- 1 -

IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL

(Memorandum Web Opinion)

KREIFELS V. AMBRIZ

NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION

AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).

NICHOLAS D. KREIFELS, APPELLANT,

V.

KATHRYN A. AMBRIZ, APPELLEE.

Filed May 17, 2022. No. A-21-727.

Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County: DARLA S. IDEUS, Judge. Affirmed.

Steffanie J. Garner Kotik for appellant.

Megan E. McDowell, Alyson K. Ryan, and Jerrad R. Ahrens, of Cordell Law, L.L.P., for 

appellee.

MOORE, RIEDMANN, and ARTERBURN, Judges.

ARTERBURN, Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

Nicholas D. Kreifels appeals from an order entered by the district court for Lancaster 

County which granted the request of Kathryn A. Ambriz to modify an order of paternity and 

support entered on November 1, 2018. Such order of paternity and support awarded the parties 

joint legal custody of their son, Rayder. Kathryn was awarded sole physical custody of Rayder, 

but Nicholas had parenting time for 5 consecutive days out of every two weeks.

On appeal from the modification of the order of paternity and support, Nicholas argues that 

the district court erred in temporarily suspending his parenting time during the pendency of the 

modification action, in modifying the order of paternity and support to award Kathryn sole legal 

custody, in not modifying the order to award he and Kathryn joint physical custody, in failing to 

further reduce his monthly child support payments, and in awarding Kathryn $5,000 in attorney 

fees. For the reasons set forth herein, we affirm the modification order in its entirety.
- 2 -

II. BACKGROUND

Nicholas and Kathryn are the parents of Rayder, born in June 2016. While the parties were 

never married, they were in a long-term romantic relationship beginning in 2013. They temporarily 

ended their relationship in 2018. In November 2018, the district court entered a decree of paternity 

and support, in which it accepted the parties’ agreed upon parenting plan. As a part of this agreed 

upon parenting plan, Nicholas and Kathryn were to share joint legal custody of Rayder, while 

Kathryn was to have sole physical custody. Nicholas was to have parenting time with Rayder every 

other week from 4 on Tuesday afternoon to 4 on Sunday afternoon. Nicholas and Kathryn agreed 

that “the primary form of communication between them shall be in written electronic form through 

[an application referred to as] talkingparents.com.” As part of the order of paternity and support, 

Nicholas was ordered to pay $868 per month in child support.

Shortly after the entry of the November 2018 order of paternity and support, the parties 

resumed their romantic relationship, staying together off and on through October 2019. In February 

2020, Kathryn filed a complaint to modify the order of paternity and support. In the complaint, 

Kathryn alleged that there had been material and substantial changes in circumstances which 

warranted a modification to the order of paternity and support such that she be awarded sole legal 

custody of Rayder. Specifically, Kathryn alleged that the material and substantial changes included 

the deterioration of Nicholas’ mental and physical health and the development of concerning 

behaviors by Nicholas which had called into question Rayder’s safety when with Nicholas. In the 

complaint, Kathryn also requested that the district court modify Nicholas’ child support obligation, 

order him to contribute to daycare and medical expenses for Rayder, and award her with attorney 

fees.

In addition to filing the complaint for modification, Kathryn simultaneously filed a motion 

for an ex parte order, requesting that the district court temporarily suspend Nicholas’ parenting 

time with Rayder pending a hearing. In the motion, Kathryn alleged that Nicholas had “exhibited 

violent and concerning behaviors toward [Kathryn] and her family, friends, and coworkers” and 

that he had done so in the presence of Rayder. She also alleged that Nicholas may be using illegal 

drugs and alcohol, sometimes in the presence of Rayder. The district court entered an ex parte 

order temporarily suspending Nicholas’ parenting time pending a hearing, which was scheduled 

for March 3, 2020, approximately 26 days from the entry of the ex parte order.

On February 27, 2020, five days before the scheduled hearing on the ex parte order, 

Nicholas filed a motion to vacate the ex parte order. The basis of his motion was the district court’s 

failure to hold the hearing within ten days of the entry of the ex parte order. The district court, 

apparently, denied the motion to vacate, as the hearing on the ex parte order was held as scheduled 

on March 3, 2020.

After the hearing on the ex parte order, the district court entered a subsequent order which 

temporarily awarded sole legal and physical custody of Rayder to Kathryn pending the conclusion 

of the modification proceedings. Nicholas’ parenting time was modified such that he was only 

permitted to have supervised parenting time with Rayder every Wednesday evening from 4:30 to 

8 and every other weekend on Friday evening from 4:30 to 8, Saturday from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., and 

Sunday from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. Regarding the parties’ communications with each other, the district 
- 3 -

court stated: “[T]he only form of communication between [the parents] shall be in written 

electronic form through the Talking Parents app, except in the case of an emergency.”

Nicholas filed an answer and a cross-complaint to Kathryn’s complaint to modify. In his 

answer, he generally denied each of Kathryn’s allegations. In his cross-complaint, he affirmatively 

requested that the order of paternity and support be modified to award the parties with joint 

physical custody of Rayder. He also asked that his child support obligation be modified and that 

he be awarded attorney fees.

On June 10, 2020, Nicholas filed a motion asking the court to reconsider its order awarding 

Nicholas only supervised visitation with Rayder pending the modification trial. Although the 

court’s order ruling on Nicholas’ motion is not included in our record, the district court’s 

modification order does reflect that on June 19, the court entered an order awarding Nicholas 

unsupervised parenting time every Wednesday evening from 4:30 to 8 and every other weekend 

from Friday at 4:30 p.m. to Saturday at 6 p.m. and Sunday from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. The court noted 

its findings that since the entry of the temporary order awarding Nicholas only supervised 

parenting time, Nicholas “continue[d] to have negative communications with [Kathryn] and [was] 

encouraged, again, to discontinue those for the benefit of Rayder.”

