2007 Ozone Plan

The California Partnership for the San Joaquin Valley was created by 

Governor Schwarzenegger when he signed Executive Order S-5-05. The 

partnership brings state agency secretaries and Central Valley 

representatives together to make recommendations to the Governor 

regarding changes that would improve the economic well-being of the 

Valley and the quality of life of its residents. The 26-member Partnership, 

led by the Secretary of the Business, Transportation and Housing Agency, 

is composed of eight state government members, eight local government 

members nominated by their County Council of Governments and eight 

private sector members, along with two deputy chairs. “Air Quality” is one 

of ten Workgroups formed under the partnership. This Appendix presents 

the most recent (September 2006) Strategic Action Plan for the Air Quality 

Workgroup. The Strategic Action Plan is presented verbatim without 

editing by District staff. 

Appendix J 

 

Strategic Action Plan for the 

California Partnership for the San Joaquin Valley 
2007 Ozone Plan

This page intentionally blank.
1

California Partnership for the San Joaquin Valley 

Air Quality Workgroup 

Strategic Action Plan 

September 2006 

I. Vision Statement 

The vision of the Air Quality Work Group is to enable residents to enjoy healthy air, removing 

the adverse impacts of poor air quality on health, quality of life and the economy. 

II. Background 

A. Scope Adopted by Partnership 

• Evaluate, recommend and implement alternative paths to generate funding to invest in new 

research and technology to accelerate deployment of emission-reducing technologies.

• Evaluate, prioritize and recommend strategies to reduce emissions from on-road and off-road 

mobile sources.

• Evaluate, recommend and implement strategies to reduce emissions from stationary sources.

• Coordinate with the Land Use, Housing and Agriculture and Transportation Work Groups to 

evaluate, recommend and implement land use planning with a view to mitigate air quality 

impacts.

• Evaluate and recommend changes in governmental oversight to ensure a unified approach to 

implementation of recommended strategic plan.

• Explore and recommend strategies for widespread adoption of renewable energy and biofuels 

in the San Joaquin Valley to enhance ongoing air quality improvement strategies.

• Explore major transportation modes with respect to reducing air emissions (such as expanded 

rail service versus truck transportation for bulk commodities and products).

B. Overview 

The San Joaquin Valley experiences some of the worst ozone and particulate air pollution in the 

nation.1 Significant progress has been made in recent years, but the challenges ahead remain 

daunting. 

 

1

 The San Joaquin Valley is one of only two air basins to have been classified by the EPA as “extreme” nonattainment for the federal (1-hour) ozone standard. The “extreme” classification no longer applies since the federal 

1-hour ozone standard has been revoked across the nation and replaced by the more protective 8-hour standard. 

Under the new ozone standard, the San Joaquin Valley is classified as a “serious” non-attainment area with an 

attainment date of June 15, 2013. (See 69 FR 23858). The region may again be reclassified as “extreme” as a result 

of the new air quality planning process for the 8-hour standard. 
2

Figure 1: U.S. Ozone Violations 2000 – 2002 

Source: Environmental Protection Agency 

Significant progress has been made in recent years. The Valley has achieved compliance under 

the federal PM10 standard and the current 24-hour PM2.5 standard. Yet the challenges remain 

daunting. The Valley faces the twin challenges of attaining two federal air quality standards: the 

annual and revised 24-hour PM2.5 standard and the 8-hour ozone standard. Each of these 

standards has different federally mandated attainment deadlines. The San Joaquin Valley’s 

current deadline to attain the federal 8-hour ozone standard is 2013, with the ability to “bumpup” to a later attainment year if necessary. The PM2.5 attainment deadline in the San Joaquin 

Valley is 2015. The PM2.5 deadline includes the single extension allowed by the federal Clean 

Air Act, so a further extension is not possible. It is important to note that attainment requires 

compliance for three consecutive years. 

PM2.5 and ozone exposure both have substantial adverse health impacts, including serious 

respiratory impacts and premature death. The link between premature death and PM2.5 

exposure is well documented. The Valley has one of the highest rates of respiratory ailments2 and 

mortality rates attributable to air pollution in the nation,3

 putting a strain on the Valley’s already 

stretched health care system. An April 2006 report card from the American Lung Association 

ranks Bakersfield as the most ozone-polluted city in the country, with Visalia-Porterville in third 

place, Fresno-Madera ranked fourth and Merced ranked fifth. 

The Valley’s poor air quality also has an adverse effect on economic growth. Health impacts, 

attributable lost work days and school day absences limit the number of employers that wish to 

locate in the Valley and affect retention and attraction of the knowledge workers so critical to 

 

2

 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. 

3

 “Top 50 MSAs Ranked by Attributable Mortality Rate,” Natural Resources Defense Council. 
3

improved economic competitiveness.4 A recent report puts the cost of non-attainment at more 

than $3 billion per year or, on average, $1,000 per Valley resident per year.5 These health and 

economic impacts make it essential to reduce public exposure to the pollutants as quickly as 

possible. Further, failing to attain either of the above-mentioned standards by the mandated 

deadlines will result in federal sanctions. 

Since 1990 the San Joaquin Valley has reduced the ozone precursors in the air by approximately 

40%. Industrial sources of pollution have reduced their emissions by over 50%. These efforts 

have resulted in approximately a 90% reduction in the number of days above the federal 1-hour 

ozone standard. The fact that these large reductions have not resulted in a significant drop in the 

number of “exceedances” of the 8-hour standard is indicative of how challenging the standard 

will be to meet in the San Joaquin Valley. 

The air pollution problems of the Valley are attributable in part to a more limited air pollution 

“carrying capacity” than that of any other major air basin in the country. “Carrying capacity” is 

not a legally defined term, but rather a way of describing differences in regional vulnerability to 

air emissions from one air basin to another. The San Joaquin Valley’s geography, topography 

and climate conditions cause the Valley to experience low air evacuation and dispersion rates 

and frequent inversions. These conditions accelerate and intensify precursor conversion to ozone 

and PM2.5. In simple terms, a low level of emissions in this region can create a serious air 

pollution problem. To state it another way, every unit of emissions in this region creates a 

disproportionate pollution impact. For example, in 2005 the California Bay Area emitted 

approximately 5 times the ozone precursor loads of the San Joaquin Valley per square mile, yet 

had far fewer ozone violations. The South Coast had an ozone precursor emissions density 

approximately 7 times greater than the San Joaquin Valley, yet the Valley and the South Coast 

experienced a similar number of 8-hour ozone violations. 

 

4

 Based on anecdotal data collected by the Fresno Regional Jobs Initiative. 

5

 Hall, Jane V. et al, The Health and Related Economic Benefits of Attaining Healthful Air in the San Joaquin 

Valley, California State University, Fullerton Institute for Economic and Environmental Studies, 2006. 
4

Figure 2. Comparative Emission Densities 

Source: San Joaquin Air Pollution Control District 

Topography and climate also contribute to poor air quality in the world-class national parks that 

lie in the Sierra Nevada east of the Valley. Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, both 

designated Class I airsheds under the Federal Clean Air Act, experience some of the worst air 

quality in any national park in the country, largely as a result of pollutants originating outside the 

park boundaries. 

The scope of reductions needed to achieve EPA standards by the earliest attainment deadlines is 

dramatic. Fortunately, many of the sources of emissions contributing to elevated PM2.5 and 

ozone are the same. In particular, reductions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from mobile sources are 

critical to meeting both the PM2.5 and ozone standards. 

The good news is that large emissions reductions will occur through the ongoing implementation 

of regulations already adopted by the California Air Resources Board (ARB) and the San 

Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. Through the combination of local controls and 

California’s mobile source control program, NOx and ROG emissions reductions on the order of 

200 tons per day are expected in the San Joaquin Valley in 2013, from nearly 1,000 tons/day to 

approximately 800 tons/day. The bad news is that additional reductions on the order of 400 tons 

per day will be required for attainment of 2013 standards, requiring actions that go well beyond 

existing controls and programs. 

The California Partnership for the San Joaquin Valley’s Air Quality Work Group has held 

monthly meetings since October 2005 and has also held brainstorming sessions at public forums 

throughout the Valley to identify key solutions to the challenge. The Work Group recognizes 

that the Valley’s air quality challenges do not lend themselves to “silver bullet” solutions. No 
5

one category of emissions sources is responsible for the Valley’s air quality problems. To 

provide perspective, mobile sources are the biggest ozone contributor to the Valley’s pollution, 

but prohibition of all truck and passenger vehicle traffic in the Valley – hardly a practical 

alternative – would be insufficient to achieve 8-hr. ozone attainment by 2013. A viable plan 

relies on emissions reductions from all sectors. In addition, it will take a combination of 

regulatory and incentive measures to bring clean air to the Valley. 

As important as it is to take short term actions to try to attain EPA standards by 2013 and 2015, it 

is equally important to spur longer term actions that will provide sustainable air quality 

improvements for the Valley, including land use planning that factors in air quality impacts, and 

increased use of renewable energy, alternative fuels and mass transit. 

These actions will not only beneficially affect health but will also positively affect the regional 

economy, not only by reducing diversion of financial resources for air quality mitigation but also 

by improving the utilization of regional assets. Biomass that is burned or land-filled is not only a 

significant contribution to poor air quality; it is a waste of valuable resources. 

The ARB and the District are in the process of developing a State Implementation Plan (SIP) for 

the Valley, which is required to show how the region will attain the standards. To complement 

the SIP, the Partnership has identified constraints to the attainment of these standards and is 

proposing actions to minimize or eliminate these constraints as well as strategic actions that will 

maximize near-term health benefits and assist in the development of a long-term sustainable air 

quality environment that affords Valley residents the opportunity to enjoy health standards 

comparable to the norm for other U.S. residents. 

C. Sources of Pollutants 

It is important to preface the remarks that follow by pointing out that progress has been made, 

particularly with regards to attainment of PM10 standards. EPA/ARB vehicle emissions control 

and fuel standards, stationary and area regulations introduced by the District, and collaborative 

efforts between industry and the Air District, have combined to yield positive results. As shown 

in the chart below, most sources of ozone pollution are projected to diminish as a result of 

controls and incentive mechanisms that are already in place. However, the challenges for the 

Valley remain enormous. 
6

Chart 1 

Table 4 Top 25 Emissions Inventory 

Categories for NOx 

(in tons per day, based on preliminary estimates)

Table 5 Top 25 Emissions Inventory 

Categories for VOC 

(in tons per day, based on preliminary estimates) 

Source Category 2005 2015 Source Category 2005 2015 

Heavy duty diesel trucks 225.3 116.7 Livestock waste (dairy cattle) 39.4 52.4 

Manufacturing and industrial 

(boilers, IC engines) 32.2 37.7 Light duty passenger cars 69.4 38.1 

Light duty passenger cars 65.0 30.8 Consumer products 23.3 27.1 

Farm equipment (tractors) 50.6 28.1 

Oil and gas production 

(evaporative losses) 27.9 25.2 

Trains 23.6 20.8 Pesticides 24.0 22.3 

Off-road equipment (construction 

and mining) 36.5 16.1 Prescribed burning 20.7 20.0 

Off-road equipment (other) 18.9 12.3 Off-road recreational vehicles 15.9 16.2 

Agricultural irrigation pumps 16.6 12.3 

Coatings (paints and thinners – non 

architectural) 12.1 16.0 

Oil and gas production 

(combustion) 11.2 9.7 Recreational boats 16.1 12.7 

Glass and related products 9.4 9.3 

Petroleum Marketing (gasoline 

evaporative losses) 10.8 12.6 

Food and agriculture (crop 

processing and wineries) 9.2 8.9 

Food and agriculture (crop 

processing and wineries) 11.4 12.3 

Service and commercial (boilers, 

IC engines) 7.7 8.1 

Architectural coatings (paints and 

thinners) 9.4 10.3 

Heavy duty gas trucks 10.0 7.8 Livestock waste (broilers) 8.4 8.4 

Co-generation (electricity 

generation and heat recovery) 10.0 7.5 Heavy duty trucks 12.7 8.2 

Residential fuel combustion 6.3 5.8 Ag burning 8.4 8.2 

Ag burning 4.0 3.9 Heavy duty diesel trucks 13.5 8.0 

Recreational boats 3.9 3.4 Livestock waste (range cattle) 7.3 7.3 

Electric utilities 3.3 3.2 Aircraft 6.4 6.7 

Mineral processes (mining, 

cement manufacturing) 2.3 2.8 Livestock waste (feedlot cattle) 5.0 5.0 

Air craft 2.3 2.4 

Other (cleaning and surface 

coatings) 3.4 4.5 

Heavy duty urban buses 2.4 2.3 Motorcycles 5.5 4.4 

School buses 2.1 2.2 Residential Fuel Combustion 5.9 4.2 

Prescribed burning 1.8 1.8 

Off-road equipment (lawn and 

garden) 5.9 4.1 

Ships and commercial boats 1.2 1.3 Adhesives and Sealants 3.2 3.8 

Motorcycles 1.3 1.3 Farm equipment (tractors) 6.9 3.3 

1. Ozone 

Ground level ozone results from a photochemical reaction between Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) 

and Reactive Organic Gases (ROG). This reaction is accelerated by heat, so ozone pollution is 

typically worse on hot, sunny days. The environment of the San Joaquin Valley is ideal for ozone 

formation. 
7

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

2005 Estimated Annual Average

Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen

9%

4%

1%

2%

6%

6%

2%

54%

16%

AG - Mobile

AG

Area - Other

Food Processing

Manufacturing & Industrial

Other Stationary

Oil & Gas

On-Road Mobile

Other Mobile

566 Tons NOx/day

Chart 2. 2005 Estimated Annual Average Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen 

Source: California Air Resources Board – O3 SIP v1.03 Emissions Inventory 

As shown above, mobile sources contribute 79% of the NOx in the Valley. Of the on-road 

mobile sources, the largest single contributor is diesel trucks. They represent only 2 to 4% of onroad vehicles, but contribute over 74% of NOx and over 74% of particulate matter from on-road 

mobile sources. Much of this truck traffic is from goods movement on Highway 99 and 

Interstate 5, some from trucks using these as pass-through corridors, leaving behind exhaust 

emissions while making virtually no contribution to the Valley economy (22% of trucks were 

last fueled outside of California).6 Studies also indicate that 80% of all diesel engines in 

California are over ten years old.7

The second most important source of “on-road mobile” pollution is light passenger vehicles 

referred to as “gross polluters,” old or poorly maintained cars that represent about 10% of all 

light passenger vehicles but contribute an estimated 35-50% of the pollution from that category.8

 

Off-road vehicles, including farm equipment, construction equipment and locomotives, 

contribute more than a quarter of all NOx in the Valley. 

