FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

June 8, 2005

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 04-13188

Non-Argument Calendar

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D. C. Docket No. 02-00370-CR-T-30-MSS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus 

ANGEL MORENO, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(June 8, 2005)

Before TJOFLAT, DUBINA, and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

In September 2002, a small boat carrying five men left Buenaventura,
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Colombia and headed towards a speed boat a short distance away. One of the men

on the small boat had hired the other four to drive the speed boat to Guatemala. 

The four crew members, one of which was Angel Moreno, boarded the speed boat

and departed for Guatemala.

Two days into the journey a United States navy helicopter spotted the speed

boat and contacted the United States Coast Guard. Upon seeing the helicopter, the

speed boat attempted to flee and the crew began dumping several bales of cocaine

into the ocean. Despite the escape effort, the Coast Guard vessel overtook the

speed boat and recovered the cocaine. A later analysis revealed that the bales

contained 1,586.6 kilograms of cocaine.

Angel Moreno and the three other crew members were each indicted for one

count of possession with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine

while on board a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and one

count of conspiracy to commit the same, in violation of 46 App. § 1903(a), (g), (j),

18 U.S.C. § 2, and 21 U.S.C. § 960(b)(1)(B)(ii). Moreno pleaded guilty to both

counts without a plea agreement. He was sentenced to 168 months’ imprisonment

and five years of supervised release. Moreno challenges his sentence on four

grounds. 

Moreno’s first contention is that the district court erred by not applying the
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Sentencing Guidelines’ safety valve provision. To qualify for safety valve relief

under U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2, “the defendant . . . [must] truthfully disclose to the

government all information and evidence that he has about the offense and all

relevant conduct.” United States v. Johnson, 375 F.3d 1300, 1302 (11th Cir. 2004)

(quotation omitted). In denying Moreno safety valve relief, the district court found

that he failed to meet this requirement. Moreno ultimately contends that the

district court’s factual determinations on which its decision was made are contrary

to the evidence in the case. “When reviewing the denial of safety-valve relief, we

review for clear error a district court’s factual determinations.” Id. at 1301.

Several facts support the district court’s finding that Moreno did not

truthfully provide to the government all the information and evidence he had about

the offense. Each time Moreno made a statement to law enforcement officials, his

story changed. He changed the amount he said he would be paid for the drug trip;

he changed where the trip originated; and he changed whether he knew that the trip

was a drug smuggling venture. Furthermore, each of Moreno’s co-defendants

pleaded guilty and gave statements. Portions of Moreno’s statement are

inconsistent with those of his co-defendants. The district court also found it hard

to believe that Moreno was truthful in his statement that he was paid only $474

($74 in profit plus $400 to fly from Guatemala back to Colombia) in exchange for
 Moreno also contends that the district court used a “mathematical test” to determine 1

whether to apply a minor role reduction. The “mathematical test” that Moreno suggests that the

district court applied is that, because his conduct was similar to two of the three other crewmen

(the dissimilar crew member being the captain), all three are similarly culpable and none was a

minor participant. There is no evidence in the record to support Moreno’s contention that the

district court used some kind of per se “mathematical test.” We dismiss that assertion as without

factual basis. 

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his knowing participation in a drug venture involving approximately $24 million

worth of cocaine. After reviewing the evidence, we find that the district court did

not clearly err in finding that Moreno did not truthfully disclose his full

involvement in the offense and was, therefore, ineligible for safety valve relief.

Moreno’s second argument is that the district court erred in denying him a

minor role reduction under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. According to Moreno, the district

court compared his role only to that of his co-defendants, instead of to everyone

involved in the much larger drug conspiracy. 

1

The relevant conduct attributed to Moreno in calculating his base offense

level was only that quantity of drugs actually transported by him and his codefendants and seized by law enforcement. Any larger conspiracy that extended

beyond the 1,586.6 kilograms of cocaine that he admitted was not part of the

charged crime or relevant conduct attributed to Moreno. The district court

properly considered the players and roles in the conspiracy for which Moreno was

charged and found that he was not entitled to a minor role reduction. 

Moreover, the record supports the district court’s conclusion that Moreno
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was not entitled to a minor role reduction. The shear quantity of drugs, with a

value of approximately $24 million, is evidence that a minor role reduction was not

warranted. See United States v. Rodriguez De Varon, 175 F.3d 930, 943 (11th Cir.

1999) (affirming that the “amount of drugs is a relevant factor and recogniz[ing]

that under some circumstances it may be dispositive”). In addition, Moreno’s

involvement in transporting the drugs in the speed boat was substantially the same

as the other crew members (with the possible exception of the captain). For

example, the evidence demonstrates that each crew member, including Moreno,

took turns navigating the boat. The district court committed no error in finding

that Moreno was not substantially less culpable than the others involved in the

conspiracy and denying him a minor role reduction on that basis.

Moreno’s third contention is that the district court erred by denying his

request for a downward departure based on aberrant behavior. “We lack

jurisdiction to review a sentencing court’s refusal to depart downward when the

decision is based on the court’s discretionary authority.” United States v. Chase,

174 F.3d 1193, 1195 (11th Cir. 1999). Furthermore, “when nothing in the record

indicates otherwise, we assume the sentencing court understood it had authority to

depart downward.” Id.

There is nothing in the record to suggest that district court misunderstood its
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authority to depart downward in this case. As a result, we are without jurisdiction

to review the district court’s refusal to depart downward. See id. Despite the

jurisdictional bar, a departure for aberrant behavior is foreclosed when the

underlying offense is a serious drug trafficking crime such as the one Moreno was

convicted of. See U.S.S.G. § 5K2.20(c)(3).

Moreno’s final argument is that his sentence is unconstitutional in light of

United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. ___, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). Because Moreno

was sentenced based solely on facts that he admitted to, there was no Sixth

Amendment violation. See United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1330 (11th

Cir. 2005). The district court did err, however, in sentencing Moreno under a

mandatory Guidelines scheme, even in the absence of a Sixth Amendment

enhancement violation. Id. at 1330–31.

Because Moreno did not raise this argument before the district court, our

review is only for plain error. United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291, 1298

(11th Cir. 2005). “An appellate court may not correct an error the defendant failed

to raise in the district court unless there is: (1) error, (2) that is plain, and (3) that

affects substantial rights. If all three conditions are met, an appellate court may

then exercise its discretion to notice a forfeited error, but only if (4) the error

seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
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proceedings.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted).

Moreno has met the first two prongs of the plain error test by demonstrating

that the district court committed an error that is plain. See id. at 1298–99. As for

the third prong of the plain error test, Moreno has the burden of showing that the

error has affected his substantial rights. See id. at 1299. To do so, he must

establish that “there is a reasonable probability of a different result if the guidelines

had been applied in an advisory instead of binding fashion by the sentencing

judge.” Id. at 1301. 

There is no evidence in the record to suggest that the district court would

have given Moreno a lesser sentence had it applied the guidelines in an advisory

instead of binding fashion. As a result, Moreno has failed to satisfy the third prong

of the plain error test and we cannot notice the error. See id.

Moreno has failed to demonstrate that the district court erred in sentencing

him based on any of his asserted grounds.

AFFIRMED.