Delaware and its counties.

Table 4-11. SGCs for Locomotives

scc Descriptor I Descriotor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor I2285002006 Mobile Sources Railroad Equipment Diesel

Line Haul Locomotives:

Class I Operations

2285002007 Mobile Sources Railroad Equipment Diesel

Line Haul Locomotives:

Class ll/Class lll Operations

2285002010 Mobile Sources Railroad Equipment Diesel Yard Locomotives

Line Haul Locomotives - Cløss I Operations

CSX 'Iransporlation operates Class I locomotives within New Castle County, while Norfolk

Southern operates throughout the State of Delaware. DAQ contacted these companies to obtain

estimates of fuel consumption or data to calculate fuel consumption (e.g., gross ton-miles (GTM)and gallons of fuel consumed per GTM).

Norfolk Soulhern provided GTM data at the state level. To obtain emissions at the county level,

DAQ used the same county allocations as was used in the 2008 inventory. Norfiolk Southern

provided a fuel consumption index (GTM/fuel consumed) for the system that includes operations in

Delaware. CSX provided GTM and fuel consumption data for New Castle County, the only county

in which CSX operates in Delaware.

Line Haul Locomotives - Class II/III Operøtions

The Maryland & Delaware Railroad operates in New Castle County and Sussex County. The

Delaware Coast Line Railroad operates only in Sussex County. Both companies provided 2011

statewide fuel consumption data. For the Maryland & Delaware Railroad, track miles within

each county were used to allocate statewide fuel consumption to each county.

4-10
Railroad Comoanv Glass Countv

Gross Ton

Miles IGMT)

GTM/Gallon

Diesel

Consumed,

qallons/vear

Norfolk Southern New Castle 216,496,634 1.083.52 199,808Norfolk Southern Sussex 126,647,379 1,083.52 116,885

CSX Transoortation New Castle 688.000.000 903.75 761,275

Marvland & Delaware il/il t New Castle 2,380Marvland & Delaware il/il t Sussex 3,331Delaware Coast Line il/il t Sussex 9,000

Yard Locomotives

Table 4-13 provides a sutnmary of switchyard operations and fuel consumption by rail companyand county. CSX and Maryland &, Delaware provided Delaware-specific fuel consumption for2008, which was assumed to remain the same for 2011. An average switchyard engine fuelconsumption estimate of 32,447 gallons per year was applied based on a recent regional studycoordinated through the Eastern Regional Technical Advisory Committee.

Table 4-13. 2011 Switchyard Activity and

Estimated Fuel Consumpt¡on

Class lSwitchvard Countv

No. of Yard

Locomotives

Fuel

Consumed,

qallons/vear

Norfolk Southern New Castle 13 421.813

CSX Transportation New Castle 3 180,000

Marvland & Delaware New Castle 1 9.640Marvland & Delaware Sussex 2 19.281

Sample Cølculøtions ancl Results

Line Haul Locomotive

'Io determine the amount of pollutantp atthe county level:

E r, : FC x EF,, " %OOo

where: E, amount of pollutantp emitted for the county in pounds

FC : fuel consumption for the county in gallons

EF¡, : emission factor for pollutant¡r in pounds per gallon

4-11
FCva : fuel consumption per yard locomotive in gallons per yearEFp : emission factor for pollutant¡r in pounds per gallon

Table 4-14.2011 Locomot¡ves Emissions by Gounty

Commercial Marine Vessels

The CMV sector includes malry types of vessels, such as large deep-draft vessels, bargetowboats, harbor tugs, clredging vessels, ferries, excursion vessels, and commercial fishingvessels. In addition to the nulnerous vessel types, each vessel type engages in different activities

such as hoteling, maneuvering within the por1, and cruising.In its 1999 final rule for commercial marine diesel engines, EPA defined three categories of

marine diesel engines based on engine displacernent, power and revolutions per minute (rpm).

Table 4-15 presents the definitions for each category.