 

6

 Council of Fresno County Governments 

7

 Ibid. 

8

 Ibid. 
8

Reactive Organic Gases (ROG)

As shown below in Chart 2, mobile sources also account for the largest share (40%) of ROG, 

followed by agriculture (20%) and dairy (10%).9

 It should be noted that the District has no 

jurisdiction today over mobile sources and has only recently been given jurisdiction over 

agricultural and dairy emissions. 

2005 Estimated Annual Average

Emissions of Reactive Organic Gases

2%

10%

18%

4%

8%

7% 3%

10%

25%

13% AG - Mobile

AG - Dairy

AG

Area - Other

Area - Solvents

Other Stationary

Food Processing

Oil & Gas

On-Road Mobile

Other Mobile

414 Tons ROG/day

Chart 3. 2005 Estimated Annual Average Emissions of reactive Organic Gases 

Source: California Air Resources Board – O3 SIP v1.03 Emissions Inventory 

2. Particulate Matter 

Particulate Matter (PM), aerosols or fine particles are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended 

in a gas. They range in size from a gathering of a few molecules to the size where the particles 

no longer can be carried by the gas. 

The effects of inhaling particulate matter have been widely studied in humans and animals and 

include asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular issues, and premature death. The size of the particle 

determines where in the body the particle will come to rest if inhaled. Larger particles are 

generally filtered by small hairs in the nose and throat and do not cause problems, but particulate 

matter smaller than about 10 micrometers, referred to as PM10, can settle in the lungs and cause 

health problems. Particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers, PM2.5, can penetrate directly into the 

lung, whereas particles smaller than 1 micrometer, PM1, can penetrate into the alveolar region of 

the lung and tend to be the most hazardous when inhaled. In particular, a study published in the 

Journal of the American Medical Association indicates that PM2.5 leads to high plaque deposits 

 

9

 Agricultural mobile emissions are included in total Mobile Sources as well as in total AG emissions. 
9

in arteries, causing vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis – a hardening of the arteries that 

reduces elasticity, which can lead to heart attacks and other cardiovascular problems.10 

Researchers suggest that even short-term exposure at elevated concentrations could significantly 

contribute to heart disease. 

PM 10

PM 10 refers to particulate matter that is 10 microns or less in diameter but typically does not 

refer to particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in size, hence a second standard for fine 

particulate matter under the PM 2.5 category. The main causes of PM 10 pollution in the San 

Joaquin Valley are dust from roads, parking lots, construction, mining, bulk material storage, and 

other activities. While the District has attained the federal PM standard, continued work will be 

required to ensure continued attainment as the Valley grows. 

PM 2.5

PM 2.5 typically exists in a variety of forms. One form, called secondary particulate matter, 

occurs when two pollutants, usually including oxides of nitrogen, combine in the air. Another 

form, called primary particulate matter, enters the air as an existing pollutant. 

D. Health Risks 

Residents of the San Joaquin Valley rank among the highest 5% in the nation for pollutionrelated health risks and the implications are profound. Valley residents regularly suffer asthma 

attacks, acute bronchitis, lost work days, reduced activity, hospital admissions, school absences, 

and even premature death because of exposure to air pollution.11

One in six Valley residents has been diagnosed with asthma.12 In a health survey conducted by 

the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, of 198,000 respondents from the Valley with 

asthma 91% experienced symptoms and 18% sought asthma emergency care within the 12 

months prior to their interview.13

San Joaquin Valley youth experience asthma complications more than children across California 

and across the nation.14 Youth who grow up in smoggy areas have lungs that are 

underdeveloped by the age of 18 and will likely never recover.15 Teenagers that live in more 

polluted areas are five times as likely to have clinically low lung function than teens living in 

low-pollution areas.16 Each year, asthma accounts for 808,000 days of Valley school absences.17

 

10 Pope, C Arden, et. al, "Cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air 

pollution," Journal of the American Medical Association no. 287 (2002): 1132-1141. 11 Hall. 

12 2003 California Health Interview Survey, UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, www.askchis.org. 

13 Ibid. 

14 Ibid. 

15 Gauderman, James W. et al, “The Effect of Air Pollution on Lung Development from 10 to 18 Years of Age,” 

New England Journal of Medicine 11, no. 351 (2004): 1057-1067. 16 Ibid. 

17 Hernandez, Virginia Rondero et al, Struggling to Breathe: The Epidemic of Asthma Among Children and 

Adolescence in the San Joaquin Valley, Central California Children’s Institute, 2004. 
10

One of the most dangerous forms of primary particulate matter is PM 2.5 produced by diesel 

engines. The state of California classifies diesel soot as a toxic air contaminant and ARB 

estimates that diesel soot from mobile (on-road and off-road) and stationary sources is 

responsible for about 70% of the cancer risk associated with air pollution. ARB has adopted a 

diesel risk reduction program which includes regulations that will come into effect to encourage 

retrofits and replacements of the dirtiest diesel engines. 

As PM 2.5 pollution levels increase, the risk of fatty deposits that thicken artery walls 

(arteriosclerosis) also increases.18 Arteriosclerosis is associated with a higher risk of heart attack 

and stroke. Ozone exposure is correlated to reductions in lung function, shortness of breath, 

wheezing, coughing, and asthma exacerbations.19 

Recent research and regulatory activity at the federal level points to new concerns about PM 2.5 

hotspots. These hotspots typically include roadways and places where many vehicles, especially 

diesel vehicles, congregate. Research shows that people living and working close to these areas 

are at higher risk for a range of lung and heart ailments. Residential distance to a freeway is 

directly linked to higher NOx concentrations, wheezing, and use of asthma medications.20

E. The Regulatory Environment 

The structure for regulating air quality in the San Joaquin Valley consists of three levels: Federal 

(EPA), State (ARB) and local (District). While simply structured the regulatory authority across 

and within the three levels is complicated. In general, the jurisdictional authority for regulating 

air pollution in the San Joaquin Valley depends on where the pollution occurs and from which 

type of source (stationary, area, or mobile) the air pollution is released. The federal Clean Air 

Act (CAA) is enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In addition to 

overseeing state and local agency implementation of the requirements of the CAA, the EPA 

regulates the manufacture and use of mobile sources in conjunction with the California Air 

Resources Board (ARB). ARB is also responsible for the California Air Pollution Control Laws, 

including the California Clean Air Act.21 This includes responsibility for monitoring the 

regulatory activity of California's 35 local air districts, including the San Joaquin Valley Air 

Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD or District), which is responsible for promulgating rules 

and regulations for stationary sources in the San Joaquin Valley. 

The SJVAPCD has limited authority to regulate the dominant source of air pollution -- mobile 

sources (representing 79% of NOx and 40% of ROG pollution). Control of direct tailpipe 

emissions from mobile sources is under the jurisdiction of the federal EPA and CARB. Until SB 

700 was passed by the California legislature in 2004, ending California's agricultural exemption 

to the Clean Air Act’s permitting requirements, the District had no jurisdiction over agricultural 

 

18 Mack, Wendy J. et al, “Ambient Air Pollution and Sub clinical Atherosclerosis,” American Heart Association 

Scientific Sessions, Abstract Oral Sessions AOP.29.3a, 2004. 

19 Thurston, George D. and David V. Bates, “Air Pollution as an Underappreciated Cause of Asthma Symptoms,” 

Journal of the American Medical Association 14, no. 290 (2003): 1915-1917. 20 Guaderman, W.J. et al, “Childhood asthma and exposure to traffic and nitrogen dioxide,” Epidemiology 16, no. 6 

(2005): 737-743. 

21 See http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/lawsregs.htm. 
11

sources of air pollution. Its role was limited to only stationary and area sources, non-agricultural 

emissions, which represent less than 30% of all emissions sources. 

F. Issues 

1. Health Risks

Residents of the San Joaquin Valley rank among the highest 5% in the nation for pollutionrelated health risks (see Health Risks section II.D.).

2. Failure to demonstrate attainment of the federal 8-hour ozone standard

The District must develop a State Implementation Plan (SIP) with the help of the ARB that 

shows how the Valley will meet the federal 8-hour ozone standard by its attainment date. 

Currently, the Valley is classified “Serious” for 8-hour ozone, and has a June 15, 2013 

attainment date. Meeting the health protective 8-hour ozone standard by 2013 is expected to be 

extremely challenging and will require major emissions reductions. The Clean Air Act provides 

non-attainment areas the opportunity to request a higher classification, with a later attainment 

date, but that comes at a cost of more stringent permitting standards and a deferral of the date 

when Valley residents can achieve health standards comparable to the norm for U.S. citizens. 

The CAA provides for significant penalties for failure to submit attainment plans, submission of 

unapprovable plans, or failure to meet planned emissions reductions. These penalties include 

permitting sanctions and loss of federal transportation funding. As a last resort, U.S. EPA must 

prepare a Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) to provide for attainment, resulting in loss of local 

control. 

3. Mobile Sources

Mobile sources, particularly diesel engines and gross polluting gasoline vehicles, are by far the 

largest contributor to the problem, representing about 79% of NOx and 40% of ROG. 

4. Limited carrying capacity for pollution

The geography and climate of the Valley cause exceedances of air quality standards at much 

lower pollution densities than in other air basins, placing a higher burden on Valley residents, 

businesses and local governments than in other air basins. 

5. Rapid growth compounds the problem

The U.S. Census Bureau projects that the population growth rate for the San Joaquin Valley 

through 2030 will be 65% higher than the average for the State of California. Absorption of that 

population growth and economic growth in a region that is already grossly exceeding its carrying 

capacity for air pollution is a major challenge for the Valley. 

6. Economic impact

The federal Clean Air Act is aimed exclusively at the achievement of health standards that apply 

equally to all U.S. residents, irrespective of their place of residence. It does not consider the 

economic consequences of applying those standards equally to regions with distinctly different 

pollution carrying capacities. Its premise is that U.S. residents should not have to make health 

compromises when they choose their place of residence. 
12

The limited pollution carrying capacity of the Valley places it in the proverbial place between a 

rock and a hard place. On one side, the higher cost of more stringent and expensive pollution 

mitigation measures than are required in most other U.S. air basins contribute adverse economic 

impacts for local government, reduced competitiveness for local industry, adverse impacts on job 

creation, resultant unemployment, high poverty levels, and the poor health generally associated 

with high poverty. 

On the other hand, non-attainment of the mandated 2013 standards is estimated to cost more than 

$3 billion per year or, on average, $1,000 per Valley resident per year.22 These costs represent 

460 premature deaths among those age 30 and older; 23,300 asthma attacks; 188,000 days of 

school absences; 3,230 cases of acute bronchitis in children; 3,000 lost work days; 325 new cases 

of chronic bronchitis; 188,400 days of reduced activity in adults; 260 hospital admissions; and 

more than 17,000 days of respiratory symptoms in children.23 School absences from asthma 

alone cost San Joaquin Valley school districts $26 million annually.24

7. Affordability gap

Technology is available to make step-function improvements in air quality. The issue is 

affordability. Without additional incentives to encourage early adoption of practices and 

technologies that reduce pollution, or incentives to help regulated industries go above and 

beyond their pollution reduction requirements, the Valley's residents won't get the health 

protections the Clean Air Act intended as quickly as needed. 