The modification trial began on March 19, 2021, and continued on April 29. At the trial, 

both Nicholas and Kathryn testified as to their relationship with each other and with Rayder and 

their current circumstances. In addition, Kathryn called her mother to testify on her behalf and 

Nicholas called the person who supervised visits between him and Rayder to testify on his behalf.

Kathryn testified about her relationship with Nicholas. She explained that they initially 

started dating in 2013 and that they remained together through and after Rayder’s birth in June 

2016. However, the relationship ended in April 2018 when she moved out of their home. They 

resumed their relationship in January 2019, a few months after the order of paternity and support 

had been entered. In the months following January 2019, Nicholas often stayed with Kathryn at 

her home. In addition, they took a family vacation together during that summer. Kathryn testified 

that their relationship ended again in October. However, Nicholas did stay with her again for a few 

days in January 2020.

After they had resumed their relationship in January 2019, Nicholas told Kathryn that he 

had regularly used methamphetamine in 2018, presumably after their first breakup. In addition, 

after January 2019, Kathryn observed that Nicholas had begun to drink alcohol again. In fact, 

Nicholas was charged with driving under the influence in April. Kathryn also testified that during 

2019, Nicholas was struggling with mental health problems, including increasingly erratic 

behavior and threats of suicide.

Currently, Kathryn resides in a three-bedroom home with Rayder and her 13-year-old 

daughter from a prior relationship, whom she has custody of. Rayder has his own room in the 

home. Kathryn is employed as a staff assistant at the Nebraska Department of Transportation. She 

works 40 hours per week and earns $18 per hour. Her annual income totals approximately $31,600. 

When Kathryn is at work, Rayder attends a preschool program and Kathryn’s mother provides any 

other necessary child care. Occasionally, Kathryn’s daughter, who gets along “really well” with 

Rayder, also helps to watch him.

Kathryn described Rayder as a “funny” and “wild” child who “loves to be outdoors, loves 

to play sports, [and] ride his bike.” She testified that she is typically the one who takes Rayder to 
- 4 -

his medical and dental appointments and has been the parent who has signed him up for activities. 

Kathryn also plays with Rayder regularly, cooks meals for him, bathes him, buys him clothes, and 

takes him on vacations and to special events. Kathryn expressed concern that recently, Rayder has 

begun to display some anger and aggressive behavior. She explained that she believes that Rayder 

is learning this behavior from Nicholas.

Kathryn testified extensively about her concerns with Nicholas and his parenting abilities. 

As mentioned above, she has known Nicholas to use illegal drugs and to drink alcohol excessively. 

She testified that she suspects that Nicholas is currently using drugs and alcohol based upon his 

behaviors. She did concede that she had not actually observed Nicholas using drugs since October 

2019, when she last saw him use marijuana. In the temporary order, the district court ordered 

Nicholas to comply with alcohol testing prior to and during his parenting time with Rayder. 

Kathryn believed that Nicholas had missed “some” tests prior to visits and affirmatively indicated 

that he had failed one test in May 2020. We note that our review of Nicholas’ testing records do 

not reveal many, if any, missed tests from March 2020 through the time of the modification trial. 

However, such records do indicate that Nicholas had a positive test in May 2020.

Kathryn testified regarding her concerns with Nicholas’ mental health. She believes 

Nicholas struggles with anger issues and exhibits erratic behaviors. She explained that since 2018, 

Nicholas has talked about committing suicide, has on occasion acted like he was preparing to 

commit suicide, and has pretended he was dying. Nicholas has previously told her he would seek 

help, but, according to Kathryn, he never did. Kathryn noted that Nicholas’ mother and sister have 

also expressed concern for Nicholas’ mental health. At one point, Nicholas told Kathryn that he 

was sexually abused by his mother when he was a child and that he was concerned about his mother 

bathing Rayder. Nicholas later denied these allegations and now allows his mom to care for Rayder 

regularly.

As an example of Nicholas’ erratic behaviors, Kathryn offered into evidence text messages 

she had received from Nicholas since their break-up in October 2019. Such messages included 

Nicholas calling her derogatory and vulgar names and using profanities. Nicholas often texted her 

repeatedly and, without any clear provocation, the messages become angrier and more derogatory 

when she did not immediately respond. Some of the more mild examples of Nicholas’ text 

messages include: “Hate you”; You being a slut caused this”; “Old man slut”; and “You’re a lieing, 

hiding, stealing hoe.” Many of the messages were much more profane. Intermingled with these 

messages were messages from Nicholas asking Kathryn to get back together with him and 

expressing how much he missed her. Nicholas also sent text messages to Kathryn’s mother, calling 

her derogatory names and, at one point, wishing her dead.

Kathryn also provided evidence of voice mails Nicholas left on her cellular telephone, one 

he made with Rayder present, where he called her names and used profanities. On one occasion, 

Nicholas called her 47 times in a row when she would not answer her telephone. Kathryn testified 

that she had observed Nicholas to call her names and to speak negatively about her in Rayder’s 

presence. Nicholas also told Kathryn that he is going to talk to Rayder about the court proceedings 

and tell Rayder that Kathryn is the reason that he cannot spend more time with Nicholas.