Table 4-15. U.S. EPA Marine Engine Gategory Definitions

Gateqorv Disolacement per cvlinder

Power range

rkwt RPM ranqe

1 diso. < 5 liters and power > 37 kW 37 - 2.300 1.800 - 3.000

2 5 < displacement < 30 liters 1,500 - 8,000 750 - 1.500

3 disolacement > 30 liters 2,500 - 80,000 60 - 900

SCG Cateoorv Description Gounty

Annual(TPY) SSWD ITPDI

voc NOx co voc NO" co

2285002006 Class I Line Haul New Castle I '109 30 0.02 0.30 0.08

2285002007 Class ll/lll Line Haul New Castle <1 1 <1 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.012285002010 Yard Locomotives New Castle 10 123 19 0.03 0.34 0.05

22850020xx Total: New Castle 19 233 48 0.05 0.64 0.132285002006 Class I Line Haul Sussex 1 13 4 < 0.01 0.04 0.012285002007 Class ll/lll Line Haul Sussex <1 4 <1 < 0.0'1 0.01 < 0.012285002010 Yard Locomotives Sussex <1 4 1 < 0.01 0.01 < 0.01

22850020xx Total: Sussex 2 21 5 < 0.01 0.06 0.01

4-t2
Table 4-16. SGCs for Commerc¡al Marine Vessels

There are ftrur activity modes for CMV; cruise, reduced speed zone (RSZ), maneuver, and hotel.

Underway emissions are estimated as the combined activity of cruise and RSZ modes. Portemissions are estimated as the combined activity of maneuvering and hoteling modes. Emissions

from ferries and dredging are considered port emissions since these vessels operate primarily

within the poft area.

DAQ calculated emissions for ocean-going vessels, towboats, tug-assist vessels, ferries and

vessels associated with dredging operations. CMV engine emissions are assumed to be a function

of the following:

Mode of operation,

Vessel type (bulk carrier, tanker, towboat, etc.);Vessel dead weight tonnage (DWT);

Type of engine (2-stroke, 4-stroke, or steam), and

Length of waterway segment.

'fherefiore, DAQ accounted for these variations when estimating CMV activity. The ftrur modesof operation that are performed by vessels are defined below:

Cruise - This mode is assumed to begin 25 miles out fì'om the port breakwater until the

vessel reaches the breakwater. The breakwater is located at the mouth of the Delaware Bay.

Cruise mode is only applicable to Sussex County.

Reduced Speed Zone (RSZ) - This rnode begins at the breakwater and continues until thevessel is one to two nautical miles from the berth or anchorage. 'I'he vessel is assumed tohave a speed of twelve knots during this mode. This mode is also referred to as transit, andescort for towboats and tug-assist vessels.

aoooo

scc Descriotor I Descriptor 3 Descriptor 6 Descriptor I

2280002100 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Port emissions2280002200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Diesel Underwav emissions

22800031 00 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Residual Port emissions

2280003200 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial Residual Underwav emissions

4-13
Segment distances are shown in Table 4-17. The distance South is given to the breakwater at the

mouth of the Delaware Bay. 'l'he distance nofth is given to the Delaware-Pennsylvania border.The distance for the C&D Canal East is given from the Delaware-Maryland bolder to theentrance of the Delaware River (Reedy Point).The engine activity for each mode is calculated using the following equation:

Aclivily *o¿n : Power x LoadFactor xTime*o¿u xCalls

where:

Activity,',o¿"

Power

Load Factor

Time

Calls

activity by rnode (kilowatt-hours)rated engine power by vessel and engine type (kilowatts)

load factor of the engine by vessel type and mode

time in mode per call by vessel type (hours)

numbel of calls by vessel and engine type

Table 4-17. Waterway Segment Distances for the Delaware River Area

Waterwav Seqment Distance lmi.l

Point SouthDE/PA Border 83.8

Oceanport 83.3

Port of Wilminqton 76.1

Maqellan Terminal 75.6

Delaware Citv Refinerv 66.0

C&D Canal 62.6

Latitude 39"30' 57.7New Castle Co/Kent Co 48.5Kent Co/Sussex Co 15.9Point North

Port of Wilminqton 7.7

C&D Canal 21.2

Point EastC&D Canal 13.0

This calculation must be performed f'or both propulsion and auxiliary engines and for each mode.Both propulsion engines and auxiliary engines are operating during cruise, RSZ and

rnaneuvering modes. Only auxiliary engines operate during hoteling. Once the activity is

calculated, it is allocated to the county level using county allocation factors.

