Date: November 11, 2011

Subject: Inputs to the Pulp and Paper Industry

EPA Contract No. EP

From: Thomas Holloway, Katie Hanks

To: John Bradfield and Bill Schrock

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Research Triangle Park, NC

I. Introduction

Section 112(f)(2) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) directs 

Agency (EPA) to conduct risk assessments on each source category subject to maximum 

achievable control technology (MACT) standards and determine if additional standards are 

needed to reduce residual risks. Section 112(d)(6) of the CAA requires EPA to revie

the MACT standards, as necessary, taking into account developments in practices, processes, and 

control technologies. The section 112(f)(2) residual risk

review are to be done 8 years after promulgation

emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for the pulp and paper industry (40 

CFR part 63, subpart S) were promulgated in 1998 and 

112(f)(2) and 112(d)(6).

In February 2011, the EPA initiated a three

gather information from U.S. pulp and paper manufacturers needed to conduct the CAA

regulatory reviews. The second part of the ICR (Part II), which concluded in 

targeted towards facilities that are major sources of HAP emissions, and involved an update of

pre-populated National Emissions Inventory (NEI) data

data sets). The response rate for Part II of EPA’s ICR 

submitting NEI spreadsheets for 

not previously included in the NEI)

Two substantial quality assurance (QA) efforts were conducted on the 

order to create the modeling files 

spreadsheets submitted by each mill prior to import into the compiled 

standardization of the compiled database

this memo. (Note: Modeling files were needed for both the subpart S category and 

facility, so QA efforts focused on data for all emission sources at pulp and paper facilities.)

Pulp and Paper Industry October 2011 Residual Risk Modeling

EP-D-07-019; Work Assignment No. 4-09

Katie Hanks, Corey Gooden, and Matt Hakos

Bill Schrock

onmental Protection Agency

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

Section 112(f)(2) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) directs the U.S. Environmental Protection 

to conduct risk assessments on each source category subject to maximum 

achievable control technology (MACT) standards and determine if additional standards are 

Section 112(d)(6) of the CAA requires EPA to revie

the MACT standards, as necessary, taking into account developments in practices, processes, and 

The section 112(f)(2) residual risk review and section 112(d)(6) technology

are to be done 8 years after promulgation of the original standards. The national 

standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for the pulp and paper industry (40 

promulgated in 1998 and are due for review under CAA section

the EPA initiated a three-part Information Collection Request (ICR) to 

gather information from U.S. pulp and paper manufacturers needed to conduct the CAA

The second part of the ICR (Part II), which concluded in June 2011, was 

targeted towards facilities that are major sources of HAP emissions, and involved an update of

National Emissions Inventory (NEI) data spreadsheets (or creation of new NEI 

The response rate for Part II of EPA’s ICR was 100 percent, with respondents 

for 171 major sources (2 of which were new NEI data sets for mills 

not previously included in the NEI).

quality assurance (QA) efforts were conducted on the Part II data in 

r to create the modeling files needed for the residual risk assessment: (1) QA of the 

spreadsheets submitted by each mill prior to import into the compiled database, and (2) QA and 

database. These QA efforts are discussed in sections II and III of 

(Note: Modeling files were needed for both the subpart S category and 

facility, so QA efforts focused on data for all emission sources at pulp and paper facilities.)

Residual Risk Modeling

the U.S. Environmental Protection 

to conduct risk assessments on each source category subject to maximum 

achievable control technology (MACT) standards and determine if additional standards are 

Section 112(d)(6) of the CAA requires EPA to review and revise 

the MACT standards, as necessary, taking into account developments in practices, processes, and 

ion 112(d)(6) technology

The national 

standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for the pulp and paper industry (40 

due for review under CAA sections

part Information Collection Request (ICR) to 

gather information from U.S. pulp and paper manufacturers needed to conduct the CAA-required 

June 2011, was 

targeted towards facilities that are major sources of HAP emissions, and involved an update of

spreadsheets (or creation of new NEI 

respondents 

of which were new NEI data sets for mills 

art II data in 

: (1) QA of the 

, and (2) QA and 

sections II and III of 

(Note: Modeling files were needed for both the subpart S category and the whole 

facility, so QA efforts focused on data for all emission sources at pulp and paper facilities.)
2

The purpose of this memorandum is to document the inputs to the residual risk modeling 

file, specifically (1) QA and standardization of the NEI data for the pulp and paper industry

including the default parameters used (Sections II and III), (2) pollutant speciation and

apportionment factors (Section IV), (3) emission process groups assigned to the pulp and paper 

source classification codes (SCCs) (Section V), (4) allowable emissions multipliers (Section VI), 

(5) acute emissions multipliers (Section VII), and (6) information relating to acrolein emissions 

estimation (Section VIII).

II. QA of Part II NEI Update Spreadsheets

A. Review Checklist

The first step in preparing the inputs to the residual risk modeling file was to QA the 

individual NEI update spreadsheets received from each of the pulp and paper mills in response to 

Part II of the February 2011 survey sent to the pulp and paper industry. NEI update spreadsheets 

for 171 major sources were reviewed.

We began our QA of the pulp and paper NEI update spreadsheets using a checklist, 

which is provided in Appendix A to this memorandum. The checklist looked at consistency in 

facility name, information in the wrong column, equipment we expected to see, pollutants we 

expected to see, missing stack and fugitive parameters, missing latitude/longitude values, and 

any other observations, such as recommendations for follow-up with the mills (e.g., if the 

spreadsheets were missing the information we expected to see). Associated tables of the subpart 

S equipment we expected to see are also provided in Appendix A.

In addition to providing recommendations for follow-up, the checklists were also useful 

in informing the later, more in-depth review and revision of each inventory spreadsheet. If we 

found any obvious errors (e.g., providing text in code columns), we corrected them. If any 

information was provided in the wrong column (e.g., new data placed in revision columns), we 

moved it to the correct column. Because some columns in the inventory files did not have 

revision columns (e.g., facility name, emission unit ID, etc.), we included an “RTI Notes” 

column in the revised files that noted any changes to those columns. Revisions to the inventory

files were highlighted in yellow. Several mills were contacted with follow-up questions, and 

these clarifications were incorporated into the Part II spreadsheets before further processing.

The revised inventory files were transferred to the NEI team for compilation into a 

database file. Prior to transferring the files, we also made any necessary formatting changes to 

facilitate the compilation (e.g., eliminating merged cells, merging/copying notes that had been 

spread across rows).

The following sections discuss in greater detail the in-depth QA we conducted of the 

inventory spreadsheets. It should be noted that, over the course of reviewing the many inventory

spreadsheets, the scope of the QA evolved (increased), such that some of the QA activities 

discussed below were only conducted in the later reviews.
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B. Recommended Inventory Deletions

At the start of each in-depth QA, we evaluated the acceptability of each mill’s 

recommended inventory deletions to ensure that the mills did not mark for deletion something 

that was not replaced and would be needed for subpart S modeling or whole-facility modeling. If 

the file included detailed reasons for why certain records were deleted (e.g., equipment no longer 

in operation, replacement data provided in specified rows, emissions vented to a vent gas 

collection system) we evaluated those reasons and provided our recommendation regarding those 

deletions in the “RTI Notes” column. If the file did not include detailed reasons, we determined 

the acceptability of the deletions by first filtering on the rows selected for deletion and noting the 

SCCs included in that dataset, and then filtering on the replacement rows and noting which SCCs 

in the deletion dataset were included in the replacement dataset. (This approach was necessary

because mills often used emission unit IDs in their replacement inventories that were completely 

different from the emission unit IDs in the inventories marked for deletion.)

If an SCC was not included in the replacement dataset, we attempted to determine the 

reason why (e.g., equipment no longer in operation, emissions vented to a vent gas collection 

system, not a source of hazardous air pollutant [HAP] emissions, a different SCC was used for 

the same process, etc.). In most cases, we found the deletions to be reasonable, and noted “OK to 

delete” in the “RTI Notes” column. If we could find no reason why a particular SCC was 

selected for deletion, we included a note in the “RTI Notes” column stating that the emission unit 

associated with that SCC should not be deleted and explaining why. Where necessary, we 

followed up with mills regarding these suggested deletions.

Some of the emission units consistently marked for deletion and not replaced include 

methanol storage tanks, chlorine dioxide generators, coating operations, boilers, landfills, 

saltcake mix tanks, etc., presumably because these equipment are not regulated under subparts S

or MM or were not specifically required to be reported in the Part II survey. (Note: We only kept 

the HAP data for these emission units, since only those data are needed for risk modeling.)

Once we had decided which records to keep (i.e., not delete), we reviewed those records 

to ensure that they would be consistent with the replacement inventory (e.g., same facility name, 

facility ID, etc.). If we found additional records that needed deletion (e.g., not emission points), 

we marked those rows for deletion (with the rows highlighted in yellow in the spreadsheet) and 

noted the reasons for the deletion in the “RTI Notes” column. After reviewing all recommended 

deletions, we filtered the inventory spreadsheets to view only the accepted records, and we 

conducted the rest of our review looking at just the filtered (accepted) data.

C. ID Fields

After filtering the data, we checked each inventory spreadsheet for gaps in the various ID 

fields—emission unit ID, process ID, and emission release point ID. Where there were gaps, we 

filled them where possible, consistent with the numbering approach used in each file. If the gaps 

were significant and no clear way was found to determine the IDs, we followed up with the mill 

to obtain the IDs. We also checked the process ID against the SCC to ensure that there was only 

one SCC per process ID. If there was more than one SCC (e.g., for a different boiler fuel type), 
4

we added more process IDs (one for each SCC for a given emission unit). We also checked the 

emission release point ID against the stack and fugitive parameters to ensure that there was only 

one set of parameters per emission release point ID. If there was more than one set of 

parameters, we added more emission release point IDs (one for each set of parameters for a 

given emission unit).

D. Source Classification Codes

After checking the IDs, we reviewed the SCCs to ensure that they reasonably matched 

the emission unit description, as well as the mill type (e.g., kraft, sulfite, non-sulfur 

semichemical, neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC), thermomechanical, groundwood, secondary

fiber, paper only) and were internally consistent within the spreadsheet. For boilers, we looked to 

see that the SCC was for industrial boilers (as opposed to commercial, institutional, or utility

boilers) and matched the SCC to the fuel type (e.g., coal, wood, oil, natural gas) in the emission 

unit description. Where we determined the SCCs were incorrect, we replaced them with more 

appropriate SCCs from the SCC listing provided in the lookup spreadsheet file included with 

Part II of the survey.

We also tried to substitute a more precise SCC for any generic SCC (e.g., 30700199, 

30700499, 39999999), where possible. We used emission unit descriptions to come up with more 

precise SCCs. If emission unit descriptions were missing, we checked the emission unit ID 

against the mill’s Part I survey response and/or permit to determine the identity of the emission 

unit and make a more precise SCC assignment.

E. Pollutants and Emissions

We then checked for gaps in the pollutant fields—pollutant code, pollutant description, 

and HAP category name. Where we found gaps in these fields, we filled them using the pollutant 

code table provided in the lookup spreadsheet file included with Part II of the pulp and paper 

survey. If a pollutant code was not provided in the lookup table, we found the CAS number for 

the pollutant online and entered that into the inventory file as the pollutant code. If a CAS 

number was not available for a particular pollutant (e.g., m,p-xylene), we left the cell blank (with 

the problem to be resolved later in the QA of the compiled database file).

We also checked for missing emissions data and, if we were not able to fill the data gaps 

easily (e.g., the data were not for an identical type of emission unit), we followed up with the 

mill to obtain the missing data. We did not check the reasonableness of the emissions data in the 

spreadsheets or whether there were any duplicate emissions data (that would be done in the QA

of the compiled file), unless it was obvious. Where emissions data were obviously suspicious, we 

followed up with the mill regarding the data. Where there were obviously duplicate emissions 

data, our approach varied depending on the situation. We either followed up with the mill, added 

more process IDs or emission release point IDs to eliminate duplication for a given emission 

unit, or added a note to the “RTI Notes” column to combine or delete the duplicate data at a later 

time (during the QA of the compiled file). We also noted where HAP data were completely 

missing from a mill’s inventory of subpart S sources, but deferred any solution to that problem 

until the compiled file had been received. 
5

F. MACT Codes

We compared the MACT codes to the SCCs in the inventory spreadsheets to determine 

whether they were reasonable and internally consistent within the spreadsheet, for example:

 Subpart S MACT code (1626-1) for SCCs associated with pulp and paper production

 Subpart MM MACT code (1626-2) for SCCs associated with pulp and paper chemical 

recovery

 Pulp and paper non-MACT facility MACT code (1626-3) for SCCs associated with 

landfills, wood handling, etc. at pulp and paper mills

 Boiler MACT codes (0107-1, -2, -3, -4) for SCCs associated with boilers at pulp and 

paper mills

 Paper and other web coating MACT code (0711) for SCCs associated with paper coating

that was not specifically identified as on-machine coating.

If we determined that the MACT codes were incorrect, we replaced them with the correct 

MACT codes from the MACT code listing provided in the lookup spreadsheet file included with 

Part II of the survey.

G. Latitudes/Longitudes

After reviewing the MACT codes, we checked for gaps in the latitude and longitude data. 

If we found gaps, we checked the rest of the file to see if latitude and longitude data were 

provided elsewhere for that particular emission point and could be copied. Otherwise, we used

the default latitude and longitude values for the entire mill. We did not check the accuracy of the 

latitude and longitude data in this step. That task was to be handled by EPA in the compiled file.

H. Stack and Fugitive Parameters

We also checked the stack and fugitive parameters against emission release point type to 

see whether they were consistent. If an emission point had stack parameters but was labeled as a 

fugitive emission source (emission release point type of “01”), we changed the emission release 

point type to “02,” consistent with a stack emission source. Similarly, if an emission point had 

fugitive parameters but was labeled as a stack emission source (emission release point type of 

“02” through“06”), we changed the emission release point type to “01,” consistent with a 

fugitive emission source. This check was performed by filtering on emission release point type 

(i.e., filtering on “01” to review fugitive parameters and filtering on the other emission release 

point types to review stack parameters).

Lastly, we checked the stack and fugitive parameters for data gaps and errors. Where 

there were data gaps for stack emission sources, we checked the rest of the file to see if stack 

parameter data were provided elsewhere for that particular emission point and could be copied. 

Where possible, we calculated the missing data. For example, if exit gas velocity was missing 

but we had exit gas flow rate and stack diameter, we calculated the velocity using the following 

equation:

Exit gas velocity = exit gas flow rate/stack area, where stack area = π * (diameter/2)2
6

We also estimated missing gas flow rate and stack diameter data using this equation. 

Where the exit gas flow rate provided by the mill was suspiciously high, we used this equation to 

determine if the flow rate might be in units of actual cubic feet per minute (acfm), instead of 

actual cubic feet per second (acfs). If we determined that was the case, we divided the exit gas 

flow rate by 60.

If it appeared the mill had left the data blank deliberately (e.g., by indicating in a note that 

the data were unknown, by indicating in a note or stack default flag that they wanted stack 

defaults, or by leaving only certain columns blank), we added a note to the “RTI Notes” column 

to provide stack defaults for those missing parameters during the QA of the compiled database 

file. If the mill used the term “ambient” for exit gas temperature, we assumed a temperature of 

72°F. If the mill used the term “NA” for exit gas flow rate, we assumed a flow rate of 0 acfs

according to the NEI default for fugitive sources.

If it appeared the mill had left the data blank mistakenly (e.g., because this type of 

emission unit would typically have stack parameters, because the mill did not indicate they

wanted stack defaults, or because all columns were left blank), we followed up with the mill to 

see if they had the stack parameters.

Where there were data gaps for fugitive emission sources (i.e., fugitive length, fugitive 

width, fugitive angle), we left the data gaps and did not follow up with the mill. (Measurements 

of some fugitive parameters may not be readily available or easy to obtain.) Instead, we decided 

to fill the data gaps with fugitive defaults during our QA of the compiled file. Because such data 

gaps were numerous in the individual inventory files, we did not include any notes about them in 

the “RTI Notes” column.

In the course of our QA, we also provided stack defaults for each fugitive emission

source. If a mill provided release height and temperature values for a fugitive source, we kept 

those values and provided national default values for the rest of the stack parameters: 0.003 foot 

(ft) stack diameter, 0.0003 foot per second (ft/sec) exit gas velocity, and 0 acfs exit gas flow rate. 

If a mill provided release height but not temperature, we provided the national default 

temperature (72°F) for fugitive sources. If a mill provided neither release height nor temperature, 

we provided the national defaults for both (10 ft, 72°F). If a mill provided a release height of 0 ft 

(e.g., for a wastewater basin), we changed the release height to the closest whole number (1 ft), 

consistent with EPA guidance.

III. QA of Compiled NEI Database

Once the inventory spreadsheets had been compiled into an NEI database file, we 

conducted a second level of QA that could not have been effectively done on the individual 

inventory spreadsheets (e.g., comparing and standardizing SCCs, pollutant codes, emissions, etc. 

across the industry). The QA of the compiled database file was also designed to catch any errors 

or omissions that were missed in the previous level of QA (i.e., the QA of the individual 

inventory spreadsheets).
7

The intermediate draft compiled file for QA was composed of a Facility table which 

included detailed facility information and a KEEP table which included the emissions and 

parameter information that we had indicated should be kept, plus some limited facility

information that could be linked back to the Facility table. (Note: There was another compiled 

file that also included all records from the inventory spreadsheets, including those we marked for 

deletion. We did not QA this file but used it for reference.) At the beginning of our QA, the 

KEEP table contained over 145,000 records covering HAP, criteria air pollutants (CAP), total 

reduced sulfur (TRS) and other pollutants. Columns were included to reflect original data from 

the pre-populated Part II NEI data spreadsheets, edited Part II data from respondents, and final 

data to be included in the NEI modeling file. 

Any additional records identified for deletion in the course of our QA of the compiled file 

were moved to a Deleted_items table in the file. We entered line-by-line review notes in the 

“RTI Notes” and “Delete Comment” columns as needed to reflect changes made to the data. We 

inserted a few “QAd” columns in the database as needed to reflect our changes. However, due to 

Access table width constraints, in some cases we just entered revisions into the “FINAL” column 

(e.g., for MACT code).

A. Facility/Emission Unit Information

Number of facilities. We first checked the Facility and KEEP tables in the compiled file 

to ensure that both tables included all the mills we expected to see. No issues were found.

Major/area source status. We double-checked the major/area status of each mill and 

concluded that all were major sources, with the exception of NEIWI4430444 - ST Paper, LLC, 

Oconto Falls, WI. Our Part I survey records indicate this is a synthetic area source that should be 

removed from the Part II inventory prior to risk modeling. The facility did not make any updates 

to their Part II survey (but instead indicated all the data were okay as is).

There were a handful of facilities that left their inventory labeled as “area” source, but 

whose Part I survey response indicates they are a major source. We updated the FINAL Facility

Category Code to reflect major source status for these facilities.

