10 -i CHAPTER 10. NATIONAL IMPACTS ANALYSIS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

10.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 10-1

10.2 BASE

- CASE AND STANDARDS

- CASE FORECASTED EFFICIENCY

DISTRIBUTIONS AND FIXTURE STOCKS ................................................................. 10-1

10.2.1 Base

- Case and Standards

- Case Efficiency Distributions .................................. 10-2

10 .2.2 Installed Fixture Stock ....................................................................................... 10-2

10.3 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS ................................................................................... 10-3

10.3.1 National Energy Savings Definition .................................................................. 10-3

10.3.2 National Energy Savings Inputs ........................................................................ 10-4

10.3.2.1 Unit Energy Consumption (UEC) ....................................................... 10-4

10.3.2.2 Fixture Stock ....................................................................................... 10-4

10 .3.2.3 Site

- to

- Source Conversion Factors ..................................................... 10-4

10.3.2.4 Interactions with Heating, Ventilation, and Air

- Conditioning (HVAC) Systems ................................................................................ 10-5

10.3.2.5 Rebound Effect ................................................................................... 10-5

10.4 NET PRESENT VALUE .................................................................................................. 10-5

10.4.1 Net Present Value Definition ............................................................................. 10-5

10.4.2 Net Present Value Inputs ................................................................................... 10-6

10.4.2.1 Total Annual Installed Cost Increases ................................................ 10-6

10.4.2.2 Total Annual Operating Cost Savings ................................................ 10-6

10.4.2.3 Discount Factor ................................................................................... 10-7

10.5 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT VALUE RESULTS ............. 10-7

10.5.1 National Energy Savings and N et Present Value Input Summary .................... 10-7

10.5.2 National Energy Savings Results ...................................................................... 10-8

10.5.3 Net Present Value Analysis ............................................................................... 10-9

10.5.4 Net Present Value Results ............................................................................... 10-10

LIST OF TABLES

Table 10.3.1 National Energy Saving Inputs ............................................................................. 10-4

Table 10.4 .1 Net Present Value Inputs ...................................................................................... 10-6 Table 10.5.1 National Energy Saving and Net Present Value Inputs ........................................ 10-8 Table 10.5.2 Cumulative National Energy Savings for Fixtures under the Roll

- Up and Shift Scenarios (2015–2044).............................................................................. 10-9 Table 10.5.3 Cumulative NPV Results for Metal Halide Lamp Fixtures (2015 -2044) ........... 10-1110 -1 CHAPTER 10 . NATIONAL IMPACTS ANALYSIS

10.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the method for estimating the national impacts of candidate standard levels ( CSLs ) for analyzed metal halide lamp fixtures ( MHLF ). Because fixtures are designed to

operate metal halide (MH) ballasts and lamps, the U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) chose the

most common MH lamp and ballast used with each fixture to develop representative m etal halide lamp fixture s. MH lamps will not be regulated under the proposed amended energy conservation

standards for fixtures ; however, the character istics of complete metal halide lamp fixture s (energy consumption, installed cost, etc.) must be considered for estimating national impacts of fixture

CSLs

.

In the national impact s analysis (NIA), DOE assesse d the cumulative national energy savings (NES) and the cumulative national economic impacts of CSL s . DOE measure d energy savings as the cumulative quadrillion B ritish thermal units (Btu), or “quads,” of energy a CSL is expected to save the n ation. DOE measure d economic impacts as the net present value (NPV) in dollars of total customer costs and savings expected to result from a CSL . The analysis period

over which DOE calculate d the NPV and N ES is from 2015 to 2044.

DOE determine d both the NPV and NES for each CSL and each representative product

class it select ed in the engineering analysis ( preliminary technical support document ( TSD ) chapter 5). In this rulemaking, DOE consider ed up to four CSL s for each of the representative fixture equipment classes

.

DOE perform ed all NIA calculations using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, available at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/commercial/metal_halide_lamp_fixt

ures.html

.

The following sections describe in detail the methodology and inputs for the NIA. Several NIA inputs, including per

- unit costs, per

- unit energy consumption, and national shipments, are discussed in other analyses. In describing the inputs to the NIA, this chapter references those analyses and presents new information on installed stock. Section 10.2 discusses

DOE’s fixture shipment forecast s by CSL , the installed stock of fixtures , and the mix of

efficiencies of that stock. Section 10.3 discusses DOE’s calculation of national energy consumption in the base and standards cases, and the resulting diffe rence in NES between these

cases. Section 10.4 discusses the NPV calculation. Section 10.5 presents the NES and NPV results by representative equipment class

.