4-t4
DAQ obtained vessel call data for ocean-going vessels (OGVs) during calendar year 2011 fì'ornthe Marine Exchange for the l)elaware River and Bay. Data were obtained for vessels that calledon pofis in Delaware, New.Iersey and Pennsylvania. The data for the entire port area is required

since the rnajority of vessels pass through Delawale waters en route to other ports. The vessel

call datainclucled the vessel name, ship type, DWT, pier, and the date of the call. The ship types

calling on the Delaware River Area ports in2011 are shown in Table 4-18.Vessels rnay shift between piers during the same call on the Delaware River area. DAQ adjusted

the vessel call data to remove shifts between piers, where possible, to avoid double counting

using a methodology recommended by the staff of the Marine Exchange. Data on the engine

power and engine type (2-stroke, 4-stroke, and steam) used on OGVs were not available throughthe Marine Exchange. Therefore, DAQ assigned engine power and engine type based on average

engine data obtained from other sources.For propulsion engines, the average engine power and the engine type were obtained from theEPA report Commercial Marine Activily .for Deep Sea Ports in lhe United States (Deep Sea

Ports). This report presents data for vessels that called on the Delaware River area ports during

calendar year 1996. Note that the Delaware River area includes potts in Delaware, New Jerseyand Pennsylvania, which are located on the Delaware River. The number of calls by vessel andengine type is presented for specific DV/T ranges. The average engine power is also given.

Tabfe 4-18. Vessel Types Calling on Delaware River Area Ports in 2011

Codes Main VesselTvpe AdditionalVesselTvpes lncluded w/ Main Tvpe

BU Bulk Bulk Cargo (BG), Chemical (CH), Bulk (HR)

CC Container Container/Bulk (CB), Part Container (PC)

GC General Caroo

MS Miscellaneous Livestock (LV), Tall Ship (TS)

PR Passenoer

RF Refrioerated Carqo (Reefer) Container Reefer (CR)

RR Roll on-Roll off (RORO) RORO Container (RC)

TA Tanker

Tanker (AS), Bulk Oil (BO), Chemical Oil Tanker (CO),

Gas Carrier (PG and NG)

VE Vehicle Carrier

In order to calculate underway emissions, the number of calls (by vessel type and DWT range)had to be allocated to each port. The ports in Delaware include the Port of Wilmington,Magellan Terminal, Delawale City Refinery, and Oceanport. One port in New Jersey, Bermuda

4-15
vessels traveling in the Delaware River Bay and River, 256 OGVs traversed the C&D Canal toor from the Chesapeake llay.

Table 4-19. Average Propulsion Engine Power and the 2011 Number of Calls for

OGVs Calling on the Delaware River Area (DE, NJ and PA)

Code DWT Ranqe

Engine

Tvoe

Power

lhnì Calls Gode DWT Ranqe

Engine

Tvpe

Power

f hn) Calls

BU < 25,000 2-stroke 9,665 49 RR <15,000 2-stroke 8,280 7BU < 25.000 4-stroke 7.504 I RR <15,000 4-stroke 8.553 7BU 25.000 - 35.000 2-stroke 9,696 64 RR 15.000 - 30.000 2-stroke 12.852 41BU 35,000 - 45,000 2-stroke 10,320 37 RR >30,000 2-stroke 26,562 2

BU > 45,000 2-stroke 16.328 99 TA <30,000 2-stroke 10.008 40

CC < 25.000 2-stroke 17.757 159 TA <30.000 4-stroke 7.O77 10CC < 25,000 4-stroke 10.898 84 TA <30,000 Steam 14.646 4CC 25.000 - 35.000 2-stroke 16,327 185 TA 30,000 - 60,000 2-stroke 12.616 74CC 35.000 - 45.000 2-stroke 34,467 75 TA 30.000 - 60.000 4-stroke 15,360 5CC > 45.000 2-stroke 30.856 160 TA 30.000 - 60.000 Steam 15.498 51

GC < 15.000 2-stroke 5.784 6 TA 60,000 - 90,000 2-stroke 16.026 65GC < 15.000 4-stroke 3,944 7 TA 60.000 - 90.000 4-stroke 14,305 10

GC 15,000 - 30,000 2-stroke 10.456 3 TA 90,000 - 120,000 2-stroke 15.451 172GC 15.000 - 30.000 4-stroke 7 536 1 TA 90,000 - 120,000 Steam 23.923 4MS < 10,000 2-stroke 3,500 16 TA 120.000 - 150.000 2-stroke 23,046 39MS < 10,000 4-stroke 11.671 I TA > 150,000 2-stroke 25.559 133