Facility name. We checked to ensure the facility name used by each facility was 

consistent throughout the database. A few instances of different names being used for the same 

mill were detected (a carryover from a few spreadsheets that were not complete inventory

replacements). We corrected the facility names in the KEEP table where necessary to match the 

names in the Facility table.

Emission unit description. We noted that some of the facility records for emission unit 

description were blank. If other fields contained descriptive information, we copied that to the 

emission unit description column for convenience. However, some blanks remain.
8

B. Codes, IDs, and Dates

Emission unit/process/emission release point IDs. Gaps in these IDs were resolved first 

before we did any further work in the database. Next, we added the following concatenations to 

the beginning of the table to facilitate a review of records by unique emission unit:

RTI_Unit: NEI ID--Emission Unit ID--Process ID

RTI_EmPt: NEI ID--Emission Unit ID--Process ID--Emission Release Point ID

We also added the following concatenations to the end of the table to facilitate detection of 

duplicate and differing values for stack parameters and latitudes/longitudes:

Release_point_combo: State County FIPs--NEI ID--Emission Release Point ID

Process_combo: State County FIPs--NEI ID--Emission Unit ID

SIC/NAICS codes. Many Part II survey respondents used text different from the lookup 

table in their Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code descriptions and North American 

Industry Classification System (NAICS) code descriptions. We reviewed the SIC and NAICS 

codes to ensure they were consistent with the text used by the respondents and made any 

appropriate corrections. The final codes reside in the corresponding “FINAL” columns. We 

deleted the column with respondents’ SIC descriptions after reviewing the SIC and NAICS codes 

to save space due to database size limitations (e.g., character limitation across rows). The final 

SIC or NAICS descriptions can be linked from a standard lookup table, as needed.

SCC/MACT codes. We spent considerable time on standardizing SCCs and MACT codes 

to ensure consistency within in the database. First, we reviewed each SCC by the emission unit 

description (and other descriptive columns) to ensure they were consistent. Next, we crosstabbed SCC vs. MACT code to look for inconsistencies. Except for the not-elsewhere classified 

SCC (39999999), each SCC is now affiliated with only one MACT code. We reduced the 

number of not-elsewhere classified SCCs (e.g., *****999s) by reviewing available process 

descriptions and assigning more specific SCCs where possible. Table 1 at the end of this 

memorandum lists the MACT codes used in the compiled file.

Once the MACT codes were standardized, we removed the lengthy un-standardized 

MACT code and SCC descriptions supplied by the respondents in order to save space. As with 

SIC and NAICS descriptions, final code descriptions can be linked from a standard lookup table, 

as needed.

Start and end dates. We reviewed the base year information that facilities provided in 

their Part II responses and corrected any obvious errors. Missing dates were populated with dates 

from the mill’s NEI update spreadsheets.

Note: The Buckeye, Perry FL mill (NEI ID No. NEI47091) submitted data for a direct 

contact evaporator (DCE) recovery furnace that was converted to a non-direct contact evaporator 

(NDCE) recovery furnace mid-year. DCE data were supplied for January through June 2010, and 

NDCE data were provided for July through December 2010. Rather than model the now obsolete 

DCE data, we converted the NDCE data to reflect one year’s worth of operation (i.e., multiplied 
9

by 2) from July 2010 through June 2011. The DCE data were flagged for deletion and moved to 

the Deleted_items table.

Data source code. We corrected any respondent misspellings and errors. Respondents 

were asked to enter “RTR09” for new records, but there were some obvious drag errors, 

misspellings, etc.

Control measure codes. We reviewed these codes for consistency with code definitions in 

the lookup table and standardized them. Since these columns are not critical for the modeling 

file, we did not copy all codes down where they appeared for just some rows for a given 

emission unit.

Emission release point type codes. Emission release point type codes were reviewed 

against the stack and fugitive parameters included in the database to ensure they were identified 

correctly. An emission release point type code of “01” indicates fugitive emissions, while all 

other emission release point type codes (“02” through “06”) indicate stack emissions. Where it 

was obvious that the code was in error, the emission release point type code was revised 

accordingly.

C. Pollutants and Emissions

Pollutant codes. The pollutant codes and names received with the Part II survey responses 

required extensive QA and standardization. There were missing and invalid codes, various 

permutations of pollutant names, etc. We made several specific changes to pollutant codes where 

necessary (e.g., coding thallium as a radionuclide).

There were also many non-HAP pollutants included in the Part II responses that were not 

previously included in the NEI lookup table. For these “new” pollutants, we looked up their CAS 

numbers (either to verify the codes submitted by respondents or to obtain missing pollutant 

codes) and ensured the compiled database file included these pollutant codes. We created a 

lookup table for the compiled file that contains all of the old pollutant codes from the original 

NEI code lookup table and added to this table the “new” pollutants for pulp and paper (giving 

standardized names to the new pollutants, based generally on the most commonly reported 

name). The EPA NEI team reviewed and provided comments on the table, and we made the 

corresponding corrections. Table 2 presents the new non-HAP pollutants added to the NEI 

pollutant lookup table. 

Actual Emissions. We reviewed the magnitude of emissions. We followed up with mills 

(as needed) for correction of obvious errors (e.g., 4.5 million tons per year [tpy] of chloroform).

In many cases, there was a conversion error made by the respondent. We looked at HAP 

emissions from individual processes above 100 tpy to identify obvious errors.

The QA of emissions data focused more on HAP (particularly from 1626 MACT codes) 

than on CAP or TRS due to time constraints. Some potentially random high emissions remain for 

non-1626 processes and for CAP and TRS releases.
10

In a couple of cases where emissions were obviously in error, and where emission factors 

were used in creating the estimates, we used ratios of emission factors to revise the emissions

estimates.

Duplicate pollutants. Numerous duplicate pollutants appeared in the database for each 

RTI_EmPt. The reasons for most of the duplicates appeared to be:

 Part II respondent error (e.g., respondents updating old data and including new data 

for the same pollutant but not necessarily the same emission rate, etc.). 

 Pollutant coding issues where only one code applied for what respondents considered 

a separate pollutant (e.g., cresols, xylenes, synonyms of pollutants).

 Coding of emission units that was not detailed enough (e.g., multi-fuel-fired boilers 

with different emissions estimates for each fuel but only one RTI_EmPt).

We spent a considerable amount of time resolving these duplicate issues. We resolved 

duplication issues relating to xylene that resulted from the double-counting of mixed and 

individual xylene isomers (with several xylene rows being moved to the Deleted_items table). 

For example, some data for m,p–xylenes in the compiled file received pollutant code 1330207

[for “Xylenes (mixed isomers”)], which resulted in a problem if there was already data for total 

xylenes with pollutant code 1330207 (resulting in two rows with the same pollutant code and 

different emissions).

In many cases, the solution to duplicate pollutants was to recode the emission units, 

processes, or emission release points, as applicable. In some cases, we found we needed to delete 

exact duplicate pollutants, or delete the lowest of two duplicates (e.g., if there was an order-ofmagnitude difference in emissions such that the second duplicate didn’t add much). We noted the 

problem and corrective action in a separate spreadsheet (and often in the “RTI Notes” or “Delete 

Comment” in the compiled database file). For a few mills, we found that we had to sum up 

emissions after contacting the respondent.

Hexachloroethane emissions from pulp storage tanks. We noted that some pulp storage 

tanks had hexachloroethane emissions estimates. During our QA of a prior preliminary risk 

modeling file, we learned that National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI)--the 

leading source of environmental data affecting the pulp and paper industry--had eliminated the

emission factor for hexachloroethane for unbleached pulp mills. Upon review, we decided to 

keep the hexachloroethane emissions estimates as is because most were for bleached pulp mills,

where hexachloroethane might be expected.

Routine maximum hourly emisisons. This database field was structured as a text field.

We added a numeric-double field called “RoutineEmMaxHourly_lb/hr” so we could use the 

values in calculations.

We compared the maximum pound per hour (lb/hr) values with the actual tpy values and 

found wide discrepancies for many emission units (e.g., maximum lb/hr values resulting in less 

than the routine tpy; lb/hr and tpy values differing by more than a factor of 1000). Therefore, we 

concluded that extreme caution should be exercised when using the maximum hourly emissions 

field, and we do not recommend using the maximum hourly emissions field for acute risk 
11

modeling. Rather, we recommend considering this information in the development of acute 

multipliers, where out-of-range values can be discounted, as needed. (For further information, 

see the section on acute multipliers later in this memorandum.)

Startup and shutdown emissions. Very little data were provided by survey respondents 

for startup and shutdown. Less than 2 percent of respondents supplied startup and shutdown 

emission rates, and, in most cases, the startup and shutdown emission rates matched the 

maximum lb/hr emission rates for routine operation. These data were considered in development 

of acute multipliers, but ultimately were not useful. 

Missing emissions. For several mills, HAP emissions data were not provided for their 

subpart S (1626-1) sources. In some cases, the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions data 

that were provided were multiplied by HAP/VOC ratios to estimate the HAP emissions (where 

HAP emissions were expected). The HAP/VOC ratios were based on HAP and VOC emission 

factors in NCASI Technical Bulletin 973, which is a compilation of the latest HAP emission 

factors for the pulp and paper industry. We developed HAP estimates for both routine annual 

emissions and maximum hourly emissions, where VOC were available for both. Where no VOC 

data were provided, we estimated the HAP emissions using the HAP emission factors from the 

NCASI bulletin and the production information from the mills’ Part I survey responses.

TRS. The NEI data submitted with Part II contained TRS in various forms:

 Individual speciated TRS compounds (e.g., hydrogen sulfide [H2S], methyl 

mercaptan)

 Total TRS as sulfur (S)

 Total TRS as H2S

 Total TRS (on an unspecified basis)

When standardizing pollutants in the NEI data file, we were careful to retain whether 

total TRS was labeled “as S” or “as H2S.” The individual speciated TRS compounds are not 

HAP, although there is a HAP listing petition for H2S. There are several TRS compounds. These 

compounds are easily identifiable in the compiled NEI data file because they have a general 

HAP category name of “H2S” or “TRS.” However, the NSPS regulatory definition of TRS 

includes four compounds: H2S, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl sulfide. For 

mills supplying only total TRS data (e.g., TRS, TRS as S, or TRS as H2S), it was not possible to 

tell whether the total TRS were limited to the four TRS included in the regulatory definition or a 

larger number of TRS compounds. 

D. Latitudes/Longitudes

We reviewed the latitudes and longitudes for individual stack and fugitive release points 

in the compiled file. Where we found gaps in latitude/longitude data, we populated the gaps with 

data (where available) from a prior draft residual risk modeling effort. Often, coordinates for the 

center of the mill were used. Once we had filled all of the data gaps, we exported the 

latitude/longitude data into a spreadsheet file and sent the file to EPA, where the data were 

reviewed using Google Earth. Any latitudes and longitudes that were off-property were brought 

to the center of the property (unless the location of the emission release point was obvious, in 
12

which case the latitudes and longitudes were moved to the emission release point). As discussed 

further below, EPA also used Google Earth to QA fugitive parameters, as needed. After EPA had 

completed its QA of the latitude/longitude data, we re-imported the data back into the database

file.

We checked the latitudes and longitudes by using the Release_point_combo concatenated 

codes (State County FIPS--NEI ID--Emission Release Point ID). We found numerous duplicates

where the same emission release point had multiple coordinates, which we corrected (typically

by creating new emission release point IDs for the duplicate records).

E. Stack Parameters

Stack parameters for those records with an emission release point code of “01” for 

fugitives were set at the national fugitive defaults: 10 ft stack height, 72°F exit gas temperature, 

0.003 ft stack diameter, 0.0003 ft/sec exit gas velocity, and 0 ft3/sec exit gas flow rate. The 

reported fugitive release height and temperature (if different from the 10 ft and 72°F defaults) 

were retained.

Stack parameters for all other emission release point codes of “02” through “06” (i.e., 

stacks) were reviewed. Where possible, information supplied was used to populate missing fields 

(e.g., if diameter and flow rate were provided, this information was used to back-calculate 

velocity). Except for paper machines (SCC 30700401), unresolved blanks were populated with 

the 2002 NEI default parameters for each SCC, MACT code, and SIC.1The hierarchy applied for 

assigning the stack defaults was SCC > MACT code > SIC.

Paper Machines. For paper machines, a specific set of stack parameters was applied, 

consistent with guidance from industry (see Appendix B for documentation). We applied the 

following default stack parameters for paper machine SCC 30700401:

 Stack height: 70 feet (ft)

 Stack diameter: 4.6 ft

 Exit gas velocity: 30 feet per second (ft/sec)

 Exit gas flow rate: 499 cubic feet per second (acfs)

Note: Industry’s guidance document on paper machine default stack parameters mentions 

applying these parameters to two SCCs: 30700401 and 30700405. SCC 30700405 is no longer in 

use for the pulp and paper industry and was replaced in the compiled file with SCC 30700401.

The default parameter we used for exit gas temperature varied, depending on whether the 

paper machine emission points were indicated in the NEI emission process description to be 

from the wet or dry end of the paper machine, or were not indicated:

 Wet end: 104°F

 Dry end: 149°F

 Not indicated: 125°F

 

1

See EPA website http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html and click on “Stack parameter defaults” to 

download an Access database containing default stack parameters by SCC, MACT code, and SIC.
13

For paper machine emission release point types identified as stack (codes “02” through 

“06”), we kept the stack parameters determined to be actual data and replaced those determined 

to be NEI defaults for any facilities where NEI defaults had not already been resolved through 

the Part II survey process.

For those paper machine emission release point types identified as fugitive (code “01”), 

we looked to see whether they had fugitive parameters (length and width). If they did, we left 

those parameters in place. If they did not, we revised the emission release point type code to 

indicate stack emissions (code “02”) and then replaced the NEI national default stack parameters 

(10 ft height, 72°F temperature, 0.003 ft diameter, and 0.0003 ft/s velocity) with the industrysupplied default stack parameters noted above.

Other NEI stack parameter checks. We performed certain stack parameter checks that are 

typically done for NEI data. Flow rates were checked based on the aforementioned calculation 

using the stack exit diameter and velocity. Any flow rates varying by more than 10 percent from 

the calculated value were set to the calculated value.

The stack parameters were also checked against the Release_point_combo concatenated 

codes (State County FIPS--NEI ID--Emission Release Point ID) to resolve any duplicate or 

differing information (e.g., by adding new emission release point IDs, correcting stack 

parameters).

The stack parameters were also checked to ensure that the stack diameter was not greater 

than the stack height. Where this occurred, we reviewed each case individually to resolve the 

situation (e.g., replaced the stack height and/or diameter with correct information from the mill’s 

NEI update spreadsheet, replaced the stack diameter with a default value, back-calculated stack 

diameter based on exit gas velocity and flow rate). We also checked to determine if the emission 

release point type was consistent with the type of equipment (SCC) and type of release 

parameters provided.

F. Fugitive Parameters

After determining which emission release point types in the database were fugitive “01,” 

we reviewed the fugitive length, width, and angle. EPA plotted and measured several fugitive 

emission sources (e.g., wastewater, liquor ponds, some paper machine buildings coded as 

fugitive) to verify length and width and to check fugitive angle, particularly when no angle was 

provided. Numerous fugitive parameters were blank or zero. In some cases, EPA populated the 

blank fugitive dimensions with values measured using Google Earth where such measurements 

were possible. EPA also used Google Earth to resolve fugitive angles that were negative or 

greater than 180 degrees.

Non-wastewater fugitive parameters. With the exception of wastewater, we populated the 

remaining blanks for fugitive length and width with SCC-specific fugitive dimension defaults we 

created based on QA of the actual fugitive defaults provided for each SCC and engineering 

judgment. To be conservative, we erred on the side of underestimating the dimensions, while 
14

improving on the representativeness of the values (i.e., replacing the zeroes). The fugitive angle 

was considered to be zero. A table of the SCCs with affected fugitive emissions is provided in 

Appendix C.

Wastewater fugitive parameters. The following default fugitive parameters were supplied 

by industry representatives for wastewater (see Appendix D for industry documentation):

 Primary clarifiers: fugitive length and width = 177 ft; fugitive angle assumed to be zero

 Aeration stabilization basins (ASBs): fugitive length = 1500 ft; fugitive width = 1000 ft; 

fugitive angle assumed to be zero

 Activated sludge treatment (AST) systems: fugitive length = 829 ft; fugitive width = 166 

ft; fugitive angle assumed to be zero

Note: Length and width for AST systems were calculated based on the midpoint 

(27,500 ft2) of the range of AST areas (20,000 to 35,000 ft2) provided by industry, 

using the midpoint (5) of the length/width ratio provided by industry (2 to 8).

The information we received from industry does not speak to release height, but the NEI 

defaults (e.g., 1 ft, 10 ft) seem reasonable for these types of sources (since some clarifiers or 

concrete basins are elevated).

For those wastewater emission release point types identified as fugitive (code “01”), we 

added the industry-supplied fugitive parameters where site-specific fugitive parameters were not 

already available (e.g., through the Part II survey response or from a Google Earth 

measurement). We defaulted the release height to 10 ft for those records, if they had a higher 

release height. If the release height was 0 ft, we defaulted to 10 ft for clarifiers and 1 ft for ASBs 

and AST systems.

For those wastewater emission release point types identified as stack (codes “02” through 

“06”), where there were clearly NEI default stack parameters that carried through the Part II 

survey process, we changed the emission release point type to fugitive and added the industrysupplied fugitive parameters and default release height specified above. Where the stack 

parameters could not be identified as default, we left the emission release point type and stack 

parameters as reported.

IV. Pollutant Speciation and Apportionment

A. Chromium Speciation

Chromium compounds are a significant contributor to increased cancer risk, but the level 

of risk largely depends on the oxidation state (species) of the compounds. The two most common 

chromium species are hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) and trivalent chromium (Cr+3). EPA has 

classified Cr+6 and its compounds as known human carcinogens, while Cr+3 is not classified as to 

its human carcinogenicity. Consequently, determining the percentage of total chromium that is 

Cr+6 vs. Cr+3 is a major factor in estimating the level of risk from chromium exposure.

Table 3 at the end of this memorandum presents the default chromium speciation profiles 

that were used for the October 2011 risk modeling to generate estimates of Cr+6 (pollutant code 
15

18540299) and Cr+3 (pollutant code 16065831). Speciation profiles are documented for each 

SCC applicable to the pulp and paper industry (and included in the October 2011 risk modeling).

The chromium speciation profiles were applied where only total chromium estimates were 

provided (for pollutant code 7440473 or 136). Some mills provided estimates for both total 

chromium and Cr+6 for a particular source. In those cases, we subtracted the Cr+6 from the total 

chromium to calculate Cr+3 and then deleted the total chromium estimate.

