NUMBER 13-12-00425-CR

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

 

SAN RAMON VILLANUEVA, Appellant,

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.

 

On appeal from the 138th District Court

of Cameron County, Texas.

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Rodriguez, Benavides, and Longoria

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Benavides

By one issue, appellant San Ramon Villanueva argues that the trial court erred 

when it denied his application for writ of habeas corpus because jeopardy had attached 

in his trial for the sexual assault of a minor. We affirm. 
2

I. BACKGROUND

Villanueva was indicted for allegedly sexually assaulting his oldest daughter, 

A.V.1 The State and Villanueva’s defense attorney selected a panel of twelve jurors on 

January 13, 2012. The jurors were impaneled, and the felony trial began on January 

14, 2012. The State called its first witness, N.V.,2to the stand. During the direct 

examination of N.V., one of the jurors, Ramiro Gomez, sent a note to the trial court 

informing the judge that he and N.V. were neighbors. 

The trial judge stopped the trial and conducted a brief voir dire of Gomez outside 

the presence of the other jurors. The court learned that N.V.’s brother had once shot 

Gomez’s stepson with a B.B. gun years ago. Police were called to investigate the 

matter. According to Gomez, this past occurrence caused “bad feelings” between the 

neighboring families, such that it would affect his ability to remain impartial in the case. 

Gomez testified under oath that, “I think it won’t be right. It won’t be right making any, 

you know, decision. It would affect me.” 

The trial court dismissed Gomez from the jury and asked the State and defense if 

they wanted to try the case with only eleven jurors. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 62.201 

(West 2005) (providing that a case can continue with less than twelve jurors if both sides 

consent). While the defense wished to continue, the State did not want to try the case 

with less than twelve jurors. The trial court declared a mistrial. Villanueva then filed 

an application for a writ of habeas corpus, arguing that he should not be tried again 

because jeopardy had attached. The trial court denied the writ, and this appeal ensued.

 

1

 We use initials to protect the identity of the minor.

2

 We also refer to the mother by her initials to protect the minor’s identity. 
3

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND APPLICABLE LAW

“The Fifth Amendment prohibits the State from putting a defendant in jeopardy 

twice for the same offense.” Hill v. State, 90 S.W.3d 308, 313 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) 

(citing Arizona v. Washington, 434 U.S. 497, 503 (1978); Alvarez v. State, 864 S.W.2d 

64, 65 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)). “Jeopardy attaches in a jury trial when the jury is 

empaneled and sworn.” Id. “But the double jeopardy clause does not mean that every 

time a defendant is put to trial he is entitled to go free if the trial ends in a mistrial.” Id. 

“If the mistrial was with the defendant’s consent or based on ‘manifest necessity,’ a 

re-trial is not jeopardy barred.” Id. 

“Manifest necessity exists where the circumstances render it impossible to arrive 

at a fair verdict, where it is impossible to continue with trial, or where the verdict would be 

automatically reversed on appeal because of trial error.” Ex Parte Brown, 907 S.W.2d 

835, 839 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). The United States Supreme Court has held that 

manifest necessity exists where bias of a juror is discovered after jeopardy attaches. 

Simmons v. United States, 142 U.S. 148, 154 (1891); Thompson v. United States, 155 

U.S. 271 (1894).

A trial judge’s ability to declare a mistrial based on manifest necessity is limited to 

“very extraordinary and striking circumstances.” Hill, 90 S.W.3d at 313 (citing United 

States v. Jorn, 400 U.S. 470, 480 (1971)). The trial court judge is required to consider 

less drastic alternatives, such as continuing the proceeding with fewer jurors, before 

granting a mistrial. Id. “When a trial judge grants a mistrial despite the availability of a 

less drastic alternative, there is no manifest necessity.” Id. 
4

With regard to the number of jurors required to decide a felony case, article 36.29 

of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides that:

Not less than twelve jurors can render and return a verdict in a felony case. 

It must be concurred in by each juror and signed by the foreman. Except 

as provided in Subsection (b), however, after the trial of any felony case 

begins and a juror dies or, as determined by the judge, becomes disabled 

from sitting at any time before the charge of the court is read to the jury, the 

remainder of the jury shall have the power to render the verdict . . . . 

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.29(a) (West Supp. 2011). In addition, “parties may 

agree to try a particular case with fewer than 12 jurors.” TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 62.201 

(West 2005).

III. ANALYSIS

As a threshold matter, we note that this scenario does not trigger section 36.29(a) 

of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, which would allow the trial court to continue 

with only eleven jurors. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.29(a). Gomez, the juror at 

issue, did not die or become disabled. Id. Texas case law interprets “disability” in 

this circumstance as having a physical, mental, or emotional condition “that inhibits the 

juror from fully and thoroughly performing the functions of a juror." Carrillo v. State, 597 

S.W.2d 769, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980). That was not the case here. Gomez was 

not disabled; he had a bias that was discovered latently. Therefore, the only way for 

Villanueva’s case to proceed with less than twelve jurors was if both the State and 

Villanueva consented to do so, and the State did not. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 62.201.

The State concedes that jeopardy attached in this case. The jury had been 

impaneled and was listening to testimony from the State’s first witness, N.V., when the 

issue of juror bias arose. See Hill, 90 S.W.3d at 313. Thus, our analysis must turn on 

whether the State proved that manifest necessity existed. 
5

The U.S. Supreme Court, in Simmons v. United States and Thompson v. United 

States, held that manifest necessity can occur when juror bias is revealed after the jury 

has been impaneled. See Simmons, 142 U.S. at 154 (finding manifest necessity when 

the court discovered that a juror lied about knowing the defendant); Thompson, 155 U.S. 

at 271 (finding the same when the court learned that one of the jurors had been member 

of the grand jury that returned the indictment in the case). Similarly, Gomez’s bias was 

revealed here after N.V. began testifying and Gomez recognized her from the incident 

when his stepson was shot by N.V.’s brother with a BB gun. Gomez informed the court 

that police were called to respond to the incident and that tension still existed between 

the neighboring families.

At the habeas hearing, Villanueva argued that manifest necessity should not be 

found in this case because the State did not ask the appropriate questions during voir 

dire. In other words, Villanueva contended that because the State failed to properly 

inquire whether the venire knew any of its witnesses, it should have borne the brunt of 

this omission and proceeded with only eleven jurors. However, Villanueva cites no 

authority, and we find none, to support this contention. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 

62.201 (providing that parties must voluntarily consent to proceed with less than a full 

jury). In the absence of such authority, we decline to make such a holding.

As noted, manifest necessity occurs when “it is impossible to continue with trial.” 

Brown, 907 S.W.2d at 839. Here, although the trial court judge considered the less 

drastic alternative of continuing with only eleven jurors, see Hill, 90 S.W.3d at 313, it 

ultimately could not continue the trial because the State refused to prosecute with less 

than a full jury. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 62.201. We conclude that the trial court 
6

did not abuse its discretion when it declared a mistrial due to manifest necessity. We 

consider a juror’s realization that a member of the defendant’s family once shot the 

juror’s stepson, plus the fact that the juror admitted that he would be “affected” by such 

an experience, “a very extraordinary and striking circumstance” indeed. See Hill, 90 

S.W.3d at 313. We overrule Villanueva’s sole issue.

IV. CONCLUSION

Having overruled Villanueva’s only issue, we affirm the trial court’s denial of the 

writ.

__________________________

GINA M. BENAVIDES,

Justice

Do not publish.

TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2 (b).

Delivered and filed the

15th day of August, 2013.