PR < 5.000 4-stroke 1 6,1 08 0 TA > 150,000 Steam 36.324 41

RF 5.000 - 10,000 2-stroke 9,706 118 VE <12.500 2-stroke 11,877 6RF 5,000 - 10,000 4-stroke 6.837 20 VE <12,500 4-stroke 1 3.1 50 1RF 10.000 - 15.000 2-stroke 12,500 190 VE 12.500 - 15.000 2-stroke 12.859 11RF 10,000 - 15,000 4-stroke 15.672 4 VE 12.500 - 15,000 4-stroke 14.770 2

RF > 15.000 2-stroke 18.467 I VE '15,000 - 17,500 2-stroke 13,911 30

VE > 17.500 2-stroke 15.224 117

Towboøts ønd Tug Assisls

f'owboats are used to transport non-self-propelled vessels, either dry cargo or tanker barges,

throughout the Delaware Rivet area, including the C&D Canal. DAQ obtained data on the

number of towboat trips during calendar year 20ll fì'om Waterborne Commerce of the United

States. DAQ subtracted the number of towboat trips for the Port of Wilmington (POW) and the

C&D Canal from the number of trips on the Delaware River (PA to the Sea). For towboats

4-16
when the vessel leaves port. This activity is considered the maneuvering rnode for OGVs. Two

tugs are typically required to assist an OGV with a DV/T greater than 20,000 tons; for smaller

OGVs, one tug suffices. The nurnber of tug assists (2,370 in 2011) is directly related to the

number of OGVs calling to a Delaware port. Note that a tug assisting a vessel to Bermuda

hfernational in New .Tersey and the piers at the oil refineries in Marcus l{ook, PA will require a

tug to pick up the OGV in Delaware waters, thus tug assists are included for these docks. The tugmeeting time to the docking tirne is usually within one hour.In addition to assisting OGVs to maneuver into port, tugboats escort gas carriers through theDelaware Bay and River. Other vessels typically do not ulilize an escort. Tug escort trips are

included in the number of towboat trips transiting Delaware waters presented above. DAQ did

not estimate emissions lì'om hoteling of towboats and tugs due to lack of activity data.Vessel speeds, average maneuvering and hoteling tirne, propulsion and auxiliary enginehorsepower ratings, and engine load factors for OGVs, towboats, and tugs were obtained from

EPA's Deep Sea Ports and Preparing Port Emission Inventories. For RSZ mode, time-in-modeflor each vessel was calculated based on vessel speeds and waterway segment distances provided

inTable 4-17.

DredgÍng

Maintenance dredging is perfiirmed routinely on the Delaware River to keep the channels to theirrequired depths. Dredging involves multiple vessels, including dredges, assist tugs, and generatorbarges that provide additional power. Estimating emissions from dredging vessel engine activity

is time-consuming. Therefore, DAQ developed emissions based on the volume of material

dredged during calendar year 2011 rather than engine activity in kilowatt-hours.DAQ obtained the dredging activity data fi'om both the USACE and fi'om within DNREC. Theamount of material dredged by USACE contractors was obtained from the USACE report ondredging contracts awarded for the year 2011. DAQ also contacted the Delaware Division of

Soil and Vy'ater Conservation to obtain the amount of material dredged by the Division. Table 4-

20 presents the estimated amounl of rnaterial dredged and the type of dredge used. DAQassumed all the dredging activity is maintenance dredging. New cut dredging results in higheremissions, therefore this assumption may result in lower emission estimates than are actuallyoccurring in the area.

4-17
Philadelphia to the Sea Sussex Hvdraulic Dredqe 142,303Beachfill - Roosevelt lnlet Sussex Hvdraulic Dredqe 111,000

Coastal Shoreline Protection Sussex Hopper 848,000

Lewes & Rehoboth Canal Sussex Hvdraulic Dredqe 32,000

Ferries

The Cape May-Lewes Ferry was identified as the only ferly service in Sussex County. Monthly

trip count data for the Cape May-Lewes Ferry was obtained by contacting the Delaware River &Bay Authority. The Cape May-Lewes F'erry made 4,784 one-way trips in 2011.Times formaneuvering and idling at dock were estimated based on cruise time and round trip schedules.

For summer weekday activity, DAQ obtained the average number of weekday trips during the

months of June, July and August fiom ferry schedules.

The 'Ihree Forts Ferry was identifred as the only ftrry service in New Castle County. This ferry

travels from either Delaware City, DE or Fort Mott, NJ to Fort Delaware located on Pea Patch

Island in the Delaware River. Monthly trip count data for the ferry was obtained by contacting

the Delaware River & Bay Authority. The Tlu'ee Forts Ferry made 2,855 one-way trips in 2011.

