# Patent

## Title
GASP1: a follistatin domain containing protein

## Abstract

The present invention relates to the use of a protein, GASP1, comprising at least one follistatin domain to modulate the level or activity of growth and differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8). More particularly, the invention relates to the use of GASP1 for treating disorders that are related to modulation of the level or activity of GDF-8. The invention is useful for treating muscular diseases and disorders, particularly those in which an increase in muscle tissue would be therapeutically beneficial. The invention is also useful for treating diseases and disorders related to metabolism, adipose tissue, and bone degeneration.

## Background
This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/369,736, filed Feb. 21, 2003, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/357,845, filed Feb. 21, 2002, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/434,644, filed Dec. 20, 2002, all of which are incorporated by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the use of proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain to modulate the level or activity of growth and differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8). More particularly, the invention relates to the use of proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain, excluding follistatin itself, for treating disorders that are related to modulation of the level or activity of GDF-8. The invention is useful for treating muscular diseases and disorders, particularly those in which an increase in muscle tissue would be therapeutically beneficial. The invention is also useful for treating diseases and disorders related to metabolism, adipose tissue, and bone degeneration.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Growth and differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8), also known as myostatin, is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily of structurally related growth factors, all of which possess important physiological growth-regulatory and morphogenetic properties (Kingsley et al. (1994) Genes Dev., 8: 133-46; Hoodless et al. (1998) Curr. Topics Microbiol. Immunol., 228: 235-72). GDF-8 is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass, and there is considerable interest in identifying factors which regulate its biological activity. For example, GDF-8 is highly expressed in the developing and adult skeletal muscle. The GDF-8 null mutation in transgenic mice is characterized by a marked hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the skeletal muscle (McPherron et al. (1997) Nature, 387: 83-90). Similar increases in skeletal muscle mass are evident in naturally occurring mutations of GDF-8 in cattle (Ashmore et al. (1974) Growth, 38: 501-507; Swatland and Kieffer (1994) J. Anim. Sci., 38: 752-757; McPherron and Lee (1997) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94: 12457-12461; and Kambadur et al. (1997) Genome Res., 7: 910-915). Recent studies have also shown that muscle wasting associated with HIV-infection in humans is accompanied by increases in GDF-8 protein expression (Gonzalez-Cadavid et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95: 14938-43). In addition, GDF-8 can modulate the production of muscle-specific enzymes (e.g., creatine kinase) and modulate myoblast cell proliferation (WO 00/43781).
A number of human and animal disorders are associated with loss of or functionally impaired muscle tissue. To date, very few reliable or effective therapies exist for these disorders. However, the terrible symptoms associated with these disorders may be substantially reduced by employing therapies that increase the amount of muscle tissue in patients suffering from the disorders. While not curing the conditions, such therapies would significantly improve the quality of life for these patients and could ameliorate some of the effects of these diseases. Thus, there is a need in the art to identify new therapies that may contribute to an overall increase in muscle tissue in patients suffering from these disorders.
In addition to its growth-regulatory and morphogenetic properties in skeletal muscle, GDF-8 may also be involved in a number of other physiological processes (e.g., glucose homeostasis), as well as abnormal conditions, such as in the development of type 2 diabetes and adipose tissue disorders, such as obesity. For example, GDF-8 modulates preadipocyte differentiation to adipocytes (Kim et al. (2001) B.B.R.C. 281: 902-906). Thus, modulation of GDF-8 may be useful for treating these diseases, as well.
The GDF-8 protein is synthesized as a precursor protein consisting of an amino-terminal propeptide and a carboxy-terminal mature domain (McPherron and Lee, (1997) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94: 12457-12461). Before cleavage, the precursor GDF-8 protein forms a homodimer. The amino-terminal propeptide is then cleaved from the mature domain. The cleaved propeptide may remain noncovalently bound to the mature domain dimer, inactivating its biological activity (Miyazono et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem., 263: 6407-6415; Wakefield et al. (1988) J. Biol. Chem., 263: 7646-7654; and Brown et al. (1990) Growth Factors, 3: 35-43). It is believed that two GDF-8 propeptides bind to the GDF-8 mature dimer (Thies et al. (2001) Growth Factors, 18: 251-259). Due to this inactivating property, the propeptide is known as the “latency-associated peptide” (LAP), and the complex of mature domain and propeptide is commonly referred to as the “small latent complex” (Gentry and Nash (1990) Biochemistry, 29:6851-6857; Derynck et al. (1995) Nature, 316:701-705; and Massague (1990) Ann. Rev. Cell Biol., 12: 597-641). Other proteins are also known to bind to GDF-8 or structurally related proteins and inhibit their biological activity. Such inhibitory proteins include follistatin (Gamer et al. (1999) Dev. Biol., 208: 222-232). The mature domain of GDF-8 is believed to be active as a homodimer when the propeptide is removed.
Clearly, GDF-8 is involved in the regulation of many critical biological processes. Due to its key function in these processes, GDF-8 may be a desirable target for therapeutic intervention. In particular, therapeutic agents that inhibit the activity of GDF-8 may be used to treat human or animal disorders in which an increase in muscle tissue would be therapeutically beneficial.
Known proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain play roles in many biological processes, particularly in the regulation of TGF-β superfamily signaling and the regulation of extracellular matrix-mediated processes such as cell adhesion. Follistatin, follistatin related gene (FLRG, FSRP), and follistatin-related protein (FRP) have all been linked to TGF-β signaling, either through transcriptional regulation by TGF-β (Bartholin et al. (2001) Oncogene, 20: 5409-5419; Shibanuma et al. (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 217: 13-19) or by their ability to antagonize TGF-β signaling pathways (Phillips and de Kretser (1998) Front. Neuroendocrin., 19: 287-322; Tsuchida et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem., 275: 40788-40796; Patel et al. (1996) Dev. Biol., 178: 327-342; Amthor et al. (1996) Dev. Biol., 178: 343-362). Protein names in parentheses are alternative names.
Insulin growth factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7, mac25), which comprise at least one follistatin domain, binds to insulin and blocks subsequent interaction with the insulin receptor. In addition, IGFBP7 has been shown to bind to activin, a TGF-β family member (Kato (2000) Mol. Med., 6: 126-135).
Agrins and agrin related proteins contain upwards of nine follistatin domains and are secreted from nerve cells to promote the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors and other molecules involved in the formation of synapses. It has been suggested that the follistatin domains may serve to localize growth factors to the synapse (Patthy et al. (1993) Trends Neurosci., 16: 76-81).
Osteonectin (SPARC, BM40) and hevin (SC1mast9, QR1) are closely related proteins that interact with extracellular matrix proteins and regulate cell growth and adhesion (Motamed (1999) Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol., 31: 1363-1366; Girard and Springer (1996) J Biol. Chem., 271: 4511-4517). These proteins comprise at least one follistatin domain.
Other follistatin domain proteins have been described or uncovered from the NCBI database (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Md., USA), however their functions are presently unknown. These proteins include U19878 (G01639, very similar to tomoregulin-1), T46914, human GASP1 (GDF-associated serum protein 1; described herein; FIG. 7), human GASP2 (WFIKKN; Trexler et al. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98: 3705-3709; FIG. 9), and the proteoglycan family of testican (SPOCK) proteins (Alliel et al.(1993) Eur. J. Biochem., 214: 347-350). Amino acid and nucleotide sequences for mouse GASP1 (FIG. 6) and mouse GASP2 (FIG. 8) were also determined from the Celera database (Rockville, Md.). As described herein, the nucleotide sequence of cloned mouse GASP1 matched the predicted Celera sequence, with the exception of some base substitutions in wobble codons that did not change the predicted amino acid sequence (see FIG. 13).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the invention relates to proteins, other than follistatin, comprising a unique structural feature, namely, the presence of at least one follistatin domain. Follistatin itself is not encompassed by the invention. The proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain are specifically reactive with a mature GDF-8 protein or a fragment thereof, whether the GDF-8 protein is in monomeric form, a dimeric active form, or complexed in the GDF-8 latent complex. Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may bind to an epitope on the mature GDF-8 protein that results in a reduction in one or more of the biological activities associated with GDF-8, relative to a mature GDF-8 protein that is not bound by the same protein.
The present invention provides methods for modulating the effects of GDF-8 on cells. Such methods comprise administering an effective amount of a protein comprising at least one follistatin domain. The present invention also encompasses methods for expressing a protein in a cell by administering a DNA molecule encoding a protein comprising at least one follistatin domain.
According to the invention, proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be administered to a patient, in a therapeutically effective dose, to treat or prevent medical conditions in which an increase in muscle tissue would be therapeutically beneficial. Embodiments include treatment of diseases, disorders, and injuries involving cells and tissue that are associated with the production, metabolism, or activity of GDF-8.
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be prepared in a pharmaceutical preparation. The pharmaceutical preparation may contain other components that aid in the binding of the mature GDF-8 protein or fragments thereof, whether it is in monomeric form, dimeric active form, or complexed in the GDF-8 latent complex.
In addition, proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be used as a diagnostic tool to quantitatively or qualitatively detect mature GDF-8 protein or fragments thereof, whether it is in monomeric form, dimeric active form, or complexed in the GDF-8 latent complex. For example, proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be used to detect the presence, absence, or amount of GDF-8 protein in a cell, bodily fluid, tissue, or organism. The presence or amount of mature GDF-8 protein detected may be correlated with one or more of the medical conditions listed herein.
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be provided in a diagnostic kit to detect mature GDF-8 protein or fragments thereof, whether it is in monomeric form, dimeric active form, or complexed in the GDF-8 latent complex, and help correlate the results with one or more of the medical conditions described herein. Such a kit may comprise at least one protein comprising at least one follistatin domain, whether it is labeled or unlabeled, and at least one agent that bind to this proteins, such as a labeled antibody. The kit may also include the appropriate biological standards and control samples to which one could compare the results of the experimental detection. It may also include buffers or washing solutions and instructions for using the kit. Structural components may be included on which one may carry out the experiment, such as sticks, beads, papers, columns, vials, or gels.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 shows antibody purification of the GDF-8 complex from wild-type mouse serum. A silver stained reducing gel shows proteins purified from wild type mouse serum using the JA16 monoclonal antibody covalently coupled to agarose beads. A control purification (0) with mock-coupled beads was performed in parallel. Subsequent elutions with buffer (mock elute), a competing peptide, and SDS sample buffer revealed two visible protein bands which were specifically eluted with peptide from the JA16-conjugated beads (indicated by arrows).
FIG. 2 shows the identification of mature and unprocessed GDF-8 in affinity purified samples from normal mouse serum. FIG. 2A shows a representative MS/MS spectrum of a GDF-8 derived peptide (SEQ ID NO:19) identified from the 12 kDa band visible in the affinity purified sample. Both N-terminal fragment ions (b ions) and C-terminal fragment ions (y ions) are visible. Notably, the most intense y fragment ions result from fragmentation before the proline residue, a common characteristic of proline containing peptides. FIG. 2B shows a western blot probed with a polyclonal antibody that recognizes the mature region of GDF-8, confirming the presence of GDF-8 in the affinity purified samples. Both the mature and unprocessed forms of GDF-8 are visible.
FIG. 3 shows the GDF-8 propeptide and follistatin-like related gene (FLRG) bind to circulating GDF-8 isolated from normal mouse serum. Representative MS/MS spectra from GDF-8 propeptide (SEQ ID NO:23) (FIG. 3A) and FLRG (SEQ ID NO:30) (FIG. 3C) derived peptides identified in the 36 kDa band are shown. FIG. 3B shows a western blot of affinity purified GDF-8 complex probed with a polyclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the propeptide region of GDF-8, confirming the mass spectrometric identification of this protein in the GDF-8 complex. Both the clipped propeptide and unprocessed GDF-8 are visible—at longer exposures, unprocessed GDF-8 can also be seen in the SDS eluted sample. FIG. 3D shows a western blot of affinity purified GDF-8 complex probed with a monoclonal antibody to FLRG.
FIG. 4 shows results from a thorough analysis of a large scale GDF-8 purification that identified GDF-8 propeptide, FLRG, and a novel protein as the major GDF-8 binding proteins in serum. A silver stained gel was dissected into 13 slices from the peptide eluted sample of both negative control and JA16 immunoprecipitates. The proteins in each slice were digested with trypsin and identified using nanoflow-LC-MS/MS and database searching. Proteins unique to the JA16 sample included only unprocessed and mature GDF-8, GDF-8 propeptide, FLRG, and a novel multidomain protease inhibitor (GDF-associated serum protein 1, GASP1). These proteins were identified from the noted regions of the gel.
FIG. 5 shows that a novel multidomain protease inhibitor, GASP1, is bound to GDF-8 in serum. FIG. 5A (peptide assigned SEQ ID NO:31) and 5B (peptide assigned SEQ ID NO:33) show representative MS/MS spectra from two GASP1 peptides, identified in band 3 of the silver stained gel of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 shows the predicted amino acid sequence encoded by the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2. The protein sequences encoded by the two nucleotide sequences are identical because the nucleotide differences are all in wobble codon positions. The follistatin domain is shown in bold and underlined.
FIG. 7A shows the predicted amino acid sequence of human GASP1, based on SEQ ID NO:4. The follistatin domain is shown in bold and underlined. FIG.7B shows the predicted amino acid sequence of human GASP 1 using an alternative start site (SEQ ID NO:6). The follistatin domain is shown in bold and underlined. The end of the sequence is denoted by the asterisk.
FIG. 8 shows the predicted amino acid sequence of mouse GASP2, based on SEQ ID NO:8. The follistatin domain is shown in bold and underlined.
FIG 9 shows the predicted amino acid sequence of human GASP2, based on SEQ ID NO: 10. The follistatin domain is shown in bold and underlined.
FIG. 10 shows that mouse GASP1 is expressed in many adult tissues and during development. The figure shows tissue expression profiles of mouse GASP1. A 551 bp fragment of GASP1 was amplified from normalized first-strand cDNA panels from Clontech (Palo Alto, Calif.). A portion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) was amplified as a control. G3PDH expression is known to be high in skeletal muscle and low in testis. The cDNA panels were normalized against β-actin, phospholipase A2, and ribosomal protein S29, in addition to G3PDH.
FIG. 11 shows proteins isolated from human serum. Proteins from a JA16 immunoprecipitate or a control sample (0) were eluted in a mock PBS elution, a competing peptide elution, or a SDS elution. The proteins in the indicated regions of the gel were digested with trypsin and analyzed by LS-MS/MS and database searching. The proteins present in the JA16 sample but not in the control sample were mature GDF-8 (band 16), GDF-8 propeptide and FLRG (band 11), and human GASP1 (band 4.) FIG. 11B shows a western blot of an identical JA16 immunoprecipitate probed with an antibody that recognizes mature GDF-8. Bands corresponding to mature and unprocessed GDF-8 isolated from human serum are visible.
FIG. 12 shows representative mass spectra of a peptide derived from GDF-8 and associated proteins isolated from bands 4, 11, and 16 (FIG. 11). The peptide sequence and N-terminal (b ions) and C-terminal (y ions) are shown. A complete listing of identified peptides is provided in Table 1. Spectra are shown from a GASP1 peptide (SEQ ID NO:44) (FIG. 12A), a FLRG peptide (SEQ ID NO:41) (FIG. 12B), a GDF-8 propeptide peptide (SEQ ID NO:24) (FIG. 12C), and a mature GDF-8 peptide (SEQ ID NO:13) (FIG. 12D).
FIG. 13 shows the nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:48) and amino acid (SEQ ID NO:49) sequences of cloned mouse GASP1. The peptides identified by mass spectrometry in JA16 affinity-purified samples are underlined. The end of the sequence is denoted by the asterisk.
FIG. 14A shows the domain structure of GASP1. GASP1 has a signal sequence/cleavage site after amino acid 29. In addition, GASP1 contains two Kunitz/BPTI serine protease inhibitor domains, a follistatin domain (including a Kazal serine protease inhibitor motif) and a netrin domain, which may inhibit metalloproteases. FIG. 14B shows the phylogenetic tree of GASP1 and GASP2 predicted from the mouse and human genomic sequences. Mouse and human GASP1 are 90% identical. GASP1 and GASP2 are 54% identical.
FIG. 15 shows that recombinantly-produced GASP1 binds separately to both GDF-8 and GDF-8 propeptide. (A) JA16 was used to immunoprecipitate GDF-8 from mock- or GASP1-V5-His transfected COS cell conditioned media supplemented with recombinant purified GDF-8 and/or propeptide. Western blots with anti-V5 (top panel), anti-GDF-8 (middle panel), or anti-propeptide polyclonal antibodies were used to determine whether these proteins were present in the immunoprecipitate. (B) Recombinantly-produced GASP1 protein was immunoprecipitated by anti-V5 tag antibodies from mock- or GASPI-V5-His conditioned media supplemented with recombinant purified GDF-8 and/or propeptide. The immunoprecipitate was analyzed by western blotting as in (A).
FIG. 16 shows that GASP1 inhibits the biological activity of GDF-8 and the highly related BMP-11, but not activin or TGF-β. Various dilutions of conditioned media from mock (open circles) or GASP1-V5-His (filled squares) transfectants were incubated with (A) 10 ng/ml GDF-8, (B) 10 ng/ml BMP-11, (C) 10 ng/ml activin, or (D) 0.5 ng/ml TGF-β. These samples were then subjected to a luciferase reporter activity assay in A204 (A-C) or RD (D) cells to determine the activity of the added growth factors. Luciferase activity is shown in relative luciferase units. The activity resulting from each of the growth factors alone is shown by the filled diamonds and short dashed line. Without addition of any growth factor, the background activity in the assay is low, as shown by the long dashed line with no symbols.
FIG. 17 shows the potency of GASP1 inhibition of GDF-8. Purified GASP1 was tested for its ability to inhibit 20 ng/ml of myostatin in the (CAGA)12 (SEQ ID NO:53) luciferase reporter assay in RD cells (filled squares). The activity resulting from GDF-8 alone is shown by the filled diamonds and short dashed line. The activity present when no growth factors are added is shown by the long dashed line.