B. Mercury Speciation

Like chromium, the different oxidation states of mercury compounds vary in toxicity, but 

also in exposure pathway (e.g., inhalation, ingestion). The most common mercury species are 

divalent mercury (Hg+2) (including both particulate and gaseous forms) and elemental gaseous 

mercury (Hg0). We recommend speciating mercury compounds (pollutant codes 7439976 and 

199) using the NEI default multipliers of 0.2 for particulate divalent mercury (pollutant code 

202), 0.3 for gaseous divalent mercury (pollutant code 201), and 0.5 for elemental gaseous 

mercury (pollutant code 200) for all sources in the compiled database file. (EPA 2006a) It should 

be noted that there are a few records in the compiled file that are already speciated as elemental 

mercury (pollutant code 200), and no further speciation is required for these records.

C. POM Speciation

Polycyclic organic matter (POM) is comprised of a large number of individual 

compounds (POM species), each with their own toxicity levels and exposure pathways. Within 

the pulp and paper production category (MACT code 1626-1), there were several listings for 

POM in the compiled file that were unspeciated (pollutant code 246). Most facilities that 

reported POM speciated the data into individual compounds. Unspeciated (total) POMs were 

reported for some paper machines and direct-fired paper machine dryers (SCC 30700401). Since 

many mills provided speciated POM compounds, POM speciation profiles were developed from 

those mills to speciate total POM for mills with unspeciated POM data. Table 4 at the end of this 

memorandum presents the POM speciation profiles used to replace unspeciated POM for paper 

machines and paper machine dryers (SCC 30700401).

D. Dioxin/Furan Speciation and Apportionment

The predominant sources of dioxin/furan emissions at pulp and paper mills are the power 

boilers used to provide steam and electricity for the mill and the chemical recovery combustion 

sources (i.e., recovery furnaces and lime kilns) at the mill. Most mills reported dioxin/furan 

emissions for specific SCCs and MACT codes. However, some dioxin/furan apportionment was 

needed for mill processes with an SCC of 39999999 (Misc Manuf/Indus Processes/Other Not 

Classified) and a MACT code of 1626-3 (Pulp and Paper Production - Non-MACT Facilities).

One mill (NEI ID NEI47077) had dioxin/furan emissions data listed for SCC 39999999 

and MACT code 1626-3. The dioxin/furan data were already speciated (i.e., had TEQ 

congeners). Since the mill had both boilers and chemical recovery combustion sources, we 

apportioned the dioxin/furan data to the 0107 MACT code (boilers at the facility) and 1626-2 
16

MACT code (chemical recovery combustion sources) using the following methodology--55 

percent to boilers and 45 percent to chemical recovery combustion sources.

Two other mills (NEI IDs NEI33135 and NEI41252) had dioxin/furan emissions data 

listed for SCC 39999999 and MACT code 1626-2, but the data were unspeciated (i.e., reported

as total dioxin, pollutant code 155), so we developed a congener profile for these sources. 

Because most dioxin/furan emissions from MACT code 1626-2 are expected to come from the 

recovery furnace, we used the dioxin/furan congener profile for recovery furnaces in Table 5-13 

of EPA’s dioxin/furan inventory report (EPA 2006b) to estimate the congener emissions. Table 5

at the end of this memorandum presents the dioxin/furan congener profile and toxic equivalency

factors (TEFs) used to replace the unspeciated dioxin/furan estimates for these 1626-2 sources 

with individual congener estimates (expressed as 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ). The toxic equivalency

factors are based on the latest EPA guidance.

The EPA plans to QA the entire dioxin/furan emissions database and do further 

evaluations during the RTR process planned for the subpart MM category (MACT code 1626-2) 

and anticipates further refinements in dioxin/furan emissions estimates when the Boiler MACT 

rule is finalized (subpart DDDDD). For these reasons and because dioxin/furan emissions are 

not part of the subpart S category, EPA did not model these emissions at this time.

E. Glycol Ether Speciation

There are some listings of total glycol ethers in the database for MACT codes 1626-1, 

1626-2, and a few other MACT codes. We coded all total glycol ether records (identified as 

pollutant code 171) as 1,2-dimethoxyethane (pollutant code 110714). The pollutant 1,2-

dimethoxyethane is the most commonly emitted glycol ether for pulp and paper. Consequently, 

we recommend using the risk benchmarks for 1,2-dimethoxyethane when performing risk 

modeling for these records.

V. Emission Process Group Assignments

Descriptive emission process groups were assigned to each SCC to group similar 

emission units and facilitate analysis of the risk results. Each SCC is affiliated with only one 

emission process group (but one emission process group can apply for multiple SCCs). Table 6A

at the end of this memorandum provides a listing of the SCCs contained in the October 2011 risk 

modeling file and the emission process groups assigned. Through the use of emission process 

groups, we can focus our analyses of risk results and emissions on 82 consolidated emission 

process groups rather than on 225 SCCs. Some of the processes listed in Table 6A do not emit 

HAP or TRS and do not appear in the risk modeling file. To aid in analysis of the risk results, the 

emission process groups were developed to be more detailed for SCCs within the 1626-1 risk 

modeling category, but less detailed for emission units outside the category. (For example, we 

combined all boilers into one emission process group.) Allowable and acute multipliers for the 

pulp and paper subpart S category (MACT code 1626-1) are affiliated with the emission process 

groups. The basis for these multipliers is discussed in the sections below.
17

VI. Actual vs. Allowable Emissions

A. Background

In addition to evaluating the residual risks associated with actual emissions, EPA 

evaluates the risk associated with the emissions that would be allowed under the NESHAP, i.e., 

“allowable emissions,” since they reflect the maximum level that sources could emit and still 

comply with the national standards. Actual emissions are sometimes less than allowable 

emissions due to a compliance cushion, a more stringent state or local rule, or over-control due to 

the use of control technologies, equipment, or work practices that are significantly better than 

that required by MACT. Any over-control from pulp and paper processes, e.g., for mills using 

the subpart S clean condensate alternative or an equivalency-by-permit compliance option, 

would be site-specific and not estimable. The remainder of this section documents how 

multipliers were estimated to calculate allowable emissions.

B. Allowable Multipliers for October 2011 Risk Modeling

Appendix E at the end of this memorandum lists the standards in subpart S to which pulp 

and paper production sources are subject. The sources include:

 Kraft pulping vent gases

 Soda or semichemical pulping vent gases

 Sulfite pulping vent gases

 New and existing bleaching vent gases

 Kraft pulping process condensates

Under subpart S, these sources were given a series of compliance options to choose from, 

including equipment standards, work practice standards, numeric emission limits, and a clean 

condensate alternative. Appendix E identifies the standard format for each of these compliance 

options. Based on industry responses to the Part I survey, we looked at the most commonly

chosen subpart S compliance options for each emission process group in determining how to 

estimate allowable multipliers for pulp and paper production sources.

Equipment or work practice standards. For equipment standards and work practice 

standards, it is generally assumed that allowable emissions equal actual emissions (because 

emissions typically are not measured when equipment or work practices are in effect). Based on 

the survey data we have received, we have determined that mills generally are not using 

equipment or work practices superior to that required by MACT. Therefore, we are assuming 

actual and allowable emissions are equivalent under the equipment and work practice standards, 

resulting in an allowable multiplier of 1.

Numeric emission limits. For numeric emission limits, certain information is needed to 

estimate allowable multipliers, which varies depending on the type of limit. The subpart S 

compliance options include three types of numeric emission limits, including performance limits 

(percent reduction), concentration limits (parts per million by volume [ppmv] or weight 

[ppmw]), and production-based emission limits (pounds per ton of oven-dried pulp [lb/ton 
18

ODP]). Appendix E identifies the types of information that is needed to calculate allowable 

multipliers.

To calculate allowable multipliers based on performance limits (percent reduction), we 

would need to know the actual performance (percent reduction) level achieved, which is 

available from the survey responses for subpart S sources. To calculate allowable multipliers 

based on concentration limits (ppmv and ppmw), we would need to know the molecular weight 

of the pollutant, stack gas temperature, and stack gas flow rate. The numeric emission limits in 

subpart S use surrogate pollutants for total HAP, specifically methanol for pulping process vent 

gases and condensates and chlorine for bleaching processes. The molecular weights of methanol 

and chlorine could be used in allowable emissions calculations.

Based on our review of the survey responses for subpart S sources, most kraft mills have 

chosen to meet the equipment standards rather than the concentration limits for kraft pulping 

vent gases and kraft pulping process condensates. Also, calculating allowable multipliers based 

on concentration limits would be very site-specific and subject to considerable variability, 

depending on the stack gas temperature and flow rate data used in the calculations.

Consequently, we have estimated allowable multipliers for kraft pulping vent gases and kraft 

pulping process condensates based on performance limits rather than concentration limits.

To calculate allowable multipliers for sulfite mills based on their production-based 

emission limits (lb/ton ODP emitted), we would need information on actual production levels 

(e.g., ton ODP per year), which is available from the survey responses for subpart S sources.

Based on our review of the survey responses for subpart S sources, most sulfite mills have 

chosen to meet either the 0.89 lb/ton ODP limit (for Ca- and Na-based sulfite mills) or 2.2 lb/ton 

ODP limit (for NH3-based sulfite mills). Although we have sufficient information from these 

mills’ Part I survey responses to calculate their allowable emissions, we do not have sufficient

information from the NEI on the actual pulping emissions for these mills to enable us to develop 

an allowable multiplier. Therefore, we instead used the equivalent 92 percent performance limit 

for Ca- and Na-based sulfite mills and 87 percent performance limit for NH3-based sulfite mills

to calculate the allowable multipliers. (Note that there are no longer any Mg-based sulfite mills 

in operation that would be subject to subpart S standards.)

To calculate allowable multipliers for kraft pulping process condensates based on their 

production-based “removal” emission limits (lb/ton ODP removed), we would need information 

on actual production levels (e.g., ton ODP per year) and uncontrolled emissions (from which the 

limits would be subtracted). However, we do not have uncontrolled emissions data for kraft 

pulping process condensates. Therefore, we instead used the equivalent 92 percent performance 

limit to calculate the allowable multiplier for kraft pulping process condensates.

Clean condensate alternative (CCA). Subpart S provides a clean condensate alternative, 

which is an emissions averaging approach to offset emissions from certain existing kraft pulping 

sources (e.g., high volume low concentration [HVLC] sources). Emissions reductions achieved 

under this compliance alternative are calculated on a site-specific basis and must be at least as 

great that those achieved through the kraft pulping HVLC system standards. Although the 

subpart S survey responses showed a number of mills using the CCA option, we are not 
19

evaluating this option for allowable emissions for the October 2011 risk modeling due to the sitespecific nature of the emissions calculations.

Uncontrolled emission units. Actual and allowable emissions are equivalent for 

uncontrolled emission sources, resulting in an allowable multiplier of 1. Based on our analysis of 

the survey data, most emission sources within the subpart S source category that were not subject 

to subpart S standards are uncontrolled.

Emission units controlled under other emission standards. Permit limits requested in the 

pulp and paper survey were used to evaluate whether there are emission units in the pulp and 

paper industry with emission limitations more stringent than the pulp and paper standards (in 

which case allowable emissions would be lower than the “MACT allowable” emissions). We 

found no directly comparable information showing any HAP emission limitations more stringent 

than MACT are in place for subpart S sources.

Allowable multipliers. For the October 2011 risk modeling, analysis of actual vs. 

allowable emissions is focused on the subpart S performance (percent reduction) limits and 

equipment or work practice standards. This analysis relies on actual emissions reductions 

presented in the Part I survey results (including actual emissions data and specific compliance 

options used).

A summary of the allowable multipliers for each emission source type is provided in 

Table 7 at the end of this memorandum, and the allowable multipliers assigned to each emission 

process group for residual risk modeling are provided in Table 6B.

VII. Acute Exposure Estimation Approach

A. Background

In addition to the chronic, long-term exposures addressed under cancer risk, EPA also 

considers acute, short-term exposures in its risk-based decision-making. In the absence of shortterm emissions data, EPA estimates peak, short-term emissions using available annual emissions 

data in the NEI. In previous RTR rulemakings, EPA has assumed that a facility’s peak, 1-hour 

emission rate could exceed its annual average hourly emission rate by as much as a factor of 10, 

under worst-case meteorological conditions and the presence of a human receptor at the facility

boundary. (EPA 2010) In meetings with pulp and paper industry representatives, we were told 

that a default peak-to-mean ratio of 10 was unrepresentative of some pulp and paper processes.

The pulp and paper industry initiated a study of peak-to-mean ratios for two pulp and paper 

emission sources—papermaking and wastewater—for EPA’s consideration. 

In order to refine the default-10 assumption, peak hourly emission rates (lb/hr) (referred 

to in Part II of the pulp and paper survey as “routine emissions maximum hourly rate”) were 

collected in the Part II survey (the results for which were received on June 6, 2011). These peak 

hourly emission rates were reviewed as part of the Part II data review. Under ideal 

circumstances, these data would be used directly to evaluate acute, short-term exposures.

However, the data provided by respondents had considerable inconsistencies. When compared to 
20

the annual emissions (tpy) reported in the Part II survey (assuming 8,760 hours per year [hr/yr]) 

the primary outliers identified were:

 Underestimate of peak hourly emission rates – The peak hourly emission rate scaled 

to a peak annual emission rate did not exceed actual annual emissions. 

 Overestimate of peak hourly emission rates – The peak hourly emission rate scaled to 

a peak annual emission rate excessively exceeded actual annual emissions.

 Zero emission rates – These emission rates were discarded from the analysis.

Various reasons are expected for these outliers, including lack of understanding of the 

data request, decimal place errors, typos, etc. Most of the discrepancies appeared to be 

independent of annual operating hours (e.g., the discrepancies remained discrepancies even when 

tested at annual operating hours other than 8,760 hr/yr). Given the number of outliers at both the 

high and low end, we recommend using the Part II survey data to calculate acute multipliers for

broad groupings of equipment as opposed to directly modeling of the peak hourly emission rates 

provided in the Part II data set. Such acute multipliers would also be needed to fill data gaps 

where peak hourly rates were not provided. Acute multipliers are often referred to as peak-tomean ratios. Acute multipliers can be developed by various methods. A summary of the 

methodology used to develop the acute multipliers for the October 2011 modeling is provided 

below. Table 8 presents the acute multipliers.

B. Acute Multipliers for October 2011 Risk Modeling

Papermaking and wastewater. Pulp and paper industry representatives provided the 

following peak-to-mean ratios (acute multipliers):

 Paper machines--1.6

 Wastewater--2

Analyses from the industry to support these ratios are provided in Appendices F and G at 

the end of this memorandum. We have reviewed the papers and, through our own independent 

analysis of survey data, found the rationale acceptable. We recommend using these ratios for the 

October 2011 risk modeling.

The paper machine peak-to-mean ratio of 1.6 was developed considering peak-to-mean 

paper production rates. Emissions from all equipment in the paper mill are expected to be 

uncontrolled and have emissions somewhat related (either directly or indirectly) to paper 

machine production rate. Therefore, for purposes of the October 2011 modeling, we recommend 

using the paper machine peak-to-mean ratio of 1.6 for all equipment in the paper mill that is 

related to papermaking (e.g., stock preparation, repulping, dryers, etc.). 

The wastewater peak-to-mean factor of 2 was developed considering wastewater from 

primary clarifiers and aeration stabilization basins (ASBs) at kraft mills, but, for purposes of the 

October 2011 modeling, we recommend applying it to all wastewater treatment units (not just 

primary clarifiers and ASBs at kraft mills).

Other processes. Part II of the pulp and paper survey (received June 6, 2011) requested 

information on annual emission rates (referred to in Part II as “routine emissions”) and peak 
21

hourly emission rates (discussed above). Peak-to-mean (acute) ratios were derived from the Part 

II survey data as follows:

 Mean = Average annual lb/hr = Routine emissions (tpy) / (8760 hr/yr) x (2000 lb/ton)

 Peak = Routine emissions maximum hourly rate (lb/hr)

 Peak/Mean = [Routine emissions maximum hourly rate (lb/hr)] / (Average annual lb/hr)

As detailed above, the peak hourly emission rates provided by industry had outliers in the 

data set. Although these values were precluded from direct input into the short-term risk model, 

they can be used to develop more realistic acute multipliers, as industry has indicated that a 

default peak-to-mean ratio of 10 is unrepresentative. The following approach was used. 

All 1626-1 HAP emissions data from the Part II survey (57,281 records) were compiled.

A peak-to-mean ratio was calculated for each HAP or TRS compound from each emission source

type. Zero emission rates and all peak-to-mean ratios less than one were removed from the data 

set. A peak-to-mean ratio less than one indicates that the peak value provided is incorrect (does 

not exceed the average hourly emission rate and is, therefore, not a peak). The median peak-tomean ratio for each general equipment type was then determined. Removing peak-to-mean 

values less than one and using the median value reduced the effects of excessively low and 

unusually high outliers.

It should be noted that we considered the startup and shutdown hourly rates collected in 

Part II in this analysis. However, the startup and shutdown data were sparse and, in all cases, the 

startup and shutdown hourly rates were the same as the rates provided for peak hourly emission 

rate. Therefore, these data ultimately were not useful for analysis of peak-to-mean ratios.

Acute multipliers. A summary of median peak-to-mean ratios (acute multipliers) for each 

emission source type is provided in Table 8 at the end of this memorandum, and the acute 

multipliers assigned to each emission process group for residual risk modeling are provided in 

Table 6B.

VIII. Acrolein Data

Appendix H provides EPA’s conclusions regarding use of the acrolein data provided in 

the Part II survey responses.

IX. References

EPA 2006a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2005 National Emissions Inventory Data 

& Documentation, Inventory Documentation, Mercury Speciation. Web site: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html. December 19, 2006.