The Delaware River and Bay Authority also provided the engine and time-in-mode data for theThree Forts Ferry.

Spøtial Allocation

DAQ developed county allocation factors for CMV activity data based on the location of theactivity on the various waterways and length of the waterway segment. In developing countyallocation factors, DAQ assumed that frorn latitude 39o30' to 25 miles beyond the rnouth of theDelaware Bay, the activity is split evenly between Delaware and New Jersey since the shipchannel roughly corresponds to the boundary between the two states. Above latitude 39o30', allemissions are allocated to Delaware since the entire breadth of the river is under Delaware's

jurisdiction. Allocations were developed for each activity mode, since the activity takes place in

different areas depending on the mode.For OGV maneuvering and hoteling modes, the activity is allocated to the county in which the

port is located. All large Delaware pofls are located in New Castle County. Much of the

maneuvering and hoteling activity thus takes place to New Castle County. OGVs will also hotelat one of the several anchorages along the shipping channel. Emissions are estimated for hoteling

that takes place at Delaware's anchorages.

4-t8
jurisdictional waters extend the breadth of the river. 

Iherefore, all activity for the Three Forts

Ferry was allocated to New Castle County.

Table 4-21. 2011 Commerc¡al Marine Vessel Emissions by Gounty

scc Cateqorv Description Countv

AnnualffPY) SSWD (TPD)

voc NOx co voc NO" co

2280002100 Port - Diesel New Castle 3 122 14 0.01 0.33 0.042280002200 Underwav - Diesel New Castle 12 461 62 0.03 1.27 0.17

22800031 00 Port - Residual Fuel Oil New Castle 6 172 16 0.02 0.47 0.042280003200 Underwav - RFO New Castle 30 773 70 0.08 2.12 0.'19

228000xxxx Total: New Gastle 51 1,528 161 0.14 4.19 0.44

2280002100 Port - Diesel Sussex 2 63 5 < 0.01 0.17 0.01

2280002200 Underwav - Diesel Sussex B 389 41 0.03 1.17 0.12

22800031 00 Port * Residual Fuel Oil Sussex 4 129 12 0.01 0.35 0.03

2280003200 Underwav - RFO Sussex 27 705 64 0.07 1.93 0.17

2280O0xxxx Total: Sussex 41 1.285 122 o.1'l 3.62 0.33

4-19
g 

p

y 

y

y 

EPA's National Emissions Inventory (NEI), version 1, run of the MOVES model. Due to

resource constraints, DAQ has yet to complete final MOVES runs for 2011. However, DAQ has

extensively developed Delaware-specific model inputs and has submitted these input files toEPA as part of the Air Emissions Reporting Rule (AERR) requirements. These inputs will be

summarized in this section.

The applicable Standard Classification Codes (SCCs) comprising vehicle type, roadway class,and emission pïocess (exhaust, evaporative, brake wear, and tire wear) are shown in Table 5-1.As an example, the SCC applicable to exhaust emissions from a passenger car fueled by gasolineon an urban interstate would be 220100123X, with the "2201001" indicating that the vehicle is a

light-duty gasoline vehicle, the "23" indicating the activity is occurring on al1 urban interstate,and the "X" indicating that the emissions al'e exhaust emissions.

Table 5-1. SCCs lncluded in On-road Mobile lnventory

scc

Diqits

Applicable

Portion of

SCC Code

Portion that SCC

Describes Descriotion

1-7 2201001 Vehicle tvpe Lioht-dutv oasoline vehicles (passenqer cars)

1-7 2201020 Vehicle tvoe

Light-duty gasoline trucks 1 (0-6,000 lb gross vehicle

weiqht ratinq IGVWRI)

1-7 2201040 Vehicle tvoe Liqht-dutv qasoline trucks 2 (6,001-8,500 lb GVWR)1-7 2201070 Vehicle tvoe Heavv-dutv qasoline vehicles (> 8,500 lb GVWR)1-7 2201080 Vehicle tvpe Motorcvcles (qasoli ne)1-7 2230001 Vehicle tvpe Lioht-dutv diesel vehicles (passenqer cars)1-7 2230060 Vehicle tvpe Lioht-dutv diesel trucks (0-8.500 lb GVWR)

1-7 2230071 Vehicle tvoe

Class 2b heavy-duty dieselvehicles (8,501-10,000 lbGVWR)

1-7 2230072 Vehicle tvpe

Class 3, 4, and 5 heavy-duty dieselvehicles (10,001-

19.500 rb GVWR)