DEFINITIONS
The term “follistatin domain” refers to an amino acid domain or a nucleotide domain encoding for an amino acid domain, characterized by cysteine rich repeats. A follistatin domain typically encompasses a 65-90 amino acid span and contains 10 conserved cysteine residues and a region similar to Kazal serine protease inhibitor domains. In general, the loop regions between the cysteine residues exhibit sequence variability in follistatin domains, but some conservation is evident. The loop between the fourth and fifth cysteines is usually small, containing only 1 or 2 amino acids. The amino acids in the loop between the seventh and eighth cysteines are generally the most highly conserved containing a consensus sequence of (G,A)-(S,N)-(S,N,T)-(D,N)-(G,N) followed by a (T,S)-Y motif. The region between the ninth and tenth cysteines generally contains a motif containing two hydrophobic residues (specifically V, I, or L) separated by another amino acid.
The term “protein comprising at least one follistatin domain” refers to proteins comprising at least one, but possibly more than one follistatin domain. The term also refers to any variants of such proteins (including fragments; proteins with substitution, addition or deletion mutations; and fusion proteins) that maintain the known biological activities associated with the native proteins, especially those pertaining to GDF-8 binding activity, including sequences that have been modified with conservative or non-conservative changes to the amino acid sequence. These proteins may be derived from any source, natural or synthetic. The protein may be human or derived from animal sources, including bovine, chicken, murine, rat, porcine, ovine, turkey, baboon, and fish. Follistatin itself is not encompassed by the invention.
The terms “GDF-8” or “GDF-8 protein” refer to a specific growth and differentiation factor. The terms include the full length unprocessed precursor form of the protein, as well as the mature and propeptide forms resulting from post-translational cleavage. The terms also refer to any fragments of GDF-8 that maintain the known biological activities associated with the protein, including sequences that have been modified with conservative or non-conservative changes to the amino acid sequence. These GDF-8 molecules may be derived from any source, natural or synthetic. The protein may be human or derived from animal sources, including bovine, chicken, murine, rat, porcine, ovine, turkey, baboon, and fish. Various GDF-8 molecules have been described in McPherron et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94: 12457-12461.
“Mature GDF-8” refers to the protein that is cleaved from the carboxy-terminal domain of the GDF-8 precursor protein. The mature GDF-8 may be present as a monomer, homodimer, or in a GDF-8 latent complex. Depending on the in vivo or in vitro conditions, mature GDF-8 may establish an equilibrium between any or all of these different forms. It is believed to be biologically active as homodimer. In its biologically active form, the mature GDF-8 is also referred to as “active GDF-8.”
“GDF-8 propeptide” refers to the polypeptide that is cleaved from the amino-terminal domain of the GDF-8 precursor protein. The GDF-8 propeptide is capable of binding to the propeptide binding domain on the mature GDF-8.
“GDF-8 latent complex” refers to the complex of proteins formed between the mature GDF-8 homodimer and the GDF-8 propeptide. It is believed that two GDF-8 propeptides associate with the two molecules of mature GDF-8 in the homodimer to form an inactive tetrameric complex. The latent complex may include other GDF inhibitors in place of or in addition to one or more of the GDF-8 propeptides.
The phrase “GDF-8 activity” refers to one or more of physiologically growth-regulatory or morphogenetic activities associated with active GDF-8 protein. For example, active GDF-8 is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle. Active GDF-8 can also modulate the production of muscle-specific enzymes (e.g., creatine kinase), stimulate myoblast cell proliferation, and modulate preadipocyte differentiation to adipocytes. GDF-8 is also believed to increase sensitivity to insulin and glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, particularly in skeletal muscle or adipocytes. Accordingly, GDF-8 biological activities include but are not limited to inhibition of muscle formation, inhibition of muscle cell growth, inhibition of muscle development, decrease in muscle mass, regulation of muscle-specific enzymes, inhibition of myoblast cell proliferation, modulation of preadipocyte differentiation to adipocytes, increasing sensitivity to insulin, regulations of glucose uptake, glucose hemostasis, and modulate neuronal cell development and maintenance.
The terms “isolated” or “purified” refer to a molecule that is substantially free of its natural environment. For instance, an isolated protein is substantially free of cellular material or other contaminating proteins from the cell or tissue source from which it is derived. The phrase “substantially free of cellular material” refers to preparations where the isolated protein is at least 70% to 80% (w/w) pure, at least 80%-89% (w/w) pure, at least 90-95% pure, or at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% (w/w) pure.
The term “LC-MS/MS” refers to liquid chromatography in line with a mass spectrometer programmed to isolate a molecular ion of particular mass/charge ratio, fragment this ion, and record the mass/charge ratio of the fragment ions. When analyzing peptide samples this technique allows upstream separation of complex samples through liquid chromatography, followed by the recording of fragment ion masses and subsequent determination of the peptide sequence.
The term “MS/MS” refers to the process of using a mass spectrometer to isolate a molecular ion of a particular mass/charge ratio, fragment this ion, and record the mass/charge ratio of the resulting fragment ions. The fragment ions provide information about the sequence of a peptide.
The term “treating” or “treatment” refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures. Those in need of treatment may include individuals already having a particular medical disorder as well as those who may ultimately acquire the disorder (i.e., those needing preventative measures). The term treatment includes both measures that address the underlying cause of a disorder and measures that reduce symptoms of a medical disorder without necessarily affecting its cause. Thus, improvement of quality of life and amelioration of symptoms are considered treatment, as are measures that counteract the cause of a disorder.
The term “medical disorder” refers to disorders of muscle, bone, or glucose homeostasis, and include disorders associated with GDF-8 and/or other members of the TGF-.beta. superfamily (e.g., BMP-11). Examples of such disorders include, but are not limited to, metabolic diseases and disorders such as insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, metabolic syndrome (e.g., syndrome X), and insulin resistance induced by trauma (e.g., burns or nitrogen imbalance), and adipose tissue disorders (e.g., obesity); muscle and neuromuscular disorders such as muscular dystrophy (including but not limited to severe or benign K-linked muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, distal muscular dystrophy, progressive dystrophic ophthalmoplegia, oculopharyngeal dystrophy, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, and Fakuyama-type congenital muscular dystophy); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); muscle atrophy; organ atrophy; frailty; carpal tunnel syndrome; congestive obstructive pulmonary disease; congenital myopathy; myotonia congenital; familial periodic paralysis; paroxysmal myoglobinuria; myasthenia gravis; Eaton-Lambert syndrome; secondary myasthenia; denervation atrophy; paroxymal muscle atrophy; and sarcopenia, cachexia and other muscle wasting syndromes. Other examples include osteoporosis, especially in the elderly and/or postmenopausal women; glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis; osteopenia; osteoarthritis; osteoporosis-related fractures; and traumatic or chronic injury to muscle tissue. Yet further examples include low bone mass due to chronic glucocorticoid therapy, premature gonandal failure, androgen suppression, vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, nutritional deficiencies, and anorexia nervosa.
The term “increase in mass” refers to the presence of a greater amount of muscle after treatment with proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain relative to the amount of muscle mass present before the treatment.
The term “therapeutic benefit” refers to an improvement of symptoms of a slowing of the progression of a disorder, or a cessation in the progression of a disorder. The therapeutic benefit is determined by comparing an aspect of a disorder, such as the amount of muscle mass, before and after at least one protein comprising at last one follistatin domain is administered.
The term “modulating” refers to varying a property of a protein by increasing, decreasing, or inhibiting the activity, behavior, or amount of the protein. For example, proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may modulate GDF-8 by inhibiting its activity.
The term “stabilizing modification” is any modification known in the art or set forth herein capable of stabilizing a protein, enhancing the in vitro half life of a protein, enhancing circulatory half life of a protein and/or reducing proteolytic degradation of a protein. Such stabilizing modifications include but are not limited to fusion proteins (including, for example, fusion proteins comprising a protein comprising at least one follistatin domain and a second protein), modification of a glycosylation site (including, for example, addition of a glycosylation site to a protein comprising at least one follistatin domain), and modification of carbohydrate moiety (including, for example, removal of carbohydrate moieties from a protein comprising at least one follistatin domain). In the case of a stabilizing modification which comprises a fusion protein (e.g., such that a second protein is fused to a protein comprising at least one follistatin domain), the second protein may be referred to as a “stabilizer portion” or “stabilizer protein.” For example, a protein a human protein comprising at least one follistatin domain may be fused with an IgG molecule, wherein IgG acts as the stabilizer protein or stabilizer portion. As used herein, in addition to referring to a second protein of a fusion protein, a “stabilizer portion” also includes nonproteinaceous modifications such as a carbohydrate moiety, or nonproteinaceous polymer.
The term “Fc region of an IgG molecule” refers to the Fc domain of an immunoglobulin of the isotype IgG, as is well known to those skilled in the art. The Fc region of an IgG molecule is that portion of IgG molecule (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that is responsible for increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule.
“In vitro half life” refers to the stability of a protein measured outside the context of a living organism. Assays to measure in vitro half life are well known in the art and include but are not limited to SDS-PAGE, ELISA, cell-based assays, pulse-chase, western blotting, northern blotting, etc. These and other useful assays are well known in the art.
“In vivo half life” refers to the stability of a protein in an organism. In vivo half life may be measured by a number of methods known in the art including but not limited to in vivo serum half life, circulatory half life, and assays set forth in the examples herein.
“In vivo serum half life” refers to the half-life of a protein circulating in the blood of an organism. Methods known in the art may be used to measure in vivo serum half life. For example, radioactive protein can be administered to an animal and the amount of labeled protein in the serum can be monitored over time.
To assist in the identification of the sequences listed in the specification and figures, the following table is provided, which lists the SEQ ID NO, the figure location, and a description of the sequence.