8. Lack of clear accountability

Valley residents want to know what the plan is to clean the Valley’s air and where the buck 

stops. Most believe responsibility lies with the District, which in fact has very limited control 

over the largest source of pollution – mobile sources -- which are largely under the jurisdiction of 

ARB and the EPA. Even if the complex issue of diffuse responsibility and accountability is set 

aside, there is no place where Valley residents can go to obtain a lay description of the Valley’s 

plan to address all pollution sources nor to measure progress against that plan. 

G. Constraints 

1. Institutional 

The San Joaquin Valley’s efforts to attain the new federal 8-hour ozone and PM2.5 standards 

occur after many years of emissions controls. A number of sources have been controlled 

multiple times and are producing emissions substantially lower than they were 20 years ago. 

This past success makes obtaining significant additional emissions reduction more challenging 

since most of the large, relatively cost-effective emissions reductions have already been 

achieved. In order to overcome the law of diminishing returns, new and innovative approaches 

need to be implemented to control emissions. In some cases, these innovative approaches have 

been constrained by institutional requirements that were developed when opportunities for 

traditional emissions reductions were abundant. In order for the San Joaquin Valley to achieve 

 

22 Hall. 

23 Hall. 

24 Hernandez. 
13

the new standards all approaches need to be maximized, including command and control 

regulations, alternative compliance programs, incentive based programs, as well as significant 

controls on state and federal sources. 

It is important that this effort be approached as a partnership between the U.S. EPA, the ARB 

and the District. These organizations are jointly responsible for attainment of air quality 

standards in the San Joaquin Valley. The system is set up so that these agencies have a regulatory 

and compliance role at the same time that they have a joint obligation to develop and implement 

plans that produce the desired outcomes. When they fail to do so, the price of failure is paid by 

local residents in the form of protracted adverse health standards and adverse economic impacts. 

It is recognized that the more removed an agency is from a specific air basin, the more 

impractical it is for the agency to define regulations that are specific to that air basin. This is true 

of the ARB, which has 35 air basins under its jurisdiction, and even more true of U.S. EPA, 

which has jurisdiction over all air basins in the country. Regulations, understandably, are issued 

to apply to the norm. When an air basin like the San Joaquin Valley, because of its challenging 

climate and geography, falls as far outside the norm as it does, it is important that the agencies 

support incentive programs that take these peculiarities into consideration. 

a. Alternative Compliance Strategies 

In cases where sources have been substantially controlled through multiple iterations of 

command and control emissions controls, additional emissions reductions through 

traditional regulation is relatively expensive and will produce small emissions reductions. 

In these situations, alternative compliance strategies provide a viable means of achieving 

cost-effective emissions reductions. In general, alternative compliance approaches 

establish an emissions goal for a source to achieve and allow the source to control 

specified equipment, control other on-site equipment, or achieve off-site emissions 

reductions. This approach allows the source to seek the most cost-effective emissions 

reductions rather than controlling a specific piece of equipment regardless of cost. The 

EPA has established guidance that places significant constraints on alternative 

compliance programs. These constraints have severely limited the ability of local 

agencies to implement alternative compliance programs. In order to achieve the 

emissions reductions required to meet the new federal air quality standards, the San 

Joaquin Valley will likely need to implement alternative compliance programs. If these 

programs are to achieve their maximum potential emissions reduction, unnecessary 

institutional impediments need to be removed. 

b. Incentive Programs 

The utilization of incentive programs to achieve emissions reductions from sources that 

are not easily controlled through command and control regulations has grown 

substantially in recent years. The District has allocated over $110 million to achieve 

emissions reductions through voluntary incentive programs since its inception. Recently, 

the Carl Moyer program has received significant on-going funding from the State of 

California. In order for the Valley to attain the new air quality standards, incentive 

programs will need to be expanded further. There are a number of institutional 

impediments that limit the expansion of incentive programs.
14

Currently, the Carl Moyer program is the largest incentive program in the State of 

California. ARB establishes guidelines for the utilization of Carl Moyer funds. As 

directed by State law, the Carl Moyer Program Guidelines are designed to ensure that 

Moyer Program funds are not used to pay for reductions already required by State or 

federal law. In order to ensure that the emissions reductions achieved are beyond those 

due to regulation alone, the Carl Moyer Guidelines have made assumptions about the 

emissions reductions available from projects. Sometimes, these assumptions limit the 

projects that are eligible for funding through the program. For example, the fleet 

modernization program is limited to pre-1990 on-road vehicles only. Identifying the 

optimum funding and eligibility criteria for the San Joaquin Valley is an important 

consideration in designing expanded incentive programs if the Carl Moyer and other 

programs are to fully realize their potential. 

Additionally, the ability to take credit for emissions reductions achieved through 

incentive programs is vital to their expanded use. Currently, EPA limits the amount of 

credit that can be taken for Voluntary Emissions Reduction Programs. When this policy 

was established, it was designed for programs with emissions reductions that relied on 

voluntary action with no enforcement mechanism (i.e. voluntary trip reduction programs, 

land-use programs, and bicycle and pedestrian programs). The EPA has proposed to 

apply this requirement to California’s incentive based emissions reduction programs even 

though these programs have enforceable contracts associated with them. 

The EPA’s proposal to limit the amount of credit that can be taken has an adverse impact 

on efforts to expand these programs. The EPA, ARB, and the District are currently 

working to develop a reasonable method to credit incentive programs to the SIP. A 

successful resolution to this issue is critical to the potential expansion of incentive 

programs. 

It bears repeating that it is vitally important that the District, ARB and EPA work in 

partnership to effectively discharge their collective responsibility for attainment of health 

standards in the Valley. Where new and anticipated regulations are not enough to achieve 

attainment, it is important that these agencies identify how incentive programs can help 

provide the necessary emissions reductions. 

2. Timeline for Implementation of Federal Controls 

Heavy-duty on-road and off-road mobile sources are one of the largest contributors to the 

Valley’s pollution problems. In most instances EPA has the sole authority to control these 

sources. While the EPA has adopted requirements on new engines, and in some instances has 

required that rebuilt equipment be upgraded with new emissions control technology, the 

emissions reductions from these requirements will occur over a number of years and will not be 

fully realized until after the Valley’s attainment deadlines. If the Valley is to attain the Federal 

Standards under the existing timeframes, the penetration of these requirements to the existing 

fleet will need to be accelerated. 
15

a. Heavy-Duty Vehicles 

The EPA is responsible for developing controls on new heavy-duty diesel engines that 

are utilized in on-road vehicles. Controls for heavy-duty on-road engines have not 

achieved emissions reductions comparable to controls that have been placed on light-duty 

passenger vehicles. The EPA has adopted progressively more stringent standards that 

phase in through 2010. While the full benefit from these requirements will be realized in 

the future as the existing fleet is replaced, they will not materially help attain 2013 EPA 

standards. The San Joaquin Valley will still have a significant number of relatively high 

emitting vehicles long into the future since these vehicles have a relatively long service 

life. 

ARB has begun to develop in-use vehicle requirements that require vehicles to be 

retrofitted and/or re-powered in order to reduce emissions. In-use requirements currently 

exist for urban-transit vehicles and refuse vehicles. In many cases, for on-road trucking 

vehicles, the cost of retrofit or re-powering vehicles will be substantially more than the 

vehicles are worth. This is particularly true for San Joaquin Valley farm to market fleets 

that are older than the statewide average, are operated by relatively small operators, and 

do not travel the number of miles that larger goods movement fleet vehicles travel. In 

many cases, substantial emissions reductions can be achieved by scrapping these existing 

vehicles and replacing them with newer vehicles that meet lower emissions standards. 

These programs are commonly referred to as fleet modernization programs. As 

mentioned previously, only pre-1990 vehicles are currently eligible for funding through 

the Carl Moyer fleet modernization program. Currently, ARB is re-evaluating the fleet 

eligibility criteria based on recently available in-use truck emissions rate data. 

Identifying program criteria for fleets in the Valley is critical to running a successful fleet 

modernization program in the San Joaquin Valley. 

b. Off-Road Diesel Engine Standards 

Off-road equipment is regulated by ARB and EPA. The EPA has the sole authority to 

regulate emissions from engines less than 175 horsepower. ARB has the authority to 

regulate engines between 175 and 750 horsepower. Off-road equipment between 175 and 

750 horsepower were uncontrolled prior to 1996. Estimates of NOx emissions rates from 

uncontrolled off-road engines range from 8.2 g/bhp-hr to 14 g/bhp-hr. In January 1992, 

the ARB adopted exhaust emissions standards for off-road diesel-cycle engines 175 hp 

and greater, effective beginning with 1996 model year engines.

In August 1996, EPA, ARB and off-road diesel engine manufacturers signed a Statement 

of Principles which called for harmonization of ARB and U.S. EPA off-road diesel 

engine regulations, as appropriate, in exchange for an accelerated introduction of 

progressively more stringent standards. The U.S. EPA adopted emissions standards in 

1998 and again in 2004 that provided for new NOx + non-methane hydrocarbons 

(NMHC), PM, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions standards for engines within 

different power categories in a tiered approach, commonly referred to as “Tier” 

standards. These standards are defined in Title 13, California Code of Regulations 

(CCR), section 2423(b) (1). ARB has since amended the California exhaust emissions 

standards for off-road diesel engines to harmonize with the federal requirements. 
16

While the tiered emissions standards will provide significant emissions reductions from 

new equipment, emissions from existing equipment will continue long into the future. 

Specifically, the San Joaquin Valley has a significant amount of agricultural off-road 

equipment. This equipment has a particularly long service life and will continue 

operating well past the Valley’s attainment deadlines. Currently, the Carl Moyer 

program only allows existing equipment to be re-powered with a newer cleaner engine or 

retrofitted with an after-treatment device. The Carl Moyer program does not currently 

allow for a scrap and replace (fleet modernization) program for off-road mobile 

equipment. In many cases, older off-road equipment can not be re-powered with a new 

engine, and retrofit devices are only verified for specific engine families. Additionally, 

the cost of re-powering or retrofitting this equipment is often substantially more than the 

equipment is worth. Designing an incentive program with criteria through which older 

off-road equipment can be replaced, when that is the cost effective option, will allow for 

more rapid emissions reductions from this equipment. 

c. Locomotives 

While shipping freight via rail is a relatively efficient and lower emissions method of 

goods movement on a ton-mile basis, the emissions level from each locomotive is 

relatively high compared with heavy-duty truck engines. The U.S. EPA has the sole 

authority to set emissions standards for new and remanufactured locomotives and has 

adopted phased-in locomotive emissions standards [Federal Register, April 16, 1998]. 

Federal locomotive emissions standards contain two primary provisions: 1) 

remanufacture emissions limits applicable to railroads whenever they remanufacture or 

rebuild their locomotive engines, and 2) emissions standards for new locomotives 

applicable to locomotive manufacturers. In the San Joaquin Valley, EPA requirements 

only apply to UP, BNSF, and AMTRAK. Smaller rail carriers are exempt from the EPA 

requirements.

Regulation of remanufactured locomotives is critical because locomotives are generally 

remanufactured five to ten times during their service lives. U.S. EPA’s locomotive 

remanufacture emissions standards therefore provide a mechanism to reduce emissions 

from the existing fleet. Federal locomotive remanufacture emissions standards require 

locomotives originally manufactured in 1973 or later to meet the emissions limits 

whenever they are rebuilt or remanufactured. Locomotives originally manufactured 

before 1973 are exempt from the federal locomotive remanufacture requirements. 

In May 2004, U.S. EPA issued an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, signaling 

its intent to pursue more stringent standards for new and existing locomotives [U.S. EPA, 

2004]. The standards are likely to be modeled after 2007 and 2010 on-road and off-road 

diesel engine standards, and to be based on the application of catalytic after-treatment 

technology. The new locomotive standards could be phased in beginning as early as 

2011. While the benefit from these standards will be realized in the future, they will not 

materially help attain 2013 EPA standards. It is imperative to the Valley that the EPA 

achieve the largest possible emissions reductions from sources under its control to assist 

in meeting the federal air quality standards. 
17

3. Capacity 

One of the constraints of any market based system is the availability of equipment and the ability 

to get that equipment into use. Some constraining factors are manufacturing capacity, market 

demand elsewhere around the county and the world, and the capacity of the sales and distribution 

system. For example, it might be desirable in the course of the year 2012 to convert all pre-2011 

trucks resident in the Valley to 2012 models, but even if we assume that to be an economically 

viable option, truck manufacturing capacity would make that a practical impossibility. 

4. Technology 

There are number of emissions sources where new technology and additional research is needed 

to remove barriers to achieving emissions reductions. Most notably, research and demonstration 

projects are needed to assess the benefits of different control technologies at confined animal 

facilities in the San Joaquin Valley. Additionally, there are technologies available that may 

reduce dust emissions from agricultural operations. However, additional research needs to be 

conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the control strategies. 