Kathryn indicated that despite Nicholas’ repeated text messages to her, he refuses to 

communicate with her regarding Rayder. She explained that Nicholas would not consistently 

utilize the Talking Parents Application to communicate with her, even though such communication 
- 5 -

was required pursuant to their agreed upon parenting plan. Kathryn testified that prior to a few 

days before the start of the modification hearing, Nicholas had not used the application in over 

three months. Kathryn sent Nicholas notice of Rayder’s appointments and events through the 

application, but Nicholas failed to view such information. In addition, Kathryn used the application 

to attempt to have discussions with Nicholas about enrolling Rayder in preschool and in other 

activities. Nicholas would not participate in such discussions.

Partly as a result of Nicholas’ failure to utilize the Talking Parents Application, he has not 

assisted in paying for Rayder’s preschool or his medical bills. Nicholas is also not current on his 

child support obligation. Records offered into evidence by Kathryn revealed that Nicholas owed 

$2,015 in child support arrearages just prior to the first day of the modification trial.

Kathryn testified that she believes that Nicholas can be a good father to Rayder. She knows 

that Nicholas loves Rayder and spends time doing “boy stuff” with Rayder outdoors. However, 

she is also concerned about Nicholas’ anger, his abusive treatment of her, and his ongoing 

substance abuse. As a result of these concerns, Kathryn asked that she be awarded sole legal 

custody of Rayder. She also asked that Nicholas have limited parenting time with Rayder until he 

completes an anger management program and follows the treatment recommendations from his 

2019 drug and alcohol evaluation. Kathryn indicated that after Nicholas has addressed some of his 

issues, she would be willing to attend counseling with him in order to address their ability to 

effectively co-parent.

Kathryn also asked the district court to award her attorney fees, particularly in light of 

Nicholas’ behaviors during the modification proceedings which had caused her to incur additional 

fees. Such behaviors included, not paying his child support regularly, responding late to discovery 

requests, cancelling his deposition on short notice, and acting disrespectful when he did appear for 

his deposition.

Kathryn called her mother, Alette Hain, to testify on her behalf. Alette generally 

corroborated Kathryn’s testimony regarding Nicholas’ escalating behaviors. Alette described 

Nicholas as being a nice and helpful person until he is denied what he wants. He then tends to act 

out in anger. She indicated that she had been a victim of that anger. Alette expressed concern for 

Rayder’s safety as a result of Nicholas’ anger issues. In addition, she believed that Rayder’s recent 

outbursts were the result of his time with Nicholas. Alette believed that Nicholas also had issues 

with jealousy, as he used to complain that Kathryn spent too much time with Rayder and her 

daughter, and not enough time with him.

Alette is very close with Kathryn and Rayder, seeing them at least five times per week. She 

has observed Kathryn and Rayder to have a loving relationship, often playing together, going 

places together, and attending activities and appointments together.

Nicholas testified that he currently lives alone in his own home. He was not at that time in 

a romantic relationship with anyone. Nicholas has owned a paint contracting company for the past 

six years, but testified that in 2019 and 2020, the business’ income, and thus his income, had 

declined. Nicholas described having a close relationship with Rayder and wanting to be very 

involved in Rayder’s everyday life. Nicholas testified that when he and Rayder are together they 

like to play legos, cars, sports, and board games, and also like to ride four-wheelers and dirt bikes. 

When he does not see Rayder, he tries to do video calls with him in order to spend additional time 

together. Nicholas described Rayder as generally being happy, energetic, and playful.
- 6 -

During his testimony, Nicholas denied Kathryn’s assertions that he was currently using 

illegal drugs and abusing alcohol. He admitted to using methamphetamine in 2017 and 2018, but 

indicated he had not used any methamphetamine since that time period. He also testified that he 

had never parented Rayder while he was under the influence of methamphetamine. Nicholas 

admitted to using cocaine “a couple” of times in 2016, but denied using it since then. He also 

admitted to using marijuana a few times per week through January 2020. Nicholas explained that 

he stopped using marijuana without any drug treatment. Nicholas testified that he drinks alcohol a 

“couple of times a month,” but never when Rayder is present. Nicholas indicated that despite 

having to take a drug and alcohol test prior to every visit with Rayder, he had only one positive 

test since the entry of the temporary order in March 2020. However, Nicholas conceded that there 

were instances where he did not comply with testing.

Nicholas testified regarding his conviction for driving under the influence in May 2019. 

He explained that he was ultimately sentenced to 45 days of house arrest and an 18-month 

suspension of his driver’s license during which he was allowed to drive with an interlock. By the 

time of the modification trial, his driver’s license had been reinstated. Despite having participated 

in a drug and alcohol evaluation in conjunction with the criminal proceedings related to his driving 

under the influence charge, he had not followed the recommendations from that evaluation, 

including obtaining any form of drug and alcohol treatment. Nicholas also admitted that he was 

also convicted of driving under the influence in 2010.

Nicholas denied Kathryn’s assertions that he suffered from any mental health problems. 

Nicholas indicated that during the modification proceedings, he did briefly seek the help of mental 

health practitioners in order to help him deal with his and Kathryn’s break up. However, he 

discontinued such therapy in the fall of 2020 after only three to five months. Nicholas cited the 

expense of the sessions as his reason for ending such treatment. Nicholas expressed a willingness 

to seek continued counseling with Kathryn in order to improve their communication. He also 

expressed a willingness to explore counseling for Rayder.