EPA 2006b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An Inventory of Sources and 

Environmental Releases of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the United States for the 

Years 1987, 1995, and 2000. EPA/600/P-03/002F. November 2006.
22

EPA 2010 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Draft Residual Risk Assessment for the 

Chromic Acid Anodizing, Decorative Chromium Electroplating, and Hard 

Chromium Electroplating Source Categories. Appendix 4: Analysis of data on 

short-term emission rates relative to long-term emission rates. July 2010.
23

Table 1. MACT Codes Used for the October 2011 Pulp and Paper Risk Modeling

MACT 

code MACT source category

0105-1 Stationary Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines – Natural Gas

0105-2 Stationary Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines – Oil

0107-1 Industrial/Commercial/ Institutional Boilers & Process Heaters – coal

0107-2 Industrial/Commercial/ Institutional Boilers & Process Heaters – gas

0107-3 Industrial/Commercial/ Institutional Boilers & Process Heaters – oil

0107-4 Industrial/Commercial/ Institutional Boilers & Process Heaters – wood or waste

0108-1 Stationary Combustion Turbines – Natural Gas

0108-2 Stationary Combustion Turbines – Oil

0601 Gasoline Distribution (Stage I)

0602 Organic Liquids Distribution (Non-Gasoline)

0711 Paper & Other Webs (Surface Coating)

0714 Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)

1626-1 Pulp & Paper Production – Pulping and Bleaching Systems at Kraft, Soda, Sulfite, and 

Semichemical Pulping Mills (Subpart S)

1626-2 Pulp & Paper Production – Chemical Recovery Combustion Sources at Kraft, Soda, Sulfite, 

and Stand-alone Semichemical Pulping Mills (Subpart MM)

1626-3 Pulp and Paper Production – NonMACT Facilities
24

Table 2. New Pollutants Added to NEI Pollutant List

Pollutant code Description Pollutant typea Pollutant Category Name

10049044 Chlorine Dioxide Chlorine Dioxide

100516 Benzyl Alcohol Benzyl Alcohol

100527 Benzaldehyde Benzaldehyde

107039 n-Propyl Mercaptan TRS

108601 Bis(2-Chloroisopropyl) ether Bis(2-Chloroisopropyl) ether

108941 Cyclohexanone Cyclohexanone

109795 n-Butyl Mercaptan TRS

110009 Furan Furan

110010 Tetrahydro-Thiophene Tetrahydro-Thiophene

110021 Thiophene Thiophene

110623 Valeraldehyde Valeraldehyde

110816 Diethyl Disulfide TRS

117840 Di-n-octyl phthalate Di-n-octyl phthalate

120832 2,4-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dichlorophenol

123728 Butyraldehyde/n-Butyraldehyde Butyraldehyde/n-Butyraldehyde

124481 dibromochloromethane dibromochloromethane

127913 Beta-Pinene Beta-Pinene

1334787 m,p-Tolualdehyde m,p-Tolualdehyde

13466789 3-Carene 3-Carene

156592 1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloroethylene

27323188 Monochlorobiphenyl Monochlorobiphenyl

352932 Diethyl Sulfide TRS

37680685 Trichlorobiphenyl Polychlorinated Biphenyls

513440 Isobutyl Mercaptan TRS

529204 o-Tolualdehyde o-Tolualdehyde

540498 1,2-Dibromoethene 1,2-Dibromoethene

540590 1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloroethylene

5779942 2,5-Dimethyl Benzaldehyde 2,5-Dimethyl Benzaldehyde

590863 Isovaleraldehyde Isovaleraldehyde

5989275 Limonene Limonene

616444 Methyl Thiophene Methyl Thiophene

624895 Ethyl Methyl Sulfide TRS

624920 Dimethyl Disulfide TRS

638028 2,5-Dimethyl thiophene 2,5-Dimethyl thiophene

64175 Ethanol Ethanol

65850 Benzoic Acid Benzoic Acid

66251 Hexaldehyde Hexaldehyde

67630 Isopropanol [Isopropyl Alcohol] Isopropanol [Isopropyl Alcohol]

67641 Acetone Acetone

7429905 Aluminum Aluminum 

7439896 Iron Iron 

7439932 Lithium Lithium 
25

Pollutant code Description Pollutant typea Pollutant Category Name

7439954 Magnesium Magnesium

7439987 Molybdenum Molybdenum Compounds

7440097 Potassium Potassium

7440213 Silicon Silicon 

7440224 Silver Silver Compounds

7440235 Sodium Sodium

7440246 Strontium Strontium Compounds

7440280 thallium Thallium Compounds

7440315 Tin Tin Compounds

7440326 Titanium Titanium Compounds

7440393 Barium Barium Compounds

7440428 Boron Boron 

7440508 Copper Copper Compounds

7440622 Vanadium Vanadium Compounds

7440655 Yttrium Yttrium Compounds

7440666 Zinc Zinc Compounds

7440699 Bismuth Bismuth 

7440702 Calcium Calcium 

74840 Ethane Ethane

74931 Methyl Mercaptan TRS

74953 Dibromomethane [methylene 

bromide]

Dibromomethane [methylene bromide]

75081 Ethyl Mercaptan TRS

75183 Dimethyl Sulfide TRS

75274 Bromodichloromethane Bromodichloromethane

75332 Isopropyl Mercaptan TRS

75661 Tert-Butyl Mercaptan TRS

75694 Trichlorofluoromethane Trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11)

76222 Camphor Camphor

7664939 Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric Acid 

7782414 Fluorine Fluorine

78842 Isobutyraldehyde Isobutyraldehyde

79925 Camphene Camphene

80568 Alpha-Pinene Alpha-Pinene

84662 Diethyl Phthalate Diethyl Phthalate

85687 Butyl Benzyl Phthalate Butyl Benzyl Phthalate

872559 2-Ethyl Thiophene 2-Ethyl Thiophene

88755 2-Nitrophenol 2-Nitrophenol

95578 Chlorophenol [2-Chlorophenol] Chlorophenol [2-Chlorophenol]

95636 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

98555 Alpha-Terpineol Alpha-Terpineol

99854 gamma-Terpinene gamma-Terpinene

99876 p-Cymene p-Cymene
26

Pollutant code Description Pollutant typea Pollutant Category Name

CFC Chlorofluorocarbons CFC

Nitrate Nitrate Compounds Nitrate Compounds

TRS Total Reduced Sulfur OTH TRS

TRS (H2S) Total Reduced Sulfur (as H2S) OTH TRS

TRS as S Total Reduced Sulfur (as S) OTH TRS

a. All are non-HAP pollutants.
27

Table 3. Chromium Speciation Approach for October 2011 Pulp and Paper Risk Modeling

SCCs included in October 2011 modeling Cr+6

multiplier for

October 2011

modeling2

Comment on use of Cr+6 multiplier for October 2011

SCC Short name modeling 1

Process 

MACT 

code

10200201 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Pulverized 

Coal: Wet Bottom

0107-1 0.12

10200202 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Pulverized 

Coal: Dry Bottom

0107-1 0.12

10200203 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Cyclone 

Furnace

0107-1 0.12

10200204 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Spreader 

Stoker

0107-1 0.12

10200212 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Pulverized 

Coal: Dry Bottom (Tangential)

0107-1 0.12

10200218 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bituminous Coal /Atmospheric 

Fluidized Bed Combustion: Circulating Bed

0107-1 0.12

10200219 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bituminous Coal /Cogeneration 0107-1 0.12

10200222 Ext Comb /Industrial /Subbituminous Coal /Pulverized 

Coal: Dry Bottom

0107-1 0.12

10200224 Ext Comb /Industrial /Subbituminous Coal /Spreader 

Stoker

0107-1 0.12

10200401 Ext Comb /Industrial /Residual Oil /Grade 6 Oil 0107-3 0.18

10200501 Ext Comb /Industrial /Distillate Oil /Grades 1 and 2 Oil 0107-3 0.18

10200502 Ext Comb /Industrial /Distillate Oil /10-100 Million 

Btu/hr **

0107-3 0.18

10200601 Ext Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /> 100 Million 

Btu/hr

0107-2 0.04

10200602 Ext Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /10-100 Million 

Btu/hr

0107-2 0.04

10200603 Ext Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /< 10 Million Btu/hr 0107-2 0.04

10200604 Ext Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /Cogeneration 0107-2 0.04

10200799 Ext Comb /Industrial /Process Gas /Other: Specify in 

Comments

0107-2 0.04

10200804 Ext Comb /Industrial /Petroleum Coke /Cogeneration 0107-1 0.12

10200901 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bark-fired Boiler 0107-4 0.56
28

SCCs included in October 2011 modeling Cr+6

multiplier for

October 2011

modeling2

Comment on use of Cr+6 multiplier for October 2011

SCC Short name modeling 1

Process 

MACT 

code

10200902 Ext Comb /Industrial /Wood/Bark-fired Boiler 0107-4 0.56

10200903 Ext Comb /Industrial /Wood-fired Boiler - Wet Wood 

(:=20% moisture)

0107-4 0.56

10200907 Ext Comb /Industrial /Wood-fired Boiler - Wet Wood 

(:=20% moisture)

0107-4 0.56

10200911 Ext Comb /Industrial /Wood/Bark Waste /Stoker boilers 

**

0107-4 0.56

10200912 Ext Comb /Industrial /Wood/Bark Waste /Fluidized bed 

combustion boiler

0107-4 0.56

10201002 Ext Comb /Industrial /LPG /Propane 0107-2 0.04

10201201 Ext Comb /Industrial /Solid Waste /Specify Waste 

Material in Comments

0107-4 0.56

10201202 Ext Comb /Industrial /Solid Waste /Refuse Derived Fuel 0107-4 0.56

10500106 Ext Comb /Space Heater /Industrial /Natural Gas 0107-2 0.04

20200102 Int Comb /Industrial /Distillate Oil (Diesel) 

/Reciprocating

0105-2 0.18

20200203 Int Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /Turbine: 

Cogeneration

0105-1 0.04

20200401 Int Comb /Industrial /Large Bore Engine /Diesel 0105-2 0.18

20201702 Int Comb /Industrial /Gasoline /Reciprocating Engine 0105-2 0.18 Cr+6 multiplier assumed to be same as for fuel oil.

20300101 Int Comb /Comm-Inst /Distillate Oil (Diesel) 

/Reciprocating

0105-2 0.18

30700104 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Recovery Furnace/Direct 

Contact Evaporator

1626-2 0.171 NCASI TB 973 (Table 4.22) contains Cr+6 and total Cr 

emissions test data for one DCE recovery furnace.

Total Cr emissions were non-detect (3.5E-05 lb/ton 

BLS). Using 1/2 of the detection limit for total Cr, Cr+6

was approximately 17.1% of the total Cr. 

30700105 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Smelt Dissolving Tank 1626-2 0.148 NCASI TB 973 (Table 4.29) contains Cr+6 and total Cr 

emissions test data for one SDT. Total Cr emissions 

were 2.3E-05 lb/ton BLS, and Cr+6 emissions were 

3.40E-06 lb/ton BLS, yielding a Cr+6 factor of 14.8%.
29

SCCs included in October 2011 modeling Cr+6

multiplier for

October 2011

modeling2

Comment on use of Cr+6 multiplier for October 2011

SCC Short name modeling 1

Process 

MACT 

code

30700106 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Lime Kiln 1626-2 0.032 NCASI TB 973 (Table 4.27) contains Cr+6 and total Cr 

emissions test data for three lime kilns with wet 

scrubbers. The data were unable to be interpreted for 

two of the kilns because the Cr+6 data were non-detect, 

with detection limits higher than the corresponding 

detect data for the total Cr tests. A Cr+6 to total Cr ratio 

of 3.2% was observed for the third kiln.

30700110 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Recovery Furnace/Indirect 

Contact Evaporator

1626-2 0.229 NCASI TB 973 (Table 4.24) contains Cr+6 and total Cr 

emissions test data for three NDCE recovery furnaces.

The average Cr+6 to total Cr ratio was 22.9% (ranging 

from 1.5% to 50.0%). 

30700127 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Non-condensible Gases 

Incinerator

1626-1 0.04 NCGs are process gases. Most Cr+6 factors for process 

gas are 0.04, including for SCC 30790014 (Industrial 

Processes, Pulp and Paper and Wood Products, Fuel 

Fired Equipment, Process Gas: Incinerators). Only 6

records affected. Use Cr+6 = 0.04, same as "priority 2" 

default for SCC 30790014.

30700222 Sulfite Pulping /Recovery System: NH3 1626-2 0.34

30700353 Soda / lime kiln 1626-2 0.032 Assume same multiplier as kraft lime kiln.

30700401 Paper and Paperboard Manufacture / Paper Machine / 

Pulp Dryer

1626-1 0.04 This SCC represents paper machines (like SCC 

30700405). Chromium from paper machines is likely 

attributed to combustion of natural gas in direct-fired 

dryers on the machine. Therefore, the Cr+6 factor 

should be 0.04 if we follow the convention for 

combustion of natural gas.

30900500 Fabricated Metal /Welding /General 1626-3 1 Cr+6 multiplier based on multiplier for SIC 2631 

(priority 3).

3

1 record. MACT code questionable.

40201301 Paper Coating /Coating Operation 0711 0 Chromium is not expected from this process (not a 

combustion process). Only 1 record (coater) - likely 

anomaly. Use 0 for Cr+6 factor.

1The marker “**” is part of the SCC description and indicates notes related to SCC assignment (not relevant for this table).

2 The balance is considered Chromium III (Cr+3). For example, if the Cr+6 multiplier is 0.04, then 4% of total chromium is considered to be Chromium VI, and 

96% is considered to be Chromium III. Unless otherwise specified in the comments column, the Cr+6 multiplier is derived from EPA’s priority 1 list of NEI 

default Cr+6 multipliers.3
30

3 NEI Chromium profile priorities:

Priority Hierarchy

1 Use MACT code speciation profiles. NOTE: For pulp and paper (MACT codes 1626-1, 1626-2, 1626-3), use MACT code and SCC.

2 Use SCC speciation profiles if MACT code speciation profiles are unavailable. NOTE: Nonroad SCCs are truncated in table.

3 Use SIC code speciation profiles if MACT code and SCC speciation profiles are unavailable.

4 Use default speciation multiplier of 0.34 if MACT code, SCC, and SIC code speciation profiles are unavailable.
31

Table 4. POM Speciation Approach for October 2011 Pulp and Paper Risk Modeling

Equipment Pollutant code POM species POM multipliers

Paper machines 85018 Phenanthrene 0.612

86737 Fluorene 0.101

129000 Pyrene 0.18

206440 Fluoranthene 0.108

Gas-fired paper machine 

dryers

85018 Phenanthrene 0.328

86737 Fluorene 0.054

91576 2-Methylnaphthalene 0.463

129000 Pyrene 0.097

206440 Fluoranthene 0.058

Oil-fired paper machine 

dryers

91576 2-Methylnaphthalene 1
32

Table 5. CDD/CDF Speciation Approach 

Congener

CDD/CDF mean 

emission factors for 

recovery furnaces 

(ng/kg feed)

Congener 

profile TEF

Annual emissions, tpy

NEI33135--1--1--1 NEI33135--1--2--2 NEI41252--1--2—2

Total CDD/CDF from file 1.27339E-07 1.15774E-06 7.99E-07

2,3,7,8-TCDD 0 0.00% 1 0 0 0

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD 0 0.00% 1 0 0 0

1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD 0.001 0.03% 0.1 3.75963E-12 3.41817E-11 2.35902E-11

1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD 0.003 0.09% 0.1 1.13E-11 1.03E-10 7.07706E-11

1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD 0.006 0.18% 0.1 2.26E-11 2.05E-10 1.41541E-10

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD 0.108 3.19% 0.01 4.06E-11 3.69E-10 2.54774E-10

OCDD 1.033 30.50% 0.0003 1.17E-11 1.06E-10 7.3106E-11

2,3,7,8-TCDF 0.04 1.18% 0.1 1.50E-10 1.37E-09 9.43608E-10

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF 0.03 0.89% 0.03 3.38367E-11 3.07636E-10 2.12312E-10

2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF 0.033 0.97% 0.3 3.72204E-10 3.38399E-09 2.33543E-09

1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF 0.007 0.21% 0.1 2.63174E-11 2.39272E-10 1.65131E-10

1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.012 0.35% 0.1 4.51156E-11 4.10181E-10 2.83082E-10

1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF 0.005 0.15% 0.1 1.87982E-11 1.70909E-10 1.17951E-10

2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF 0.01 0.30% 0.1 3.75963E-11 3.41817E-10 2.35902E-10

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF 0.024 0.71% 0.01 9.02E-12 8.20E-11 5.66165E-11

1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF 0 0.00% 0.01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0

OCDF 0.113 3.34% 0.0003 1.27E-12 1.16E-11 7.99708E-12

Total TEQ 7.84E-10 7.13E-09 4.92E-09

Other TCDD 0.106 3.13%

Other PeCDD 0.013 0.38%

Other HxCDD 0.094 2.78%

Other HpCDD 0.144 4.25%

Other TCDF 1.23 36.32%

Other PeCDF 0.307 9.06%
33

Congener

CDD/CDF mean 

emission factors for 

recovery furnaces 

(ng/kg feed)

Congener 

profile TEF

Annual emissions, tpy

NEI33135--1--1--1 NEI33135--1--2--2 NEI41252--1--2—2

Other HxCDF 0.068 2.01%

Other HpCDF 0 0.00%

Total CDD/CDF 3.39 100.00%

Source:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An Inventory of Sources and Environmental Releases of Dioxin-like Compounds in the United States for the Years 1987, 1995, and 2000. 