5. Funding25

To the extent emissions reductions are going to be achieved with public funding, existing 

incentive programs would need to be greatly expanded. Even if all the above-mentioned 

constraints are removed, a rough estimate is that it would require investment on the order of 

approximately $10 billion to achieve compliance with the 8-hr ozone requirement by 2013. 

Assuming a 60/40% split between private sector and public sector investment, public sector 

funding on the order of approximately $4 billion would be needed. The remaining $6 billion in 

private sector funds would also need to be available. 

III. Goals, Recommendations & Objectives 

A. Goals 

These air quality goals have been developed within the context of the overall objectives of the 

Partnership. The Air Quality Work Group recognizes, for example, that air quality cannot be 

achieved at the expense of water quality, nor can impacts on job retention and job creation be 

dismissed in a region that has the highest levels of unemployment and poverty in the nation. The 

intent of the Work group has been to address air quality in the context of improving overall 

quality of life for Valley residents. 

The number one goal of the Air Quality Work Group is to identify every possible means of 

contributing to the achievement of the federal 8-hour Ozone and PM2.5 standards by their 

respective attainment dates. The ARB and the District are in the process of developing a State 

Implementation Plan, which will show how the region will attain the standards. To complement 

the SIP, the Partnership is proposing actions that will maximize near-term health benefits and 

assist in the development of a long-term sustainable air quality environment that affords Valley 

residents the opportunity to enjoy clean air. 

 

25 The recommendations in this document regarding funding came from the Work Group’s public process. 

Participation by governmental agencies in providing technical assistance in this process does not represent an 

endorsement of those funding recommendations by these agencies. 
18

Goal 1: Achieve EPA mandated standards for 8-hr ozone and PM2.5 by the current 

attainment date, or as soon as practicable thereafter.

Current Status: The District currently estimates it will be some 400 tons/day short of achieving 

target in 2013. Current expenditures of $15 million per year in incentive funding 

are generating approximately 1.5 tons per day emissions reductions (7.5 ton per 

day over 5 years). 

5-Year Goal: Secure $550 million/year for five years, primarily for incentive mechanisms to 

accelerate technology adoption, which will achieve emissions reductions on the 

order of 100+ tons per day over 5 years. 

Goal 2: Establish the San Joaquin Valley as a nationally recognized leader in air 

quality management by achieving the dual goals of healthful air quality 

and a prosperous economy.

 

Current Status: The San Joaquin Valley faces the twin challenges of attaining two federal air 

quality standards: the PM2.5 standard and the 8-hour ozone standard. 

1-Year Goal: Implement a landmark Indirect Source Review rule to mitigate the impact from 

new development. 

10-year Goal: Through expeditious attainment of the federal air quality standards along with 

progressive land use policies and effective use of mass transit, alternative 

energy and alternative fuels, become recognized as a national and world leader 

in the concurrent advancement of air quality and economic development. 

Goal 3: Engage Public Support through effective communications of a 

comprehensive “clean air strategy”, regular monitoring and reporting of 

performance vs. plan, and clearer accountability for compliance.

Current Status: At present, no reader-friendly, comprehensive progress report on air quality 

attainment is available to Valley residents. 

1-Year Goal: By mid-year 2007, the SJVAPCD publishes and distributes a user-friendly air 

quality strategy document for the Valley, and within 3 months of the end of 

each calendar year thereafter, releases a comprehensive annual report that 

describes progress towards attainment of goals (1) and (2). 

B. Baseline Metrics and Objectives 

The ARB is in the process of calculating the amount of emissions reductions that will be required 

for the Valley to attain EPA standards by June 15, 2013. The numbers shown below as 

“projected 2013” are a rough first estimate of projected emissions based on current regulations, 

anticipated vehicle fleet turnover and adoption of mitigation technologies. As shown, there is a 
19

projected total decline of almost 200 tons per day from 2005 levels. However, a preliminary 

estimate is that the combined NOx and ROG numbers will have to be reduced by approximately 

400 additional tons per day in order to meet EPA standards. 

 

Annual Average Emissions (tons/day) 

 2005 Projected 2013* Target 2013

NOx 566 400 

ROG 414 384

Total NOx+ROG 980 784 400 

Preliminary projections, pending completion of SIP. 

It is important to place some perspective on these metrics. The Valley’s air quality challenges do 

not lend themselves to “silver bullet” solutions. As noted earlier, elimination of all heavy duty 

trucks as well as passenger vehicles from the Valley would result in only about half of the 

required emissions reductions. A comprehensive approach that addresses all sources is 

indispensable. A viable plan requires that all stakeholders see that contributions to the solution 

are being made by all parties. 

The solutions proposed must be compatible with the sustainable economic development of the 

Valley. Industry stakeholders point to the adverse impact on competitiveness created by the 

higher cost of regulation in the San Joaquin Valley air basin compared to other air basins. This is 

unacceptable in a region that has the highest unemployment and poverty in the nation. The 

relationship between high poverty and poor health is well established in research. Funding 

mechanisms and alternative compliance options must be implemented to offset the higher cost of 

CAA compliance for the San Joaquin Valley and to incentivize accelerated adoption of 

emissions reduction technologies. Failure to establish such funding mechanisms and alternative 

compliance options will continue to create a vicious cycle for the Valley. 

C. Recommendations 

1. Recommendation 1: Eliminate institutional constraints to air quality improvement 

Objectives 

• Objective A: Negotiate with the U.S. EPA to address federal constraints on 

alternative compliance emission reduction programs. 

Traditional regulation of stationary sources of pollution has been through a 

command and control approach. These efforts have resulted in significant air 

quality benefit with many industrial sources controlling their emissions by greater 

than 90%. In many cases, the emissions reductions from these sources have been 

achieved through multiple iterations of rules on the same sources of pollution. In 

some cases, additional reductions are technologically difficult to achieve, and the 

marginal cost of additional controls can be extremely high. As the region 

develops plans to achieve significant reductions to attain the 8-hour ozone 

standard, the high cost and technological feasibility of additional control of these 

sources poses a significant challenge. Market based alternative compliance 

strategies are another way to achieve larger more cost-effective emissions 
20

reductions from these sources. In general, alternative compliance strategies 

provide an emissions reduction target for sources to achieve, and allow the source 

to achieve emissions reductions by controlling alternative sources where the cost 

is substantially lower and availability of emissions reduction is greater. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

There is controversy among regulatory agencies as to when and how alternative 

compliance measures are appropriate. 

Recommendation 

The partnership recommends that San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control 

District, ARB, and EPA work together to determine the appropriate use of 

alternative compliance strategies in time for the air district to consider such 

strategies for inclusion in the 8-hour ozone attainment plan. 

Benefits 

The estimated reduction of emissions from alternative compliance strategies will 

vary depending upon the specific strategies adopted. 

• Objective B: Negotiate with U.S. EPA allowance of SIP credits for incentive 

programs. 

The EPA limits the amount of credit that can be taken for Voluntary Emissions 

Reduction programs. When this policy was established, it was geared toward 

programs with emissions reductions that relied on voluntary action with no 

enforcement mechanism (i.e. voluntary trip reduction programs, land-use 

programs, and bicycle and pedestrian programs). The EPA has proposed to apply 

this requirement to California’s incentive based emissions reduction programs 

like the Carl Moyer program even though these programs have enforceable 

contracts associated with them. 

The EPA’s proposal to limit the amount of credit that can be taken has an adverse 

impact on efforts to expand these programs. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

EPA guidance on voluntary emissions reduction programs. 

Recommendation 

Support CARB and the SJVAPCD in their efforts to establish a reasonable 

method for crediting voluntary incentive based programs in the SIP. 

Benefits 

Establishing a reasonable program for crediting voluntary incentive based 

programs in the SIP is key to the San Joaquin Valley Partnership’s efforts to 

obtain emissions reductions through voluntary incentive based programs. 
21

• Objective C: Work with ARB to identify appropriate criteria for incentive 

programs in the Valley. 

Vehicle pollution accounts for 79% of NOx and 40% of ROG in the Valley and 

will need to be aggressively attacked if there is to be any hope of meeting 8-hour 

Ozone standards. As shown in Chart 1, mobile sources account for 6 of the 7 top 

NOx emissions sources. Collectively, those 6 sources account for an estimated 

420 tons of the 2005 NOx emissions inventory. Major impacts on Valley air 

quality could be achieved if all vehicles were upgraded to the most current 

available technology, but regulation alone cannot achieve that without serious 

adverse economic consequence to vehicle owners. Incentive mechanisms to 

accelerate technology adoption must be part of the solution. Current incentive 

programs are severely constrained by two factors: 

(a) availability of funding; and (b) limitations imposed by ARB. The total annual 

impact of these vehicle emissions reduction incentive programs in the Valley 

currently accounts for less than one ton per day of emissions reductions. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

The most important of the currently available incentive programs is the Carl 

Moyer program. Moyer Guidelines are intended to provide some flexibility to air 

districts, but “minimum requirements” often constrain their use. For example, the 

truck fleet modernization program is currently limited to trucks “1990 or older” 

Recommendation 

A series of five-year pilot programs is proposed in recommendations 3(c) through 

3(f) to accelerate reduction of emissions from vehicles resident in the San Joaquin 

Valley. These pilot programs would allow the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution 

Control District to identify and fund surplus, quantifiable, cost-effective 

emissions reductions from vehicles within the air basin. The program would 

allow the District to fund retrofits, re-powers, and fleet modernization projects 

based upon the relative cost-effectiveness of each project rather than prescribing 

the type of project based upon vehicle model year or other criteria. 

Significant new funding will be required to implement these programs. Funding 

needs and sources are discussed later in this document. But funding alone will not 

achieve the objectives if current ARB constraints remain in place. The Air Quality 

Work Group recommends that the ARB and the SJVAPCD negotiate incentive 

program criteria to enable vehicle emissions reductions on the order of 100 tons 

per day in five years, subject to the availability of funding to support these 

programs. 

Benefits 

Emissions reductions of approximately one hundred tons per day in five years. 
22

2. Recommendation 2: Encourage EPA adoption of tighter federal emission control 

standards. 

Objectives 

• Objective A: Recommend that ARB work with U.S. EPA to ensure that Onand Off-Road Heavy Duty Vehicles and equipment comply with applicable 

new and in-use emission standards. 

The EPA is responsible for developing controls on new heavy-duty diesel engines 

that are utilized in on-road vehicles, for aircraft, ships, and for off-road equipment 

less than 175 horsepower. 

Controls for heavy-duty on-road engines have not achieved emissions reductions 

comparable to controls that have been placed on light-duty passenger vehicles. 

The EPA has adopted progressively more stringent standards that phase in 

through 2010. While the full benefit from these requirements will be realized in 

the future as the existing fleet is replaced, they will not materially help attain 2013 

EPA standards. The San Joaquin Valley will still have a significant number of 

relatively high emitting vehicles long into the future since these vehicles have a 

relatively long service life. 

The EPA has the sole authority to regulate emissions from off-road engines less 

than 175 horsepower. The U.S. EPA adopted emissions standards in 1998 and 

again in 2004 that provided for new NOx + non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), 

PM, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions standards for engines within different 

power categories in a tiered approach, commonly referred to as “Tier” standards. 

These standards are defined in Title 13, California Code of Regulations (CCR), 

sections 2423(b) (1). 

While the tiered emissions standards will provide significant emissions reductions 

from new equipment, emissions from existing equipment will continue long into 

the future. The EPA needs to continue to develop regulations and/or provide 

incentives to achieve emissions reductions from sources under its control on a 

timeline that will achieve proportional emissions reductions sufficient to help 

bring the San Joaquin Valley into attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards in a timely fashion. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

U.S. EPA has adopted tiered emissions standards for off-road equipment, and 

standards for new on-road heavy-duty vehicles that phase in through 2010. 

Recommendations 

San Joaquin Valley stakeholders, the SJVAPCD, and the ARB need to continue to 

encourage U.S. EPA to adopt new standards and/or provide incentives to achieve 

significant additional emissions reductions from sources under federal control. 
23

Benefits 

TBD

• Objective B: Encourage U.S. EPA to develop the strongest emission control 

standards for locomotives. Negotiate with railroads to ensure early 

introductions of the cleanest locomotives into the San Joaquin Valley fleet. 

At this time, moving goods with locomotives generates less pollution than with 

trucks, but this will not be true in the future unless locomotive engines become 

significantly cleaner to keep pace with the improvements to truck engines. ARB 

staff estimates that diesel PM emissions per ton-mile of goods moved by rail will 

equal or exceed comparable truck emissions by 2015, as new trucks meeting 2007 

emissions standards start to reduce truck fleet emissions. 

Federal law limits the abilities of states and local jurisdictions to control 

locomotive emissions, or to enforce rules that affect national railroad 

transportation. 

U.S. EPA is developing new locomotive emissions standards, commonly referred 

to as Tier 3, modeled after the 2007/2010 highway and Tier 4 off-road diesel 

engine programs. These standards would likely apply to new locomotives 

manufactured in 2011 and beyond. The application of exhaust emissions control 

technologies in new locomotives, in tandem with ultra-low diesel fuel, could 

achieve 90 percent control of both NOx and PM emissions. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

Tier 0 represents emissions levels for new locomotives originally manufactured 

from 1973-2001. Tier 1 standards applied to new locomotives from 2002 to 2004. 