Nicholas’ testimony began on March 19 and ended on April 29, 2021. On the first day of 

trial, Nicholas conceded that some of his text messages to Kathryn were mean and inappropriate. 

However, he believed such messages were partly Kathryn’s fault, as he sent them after being 

“pretty heartbroken” as a result of their breakup. However, in his April testimony Nicholas 

admitted that he had continued to send inappropriate messages during the interim period between 

the two days of trial. Such recent messages included Nicholas telling Kathryn to “[b]e a hateful 

bitch all you want. Still got to deal with me rest of your life. Get over yourself.”

Nicholas agreed with Kathryn that they have a very hard time communicating about 

Rayder. In fact, he testified that there was currently “zero” communication between him and 

Kathryn. Nicholas appeared to blame such difficulty in communication on Kathryn’s insistence 

about using the Talking Parents Application. He testified that he did not think that communicating 

through the application was very effective. He believed that Kathryn used that form of 

communication only to control the decisionmaking about Rayder’s life. He admitted that he had 

not followed that portion of the parenting plan which required their communication to take place 

through the application.
- 7 -

Nicholas also admitted that he was behind on his child support payments and that he had 

not paid Kathryn for Rayder’s preschool or his medical bills. He testified that he was simply unable 

to afford to pay.

Nicholas expressed some concerns with Kathryn’s parenting abilities. Such concerns 

included Kathryn’s brother, who is a registered sex offender, being around Rayder on holidays and 

other special occasions and Kathryn on occasion leaving Rayder with only her 13-year-old 

daughter to supervise him.

Ultimately, Nicholas asked the court to modify the order of paternity and support to award 

he and Kathryn joint physical custody of Rayder such that Rayder spend every other week with 

Nicholas and every other week with Kathryn. Nicholas believed such joint custody arrangement 

was in Rayder’s best interests. However, he also indicated that he would be “okay” if the court 

declined to modify the previous parenting time order contained within the order of paternity and 

support. Nicholas indicated that he was very unhappy with the limited amount of time he was able 

to spend with Rayder under the March 2020 temporary order. Nicholas also asked the district court 

to modify his child support obligation given Kathryn’s increased income and his decreased 

income.

As a part of his case, Nicholas also called Jennifer Cromwell to testify. Cromwell was an 

acquaintance of Nicholas who had supervised 30 visits between Nicholas and Rayder from March 

to June 2020. She described Nicholas and Rayder to have a good relationship and indicated that 

they appeared well-bonded to each other. Cromwell testified that during the visits, Nicholas was 

very “hands-on” with Rayder, playing with him and spending all their time together. Rayder 

appeared happy with Nicholas and was typically “reluctant” to leave when the visits were over. 

Cromwell had no concerns about Rayder’s safety or about Nicholas’ parenting abilities during the 

visits. She described Nicholas as being a safe and stable parent who never exhibited any anger and 

never spoke negatively about Kathryn or the court proceedings.

On August 6, 2021, the district court entered an order of modification. The court found that 

a material change in circumstances had occurred which warranted modifying the original order of 

paternity and support to award Kathryn with sole legal custody of Rayder:

The court finds a material change in circumstances since entry of its order in 

November 2018, that being, [Nicholas’] behavior has deteriorated to the point where his 

communications to [Kathryn] are either non-existent or non-productive. At times, these 

negative communications take place in front of Rayder. [Kathryn] and Rayder’s maternal 

grandmother testified that Rayder has started to exhibit anger issues with some aggressive 

behaviors. There is no indication [Nicholas] will change his attitude or behavior, and 

[Kathryn]’s claim that [Nicholas] is impossible to communicate with is supported by the 

evidence.

The court finds it is in Rayder’s best interest that his legal custody be awarded 

solely to [Kathryn]. Despite the amount of time that has passed, [Nicholas]’ anger toward 

[Kathryn] remains, and he is unable to put aside his personal differences with [Kathryn] 

when it comes to communicating with her and/or making decisions impacting Rayder.

The court further found that based upon “the same reasons” that supported a modification 

to legal custody, Nicholas’ parenting time with Rayder should also be modified. The court divided 
- 8 -

the modified parenting time into two phases. During Phase I, Nicholas was to have parenting time 

with Rayder every other weekend beginning on Friday after school through the following Monday 

at the commencement of school. Also during Phase I, Nicholas was to attend and satisfactorily 

complete an anger management program along with any recommended aftercare and any 

recommended individual or group therapy. After Nicholas completed Phase I, his parenting time 

was to transition to Phase II. During Phase II, Nicholas was to have parenting time with Rayder 

every other weekend beginning on Wednesday after school through the following Monday at the 

commencement of school.

In the modification order, the district court reduced Nicholas’ child support obligation from 

$868 per month as ordered in the original order of paternity and support to $763 per month. In 

reducing child support, the district court relied on evidence demonstrating Nicholas’ 2017, 2018, 

and 2019 annual incomes. The court found that after removing a deduction made for depreciation 

in 2019, Nicholas’ income in all three years was “very similar.” The court utilized an average of 

Nicholas’ income during 2017, 2018, and 2019 to determine his income for child support purposes.

Finally, the court ordered Nicholas to pay $5,000 toward Kathryn’s attorney fees. The court 

found credible evidence presented by Kathryn which demonstrated that Nicholas’ actions, or 

inactions, during the modification proceedings necessitated additional time and work from 

Kathryn’s counsel. The court concluded, “Given the equities of the case and after considering the 

[evidence of Nicholas’ actions], the court finds an award of attorney fees is appropriate.