10.2 BASE

- CASE AND STANDARDS

- CASE FORECASTED EFFICIENCY

DISTRIBUTIONS AND FIXTURE STOCKS

The characteristics of DOE’s shipment forecasts (such as equipment costs and operating costs) and projected fixture stocks (such as average efficiency and energy consumption) are key aspects of DOE’s NES and NPV estimates

. This section describes these key characteristics of stock and shipments as they relate to the NES and NPV.10 -2 T he projected distribution of fixture efficiencies shipped and fixture efficiencies in stock are key factors in determining the NPV . Two inputs to the NPV are the per

- unit total ins talled cost and per

- unit annual operating cost. The per

- unit total installed cost often varies with the efficiency of fixtures shipped. Therefore, when higher efficiency fixtures are shipped, higher

installed costs are often incurred. Chapter 8 of the prel iminary analysis TSD describes how per

unit total installed costs vary as a function of efficiency for each MH fixture

.

Per -unit annual energy consumption is a key input to the NPV (as an input to the per

- unit operating cost) and NES. The per

- unit annual energy consumption is a function of metal halide lamp fixture characteristics in the installed stock. The total installed stock of metal halide lamp

fixture s is used to determine total annual energy consumption, a key input into the NES and NPV

calculations.

Also important to determining NES and NPV is the average efficiency of the MH fixture

stock. The engineering analysis ( preliminary TSD c hapter 5) discusses the relationship between

metal halide lamp fixture design, system input power, and fixture efficiency . The energy use characterization ( p relim inary TSD c hapter 6) describes how the per

- unit energy consumption

varies as a function of system input power and market sector application for each metal halide lamp fixture design.

Sections 10.3.3 and 10.4.2 discuss inputs to calculation of the NES and NPV in further

detail

.

10.2.1 Base- Case and Standards

- Case Efficiency Distributions

Because the end

- user price of fixtures varies with efficiency level , the base

- case and

standards- case forecasted efficiency distributions of shipments affect the average total installed cost per unit. Generally, as the efficiency of a metal halide lamp fixture design increases, the

total installed cost increases as well. In addition, the base

- case and standards

- case efficiency distributions affect the average fixture efficiency in the installed stock, an in dication of annual energy consumption. For fixtures , DOE first presented the market share apportionments in the

base case in preliminary TSD chapter 9

. These market share apportionm ents characterize the shipments of fixtures for each analyzed equipment class . The forecasted efficiency distributions of shipments for fixtures depend directly on these apportionments and the total shipments of a particular fixture type in each year of the analysis period.

10.2.2 Installed Fixture Stock

The installed fixture stock in a given year is the total number of fixture s shipped that year and in prior years that are still operating. The NES model tracks the fixture s shipped each year

, and fixture s are retired when they reach the end of their lifetime

. From this information and the shipments forecasts presented in c hapter 9 , DOE established the installed fixture stock profile for all analyzed fixture equipment classes. Please see preliminary TSD chapter 9 for plots of the installed fixture stock profile s for each equipment class.

For most types of fixture s, installed stock increases over time. However, some fixture

type s experience a decline in stocks over the analysis period due to the encroachment of newer10 -3 technologies such as induction (electrodeless fluorescent) , high

- intensity fluorescent, light

emitting diode ( LED ), and light- emitting plasma (electrodeless metal halide) fixtures.

10.3 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVI NGS

10.3.2 National Energy Savings Definition

DOE calculate d annual national energy savings as the difference in energy consumption by metal halide lamp fixture s between the base case (without new standards) and the standards case (with new standards). Positive values of NES correspond to net energy savings following standards implementation ; i.e. , national annual energy consumption (AEC) with standards is less

than AEC in the base case.

t std t baset t 

### conv src AEC AEC NES _) (

, , 

### ×− = Eq. 10.1

Where :

NES t = national energy savings in year t

, AEC = annual national energy consumption each year (at the source) in quadrillion British thermal units (quads),

t = year in the forecast ( e.g. , 2015 to 2044),

base = base case

, std = standards case , and

sr c_conv t = time

- dependent conversion factor to convert from site energy (kWh) to source energy (quads

, Btu/kWh).

Cumulative energy savings are the sum over a defined time period from the implementati on of a standard forward ( from 201 5 to 2044 ) of the annual national energy savings

. 

# ∑

=

t t cum NES NES Eq. 10.2

Where :

NES

cum = cumulative national energy savings.

DOE calculated the AEC (in any year) by multiplying the number or stock of fixture s by the product of the annual unit energy consumption and the site

- to

- source conversion factor, shown by the following equation:

bd

bd bd UEC STOCK AEC × = 

# ∑ Eq. 10.3

Where :

bd = fixture ID number,

STOCK bd = stock of fixture s for a given design surviving in the year for which DOE calculated AEC, and

UEC bd

= unit energy consumption (kWh per year)

.10 -4 10.3.3 National Energy Savings Inputs

Table 10.3.1 lists the inputs for the determination of NES.

Table 10.3.1 National Energy Saving Inputs

In put

Unit Energy Consumption, UEC

Fixture Stock by Design ( STOCK bd

)

Site

- to

- Source Conversion Factor ( src_conv )

10.3.3.1 Unit Energy Consumption (UEC)

DOE present s the per

- unit UEC for each metal halide lamp fixture design in the energy

use characterization ( preliminary TSD chapter 6). For the NES and NPV calculations, DOE use d an average number of annual operating hours for each sector in calculating the UEC of each

MH LF design.

10.3.3.2 Fixture Stock

T he fixture stock in a given year is the sum of the shipments in that year, and the total

number of fixtures shipped in prior years that survive. The NES spreadsheet model keeps track

of the fixture s shipped each year. DOE discusses forecasted shipments for the base case and all

standards cases i n c hapter 9. To generate the shipments that eventually comp ri se the fixture stock, t he shipments analysis incorporates one set of base

- case scenarios and one set of

standards- case scenarios that can affect shipments

. The base

- case scenarios determine the t otal

volume of fixture shipment s and installed stock. The standards- case scenarios are comp o se d of

the r oll -up and s hift scenarios. The se scenarios dictate the inputs to the market

- share apportionments , and therefore affect the breakdown of the installed stock by fixture design from

2015 to 204 4. The s hift scenario generally result s in higher energy savings than the r oll -up scenario.

10.3.3.3 Site

- to

- Source Conversion Factors

The site

- to

- source conversion fact or is the multiplier DOE use d for converting site

energy consumption into primary or source energy consumption. For electricity, the conversion factors can vary over time due to projected changes in generation sources ( i.e. , the power plant types projected to provide electricity to the country). For the preliminary analysis, DOE used a

site

- to

- source conversion factor of 10,329, derived from the 2010 version of the Energy Information Administration’s (EIA’s) Annual Energy Outlook ( AEO20 10 ), and will update to the

latest available version of the AEO during the next phase of the analysis. 1 DOE will also incorporate time

- dependent changes in the site

- to

- source conversion factor in the next phase of the analysis.10 -5 10.3.3.4 Interactions with Heating, Ventilation, and Air

- Conditioning (HVAC) Systems

I nteractions with HVAC systems in the commercial and industrial sectors are represented by an HVAC factor, as given in Eq. 10.3

. The HVAC factor reflects the extent to which the energy savings from more efficient equipment a re offset by increased demands placed on heating and cooling equipment in the presence of more efficient equipment. Typically this takes the form of increased efficiency being achieved through less energy wasted as heat, increasing the burden on HVAC equip ment in winter months.

In a previous rulemaking ( the 2010 fluorescent b allast rule)

, DOE found that the HVAC

fact or is highly dependent on th e composition of building stock 2

. Due to the great uncertainty in building stock, DOE used an HVAC factor of 1 for calculating energy savings in the preliminary analysis

.

10.3.3.5 Rebound Effect

In its analysis, DOE considered the rebound effect that occurs after installation of energy

efficient lighting equipment. Under economic theory, “rebound effect” refers to the tendency of a consumer to respond to the cost savings associated with more efficient equipment in a manner that actually leads to marginally greater product usage, thereby diminishing some portion of anticipated benefits related to improved efficiency. DOE examined a summary of the literature regarding the rebound effect in relation to lighting equipment. 3 Based on four studies, the summary estimated that for a 100

- percent increase in energy effic ien cy , “ take

- back ” or rebound

values for residential lighting are between 5 and 12 percent of energy consumption savings. The summary estimate d zero to 2 percent rebound values for commercial and industrial lighting

. For the commercial and industrial equipment co nsidered in this rulemaking, DOE believes that equipment use is driven by the application needs, and that affected consumers will not alter their usage patterns in response to incremental efficiency gains. Therefore

, in this preliminary analysis, DOE assum ed a zero percent rebound effect in all three sectors analyzed.

10.4 NET PRESENT VALUE

10.4.1 Net Present Value Definition

The NPV is the value in the present of a time series of costs and savings. The NPV is

calculated as follows:

PVCPVS NPV −= Eq. 10.4

Where :

PVS = present value of operating cost savings

, and

PVC = present value of increased total installed costs.

The PVS and PVC are determined according to the following expressions:



## ∑ ×= tt DFOCS PVS Eq. 10.510 -6 

## ∑ ×= tt DF TIC PVC Eq. 10.6

Where :

OCS t = total annual operating cost savings in year t

, TIC t = total annual installed cost increases in year t

, DF t = discount factor associated with year t , and

t = year ( PVS and PVC are summed over 2015–2044 ).

DOE determine d the contributions to PVC and PVS for each year from 2015 to 2044, and

discount ed these costs to 2011 . DOE calculate d s avings as the difference between a standards case ( i.e. , with amended standards) and a base case ( i.e. , without amended standards). DOE

discount ed savings using the discount rate and the number of years between the “present” ( i.e.

, year to which the sum is being discounted ) and the year in which the costs and savings occur. DOE calculated the net present value as the sum over time of the discounted net savings (which is equivalent to the approach shown in Eq uation s 10.4 through 10.6).

10.4.2 Net Present Value Inpu ts

Table 10.4 .1 summarizes the inputs to the NPV calculation.

Table 10.4.1 Net Present Value Inputs

Input

Total Annual Installed Cost Increases ( TICt )

Total Annual Operating Cost Savings ( OCSt )

Discount Factor

10.4.2.1 Total Annual Installed Cost Increases

DOE calculated the increase in total annual installed costs as the difference between the total annual installed costs in the standards case minus those in the base case. For each case, the

total annual installed cost s equal the product of the shipments and per unit installed cost (summed over each fixture design). DOE used an average lifetime of each fixture type for each equipment class.

10.4.2.2 Total Annual Operating Cost Savings

As the life

- cycle cost ( LCC ) and payback period ( PBP ) analysis ( preliminary TSD chapter 8) describes, DOE calculate d total annual operating costs based on national average electricity prices

. DOE calculate d total annual operating cost savings as the difference between total annual operating costs in the base case minus those in the standards case

. (The only component of annual operating cost for metal halide lamp fixture s that is different between the

base c ase and the standards case is the cost of electricity consumption.)



# ∑ ×× =

bd bd bd t price y electricit UEC STOCK OCS Eq. 10.710 -7 Where:

OCS t = total annual operating cost savings in year t

, STOCK bd

= total stock of fixture type bd

, UEC bd

= unit energy consumption of fixture type bd

, electricity price = electricity price associated with fixture type bd

, t = year, and

bd = fixture ID number

.

DOE use d an average number of annual operating hours for each sector and fixture type in calculating the UEC of each MH LF

. DOE use d AEO 2010 to establish all electricity prices

. 4
Chapter 8 provides the electricity price forecasts DOE use d to calculate the NPV.

10.4.2.3 Discount Factor

DOE multiplie d monetary values in future years by the discount factor (DF) to calculate the present value. The following equation describes how to calculate the discount factor:



## ( ) ( )

p tt 

### r DF − 

### +=

11 Eq. 10.8

Where :

r = discount rate,

t = year of the monetary value, and

t p = year in which the present value is being determined.

DOE estimate d national impacts with both a 3

- percent and a 7

- percent real discount rate as the average real rate of return on private investmen t in the U.S. economy. These discount rates

were used in accordance with the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)’s guidance to Federal agencies on the development of regulatory analysis (OMB Circular A

- 4, September 17, 2003), and section E, “Identifying and Measuring Benefits and Costs,” therein. 5 DOE define d

2011 as the year to which future expenses are discounted

.

10.5 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NET PRESENT VALUE RESULTS

The NES spreadsheet model provides estimates of the NES and NPV due to various

CSL s. Th e inputs to the NES spreadsheet are discussed in sections 10.3.3 and 10.4.2 . DOE generated the NES and NPV results using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet s , accessible at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/commercial/metal_halide_lamp_fixt

ures.html

.

10.5.1 National Energy Savings and Net Present Value Input Summary

Table 10.5.1 summarizes the inputs to the NES spreadsheet model. A brief description of the data is given for each inp ut

.10 -8 Table 10.5.1 National Energy Saving and Net Present Value Inputs

Input Data Data Description

Shipments Annual shipments from the fixture shipment s model . H istorical shipments

are based on U.S. Census Bureau Current Industrial Reports data ( preliminary TSD chapter 9 ).