SEQ ID NO:
REFERENCE
DESCRIPTION







 1

predicted mouse GASP1 nucleotide sequence


 2

predicted mouse GASP1 alternative nucleotide




sequence


 3
FIG. 6
predicted mouse GASP1 amino acid sequence




encoded by both SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2


 4

predicted human GASP1 nucleotide sequence


 5
FIG. 7A
predicted human GASP1 amino acid sequence




encoded by both SEQ ID NO: 4


 6

predicted human GASP1 nucleotide sequence,




alternative start site


 7
FIG. 7B
predicted human GASP1 amino acid sequence,




alternative start site encoded by SEQ ID NO: 6


 8

predicted mouse GASP2 nucleotide sequence


 9
FIG. 8
predicted mouse GASP2 amino acid sequence




encoded by SEQ ID NO: 8


10

predicted human GASP2 nucleotide sequence


11
FIG. 9
predicted human GASP2 amino acid sequence




encoded by SEQ ID NO: 10


12
Example 2
competing peptide


13-20
Table 1, Examples 5, 6
mouse GDF-8 peptides


21-27
Table 1, Examples 5, 6
mouse GDF-8 propeptide peptides


28-30
Table 1, Example 5
mouse FLRG peptides


31-35
Table 1, Examples 5, 7
mouse GASP1 peptides


36-37
Table 1, Example 8
human GDF-8 peptides


38-39
Table 1, Example 8
human GDF-8 propeptide peptides


40-42
Table 1, Example 8
human FLRG peptides


43-45
Table 1, Example 8
human GASP1 peptides


46
Example 7
forward primer


47
Example 7
reverse primer


48
FIG. 13
cloned mouse GASP1 nucleotide sequence


49
FIG. 13
cloned mouse GASP1 amino acid sequence




encoded by SEQ ID NO: 48


50
Example 9
forward primer


51
Example 9
reverse primer


52
Example 9
illustrative N-terminal peptide sequence


53
Example 11
synthetic oligonucleotide









DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Proteins Comprising at Least One Follistatin Domain
The present invention relates to proteins, other than follistatin, having a unique structural feature, namely, that they comprise at least one follistatin domain.
Follistatin itself is not encompassed by the invention. It is believed that proteins containing at least one follistatin domain will bind and inhibit GDF-8. Examples of proteins having at least one follistatin domain include, but are not limited to follistatin-like related gene (FLRG), FRP (flik, tsc 36), agrins, osteonectin (SPARC, BM40), hevin (SC1, mast9, QR1), IGFBP7 (mac25), and U19878. GASP1, comprising the nucleotide and amino acid sequences provided in FIGS. 6 and 7, and GASP2, comprising the nucleotide and amino acid sequences provided in FIGS. 8 and 9, are other examples of proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain.
A follistatin domain, as stated above, is defined as an amino acid domain or a nucleotide domain encoding for an amino acid domain, characterized by cysteine rich repeats. A follistatin domain typically encompasses a 65-90 amino acid span and contains 10 conserved cysteine residues and a region similar to Kazal serine protease inhibitor domains. In general, the loop regions between the cysteine residues exhibit sequence variability in follistatin domains, but some conservation is evident. The loop between the fourth and fifth cysteines is usually small, containing only 1 or 2 amino acids. The amino acids in the loop between the seventh and eighth cysteines are generally the most highly conserved containing a consensus sequence of (G,A)-(S,N)-(S,N,T)-(D,N)-(G,N) followed by a (T,S)-Y motif. The region between the ninth and tenth cysteines generally contains a motif containing two hydrophobic residues (specifically V, I, or L) separated by another amino acid.
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain, which may bind GDF-8, may be isolated using a variety of methods. For example, one may use affinity purification using GDF-8, as exemplified in the present invention. In addition, one may use a low stringency screening of a cDNA library, or use degenerate PCR techniques using a probe directed toward a follistatin domain. As more genomic data becomes available, similarity searching using a number of sequence profiling and analysis programs, such as MotifSearch (Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.), ProfileSearch (GCG), and BLAST (NCBI) could be used to find novel proteins containing significant homology with known follistatin domains.
One of skill in the art will recognize that both GDF-8 or proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may contain any number of conservative changes to their respective amino acid sequences without altering their biological properties. Such conservative amino acid modifications are based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and the like. Exemplary conservative substitutions which take various of the foregoing characteristics into consideration are well known to those of skill in the art and include: arginine and lysine; glutamate and aspartate; serine and threonine; glutamine and asparagine; and valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Furthermore, proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be used to generate functional fragments comprising at least one follistatin domain. It is expected that such fragments would bind and inhibit GDF-8. In an embodiment of the invention, proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain specifically bind to mature GDF-8 or a fragment thereof, whether it is in monomeric form, active dimer form, or complexed in a GDF-8 latent complex, with an affinity of between 0.001 and 100 nM, or between 0.01 and 10 nM, or between 0.1 and 1 nM.
Nucleotide and Protein Sequences
While not always necessary, if desired, one of ordinary skill in the art may I determine the amino acid or nucleic acid sequences of a novel proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain. For example, the present invention provides the amino acid and nucleotide sequences for GASP1 and GASP2, as shown in FIGS. 6-9.
The present invention also include variants, homologues, and fragments of such nucleic and amino acid sequences. For example, the nucleic or amino acid sequence may comprise a sequence at least 70% to 79% identical to the nucleic or amino acid sequence of the native protein, or at least 80% to 89% identical, or at least 90% to 95% identical, or at least 96% to 100% identical. One of skill in the art will recognize that the region that binds GDF-8 can tolerate less sequence variation than the other portions of the protein not involved in binding. Thus, these non-binding regions of the protein may contain substantial variations without significantly altering the binding properties of the protein. However, one of skill in the art will also recognize that many changes can be made to specifically increase the affinity of the protein for its target. Such affinity-increasing changes are typically determined empirically by altering the protein, which may be in the binding region, and testing the ability to bind GDF-8 or the strength of the binding. All such alterations, whether within or outside the binding region, are included in the scope of the present invention.
Relative sequence similarity or identity may be determined using the “Best Fit” or “Gap” programs of the Sequence Analysis Software PackageTM (Version 10; Genetics Computer Group, Inc., University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, Madison, Wis.). “Gap” utilizes the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970) to find the alignment of two sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. “BestFit” performs an optimal alignment of the best segment of similarity between two sequences. Optimal alignments are found by inserting gaps to maximize the number of matches using the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (Smith and Waterman, 1981; Smith, et al., 1983).
The Sequence Analysis Software Package described above contains a number of other useful sequence analysis tools for identifying homologues of the presently disclosed nucleotide and amino acid sequences. For example, the “BLAST” program (Altschul, et al., 1990) searches for sequences similar to a query sequence (either peptide or nucleic acid) in a specified database (e.g., sequence databases maintained at the NCBI; “FastA” (Lipman and Pearson, 1985; see also Pearson and Lipman, 1988; Pearson, et al., 1990) performs a Pearson and Lipman search for similarity between a query sequence and a group of sequences of the same type (nucleic acid or protein); “TfastA” performs a Pearson and Lipman search for similarity between a protein query sequence and any group of nucleotide sequences (it translates the nucleotide sequences in all six reading frames before performing the comparison); “FastX” performs a Pearson and Lipman search for similarity between a nucleotide query sequence and a group of protein sequences, taking frameshifts into account. performs a Pearson and Lipman search for similarity between a protein query sequence and any group of nucleotide sequences, taking frameshifts into account (it translates both strands of the nucleic sequence before performing the comparison).
Modified Proteins
The invention encompasses fragments of proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain. Such fragments will likely include all or a part of the follistatin domain. Fragments may include all, a part, or none of the sequences between the follistatin domain and the N-terminus and/or between the follistatin domain and the C-terminus.
It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that certain amino acids may be substituted for other amino acids in a protein structure without adversely affecting the activity of the protein, e.g., binding characteristics of a protein comprising at least one follistatin domain. It is thus contemplated by the inventors that various changes may be made in the amino acid sequences of proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain, or DNA sequences encoding the proteins, without appreciable loss of their biological utility or activity. Such changes may include deletions, insertions, truncations, substitutions, fusions, shuffling of motif sequences, and the like.
In making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids may be considered. The importance of the hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biological function on a protein is generally understood in the art (Kyte and Doolittle (1982) J. Mol. Biol., 157: 105-132). It is accepted that the relative hydropathic character of the amino acid contributes to the secondary structure of the resultant protein, which in turn defines the interaction of the protein with other molecules, for example, enzymes, substrates, receptors, DNA, antibodies, antigens, and the like.
Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics (Kyte and Doolittle, 1982); these are isoleucine (+4.5), valine (+4.2), leucine (+3.8), phenylalanine (+2.8), cysteine/cystine (+2.5), methionine (+1.9), alanine (+1.8), glycine (−0.4), threonine (−0.7), serine (−0.8), tryptophan (−0.9), tyrosine (−1.3), proline (−1.6), histidine (−3.2), glutamate (−3.5), glutamine (−3.5), aspartate (−3.5), asparagine (−3.5), lysine (−3.9), and arginine (−4.5). In making such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydropathic indices may be within ±2, within ±1, and within ±0.5.
It is also understood in the art that the substitution of like amino acids can be made effectively on the basis of hydrophilicity. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101 states that the greatest local average hydrophilicity of a protein, as governed by the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids, correlates with a biological property of the protein.
As detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,101, the following hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0), lysine (+3.0), aspartate (+3.0±1), glutamate (+3.0±1), serine (+0.3), asparagine (+0.2), glutamine (+0.2) (0), threonine (−0.4), proline (−0.5±1), alanine (−0.5), histidine (−0.5), cysteine (−1.0), methionine (−1.3), valine (−1.5), leucine (−1.8), isoleucine (−1.8), tyrosine (−2.3), phenylalanine (−2.5), and tryptophan (−3.4). In making such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values may be within ±2, within ±1, and within ±0.5.
The modifications may be conservative such that the structure or biological function of the protein is not affected by the change. Such conservative amino acid modifications are based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, size, and the like. Exemplary conservative substitutions which take various of the foregoing characteristics into consideration are well known to those of skill in the art and include: arginine and lysine; glutamate and aspartate; serine and threonine; glutamine and asparagine; and valine, leucine, and isoleucine. The amino acid sequence of proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be modified to have any number of conservative changes, so long as the binding of the protein to its target antigen is not adversely affected. Such changes may be introduced inside or outside of the binding portion of the protein comprising at least one follistatin domain. For example, changes introduced inside of the antigen binding portion of the protein may be designed to increase the affinity of the protein for its target.
Stabilizing Modification
Stabilizing modifications are capable of stabilizing a protein, enhancing the in vitro and/or in vivo half life of a protein, enhancing circulatory half life of a protein and/or reducing proteolytic degradation of a protein. Such stabilizing modifications include but are not limited to fusion proteins, modification of a glycosylation site, and modification of carbohydrate moiety. A stabilizer protein may be any protein which enhances the overall stability of the modified GDF propeptide. As will be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art, such fusion protein may optionally comprise a linker peptide between the propeptide portion and the stabilizing portion. As is well known in the art, fusion proteins are prepared such that the second protein is fused in frame with the first protein such that the resulting translated protein comprises both the first and second proteins. For example, in the present invention, a fusion protein may be prepared such that a protein comprising at least one follistatin domain is fused to a second protein (e.g. a stabilizer protein portion.) Such fusion protein is prepared such that the resulting translated protein contains both the propeptide portion and the stabilizer portion.
