IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS

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No. 17-0332

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BARROW-SHAVER RESOURCES COMPANY, PETITIONER,

v.

CARRIZO OIL & GAS, INC., RESPONDENT

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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE

COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TWELFTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

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JUSTICE BOYD, dissenting. 

Like JUSTICE GUZMAN, I would reverse the court of appeals’ judgment. I admit that doing 

so seems counterintuitive in light of the common law’s longstanding commitment to “respect and 

enforce the terms of a contract that the parties have freely and voluntarily made.” Bombardier 

Aerospace Corp. v. SPEP Aircraft Holdings, LLC, 572 S.W.3d 213, 232 (Tex. 2019). But just as 

the common law honors the freedom of contract, it also respects the role that industry custom and 

usage plays in the formation and construction of written agreements. As we explained long ago, 

“The law seems to be that, where there is nothing in the agreement to exclude the inference, the 

parties are always presumed to contract in reference to the usage or custom which prevails in the 

particular trade or business to which the contract relates; and the usage is admissible for the 

purpose of ascertaining with greater certainty what was intended by the parties.” Dwyer v. City of 

Brenham, 7 S.W. 598, 599 (Tex. 1888) (internal citations omitted). So “when a contract is ‘silent 
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or obscure as to a particular subject,’ industry usage may ‘become a portion of [the contract] and 

constitute a supplement to it.’” Luling Oil & Gas Co. v. Humble Oil & Ref. Co., 191 S.W.2d 716, 

724 (Tex. 1945) (quoting Trinity Portland Cement Co. v. Lion Bonding & Sur. Co., 229 S.W. 483, 

484–85 (Tex. Comm’n App. 1921, judgm’t adopted)).1 As best I can tell, the common law gives 

effect to industry custom and usage “regardless of whether there appears to be any ambiguity in 

the words.” Sunbeam Corp. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 781 A.2d 1189, 1193 (Pa. 2001).

I think it unlikely, if not implausible, that the Texas oil-and-gas industry honors a “usage 

or custom” that prohibits a party from unreasonably withholding its contractually required consent. 

But Barrow-Shaver created a fact issue by alleging and submitting evidence that it does. 

MortgageAmerica Corp. v. Am. Nat’l Bank of Austin, 651 S.W.2d 851, 859 (Tex. App.Austin 

1983, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (“The existence of an industry-wide ‘usage of trade’ is a fact question to be 

determined by the fact finder . . . .”); see also RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 222(2) 

(1981) [hereinafter RESTATEMENT] (recognizing that the existence and scope of an industry custom 

or trade usage present questions of fact). And the jury agreed with Barrow-Shaver. I agree with 

JUSTICE GUZMAN that we must defer to the jury’s finding unless the trial court harmfully erred in 

admitting or excluding evidence on that issue. See Nissan Motor Co. v. Armstrong, 145 S.W.3d 

131, 144 (Tex. 2004).

Unlike JUSTICE GUZMAN, however, I would hold that the trial court harmfully2erred by 

 

1 See also Schaub v. Dall. Brewing Co., 16 S.W. 429, 430 (Tex. 1891) (“Custom and usages of trades are 

admitted in evidence for well-defined purposes, to explain incidental rights of parties appertaining to the particular 

trade in question, to construe contracts in relation thereto, and to ascertain the meaning of words and expressions 

therein, as well as for many other purposes.”) (emphasis added).

2 See TEX. R. APP. P. 41; McCraw v. Maris, 828 S.W.2d 756, 757 (Tex. 1992). 
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excluding evidence of the parties’ negotiations, including the draft agreements they exchanged 

before executing their final written contract. Contracts may only include industry usage or customs 

that are “so general that both [parties] are presumed to be aware of them, or that they have actual 

knowledge of them, to be charged with having contracted with reference to such usage and 

custom.” Barreda v. Milmo Nat’l Bank, 252 S.W. 1038, 1039–40 (Tex. Comm’n App. 1923). A 

usage cannot be enforced if one party “knows or has reason to know that the other party has an 

intention inconsistent with the usage.” RESTATEMENT § 221. As the United States Supreme Court 

has explained, parties may impliedly incorporate industry usage only “if nothing is said to the 

contrary.” Robinson v. United States, 80 U.S. 363, 366 (1871).

Here, Carrizo offered evidence that the first draft of the parties’ written agreement 

expressly prohibited Carrizo from unreasonably withholding its consent, consistent with BarrowShaver’s alleged industry usage. But Carrizo insisted that provision be deleted from the written 

contract, and Barrow-Shaver agreed, even though it considered the revision a major change that 

meant Carrizo could withhold its consent for any reason. This evidence tends to establish that 

Barrow-Shaver knew Carrizo’s intent was inconsistent with the alleged industry usage, and thus 

rebuts the presumption that the parties impliedly incorporated the alleged industry usage in their 

contract. The jury never heard Carrizo’s evidence regarding the parties’ prior drafts and 

negotiations, however, because the trial court sustained Barrow-Shaver’s objection and excluded 

it. I conclude the trial court erred by excluding the negotiations evidence. Carrizo was entitled to 

submit surrounding-circumstances evidence to rebut the presumption that the parties contracted 

with respect to the alleged industry usage. 