Nicholas appeals from the order of modification here.

III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

Renumbered, Nicholas argues on appeal that the district court erred in (1) temporarily 

suspending his visitation during the pendency of the modification proceedings without holding a 

timely hearing; (2) finding a material change of circumstances which warranted awarding Kathryn 

sole legal custody and altering his parenting time; (3) failing to modify the order of paternity and 

support to award the parties with joint physical custody; (4) calculating his current income for 

purposes of child support; and (5) awarding Kathryn $5,000 in attorney fees.

IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Modification of a judgment or decree relating to child custody, visitation, or support is a 

matter entrusted to the discretion of the trial court, whose order is reviewed by an appellate court 

de novo on the record, and will be affirmed absent an abuse of discretion. Lindblad v. Lindblad, 

309 Neb. 776, 962 N.W.2d 545 (2021). A judicial abuse of discretion exists if the reasons or rulings 

of a trial judge are clearly untenable, unfairly depriving a litigant of a substantial right and denying 

just results in matters submitted for disposition. Vyhlidal v. Vyhlidal, 309 Neb. 376, 960 N.W.2d 

309 (2021).

In a review de novo on the record, an appellate court reappraises the evidence as presented 

by the record and reaches its own independent conclusions with respect to the matters at issue. 

Mamot v. Mamot, 283 Neb. 659, 813 N.W.2d 440 (2012). However, where credible evidence is in 

conflict on a material issue of fact, the appellate court considers, and may give weight to, the fact 

that the trial court heard and observed the witnesses and accepted one version of the facts rather 

than another. Yori v. Helms, 307 Neb. 375, 949 N.W.2d 325 (2020).
- 9 -

V. ANALYSIS

1. EX PARTE ORDER SUSPENDING NICHOLAS’ PARENTING TIME

In his brief on appeal, Nicholas asserts that the district court abused its discretion in 

entering an ex parte order suspending his parenting time with Rayder and then scheduling a hearing 

on the ex parte order more than 10 days after its issuance. Nicholas asserts that the district court’s 

actions violated the directive found in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-357 (Reissue 2016) and disrupted his 

right to be involved in Rayder’s life.

Section 42-357 appears in Article 3 of Chapter 42 of the Nebraska Revised Statutes. Article 

3 is entitled, “Divorce, Alimony, and Child Support.” Section 42-357 provides, in part:

During the pendency of any proceeding under sections 42-347 to 42-381 after the 

complaint is filed, upon application of either party and if the accompanying affidavit of the 

party or his or her agent shows to the court that the party is entitled thereto, the court may 

issue ex parte orders . . . (3) determining the temporary custody of any minor children of 

the marriage[.] Ex parte orders issued pursuant to subdivision[] . . . (3) of this section shall 

remain in force for no more than ten days or until a hearing is held thereon, whichever is 

earlier.

Both the title of the Article in which § 42-357 appears and the language of the statutory section 

itself clearly indicates that such statute applies in divorce proceedings. Nicholas does not point us 

to any caselaw or other statute which applies the language of § 42-357 to cases involving 

modification in a paternity action. We are, nonetheless, troubled by the length of time that elapsed 

between the issuance of the ex parte order and the temporary hearing. However, even if we were 

to find that the 10-day time limitation in § 42-357 applies in a paternity case like this, we could 

not afford relief to Nicholas from the court’s ruling on a temporary order. See Coleman v. Kahler, 

17 Neb. App. 518, 766 N.W.2d 142 (2009).

A moot case is one which seeks to determine a question which does not rest upon existing 

facts or rights, in which the issues presented are no longer alive. Id. See, also, State on behalf of 

Pathammavong v. Pathammavong, 268 Neb. 1, 679 N.W.2d 749 (2004). The issue of the district 

court entering an ex parte order temporarily suspending Nicholas’ parenting time was relevant 

only from the time it was entered until it was replaced by the order determining permanent custody 

and a permanent parenting time schedule. Accordingly, any issue relating to the temporary ex parte 

order is moot and need not be resolved in this appeal. See id.

2. MODIFICATION OF ORDER OF PATERNITY AND SUPPORT

Nicholas asserts that the district court abused its discretion in modifying the original order 

of paternity and support by awarding Kathryn sole legal custody of Rayder and by altering the 

parenting time plan. Nicholas argues that Kathryn failed to prove a material change in 

circumstances which warranted any such modification. Upon our review, we affirm the decision 

of the district court to award Kathryn sole legal custody of Rayder and to modify the parenting 

time plan.

In a child custody modification action the party seeking modification must demonstrate 

first that a material change in circumstances has occurred after the entry of the previous custody 
- 10 -

order which affects the best interests of the child and that it is in the child’s best interests that 

custody be changed. Hopkins v. Hopkins, 294 Neb. 417, 883 N.W.2d 363 (2016). A material 

change in circumstances means the occurrence of something which, had it been known at the time 

of the initial decree, would have persuaded the court to decree differently. State on behalf of Jakai 

C. v. Tiffany M., 292 Neb. 68, 871 N.W.2d 230 (2015). The party seeking modification of child 

custody bears the burden of showing as an initial matter that there has been a change in 

circumstances. Id.

The child’s best interests require a parenting arrangement and plan which provides for a 

child’s safety, emotional growth, health, stability, physical care, and regular and continuous school 

attendance and progress. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-2923 (Reissue 2016). Moreover, § 43-2923 sets 

forth a non-exhaustive list of factors to be considered in determining the best interests of a child 

in regard to custody. Such factors include the relationship of the minor child with each parent, the 

desires of the minor child, the general health and well-being of the minor child, and credible 

evidence of abuse inflicted on the child by any family or household member.