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain can be glycosylated or linked to albumin or a nonproteineous polymer. For instance, proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be linked to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylenes, in the manner set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,640,835; 4,496,689; 4,301,144; 4,670,417; 4,791,192 or 4,179,337. Proteins are chemically modified by covalent conjugation to a polymer to increase their circulating half-life, for example. Polymers, and methods to attach them to peptides, are also shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,766,106; 4,179,337; 4,495,285; and 4,609,546.
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be pegylated.
Pegylation is a process whereby polyethylene glycol (PEG) is attached to a protein in order to extend the half-life of the protein in the body. Pegylation of proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may decrease the dose or frequency of administration of the proteins needed for an optimal inhibition of GDF-8. Reviews of the technique are provided in Bhadra et al. (2002) Pharmazie, 57: 5-29, and in Harris et al. (2001) Clin. Pharmacokinet., 40: 539-551.
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain can be linked to an Fc region of an IgG molecule. Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be fused adjacent to the Fc region of the IgG molecule, or attached to the Fc region of the IgG molecule via a linker peptide. Use of such linker peptides is well known in the protein biochemistry art. The Fc region may me derived from IgG1 or IgG4, for example.
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be modified to have an altered glycosylation pattern (i.e., altered from the original or native glycosylation pattern). As used herein, “altered” means having one or more carbohydrate moieties deleted, and/or having one or more glycosylation sites added to the original protein.
Glycosylation of proteins is typically either N-linked or O-linked. N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue. The tripeptide sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain. Thus, the presence of either of these tripeptide sequences in a polypeptide creates a potential glycosylation site. O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the sugars N-aceylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.
Addition of glycosylation sites to proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain is conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites). The alteration may also be made by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the sequence of the original protein (for O-linked glycosylation sites). For ease, the protein amino acid sequence may be altered through changes at the DNA level.
Another means of increasing the number of carbohydrate moieties on proteins is by chemical or enzymatic coupling of glycosides to the amino acid residues of the protein. These procedures are advantageous in that they do not require production of the GDF peptide inhibitor in a host cell that has glycosylation capabilities for N- or O-linked glycosylation. Depending on the coupling mode used, the sugars may be attached to (a) arginine and histidine, (b) free carboxyl groups, (c) free sulfhydryl groups such as those of cysteine, (d) free hydroxyl groups such as those of serine, threonine, or hydroxyproline, (e) aromatic residues such as those of phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan, or (f) the amide group of glutamine. These methods are described in WO 87/05330, and in Aplin and Wriston (1981) CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem., 22: 259-306.
Removal of any carbohydrate moieties present on proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be accomplished chemically or enzymatically. Chemical deglycosylation requires exposure of the protein to trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or an equivalent compound. This treatment results in the cleavage of most or all sugars except the linking sugar (N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine), while leaving the amino acid sequence intact.
Chemical deglycosylation is described by Hakimuddin et al. (1987) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 259: 52; and Edge et al. (1981) Anal. Biochem., 118: 131. Enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate moieties on GDF peptide inhibitors can be achieved by the use of a variety of endo- and exo-glycosidases as described by Thotakura et al. (1987) Meth. Enzymol., 138:350.
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be linked to the protein albumin or a derivative of albumin. Methods for linking proteins and polypeptides to albumin or albumin derivatives are well known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,944.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
The present invention provides compositions containing proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain. Such compositions may be suitable for pharmaceutical use and administration to patients. The compositions typically contain one or more proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, that are compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. The compositions may also contain other active compounds providing supplemental, additional, or enhanced therapeutic functions. The pharmaceutical compositions may also be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.
A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Methods to accomplish the administration are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The administration may, for example, be intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous.
Solutions or suspensions used for subcutaneous application typically include one or more of the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyi alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates; and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. Such preparations may be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injection include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, CremophorTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In all cases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, one may include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
In one embodiment, proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Ind. Liposomal suspensions containing proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.
Therapeutically useful agents, such as growth factors (e.g., BMPs, TGF-β, FGF, IGF), cytokines (e.g., interleukins and CDFs), antibiotics, and any other therapeutic agent beneficial for the condition being treated may optionally be included in or administered simultaneously or sequentially with, proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain.
It is especially advantageous to formulate compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals.
Treatment Indications
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain are useful to prevent, diagnose, or treat various medical disorders in humans or animals. Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for treating diseases and disorders related to muscle cells and tissue, by administering to a subject a composition comprising at least one protein comprising at least one follistatin domain in an amount sufficient to ameliorate the symptoms of the disease. Such disorders include muscular dystrophies, including, but not limited to severe or benign X-linked muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, myotinic dystrophy, distal muscular dystrophy, progressive dystrophic ophthalmoplegia, oculopharyngeal dystrophy, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, and Fakuyama-type congenital muscular dystophy); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); muscle atrophy; organ atrophy; frailty; carpal tunnel syndrome; congestive obstructive pulmonary disease; congenital myopathy; myotonia congenital; familial periodic paralysis; paroxysmal myoglobinuria; myasthenia gravis; Eaton-Lambert syndrome; secondary myasthenia; denervation atrophy; paroxymal muscle atrophy; and sarcopenia, cachexia and other muscle wasting syndromes. The invention also relates to traumatic or chronic injury to muscle tissue.
In addition to providing therapy for muscle diseases and disorders, the present invention also provides for methods for preventing or treating metabolic diseases or disorders resulting from abnormal glucose homeostasis. Such diseases or disorders include metabolic diseases and disorders (such as insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus), hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, metabolic syndrome (e.g., syndrome X), obesity and insulin resistance induced by trauma (e.g., burns or nitrogen imbalance), adipose tissue disorders (such as obesity), or bone degenerative diseases (such as osteoporosis, especially in the elderly and/or postmenopausal women; glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis; osteopenia; osteoarthritis; and osteoporosis-related fractures). Yet further examples include low bone mass due to chronic glucocorticoid therapy, premature gonadal failure, androgen suppression, vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, nutritional deficiencies, and anorexia nervosa.
Normal glucose homeostasis requires the finely tuned orchestration of insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells in response to subtle changes in blood glucose levels. One of the fundamental actions of insulin is to stimulate uptake of glucose from the blood into tissues, especially muscle and fat.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for treating diabetes mellitus and related disorders, such as obesity or hyperglycemia, by administering to a subject a composition comprising at least one protein comprising at least one follistatin domain in an amount sufficient to ameliorate the symptoms of the disease. Type 2 or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), in particular, is characterized by a triad of (1) resistance to insulin action on glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, especially skeletal muscle and adipocytes, (2) impaired insulin action to inhibit hepatic glucose production, and (3) dysregulated insulin secretion (DeFronzo (1997) Diabetes Rev. 5: 177-269). Therefore, subjects suffering from type 2 diabetes can be treated according to the present invention by administration of protein comprising at least one follistatin domain, which increases sensitivity to insulin and glucose uptake by cells.
Similarly, other diseases and metabolic disorders characterized by insulin dysfunction (e.g., resistance, inactivity, or deficiency) and/or insufficient glucose transport into cells also can be treated according to the present invention by administration of a protein comprising at least one follistatin domain, which increases sensitivity to insulin and glucose uptake by cells.
Methods of Treatment Using Proteins
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be used to inhibit or reduce one or more activities associated with the GDF-8 protein (whether in monomeric form, dimeric active form, or complexed in a GDF-8 latent complex), relative to a GDF-8 protein not bound by the same protein. In an embodiment, the activity of the mature GDF-8 protein, when bound by a protein comprising at least one follistatin domain, is inhibited at least 50%, or at least 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 72, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, or 88%, or at least 90, 91, 92, 93, or 94%, or at least 95% to 100% relative to a mature GDF-8 protein that is not bound by a protein having a follistatin domain.
Pharmaceutical preparations comprising proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain are administered in therapeutically effective amounts. As used herein, an “effective amount” of the protein is a dosage which is sufficient to reduce the activity of GDF-8 to achieve a desired biological outcome. The desired biological outcome may be any therapeutic benefit including an increase in muscle mass, an increase in muscle strength, improved metabolism, decreased adiposity, or improved glucose homeostasis. Such improvements may be measured by a variety of methods including those that measure lean and fat body mass (such as duel x-ray scanning analysis), muscle strength, serum lipids, serum leptin, serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin, glucose tolerance, and improvement in the secondary complication of diabetes.
Generally, a therapeutically effective amount may vary with the subject's age, condition, and sex, as well as the severity of the medical condition in the subject. The dosage may be determined by an physician and adjusted, as necessary, to suit observed effects of the treatment. Appropriate dosages for administering at least one protein comprising at least one follistatin domain may range from 5 mg to 100 mg, from 15 mg to 85 mg, from 30 mg to 70 mg, or from 40 mg to 60 mg. Proteins can be administered in one dose, or at intervals such as once daily, once weekly, and once monthly. Dosage schedules can be adjusted depending on the affinity of the protein for GDF-8, the half life of the protein, or the severity of the patient's condition. Generally, the compositions are administered as a bolus dose, to maximize the circulating levels of proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain for the greatest length of time after the dose. Continuous infusion may also be used after the bolus dose.
Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50. Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain which exhibit large therapeutic indices may be used.
Data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in evaluating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds may lie within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any protein comprising at least one follistatin domain used in the present invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test protein which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography. The effects of any particular dosage can be monitored by a suitable bioassay. Examples of suitable bioassays include GDF-8 protein/receptor binding assays, creatine kinase assays, assays based on glucose uptake in adipocytes, and immunological assays.
Methods of Administering DNA
The present invention also provides gene therapy for the in vivo production of proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain. Such therapy would achieve its therapeutic effect by introduction of the polynucleotide sequences into cells or tissues having the disorders as listed herein.