EPA/600/P-03/002F. November 2006. Page 5-44. Table 5-13: CDD/CDF mean emission factors (ng/kg feed) for black liquor recovery boilers; Column 4: NCASI (1995) (6 

facilities); Nondetect set to zero.
34

Table 6A. Emission Process Groups Assigned for Each SCC in the October 2011 Risk Modeling

SCC SCC Short Name SCC EI Sector Emission Process Group

10200201 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Pulverized Coal: 

Wet Bottom

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Coal ICI Boiler/PH

10200202 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Pulverized Coal: 

Dry Bottom

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Coal ICI Boiler/PH

10200203 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Cyclone Furnace Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Coal ICI Boiler/PH

10200204 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Spreader Stoker Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Coal ICI Boiler/PH

10200205 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Overfeed Stoker Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Coal ICI Boiler/PH

10200206 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Underfeed Stoker Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Coal ICI Boiler/PH

10200212 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bitum/Subbit Coal /Pulverized Coal: 

Dry Bottom (Tangential)

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Coal ICI Boiler/PH

10200218 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bituminous Coal /Atmospheric 

Fluidized Bed Combustion: Circulating Bed

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Coal ICI Boiler/PH

10200219 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bituminous Coal /Cogeneration Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Coal ICI Boiler/PH

10200222 Ext Comb /Industrial /Subbituminous Coal /Pulverized Coal: 

Dry Bottom

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Coal ICI Boiler/PH

10200224 Ext Comb /Industrial /Subbituminous Coal /Spreader Stoker Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Coal ICI Boiler/PH

10200401 Ext Comb /Industrial /Residual Oil /Grade 6 Oil Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Oil ICI Boiler/PH

10200402 Ext Comb /Industrial /Residual Oil /10-100 Million Btu/hr ** Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Oil ICI Boiler/PH

10200404 Ext Comb /Industrial /Residual Oil /Grade 5 Oil Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Oil ICI Boiler/PH

10200405 Ext Comb /Industrial /Residual Oil /Cogeneration Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Oil ICI Boiler/PH

10200501 Ext Comb /Industrial /Distillate Oil /Grades 1 and 2 Oil Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Oil ICI Boiler/PH

10200502 Ext Comb /Industrial /Distillate Oil /10-100 Million Btu/hr ** Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Oil ICI Boiler/PH

10200503 Ext Comb /Industrial /Distillate Oil /< 10 Million Btu/hr ** Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Oil ICI Boiler/PH

10200601 Ext Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /> 100 Million Btu/hr Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Natural 

Gas

ICI Boiler/PH

10200602 Ext Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /10-100 Million Btu/hr Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Natural 

Gas

ICI Boiler/PH

10200603 Ext Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /< 10 Million Btu/hr Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Natural 

Gas

ICI Boiler/PH

10200604 Ext Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /Cogeneration Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Natural 

Gas

ICI Boiler/PH
35

SCC SCC Short Name SCC EI Sector Emission Process Group

10200799 Ext Comb /Industrial /Process Gas /Other: Specify in 

Comments

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other ICI Boiler/PH

10200802 Ext Comb /Industrial /Petroleum Coke /All Boiler Sizes Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other ICI Boiler/PH

10200804 Ext Comb /Industrial /Petroleum Coke /Cogeneration Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other ICI Boiler/PH

10200901 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bark-fired Boiler Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Biomass ICI Boiler/PH

10200902 Ext Comb /Industrial /Wood/Bark-fired Boiler Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Biomass ICI Boiler/PH

10200903 Ext Comb /Industrial /Wood-fired Boiler - Wet Wood (:=20% 

moisture)

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Biomass ICI Boiler/PH

10200904 Ext Comb /Industrial /Bark-fired Boiler (< 50,000 Lb Steam) 

**

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Biomass ICI Boiler/PH

10200905 Ext Comb /Industrial /Wood/Bark-fired Boiler (< 50,000 Lb 

Steam) **

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Biomass ICI Boiler/PH

10200907 Ext Comb /Industrial /Wood/Bark Waste /Wood Cogeneration Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Biomass ICI Boiler/PH

10200911 Ext Comb /Industrial /Wood/Bark Waste /Stoker boilers ** Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Biomass ICI Boiler/PH

10200912 Ext Comb /Industrial /Wood/Bark Waste /Fluidized bed 

combustion boiler

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Biomass ICI Boiler/PH

10201002 Ext Comb /Industrial /LPG /Propane Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other ICI Boiler/PH

10201201 Ext Comb /Industrial /Solid Waste /Specify Waste Material in 

Comments

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other ICI Boiler/PH

10201202 Ext Comb /Industrial /Solid Waste /Refuse Derived Fuel Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other ICI Boiler/PH

10201301 Ext Comb /Industrial /Liquid Waste /Specify Waste Material 

in Comments

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other ICI Boiler/PH

10201302 Ext Comb /Industrial /Liquid Waste /Waste Oil Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other ICI Boiler/PH

10201401 Ext Comb /Industrial /CO Boiler /Natural Gas Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other ICI Boiler/PH

10500106 Ext Comb /Space Heater /Industrial /Natural Gas Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Natural 

Gas

ICI Boiler/PH

10500110 Ext Comb /Space Heater /Industrial /Liquified Petroleum Gas 

(LPG)

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other ICI Boiler/PH

20200101 Int Comb /Industrial /Distillate Oil (Diesel) /Turbine Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Oil Turbine

20200102 Int Comb /Industrial /Distillate Oil (Diesel) /Reciprocating Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Oil RICE

20200201 Int Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /Turbine Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Natural 

Gas

Turbine

20200202 Int Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /Reciprocating Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Natural 

Gas

RICE
36

SCC SCC Short Name SCC EI Sector Emission Process Group

20200203 Int Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /Turbine: Cogeneration Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Natural 

Gas

Turbine

20200209 Int Comb /Industrial /Natural Gas /Turbine: Exhaust Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Natural 

Gas

Turbine

20200301 Int Comb /Industrial /Gasoline /Reciprocating Engine Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other RICE

20200401 Int Comb /Industrial /Large Bore Engine /Diesel Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Oil RICE

20201001 Int Comb /Industrial /Liquified Petroleum Gas /Propane: 

Reciprocating

Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other RICE

20201702 Int Comb /Industrial /Gasoline /Reciprocating Engine Fuel Comb - Industrial Boilers, ICEs - Other RICE

20300101 Int Comb /Comm-Inst /Distillate Oil (Diesel) /Reciprocating Fuel Comb - Comm/Institutional - Oil RICE

30101814 Chem Manuf /Plastics Production /Extruder Industrial Processes - Chemical Manuf Chem Manuf

30101815 Chem Manuf /Plastics Production /Pellet Silo Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Chem Manuf

30187009 Chem Manuf /Inorganic Chem Stor (Fixed Roof Tanks) 

/Sulfuric Acid: Breathing Loss

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Chem Manuf

30187097 Chem Manuf /Inorganic Chem Stor (Fixed Roof Tanks) 

/Specify Liquid: Breathing Loss

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Chem Manuf

30190099 Chem Manuf /Fuel Fired Equipment /Specify in Comments 

Field

Industrial Processes - Chemical Manuf Chem Manuf

30501009 Coal Mining, Cleaning & Material Handling /Raw Coal 

Storage

Industrial Processes - Mining Coal Handling

30501010 Coal Mining, Cleaning & Material Handling /Crushing Industrial Processes - Mining Coal Handling

30501011 Coal Mining, Cleaning & Material Handling /Coal Transfer Industrial Processes - Mining Coal Handling

30501015 Coal Mining, Cleaning & Material Handling /Loading Industrial Processes - Mining Coal Handling

30501031 Coal Mining, Cleaning & Material Handling /Scrapers: Travel 

Mode

Industrial Processes - Mining Coal Handling

30501040 Coal Mining, Cleaning & Material Handling /Truck 

Unloading: End Dump - Coal

Industrial Processes - Mining Coal Handling

30501043 Coal Mining, Cleaning & Material Handling /Open Storage 

Pile: Coal

Industrial Processes - Mining Coal Handling

30501049 Coal Mining, Cleaning & Material Handling /Wind Erosion: 

Exposed Areas

Industrial Processes - Mining Coal Handling

30501099 Coal Mining, Cleaning & Material Handling /Other Not 

Classified

Industrial Processes - Mining Coal Handling

30502099 Stone Quarrying & Processing /Not Classified ** Industrial Processes - NEC Mineral Handling
37

SCC SCC Short Name SCC EI Sector Emission Process Group

30510199 Mineral Prods /Bulk Materials Conveyors /Other Not 

Classified

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Mineral Handling

30510203 Mineral Prods /Bulk Materials Storage Bins /Coal Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Mineral Handling

30510204 Mineral Prods /Bulk Materials Storage Bins /Coke Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Mineral Handling

30510205 Mineral Prods /Bulk Materials Storage Bins /Limestone Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Mineral Handling

30510298 Mineral Prods /Bulk Materials Storage Bins /Mineral: Specify 

in Comments

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Mineral Handling

30510299 Mineral Prods /Bulk Materials Storage Bins /Other Not 

Classified

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Mineral Handling

30510303 Mineral Prods /Bulk Materials Open Stockpiles /Coal Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Mineral Handling

30510499 Mineral Prods /Bulk Materials Unloading Op /Other Not 

Classified

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Mineral Handling

30531008 Coal Mining, Cleaning & Material Handling /Unloading Industrial Processes - Mining Coal Handling

30700101 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Digester System - Continuous or 

Batch

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: Digester LVHC

30700102 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Brown Stock Washing System Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: Washing

30700103 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Multi-effect Evaporators and 

Concentrators

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: Evaporator LVHC

30700104 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Recovery Furnace/Direct Contact 

Evaporator

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper DCE

30700105 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Smelt Dissolving Tank Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper SDT (Kraft)

30700106 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Lime Kiln Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Lime Kiln

30700107 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Turpentine Condenser Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: Turpentine LVHC

30700108 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Fluid Bed Calciner Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Calciner

30700109 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Black Liquor Oxidation System Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper BLO

30700110 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Recovery Furnace/Indirect Contact 

Evaporator

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper NDCE

30700112 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Lime Mud Washers Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Causticizing: Lime Mud

30700113 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Lime Mud Filter System Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Causticizing: Lime Mud

30700114 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Bleach Plant Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Bleaching: Kraft

30700115 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Chlorine Dioxide Generator Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Bleaching: ClO2 Generator

30700116 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Turpentine Loading Facilities Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: Turpentine LVHC
38

SCC SCC Short Name SCC EI Sector Emission Process Group

30700117 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Venting of condensate stripper offgasesIndustrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Condensate Stripper

30700119 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Salt Cake Mix Tank (Boiler Ash 

Handling)

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Salt Cake Tank

30700120 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Stock Washing/Screening Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Stock Washing

30700121 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Wastewater: General Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Wastewater (Kraft)

30700122 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Causticizing: Miscellaneous Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Causticizing: Misc

30700123 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Lime Slaker Vent Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Causticizing: Slaker

30700124 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Black Liquor Storage Tanks Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: BL Tanks HVLC

30700125 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Low Volume High Concentration 

System Venting of Non-condensible Gases

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: LVHC

30700126 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / High Volume Low Concentration 

System Venting of Non-condensible Gases

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: HVLC

30700127 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Non-condensible Gases Incinerator Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: Incinerator

30700128 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Total Reduced Sulfur Thermal 

Oxidizer

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: Incinerator

30700129 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Enclosed secondary wastewater 

treatment system vents

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Wastewater (Kraft)

30700130 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Decker system Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: Decker

30700131 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Knotter / Deknotter System Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: Knotter

30700132 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Green Liquor Processing Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Causticizing: Green Liquor

30700133 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / White Liquor Processing Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Causticizing: White Liquor

30700134 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Oxygen delignification system Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulping: O2 Delig HVLC

30700135 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Pulp Storage - Bleached and 

Unbleached

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Pulp Storage

30700136 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Tall Oil System Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Tall Oil

30700199 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Other Not Classified Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Kraft Misc

30700211 Sulfite Pulping /Digester/Blow Pit/Dump Tank: Calcium Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Sulfite Pulping (Ca)

30700214 Sulfite Pulping /Digester/Blow Pit/Dump Tank: NH3 with 

Process Change

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Sulfite Pulping (NH3)

30700216 Sulfite Pulping / Bleach Plant Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Bleaching: Sulfite

30700222 Sulfite Pulping /Recovery System: NH3 Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Sulfite Recovery
39

SCC SCC Short Name SCC EI Sector Emission Process Group

30700224 Sulfite Pulping /Wastewater: General Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Wastewater (Sulfite)

30700231 Sulfite Pulping /Acid Plant: NH3 Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Sulfite Pulping (NH3)

30700233 Sulfite Pulping /Acid Plant: Ca Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Sulfite Pulping (Ca)

30700234 Sulfite Pulping /Knotters/Washers/Screens/etc. Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Sulfite Pulping

30700299 Sulfite Pulping /See Comment ** Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Sulfite Pulping

30700301 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping /Digester/Blow

Pit/Dump Tank

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper NSSC Pulping

30700305 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping / Liquor Combustion Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper NSSC Recovery

30700306 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping /Wastewater: General Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Wastewater (NSSC)

30700307 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping / Pulp washing system Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper NSSC Pulping

30700308 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping / Pulp storage 

tanks/stock chests

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper NSSC Pulping

30700309 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping / Liquor storage tanks Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper NSSC Misc

30700320 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Pulp washing system Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Semichem Pulping

30700321 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Pulp storage tanks/stock chests Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Semichem Pulping

30700322 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Liquor making system Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Semichem Pulping

30700323 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Liquor evaporator system Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Semichem Pulping

30700324 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Liquor combustion Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Semichem Recovery

30700325 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Liquor storage tanks Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Semichem Pulping

30700326 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Digesters/refiners/blow

tanks/blow heat recovery system

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Semichem Pulping

30700327 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Smelt tank Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper SDT (Semichem)

30700328 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) /Wastewater: General Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Wastewater (Semichem)

30700329 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) /Other Not Classified Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Semichem Misc

30700351 Soda / recovery furnace Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Soda Recovery

30700352 Soda / smelt tank Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper SDT (Soda)

30700353 Soda / lime kiln Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Lime Kiln

30700354 Soda /Other Not Classified Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Soda Misc

30700399 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping /Other Not Classified Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper NSSC Misc
40

SCC SCC Short Name SCC EI Sector Emission Process Group

30700401 Paper and Paperboard Manufacture / Paper Machine / Pulp 

Dryer

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Papermaking

30700403 Pulpboard Manuf /Raw Material Storage and Handling Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Paper Misc

30700404 Secondary Fiber Pulping /Stock Preparation and Repulper Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Paper Stock Prep

30700407 Paper and Paperboard Manufacture /Coating Operations: OnMachineIndustrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Coating: On Machine

30700408 Secondary Fiber Pulping / Deinking operations Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Paper Stock Prep

30700409 Paper and Paperboard Manufacture / Coating Operations: OffMachineIndustrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Coating: Off Machine

30700410 Secondary Fiber Pulping / Bleaching / Brightening / 

Decoloring

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Bleaching: Sec Fiber

30700499 Paper and Paperboard Manuf /See Comment ** Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Paper Misc

30700501 Wood Pressure Treating /Creosote Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Wood Handling

30700801 Sawmill Operations /Log Debarking Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Wood Handling

30700820 Sawmill Operations /Chipping and Screening Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Wood Handling

30701199 Paper Coating & Glazing /Extrusion Coating Line with 

Solvent Free Resin/Wax

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Paper Coating

30701201 Misc Paper Processes /Cyclones Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Paper Misc

30701202 Miscellaneous Paper Processes /Wastewater: General Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Wastewater (General)

30701220 Mechanical Pulping Ops / Thermomechanical Process and 

Chemi-thermomechanical Pulping

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Mechanical Pulping

30701221 Mechanical Pulping Ops / Pressurized Groundwood / Stone 

Groundwood

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Mechanical Pulping

30701222 Mechanical Pulping Ops/Bleaching / Brightening Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Bleaching: Mechanical

30701223 Mechanical and Recycle Paper Processes /Wastewater: 

General

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Wastewater (Mechanical)

30701224 Mechanical Pulping Ops / Refiner Pulping Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Mechanical Pulping

30701399 Misc Paper Products /Other Not Classified Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Paper Misc

30704001 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Bulk Handling&Stor: Wood-Bark 

/Storage Bins

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Wood Handling

30704002 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Bulk Handling&Stor: Wood-Bark 

/Stockpiles

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Wood Handling

30704003 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Bulk Handling&Stor: Wood-Bark 

/Unloading

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Wood Handling
41

SCC SCC Short Name SCC EI Sector Emission Process Group

30704004 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Bulk Handling&Stor: Wood-Bark 

/Loading

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Wood Handling

30704005 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Bulk Handling&Stor: Wood-Bark 

/Conveyors

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Wood Handling

30788801 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Fugitive Emissions /Specify in 

Comments Field

Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Fugitive Emissions - Misc

30799998 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Other Not Classified Industrial Processes - Pulp & Paper Paper Misc

30900500 Fabricated Metal /Welding /General Industrial Processes - NEC Welding

31299999 Misc Machinery Manuf /Other Not Classified Industrial Processes - NEC Misc Machinery Manuf

38500101 Industrial Process Cooling Tower /Mechanical Draft Industrial Processes - NEC Cooling Tower

38500110 Industrial Process Cooling Tower /Other Not Specified Industrial Processes - NEC Cooling Tower

39090003 Fuel Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks /Distillate Oil (No. 2): 

Breathing Loss

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Petrol Storage-Transfer

39999999 Misc Manuf / Indus Processes /Other Not Classified Industrial Processes - NEC Manuf Misc

40100251 Degreasing : Stoddard (Petroleum Solvent): General 

Degreasing Units

Solvent - Degreasing Solvent Use

40100299 Degreasing : Other Not Classified: Open-top Vapor 

Degreasing

Solvent - Degreasing Solvent Use

40100301 Solvent Evap /Cold Solvent Cleaning/Stripping /Methanol Solvent - Degreasing Solvent Use

40100303 Solvent Evap /Cold Solvent Cleaning/Stripping /Stoddard 

(Petroleum Solvent)

Solvent - Degreasing Solvent Use

40100307 Solvent Evap /Cold Solvent Cleaning/Stripping /Isopropyl 

Alcohol

Solvent - Degreasing Solvent Use

40100399 Solvent Evap /Cold Solvent Cleaning/Stripping /Other Not 

Classified

Solvent - Degreasing Solvent Use

40188898 Solvent Evap /Fugitive Emissions /Specify in Comments Field Solvent - Degreasing Solvent Use

40200101 Surface Coating Application - General /Paint: Solvent-base Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Coating Misc

40200601 Surface Coating Application - General /Primer Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Coating Misc

40200701 Surface Coating Application - General /Adhesive Application Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Coating Misc

40200710 Surface Coating Application - General /Adhesive: General Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Coating Misc
42

SCC SCC Short Name SCC EI Sector Emission Process Group

40200801 Surface Coating Oven - General /General Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Coating Misc

40200901 Surface Coating /Thinning Solvents - General /General: 

Specify in Comments

Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Coating Misc

40201001 Surface Coating Oven Heater /Natural Gas Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Coating Misc

40201301 Paper Coating /Coating Operation Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Paper Coating

40201303 Paper Coating /Coating Mixing Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Paper Coating

40201304 Paper Coating /Coating Storage Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Paper Coating

40201305 Paper Coating /Equipment Cleanup Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Paper Coating

40201399 Paper Coating /Other Not Classified Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Paper Coating

40202605 Surface Coating /Steel Drums /Equipment Cleanup Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Coating Misc

40204435 Fabric Coating, Transfer Coating /Lamination: Laminating 

Device

Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Coating Misc

40288824 Surface Coating /Fugitive Emissions /Clean-up Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Coating Misc

40299998 Surface Coating /Miscellaneous /Specify in Comments Field Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Coating Misc

40400102 Petrol Prod Stor-Bulk Terminals /Gasoline RVP 10: Breathing 

Loss (67000 BBL) - Fixed Roof Tank

Bulk Gasoline Terminals Petrol Storage-Transfer

40400104 Petrol Prod Stor-Bulk Terminals /Gasoline RVP 13: Breathing 

Loss (250000 BBL)-Fixed Roof Tank

Bulk Gasoline Terminals Petrol Storage-Transfer

40400107 Petrol Prod Stor-Bulk Terminals /Gasoline RVP 13: Working 

Loss (Diam Independent) - Fixed Roof Tank

Bulk Gasoline Terminals Petrol Storage-Transfer

40400108 Petrol Prod Stor-Bulk Terminals /Gasoline RVP 10: Working 

Loss (Diam Independent) - Fixed Roof Tank

Bulk Gasoline Terminals Petrol Storage-Transfer

40400121 Petrol Prod Stor-Bulk Terminals /Diesel Fuel: Standing Loss 

(Diam Independent) - Fixed Roof Tank

Bulk Gasoline Terminals Petrol Storage-Transfer

40400199 Petrol Prod Stor-Bulk Terminals /See Comment ** Bulk Gasoline Terminals Petrol Storage-Transfer

40400316 Oil&Gas Field Stor&Workg Tanks /Fixed Roof Tank, Diesel, 

working+breathing+flashing losses

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Petrol Storage-Transfer
43

SCC SCC Short Name SCC EI Sector Emission Process Group

40400403 Petrol Prod Stor-Underground Tanks /Gasoline RVP 10: 

Breathing Loss

Bulk Gasoline Terminals Petrol Storage-Transfer

40400404 Petrol Prod Stor-Underground Tanks /Gasoline RVP 10: 

Working Loss

Bulk Gasoline Terminals Petrol Storage-Transfer

40400413 Petrol Prod Stor-Underground Tanks /Distillate Fuel #2: 

Breathing Loss

Bulk Gasoline Terminals Petrol Storage-Transfer

40500201 Print-Publish /General /Letter Press: 2751 Solvent - Graphic Arts Print-Publish

40500215 Print-Publish /General /Letterpress: Cleaning Solution Solvent - Graphic Arts Print-Publish

40500301 Print-Publish /General /Printing: Flexographic Solvent - Graphic Arts Print-Publish

40600401 Petrol Trans & Marketg /Filling Vehicle Gas Tanks - Stage II

/Vapor Loss w/o Controls

Gas Stations Petrol Storage-Transfer

40688801 Petrol Trans & Marketg /Fugitive Emissions /Specify in 

Comments Field

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Petrol Storage-Transfer

40700814 Organic Chem Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Isopropyl 

Alcohol: Working Loss

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Storage Tanks - Alcohol

40700815 Organic Chem Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Methyl Alcohol: 

Breathing Loss

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Storage Tanks - Methanol

40700816 Organic Chem Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Methyl Alcohol: 

Working Loss

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Storage Tanks - Methanol

40701698 Organic Chem Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Specify Alkane: 

Working Loss

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Storage Tanks - Organic

40708098 Organic Chem Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Specify Nitro 

Compound in Comments: Working Loss

Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Storage Tanks - Organic

40799997 Organic Chem Storage - Miscellaneous /Specify in Comments Industrial Processes - Storage and Transfer Storage Tanks - Organic