Tier 2 standards apply to 2005 and newer locomotives. 

Recommendations 

Locomotive engines last a very long time (30 to 40 years), so special effort needs 

to be directed toward accelerating the placement of Tier 3 locomotive engines in 

the San Joaquin Valley. The Partnership recommends that U.S. EPA: 

1. Adopt Tier 3 locomotive standards modeled after the 2007/2010 highway and 

Tier 4 off-road diesel engine programs (with 90% NOx and diesel PM 

control). 

2. Apply the Tier 3 locomotive standards to locomotives manufactured in 2011 

and beyond. 

3. Accelerate the placement of Tier 3 locomotives in the San Joaquin Valley, 

replacing 10% of the Valley’s existing locomotive fleet with Tier 3 

locomotives each year. 

 

Benefits 

The emissions reductions by 2015 due to a 40% replacement of older locomotive 

engines with Tier 3 locomotives in the Valley from 2011 would be 7 tons per day 

of NOx. 
24

3. Recommendation 3: Implement Incentive Mechanism to Accelerate Adoption of Air 

Quality Mitigation Technology 

Objectives 

• Objective A: Establish Air Quality Mitigation Zones (State level designation).

Because the San Joaquin Valley’s pollution carrying capacity is severely limited 

by the geography and climate of the air basin, achievement of 2013 EPAmandated standards by regulation alone is impossible. Excessive regulation will 

also have an adverse impact on competitiveness and job creation in a region that 

has higher unemployment rates and more people living below the poverty line 

than any other region of comparable size in the nation. Research has shown a 

strong correlation between poverty and poor health. 

Incentive mechanisms are required to accelerate adoption of technologies that will 

reduce emissions without adversely affecting job creation. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

Existing California law specifies economic development zones and various tax 

and other incentives for making investments in those zones. 

Recommendation 

The partnership recommends approval of legislation that would require the 

Business, Transportation and Housing Agency to designate Air Quality Mitigation 

Zones based on specified air quality and unemployment criteria. With provisions 

similar to those that apply to Economic Empowerment Zones, businesses within 

qualifying communities would have access to the following: 

• State income tax credit for certain equipment purchases that reduce air 

pollution and/or assist in the production of renewable energy; and 

• Low interest loans and loan guarantees for investments to reduce air 

pollutants. 

Designations would be for a specified number of years, renewable as long as 

communities meet the criteria for designation. All reductions in air pollution 

would be certified by the local air district and reported annually to the state. 

Benefits 

Benefits are a function of program funding. The Air Quality Work Group 

recommends initial funding of the program at $50 million/year. Funding level to 

be-revaluated based on emissions reductions achieved in first three years. 

• Objective B: Establish Air Quality Empowerment Zone (Federal level 

designation). 

As pointed out in a Congressional Research Report issued in November 2005, the 

San Joaquin Valley has been seriously neglected by the federal Government. Per 

capita federal funds to the Valley are 30% below the national average ($7 

billion/year). This has contributed to the Valley having a higher rate of 
25

unemployment and more people living below the poverty rate than any other 

region of comparable size in the nation. 

Additionally, because the San Joaquin Valley’s pollution carrying capacity is 

severely limited by the geography and climate of the air basin, achievement of 

2013 EPA-mandated standards by regulation alone is impossible. Excessive 

regulation will have an adverse impact on competitiveness and job creation, 

exacerbating the dismal economic statistics of the region. Research has shown a 

strong correlation between poverty and poor health. 

Incentive mechanisms are required to accelerate adoption of technologies that will 

reduce emissions without adversely affecting job creation. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

Existing federal law specifies economic development zones and various tax and 

other incentives for making investments in those zones. 

Recommendation 

The partnership recommends that the Housing and Urban Development Agency 

(HUD) designate Air Quality Empowerment Zones (AQEZ) in U.S. air basins that 

(a) have been designated by the EPA as non-attainment for PM2.5 and serious or 

severe non-attainment for ozone; and (b) have had an unemployment rate 50% or 

more above the national average for two of the three years preceding designation. 

Businesses within qualifying AQEZ’s would have access to the following: 

• Ten-percent tax credit for certain equipment purchases that reduce air 

pollution and/or assist in the production of renewable energy; 

• New employee tax credits; 

• Accelerated 3-year depreciation schedule; and 

• Low interest or no-interest loans to small businesses for investments to 

reduce air pollutants. 

Designations are for a term of seven years and may be renewed as long as 

communities meet the criteria for designation. All reductions in air pollution 

would be certified by the local air district and reported annually to HUD and the 

EPA. 

Benefits 

Benefits are a function of program funding. The Air Quality Work Group 

recommends initial funding of the program at $100 million/year. Funding level to 

be-revaluated based on emissions reductions achieved in first three years. 

• Objective C: Establish and fund a 5-year program to scrap and replace 

approximately 6,000 of gross polluting passenger vehicles per year and 

achieve 20 tons/day emissions reduction over 5 years. 

The San Joaquin Valley is one of the nation’s worst air basins, and suffers from 

poverty and childhood asthma rates that are among the worst in the nation. A 
26

small percentage of automobiles cause a disproportionate amount of pollution. 

The data demonstrates that 35 to 50% of total exhaust emissions come from fewer 

than 10% of California vehicles. On average, older vehicles that are 20 to 25 

years old produce up to 30 times more emissions than newer vehicles and a gross 

polluter can produce up to 40 pounds of smog-forming vehicle emissions per 

year. Most owners of high-polluting vehicles are from low income families that 

cannot afford to buy a complying vehicle. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

Two programs offer cash payments to encourage the accelerated retirement of 

vehicles from service: 

• A Bureau of Automotive Repair program targets vehicles that have failed 

their required biennial smog inspection within the last 120 days. Vehicle 

owners are eligible for up to $500 for smog check-related repairs or up to 

$1000 to retire the vehicle. 

• Air Resources Board (ARB) programs target vehicles that pass or are 

exempted from their biennial smog inspection. Owners are eligible for up 

to $1000 to retire a vehicle. The South Coast just initiated a program to 

provide up to $2000 to low income participants. Local districts may use 

emissions reduction credits generated through vehicle retirement to offset 

other required emissions reductions. Each vehicle is a separate project and 

must be cost-effective, with the size of the credit determined by ARB over 

the three-year project life. 

Recommendation 

The Partnership recommends a pilot program to provide low-income families up 

to $4,000 to scrap a gross-emitting vehicle and replace it with a low-emitting 

vehicle (model 1998 or newer and passing Smog Check). The Partnership also 

supports a program to enable owners of non-polluting vehicles to donate vehicles 

which can be made available by the State to low-income families wishing to scrap 

and replace their gross-emitting vehicles. Owners of donated vehicles can claim 

the fair market value as a deduction on their income taxes. 

Funding of approximately $24 million per year will be required scrap and replace 

approximately 6,000 vehicles per year. Funding sources to implement this 

program are discussed later in this report. 

Benefits 

ARB has estimated the reduction of emissions over a five year period to be up to 

20 tons per day of ROG and up to 12 tons per day of NOx. 

• Objective D: Establish and fund a 5-year program to scrap and replace 

approximately 7,500 heavy duty diesel trucks and achieve 60 tons/day 

emissions reduction over 5 years. 
27

Heavy duty vehicles (HDVs) cause a disproportionate amount of pollution. Even 

though the population of all on-road HDVs account for approximately one percent 

of all on-road vehicles, they emit about 57 percent of the on-road statewide NOx 

emissions, 16 percent of the statewide reactive organic gases (ROG) emissions 

and 44 percent of the statewide PM10 emissions. This issue is aggravated in the 

San Joaquin Valley, where seasonal use of trucks in the farming industry prolongs 

the life of heavy duty trucks. 

Current voluntary efforts to reduce emissions from heavy duty trucks have been 

primarily through incentive funding of retrofits, fuel changes, or re-powering 

vehicles with newer/cleaner engines. These projects have not been attractive to 

San Joaquin Valley truck owners because the investments are costly and do not 

significantly reduce operating cost (in some cases operating costs are higher). 

Further, repowering programs are generally less cost-effective than fleet 

modernization in use of taxpayer dollars. 

Existing Laws/Regulations

The Carl Moyer program currently only allows fleet modernization projects older 

than 1990 model year. 

Recommendation 

A five-year program is proposed to accelerate reduction of emissions from heavy 

duty trucks resident in the San Joaquin Valley. The pilot program would allow the 

San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District to identify and fund surplus, 

quantifiable, cost-effective emissions reductions from trucks within the air basin. 

The program would allow the District to fund retrofits, re-powers, and fleet 

modernization projects based upon the relative cost-effectiveness of each project 

rather than prescribing the type of project based upon vehicle model year. 

Funding of approximately $300 million per year will be required to generate 

cumulative NOx reductions of 60 tons per day over five years. Funding sources to 

implement this program are discussed later in this report. 

Benefits 

The estimated reduction of emissions form the pilot program is 60 tons per day by 

the end of the fifth year of the program. This is the most impactful of the strategic 

actions proposed by the Air Quality Work Group, even though it achieves only 

about 15% of the emissions reductions required to achieve the 8-hour ozone 

standard. 

• Objective E: Establish and fund a 5-year program for off-road equipment to 

achieve 10 tons/day emissions reduction over 5 years. 

According to the California Air Resources Board, emissions in 2010 from dieselfired off-road agricultural equipment, including tractors and harvesters will be 96 

tons per day of NOx statewide, and 42 tons per day of NOx in the San Joaquin 

Valley. In addition, construction and mining equipment in the Valley emit another 

27 tons per day of NOx. There is a need for a pilot program to fund replacement 
28

of agricultural equipment when its age is too old to retrofit. Currently, the Carl 

Moyer Program will not fund “replacements” of older equipment, because of the 

perception that this equipment will be replaced anyway as a normal part of 

business. This type of automatic replacement may be common elsewhere, but is 

not true in the agricultural industry, where equipment is used on a seasonal basis 

and is kept for many years past its “normal” lifespan. As an example, over 60% 

of the forklifts used in agriculture are over 25 years old and cannot be retrofitted 

whereas in a continuous-use, normal operation, a forklift is replaced after only 5 – 

10 years. Other examples of sources that could benefit from such a change 

include diesel trucks used in the transportation of agricultural products, as well as 

on-field implements of husbandry including tractors and harvesters. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

California Health and Safety Code – Chapter 9, Articles 1 – 14, Sections 44275 – 

44299.2 

Carl Moyer Program Guidelines, Revised January 6, 2006 

Recommendation 

The Partnership recommends the development of a five-year Off-Road Equipment 

Scrap and Replace Pilot Program for the funding of replacement off-road 

equipment, including agricultural and construction equipment. The pilot program 

would allow the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District to identify and 

fund surplus, quantifiable, cost-effective emissions reductions from off-road 

equipment within the air basin. The program would allow the District to fund 

retrofits, re-powers, and fleet modernization projects based upon the relative costeffectiveness of each project rather than prescribing the type of projects that are 

eligible for funding. 

It will be necessary to pass legislation that authorizes the development of such a 

program. Legislation to achieve a similar purpose for fleet modernization for 

trucks was passed in 2004 (AB 1394, Levine). 

Funding of approximately $50 million per year will be required to generate 

cumulative NOx reductions of 10 tons per day over five years. Funding sources to 

implement this program are discussed later in this report. 

Benefits 

ARB staff estimates emissions reductions due to the implementation of such a 

program to be up to 10 tons per day of NOx (assumes incremental 20% of valley 

diesel agricultural and construction fleets will be replaced, with 70% reduction in 

NOx). This does not reflect the added benefit of emissions reductions in PM10 

and PM2.5. 

• Objective F: School Bus Fleet Modernization. 

A District study shows that cancer risk associated with a child riding in a school 

bus is significantly higher than ambient levels. There are a disproportionate 
29

number of older buses operated by school districts within the District. The 

average age of the Valley school bus fleet is 16 years old, with the oldest 850 

buses averaging over 26 years old. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

The Lower-Emissions School Bus (LESB) and the Carl Moyer program provide 

funding to address the aged school bus population. Currently, funding through 

both programs does not sufficiently address the entire California aged school bus 

fleet. Pending voter approval of the infrastructure bond, the influx of $200 

million into LESB would provide funding to address this statewide issue. 