To establish the alleged industry custom or usage prohibiting Carrizo from unreasonably 
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withholding its consent, Barrow-Shaver had to establish that the usage was “so regularly observed 

in place, vocation, trade, or industry so ‘as to justify an expectation that it will be observed with 

respect to a particular agreement.’” Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa. v. CBI Indus., Inc., 

907 S.W.2d 517, 522 n.6 (Tex. 1995) (per curiam) (quoting RESTATEMENT § 222(1), and citing 

TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 1.205(b)). To meet that burden, Carrizo had to rely on extrinsic 

evidence of the surrounding facts and circumstances “bearing on the parties’ objective intent,” 

URI, Inc. v. Kleberg Cty, 543 S.W.3d 755, 768 (Tex. 2018), to establish “the facts within the 

contemplation of the parties at the signing” of the agreement, Nat’l Union Fire, 907 S.W.2d at 

521.

The issue of “whether the parties contracted with reference to a usage is determined on the 

basis of all the circumstances, and a usage may be excluded by the same type of proof which would 

include it.” RESTATEMENT § 221 cmt. d (emphases added). Such evidence of surrounding 

circumstances includes “evidence of the situation and relations of the parties, the subject matter of 

the transaction, preliminary negotiations and statements made therein, usages of trade, and the 

course of dealing between the parties.” Id. § 212 cmt. b (emphasis added); see also 25 C.J.S. 

Customs and Usages §§ 27 (“Any determination of meaning or ambiguity [in a contract term of 

phrase] should only be made in the light of the relevant evidence of the situation and relations of 

the parties, the subject matter of the transaction, preliminary negotiations and statements, usages 

of trade, and the course of dealing between the parties.”) (emphasis added), 29 (explaining that the 

extrinsic evidence of surrounding circumstances necessary to establish a “specialized industry or 

trade term” in a contract “includes proof of negotiations between the parties, their post-contract 

conduct, and general trade practice”) (emphasis added).
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Just as Barrow-Shaver could rely on extrinsic surrounding-circumstances evidence of 

industry custom to explain or supplement the parties’ written contract, Carrizo could rely on 

extrinsic surrounding-circumstances evidence of the parties’ negotiations and draft agreements to 

establish that the parties did not intend to incorporate that industry custom in their contract. See

David H. Moore, The Parol Evidence Rule and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for 

the International Sale of Goods: Justifying Beijing Metals & Minerals Import/Export Corp. v. 

American Business Center, Inc., 1995 B.Y.U. L. REV. 1347, 1354–55 (1995); see also City of 

Pinehurst v. Spooner Addition Water Co., 432 S.W.2d 515, 519 (Tex. 1968) (considering parties’ 

negotiations and drafts as part of the “surrounding circumstances” to “settle the meaning of the 

contract”); 12 WILLISTON ON CONTRACTS § 34:11 (4th ed.) (“It is not necessary that the parties 

state in terms that the usage is not adopted as part of the contract if they otherwise make their 

intention manifest.”). 

I would therefore remand this case for a new trial, at which the jury should hear all of the 

evidence regarding the surrounding circumstances—including the evidence regarding the parties’ 

negotiations and draft agreements—before deciding whether the parties mutually intended to 

incorporate the alleged industry usage. And because the jury must decide the breach-of-contract 

claim in the new trial, I would remand Barrow-Shaver’s fraud claim as well. If the new jury finds 

that the agreement included the industry usage—and thus Carrizo breached the contract by 

unreasonably withholding its consent—the jury would not need to reach the fraud claim. But if the 

jury finds that the parties did not incorporate the industry usage, then the jury should be allowed 

to consider the fraud claim.

In this respect, I disagree with the Court’s opinion. If the parties did not incorporate 
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industry usage into their agreement, and Carrizo thus did not breach the contract, Barrow-Shaver 

could still recover for fraud. The contract says that Barrow-Shaver cannot assign its interest unless 

it has Carrizo’s “express, written consent,” but it is completely silent on whether, when, or why 

Carrizo could or would withhold its consent. It does not prohibit Carrizo from unreasonably 

withholding its consent, but—contrary to the Court’s assessment—neither does it permit Carrizo 

to withhold its consent for any or no reason. It is simply silent on that issue. 

Barrow-Shaver alleged and submitted evidence that Carrizo fraudulently induced BarrowShaver to enter into the contract by repeatedly promising that it would “work with” Barrow-Shaver 

and provide its consent if requested. Because the contract is completely silent on whether Carrizo 

could or would “work with” Barrow-Shaver to provide its consent, Carrizo’s oral promises did not 

directly contradict the contract. And although Barrow-Shaver could have insisted on the original 

language prohibiting Carrizo from unreasonably withholding its consent, it is not “extremely 

unlikely” that it relied on Carrizo’s oral promises to grant consent. So the “red flags” on which the 

Court relies, ante at __, are insufficient to render Barrow-Shaver’s reliance unjustifiable as a matter 

of law. See JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Orca Assets G.P., L.L.C., 546 S.W.3d 648, 653 (Tex. 

2018); Grant Thornton, LLP v. Prospect High Income Fund, 314 S.W.3d 913, 923 (Tex. 2010). 

Because the trial court erroneously excluded evidence that goes to the heart of both the 

breach-of-contract and fraud claims, I would reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and remand 

for a new trial on both claims. I respectfully dissent.
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___________________________

Jeffrey S. Boyd

Justice

Opinion delivered: June 28, 2019