49099998 Solvent Evap /Misc Volatile Organic Evaporation /Identify the 

Process and Solvent in Comments

Solvent - Industrial Surface Coating & Solvent 

Use

Solvent Use

50300101 Waste Disp-Indus /Incineration /Multiple Chamber Waste Disposal Waste Disposal - Incineration

50300602 Waste Disp-Indus /Landfill Dump /Liquid Waste Disposal Waste Disposal Landfill

50300801 Waste Disp-Indus /Treatment, Storage, Disp /Surface 

Impoundment: Fugitive Emissions

Waste Disposal Waste Disposal - Fugitive 

Emissions

50300810 Waste Disp-Indus /Treatment, Storage, Disp /Waste Piles: 

Fugitive Emissions

Waste Disposal Waste Disposal - Fugitive 

Emissions

50300899 Waste Disp-Indus /Treatment, Storage, Disp /General: 

Fugitive Emissions

Waste Disposal Landfill

50390006 Waste Disp-Indus /Auxillary Fuel-No Emissions /Natural Gas Waste Disposal Waste Disposal - Incineration
44

Table 6B. Allowable and Acute Multipliers for Emission Process Groups for the October 

2011 Pulp and Paper Risk Modeling

Emission process group

Process MACT 

code Allowable multiplier

Acute 

multiplier

Bleaching: ClO2 Generator 1626-1 1.4 for chlorinated HAP; 1 for 

chloroform or non-chlorinated HAP

1.4

Bleaching: Kraft 1626-1 1.4 for chlorinated HAP; 1 for 

chloroform or non-chlorinated HAP

1.4

Bleaching: Mechanical 1626-1 1.4 for chlorinated HAP; 1 for 

chloroform or non-chlorinated HAP

1.4

Bleaching: Sec Fiber 1626-1 1.4 for chlorinated HAP; 1 for 

chloroform or non-chlorinated HAP

1.4

Bleaching: Sulfite 1626-1 1.4 for chlorinated HAP; 1 for 

chloroform or non-chlorinated HAP

1.4

BLO 1626-2

Calciner 1626-2

Causticizing: Green Liquor 1626-1 1 1.5

Causticizing: Lime Mud 1626-1 1 1.5

Causticizing: Misc 1626-1 1 1.5

Causticizing: Slaker 1626-1 1 1.5

Causticizing: White Liquor 1626-1 1 1.5

Chem Manuf 11626-1, -3

Coal Handling 1626-3

Coating Misc 0711

Coating: Off Machine 0711

Coating: On Machine 0711

Condensate Stripper 1626-1 1.6 1.2

Cooling Tower 1626-3

DCE 1626-2

Fugitive Emissions - Misc 1626-3

ICI Boiler/PH 0107-1, -2,

-3, -4

Kraft Misc 1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Pulp Storage 1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Pulping: BL Tanks 

HVLC

1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Pulping: Decker 1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Pulping: Digester 

LVHC

1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Pulping: Evaporator 

LVHC

1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Pulping: HVLC 1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Pulping: Incinerator 1626-1 1 1.2
45

Emission process group

Process MACT 

code Allowable multiplier

Acute 

multiplier

Kraft Pulping: Knotter 1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Pulping: LVHC 1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Pulping: O2 Delig 

HVLC

1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Pulping: Turpentine 

LVHC

1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Pulping: Washing 1626-1 1 1.2

Kraft Stock Washing 1626-1 1 1.2

Landfill 1626-3

Lime Kiln 1626-2

Manuf Misc 21626-1, -3,

0107-4

1 1.4

Mechanical Pulping 1626-1 1 3.1

Mineral Handling 1626-3

Misc Machinery Manuf 1626-3

NDCE 1626-2

NSSC Misc 1626-1 1 1

NSSC Pulping 1626-1 1 1

NSSC Recovery 1626-2

Paper Coating 0711

Paper Misc 21626-1, -3 1 1.6

Paper Stock Prep 1626-1 1 1.6

Papermaking 1626-1 1 1.6

Petrol Storage-Transfer 0601, 0602

Print-Publish 0714

RICE 0105-1, -2

Salt Cake Tank 1626-2

SDT (Kraft) 1626-2

SDT (Semichem) 1626-2

SDT (Soda) 1626-2

Semichem Misc 1626-1 1 1

Semichem Pulping 1626-1 1 1

Semichem Recovery 1626-2

Soda Misc 1626-1 1 1.2

Soda Recovery 1626-2

Solvent Use 11626-1, -3

Storage Tanks - Alcohol 1626-1 1 1.6

Storage Tanks - Methanol 1626-1 1 1.6

Storage Tanks – Organic 10602, 1626-1

Sulfite Pulping 1626-1 2.7 1.6
46

Emission process group

Process MACT 

code Allowable multiplier

Acute 

multiplier

Sulfite Pulping (Ca) 1626-1 2.7 1.6

Sulfite Pulping (NH3) 1626-1 1.6 1.6

Sulfite Recovery 1626-2

Tall Oil 1626-1 1 1.2

Turbine 0108-1, -2

Waste Disposal - Fugitive 

Emissions

1626-3

Waste Disposal –

Incineration

1626-3

Wastewater (General) 1626-1 1 2

Wastewater (Kraft) 1626-1 1.6 2

Wastewater (Mechanical) 1626-1 1 2

Wastewater (NSSC) 1626-1 1 2

Wastewater (Semichem) 1626-1 1 2

Wastewater (Sulfite) 1626-1 1 2

Welding 1626-3

Wood Handling 1626-3

1 No multipliers needed for these 1626-1 sources; only criteria air pollutant emissions.

2 Multipliers apply to 1626-1 sources only.
47

Table 7. Allowable Multipliers by Emission Source Type for Risk Modeling for Subpart S (MACT Code 1626-1)

Emission source type

Subpart S performance 

level (percent reduction)

Reported actual 

performance level (percent 

reduction) 1

October 2011

allowable 

multiplier 2

Bleaching

 Chlorinated HAP 99% 99.3% 1.4

 Chloroform work practice NA 1

 Non-chlorinated HAP NA NA 1

Kraft pulping

 Performance limit 98% 99% 2

 Equipment standards NA NA 1

3

Kraft pulping process condensates 492% 95% 1.6

Soda or semichemical pulping

 Performance limit 98% 99% 2

 Equipment standards NA NA 1

3

Sulfite pulping

 Ca or Na sulfite 92% 97% 2.7

 NH3 or Mg sulfite 87% 92% 1.6

Uncontrolled emission units 5 NA NA 1

1 These reported values for percent reduction are based on survey data received.

2 The allowable multiplier is calculated as follows (using kraft pulping vent gases as an example and canceling out uncontrolled tpy):

Allowable multiplier = Allowable = (1 – subpart S limit % reduction) = (1 – 0.98) = 0.02 = 2

Actual (1 – actual % reduction) (1 – 0.99) 0.01

3 The multiplier for equipment standards is recommended for use in the October 2011 risk modeling because most kraft, soda, and semichemical mills are 

demonstrating compliance with subpart S by meeting one of the three equipment standards for kraft, soda, and semichemical pulping.

4 The allowable multiplier would apply for emissions from kraft pulping process condensates, which would typically either be treated by steam stripping or 

biological treatment (i.e., wastewater treatment). This value is recommended for application to kraft pulping wastewater for the October 2011 risk modeling.

5

For example, causticizing, mechanical pulping, papermaking, storage tanks, non-kraft wastewater, and miscellaneous manufacturing.
48

Table 8. Acute Multipliers by Emission Source Type for Risk Modeling for Subpart S (MACT Code 1626-1)

Emission source type

Median peak-to-mean ratio

(acute multiplier) Notes 

Bleaching 1.4

Causticizing 1.5

Kraft pulping 1.2

Mechanical pulping 3.1

Miscellaneous manufacturing 1.4 No data; assigned based on median of other values

Neutral sulfite semichemical pulping 1.0

Non-sulfur semichemical pulping 1.0

Papermaking 1.6 Industry value used; data confirmed by our analysis

Soda pulping 1.2

Storage tanks 1.6

Sulfite pulping 1.6

Wastewater 2.0 Industry value used; data confirmed by our analysis
Appendix A

Checklist to Review NEI Update Spreadsheets
A-1

Checklist to Review NEI Update Spreadsheets

Name of reviewer _______

Date of review _______

NEI ID _______

RTI ID (in tracking spreadsheet) _______

Mill type (in tracking spreadsheet; check all that 

apply) □ kraft □ soda □ sulfite

□ semichemical

□ mechanical 

(TMP, RMP, 

SGW, PGW)

□ nonwood

□ secondary 

fiber (incl. deinking)

□ NA 

(paper 

only)

Is Facility Name consistent between Facility tab 

and Inventory tab? □ yes □ no ________________________________________________________________

Is there any information in the wrong column? □ yes □ no ________________________________________________________________

Are the equipment (SCCs) what we expect to 

see for this mill type? □ yes □ no ________________________________________________________________

Kraft: 30700101-199, and 401

________________________________________________________________ Soda: 30700101-199, 351-354, and 401

Sulfite: 30700214-299, and 401

________________________________________________________________ Semichemical: 30700301-329, and 401

Mechanical: 30701220-224, and 401

Secondary fiber: 30700401-410 and 30701202 ________________________________________________________________

Paper only: 30700401-410, and 30701202

Are the pollutants what we expect to see? □ yes □ no ________________________________________________________________

E.g., acetaldehyde, cresols, formaldehyde, 

methanol, phenol, styrene, toluene, xylenes, 

TRS, VOC

________________________________________________________________

Are there any missing stack or fugitive 

parameters? □ yes □ no ________________________________________________________________

Are there any missing latitude/longitude data? □ yes □ no ________________________________________________________________

Any other observations? Any recommended 

changes? ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
A-2

List of Subpart S Equipment to Check in Review of NEI Update Spreadsheets1

Pulping process Subpart S equipment SCC

Kraft Bleaching system 30700114, 30700115

Causticizing system 30700112, 30700113, 30700122, 30700123, 

30700132, 30700133

Decker system 30700130

Digester system 30700101

Evaporator system 30700103

HVLC system 30700126

Knotter system 30700131

LVHC system 30700125

Incinerator/thermal oxidizer 30700127, 30700128

Oxygen delignification system 30700134

Papermaking system 30700401

Process wastewater treatment system 30700121

Pulp washing system 30700102

Screen system 30700120

Tall oil reactor system 30700136

Turpentine recovery system 30700107, 30700116

Weak liquor storage tank 30700124

Soda Bleaching system 30700114, 30700115, 30700354

LVHC system 30700125, 30700354

Papermaking system 30700401, 30700354

Process wastewater treatment system 30700121, 30700354

Pulp washing system 30700102, 30700354

Semichemical (NSSC) LVHC system 30700301, 30700302

Papermaking system 30700401

Process wastewater treatment system 30700306

Pulp washing system 30700307
A-3

Pulping process Subpart S equipment SCC

Semichemical (non-sulfur) LVHC system 30700323, 30700326

Papermaking system 30700401

Process wastewater treatment system 30700328

Pulp washing system 30700320

Sulfite Acid condensate storage tank 30700231

Bleaching system 30700216

Digester system 30700214

Evaporator system 30700222

Papermaking system 30700401

Process wastewater treatment system 30700224

Pulp washing system 30700234

Strong liquor storage tank 30700234

Weak liquor storage tank 30700234

Mechanical Bleaching system 30701222

Papermaking system 30700401

Process wastewater treatment system 30701223

Pulping system 30701220, 30701221, 30701224

Secondary fiber Bleaching system 30700410

Papermaking system 30700401

Process wastewater treatment system 30701202

Repulping system 30700404

None (paper production only) Bleaching system 30700410

Papermaking system 30700401

Process wastewater treatment system 30701202

1 HVLC = high-volume, low-concentration; LVHC = low-volume, high-concentration; NSSC = neutral sulfite semichemical.

Appendix B

Parameters for Modeling of Paper Machine Emissions
B-1

ncasi

P.O. Box 13318, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3318 919-941-6400

MEMORANDUM

DATE: January 18, 2011

TO: Bill Schrock, EPA

FROM: John Pinkerton

SUBJECT: Parameters for Modeling of Paper Machine Emissions

During the January 13 working session, there was some discussion of how paper machine emissions were being 

modeled. Apparently if a paper machine source is coded in the NEI as a fugitive source, the default parameters for a 

fugitive source are assigned unless building dimensions (height, length, width, orientation) have been entered. The 

default parameters are a height of 10 feet, temperature of 72°F, exit velocity of 0.0003 ft/sec, and a diameter of 

0.003 ft. These fugitive default parameters are not reflective of paper machine emission sources.

Where paper machine sources are coded as stack emission points, the EPA default parameters for SCC 30700401 

(paper machine/pulp dryer), 30700405 (paper/board forming), and 30700407 (coating operations: on-machine) are 

as follows:

SCC Type Height Temperature Exit Velocity Flow Rate

30700401 Stack 56 ft 50oC 19.4 ft/sec 13,560 acfm

30700405 Stack 62 ft 60oC 34.3 ft/sec 32,220 acfm

30700407 Stack 45 ft 78oC 33.7 ft/sec 233,000 acfm

Paper machines are typically located in a long, rectangular building with a flat roof. There are multiple roof vents 

above the paper machine, many of which have fans to exhaust the building air. The number and type of vents, and 

vent gas characteristics (flow rate, exit velocity, gas temperature, moisture level), vary considerably from machine to 

machine. The total amount of air exhausted from a paper machine building is not necessarily related to the 

production capacity of the paper machine. Thus it is difficult to develop a ‘default’ set of parameters representing a 

‘typical’ paper machine.

NCASI has performed sampling at a number of paper machines over the last 20 years. The following averages are 

based on information contained in various NCASI reports and company-provided permitting materials. Obviously 

values for any given paper machine could depart significantly from these averages.

Number of vents on wet end (with bulk of exhaust gas) – 6

Number of vents on dry end (with bulk of exhaust gas) – 6

Vent height – 70 ft above grade

Average vent gas exit velocity – 30 ft/sec

Average vent gas flow rate – 30,000 dscfm

Wet end vent gas parameters – 40oC, 5% moisture (33650 acfm/vent)

Dry end vent gas parameters – 65oC, 12% moisture (36470 acfm/vent)

50% of emissions of gaseous organic hazardous air pollutants are from wet end, 50% from dry end

Building length – 200 m

Building width – 30 m
These averages for dry end sources do not include vents associated with on-machine coaters that have direct-fired 

dryers, nor do they include vents for direct-fired Yankee dryers (both of which have relatively high flow rates and 

temperatures).

Where detailed paper machine source characteristics are not contained in the NEI files, the above average values 

represent reasonable choices for dispersion modeling purposes. It is suggested that EPA replace any NEI default 

parameters for SCCs 30700401 and 30700405 with these averages, and model them as stack sources.

Further, in Part I of the upcoming survey, we suggest the instructions indicate that the above values will be used for 

all paper machines in future EPA modeling and risk assessments unless the mill is able to provide more detailed sitespecific parameters.
Appendix C

Engineering Estimates for Fugitive Length and Width Parameters for Pulp and Paper 

Fugitive Emission Sources
C-1

Engineering Estimates for Fugitive Length and Width Parameters for Pulp and Paper Fugitive Emission Sources

SCC Short Name Notes 1

Fugitive 

Length 

(ft)

Fugitive 

Width 

(ft)

Fugitive 

Angle 

(deg)

10200503 Ext Comb /Industrial /Distillate Oil /< 10 Million Btu/hr ** Based on parameters for similar SCCs. 20 20 0

20200301 Int Comb /Industrial /Gasoline /Reciprocating Engine Based on parameters for similar SCCs. 20 20 0

30187009 Chem Manuf /Inorganic Chem Stor (Fixed Roof Tanks) /Sulfuric 

Acid: Breathing Loss

Assumed. 8 8 0

30187097 Chem Manuf /Inorganic Chem Stor (Fixed Roof Tanks) /Specify 

Liquid: Breathing Loss

Assumed. 8 8 0

30700101 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Digester System - Continuous or Batch Digesters are generally the same size regardless of pulping operations. 

Capacity is generally increased by adding an additional digester, not 

expanding one's size. 

20 20 0

30700102 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Brown Stock Washing System Brownstock washers are usually about the same size. Brownstock 

washing capacity is generally increased with the addition of a new 

washer(s). Washing capacity is relative to the bleaching capacity (via 

simple mass balance). Some backup pulp is stored before bleaching to 

prevent downtime. These estimates are per washer.

8 18 0

30700103 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Multi-effect Evaporators and Concentrators 110 110 0

30700106 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Lime Kiln 300 20 0

30700107 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Turpentine Condenser Basic reaction vessel. These are per vessel. 5 5 0

30700110 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Recovery Furnace/Indirect Contact 

Evaporator

50 50 0

30700111 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Filtrate Tanks These are smaller stationary storage tanks. These are per tank. 8 8 0

30700112 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Lime Mud Washers These are almost the same as a lime mud filter in capacity and design. 

These are per washer.

10 10 0

30700113 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Lime Mud Filter System Lime mud filters are relative to the size of the recovery operation. These 

are usually similar in size to a washer. These estimates are per filter.

10 18 0

30700114 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Bleach Plant Modern bleach plants could be confined to roughly a 2-acre footprint.

This includes all additional equipment.

300 300 0

30700115 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Chlorine Dioxide Generator This estimate is based on one reaction vessel, not the entire processing 

site.

15 25 0

30700116 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Turpentine Loading Facilities This is a covered pad or building for trucks or tankers to receive 

turpentine byproducts.