1-7 2230073 Vehicle tvpe

Class 6 and 7 heavy-duty dieselvehicles (19,501-

33,000 tb GVWR)

1-7 2230074 Vehicle tvoe Class 8 heavv-duty dieselvehicles (> 33,000 lb GVWR)

1-7 2230075 Vehicle tvpe Diesel buses

8-9 11 Roadwav tvpe Rural interstates8-9 13 Roadwav tvpe Rural other principal arterials8-9 15 Roadwav tvoe Rural minor arterials8-9 17 Roadway type Rural maior collectors

8-9 19 Roadwav tvpe Rural minor collectors

Continued next page

5-1
B

9 27 Roadwav tvpe Urban other orincipal arterials

8-9 29 Roadwav tvpe Urban minor arterials8-9 3'1 Roadwav tvpe Urban collectors8-9 33 Roadwav tvpe Urban locals

10 X Emission process Exhaust10 V Emission process Evaoorative10 B Emission process Brake wear

10 T Emission Þrocess Tire wear

I)elaware-specific Input Data for 2011The 2008 inventory was the first year that DAQ used the MOVES model to develop on-road

mobile emissions. 'l'he MOBILE6.2 model was used previously. The MOVES model allows for

adjustments to a variety of model inputs, and as such, DAQ, with assistance from the Delaware

Department of Transportation (DelDOT), puts forth considerable effort in creating a suite ofcounty-specific input data files. The county-specific input data types created f,or the 2011

inventory include VMT (by vehicle and roadway type), vehicle registration data (vehiole

populations and age distributions), average speeds in the form of speed bin fractions (weekdayversus weekend and by roadway type), and inspection and maintenance program specifications.

Each of these input data sets are discussed separately below. DAQ relies on the MOVES modeldefaults for fuel parameters (furmulations and supply), meteorological data (temperature and

relative humidity), ramp fractions, and weekly and daily fractions.

Vehìcle Míles Trøveled (VMT) Data

Tlre activity data used for developing the on-road emission inventory is VMT. DeIDOT provided2011 VMT data by roadway type for all counties in Delaware. DeIDOT is required to submitcalendar year VMT data annually to the Federal I{ighway Administration's (FHWA) HighwayPerformance Monitoring System (HPMS). The VMT is estimated based on data from permanent

traffic courrt stations throughout the county. DeIDOT's traffic count program provides daily and

seasonal variation data. Additional temporary stations provide shorter-telm counts that are

expanded with factors derived from appropriate permanent count stations. Counting andexpansion activities are consistent with FHV/A guidelines. The traffic data submitted to HPMSare considered the most accurate VMT totals for Delaware.

Since the VMT provided by DoIDOT is supplied by HPMS roadway type, the task of creating

VM'I by MOVES road type fractions requires mapping the twelve IIPMS road types to the fourMOVES road types. The road type allocations for New Castle County and Sussex County fbr

20ll are provided in Tables 5-2 and 5-3, respectively.

5-2
4 Urban Restricted Access 0.2940

5 Urban Unrestricted Access 0.5616

Total 1.00000

Table 5-3. Sussex County VMT Fractions by Road Type

MOVES

Road Type

Code Road Tvpe Description

VMT Fraction

bv Road Tvpe

2 Rural Restricted Access 0.0000

3 Rural U nrestricted Access 0.6723

4 Urban Restricted Access 0.0000

5 Urban Unrestricted Access 0.3277

Total 1.0000

VMT Fractions by Vehicle Type

VMT by vehicle type dafa are not collected in Delaware, so an alternate procedure was

developed using the local registration data in calculating the VMT mixes rather than using thedefault MOVES VMT distribution by vehicle type. This methodology uses national defaultMOVES mileage accumulation data in combination with the Delaware courfy-specificregistration data to develop estimates of VMT by vehicle type. l"he number of vehiclesregistered in Delaware by model year, vehicle type, fuel type and county was multiplied by the

average number of miles accumulated annually by vehicles of the sanìe age, vehicle type and

fuel type in the MOBILE6.2 default mileage accumulation database. This provided an estimate

of VMT by vehicle age and vehicle type. These VMT estimates were then summed for all yearsby vehicle type. The total VMT for each vehicle type was divided by the total calculated VMTto give VMT fractions by vehicle type. Tables 5-4 and 5-5 present the resulting VMT fractionsby vehicle type fol New Castle County and Sussex County, respectively.