However, the Valley has a disproportionately higher number of older school buses 

and may require additional funding attention. AB 923 allows air district governing 

boards with the authority to approve $2 increase in motor vehicle registration 

fees. Such an adjustment may provide up to $55 million directly to the local air 

district for use in specific incentive programs 

Recommendations 

The Partnership supports the inclusion of the $200M in state resources proposed 

for school bus replacement, with the oldest buses receiving first priority. Should 

the proposed resources fall short of the school bus replacement need, additional 

resources should be identified to meet this need (possibly including increased 

motor vehicle registration fees). The Partnership supports recent modifications to 

the Carl Moyer Fleet Modernization Guidelines (School Bus component): 

• Project life for pre-1977 school buses changed to five years; 

• Project life for 1977 and newer school buses changed to eleven years; 

• Waive model year school bus requirements; 

• Waive school bus engine warranty requirements; 

• Waive electronic monitoring units requirements; 

• 80% funding limit waived provided the cost-effective criterion is met; and 

• California Highway Patrol safety certification requirements. 

Additionally, the Partnership proposes the following Carl Moyer guideline 

modifications 

• Increase the weighting factors in determining particulate matter (PM) 

reductions for cost-effectiveness purposes to account for children’s 

exposure to toxic air contaminants; 

• Establish emissions factors for school buses similar to those used for 

urban buses; and 

• Allow district-governed minimum rebuild costs to be used in determining 

the maximum incentive. 

Benefits 

Reduce the exposure of school children to cancer risk. 
30

4. Recommendation 4: Promote Clean Energy Projects 

Objectives 

• Objective A: Establish a San Joaquin Valley Clean Energy Office

Given the limited pollution-carrying capacity of the San Joaquin Valley, 

accommodation of the region’s projected growth will require accelerated adoption 

of the most advanced clean energy technologies available. The region has natural 

assets (abundant sun, wind, biomass, etc.) that can be converted to clean energy. 

A significant contribution to the improvement of the Valley’s air quality can be 

made by accelerated adoption of clean energy technologies. 

The Valley has historically received back far less public goods funding for energy 

efficiency than it has contributed through its ratepayers ($29.6 million, or 24%, 

for the period 2000-2003 for PG&E customers alone). In part, this is because 

small rural communities do not have the expertise to access these funds or the 

critical mass to implement efficient projects. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

With the concurrence and support of the California Public Utilities Commission 

and relevant utility companies, regional energy offices have been established in 

San Diego, the South Bay, Cities in the Los Angeles area, the Redwood Coast and 

Ventura County to help accelerate adoption of clean energy technologies 

Recommendation 

(Developed in collaboration with the Water/Energy and Economic Development 

Work Groups) 

The California Partnership recommends establishment of a San Joaquin Valley 

Regional Energy Office to serve as a catalyst to expand capacity for clean energy 

technologies throughout the San Joaquin Valley, with special emphasis on 

assistance to the Valley’s smaller rural communities. While many design issues 

remain to be resolved, it is expected that the office will educate and inform, 

conduct regional clean energy-related studies, develop regional clean-energy 

strategies and projects, implement demonstration projects, provide technical 

assistance, apply for grants to support studies and projects, serve as an 

information clearing house for clean energy, and generally advocate for, support 

and develop clean energy adoption throughout the San Joaquin Valley. The office 

will be designed to strengthen and not duplicate existing clean energy programs 

and is expected to serve as a delivery channel for implementing many of the clean 

energy recommendations from the Partnership. 

Benefits 

It is reasonable to target a 10% replacement of conventional energy sources with 

clean technology by 2013. Achievement of that target would generate estimated 

emissions reductions in the range of (TBD). 
31

• Objective B: Establish San Joaquin Valley Clean Vehicle Information 

Exchange. 

The biggest emissions reductions in the Valley are expected to come from what 

the ARB calls the “in-use” fleet. Vehicle technology and regulations, particularly 

in the heavy-duty sector, are changing rapidly. From liquefied natural gas and 

compressed natural gas to ultra low-sulfur diesel and biodiesel, from retrofits to 

hybrids to selective catalytic reduction, the array of technology options is often 

bewildering to vehicle operators. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

In 2004, new EPA heavy-duty vehicle on-road standards were implemented to cut 

new vehicle emissions in half. Beginning in 2007, to be fully implemented by 

2010, a new round of standards will cut emissions by an additional 90 percent. In 

addition, in the second half of 2006, a nationwide ultra-low sulfur diesel standard 

will be implemented. 

Recommendations 

CALSTART, a non-profit company dedicated to economically viable 

transportation solutions that clean the air, has proposed the formation of the San 

Joaquin Valley Clean Vehicle Information Exchange (CVIE). The Partnership 

recommends acceptance of this proposal and encourages federal funding of this 

proposal. 

The CVIE would serve as a clearinghouse of information on the wide variety of 

clean air technology products and solutions that are available to fleets and 

consumers in the San Joaquin Valley. The CVIE staff would be available to work 

with fleets and consumers, to assess their needs and to then provide a list of 

recommended options based on cost-benefit analyses. The CVIE staff would also 

be well versed in the public funding opportunities that would be available to fleets 

as well as well as consumers. The CVIE would work closely with and function as 

an adjunct to the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District to help 

disseminate information about their financial assistance programs. 

CALSTART has requested a federal earmark to help seed the launch of the CVIE. 

The CVIE is expected to be self-supporting within three years of launch. 

Benefits 

A professional, experienced staff will help accelerate the timetable for adoption of 

air quality mitigation technologies in heavy duty vehicles. 

• Objective C: Implement Community Choice Aggregation Project. 

The San Joaquin Valley (and the greater Fresno region) has been designated by 

the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) and the California Energy 

Commission as a region lacking in local electrical generation. Despite the 

significant residential and commercial growth, no new major generation resources 

have been added to the region since 1984. Concerns about the reliability of power 
32

supply and the cost of electricity are impediments to the economic revival and 

growth for our region. 

The Kings River Conservation District (KRCD), a local resource management 

agency serving portions of Fresno, Kings, and Tulare counties, is in the process of 

developing conventional and renewable local electricity projects. KRCD’s 

projects are aimed at improving the local reliability of energy supply, reducing 

electrical costs to the consumer and improving air quality. 

Twelve San Joaquin Valley cities and Kings County are in the process of forming 

a joint powers agency (JPA) Community Choice Aggregation (CCA) entity for 

the Region. It will contract with KRCD for power supply, thereby providing the 

customer base to allow for the financing of the local energy generation. Financial 

analysis has conservatively estimated that the region will enjoy a four to six 

percent reduction in annual electricity prices under the CCA program and will 

reduce energy costs for the above listed entities by approximately $800 million 

over a 20-year period. In addition, the JPA will have the opportunity to create 

electric economic development rates to attract and retain businesses to the region. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

California Assembly Bill 117 (2002) authorized Community Choice Aggregation 

(CCA). CCA allows cities and counties to aggregate the electric load of their 

constituents for the purpose of selecting an alternative energy supplier 

(aggregated direct access). The California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) 

has finalized rules related to CCA, but is continuing to work on guidelines and 

procedures for CCA applicants (cities and counties). 

Recommendation

(Developed in collaboration with the Water/Energy Work Group) 

The Governor and Legislature should recognize and embrace CCA as an 

important part of California’s energy solutions. CCA allows communities to 

utilize their powers to encourage local energy choices and developments to meet 

local needs. No new energy legislation that would restrict or limit CCA should be 

considered. 

Benefits 

As part of the Community Choice project, KRCD is committed to a portion of the 

20 percent Renewable Portfolio Standard coming from locally sited renewable 

projects, maximizing the opportunities for using agricultural waste and dairy biproducts to produce clean energy and improve the Valley's air quality. 

• Objective D: Net metering within same agricultural operation or water 

district. 

Alternative energy projects are being installed at agricultural operations (e.g. solar 

photovoltaic cells at irrigation pumping stations and cold storage facilities and 

digesters at dairies) that have the ability to offset or significantly reduce the 

emissions of NOx, VOCs, and PM10. However, many such opportunities have 
33

gone untapped due to the limitations of the current net metering program. 

Throughout the year, there are times when these projects produce more energy 

than they are utilizing on-site. At the end of the year, excess energy that may have 

been produced is simply lost and the meter is “zeroed out.” This is a disincentive 

for operations attempting to achieve payback on their investments. More 

importantly, the current system provides no incentive to install renewable energy 

projects in locations where little or no energy consumption occurs, regardless of 

their potential for energy generation (e.g. in-conduit hydroelectric generation, 

solar facilities). 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

• Biogas Net Metering Program – Limited solely to dairies, allows the 

consumer to “aggregate” different meters to offset off-site consumption of 

electricity. 

• Solar/Wind Net Metering Program – No aggregation of additional 

accounts. 

• Self-Generation Incentive Program – Provides funds from the CPUC via 

the utilities to invest in self-generation, with larger grants for the cleanest 

projects. 

• Current Utility Rate Design Scheme – Disallows agricultural customers 

from aggregating accounts. Aggregation of accounts can reduce demand 

charges. 

• Current Demand Response Programs – Provide incentives for customers 

to respond during critical system times through shaving on-peak load to 

reduce overall peak demand. Participation by agricultural businesses is 

currently very limited since they cannot participate as an overall operation, 

but rather as a multitude of “customers.” 

Recommendation 

The partnership recommends the Governor and Legislature develop legislation 

that would implement a net metering scheme that allows for the transfer of excess 

energy to other meters within the same agricultural operation or same water 

district, or requires the utility to compensate the self-generator for excess energy 

at the market price reference for renewable power. The partnership further 

supports ongoing discussions regarding aggregation for demand response 

programs currently taking place among customer groups and the utilities per 

CPUC Decision 06-03-024. 

Benefits 

TBD 

• Objective E: Incentivize use of agricultural biomass for fuel and energy 

production. 

The San Joaquin Valley produces a significant amount of agricultural waste each 

year. A large amount of this material is chipped and re-incorporated in the fields. 

Of the remaining 1.67 million tons/year of agricultural waste, approximately 
34

406,000 tons/year are utilized by biomass facilities to produce electricity. The 

majority of the remaining material is burned uncontrolled in the fields. 

SB 705 (Florez) which was signed into state law by the Governor in September, 

2003 requires the phase-out of agricultural burning in the San Joaquin Valley 

based upon the following schedule: 

• Commencing June 1, 2005, for field crops, prunings, and weed abatement. 

• Commencing June 1, 2007, for orchard removals. 

• Commencing June 1, 2010, for other materials, vineyard removals, and 

surface harvested prunings. 

SB 705 contains a provision that the implementation date for the phase-out may 

be delayed if there are no viable alternatives available to dispose of the material. 

Biomass and biofuels present the greatest opportunities to utilize this material. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

SB 705, SJVAPCD Rule 4103-Open Burning 

Recommendation 

Establish a workgroup with members of the agricultural community, public 

utilities, CPUC, SJVAPCD, and the biomass industry to identify any barriers to 

the expanded use of agricultural waste material for the production of energy and 

develop recommendations to overcome those barriers.

Benefits 

TBD 

5. Recommendation 5: Improve People and Goods Movement 

Objectives 

• Objective A: Evaluate Highway Tolling Option (joint recommendation with 

Transportation Work Group). 

Highway 99 and Interstate 5 are two of the most congested major corridors in the 

nation. SR 99 carries two to three times more truck traffic per lane (18% to 27%) 

than the average for the state of California (9%). Trucking is the dominant mode 

for goods movement within the San Joaquin Valley, accounting for 87% of 

outbound tonnage and 81% of inbound tonnage. It is estimated that as much as 

30% of total truck commodity movements in the Valley may involve through 

traffic. Population in the Valley increased 56% from 1981 to 2000, while vehicle 

miles traveled (VMT) more than doubled (136% increase). VMT continues to 

grow at more than twice the rate of population growth. This contributes to the 

fact that the SJV is one of the worst areas in the country for air quality, much of 

which is derived from the transportation of goods from and through the region 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

The Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Value Pricing Pilot (VPP) 

Program offers pre-implementation grant funding to identify and develop feasible, 
35

innovative road-pricing projects to relieve highway congestion and related air 

pollution. 

Recommendations 

(Proposed jointly with the Transportation Work Group) 

The Partnership recommends that the Governor work with the appropriate 

agencies, the legislature and the Congressional Delegation to ensure that efforts to 

research and evaluate road pricing projects on the two main corridors, and their 

air quality benefits, are funded and staffed. 

A proposal has been submitted to the FHWA by the Fresno COG and Caltrans to 

fund a study to (a) conduct research and analysis about road-pricing systems and 

configurations that would relieve truck congestion and pollution on SR-99 and I5; (b) bring key stakeholders together and develop consensus about the most 

feasible and viable road-pricing project(s); and (c) educate, through marketing 

and media outreach, policymakers, opinion leaders and the general public about 

the selected project(s)and their benefits, with a goal of advancing these projects 

into the regional and state transportation plan for implementation. A wide range 

of options will be evaluated by consultants overseen by a broad-based 

stakeholders group. These options include congestion-management tolls designed 

to prevent peak-hour congestion at key bottlenecks affecting goods movements; 

emissions-based truck tolls that might reduce congestion and pollution; rush hour 

shoulder lanes; truck-only toll lanes; and intermodal truck-rail freight systems that 

could reduce congestion and truck traffic on the San Joaquin Valley roadways. 