Delivery of polynucleotide sequences of proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain can be achieved using a recombinant expression vector such as a chimeric virus or a colloidal dispersion system. Target liposomes may be used for therapeutic delivery of the polynucleotide sequences. Various viral vectors which can be utilized for gene therapy include adenovirus, herpes virus, vaccinia, or an RNA virus such as a retrovirus. The retroviral vector may be a derivative of a murine or avian retrovirus. Examples of retroviral vectors in which a single foreign gene can be inserted include, but are not limited to: Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV), Harvey murine sarcoma virus (HaMuSV), murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), and Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). A number of additional retroviral vectors can incorporate multiple genes. All of these vectors can transfer or incorporate a gene for a selectable marker so that transduced cells can be identified and generated. By inserting a GDF propeptide polynucleotide sequence of interest into the viral vector, along with another gene which encodes the ligand for a receptor on a specific target cell, for example, the vector is now target specific.
Retroviral vectors can be made target specific by attaching, for example, a sugar, a glycolipid, or a protein. Targeting may be accomplished by using an antibody. Those of skill in the art will recognize that specific polynucleotide sequences can be inserted into the retroviral genome or attached to a viral envelope to allow target specific delivery of the retroviral vector containing the polynucleotide of proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain. In one embodiment, the vector is targeted to muscle cells or muscle tissue.
Since recombinant retroviruses are defective, they require helper cell lines that contain plasmids encoding all of the structural genes of the retrovirus under the control of regulatory sequences within the LTR. These plasmids are missing a nucleotide sequence which enables the packaging mechanism to recognize an RNA transcript for encapsidation. Helper cell lines which have deletions of the packaging signal include, but are not limited to PSI.2, PA317 and PA12, for example. These cell lines produce empty virions, since no genome is packaged. If a retroviral vector is introduced into such cells in which the packaging signal is intact, but the structural genes are replaced by other genes of interest, the vector can be packaged and vector virion produced.
Alternatively, other tissue culture cells can be directly transfected with plasmids encoding the retroviral structural genes gag, pol and env, by conventional calcium phosphate transfection. These cells are then transfected with the vector plasmid containing the genes of interest. The resulting cells release the retroviral vector into the culture medium.
Another targeted delivery system for a polynucleotide of a protein comprising at least one follistatin domain is a colloidal dispersion system. Colloidal dispersion systems include macromolecule complexes, nanocapsules, microspheres, beads, and lipid-based systems including oil-in-water emulsions, micelles, mixed micelles, and liposomes. Liposomes are artificial membrane vesicles which are useful as delivery vehicles in vitro and in vivo. RNA, DNA and intact virions can be encapsulated within the aqueous interior and be delivered to cells in a biologically active form (see, for example, Fraley, et al. (1981) Trends Biochem. Sci., 6: 77). Methods for efficient gene transfer using a liposome vehicle, are known in the art (see, for example, Mannino, et al. (1988) Biotechniques, 6: 682. The composition of the liposome is usually a combination of phospholipids, usually in combination with steroids, especially cholesterol. Other phospholipids or other lipids may also be used. The physical characteristics of liposomes depend on pH, ionic strength, and the presence of divalent cations.
Examples of lipids useful in liposome production include phosphatidyl compounds, such as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingolipids, cerebrosides, and gangliosides. Illustrative phospholipids include egg phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and distearoylphosphatidylcholine. The targeting of liposomes is also possible based on, for example, organ-specificity, cell-specificity, and organelle-specificity and is known in the art.
There is a wide range of methods which can be used to deliver the cells expressing proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain to a site for use in modulating a GDF-8 response. In one embodiment of the invention, the cells expressing follistatin protein can be delivered by direct application, for example, direct injection of a sample of such cells into the site of tissue damage. These cells can be purified. The such cells can be delivered in a medium or matrix which partially impedes their mobility so as to localize the cells to a site of injury. Such a medium or matrix could be semi-solid, such as a paste or gel, including a gel-like polymer. Alternatively, the medium or matrix could be in the form of a solid, a porous solid which will allow the migration of cells into the solid matrix, and hold them there while allowing proliferation of the cells.
Methods of Detection and Isolation of GDF-8
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may be used to detect the presence or level of GDF-8, in vivo or in vitro. By correlating the presence or level of these proteins with a medical condition, one of skill in the art can diagnose the associated medical condition. The medical conditions that may be diagnosed by the proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain are set forth herein.
Such detection methods are well known in the art and include ELISA, radioimmunoassay, immunoblot, western blot, immunofluorescence, immuno-precipitation, and other comparable techniques. Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain may further be provided in a diagnostic kit that incorporates one or more of these techniques to detect GDF-8. Such a kit may contain other components, packaging, instructions, or other material to aid the detection of the protein and use of the kit.
Where proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain are intended for diagnostic purposes, it may be desirable to modify them, for example with a ligand group (such as biotin) or a detectable marker group (such as a fluorescent group, a radioisotope or an enzyme). If desired, the proteins may be labeled using conventional techniques. Suitable labels include fluorophores, chromophores, radioactive atoms, electron-dense reagents, enzymes, and ligands having specific binding partners. Enzymes are typically detected by their activity. For example, horseradish peroxidase is usually detected by its ability to convert 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue pigment, quantifiable with a spectrophotometer. Other suitable binding partners include biotin and avidin or streptavidin, IgG and protein A, and the numerous receptor-ligand couples known in the art. Other permutations and possibilities will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, and are considered as equivalents within the scope of the instant invention.
Proteins comprising at least one follistatin domain or fragments thereof may also be useful for isolating GDF-8 in a purification process. In one type of process, proteins may be immobilized, for example, through incorporation into a column or resin. The proteins are used to bind GDF-8, and then subject to conditions which result in the release of the bound GDF-8. Such processes may be used for the commercial production of GDF-8.
The following examples provide embodiments of the invention. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the numerous modifications and variations that may be performed without altering the spirit or scope of the present invention. Such modifications and variations are believed to be encompassed within the scope of the invention. The examples do not in any way limit the invention. It is understood that all of the numbers in the specification and claims are modified by the term about, as small changes in dosages, for example, would be considered to be within the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Purification of JA16-Conjugated Beads
N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-activated beads (4% beaded agarose, Sigma H-8635, St Louis Mo.) were washed in MilliQ-H2O and incubated for 4 hours at 4° C. with the anti-GDF-8 JA16 monoclonal antibody (3-4 μg/μl in 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.5) at a ratio to allow a final concentration of 10 mg JA16/ml resin. Beads were washed extensively with 100 mM MOPS pH 7.5 and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Ausubel et al, (1999) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons) and stored at 4° C. in PBS until use. Control beads were prepared identically without JA16 antibody.
Example 2
Affinity Purification
A total of 40 μl of packed JA16-conjugated or control beads were incubated with 15 ml normal Balb/C mouse serum (Golden West Biologicals, Temecula Calif.) or 30 ml pooled normal human serum (ICN Biomedical, Aurora Ohio) for 3 hours at 4° C. Beads were washed twice in  ̃10 ml of cold 1% Triton X-100/PBS, twice in  ̃10 ml of cold 0.1% Triton X-100/PBS, and twice in  ̃1 ml of cold PBS. Proteins were eluted from the beads in three subsequent steps. First, the beads were treated to a ‘mock elution’, where 100 μl of PBS was added to the beads and incubated at 4° C. for 30 minutes. The supernatant was collected and combined with 30 μl 4× LDS sample buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.). Second, the beads were subject to a ‘peptide elution’, 100 μl of 1 μg/μl competing peptide (sequence:DFGLDSDEHSTESRSSRYPLTVDFEAFGWD-COOH (SEQ ID NO:12)) in PBS was added to the beads and again incubated at 4° C. for 30 minutes. The supematant was collected as before. Third, the beads were treated with an ‘SDS elution’ technique, where 30 μl of 4× LDS buffer (Invitrogen) and 100 μl of PBS was added to the beads and heated to 80° C. for 10 minutes before transferring the supernatant to a fresh tube.
A silver stained gel of the proteins released in each of the elution steps is shown in FIG. 1. Two protein bands in the silver-stained gel shown in FIG. 1 of approximately 12 and 36 kDa were specifically eluted from JA16-conjugated beads, but not from unconjugated control beads.
Example 3
Mass Spectrometry
Samples were reduced with NuPage 10× reducing agent (Invitrogen) for 10 minutes at 80° C. and alkylated with 110 μM iodoacetamide for 30 minutes at 22° C. in the dark. Samples were run immediately on 10% NuPage Bis-Tris gels in an MES buffer system according to manufacturer's recommendations (Invitrogen) and silver stained using a gluteraldehyde-free system (Shevchenko, et al., (1996) Anal. Chem., 68: 850-858). Bands were excised and digested with Sequencing Grade Modified Trypsin (Promega, Madison Wis.) in an Abimed Digest Pro (Langenfeld, Germany) or ProGest Investigator (Genomics Solutions, Ann Arbor Mich.). The volume of digested samples was reduced by evaporation and supplemented with 1% acetic acid to a final volume of  ̃20 μl. Samples (5-10 μl) were loaded onto a 10 cm×75 μm inner diameter C18 reverse phase column packed in a Picofrit needle (New Objectives, Woburn Mass.). MS/MS data was collected using an LCQ Deca or LCQ Deca XP (Finnigan, San Jose Calif.) mass spectrometer and searched against the NCBI non-redundant database using the Sequest program (Finnigan). Unless otherwise noted, all peptide sequences listed in this paper corresponded to MS/MS spectra that were deemed high quality by manual inspection and produced Xcorr scores>2.5 in the Sequest scoring system.
Example 4
Western Blots
Proteins were transferred to a 0.45 μm nitrocellulose membrane (Invitrogen) and blocked with blocking buffer (5% non-fat dry milk in Tris-buffered saline (TBS: 10 mM Tris-CI, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCI)) at 4° C. overnight. Blots were then probed with primary antibody diluted 1:1000 in blocking buffer for 1-3 hours at room temperature, washed 5× with TBS, probed with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody in blocking buffer for 1-3 hours at room temperature, and washed as before. Signals were detected by autoradiography using the West Pico Substrate (Pierce).
Example 5
Isolation of GDF-8
An experiment using the methods described in the previous Examples resulted in the isolation of GDF-8. Since GDF-8 in its reduced form is 12 kDa, we speculated that the protein in the lower band from the silver-stained gel shown in FIG. 1 was mature GDF-8. To confirm this hypothesis, we excised this band, digested it with trypsin, and obtained MS/MS spectra of the resulting peptides by LC-MS/MS. MS/MS spectra corresponding to six tryptic peptides confirmed that mature GDF-8 was isolated from this region of the gel, as shown in FIG. 2A and Table 1.
Table 1 lists peptides derived from GDF-8 (SEQ ID NO:13-20), GDF-8 propeptide (SEQ ID NO:21-27), FLRG (SEQ ID NO:28-30), and GASP1 (SEQ ID NO:31-35) that were found in JA16 immunoprecipitates from mouse and human serum. The immediately preceding amino acid in the protein sequence is shown in parentheses for each peptide and the charge state of the peptide (z) and the Sequest program correlation coefficient (Xcorr, a measure of confidence) are listed. The sequence listing numbers in the table refer only to the isolated peptides and their sequences. The preceding amino acids in parentheses are not included in the peptides, but are provided only for reference. All spectra were confirmed by manual inspection.
Interestingly, the western blot also contained a band corresponding to unprocessed full-length GDF-8 (43 kDa), implying that some portion of this molecule is secreted into serum without undergoing proteolytic processing (FIG. 2B). The presence of unprocessed GDF-8 was confirmed my mass spectrometry (data not shown). Thus, the affinity purification method effectively isolated GDF-8 from normal mouse serum.
Although the JA16 antibody recognizes both GDF-8 and the highly related protein BMP/GDF-11, we saw no evidence of BMP-11 peptides in our affinity purified samples by mass spectrometry.