Table 5-4. New Gastle Gounty VMT Fractions by Vehicle Type

MOVESVehicle

Tvoe Code Vehicle Description

VMT

Fraction by

Vehicle Tvpe

11 Motorcvcle 0.0073

21 Passenqer Car 0.4636

Continued next page

s-3
Table 5-5. Sussex Gounty VMT Fractions by Vehicle Type

MOVESVehicle

Tvpe Gode Vehicle Description

VMT

Fraction by

Vehicle Tvpe

11 Motorcvcle 0,0110

21 Passenqer Car 0.3670

31 Passenqer Truck 0.4242

32 Liqht CommercialTruck 0.1449

41 lntercitv Bus 0.005442 Transit Bus 0.002043 School Bus 0.0019

51 Refuse Truck 0.000452 Sinole Unit Short-haul Truck 0.009053 Sinole Unit Lono-haul Truck 0.000954 Motor Home 0.0002

61 Combination Short-haul Truck 0.016462 Combination Lonq-haul Truck 0.0168

Total 1.0000

VMT Temporøl Allocations

The MOVES model input files include allocations of VMT by month. Monthly allocation ofVMT is accomplished through the use of permanent count station data provided by DelDOT.For 2011, DeIDOT provided monthly VMT data from 24 permanent count stations throughoutNew Castle County and26 in Sussex County. Each month's data for all count stations in acounty were summed and divided by the surn of the annual VMT recorded by the all count

stations in a county. The monthly VMT fiaclions created in this way are provided in Tables 5-6

and 5-7.

5-4

51 Refuse Truck 0.000352 Sinqle Unit Short-haul Truck o.oo7753 Sinole Unit Lonq-haul Truck 0.000754 Motor Home 0.0002

61 Combination Short-haul Truck 0.01 1562 Combination Lono-haul Truck 0.01 13

Total 1.0000
April 0.0838 October 0.0873

MaV 0.0856 November 0.0848

June 0.0890 December 0.0818

Table 5-7. Monthly VMT Allocation Fractions for Sussex Gounty

Month

VMT

Fraction Month

VMT

Fraction

Januarv 0.0663 Julv 0.1 070

Februarv 0.07'15 Auoust 0.0998March 0.0743 Seotember 0,0874

April 0.0802 October 0.0803

May 0.0882 November 0.0753

June 0.0974 December 0.0725

Vehicle Populations and Age Dßtríbutions

Vehicle registration data were obtained from the Delaware Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV).The data are a snapshot of DMV's registration database as of July 1,2011. The data show thenumber of vehicles registered by model year for each of the 16 MOBILE6.2 vehicle classes. The

16 vehicle classes were converted to the 13 MOVES vehicle types using a converter provided by

EPA. New Castle County and Sussex County vehicle populations by MOVES vehicle type are

provided in Tables 5-8 and 5-9, respectively. Vehicle age distribution fractions were developed

for each of the 13 vehicle types based on model year. Vehicles 30 years and older were lumpedinto one fraction.

Table 5-8. 2011 Vehicle Populations for New Castle County

Vehicle

Code Vehicle Tvpe

Number of

Vehicles

11 Motorcvcle 13,298

21 Passenqer Vehicle 228,976

31 Passenqer Truck 144.52632 Liqht Commercial Truck 47.650

41 lntercitv Bus 44542 Transit Bus 27343 School Bus 1,001

Continued next page

5-5
Table 5-9. 2011 Vehicle Populations for Sussex County

Vehicle

Code Vehicle Tvoe

Number of

Vehicles

11 Motorcvcle 8,733

21 Passenqer Vehicle 82.91031 Passenqer Truck 78,99832 Liqht CommercialTruck 26.462

41 lntercitv Bus 28542 Transit Bus 19243 School Bus 431

51 Refuse Truck 4852 Sinqle Unit Short-Haul Truck 1,99853 Sinole Unit Lono-Haul Truck 14154 Motor Home 217

61 Combination Short-Haul Truck 79462 Combination Lono-Haul Truck 624

Vehicle Speeds

The MOVES model represents average vehicle speeds by roadway type through the use of speed

bin fractions. There arc 76 speed bins with the first representing speeds less than 2.5 miles perhour (mph), with each subsequent bin having a range of 5 rnph (i.e.,42.5 mph - 47.5 rnph). The

final bin represents speeds equal to or greater than 72.5 nph. For 2011, DeIDOT providedseasonal speed bin fi'actions for each of the ftrur MOVES roadway types, for each hour of the

day, and for weekday and weekend driving patterns. DeIDOT estirnated speeds using the

Peninsula travel demand model. The model accounts for traffic volumes and variations in travelaccording to purpose, which impact average speeds. Table 5-10 summarizes the matrix ofparameters that results in 12,288 records for speeds in each county.