8 40 0

30700117 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Venting of condensate stripper off-gases This is a smaller a stack. These are per stack. 2 2 0

30700118 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Liquor Clarifiers Liquor clarifiers are relative to the size of the pulping operation. These 

are usually similar to a tank/holding vessel. These estimates are per 

clarifier.

25 25 0

30700119 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Salt Cake Mix Tank (Boiler Ash Handling) 25 25 0

30700120 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Stock Washing/Screening Same basic idea as brownstock washers. Washers are generally the same 

in a pulping operation.

8 18 0

30700121 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Wastewater: General Used the fugitive parameters from section III of this memo. 829 166 0

30700122 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Causticizing: Miscellaneous Assumptions were made based on the size of one causticizing vessel. 

These estimates are per causticizer.

20 20 0

30700123 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Lime Slaker Vent 2 2 0
SCC Short Name Notes 1

Fugitive 

Length 

(ft)

Fugitive 

Width 

(ft)

Fugitive 

Angle 

(deg)

30700124 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Black Liquor Storage Tanks These are usually large holding tanks. I would estimate that smaller units 

are typically 100k-250k gallons. Most tanks today are 1 million gallon 

capacity. These estimates are per tank.

35 35 0

30700125 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Low Volume High Concentration System 

Venting of Non-condensible Gases

These are similar to pressure relief valves. These are on a per vent basis 

(multiple vents are likely).

1 1 0

30700126 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / High Volume Low Concentration System 

Venting of Non-condensible Gases

These are similar to pressure relief valves. These are on a per vent basis 

(multiple vents are likely).

1 1 0

30700127 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Non-condensible Gases Incinerator These are a basic incinerator vessel with a stack. These are per stack. 3 3 0

30700130 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Decker system Same basic idea as brownstock washers. Washers are generally the same 

in a pulping operation. The only difference--instead of letting gravity 

separate the pulp and liquid, the pulp is pressed for dewatering. These are 

per decker.

8 18 0

30700131 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Knotter / Deknotter System 3 3 0

30700132 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Green Liquor Processing Green liquor processing is similar to liquor clarifiers and lime mud 

washers.

10 10 0

30700133 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / White Liquor Processing Based on descriptions from the SCC descriptions tab, these items appear 

to be individual units, not an entire white liquor processing site. This is 

why the values may appear small. These estimates are per unit.

10 20 0

30700134 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Oxygen delignification system These are pulping reaction vessels before the bleaching operations. These 

are tall cylinders. These are per O2 delig vessel.

20 20 0

30700135 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Pulp Storage - Bleached and Unbleached These are just large storage tanks. These are per storage tank. 30 30 0

30700136 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping / Tall Oil System Large holding vessel. Usually just a tall tank sitting on its end. These are 

per vessel.

10 10 0

30700199 Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping /Other Not Classified No indications were available to aid in developing length and width 

estimates. Used assumed values.

20 20 0

30700211 Sulfite Pulping /Digester/Blow Pit/Dump Tank: Calcium The one SCC record without length and width values was listed as a 

drain.

1 1 0

30700212 Sulfite Pulping /Digester/Blow Pit/Dump Tank: MgO with 

Recovery System

Blow tanks must have the capacity to contain the pulp and the black 

liquor leaving the digester. These are per blow tank/digester.

20 20 0

30700224 Sulfite Pulping /Wastewater: General Used the fugitive parameters from section III of this memo. 829 166 0

30700299

Sulfite Pulping /See Comment ** These are usually drainage systems that may be found in the floor. These 

are based on a 10-ft section of drainage grate.

10 1 0

30700301 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping /Digester/Blow Pit/Dump 

Tank

Blow tanks must have the capacity to contain the pulp and the black 

liquor leaving the digester. These are per blow tank/digester.

20 20 0

30700306 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping /Wastewater: General This was assumed to be floor grates. 10 1 0

30700307 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping / Pulp washing system Same basic idea as brownstock washers. Washers are generally the same 

in a pulping operation.

8 18 0

30700308 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping / Pulp storage tanks/stock 

chests

These are just large storage tanks. These are per storage tank. 30 30 0

30700309 Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Pulping / Liquor storage tanks These are usually large holding tanks. I would estimate that smaller units 

are typically 100k-250k gallons. Most tanks today are 1 million gallon 

capacity. These estimates are per tank.

35 35 0

30700320 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Pulp washing system Same basic idea as brownstock washers. Washers are generally the same 

in a pulping operation. These are per washer.

8 18 0

30700321 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Pulp storage tanks/stock chests 15 15 0

30700322 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Liquor making system 10 10 0
SCC Short Name Notes 1

Fugitive 

Length 

(ft)

Fugitive 

Width 

(ft)

Fugitive 

Angle 

(deg)

30700325 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Liquor storage tanks These are just large storage tanks. These are per storage tank. 30 30 0

30700326 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) / Digesters/refiners/blow tanks/blow 

heat recovery system

Blow tanks must have the capacity to contain the pulp and the black 

liquor leaving the digester. These are per blow tank/digester.

20 20 0

30700328 Semi-chemical (non-sulfur) /Wastewater: General This was assumed to be floor grates. 10 1 0

30700401 Paper and Paperboard Manufacture / Paper Machine / Pulp Dryer 150 60 0

30700403 Pulpboard Manuf /Raw Material Storage and Handling These appear to be tanks. The same parameters as the SCC 407 tanks 

were used.

12 20 0

30700404 Secondary Fiber Pulping /Stock Preparation and Repulper Repulpers are generally one size. Again, capacity is increased by adding 

an additional repulper, not expanding one's size. These are per repulper.

10 10 0

30700407 Paper and Paperboard Manufacture /Coating Operations: OnMachineThese are the same width as a paper machine. Lengths vary slightly. 3 20 0

30700408 Secondary Fiber Pulping / Deinking operations Deinking operations are generally one size. Again, capacity is increased 

by adding an additional deinking vessel, not expanding one's size. These 

are per vessel.

30 30 0

30700499 Paper and Paperboard Manuf /See Comment ** 35 36 0

30700801 Sawmill Operations /Log Debarking 80 12 0

30700820 Sawmill Operations /Chipping and Screening 20 20 0

30701199 Paper Coating & Glazing /Extrusion Coating Line with Solvent 

Free Resin/Wax

This was assumed to be an extruder. 8 8 0

30701201 Misc Paper Processes /Cyclones This was assumed to be a set of cyclones. 10 2 0

30701202 Miscellaneous Paper Processes /Wastewater: General Used the fugitive parameters from section III of this memo. 1000 1500 0

30701221 Mechanical Pulping Ops / Pressurized Groundwood / Stone 

Groundwood

These are heavy-duty refiners, without dilute pulp slurry, that physically 

separate fiber. 

5 5 0

30701223 Mechanical and Recycle Paper Processes /Wastewater: General This was assumed to be floor grates. 10 1 0

30701224 Mechanical Pulping Ops / Refiner Pulping This was assumed to be a typical refiner foot print. 10 10 0

30701399 Misc Paper Products /Other Not Classified Using the descriptions provided, an estimate was made. This process 

would occur within some type of building.

50 50 0

30704001 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Bulk Handling&Stor: Wood-Bark /Storage 

Bins

100 100 0

30704002 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Bulk Handling&Stor: Wood-Bark /Stockpiles 200 200 0

30704003 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Bulk Handling&Stor: Wood-Bark /Unloading This was assumed to be truck or rail car size. 50 10 0

30704004 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Bulk Handling&Stor: Wood-Bark /Loading This was assumed to be truck or rail car size. 50 10 0

30704005 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Bulk Handling&Stor: Wood-Bark /Conveyors This assumption was based on belt style conveyors. 250 5 0

30788801 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Fugitive Emissions /Specify in Comments 

Field

No indications were available to aid in developing length and width 

estimates. Used assumed values.

200 200 0

30799999 Pulp&Paper&Wood /Other Not Classified /See Comment ** Descriptions indicated these were deinking operations. The same values 

as SCC 30700408 were used.

10 10 0

39999999 Misc Manuf / Indus Processes /Other Not Classified No indications were available to aid in developing length and width 

estimates. Used assumed values.

20 20 0

40700814 Organic Chem Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Isopropyl Alcohol: 

Working Loss

The averages of actual lengths and widths were used. 12 20 0

40700815 Organic Chem Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Methyl Alcohol: 

Breathing Loss

These are usually just large polyethylene tanks. These are per tank. 5 5 0

40700816 Organic Chem Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Methyl Alcohol: 

Working Loss

These are usually just large polyethylene tanks. These are per tank. 5 5 0

40708098 Organic Chem Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Specify Nitro The averages of actual lengths and widths were used. 12 20 0
SCC Short Name Notes 1

Fugitive 

Length 

(ft)

Fugitive 

Width 

(ft)

Fugitive 

Angle 

(deg)

Compound in Comments: Working Loss

40799997 Organic Chem Storage - Miscellaneous /Specify in Comments The averages of actual lengths and widths were used. 12 20 0

49099998 Solvent Evap /Misc Volatile Organic Evaporation /Identify the 

Process and Solvent in Comments

Used the averages from the other 407 SCC codes. 12 20 0

1

Items were based on a per unit basis. All sizes are based on 1 piece of that type of equipment.

2

For modeling purposes, fugitive parameters had to be rounded to whole numbers, so for any values less than 0.5 ft (e.g., 0.25 ft), we rounded them up to 1 ft.
Appendix D

Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Emissions Variability and Default Areas
D-1

From: Pinkerton, John [mailto:JPinkerton@NCASI.org]

Sent: Thursday, February 17, 2011 4:13 PM

To: Schrock.Bill@epamail.epa.gov

Cc: Bradfield.John@epamail.epa.gov; Hanks, Katie P.; hirtz.james@epamail.epa.gov; 

palma.ted@epamail.epa.gov; Hunt, Tim; Jain, Ashok (SRC); Emerson, Zack (SRC); Crapo, Ann (SRC); 

Palumbo, James (Gmail)

Subject: Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Emissions Variability and Default Areas

Bill,

Attached is a write-up on variability of WWTP emissions. We believe the effluent loading data and 

WATER9 sensitivity analysis support a peak-to-mean ratio (maximum short-term emission rate to annual 

average emission rate) of two or less. 

We have also gathered some dimensional information for primary clarifiers and aerated stabilization 

basins (ASBs) for the purpose of setting defaults for dispersion modeling whenever the NEI does not 

contain values (length, width, orientation angle relative to north) for these wastewater fugitive emission 

sources. We are trying to get more information on the dimensions of activated sludge treatment 

systems, since we only have information on three of these at present.

1. Primary clarifiers. The most common shape for a primary clarifier is circular. The average 

diameter for clarifiers at 25 mills for which NCASI has information was 190 ft. In WATER9 

modeling, NCASI uses a default value of 200 ft if a site-specific diameter is not available. 

Since HEM-3 does not accept circular area sources, Jim Hirtz suggested that the length and 

width for a circular source be set such that the area of a square source is equal to the area 

of the circular source. A circle with a 200 ft diameter would have the same area as a square 

with sides of 177 ft. It isn’t clear what orientation angle should be specified for the square.

2. ASBs. When performing WATER9 modeling to estimate emissions of volatile organic 

compounds from an ASB, the ASB is typically divided into zones. Emissions from a zone 

depend on many factors, but generally the first zone (where the effluent enters the basin 

and normally has the most surface aeration) has the highest emission rates. For 10 ASBs that 

have recently been modeled, the average size of the first zone is 13.4 acres (1.46 x 106ft2), 

and the first zone represented an average of 28% of the total ASB area. Although the first 

zone could have various shapes, a reasonable assumption would be a length to width ratio 

of 1.5, which would give a length of 1500 ft and width of 1000 ft for a zone with an area of 

1.5 x 106ft2. It could be conservatively assumed all ASB emissions come from the first zone if 

site-specific WATER9 modeling has not been conducted.

3. Activated sludge treatment (AST) systems. These are generally rectangular concrete basins. 

The size will depend on effluent flow rates, required treatment efficiency, and necessary 

retention time. For 3 such systems, the areas ranged from 20,000 to 35,000 ft2. Length-towidth ratios ranged from 2 to 8.

It is expected the majority of emissions from most chemical pulp mill wastewater treatment operations 

will come from the secondary treatment basins (ASB or AST), with relatively little from primary clarifiers 

and post-secondary treatment basins.

Give me a call if there are questions.
D-2

Sincerely,

John

John Pinkerton

NCASI

National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.

P.O. Box 13318

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3318

Telephone: 919-941-6406

Fax: 919-941-6401

Deliveries: 4815 Emperor Boulevard, Suite 110, Durham, NC 27703

Contact publications@ncasi.org if you do not want to receive future NCASI communications
Appendix E

Information Needed to Calculate Allowable Multipliers for Subpart S Risk

Modeling (MACT Code 1626-1)
E-1

Information Needed to Calculate Allowable Multipliers for Subpart S Risk Modeling

(MACT Code 1626-1)

Source limit details

Typical source 

control systems

Gaseous organic HAP 

standard

Standard 

format

Allowable multiplier 

calculation

Needed to calculate allowable 

multiplier

Kraft pulping vent 

gases:

Existing sources:

LVHC system1; 

knotter or screen 

(above HAP cutoffs), 

pulp washing, decker 

(using contaminated 

water), and O2 

delignification.

New sources: Same 

as existing, except 

applies for all

knotters, screens, and 

deckers plus weak 

liquor storage tanks.

Route through a 

closed vent 

collection 

system to a 

boiler, lime kiln, 

recovery 

furnace, or 

thermal oxidizer

(1) Reduce total HAP 

emissions by ≥98 wt%; or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(performance 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

(1- 98% reduction limit)

(1-actual % reduction)

Need actual % reduction from 

Part I response.

(2) Reduce total HAP 

concentration at the outlet 

of thermal oxidizer to ≤20 

ppmv @ 10% O2 (dry

basis); or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(concentration 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

Allowable emissions

Actual emissions (NEI)

Allowable emissions =

20 ppmv * MW g/g-mol * gmol-K/0.08206 l-atm * 1 atm 

* 1/temp (C+273) * 1000 lug/g-m

3

* 0.028316847 m3/ft3

* g/106ug * lb/453.59237 g * 

cfm * 60 min/hr * 24 hr/d * 

365 d/yr

Need MW, temp, and flow from 

Part I response and actual 

emissions from NEI.

Use MW for surrogate pollutant 

(methanol) in allowable 

calculation.

(3) Reduce total HAP 

emissions using a thermal 

oxidizer operating ≥1600°F 

and ≥0.75 sec residence 

time; or

Equipment 

standard

As equipment standard, actual 

= allowable, so allowable 

multiplier = 1

--

(4) Use a boiler, LK, or RF 

in which the HAP gas 

stream in introduced with 

the primary fuel into the 

flame zone; or

Equipment 

standard

As equipment standard, actual 

= allowable, so allowable 

multiplier = 1

--

(5) Use a boiler or RF with 

a heat input capacity ≥150 

MMBtu/hr (44 MW) in 

which the HAP gas stream 

is introduced with the 

combustion air.

Equipment 

standard

As equipment standard, actual 

= allowable, so allowable 

multiplier = 1

--
D-2

Source limit details

Typical source 

control systems

Gaseous organic HAP 

standard

Standard 

format

Allowable multiplier 

calculation

Needed to calculate allowable 

multiplier

Soda or semichemical 

pulping vent gases:

Existing sources:

LVHC system1

New sources: Same 

as existing, plus pulp 

washing system.

Route through a 

closed vent 

collection 

system to a 

boiler, lime kiln, 

recovery 

furnace, or 

thermal oxidizer

(1) Reduce total HAP 

emissions by ≥98 wt%; or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(performance 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

(1- 98% reduction limit)

(1-actual % reduction)

Need actual % reduction from 

Part I response.

(2) Reduce total HAP 

concentration at the outlet 

of thermal oxidizer to ≤20 

ppmv @ 10% O2 (dry

basis); or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(concentration 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

Allowable emissions

Actual emissions (NEI)

Allowable emissions =

20 ppmv * MW g/g-mol * gmol-K/0.08206 l-atm * 1 atm 

* 1/temp (C+273) * 1000 lug/g-m

3

* 0.028316847 m3/ft3

* g/106ug * lb/453.59237 g * 

cfm * 60 min/hr * 24 hr/d * 

365 d/yr

Need MW, temp, and flow from 

Part I response and actual 

emissions from NEI.

Use MW for surrogate pollutant 

(methanol) in allowable 

calculation.

(3) Reduce total HAP 

emissions using a thermal 

oxidizer operating ≥1600°F 

and ≥0.75 secs residence 

time; or

Equipment 

standard

As equipment standard, actual 

= allowable, so allowable 

multiplier = 1

--

(4) Use a boiler, LK, or RF 

in which the HAP gas 

stream in introduced with 

the primary fuel into the 

flame zone; or

Equipment 

standard

As equipment standard, actual 

= allowable, so allowable 

multiplier = 1

--

(5) Use a boiler or RF with 

a heat input capacity ≥150 

MMBtu/hr (44 MW) in 

which the HAP gas stream 

is introduced with the 

combustion air.

Equipment 

standard

As equipment standard, actual 

= allowable, so allowable 

multiplier = 1

--
D-3

Source limit details

Typical source 

control systems

Gaseous organic HAP 

standard

Standard 

format

Allowable multiplier 

calculation

Needed to calculate allowable 

multiplier

Sulfite pulping vent 

gases:

Existing sources:

Digester vent, 

evaporator vent, and 

pulp washing.

New sources: Same 

as existing, plus 

strong and weak 

liquor storage tanks, 

and acid condensate 

storage tanks.

Route through a 

closed vent 

collection 

system to a 

scrubber or 

other control 

device (emission 

limits apply to 

combined 

emissions from 

vents, control 

device 

wastewater, and 

condensates)

(1a) Ca- or Na-based:

Emit total HAP (as 

methanol) ≤0.89 lb/ton 

ODP, or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(productionbased limit)

Allowable multiplier =

Allowable emissions

Actual emissions (NEI)

Allowable emissions =

0.89 lb/ton ODP * ton ODP/yr

Need actual ton ODP/yr from Part 

I response and actual emissions 

from NEI.

(1b) Ca- or Na-based:

Reduce total HAP (as 

methanol) by ≥92%;

Numeric 

emission limit 

(performance 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

(1- 92% reduction limit)

(1-actual % reduction)

Need actual % reduction from 

Part I response.

(2a) NH3- or Mg-based:

Emit total HAP (as 

methanol) ≤2.2 lb/ton ODP, 

or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(productionbased limit)

Allowable multiplier =

Allowable emissions

Actual emissions (NEI)

Allowable emissions =

2.2 lb/ton ODP * ton ODP/yr

Need actual ton ODP/yr from Part 

I response and actual emissions 

from NEI.

(2b) NH3- or Mg-based:

Reduce total HAP (as 

methanol) by ≥87%.

Numeric 

emission limit 

(performance 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

(1- 87% reduction limit)

(1-actual % reduction)

Need actual % reduction from 

Part I response.

New and existing 

bleaching vent gases:

Chlorine bleaching 

systems, 

kraft/sulfite/soda 

bleaching with any 

chlorinated 

compounds, and 

mechanical/secondary 

fiber/non-wood 

bleaching with ClO2.

Route through a 

closed vent 

collection 

system to a 

caustic scrubber 

or similar device

(1) Reduce total chlorinated 

HAP (except chloroform) 

limit: ≥99 wt%, or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(performance 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

(1- 99% reduction limit)

(1-actual % reduction)

Need actual % reduction from 

Part I response.

(2) Meet ≤10 ppmv of total 

chlorinated HAP (except 

chloroform) at control 

device outlet, or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(concentration 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

Allowable emissions

Actual emissions (NEI)

Allowable emissions =

10 ppmv * MW g/g-mol * gmol-K/0.08206 l-atm * 1 atm 

* 1/temp (C+273) * 1000 lug/g-m

3

* 0.028316847 m3/ft3

* g/106ug * lb/453.59237 g * 

cfm * 60 min/hr * 24 hr/d * 

365 d/yr

Need MW, temp, and flow from 

Part I response and actual 

emissions from NEI.

Use MW for surrogate pollutant 

(chlorine) in allowable 

calculation.
D-4

Source limit details

Typical source 

control systems

Gaseous organic HAP 

standard

Standard 

format

Allowable multiplier 

calculation

Needed to calculate allowable 

multiplier

(3) Meet ≤0.002 lb total 

chlorinated HAP (except 

chloroform)/ton ODP at 

control device outlet.

Numeric 

emission limit 

(productionbased limit)

Allowable multiplier =

Allowable emissions

Actual emissions (NEI)

Allowable emissions =

0.002 lb/ton ODP * ton 

ODP/yr

Need actual ton ODP/yr from Part 

I response and actual emissions 

from NEI.

(4) Work practice for 

chloroform - either meet 

effluent guidelines or use 

no hypochlorite or chlorine 

for bleaching.

Work practice 

standard

As work practice standard, 

actual = allowable, so 

allowable multiplier = 1

--

Kraft pulping process 

condensates (process 

liquids) from 

digester, turpentine 

recovery, evaporator, 

LVHC system1, and 

HVLC system 2

(some exceptions)

Route through a 

closed vent 

collection 

systems to 

pulping 

equipment

(1) Reduce total HAP 

emissions by ≥98 wt%; or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(performance 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

(1- 98% reduction limit)

(1-actual % reduction)

Need actual % reduction from 

Part I response.

(2) Reduce total HAP 

concentration at the outlet 

of thermal oxidizer to ≤20 

ppmv @ 10% O2 (dry

basis); or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(concentration 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

Allowable emissions

Actual emissions (NEI)

Allowable emissions =

20 ppmv * MW g/g-mol * gmol-K/0.08206 l-atm * 1 atm 

* 1/temp (C+273) * 1000 lug/g-m

3

* 0.028316847 m3/ft3

* g/106ug * lb/453.59237 g * 

cfm * 60 min/hr * 24 hr/d * 

365 d/yr

Need MW, temp, and flow from 

Part I response and actual 

emissions from NEI.

Use MW for surrogate pollutant 

(methanol) in allowable 

calculation.

(3) Reduce total HAP 

emissions using a thermal 

oxidizer operating ≥1600°F 

and ≥0.75 secs residence 

time; or

Equipment 

standard

As equipment standard, actual 

= allowable, so allowable 

multiplier = 1

--

(4) Use a boiler, LK, or RF 

in which the HAP gas 

stream in introduced with 

the primary fuel into the 

flame zone; or

Equipment 

standard

As equipment standard, actual 

= allowable, so allowable 

multiplier = 1

--
D-5

Source limit details

Typical source 

control systems

Gaseous organic HAP 

standard

Standard 

format

Allowable multiplier 

calculation

Needed to calculate allowable 

multiplier

(5) Use a boiler or RF with 

a heat input capacity ≥150 

MMBtu/hr (44 MW) in 

which the HAP gas stream 

is introduced with the 

combustion air.

Equipment 

standard

As equipment standard, actual 

= allowable, so allowable 

multiplier = 1

--

Route to 

biological 

treatment/steam 

stripper or other 

control device

(1) Reduce total HAP ≥92 

wt%; or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(performance 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

(1- 92% reduction limit)

(1-actual % reduction)

Need actual % reduction from 

Part I response.

(2a) For mills without

bleaching, remove ≥6.6 lb 

total HAP/ton ODP, or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(productionbased removal 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

Allowable emissions

Actual emissions (NEI)

Allowable emissions = 

Uncontrolled emissions (tpy) –

6.6 lb/ton ODP * ton ODP/yr

* 1 ton/2000 lb

Need uncontrolled emissions (not 

available) and actual emissions 

from NEI.

(2b) For mills without

bleaching, meet ≤210 

ppmw total HAP at control 

device outlet; or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(concentration 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

Allowable emissions

Actual emissions (NEI)

Allowable emissions =

210 ppmw * MW g/g-mol * gmol-K/0.08206 l-atm * 1 atm 

* 1/temp (C+273) * 1000 lug/g-m

3

* 0.028316847 m3/ft3

* g/106ug * lb/453.59237 g * 

cfm * 60 min/hr * 24 hr/d * 

365 d/yr

Need MW, temp, flow from Part I 

response and actual emissions 

from NEI.

Use MWs for surrogate pollutants 

(acetaldehyde, methanol, MEK, 

and propionaldehyde) in 

allowable calculation.

(3a) For mills with

bleaching, remove ≥10.2 lb 

total HAP/ton ODP, or

Numeric 

emission limit 

(productionbased removal 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

Allowable emissions

Actual emissions (NEI)

Allowable emissions = 

Uncontrolled emissions (tpy) –

Need uncontrolled emissions (not 

available) and actual emissions 

from NEI.
D-6

Source limit details

Typical source 

control systems

Gaseous organic HAP 

standard

Standard 

format

Allowable multiplier 

calculation

Needed to calculate allowable 

multiplier

10.2 lb/ton ODP * ton ODP/yr

* 1 ton/2000 lb

(3b) For mills with

bleaching, meet ≤330 

ppmw total HAP at control 

device outlet.

Numeric 

emission limit 

(concentration 

limit)

Allowable multiplier =

Allowable emissions

Actual emissions (NEI)

Allowable emissions =

330 ppmw * MW g/g-mol * gmol-K/0.08206 l-atm * 1 atm 

* 1/temp (C+273) * 1000 lug/g-m

3

* 0.028316847 m3/ft3

* g/106ug * lb/453.59237 g * 

cfm * 60 min/hr * 24 hr/d * 

365 d/yr

Need MW, temp, flow from Part I 

response and actual emissions 

from NEI.

Use MWs for surrogate pollutants 

(acetaldehyde, methanol, MEK, 

and propionaldehyde) in 

allowable calculation.

Clean condensate 

alternative (CCA) is 

an emissions 

averaging approach to 

offset emissions from 

certain existing kraft 

pulping sources.

Install and 

operate clean 

condensate 

alternative 

technology.

Emissions reductions from 

CCA ≥ emissions 

reductions achieved 

through kraft pulping 

HVLC system standards

Emission 

averaging limit

Site-specific approach Need site-specific data.

1The LVHC system includes digester, turpentine recovery, evaporator, and steam strippers.

2The HVLC system includes pulp washing, knotter, screen, decker, O2 delignification, weak liquor storage tanks.
Appendix F

Peak-to-Mean HAP Emissions Ratios for Paper Machine Sources

AECOM Technical Services

February 15, 2011
Appendix G

Peak-to-Mean HAP Emissions Ratios for Waste Water Treatment Systems

NCASI

February 17, 2011
G-1

Peak-to-Mean HAP Emissions Ratios for

Waste Water Treatment Systems

NCASI 

February 17, 2011

EPA‘s most recent dispersion modeling results suggest acrolein, formaldehyde, chloroform and 

methanol released to the air from a few pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment systems may

result in elevated acute risks of concern. The acute modeling results discussed with industry 

representatives on January 13, 2011 indicate the mills with elevated acute risks due to 

wastewater emissions (identified by SCC 30700121, although some coded as ‘miscellaneous’ 

fugitive sources may have included wastewater emissions) were kraft mills with aerated 

stabilization basins (ASBs) for secondary treatment. It should be noted these ASBs were all 

modeled as point sources rather than area sources. Modeling them as area sources would 

significantly lower predicted concentrations at most off-site receptors.

The hourly emission rates used in the modeling were derived from the NEI emission inventory 

database, which contained a number for the total annual emissions. This number was divided by 

8760 and then multiplied by 10, a standard default factor used by EPA to estimate a peak hourly 

rate that might occur sometime during the year. EPA has acknowledged the factor of 10 may not 

be applicable in all situations, and indicated a more realistic factor could be used if suitable 

documentation were provided to justify an alternative.

Emissions of a volatile organic compound from an ASB depend upon the amount of the 

compound in the entering wastewater, wastewater chemical and physical properties, design and 

operating characteristics of the ASB, and ambient atmospheric conditions. Emissions are 

estimated with a model such as WATER9, which requires several input parameters including 

wastewater flow rate, wastewater temperature, compound concentration, basin area and depth, 

aeration rate, compound biorate, ambient temperature, and ambient wind speed.

To estimate the variability in emissions that might be expected from an ASB, one needs to first 

determine the variability in the amount of the organic compound entering the ASB. This requires 

information on the wastewater flow rate and compound concentration. Flow rates, when 

measured, are typically reported in gallons/day. Concentrations are most often obtained from 

daily grab samples, but most mills do not make such measurements. The exception is kraft mills 

that use an ASB to satisfy the Cluster Rule condensate treatment requirement. These mills are 

required to conduct an annual performance test which involves collection of daily samples over a 

period that may range from one to 15 days, depending on the averaging time specified in the Title 

V permit. These samples are collected in the so-called hard-pipe, which transfers the collected 

condensates directly to the ASB. These condensates will contain a significant portion of the 

organic hazardous air pollutants (methanol, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, formaldehyde, 

acrolein) being sent to the ASB. Thus, the hard-pipe flow and concentration data should provide 

an indication of the variability in loadings experienced over several days.

Table 1 shows the peak-to-mean ratios for hard-pipe loadings (lb/day; obtained from flow and 

concentration measurements) of methanol (6 mills) and acetaldehyde (3 mills). Daily samples 

were collected over periods ranging from 12 to 16 days, once per year, with the exception of the 

360 days of samples collected over a consecutive 13-month period at Mill A. Mill C had two 

annual tests, and Mill F had four annual tests. The peak-to-mean ratios range from 1.2 to 2.1, 

much less than the default factor of 10. Similar ratios would be expected for loadings of acrolein 

and formaldehyde, also present in condensates.
G-2

Table 1. Hard-Pipe Loadings of Methanol and Acetaldehyde 

Methanol Acetaldehyde

Mill A B C D E F B C F

Peak/Mean 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.5

Number of daily 

samples 360 16 15 16 12 16 16 15

16

Peak/Mean 1.4 1.6 2.1

Number of daily 

samples 26 16

16

Peak/Mean 1.3 1.9

Number of daily 

samples 16

16

Peak/Mean 1.1 1.9

Number of daily 

samples 16

16

Repeated sampling for volatile organic hazardous air pollutants in raw wastewater streams other 

than hard-piped condensates is rare. Mill D also sampled the raw wastewater entering the 

primary clarifier (hard-pipe condensates bypass the clarifier) for the same 16-day period as the 

hard piped condensates were sampled. The peak-to-mean ratio for methanol loadings (lb/day) 

was 1.3. Mill G collected random grab samples for methanol analysis from a primary clarifier 

outlet (prior to entering an ASB) over a five year period. This mill has a steam stripper and does 

not hard-pipe. Table 2 summarizes testing information from this mill. The peak-to-mean ratios for 

methanol concentrations ranged from 1.2 to 1.5, very similar to the ratios in methanol loadings 

observed for hard-piped condensates at other mills.

Table 2. Methanol Concentration Variability at a Primary Clarifier Outlet

Year 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006

Mean, mg/L 82 89 99 94 79

Peak, mg/L 97 110 148 130 95

Peak/Mean 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.2

As mentioned earlier, emissions of a volatile organic compound from an ASB are estimated with a 

fate model that takes other factors into account besides compound loading. To examine the effect 

on emissions of certain parameters which may vary in time, a sensitivity analysis using EPA’s 

WATER9 model was performed. Emission calculations were made for an ASB with a surface 

area of 44 acres and depth of eight feet. The ASB was subdivided into 3 zones, two with areas of 

11 acres each with 950 hp of surface aeration each, and a third zone of 22 acres with 450 hp of 

surface aeration. Flow to the ASB was assumed to be 34 million gallons per day, with a methanol 

concentration of 80 mg/L, and acetaldehyde and formaldehyde concentrations of 0.15 mg/L. A 

“baseline” set of conditions was first used to predict emission rates, and then these conditions 

were varied to see the effect on the emission predictions. The conditions were changed in a 

direction that would lead to increased emission rates. Table 3 shows modeled emission rates for 

this typical basin are most sensitive to the assumed biological activity rate, although it should be 

noted a 50% reduction would be a catastrophic event unlikely to occur on an annual basis. None 

of the four factors increase emission rates over a factor of two.

Considering the number of factors affecting the WATER9 emission estimates, and the inherent 

uncertainties in this simulation model, it seems reasonable to conclude the peak-to-mean ratio is 
G-3

no more than a factor of two for emissions of volatile organic hazardous air pollutants, which 

would include methanol, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrolein and chloroform.

Table 3. WATER9 Sensitivity Analysis

Baseline 

emission rate 

for ASB, g/s

Change from baseline emission rate

Lower basin 

temperatures 

by 10°C

Increase wind 

speed from 5 

to 10 mph

Lower 

ambient air 

temperature 

by 10°C

Lower 

biological 

activity rate by 

50%

Methanol 7.28 -3% +24% 0 +79%

Acetaldehyde 0.065 +5% +5% 0 +46%

Formaldehyde 0.00045 +9% +32% 0 +86%
Appendix H

EPA’s Conclusions Regarding Use of the Part II Acrolein Data
MEMORANDUM

FROM: Project Team (EPA/OAR/OAQPS/SPPD/NRG)

TO: Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2007-0544

DATE: November 30, 2011

SUBJECT: Acrolein Emissions from Paper Machines and Mechanical Pulping 

(Non-Combustion Sources) 

The production of paper involves the processing of raw wood into pulp, chemical recovery, 

bleaching, paper making, and waste water treatment; the kraft process is shown in Figure 1. The 

subpart S (MACT 1 and 3) standard from the Pulp and Paper NESHAP applies to major sources 

of HAP emissions from the pulp production areas at chemical, mechanical, secondary fiber, and 

non-wood pulp mills, bleaching operations, and papermaking systems. These processes are 

shown in blue and green in Figure 1. A separate standard (MACT 2), subpart MM, applies to 

chemical recovery processes at kraft, soda, sulfite, and stand-alone semi-chemical mills. These 

processes are shown in yellow in Figure 1. Boiler MACT and NSPS are also regulations applied 

to systems within an integrated pulp and paper mill, shown in figure as gray and red outline, 

respectively.

Acrolein emissions are commonly formed by combustion sources at pulp and paper facilities 

through the burning of organic materials. Emissions were reported in response to the ICR from 

power boilers, recovery furnaces, and lime kilns, all of which are combustion sources; emissions 

were also reported from paper machines and mechanical pulping, which are not combustion 

sources. The reported acrolein emissions for both types of sources were based on emission 

factors, developed by NCASI.

Acrolein emissions from non-combustion sources, such as paper machines and mechanical 

pulping, are not completely understood. In the case of mechanical pulping, it is thought that 

acrolein is formed and released when the wood is heated during the pulping process. Wood chips 

or logs are processed by grinding against metal plates, generating heat and, in the case of thermomechanical pulping, steam is introduced to heat the wood as a pretreatment to reduce processing 

energy requirements. In papermaking, water is removed from the pulp on a machine utilizing 

gravity draining, vacuum filtration, pressing, and drying. One hypothesis is that the acrolein is 

formed and released when the pulp sheet is dried, as the majority of test detects occurred at the 

paper machine dryer. Neither of these processes, mechanical pulping or papermaking, are 

combustion sources, but acrolein appears to be emitted from them based on limited testing. 

The formation of acrolein upon heating and drying of the wood products is unknown, as it is 

not an inherent compound found in wood. Acrolein is potentially formed by the breakdown of 

wood components (e.g., cellulose, hemicelluloses, or lignin) during the drying process; the 

chemical structure and quantity of the components vary between wood species, growing location, 

weather (including wind, sunlight, and rain), season harvested, and growing soil conditions. We 

do not currently understand the interplay of these parameters and specifically how the various 
factors impact the amount of acrolein generated during heating and drying of the pulp during 

paper making and mechanical pulping. 

The emission factors for acrolein from paper machines and mechanical pulping were 

developed by NCASI using test data on a very limited number of machines with a set of specific 

operating conditions. Testing was performed using a test method developed by the trade 

association, as the EPA has not developed a test method for these sources; the EPA is currently 

evaluating the NCASI method as a reference test for acrolein. Acrolein testing of paper machines 

and mechanical pulping using this method has issues such as difficulty in capturing and 

quantifying acrolein due to fugitive background sources and building venting (instead of stacks) 

at large volumes with high moisture contents and low acrolein concentrations. These difficulties 

are apparent in the data set used to develop the emission factors, as it contained a majority of test 

run results below the method detection limit (MDL). NCASI followed the 1997 EPA protocol for 

the emission factor development, which recommended non-detect run data be reported as half of 

the method detection limit (Procedures for Preparing Emission Factor Documents, EPA-454/R95-015, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1997). 

However, in the case of acrolein from Subpart S non-combustion sources, this protocol results in 

emission factors based primarily on assumed 1/2-MDL values from a majority of test runs where 

acrolein was not detected which introduced a large number of unknowns into the dataset, thereby

multiplying the uncertainties outlined above to an unknown degree. The uncertainty in the initial 

data set is further magnified when the emission factors are applied across the industry, yielding a 

resultant acrolein emission inventory predicated primarily on assumed values and not actual 

emissions measurements. This magnified uncertainty is compounded with the additional 

uncertainty of acrolein emissions from different paper machine operating parameters and 

different wood species used in pulping, resulting in further exacerbation of the uncertainty. 

In our judgment, we believe that the industry efforts to document and confirm acrolein 

emissions, though informative, highlight the current technological limits in the ability to capture 

and quantify acrolein emissions that are specific to paper machines and mechanical pulping 

processes. Based on the forgoing issues, we did not use this test data. EPA is working with 

industry to help refine and improve the test methods to capture this compound from these 

sources. 
Figure 1: The Pulp and Paper Making Process