TABLE 1







Peptides Identified in JA16 Immunoprecipitates












z
Xcorr












mouse serum












GDF-8
(K) ANYCSGECEFVFLQK (SEQ ID NO:13)
3+
4.63



(mature)
(K) MSPINMLYFNGK (SEQ ID NO:14)
2+
3.81



(R) DFGLDCDEHSTESR (SEQ ID NO:15)
2+
3.47



(K) ANYCSGECEFVFLQK (SEQ ID NO:16)
2+
3.31



(K) M*SPINMLYFNGK (SEQ ID NO:17)
3+
2.95



(R) YPLTVDFEAFGWDWIIAPK
2+
2.86



(SEQ ID NO:18)



(K) M*SPINM*LYFNGK (SEQ ID NO:19)
2+
2.51



(R) GSAGPCCTPTK (SEQ ID NO:20)
2+
2.43


 


GDF-8
(K) LDM*SPGTGIWQSIDVK (SEQ ID NO:21)
2+
3.82


(propeptide)
(K) ALDENGHDLAVTFPGPGEDGLNPFLEVK
3+
3.17



(SEQ ID NO:22)



(K) LDMSPGTGIWQSIDVK (SEQ ID NO:23)
2+
2.98



(R) ELIDQYDVQR (SEQ ID NO:24)
2+
2.97



(K) TPTTVFVQILR (SEQ ID NO:25)
2+
2.91



(K) AQLWIYLRPVK (SEQ ID NO:26)
2+
2.77



(K) EGLCNACAWR (SEQ ID NO:27)
2+
2.75


 


follistatin-like
(R) PQSCLVDQTGSAHCVVCR
3+
3.34


related gene
(SEQ ID NO:28)


(FLRG)
(K) DSCDGVECGPGK (SEQ ID NO:29)
2+
2.99



(K) SCAQVVCPR (SEQ ID NO:30)
2+
2.59


 


novel
(R) ECETDQECETYEK (SEQ ID NO:31)
2+
2.98


multidomain
(R) ADFPLSVVR (SEQ ID NO:32)
2+
2.56


protease
(R) EACEESCPFPR (SEQ ID NO:33)
2+
2.95


inhibitor
(R) SDFVILGR (SEQ ID NO:34)
2+
2.73


(GASP1)
(R) VSELTEEQDSGR (SEQ ID NO:35)
2+
3.88


 








human serum












GDF-8
(K) ANYCSGECEFVFLQK (SEQ ID NO:36)
2+
4.21



(mature)
(R) DFGLDCDEHSTESR (SEQ ID NO:37)
3+
2.08


 


GDF-8
(K) ALDENGHDLAVTFPGPGEDGLNPFLEVK
3+
3.71


(propeptide)
(SEQ ID NO:38)



(R) ELIDQYDVQR (SEQ ID NO:39)
2+
3.01


 


follistatin-like
(R) PQSCVVDQTGSAHCVVCR
3+
3.37


related gene
(SEQ ID NO:40)


(FLRG)
(R) CECAPDCSGLPAR (SEQ ID NO:41)
2+
3.21



(R) LQVCGSDGATYR (SEQ ID NO:42)
2+
3.06


 


multidomain
(R) VSELTEEPDSGR (SEQ ID NO:43)
2+
2.44


protease
(R) CYMDAEACSK (SEQ ID NO:44)
2+
2.69


inhibitor
(K) GITLAVVTCR (SEQ ID NO:45)
2+
2.42


(GASP1)