Table 5-10. 2011 Average Speed Matrix

Parameter

Number of

Variables

Season 4

Hour 24Roadwav Tvoe 4

WeekdavA/r/eekend 2

Soeed Bins 16

5-6
monoxide. Depending on the model year, vehicles with an excess emission concentration of

either pollutant will fail the test. Olcler vehicles (MY 1975-1995) are also given a fuel system

pressure test (FP) and a gas cap (GC) test. Air pressure is applied to the fuel system from the

fuel inlet to the canister. After air pressure has been applied, pressure degradation is monitored.Vehicles fail the fuel system plessure test if it cannot maintain the equivalent pressure of eight

inches of water for up to two minutes after being pressurized to 14.0 + 0.5 inches of water. A similar

pressure test is applied to the vehicle's gas cap.

Table 5-11. 2011 New Gastle Gounty l/M Program Parameters

Test Tvoe IDLE 2500/tDLE FP&GC OBD l/M Evap OBD l/M Exh

Test Frequencv Biennial Biennial Biennial Biennial Biennial

Program Type Test Onlv Test Only Test Onlv Test Onlv Test Onlv

ModelYears I 968-1 980 1 981 -1 995 '1975-1995 1 996-2003 1 996-2003

Compliance Factors (%)

Passenoer Vehicle 92.46 95.69 96.00 95.68 95.68

Passenqer Truck 86.69 88.38 88.86 89.04 87.91

Lioht Comm. Truck 76.86 78.36 78.78 78.49 74.69

Vehicles Tested (gasoline only)

Passenoer Vehicle Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Passenqer Truck Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Light Gomm. Truck (uo to 8.500 GVWR) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

School Bus No No No No No

Single Unit

Short-HaulTruck No No No No No

Single Unit

Lonq-Haul Truck No No No No No

Refuse Truck No No No No No

Gombination

Short-HaulTruck No No No No No

Combination

Lono-Haul Truck No No No No No

Motor Home No No No No No

lntercitv Bus No No No No No

Transit Bus No No No No No

Motorcvcle No No No No No

5-7
ModelYears 1 981 -2005

Compliance Factors l"/ù

Passenqer Vehicle 94.94

Passenqer Truck 88.47

Lioht Comm. Truck 80.97

Vehicles Tested (gasoline only)

Passenqer Vehicle Yes

Passenoer Truck Yes

Light Gomm. Truck (up to 8,500 GVWR) Yes

School Bus No

Sinole Unit Short-Haul Truck No

Sinqle Unit Lonq-Haul Truck No

Refuse Truck No

Combination Short-Haul Truck No

Gombination Lonq'Haul Truck No

Motor Home No

lntercitv Bus No

Transit Bus No

Motorcvcle No

Controls

All MOvES-recognized on-road control measures known to be in place in Delaware in 2011were included in the MOVES emission inventory mode modeling. Local control programs

include Delaware's I/M program, the Federal reformulated gasoline program, and the NortheastOzone Transport Region LEV program. The MOVES model internally includes all national

control programs, such as the Tier 1 and Tier 2 gasoline fuel and light duty engine emission

standards as well as the ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel and heavy duty engine standards.

Two Delaware control programs, the anti-tampering procedures (ATP) performed at theinspections lanes and the anti-idling regulation were not accounted for in the MOVES runs since

the model does not provide for inputting these programs. For the ATP control program, vehiclesthat are tested are also checked to see if the catalytic converter, gas cap and fuel inlet restrictor

are present. Vehicles will fàil inspection if any of these devices are missing.Regulation 1145, Excessive Idling of Heavy Duty Vehicles, is designed to eliminate emissionscaused by extending idling. While MOVES delineates emissions processes for extended idling,

5-8
Table 5-13. 2011 Annual and SSWD Emissions for

On-road Mobile Sources by County

Countv

Annual(TPY) SSWD (TPD)

voc NO, co voc NO, GO

New Castle 3,285 7,495 37.489 8.85 20.65 91.58

Sussex 2.974 4.702 28.323 8.86 14.87 78.67

5-9