In its order, the district court found that a material change in circumstances had occurred 

since the entry of the order of paternity and support which warranted modification of Rayder’s 

legal custody. Specifically, the court found a material change in circumstances as a result of 

Nicholas’ behavior toward Kathryn. The court indicated that such behavior had significantly and 

dramatically deteriorated since entry of the original order and that, as a result of such deterioration, 

Nicholas “is impossible to communicate with.” The court further indicated that the evidence 

presented at the modification trial demonstrated that despite the length of time that had passed 

since the parties ended their relationship, Nicholas’ “anger toward [Kathryn] remains and he is 

unable to put aside his personal differences with [Kathryn] when it comes to communicating with 

her and/or making decisions impacting Rayder.”

Upon our review of the record, we agree with the district court that Nicholas’ ongoing 

anger and inappropriate communication with Kathryn constitutes a material change in 

circumstances which warranted modification of the prior order to award Kathryn with sole legal 

custody. The evidence presented at the modification trial revealed that the parties quickly rekindled 

their relationship after the entry of the order of paternity and support in November 2018. The 

parties then ended their rekindled relationship for the final time in October 2019. After this time, 

Nicholas began a pattern of vicious, profanity-laced communication toward Kathryn that 

continued through the first day of trial and up to the final day a month later. As detailed by the 

examples of such communication provided in the background section above, Nicholas’ anger was 

consistently expressed in a stream of vitriol toward Kathryn. And, although Kathryn often did not 

respond to his text messages and telephone calls, Nicholas would continue to berate and belittle 

her.

Despite the amount of communication Nicholas directed toward Kathryn, he generally 

refused to discuss Rayder. He would not engage with the Talking Parents Application, which was 

the required form of communication between him and Kathryn and which Kathryn regularly used 

in an attempt to provide information to Nicholas about Rayder. Nicholas did not respond to 

messages from Kathryn which related to enrolling Rayder in preschool, to signing Rayder up for 

various activities, or to scheduling medical appointments for Rayder. Instead, Nicholas continued 

to provide Kathryn with only negativity and anger.
- 11 -

At trial Nicholas blamed his inappropriate communication tactics on how heartbroken he 

was due to the end of his relationship. However, such communication continued more than 18 

months after the parties had ended their relationship. Nicholas attempted to justify his ongoing 

angry behavior at least in part on Kathryn’s decision to terminate their relationship which 

necessarily meant that he could not see Rayder on a daily basis.

Given Nicholas’ inappropriate communications with Kathryn and given the length of time 

such communications persisted, we find that a material change in circumstances had occurred since 

entry of the order of paternity and support which warranted a modification of legal custody. 

Specifically, had the district court known at the time the order of paternity and support was entered 

that Nicholas would be unable to engage in meaningful and appropriate conversations about 

Rayder’s needs and wants, the district court would not have awarded the parties with joint legal 

custody. We affirm the order of the district court awarding Kathryn sole legal custody of Rayder.

The district court also found that Nicholas’ inappropriate communications with Kathryn 

constituted a material change in circumstances which warranted a modification to the parenting 

time plan delineated in the order of paternity and support. Specifically, the court found that 

“[Kathryn]’s proposal that [Nicholas] complete anger management is supported by the evidence 

and in Rayder’s best interest.” The district court modified the prior order to permit Nicholas to 

have parenting time with Rayder only every other weekend until he successfully completed an 

anger management program along with any recommended aftercare and any recommended

individual or group therapy. After that, he was permitted to resume having five days of parenting 

time during every 2-week period. We cannot say that the district court’s finding of a material 

change in circumstances warranting a change to the parenting time plan was an abuse of discretion.

At trial, Kathryn testified and provided evidence to demonstrate that Nicholas had engaged 

in negative communication with her in Rayder’s presence, including name calling, using 

profanities, and speaking negatively about Kathryn’s parenting skills and her extended family. 

Kathryn also testified about her concern that Rayder is starting to exhibit some of Nicholas’

negative and aggressive behaviors. Kathryn is concerned that Nicholas’ behavior during his 

parenting time is causing Rayder to act out. Taking into consideration the evidence of Nicholas’

ongoing negative communications with Kathryn together with the evidence of the effects of such 

negativity on Rayder, we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in temporarily 

modifying the parenting plan in order to require Nicholas to attend an anger management program 

and the recommended follow-up before resuming his more extended parenting time with Rayder. 

Such a program will not only serve to improve Nicholas’ ability to appropriately communicate 

with Kathryn as a co-parent, but will also improve Nicholas’ ability to appropriately parent Rayder. 

We affirm the decision of the district court that there was a material change in circumstances which 

warranted modifying the original order of paternity and support by awarding Kathryn sole legal 

custody of Rayder and by temporarily decreasing Nicholas’ parenting time until his successful 

completion of an anger management program and recommended aftercare and therapy.

We note that in his brief to this court, Nicholas does not argue that either the modification 

of legal custody or the modification to the parenting plan was not in Rayder’s best interests. 

Instead, he merely challenges the district court’s finding that there was a material change in 

circumstances which justified such modifications. However, upon our review, we agree with the 
- 12 -

district court that both the award of sole legal custody to Kathryn and the temporary reduction in 

Nicholas’ parenting time are modifications that are in Rayder’s best interests.