Benefits 

Engagement of key stakeholders, technical evaluation of the best pricing options, 

and development of public support, are expected to serve as the basis for adoption 

of the chosen tolling option into the state transportation plan, followed by pursuit 

of funds for actual construction of the selected option(s). Proceeds of a road 

pricing project are expected to be partially used for air quality mitigation. 

• Objective B: Urban Traffic Synchronization Pilot. 

As the number of vehicle miles traveled continues to increase, the level of 

congestion along major arterials has also increased, resulting in longer 

commuting times, higher fuel and vehicle maintenance costs, and an increase in 

harmful “hot-spot” emissions levels due to idling and slower vehicle speeds. In 

many cases, increasing capacity within these corridors is not feasible due to lack 

of funding and/or the ability to acquire the needed right of way. Also contributing 

to the problem is the lack of a multi-jurisdictional traffic management strategy 

that could be used to better coordinate capacity within adjacent jurisdictions. 

Although there are Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies available 

that can be used to synchronize traffic lights in order to improve traffic flow, 

many of the jurisdictions within the San Joaquin Valley do not have the adequate 

resources needed for such an investment. In fact, most counties and cities are 
36

struggling to just provide the basic municipal services. Even if a community was 

fortunate in acquiring grant funding to install such a system, most have no 

funding available to provide for ongoing maintenance and/or operational related 

costs. 

The air quality benefits of traffic synchronization are a subject of controversy. 

Local governments and Caltrans contend that the ability to improve traffic flow 

has a direct impact on the levels of vehicle emissions since these vehicles would 

be subject to fewer stops and subsequent periods of idling or low speeds. CARB 

believes that emissions reductions are relatively small and temporary. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

Capacity improvements and management of the State’s freeway/highway system 

is provided by Caltrans and the California Highway Patrol. Maintenance and 

improvements to local streets are generally provided through a jurisdiction’s 

Public Works and Police/Sheriff Departments. Emissions reductions from traffic 

synchronization are not SIP creditable.

Recommendation 

Allocate funding to a 5-year pilot to evaluate the air emissions benefit of a multijurisdictional traffic management system in which various agencies, including 

Caltrans, agree to deploy ITS technologies and to jointly manage traffic capacity 

within the region. 

Benefits 

Determine the air-quality benefits and cost-effectiveness of traffic 

synchronization. 

• Objective C: Evaluate/Implement Short Sea Shipping 

See Transportation Work Group Recommendations.

• Objective D: Net metering within same agricultural operation or water 

district. 

See Transportation Work Group Recommendations.

• Objective E: Incentivize use of agricultural biomass for fuel and energy 

production. 

See Transportation Work Group Recommendations.

6. Recommendation 6: Encourage “Green” Local Government 

Objectives 

• Objective A: Accelerate Use of Clean Energy Technologies in Municipal and 

State Operations

Municipalities continue to struggle with increases in operating costs due to 

employee services, energy, and regulatory requirements. Public fleets, such as 
37

transit buses and refuse trucks, are also subject to more stringent emissions 

requirements resulting in many public fleet operators providing the “real world” 

testing of evolving clean air technologies that may be used to reduce emissions 

from private fleet operators. Because these standards only apply to public fleets, 

many of these new and cleaner technologies can be more expensive to operate, 

maintain, and can require different types of fuels and/or new infrastructure. 

Although public agencies are willing to participate in improving regional air 

quality, the increase in operating costs can also have a direct impact on the cost of 

providing essential services. 

Similar comments apply to State-owned fleets operating in the Valley (e.g. 

CalTrans).

Existing Laws/Regulations 

The California Air Resources Board regulates emissions levels for all motor 

vehicles in the State of California, including state and municipal fleets, although 

the South Coast Air Quality District has also established public fleet standards 

that are even more stringent than those imposed by ARB.

Recommendation 

Amend the Carl Moyer and the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control 

District’s ISR funding guidelines so that they recognize and fully fund the 

incremental cost of vehicles that exceed comparable fleet standards, 

infrastructure, and ongoing operating costs until such applicable fleet and fuel 

standards are homogenized. Funding should also be earmarked for the 

development of advanced low emissions technologies and fuels such as hydrogen 

and hythene. 

The Governor and legislature should set more stringent goals for reducing 

emissions from state-owned fleets operating in the Valley. 

Benefits 

For municipalities, the proposed funding would be used to offset the additional 

cost associated with the acquisition of cleaner vehicles and related infrastructure 

improvements. This in turn will accelerate the replacement of municipal fleets 

while providing an opportunity to provide real world testing of advanced low 

emissions technologies and fuels. 

• Objective B: Include Air Quality Scoring Criteria in all Municipal and State 

Procurement Contracts. 

Municipal government procurement policies are generally structured so that 

public works projects are awarded to a contractor/vendor who submits the lowest 

bid, although there are situations in which an agency can choose to include special 

provisions to be considered other than the lowest cost. Experience of the 

contractor, subcontractors, special qualifications, life cycle costs, are just a few 

examples of special requirements that an agency can use to award a contract even 
38

if a vendor/contractor has not submitted the lowest bid. In some cases, federal law 

also requires public agencies using federal grant funds to include special 

provisions related to disadvantaged or minority businesses, and domestic product 

content. Even though agencies have the flexibility to include special provisions 

for public works projects, many fail to recognize or consider bid alternatives that 

could be used to mitigate the air quality impacts of various public works 

construction projects.

Existing Laws/Regulations 

Procurement policies and procedures are established by individual jurisdictions 

and/or by the federal government in the event that federal funding is used. 

Recommendation 

Encourage public agencies within the San Joaquin Valley to include a provision 

that would require vendors/contractors to submit alternative bids that incorporate 

emissions mitigation strategies such as those outlined in the District’s Indirect 

Source Rule. Agencies would then evaluate the cost effectiveness of the clean air 

bid alternative(s) and recommend an award to their Boards accordingly. Agencies 

would work with the District to confirm emissions reductions and determine 

whether there are other funding sources that could be used to offset the cost of a 

clean air bid alternative. 

Benefits 

Municipalities in the San Joaquin Valley let contracts valued in the hundreds of 

millions of dollars and are in a unique position to beneficially influence air quality 

mitigation in major works. By including such AQ scoring criteria into all public 

works contracts, significant emissions reductions can be obtained. 

• Objective C: Adopt Green Building Standards 

See Land Use, Housing and Agriculture Work Group Recommendations.

• Objective D: Net metering within same agricultural operation or water 

district. 

See Land Use, Housing and Agriculture Work Group Recommendations.

7. Recommendation 7: Accelerate Research of Critical Emissions 

Objectives 

• Objective A: Agricultural PM10, PM2.5 and ROG Emissions Research.

California agriculture is now being regulated in many areas, including the 

requirement to address fugitive PM10 from farming practices. Specific and 

targeted research is now needed to provide quantitative data on new types of 

practices and equipment the agricultural community can utilize to reduce PM10 

emissions. 
39

There is a substantial need to conduct research on fugitive PM10, PM2.5 and 

ROG from agricultural practices. This includes the need to conduct studies to 

evaluate new approaches to emissions reductions from agricultural operations, 

and to evaluate conservation tillage for its potential emissions reductions and 

expansion to other crops. In addition, there is a need to conduct comparative 

assessments on new types of agricultural equipment, such as almond harvesters, 

cotton pickers, tillage equipment and many others. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

Fugitive PM10 emissions from agricultural operations are regulated in the San 

Joaquin Valley by Rule 4550 – Conservation Management Practices. This rule 

requires growers with land in excess of 100 acres to implement five (5) 

conservation management practices (CMPs) for each crop they grow. These 

CMPs are intended to reduce PM10 emissions from land preparation and 

cultivation, harvesting, unpaved roads, unpaved equipment yards and others 

sources, such as windblown dust and pesticides. 

Recommendation 

The Partnership recommends that the ARB work with the District, agriculture, 

academia and other interested stakeholders to evaluate the need and set priorities 

for research on agricultural equipment, agricultural operations such as 

conservation tillage methods, and other approaches for reducing agricultural 

emissions. Additionally, the Partnership recommends the ARB identify projects 

that could qualify for funding under the Innovative Clean Air Technologies 

(ICAT) program and through other funding sources. It is recommended that the 

proposed evaluation, priority setting and identification of project funding sources 

be completed not later than January 31, 2007. 

Benefits 

The emissions reductions benefit from the implementation of Rule 4550 will be 

much more comprehensive and accurate. More important, it is anticipated that the 

proposed research will lead to new lower emitting equipment or other innovative 

approaches to help farmers reduce PM10, PM2.5 and ROG emissions. 

• Objective B: Research Dairy Emissions Sources and Best Available Control 

Technology (BACT). 

Dairy products and cattle sales are California’s most valuable agricultural 

product, worth more than $6 billion per year. Over the last 30 years, the number 

of milk cows has doubled to more than 1.7 million, with most of this growth 

occurring in the San Joaquin Valley, where 80% of the state’s dairy cows now 

reside. This has resulted in a corresponding increase in air emissions from dairies. 

Livestock waste is the second largest source of ROG emissions in the San Joaquin 

Valley and growing faster than any other source (from 8% of ROG inventory in 

1990 to 16% in 2005). For the most part, dairy emissions are area sources of air 

pollution, emitted diffusely (termed “fugitive” emissions). Relatively little is 

known about the efficacy of best available control technologies (BACT) and best 
40

available retrofit control technologies (BARCT). In addition, different waste 

management techniques often involve tradeoffs between protecting air and water 

quality. While there are many technology vendors, most of their offerings are 

unproven and lack independent scientific and cost-effectiveness assessment. 

There is very little public funding available for sound third party verification and 

evaluation of emissions control options. Dairy producers fear their investments in 

pollution control measures will prove ineffective. 

Existing Laws/Regulations 

SB 700 enacted in 2003 removed permit exemptions from Agriculture, including 

dairies. On June 23, 2005, the ARB adopted a statute for large confined animal 

facilities (1,000 lactating cows and above). The District, obligated to enact BACT 

and BARCT rules by July 2006, established a Dairy Permitting Advisory Group 

(DPAG) to help evaluate options. Operators must submit permits by January 

2007 for July 2007 implementation.

Recommendations 

1. Secure $7.5 million in state funding to accelerate research and third party 

evaluation of innovative technologies and approaches to dairy waste 

control measures. 

2. Secure $30 million in funding under the 2007 Federal Farm Bill to 

conduct BACT and BARCT demonstration projects. 

3. Establish a working group of regulatory, industry and public interest 

representatives to evaluate long-term systemic approaches to air and water 

pollution control from dairy operations and funding mechanisms that 

enable accelerated adoption of control technologies while retaining 

economic viability for the industry. 

Benefits 

Accelerate emissions reductions from dairy operations. Dairy ROG emissions are 

projected to increase from 39 tons/day in 2005 to approximately 52 tons/day in 

2015. These recommendations are targeted to reduce 2013 emissions to under 30 

tons/day. 

8. Recommendation 8: Improve Public Understanding of Air Quality Issues and 

Solutions 

Objectives 

• Objective A: Conduct Public Education Campaign.

The air quality regulatory process in the San Joaquin Valley has intensified in 

recent years but the level of public education about the overall issues has not kept 

pace. Previously unregulated major sources of air pollution, e.g. dairies, are now 

being regulated through a District permit process. A new, ground-breaking 

approach for achieving air quality goals as part of land-use development has been 

adopted under the Indirect Source Rule. However, a number of experts believe 

that, given the rapid population growth in the Valley and the far more limited 
41

pollution-carrying capacity of the air basin compared to other air basins, 

achievement of the new Federal 8-hour ozone standard by 2013 (and the 

comparable PM 2.5 standard) will require significantly more emissions reductions 

from non-traditional sources that are beyond the regulatory scope of existing air 

quality legislation. 

Achieving these new standards will depend on several factors including (1) a 

deeper appreciation of the region’s air quality challenge by those actors who are 

currently not subject to air quality regulations, including the general public, 

businesses, NGOs, local governments, and related public institutions, and (2) a 

corresponding willingness on the part of those same actors to initiate behavioral 

change and/or related programs that culminate in measurable emissions 

reductions. Some public education efforts are underway by state regulatory 

agencies and the District. However, the funding levels and staff resources 

allocated to these educational programs are insufficient given the magnitude of 

the challenge. 

Recommendations 

The Partnership recommends the creation of a public education task force 

convened by Cal/EPA composed of representatives from regulatory agencies, 

public interest organizations, public sector institutions and the private sector. The 

task force will examine the opportunities and constraints to more effective 

strategies for using public education to influence consumer behavior to achieve 

air emissions reductions; conduct a best practices evaluation of successful air 

quality education efforts in California and elsewhere; and recommend options for 

improving funding of air pollution public education. 

Benefits 

The proposed evaluation would provide a more objective and systematic 

assessment of whether increased investments in public education would be costeffective, and identify the most appropriate strategies, messages, and messengers. 