Stock of Fixture s Established based on historical and projected fixture shipments , the service

life of fixture s
, and growth rate s

. Effective Date of Standard 201 5

. Analysis Period 201 5 to 204 4

. Unit Energy Consumption (kWh/yr) Established in the e nergy

- u se c haracterization ( preliminary TSD chapter 6 ) by metal halide lamp fixture and sector.

Total Installed Cost Established in the m arkups a nalysis ( p relim inary TSD chapter 7 ) and LCC

a nalysis ( p relim inary TSD chapter 8 ) by MH LF

. Electricity Price Forecast EIA forecasts (to 203 5 ) from the AEO20 10 and extrapolation for beyond

203 5 ( p relim inary TSD c hapter 8 ).

Electricity Site

- to

- Source Conversion Assumed to be constant across time: 1 site kWh = 10,239 source B tu

. HVAC Interaction Savings 1

. Rebound Effect 0%

. Discount Rate 7 and 3 percent real.

Present Year Future costs and savings are discounted to 201 1

.

10.5.2 National Energy Savings Results

The following section provides NES results for each C SL that DOE considered for

fixture s. Results are cumulative to 2044 and are shown as primary energy savings measured in quads.

Table 10.5 .2 shows the NES results under r oll

- up and shift scenario s , which reflect the

lower and upper bounds , respectively. Since the s hift scenario models more consumers mov ing to higher

- efficiency metal halide lamp fixtures than in the r oll -up scenario, the s hift scenario results in higher energy savings.

Table 10.5 .2 present s total national energy savings for each CSL by fixture type and in

total . H owever, it is important to note that the numbers presented in these tables are calculated assuming that all fixture types face the same CSL s.10 -9 Table 10.5.2 Cumulative National Energy Savings for Fixture s under the Roll

- Up and Shift

Scenario s (2015–2044)

Candidate

Standard

Level Equipment Class National Energy Savings (quads)

Roll

- Up Scenario Shift Scenario

7 %

Discount

Rate 3 %

Discount

Rate 0 %

Discount

Rate 7 %

Discount

Rate 3 %

Discount

Rate 0 %

Discount

Rate

1 70W Fixtures 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.06

250W Fixtures 0.05 0.11 0.21 0.05 0.11 0.21

400W Fixtures 0.07 0.14 0.27 0.07 0.14 0.27

1000 W Fixtures 0.03 0.06 0.12 0.03 0.06 0.12

Total 0.16 0.34 0.65 0.16 0.35 0.67

2 70W Fixtures 0.05 0.11 0.21 0.05 0.11 0.21

250W Fixtures 0.07 0.15 0.29 0.07 0.15 0.29

400W Fixtures 0.12 0.26 0.49 0.12 0.26 0.49

1000 W Fixtures 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.24

Total 0.30 0.65 1.23 0.30 0.65 1.24

3 70W Fixtures 0.06 0.12 0.22 0.06 0.12 0.22

250W Fixtures 0.11 0.23 0.43 0.11 0.23 0.43

400W Fixtures 0.15 0.33 0.62 0.15 0.33 0.62

1000 W Fixtures 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.24

Total 0.37 0.80 1.51 0.37 0.80 1.52

4 70W Fixtures 0.06 0.12 0.22 0.06 0.12 0.22

250W Fixtures 0.11 0.24 0.46 0.11 0.24 0.46

400W Fixtures 0.19 0.40 0.77 0.19 0.40 0.77

1000 W Fixtures 0.06 0.12 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.24

Total 0.42 0.89 1.69 0.42 0.89 1.69 Note: Totals may not match the sum of equipment class savings due to rounding.

10.5.3 Net Present Value Analysis

The NPV calculation attempts to calculate the total monetary costs and benefits of the

standard for all consumers of fixture s. This calculation relies primarily on two inputs: the NES

calculations described in the previous section, which are translated i nto a decrease (or in some cases increase) in operating costs ; and the increase (or in some cases decrease) in installed costs.

In most cases the operating cost savings, installed costs increases, and NPV all trend toward zero over time, refl ecting the impacts of discounting.

NPV results are cumulative and shown as the discounted value of these savings in dollar

terms. DOE use d national average s for key inputs such as electricity pricing and sector

- specific point values for operating hours in calculating operating cost savings and installed cost increases

. Thus, the NPV results are discrete point values rather than a distribution of values as in the LCC and PBP analyses.

The present value of increased total installed costs is the total installed cost increase ( i.e.

, the difference between the standards case and base case in given year), discounted to the present,10

- 10 and summed over the time period in which DOE evaluate d the impact of standards ( i.e. , from the effective date of standards, 201 5 to 2044 ).

Savings are decreases in operating costs associated with higher efficiency fixture s purchased in the standards case compared to the base case. DOE calculated total annual operating cost savings as the difference between total annual operating costs in the base case minus those in the standards case. Eq. 10.7 gives the total annual operating costs in each case.

In general, the NPV results at each CSL largely reflect the LCC savings at the corresponding efficiency levels. As discussed in the LCC and PBP a nalyses ( preliminary TSD chapter 8) , for most fixture purchasing events and most baseline fixture designs , increasing efficiency levels generally result s in increased LCC savings ; however, at certain efficiency levels (which differ by equipmen t class), electronic ballasts are used instead of magnetic ballasts. Electronic ballasts are more expensive and have a shorter lifetime than magnetic ballasts, and the associated maintenance costs with replacing electronic ballasts more frequently far outweigh the monetary benefits of energy savings. Therefore, the efficiency levels which require electronic ballasts do not generate positive LCC savings.

10.5.4 Net Present Value Results

Table 10.5.3 shows the NPV results in tabular format for both the roll

- up and shift scenarios, which represent the lower and upper energy savings, respectively. Within each of these scenarios, results are also shown for 7- and 3- percent discount rates. Increases in energy savings do not necessar ily correspond to increases in NPV savings.10

- 11 Table 10.5.3 Cumulative NPV Results for Metal Halide Lamp Fixtures (2015-2044)

Candidate

Standar d Level Equipment Class Net Present Value
billion 2010$

Shift Scenario Roll

- Up Scenario

7%

Discount

Rate 3%

Discount

Rate 7%

Discount

Rate 3%

Discount

Rate

1 70W Fixtures 0.104 0. 223 0.12 4 0.2 65

250W Fixtures 0. 258 0. 615 0. 294 0. 692

400W Fixtures 0. 167 0. 477 0. 208 0. 562

1000 W Fixtures 0. 118 0. 304 0. 111 0. 288

Total 0. 647 1. 619 0. 736 1. 806

2 70W Fixtures

- 0.385

- 0. 773

- 0. 380

- 0. 763

250W Fixtures 0. 180 0. 506 0. 248 0. 652

400W Fixtures 0. 350 0. 952 0. 443 1.149

1000 W Fixtures 0. 313 0. 758 0. 313 0. 758

Total 0. 457 1.442 0. 624 1. 796

3 70W Fixtures

- 0. 472

- 0.932

- 0. 472

- 0.932

250W Fixtures

- 2.878

- 5.856

- 2.884

- 5.867

400W Fixtures

- 3.365

- 6.740

- 3.351

- 6.714

1000 W Fixtures 0. 313 0. 758 0. 313 0. 758

Total

- 6.403

- 1 2.770

- 6.395

- 1 2.755

4 70W Fixtures

- 0. 472

- 0.932

- 0. 472

- 0.932

250W Fixtures

- 2.647

- 5.386

- 2.647

- 5.386

400W Fixtures

- 3.944

- 7.810

- 3.944

- 7.810

1000 W Fixtures 0. 313 0. 758 0. 313 0. 758

Total

- 6.750

- 1 3.370

- 6.750

- 1 3.370 Note: Totals may not match the sum of equipment class savings due to rounding.10

- 12 REFERENCES

1. U.S. Department of Energy

– Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook

2010 . 2010. Washington D.C. DOE/EIA -0383(2010).

2. U.S. Department of Energy

– Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Preliminary Technical Support

Document : Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts. 2010. Washington, D.C.

< http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/f luorescent_lam p_ballasts_ecs_prelim_tsd.html >

3. Greening, L.A., D.L. Greene, and C. Difiglio. 2000. Energy E fficiency and Consumption–T he Rebound E ffect : A S urvey

. Energy Policy . 28: pp. 389 –401.

4. U.S. Department of Energy

– Energy Information Administration. Annual Energy Outlook 2010 with Projections to 2035

. Ma y 20 10. (Last accessed March 28, 2011.)

< http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo10/index.html >.

5. Office of Management and Budget. Circular A -4. September 2003. Washington, D.C.

< http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a004/a -4.pdf >.