M* = oxidized methionine






Example 6
Isolation of Proteins Bound to GDF-8
Once it was confirmed that the affinity purification technique could successfully isolate GDF-8 from normal mouse serum, we proceeded to identify proteins that bind to GDF-8 under native conditions. The 36 kDa band on the silver-stained gel shown in FIG. 1 was analyzed as described above. Mass spectrometry identified two proteins in this region of the gel that were specific to the JA16-immunopurified sample. These were determined to be the GDF-8 propeptide and follistatin-like related gene (FLRG). The peptides identified from each of these proteins are shown in Table 1 (SEQ ID NO:13-27). High quality MS/MS spectra were found for six unique peptides from GDF-8 propeptide and three unique peptides from FLRG; representative peptides are shown in FIGS. 3A and 3C. Furthermore, the presence of both of these proteins was confirmed by western blotting with polyclonal antibodies specific to GDF-8 propeptide and FLRG respectively (FIGS. 3B and 3D). Thus, circulating GDF-8 appears to bind to the GDF-8 propeptide and to FLRG in vivo.
Example 7
Isolation of Novel Proteins that Bind GDF-8
To characterize the major components of the circulating GDF-8 complex in vivo, native GDF-8 and its associated proteins from wild-type mouse serum were isolated by affinity purification with an agarose-conjugated anti-GDF-8 monoclonal antibody, JA16. JA16-bound proteins were subjected to subsequent elution steps with PBS buffer alone (mock elution), a peptide that could compete with GDF-8 for JA16 binding, and SDS detergent. These samples were concentrated, run on a one-dimensional SDS-PAGE gel, and visualized by silver stain (FIG. 4). Two bands unique to the JA16 purified samples are visible—a 12 kDa band identified as GDF-8, and a 36 kDa band containing both GDF-8 propeptide and FLRG.
In order to determine if one could identify other proteins that were bound to GDF-8 in Vivo, we scaled up the purification approximately five-fold and used mass spectrometry to search for proteins that were present in the JA16 immunocomplex, but not in the negative control. To achieve this goal, we excised regions of the silver stained gel corresponding to molecular weights between 10 and 200 kDa into 13 gel slices, as shown in FIG. 4. Each of these slices was subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion and LC-MS/MS. Comparison of the resulting MS/MS spectra to the non-redundant NCBI database of known proteins did not reveal any additional proteins specific to the JA16 immunoprecipitate, although the proteins previously described (mature GDF-8, GDF-8 propeptide, unprocessed GDF-8, and FLRG) were all identified in these samples (FIG. 4). Background proteins that were found both in the JA16 immunocomplex and in the negative control sample included abundant serum proteins, such as albumin, immunoglobulins, and complement proteins. There was no evidence of other TGF-β superfamily members, including the highly related protein BMP-11/GDF-11, in the JA16 samples. Thus, the JA16 antibody specifically purified GDF-8 in these experiments.
Interestingly, we found no evidence of follistatin in our GDF-8 immunocomplexes, despite the fact that JA16 is capable of immunoprecipitating a GDF-8/follistatin complex in vitro (data not shown). Follistatin has been shown to inhibit GDF-8 activity by antagonizing the association of GDF-8 with the ActRIIB receptor (Lee and McPherron (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98: 9306-9311). Our results suggest that follistatin does not play a major role in the regulation of the activity of the circulating GDF-8 complex under normal conditions.
Since the identification of proteins by this MS/MS procedure is dependent on the content of the database being searched, we further analyzed the data from FIG. 4 by comparing the MS/MS spectra collected from the 13 samples to a database of proteins predicted from the Celera mouse genomic sequence. This analysis identified an additional protein specific to the JA16-purified sample, and is hereby referred to as GDF-associated serum protein 1 (GASP1). Since the initial identification of this protein, this sequence has been added to the NCBI nr database by the public genome sequencing effort under the accession number gi|20914039.
Five peptides corresponding to the sequence of GASP1 were identified on the basis of high-quality MS/MS spectra (Table 1 (SEQ ID NO:31-35); FIGS. 5A and B). The spectra corresponding to GASP1 peptides were found in band 3, which contains 70-80 kDa proteins. However, a specific band corresponding to this protein was not visible, probably due to the abundance of background immunoglobulins and albumin at this area (see FIG. 4). Sequest Xcorr scores above 2.3 are generally considered significant for 2+ ions. Fortuitously, one of the peptides identified in our experiments (sequence=ECETDQECETYEK (SEQ ID NO:31)) spans the junction between the two exons that code for this protein, verifying the accuracy of Celera's gene prediction algorithm in this instance.
The sequences of the GASP1 transcript and protein were predicted prior to the actual cloning of GASP1 (FIG. 6). GASP1 was predicted to be a 571 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 63 kDa. It has a putative signal sequence/cleavage site at its N-terminus and two possible sites for N-glycosylation at amino acids 314 and 514. Analysis of the GASP1 protein sequence by Pfam and BLAST (according to the techniques in Altschul et al.(1990) J. Mol. Biol., 215: 403-410; Bateman et al. (2002) Nucleic Acids Res., 30: 276-280) revealed that GASP1 contains many conserved domains, including a WAP domain, a follistatin/Kazal domain, an immunoglobulin domain, two tandem Kunitz domains, and a netrin domain (FIG. 14A). WAP domains, originally identified in whey acidic protein, contain 8 cysteines that form a four-disulfide core and are often found in proteins with anti-protease activity (Hennighausen and Sippel (1982) Nucleic Acids Res., 10: 2677-2684; Seemuller et al. (1986) FEBS Lett., 199: 4348). It is believed that the follistatin domain mediates the interaction between GDF-8 and GASP1. The C-terminal region of follistatin domains contains a similarity to Kazal serine protease inhibitor domains. In the case of GASP1, this region is even more closely related to Kazal domains than in follistatin or FLRG, suggesting the possibility that this region may have an additional protease inhibitor function. Kunitz domains, originally identified in bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, also inhibit serine proteases, thus establishing a likely role for GASPI in the regulation of this class of proteins. Furthermore, netrin domains have been implicated in the inhibition of metalloproteases (Banyai and Patthy, 1999; Mott et al., 2000). Thus, based on the presence of these conserved regions, GASP1 is likely to inhibit the activity of proteases, perhaps regulating GDF-8 processing or activation of the latent GDF-8 complex.
BLAST searches against the mouse Celera transcript database revealed a protein that has >50% identity with GASP1, referred to here as GASP2. GASP2 contains the same domain structure as GASP1, suggesting that these proteins define a two member family of multivalent protease inhibitors (FIG. 14B). Interestingly, only peptides corresponding to GASP1, not GASP2, were found in our JA16 purified samples. This result suggests that GASP1 and GASP2 likely have different biological specificity. Both GASP1 and GASP2 are conserved in humans (>90% identity with mouse). The sequence for human GASP1 is now available in the NCBI nr database under the accession number gi|18652308. Although, the concentration of GDF-8 in human serum is considerably lower than that found in mouse serum (Hill et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem., 277: 40735-40741), the sensitivity of mass spectrometric analysis of proteins allowed us to identify 3 peptides corresponding to the human homolog of GASP1 from JA16 immunoprecipitations from human serum (Table 1). None of these peptides were found in the corresponding negative control. Again, there was no evidence of human GASP2 in these experiments. Thus, the interaction between GASP1 and GDF-8 is conserved between mouse and human.
GDF-8 is produced nearly exclusively in skeletal muscle. In order to determine the tissue distribution of GASP1 mRNA, a 551 bp fragment of GASP1 was amplified from first-strand cDNA produced from a variety of mouse tissues and staged embryos (FIG. 10). A mouse GASP1 fragment was amplified from normalized mouse first-strand cDNA panels (Clontech, Palo Alto Calif.) using the Advantage cDNA PCR kit (Clontech) according to the manufacturer's recommendations (forward primer: 5′ TTGGCCACTGCCACCACAATCTCAACCACTT 3′ (SEQ ID NO:46); reverse primer: 5′ TCTCAGCATGGCCATGCCGCCGTCGA 3′ (SEQ ID NO:47)). GASP1 appears to be fairly widely-expressed, with particularly high expression in skeletal muscle and heart. Significant expression is also seen in brain, lung, and testis. In contrast, liver and kidney express relatively low levels of GASP1 mRNA. Developmentally, the level of GASP1 mRNA remains fairly constant, perhaps increasing slightly between day 7 and day 11 of mouse embryogenesis.
Example 8
GDF-8 in Human and Mouse Serum
The concentration of GDF-8 in human serum is considerably lower than that found in mouse serum. Since GDF-8 has potential as a therapeutic target, it was a goal to determine the composition of the circulating GDF-8 complex in humans. This knowledge would determine the validity of the mouse model and potentially identify alternative therapeutic targets. Thus, the JA16-based affinity purification of GDF-8 was repeated using human serum. Due to the lower level of GDF-8 in human serum compared with mouse, no bands corresponding to mature GDF-8 and GDF-8 propeptide/FLRG were visualized (FIG. 11A). However, western blotting with a polyclonal antibody that recognizes the mature region of GDF-8 revealed the presence of mature and unprocessed GDF-8 in the JA16-purified samples (FIG. 11B).
We took advantage of the high sensitivity of mass spectrometry to identify proteins that co-purified with mature GDF8. The lanes corresponding to peptide eluted samples from both negative control and JA16-conjugated beads were sliced into 16 pieces. These gel slices were subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion, nanoflow LC-MS/MS, and analysis with Sequest as before.
Interestingly, the only proteins that were identified specifically in the JA16 samples and not the negative control were mature GDF-8, GDF-8 propeptide, human and the human homolog of GASP1. The peptides found from each of these proteins are listed in Table 1 (SEQ ID NO:36-45) and representative MS/MS spectra are shown in FIG. 12. Thus the in vivo GDF-8 complex appears to be conserved between mouse and human.
Example 9
Cloning and Characterization of Mouse GASP1
After identifying the predicted GASP1 sequence, it was a goal to determine the actual sequence of mouse GASP1. Based on the Celera predicted sequence, the GASP1 coding sequence was amplified from mouse heart QUICKCLONE cDNA (Clontech) by PCR with PfuTurbo polymerase (Stratagene) using the following primers (fp: 5′ CACCATGTGTGCCCCAGGGTATCATCGGTTCTGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:50); rp: 5′ TTGCMGCCCAGGMGTCCTTGAGGAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:51)). The PCR product from this reaction ran as a single major band of approximately 1700 base pairs on a 1% agarose gel. The amplified DNA was then cloned into the TOPO sites of the pcDNA3.1D/V5-His-TOPO vector (Invitrogen) so as to include an in-frame C-terminal V5-His tag according to manufacturers' recommendations. The full-length cDNA insert was sequenced on both strands. The nucleotide sequence of the mouse GASP1 clone is shown in FIG. 13. This clone matched the predicted Celera sequence, with the exception of some base substitutions in wobble codons that did not change the predicted amino acid sequence (i.e., 288C:G; 294G:A; 615G:A; 738A:G; 768C:T; 1407A:G; 1419A:G; and 1584C:G, where the first base at the indicated position is that reported by Celera and the second base is that obtained from sequencing of the clone; see SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and FIG. 6.
To determine the N-terminal processing of the GASP1 protein, we transfected COS1 cells with a mammalian expression vector encoding mouse GASP1 cloned with a C-terminal V5-His tag (GASP1-V5-His). Serum-free conditioned media was harvested 48 hours later and analyzed by western blot analysis with an anti-V5 polyclonal antibody (Sigma). More specifically, conditioned media was collected 48 hours after transfection of COS1 cells with GASP1-V5-His/pcDNA3.1D-V5-His-TOPO or empty vector using the FUGENE 6 reagent (Roche) in serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium.
A single band, running at approximately 80 kDa was seen, confirming that GASP1 is secreted into the conditioned media (data not shown). Approximately 10 ml of this conditioned media was run over a His-affinity column and further purified by reverse phase chromatography. This purification scheme yielded a band the expected size of full-length GASP1 on a Coomassie stained SDS-PAGE gel. Edman sequencing of this band determined an N-terminal sequence of L-P-P-I-R-Y-S-H-A-G-I (SEQ ID NO:52). Thus, amino acids 1-29 of GASP1 constitute the signal sequence that is removed during processing and secretion.
Example 10
Binding of Recombinantly-Produced GASP1 to GDF-8 Propeptide and Mature GDF-8
Next, it was determined that recombinantly-produced GASP1 had the same binding pattern to GDF-8 as GASP1 isolated from mouse serum. For immunoprecipitations with recombinant proteins, 400 μl conditioned media from vector- or GASP1-transfected cells was combined with 1.2 μg of recombinant purified GDF-8 and/or GDF-8 propeptide protein (Thies et al., 2001). JA16 (10 μl packed volume) or anti-V5 (30 μl) conjugated agarose beads were incubated with the supplemented conditioned media for two hours at 4° C. and washed twice in cold 1% Triton in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and twice in PBS. Beads were resuspended in 50 μl 1× LDS buffer with DTT. Western blots were performed as previously described (Hill et al., 2002).
To confirm and further characterize the interaction between GDF-8 and GASP1, we incubated purified recombinant GDF-8 and purified recombinant GDF-8 propeptide with conditioned media from COS1 cells transfected with either a vector control or GASP1-V5-His. We then immunoprecipitated GDF-8 with JA16-conjugated agarose beads and looked for co-purification of GASP1 and GDF-8 propeptide using western blots (FIG. 15A). Both GASP1 (lane 3) and GDF-8 propeptide (lane 1) co-immunoprecipitated with GDF-8, proving that GDF-8 can interact with both of these proteins. Neither GASP1 nor propeptide were detected in JA16 immunoprecipitates in the absence of GDF-8 (lane 4), eliminating the possibility of non-specific binding in these experiments. When all three proteins were present, both GASP1 and GDF-8 propeptide were pulled down with GDF-8, suggesting the possibility that these proteins may form a tertiary complex (lane 5). However, this experiment does not eliminate the possibility that GASP1 and propeptide are bound to the same epitope on separate GDF-8 molecules.
To further confirm the interaction between GASP1 and GDF-8, we performed the reverse immunoprecipitation by pulling down GASP1 from conditioned media supplemented with GDF-8 and/or GDF-8 propeptide recombinant protein. To achieve this, we used an agarose-conjugated monoclonal antibody directed against the V5 epitope of the C-terminal V5-His tag on GASP1. As expected, GDF-8 co-immunoprecipitated with GASP1 (FIG. 15B, lanes 3 and 5), further confirming a direct interaction between these proteins. Surprisingly, GDF-8 propeptide also co-purified with GASP1, even in the absence of GDF-8 (lane 4), suggesting that GDF-8 propeptide can bind directly to GASP1. Thus, GASP1 binds to both GDF-8 and GDF-8 propeptide independently. This is in contrast to FLRG, another follistatin-domain protein, that binds exclusively to mature GDF-8 (Hill et al. (2002) J. Biol. Chem., 277: 40735-40741). Addition of both GDF-8 and propeptide consistently showed less propeptide binding to GASP1 than when propeptide was added alone. This observation suggests that GASP1 may not bind to the GDF-8 small latent complex.
Example 11
GASP1-Mediated Inhibition of GDF-8 and BMP-11, but Not Activin or TGF-β1, Activity
A luciferase reporter construct, pGL3-(CAGA)12 (SEQ ID NO:53) (Dennler et al. (1998) EMBO J., 17: 3091-3100) was transiently transfected into A204 or RD rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Dilutions of conditioned media from vector or GASP1 transfected cells were incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. with 10 ng/ml GDF-8, 10 ng/ml BMP-11, 10 ng/ml rh activin A (R&D Systems), or 0.5 ng/ml rh TGF-β1 (R&D Systems). Luciferase activity was measured according to Thies et al. (2001) Growth Factors, 18: 251-259 and Zimmers et al. (2002) Science, 296: 1486-1488. In this assay, A204 cells respond to GDF-8, BMP-11, and activin, but do not respond well to TGF-β1. RD cells respond to both GDF-8 and TGF-β1. Thus, we used A204 cells to test for the ability of GASP1 to inhibit GDF-8, BMP-11, and activin and RD cells to monitor the activity of TGF-β and GDF-8. Results for GDF-8 are shown from A204 cells, but were similar in RD cells. A standard curve measuring the concentration dependence of the luciferase activity induced by each of these growth factors was generated for each experiment (data not shown). The growth factor concentrations used fall in the linear region of this curve such that small changes in concentration result in measurable changes in luciferase activity.
Two follistatin-domain proteins, follistatin and FLRG inhibit GDF-8 activity in a (CAGA)12 (SEQ ID NO:53) luciferase transcriptional reporter assay, but also inhibit the biological activity of the related proteins, activin and BMP-11. The ability of GASP1 to inhibit GDF-8, BMP-11, activin, and TGF-β1 activity in the (CAGA)12 (SEQ ID NO:53) reporter assay was also tested.
Various dilutions of conditioned media from COS cells transfected with V5-His tagged GASP1 or a vector control were incubated with purified recombinant GDF-8 (10 ng/ml), BMP-11 (10 ng/ml), activin (10 ng/ml), or TGF-β1 (0.5 ng/ml) and assayed for growth factor activity in rhabdomyosarcoma cells expressing the (CAGA)12 (SEQ ID NO:53) reporter construct. GASP1 potently inhibited GDF-8 activity in a concentration dependent manner (FIG. 16A). GASP1 similarly inhibited the activity of BMP-11 in this assay (FIG. 16B), as might be expected since mature GDF-8 and BMP-11 are highly conserved and differ by only 11 amino acids. Surprisingly, GASP1 did not inhibit the activity of activin or TGF-β1 (FIGS. 16C and D), suggesting a very high level of specificity, which is not demonstrated by follistatin itself. Thus, GASP1 exhibits specificity in its inhibition of GDF-8 and BMP-11.
The affinity of GASP1 for GDF-8 was evaluated by determining the IC50 for inhibition of GDF-8 in the reporter gene assay. GASP1-V5-His protein was purified from conditioned media on a cobalt affinity column and eluted as described above. Fractions containing GASP1 were further purified by size exclusion chromatography in PBS using a BioSepS3000 column (Phenomenex). As shown in FIG. 17, GASP1 inhibited GDF-8 with an IC50 of approximately 3 nM.
Example 12
Treatment of Muscle Disorders
GASP1 may be administered to patients suffering from a disease or disorder related to the functioning of GDF-8 according to Table 2. Patients take the composition one time or at intervals, such as once daily, and the symptoms of their disease or disorder improve. For example, symptoms related to a muscle disorder are improved, as measured by muscle mass, muscle activity, and or muscle tone. This shows that the composition of the invention is useful for the treatment of diseases or disorders related to the functioning of GDF-8, such as muscle disorders.