3. NO MODIFICATION OF PHYSICAL CUSTODY

In his cross-complaint, Nicholas affirmatively asked the district court to modify the order 

of paternity and support to award he and Kathryn joint physical custody of Rayder. Nicholas also 

testified regarding this request at the modification trial. In the modification order, the district court 

did not specifically address Nicholas’ request for joint physical custody, but implicitly denied such 

request by finding that the modified parenting plan, which continued sole physical custody of 

Rayder with Kathryn, was in Rayder’s best interests and should be adhered to by both parties. On 

appeal, Nicholas asserts that the district court erred in failing to find that joint physical custody 

was in Rayder’s best interests.

As we discussed above, in a child custody modification action the party seeking 

modification must first demonstrate that a material change in circumstances has occurred after the 

entry of the previous custody order which affects the best interests of the child and then 

demonstrate that the modification is in the child’s best interests. See Hopkins v. Hopkins, 294 Neb. 

417, 883 N.W.2d 363 (2016). On appeal, Nicholas asserts that the district court erred in failing to 

find that modifying the original decree to award the parties with joint physical custody was in 

Rayder’s best interests. However, in our analysis, we do not reach the best interests determination, 

as we conclude that Nicholas failed to demonstrate that a material change in circumstances 

occurred after the entry of the previous physical custody order which affected Rayder’s best 

interests.

Nicholas presented virtually no evidence during the modification trial which would 

demonstrate a basis to modify Rayder’s physical custody. During his testimony, Nicholas vaguely 

contended that he had concerns regarding Kathryn’s extended family members and regarding her 

sometimes leaving Rayder in the care of her 13-year-old daughter. However, Nicholas did not 

present any other evidence to suggest that Kathryn was not an appropriate and involved parent. 

Rather, his main issue with Kathryn appeared to be her commencing the modification proceedings 

which ultimately resulted in him having less time with Rayder. Nicholas simply testified to his 

belief that joint physical custody would be in Rayder’s best interests, without providing any 

evidence of a material change that would necessitate a modification of physical custody. Moreover, 

we note that during his testimony, Nicholas expressed some agreement with the parenting plan 

delineated in the original decree of paternity and support which awarded Kathryn sole physical 

custody, when he affirmed he could “live with” that parenting plan.

Upon our review, we cannot find that the district court abused its discretion in implicitly 

denying Nicholas’ request for joint physical custody because Nicholas did not demonstrate that a 

material change in circumstances occurred after the entry of the previous custody order which 

affected Rayder’s best interests and which warranted a change to Rayder’s physical custody.

4. CHILD SUPPORT

At trial, Nicholas testified that he owned his own painting business from which he derived 

his income. Evidence of Nicholas’ income from the years 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 was 

admitted into evidence. Such evidence revealed that in 2016, Nicholas earned $92,118. In 2017, 
- 13 -

he earned $73,558 and, similarly, in 2018, he earned $73,321. In 2019, Nicholas indicated that his 

income significantly decreased. His 2019 individual tax return indicated he earned $51,684 that 

year. Nicholas did not offer evidence of his 2020 tax return, but did testify that his 2020 income 

was similar to his 2019 income. However, Nicholas also testified that 2019 was not a “typical”

year for him in terms of business and earnings. He attributed the atypical earnings in 2019 and in 

2020 to the COVID-19 pandemic and to struggles with his business marketing.

In the modification order, the district court calculated Nicholas’ income for child support 

purposes by using the average of Nicholas’ income for 2017, 2018, and 2019. However, in 

calculating Nicholas’ 2019 income, the court explained as follows:

The only business tax return [Nicholas] offered [for his painting business] was for 2019. It 

reflects he claimed $19,501 in depreciation. [Nicholas] failed to meet his burden of proof 

that he is entitled to deduct depreciation from his income. See e.g., Neb. Ct. R. § 4-204; 

Hotz v. Hotz, 301 Neb. 102, 112 (2018). The court was also provided with no information 

as to whether and in what amounts depreciation was deducted in 2017 or 2018 to determine 

whether there has been a material change in circumstances or not. Without the deduction 

for depreciation in 2019, [Nicholas]’ 2019 income is approximately $71,185 -- very similar 

to his income in 2017 and 2018.

Using the average of Nicholas’ 2017 and 2018 incomes along with his 2019 income with the 

deduction for depreciation added back in, the district court calculated Nicholas’ income for child 

support to be $6,057 per month.

On appeal, Nicholas argues that the district court erred in incorrectly calculating his 

income for child support purposes. He contends that his income should have been based solely 

upon the amount of gross income reported on his 2019 individual income tax return, $51,684. 

Nicholas asserts that the evidence presented at the modification trial clearly indicated that his 

income had significantly decreased in 2019 and 2020 and that such lower income was expected to 

continue. He further asserts that had the district court correctly calculated his income, the court 

would have reduced his child support obligation even further. Upon our review, we affirm the 

decision of the district court in its calculation of Nicholas’ income for child support purposes.

A party seeking to modify a child support order must show a material change in 

circumstances that (1) occurred subsequent to the entry of the original decree or previous 

modification and (2) was not contemplated when the decree was entered. Tilson v. Tilson, 307 

Neb. 275, 948 N.W.2d 768 (2020). The party seeking the modification has the burden to produce 

sufficient proof that a material change of circumstances has occurred that warrants a modification 

and that the best interests of the child are served thereby. Fetherkile v. Fetherkile, 299 Neb. 76, 

907 N.W.2d 275 (2018). Among the factors to be considered in determining whether a material 

change of circumstances has occurred are changes in the financial position of the parent obligated 

to pay support, the needs of the children for whom support is paid, good or bad faith motive of the 

obligated parent in sustaining a reduction in income, and whether the change is temporary or 

permanent. Id.

The primary concern in determining child support is the best interests of the child. See 

Roberts v. Roberts, 25 Neb. App. 192, 903 N.W.2d 267 (2017). The main principle behind the 

Nebraska Child Support Guidelines is to recognize the equal duty of both parents to contribute to 
- 14 -

the support of their children in proportion to their respective incomes. Roberts v. Roberts, supra. 

In general, child support payments should be set according to the Nebraska Child Support 

Guidelines, which compute the presumptive share of each parent’s child support obligation. 

Gangwish v. Gangwish, 267 Neb. 901, 678 N.W.2d 503 (2004).

In calculating Nicholas’ income for child support purposes, we first affirm the district 

court’s decision to add back in the depreciation Nicholas claimed on his corporate tax return, and 

thus, on his individual tax return in 2019. While the Nebraska Child Support Guidelines do permit 

an allowance of depreciation as a deduction from total monthly income, the guidelines also provide 

specific instructions for proving an entitlement to the deduction and how the deduction should be 

calculated. Neb. Ct. R. § 4-204. Further, § 4-204 provides that “[a] party claiming depreciation 

shall have the burden of establishing entitlement to its allowance as a deduction.”

The most basic requirement for proving an entitlement to a deduction is: “Any party 

claiming an allowance of depreciation as a deduction from income shall furnish to the court and 

the other party copies of a minimum of 5 years’ tax returns at least 14 days before any hearing 

pertaining to the allowance of the deduction.” § 4-204. In addition, § 4-204 requires that a 

depreciated asset must be shown to be ordinary and necessary and that the depreciation was 

calculated by using the “‘straight-line’” method.

Here, Nicholas did not submit five years of tax returns. The evidence submitted at trial 

constituted only four years of Nicholas’ individual tax returns (2016-2019) and only one year of 

his corporate tax returns (2019). It is only his 2019 corporate return that includes a deduction for 

depreciation. Thus, as the district court indicated in its modification order, it is impossible to know 

whether or how much business depreciation was claimed by Nicholas in any other tax years. 

Furthermore, Nicholas’ 2019 corporate tax return did not provide any indication of what the 

depreciated asset or assets were, whether any such items were ordinary and necessary, and whether 

a straight line depreciation was applied. Nicholas did not meet his burden of proof to establish his 

entitlement to the depreciated amount. As such, as did the district court, we calculate Nicholas 

2019 income to be $71,185.

Additionally, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision to utilize an 

average of Nicholas’ incomes in the years 2017, 2018, and 2019 in calculating his income for child 

support purposes. Given that Nicholas’ income did vary from year to year, the district court’s 

averaging of three years’ incomes was appropriate. We further note that such averaging did not 

result in a significantly higher obligation than what would have resulted from using only Nicholas’

2019 income.

5. ATTORNEY FEES

On appeal, Nicholas also contends that the district court erred in awarding Kathryn any 

attorney fees. He contends that Kathryn’s modification action was frivolous in nature and that 

“after all was said and done,” the prior parenting time order was not really modified given that he 

was still awarded 5 days of parenting time every two weeks. Brief for appellant at 24. Upon our 

review, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision to award Kathryn $5,000 in 

attorney fees.

As a general rule, attorney fees and expenses may be recovered in a civil action only where 

provided for by statute or when a recognized and accepted uniform course of procedure has been 
- 15 -

to allow recovery of attorney fees. Coleman v. Kahler, 17 Neb. App. 518, 766 N.W.2d 142 (2009). 

Although attorney fees and costs are statutorily allowed in paternity and child support cases, 

customarily they are awarded only to the prevailing party or assessed against those who file 

frivolous suits. Id. And, an award of attorney fees depends on multiple factors that include the 

nature of the case, the services performed and results obtained, the earning capacity of the parties, 

the length of time required for preparation and presentation of the case, customary charges of the 

bar, and the general equities of the case. Burcham v. Burcham, 24 Neb. App. 323, 886 N.W.2d 536 

(2016).

Contrary to Nicholas’ assertions in his brief on appeal, Kathryn was the prevailing party in 

the modification action in that the district court granted her request to modify the original order of 

paternity and support by awarding her sole legal custody of Rayder and by reducing Nicholas’

parenting time with Rayder until such time as he successfully completed the requirements of Phase 

I of the parenting plan. Kathryn also prevailed in this action by successfully defending against 

Nicholas’ request for joint physical custody of Rayder. As the prevailing party in this litigation, 

Kathryn was entitled to an award of attorney fees and we can find no abuse of discretion in the 

court’s decision to award $5,000 in attorney fees to her. This is particularly true given Kathryn’s 

testimony and evidence which demonstrated that Nicholas’ actions during the proceedings resulted 

in her incurring increased attorney fees. Such actions included not paying his child support 

regularly, responding late to discovery requests, cancelling his deposition on short notice, and 

acting disrespectful when he did appear for his deposition.

VI. CONCLUSION

Upon our de novo review of the record, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s 

order of modification which found a material change in circumstances that affected the child’s best 

interests and that warranted a change in legal custody and in Nicholas’ parenting time. We also 

find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s denial of Nicholas’ request to modify physical 

custody, in its calculation of Nicholas’ income for child support purposes, or in its award of 

attorney fees to Kathryn. We therefore affirm the court’s order of modification in its entirety.

AFFIRMED.