• Objective B: Publish and distribute “user-friendly” Air Quality 

Improvement Plan and Annual Progress Report 

Surveys show that air quality and jobs are the most serious concerns of residents 

of the San Joaquin Valley, yet there is no single entity that is accountable for 

cleaning up the Valley’s air in a way that is consistent with sustainable economic 

development. The U.S. EPA is ultimately accountable for achievement of clean 

air throughout the nation, but it has responsibility for hundreds of air districts; its 

role is primarily one of enforcement of standards; and it is neither chartered nor 

designed to address clean air in the context of sustainable economic development. 

The ARB has is responsible for the development of a State Implementation Plan 

(SIP) for the Valley to comply with EPA standards and it has a role in monitoring 

implementation of all such plans in the State. The District has responsibility for 

stationary sources, but is largely out of play for mobile sources, which are the 

largest contributor to the Valley’s poor air quality. 
42

While this approach may be appropriate given the complexity of the issues being 

addressed and the need to divide responsibilities between issues that are most 

appropriately addressed at the federal, State and local level, it does not provide a 

clear focal point for the development, implementation and performance 

monitoring of a creative, comprehensive approach to the Valley’s unique air 

quality issues in the context of other Valley challenges.

Existing Laws/Regulations 

The EPA is responsible for the implementation of the federal Clean Air Act 

(CAA). In addition it regulates the manufacture and use of mobile sources in 

conjunction with ARB. The ARB is also responsible for the California Air 

Pollution Control Laws, including the California Clean Air Act. This includes 

responsibility for monitoring the regulatory activity of California's 35 local air 

districts, including the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District ,which is 

responsible for promulgating rules and regulations for stationary sources in the 

San Joaquin Valley. The Federal Clean Air Act requires that each state prepare 

State Implementation Plans, and in turn, local air districts prepare local SIPs that 

feed into that document. These documents are updated every five years. 

Recommendation 

As useful as it might be to have responsibility, authority and accountability for 

cleaning up the Valley’s air rest in a single entity, this is neither practical nor 

politically feasible. The Partnership recommends instead that the District be 

charged with the responsibility of producing an annual report of the Valley’s 

progress against its SIP plan and the recommendations that are made in this 

report. The annual report, to be prepared in close consultation with the ARB, 

would address progress on all mobile and stationary sources and offer 

recommendations where progress is lagging. The report would be written in terms 

that would be easily understood by Valley residents and widely distributed to the 

press and to all major stakeholder groups, including the Partnership Board. 

Benefits 

Provide a comprehensive report that will enable all Valley stakeholders to 

monitor progress and propose corrective actions when appropriate. 
C. At-A-Glance Matrix 

Air Quality 

Mission Statement 

Enable residents to enjoy healthy air, removing the adverse impacts of poor air quality on health, quality of l

Indicators: Decrease in ozone precursors. Decrease in particulate matter. Decrease in number of days with 8-hour ozone exceedances. energy. Increase in the use of clean fuels. Decrease in attributable mortality rates. Decrease in asthma rates. 

Immediate Actions

(First Year)

Short Term Actions

(2-3 Years)

Intermediate Actions

(4-6 Years)

Long-Term Actions

(7-10 Years) 

Overall Goals: (1) Achieve EPA mandated standards for 8-hour ozone and PM2.5 by the current attainment date, or as soon as practicabthe San Joaquin Valley as a nationally recognized leader in air quality manangement by achieving the dual goals of healthful air quality a(3) Engage public support through effective communications of a comprehensive "clean air plan", regular monitoring and reporting of peclearer accountability for compliance.Recommendation 1: Eliminate institutional constraints to air quality improvement.Objective A: Negotiate with U.S. EPA to address federal constraints on alternative compliance emission reduction programs.SJVAPCD and ARB to conclude negotiations with EPA to provide more District latitude for alternative compliance programs. Initiate implementation. 

Ongoing. Ongoing. Ongoing. S

Objective B: Negotiate with U.S. EPA allowance of SIP credits for incentive programs.SJVAPCD to obtain approval for incorporation of incentive-based programs in SIP. 

Ongoing. Ongoing. Ongoing. S

Objective C: Work with ARB to identify appropriate criteria for incentive programs in the Valley.SJVAPCD and ARB to conclude negotiations to enable effective implementation of incentivebased programs described in Recommendation 3. 

Ongoing. Ongoing. Ongoing. S

Recommendation 2: Encourage EPA adoption of tighter federal emission control standards.Objective A: Recommend that ARB work with U.S. EPA to ensure that On- and Off-Road Heavy Duty Vehicles and equipment comply in-use emission standards.
ARB and EPA to re-evaluate process for determination of inuse emission rates of vehicles and equipment to ensure emissions are within expected range. 

Ongoing. Ongoing. Ongoing. A

Objective B: Encourage U.S. EPA to develop the strongest emission control standards for locomotives. Negotiate with railroads to enscleanest locomotives into the San Joaquin Valley fleet.U.S. EPA adopt and apply Tier 3 locomotive standards. 

Tier 3 locomotives not yet available. Negotiate Tier 3 adoption schedule with railroads. 

Replace 10% of fleet per year with Tier 3 locomotives. 

40% 0f older locomotives replaced. Minimum 7 tons/day emission reductions by 2015. 

A

Recommendation 3: Implement incentive mechanisms to accelerate adoption of air quality mitigation technologies.Objective A: Establish Air Quality Mitigation Zones (State level designation).Establish and fund a San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Mitigation Zone to accelerate adoption of stationary source emissions reduction technology and encourage investment in clean energy and alternative fuels.Target funding: $50 million/year. 

Incentive benefits begin to flow to investors. 

Evaluate results and adjust program as needed. 

 V

Objective B: Establish Air Quality Empowerment Zone (Federal level designation).Establish and fund a San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Empowerment Zone to accelerate adoption of stationary source emissions reduction technology and encourage investment in clean energy and alternative fuels. Target funding: $100 million/year. 

Incentive benefits begin to flow to investors. 

Evaluate results and adjust programs as needed. 

 V

Objective C: Establish and fund a 5-year program to scrap and replace approximately 6,000 gross poluting passenger vehicles per year aemissions reduction over 5 years.Define program parameters. Secure funding. Initiatiate program. (Target funding: $24 million/year). 

 Evaluate pilot and determine 

continuation, amendment or termination. 

 V

leS

Objective D: Establish and fund a 5-year program to scrap and replace approximately 7,500 heavy duty diesel trucks per year and achievreduction over 5 years.
Define program parameters. Secure funding. Initiate program. (Target funding: $300 million/year) 

 Evaluate pilot and determine 

continuation, amendment or termination. 

 V

leS

Objective E: Establish and fund a 5-year scrap and replace program for off-road equipment to achieve 10 tons/day emissions reduction oDefine program parameters. Secure funding. Initiate program. (Target funding: $50 million/year) 

 Evaluate pilot and determine 

continuation, amendment or termination. 

 V

leS

Objective F: School Bus Fleet Modernization.SJVAPCD to administer program after infrastructure bond passes. 

Evaluate need for additional funds and secure same if needed. 

Average school bus age is at or below the CA average. 

 A

D

Recommendation 4: Promote Clean Energy Projects.Objective A: Establish a San Joaquin Valley Clean Energy Office.Launch the office. Begin work on demonstration projects and technical assistance. 

Continue technical assistance and demonstration projects. Raise PUC Public Benefit Funds to mimimum 100% of contributions. 

Full-scale implementation. Ongoing. L

R

Objective B: Establish San Joaquin Valley Clean Vehical Information Exchange.Secure seed funding and launch the Exchange. 

 SJVCVIE becomes self-funding. L

de

Objective C: Implement Community Choice Aggregation Project.Launch operation. Ongoing. 20% of new electrical 

generation from lower emissions renewable sources. 

Ongoing. Ongoing. K

DG

Objective D: Net metering within same agricultural operation or water district.Introduce and Pass State legislation. Initiate program. 

Ongoing. Ongoing. Ongoing. A

st

Objective E: Incentivize use of agricultural biomass for fuel and energy production.USDA, SJVAPCD, ARB, CEC, PUC and agriculture stakeholders develop program guidelines. 

Initiate program implmentation. Ongoing. Ongoing. U

Pst

Recommendation 5: Improve People and Goods Movement.Objective A: Evaluate Highway Tolling Option (joint recommendation with Transportation Work Group).Initiate technical evaluation and conduct stakeholder focus groups. 

Public education of options and recommendations. If feasible, initiate project design and construction. 

Complete project construction. Ongoing. C

Objective B: Urban Traffic Synchronization Pilot.Secure funding and initiate pilot. Evaluate pilot and decide next 

steps. 

 C

A

Objective C: Evaluate/Implement Short Sea Shipping.
See Transportation Work Group Recommendations. Objective D: Evaluate/Implement Multi-modal Facilities.See Transportation Work Group Recommendations. Objective E: Evaluate/Implement mass transit options.See Transportation Work Group Recommendations. Recommendation 6: Encourage "Green" Local Government.Objective A: Accelerate Use of Clean Energy Technologies in Municipal and State Operations.Moyer guidelines modified by ARB. SJVAPCD implements new guidelines. 

Ongoing. Ongoing. Ongoing. L

A

Objective B: Include Air Quality Scoring Criteria in all Municipal and State Procurement Contracts.Council of Governments to encourage all local governments. Cal/EPA to encourage State agencies. 

Monitor use of scoring criteria and collect data on emission reductions. 

Ongoing. Ongoing. C

G

Objective C: Adopt Green Building Standards.See Land Use, Housing and Agriculture Work Group Recommendations (Blueprint project). Objective D: Adopt New Land Use Guidelines.See Land Use, Housing and Agriculture Work Group Recommendations (Blueprint project). Recommendation 7: Accelerate Research of Critical Emissions.Objective A: Agricultural PM10, PM2.5 and ROG Emissions Research.Evaluate needs, set priorities and secure funding. Initiate research. 

Continue research and development of emission reduction strategies. Initiate implmentation. 

Continue implementation. A

S

Objective B: Research of Dairy Emissions Sources and Best Available Control Technology (BACT).Secure funding. Initiate research and BACT demosntration projects. (Target funding: $37.5 million) 

Continue research. Conduct demonstration projects, and initiate BACT implementation where appropriate. 

Initiate widespread implmentation of BACT 

 S

F

Recommendation 8: Improve Public Understanding of Air Quality Issues and Solutions.Objective A: Conduct Public Education Campaign.Evaluate best practices for public education. Conduct and analyze baseline survey. 

Determine campaign strategies, messages and messengers. Initiate public education campaign. 

Evaluate campaign results and determine next steps. 

 S

orin

Objective B: Publish and distribute "user-friendly" Air Quality Improvement Plan and Annual Progress Report.
Publish user-friendly SJV Air Quality Plan, including SIP plan highlights and Partnership recommendations. 

Issue annual progress report. Ongoing. Ongoing. S
48

IV. Resources for Implementation 

As indicated earlier, it is estimated that compliance with the federal 8-hr ozone standard by 2013 

will require investment on the order of $10 billion. Assuming a 60/40 split between private 

sector and public sector investment, public sector funding on the order of approximately $4 

billion is needed. Given other constraints, it is not clear that 2013 standards can be achieved even 

if this level of public sector investment is available. A final determination on this question is not 

possible until the District has completed its SIP. What is clear, however, is that major new or 

expanded incentive programs are needed in order to attain the standards as soon as possible. 

The recommendations of the Work Group include three significant 5-year pilot incentive 

programs for accelerated scrap and replacement of gross polluting passenger vehicles, heavy 

duty trucks and heavy duty off-road equipment. Together, implementation of these programs will 

require funding of $374 million/year. This level of investment is expected to generate 

approximately 100 tons/day in emissions reductions over 5 years, up significantly from the 7.5 

tons/day of emissions reductions being generated by existing incentive programs, but is still 

likely to be insufficient for achievement of EPA standards on the mandated dates. The level of 

investment may need to be revisited after the District completes the SIP. It is important to note 

that this proposed investment by the public sector will be more than matched by the private 

sector. The heavy duty truck fleet modernization program, the largest of the proposed incentive 

programs, anticipates a 60/40 private/public match. This will require a substantial redirection of 

private funds to support the Valley’s clean air goals. 

Additionally, $150 million/year will be required to implement the proposed Air Quality 

Mitigation Zone ($50M/year) and Air Quality Empowerment Zones ($100M/year). The other 

proposed recommendations can be implemented with a budget of about $25 million/year. 

Rounding off, the total funding proposed by the Air Quality Work Group to implement its 

recommendations is $550 million per year. 

The Air Quality Work group proposes that implementation funding be obtained from the 

following sources, and recommends appointment of a task force to secure the funding. 

! The Federal Government 

! State Government 

! State Infrastructure Bond (Trade Corridors emissions reduction funds) 

! The Farm Bill 

! Expansion of existing Air District programs 

! Expansion of the Carl Moyer Program 

! Proceeds from possible toll road facilities 

! Local self-help measures 

V. Status Report 

See Section III.A. for status of overall goals.