TABLE 2







Administration of GASP1














Route of

Dosage



Patient
Disease
Administration
Dosage
Frequency
Predicted Results















1
muscular
subcutaneous
25 mg
once daily
increase in muscle



dystrophy



mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


2
muscular
′′
50 mg
′′
increase in muscle



dystrophy



mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


3
muscular
′′
50 mg
once weekly
increase in muscle



dystrophy



mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


4
muscular
′′
50 mg
once monthly
increase in muscle



dystrophy



mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


5
muscular
intramuscular
25 mg
once daily
increase in muscle



dystrophy



mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


6
muscular
′′
50 mg
′′
increase in muscle



dystrophy



mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


7
muscular
′′
50 mg
once weekly
increase in muscle



dystrophy



mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


8
muscular
′′
50 mg
once monthly
increase in muscle



dystrophy



mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


9
muscular
intravenous
25 mg
once daily
increase in muscle



dystrophy



mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


10

′′
50 mg
′′
increase in muscle







mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


11
muscular
′′
50 mg
once weekly
increase in muscle



dystrophy



mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


12
muscular

50 mg
once monthly
increase in muscle



dystrophy



mass and







improvement in







muscle activity


13
diabetes
subcutaneous
50 mg
once daily
improvement in the







management of blood







sugar levels


14
′′
′′
50 mg
once weekly
improvement in the







management of blood







sugar levels


15
′′
intramuscular
50 mg
′′
improvement in the







management of blood







sugar levels


16
′′
intravenous
50 mg
′′
improvement in the







management of blood







sugar levels


17
obesity
subcutaneous
50 mg
once daily
weight loss and







increase in muscle







mass


18
′′
intramuscular
50 mg
once weekly
weight loss and







increase in muscle







mass


19

intravenous
50 mg
′′










The entire contents of all references, patents and published patent applications cited throughout this application are herein incorporated by reference. The foregoing detailed description has been given for illustration purposes only. A wide range of changes and modifications can be made to the embodiments described above. it should therefore be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, are intended to define the scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A method of increasing muscle mass or muscle strength in a mammal in need thereof, comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of GASP1 to a mammal, wherein the GASP1 comprises the amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence chosen from:
i) nucleotides 520-717 of SEQ ID NO:4;
ii) nucleotides 328-525 of SEQ ID NO:6;
iii) SEQ ID NO:4;
iv) SEQ ID NO:6; and
v) a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95% identical to (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) and encodes a polypeptide having GDF-8 binding activity, thereby increasing muscle mass or muscle strength.

2. A method of treating a muscular disease or disorder associated with GDF-8, comprising: administering a therapeutically effective dose of a GASP1 protein to a patient in need thereof, thereby treating the muscular disease or disorder, wherein the GASP1 protein comprises the amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence chosen from:
i) nucleotides 520-717 of SEQ ID NO:4;
ii) nucleotides 328-525 of SEQ ID NO:6;
iii) SEQ ID NO:4;
iv) SEQ ID NO:6; and
v) a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95% identical to (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv) and encodes a polypeptide having GDF-8 binding activity.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the GASP1 protein has a stabilizing modification that enhances the in vivo or in vitro half life of the GASP1 protein.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the modification is a fusion to the Fc region of an IgG molecule.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the IgG molecule is IgG1 or IgG4, or a derivative of IgG1 or IgG4.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the IgG molecule is IgG1 or a derivative thereof.

7. The method of claim 4, wherein the IgG molecule is fused to the GASP1 by a linker peptide.

8. The method of claim 3, wherein the modification comprises an altered glycosylation site.

9. The method of claim 3, wherein the modification comprises at least one carbohydrate moiety.

10. The method of claim 3, wherein the modification comprises albumin or an albumin derivative.

11. The method of claim 3, wherein the modification comprises a nonproteinaceous polymer.

12. The method of claim 3, wherein the modification comprises pegylation.

13. The method of claim 2, wherein the patient would therapeutically benefit from an increase in mass or quantity of muscle tissue.

14. The method of claim 2, wherein the muscular disorder is muscular dystrophy.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the muscular dystrophy is chosen from severe or benign X-linked muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle dystrophy, facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, distal muscular dystrophy, progressive dystrophic ophthalmoplegia, oculopharyngeal dystrophy, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, and Fakuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy.

16. The method of claim 2, wherein the disorder is a muscular disorder chosen from a traumatic injury to muscle tissue and a chronic injury to muscle tissue.

17. The method of claim 2, wherein the GASP1 is administered at one time, or at daily, weekly, or monthly intervals.

18. The method of claim 2, wherein the GASP1 is administered at a dose of from 5 mg to 100 mg.

19. The method of claim 2, wherein the GASP1 is administered at a dose of from 15 mg to 85 mg.

20. The method of claim 2, wherein the GASP1 is administered at a dose of from 30 mg to 70 mg.

21. The method of claim 2, wherein the GASP1 is administered at a dose of from 40 mg to 60 mg.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the GASP1 protein has a stabilizing modification that enhances the in vivo or in vitro half life of the GASP1 protein.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the modification is a fusion to the Fc region of an IgG molecule.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the IgG molecule is IgG1 or IgG4, or a derivative of IgG1 or IgG4.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the IgG molecule is IgG1 or a derivative thereof.

26. The method of claim 23, wherein the IgG molecule is fused to the GASP1 by a linker peptide.

27. The method of claim 15, wherein the muscular dystrophy is severe X-linked muscular dystrophy.

28. The method of claim 15, wherein the muscular dystrophy is benign X-linked muscular dystrophy.

29. The method of claim 15, wherein the muscular dystrophy is limb-girdle dystrophy.

30. The method of claim 15, wherein the muscular dystrophy is facioscapulohumeral dystrophy.

31. The method of claim 15, wherein the muscular dystrophy is myotonic dystrophy.

32. The method of claim 15, wherein the muscular dystrophy is distal muscular dystrophy.

33. The method of claim 15, wherein the muscular dystrophy is progressive dystrophic ophthalmoplegia.

34. The method of claim 15, wherein the muscular dystrophy is oculopharyngeal dystrophy.

35. The method of claim 15, wherein the muscular dystrophy is Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.

36. The method of claim 15, wherein the muscular dystrophy is Fakuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy.