J-S17043-24

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

BRENT THOMAS 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1748 EDA 2023

Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered May 26, 2023

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0006628-2017

BEFORE: BOWES, J., KING, J., and BENDER, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED JUNE 25, 2024

Appellant, Brent Thomas, appeals from the post-conviction court’s May 

26, 2023 order denying his timely-filed petition under the Post Conviction 

Relief Act (PCRA), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546. Appellant raises one claim of 

appellate counsel’s ineffectiveness in this appeal. After careful review, we 

affirm.

The facts of Appellant’s case were accurately set forth by the trial court 

as follows:

On April 23, 2017, at 11:07 a.m., Philadelphia Police Officer 

Matthew Rivera and his partner were on routine patrol near 

Howard and York Streets in Philadelphia, a high drug and violent 

crime area in which Officer Rivera made about sixty prior arrests 

for narcotics violations. Officer Rivera observed a silver Cadillac 

Deville with heavily tinted windows in violation of the Pennsylvania 

Motor Vehicle Code, being operated in the 100 block of West York 

Street. (N.T.[,] 7/30/18, [at] 7-8, 16, 17, 57). When the operator 

of the Cadillac, [Appellant] ..., disregarded two stop signs, Officer 

Rivera and his partner signaled [Appellant] to stop the car, which 

was registered to [Appellant]. ([Id. at] 9). [Appellant] then 
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opened his window and began speaking with Officer Rivera. 

([Id.])

Following the stop, Officer Rivera asked [Appellant] for his 

license, vehicle registration, and proof of insurance. [Appellant] 

gave Officer Rivera his license and stated that the registration and 

insurance cards were in the trunk and that a search warrant would 

be needed for the officer to obtain those items. ([Id. at] 9-10).

During their conversation, [Appellant] began reaching 

around in his seat which made Officer Rivera nervous that there 

was a weapon in the car or that [Appellant] was armed with a 

weapon. ([Id. at] 9-10). Officer Rivera ordered [Appellant] to 

exit his vehicle. ([Id. at] 10-11). Prior to ordering [Appellant] to 

get out of the car, the officer noticed a large bulge on [Appellant]’s 

left side and detected the odor of burnt marijuana emanating from 

the inside of the car. ([Id. at] 10-11, 28-31). [Appellant] stated 

that he did not smoke marijuana in the car but that a friend did. 

([Id. at] 32, 50).

After [Appellant] got out of his car, Officer Rivera patted him 

down for weapons and discovered that the large bulge he saw was 

a wallet in his back pocket which had $506.00 in it. ([Id. at] 11, 

14). Additionally, Officer Rivera’s partner informed him that he 

saw a plastic container containing bundles of money that totaled 

$5,386.00[.] ([Id. at] 11, 12, 14, 16). Based on his 

observations, experience, and training as a police officer, including 

the large amount of money on [Appellant]’s person and in the 

vehicle, along with the smell of burnt marijuana, Officer Rivera 

believed that the car contained drugs and he decided to call for 

the K-9 Unit. ([Id. at] 10-11, 37). At this time, [Appellant] was 

then placed in the officers’ patrol car. ([Id. at] 11-12).

The K-9 Unit arrived approximately a half hour after the 

request was made, and the dog reacted to the car’s center 

console, the driver’s door, and the trunk. ([Id. at] 12-13, 57). 

Officer Rivera advised [Appellant] of the results of the dog search 

and then contacted East Detectives for direction about how he 

should proceed. ([Id. at] 13). They advised Officer Rivera that 

he had sufficient grounds to conduct a warrantless search of the 

car and had permission to do so. Upon opening the trunk of the 

car, he observed in plain view eleven bundles containing fifteen 

packets filled with heroin weighing 4.975 grams. ([Id. at] 13, 

113). Officer Rivera then lifted the cover of the spare tire 
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compartment and observed two loaded Glock handguns. ([Id. at] 

13).

PCRA Court Opinion (PCO), 10/6/23, at 2-3 (unnumbered).

Following his arrest, Appellant was charged with one count of Possession 

with the Intent to Deliver a Controlled Substance (35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30)), 

two counts of Persons Not to Possess a Firearm (18 Pa.C.S. § 6105), and two 

counts of Firearms Not to be Possessed Without a License (18 Pa.C.S. § 6106). 

Appellant filed a motion to suppress, which was denied after a hearing. 

Thereafter, Appellant was convicted of all counts and sentenced to an 

aggregate term of 5 to 15 years of imprisonment followed by seven years of 

probation. 

Appellant filed a timely direct appeal and this Court affirmed Appellant’s 

judgment of sentence on January 14, 2021. Commonwealth v. Thomas, 

248 A.3d 484 (Pa. Super. 2021) (unpublished memorandum). Thereafter, the

Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied further review. Commonwealth v. 

Thomas, 259 A.3d 337 (Pa. 2021).

Appellant filed a timely PCRA petition on April 1, 2022. Therein, he set 

forth one claim: “[Appellant] argues that he is entitled to PCRA relief because 

appellate counsel did not take the necessary steps to incorporate the case of 

Commonwealth v. Alexander, 243 A[.]3d 177 ([Pa.] 2021), into his 

argument while the appeal was ongoing.” PCRA Petition, 4/1/22, at 1. In his

brief to this Court, Appellant states his issue as follows: “Did the trial court 

commit error when it dismissed the PCRA claim that appellate counsel was 
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ineffective by failing to take measures while the appeal was open to address 

the new holding in ... Alexander?” Brief for Appellant at 5.1

In evaluating the denial of a claim filed under the PCRA, this Court’s 

standard of review is “limited to examining whether the PCRA court’s 

determination is supported by the evidence of record and whether it is free of 

legal error.” Commonwealth v. Sandusky, 203 A.3d 1033, 1043 (Pa. 

Super. 2019) (citation omitted). “The PCRA court’s findings will not be 

disturbed unless there is no support for the findings in the certified record.” 

Commonwealth v. Wah, 42 A.3d 335, 338 (Pa. Super. 2012).

Where, as here, an appellant asserts that they received ineffective 

assistance of counsel, the following standards apply:

A PCRA petitioner will be granted relief only when he proves, by a 

preponderance of the evidence, that his conviction or sentence 

resulted from the ineffective assistance of counsel which in the 

circumstances of the particular case, so undermined the truthdetermining process that no reliable adjudication of guilt or 

innocence could have taken place. Counsel is presumed effective, 

and to rebut that presumption, the PCRA petitioner must 

____________________________________________

1

In the Argument section of his brief, Appellant initially states his issue as: 

“Did the trial court commit error when it dismissed the PCRA claim that trial 

counsel was ineffective because counsel failed to file post-sentence motions 

challenging the weight of the evidence?” Brief for Appellant at 14. This is 

clearly a typographical or editing error. The brief for Appellant contains no 

argument about trial counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness, or a weight of the 

evidence claim. Rather, the brief concentrates on whether appellate counsel 

was ineffective for failing to address the Alexander decision prior to his direct 

appeal being final, corresponding to the issue as stated in the Statement of 

Questions Involved section. See Brief for Appellant at 5. As our review of 

Appellant’s appeal is not hampered by this typographical error, we will address 

the merits of the sole issue raised on appeal.
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demonstrate that counsel’s performance was deficient and that 

such deficiency prejudiced him. In Pennsylvania, we have refined 

the Strickland [v. Washington, 466 U.S. 688 (1984)] 

performance and prejudice test into a three-part inquiry. Thus, 

to prove counsel ineffective, the petitioner must show that: (1) 

his underlying claim is of arguable merit; (2) counsel had no 

reasonable basis for his action or inaction; and (3) the petitioner 

suffered actual prejudice as a result.

Commonwealth v. Spotz, 84 A.3d 294, 311-12 (Pa. 2014) (most internal 

citations omitted). Finally, if an appellant fails to satisfy any prong of the 

ineffectiveness standard, the claim will fail. Commonwealth v. Fitzgerald, 

979 A.2d 908, 911 (Pa. Super. 2009).

Appellant contends that his direct appeal counsel provided ineffective 

assistance by failing to ask this Court to stay his appeal in order to either file 

an amended brief addressing the applicability of the Alexander decision to 

his case, or to request a remand of the matter to the trial court for 

reconsideration of the motion to suppress based upon Alexander. Brief for 

Appellant at 13-14.

More specifically, Appellant asserts that prior to the Alexander

decision, courts in this Commonwealth followed the federal “automobile 

exception” to the warrant requirement as set forth in Commonwealth v. 

Gary, 91 A.3d 102 (Pa. 2014). Under Gary, police could lawfully conduct a 

warrantless vehicle search based solely upon probable cause, with no 

additional exigency other than the inherent mobility of an automobile. Gary, 

91 A.3d at 104. After the Alexander decision, and pursuant to Article I, 

Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution, police now need both probable 
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cause and exigent circumstances to lawfully perform a warrantless search of 

a vehicle. Alexander, 243 A.3d at 207-08.

Appellant maintains in his brief to this Court that there were no 

exigencies in his case, which, under Alexander, would have resulted in a 

different decision on his motion to suppress. Thus, the argument continues, 

when the Alexander case was decided, appellate counsel was required to 

take steps to ensure that Appellant received the benefit of the new decision.

The failure to do so is alleged to be ineffective assistance of counsel.

Alexander was decided on December 22, 2020, during the pendency 

of Appellant’s direct appeal. See Commonwealth v. Thomas, 2304 EDA 

2019, unpublished memorandum (Pa. Super. filed Jan. 14, 2021). Appellant 

thus argues that appellate counsel had “over 3 weeks to file a simple 2[-]page 

document asking for permission to amend the brief. In the alternative, 

appellate counsel could have filed an Application to Withdraw the brief and 

then file a Motion for Extraordinary Relief with the trial court[.]” Brief for 

Appellant at 24.

We recognize that Alexander announced a new rule of law; as such, its 

holding should be applicable to all criminal cases that were still pending direct 

review at the time the decision was announced. Schriro v. Summerlin, 542 

U.S. 348, 351 (2004). However, our case law is clear: “in order for a new rule 

of law to apply retroactively to a case pending on direct appeal, the issue had 

to be preserved at all stages of adjudication up to and including the direct 
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appeal.” Commonwealth v. Tilley, 780 A.2d 649, 652 (Pa. 2001) (internal 

citation omitted); see also Commonwealth v. Newman, 99 A.3d 86, 90 

(Pa. Super. 2013) (en banc) (“[T]o be entitled to retroactive application of a 

new constitutional rule, a defendant must have raised and preserved the issue 

in the court below.”). Because the issue was not preserved at trial, appellate 

counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to address the new case. See 

Commonwealth v. Moore, 263 A.3d 1193, 1999 (Pa. Super. 2021), appeal 

denied, 278 A.3d 857 (Pa. 2022) (holding that the defendant waived his 

argument that the new rule from Alexander applied to his suppression claim

because he had argued in the suppression motion only that there was a lack 

of an independent basis of probable cause to support the search of his 

backpack). 

This case is very similar to Commonwealth v. Grajales, 266 A.2d 685 

(Pa. Super. 2021). Grajales was charged with driving under the influence of 

controlled substances (DUI) and other offenses after operating her vehicle the 

wrong way on the highway at night with her headlights extinguished. 

Grajales, 266 A.3d at 686. Grajales did not file a pretrial motion or orally 

request that the evidence against her be suppressed. Id. at 687. Following 

her conviction, Grajales filed a direct appeal in which she argued that she 

should receive the benefit from the Alexander decision which was decided 

the day after she had been found guilty. Id.
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Grajales argued, similarly to Appellant here, that Alexander created a 

new rule of law which could not have been anticipated and raised in a 

suppression motion prior to trial, and that therefore her failure to file such a 

motion should be excused. Id. at 688. The Superior Court recognized, 

however, that the issue must be preserved at all stages of the adjudication in 

order for a new rule of law to apply retroactively to a case. Id. (citing

Commonwealth v. Grooms, 247 A.3d 31, 37 n.8 (Pa. Super. 2021)). 

Grajales was “not entitled to the application of Alexander, as she failed to 

preserve the claim.” Id. Because Grajales failed to challenge the warrantless 

search of her vehicle in the trial court and never referenced either exigent 

circumstances or the overruling of Gary, “Alexander is inapplicable.” Id. at 

689.

The PCRA court in the present case recognized that Appellant’s issue 

was not preserved, noting:

Over the course of this case, [Appellant] constantly challenged the 

legality of the search of his vehicle, however, he never raised a 

challenge to the automobile exception or argued a lack of exigent 

circumstances. In [Appellant’s] Motion to Suppress Physical 

Evidence, which was not accompanied by a memorandum of law, 

trial counsel never specifically mentioned the search of 

[Appellant’s] vehicle. [Appellant] did not preserve his Alexander

claim, as he never raised a challenge to the Gary automobile 

exception or argued that the search was unjustified due to a lack 

of exigent circumstances.

PCO at 6 (unnumbered).

We agree with the PCRA court that Appellant is not entitled to relief. To 

garner the benefit of the new rule of law established in Alexander, Appellant 
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was required to raise the issue of the Commonwealth’s need to demonstrate

exigent circumstances along with probable cause to perform a warrantless 

search of Appellant’s vehicle throughout the course of this prosecution. 

Grajales, supra. Appellant did not do this; instead, at all times during the 

prosecution of this case, Appellant argued that police had improperly extended 

the stop of his vehicle by calling for the drug sniffing dog. See Thomas,

supra. There was no mention of the lack of probable cause or the need for 

exigent circumstances. Thus, the issue was waived. Grajales, supra. 

Appellate counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to raise a waived 

claim on appeal. Commonwealth v. Johnson, 139 A.3d 1257, 1272 (Pa. 

2016) (finding that counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to raise a 

meritless claim). Accordingly, no relief is due.

Order affirmed.

Date: 6/25/2024