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Congress and to the Comptroller General of the United States. The EPA will submit a report containing this rule and other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of Representatives and the Comptroller General of the United States prior to publication of the rule in the Federal Register . A major rule cannot take effect until 60 days after it is published in the Federal Register . This action is not a ‘‘major rule’’ as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). This rule will be effective upon publication in the Federal Register

. IX. Statutory Authority

The statutory authority for this action is provided by the CAA, as amended (42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq.); relevant provisions of the CAA include, but are not limited to sections 182(b)(3), 202(a)(6), 301(a)(1), and 307(b), and 307(d)(42 U.S.C. 7511a(b)(3), 7521(a)(6), 7601(a)(1), 7607(b), and 7607(d)). List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 51

Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, Air pollution control, Ozone, Particulate matter, Volatile organic compounds.

Dated: May 9, 2012. Lisa P. Jackson,
Administrator.

For reasons set forth in the preamble, part 51 of chapter I of title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations is amended as follows:

**PART 51—REQUIREMENTS FOR PREPARATION, ADOPTION, AND**  **SUBMITTAL OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS.** 

■ 1. The authority citation for part 51 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 23 U.S.C. 101; 42 U.S.C. 7401– 7671q.
**Subpart G—[Amended]**

■ 2. Section 51.126 is added to read as follows:

**§ 51.126 Determination of widespread use of ORVR and waiver of CAA section**  **182(b)(3) Stage II gasoline vapor recovery requirements.** 

(a) Pursuant to section 202(a)(6) of the Clean Air Act, the Administrator has determined that, effective May 16, 2012, onboard refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) systems are in widespread use in the motor vehicle fleet within the United States.

(b) Effective May 16, 2012, the Administrator waives the requirement of Clean Air Act section 182(b)(3) for Stage II vapor recovery systems in ozone nonattainment areas regardless of classification. States must submit and receive EPA approval of a revision to their approved State Implementation Plans before removing Stage II requirements that are contained therein.

[FR Doc. 2012–11846 Filed 5–15–12; 8:45 am]

**BILLING CODE 6560–50–P**

**ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY** 

**40 CFR Part 52**

**[EPA–R03–OAR–2011–0714; FRL–9670–3]**

**Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans;**  **Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; Determinations of**  **Attainment of the 1997 Annual Fine Particulate Standard for the**  **Philadelphia-Wilmington Nonattainment Area** 

**AGENCY :**  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

**ACTION :**  Final rule.

**SUMMARY :**  EPA is making two determinations regarding the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE fine particulate (PM2.5 ) nonattainment area (the Philadelphia Area). First, EPA is making a determination that the Philadelphia Area has attained the 1997 annual PM 2.5 national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) by its attainment date of April 5, 2010. This determination is based upon quality assured and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area monitored attainment of the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS for the 2007–2009 monitoring period. Second, EPA is making a clean data determination, finding that the Philadelphia Area has attained the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS, based on quality assured and certified ambient air monitoring data for the 2007–2009 and 2008–2010 monitoring periods. In accordance with EPA’s applicable PM 2.5 implementation rule, this determination suspends the requirement for the Philadelphia Area to submit an attainment demonstration, reasonably available control measures/reasonably available control technology (RACM/ RACT), a reasonable further progress (RFP) plan, and contingency measures related to attainment of the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS for so long as the area continues to attain the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. These actions are being taken under the Clean Air Act (CAA).

**DATES :**  This rule is effective on June 15,
2012.

**ADDRESSES :**  EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID Number EPA–R03–OAR–2011–0714. All documents in the docket are listed in the www.regulations.gov Web site. Although listed in the electronic docket, some information is not publicly available, i.e., confidential business information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on the Internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically through www.regulations.gov or in hard copy for public inspection during normal business hours at the Air Protection Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103.

**FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT :**  If you have questions concerning EPA’s action related to Delaware or Pennsylvania, please contact Maria A. Pino, (215) 814–2181, or by email at pino.maria@epa.gov. If you have questions concerning EPA’s action related to New Jersey, please contact Henry Feingersh, (212) 637–3382, or by email at feingersh.henry@epa.gov.

**SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION :**  The following outline is provided to aid in locating information in this action. I. Background II. Summary of Actions III. Summary of Public Comments and EPA Responses IV. Final Actions V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews I. Background

On January 23, 2012, EPA published a direct final rulemaking (77 FR 3147) and companion notice of proposed rulemaking (NPR) (77 FR 3223) for the States of Delaware and New Jersey and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (the States). In the January 23, 2012 rulemaking action, EPA proposed to determine that the Philadelphia Area attained the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS by its attainment date, April 5, 2010. EPA also proposed to make a clean data determination, finding that the Philadelphia Area has attained the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS.

Because EPA received adverse comment, EPA withdrew the direct final rule on March 13, 2012 (77 FR14697), and the direct final rule was converted to a proposed rule. II. Summary of Actions

These actions do not constitute a redesignation to attainment under section 107(d)(3) of the CAA. The designation status of the Philadelphia Area will remain nonattainment for the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS until such


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time as EPA determines that the Philadelphia area meets the CAA requirements for redesignation to attainment, including an approved maintenance plan. A. Determination of Attainment by the Attainment Date

EPA is making a determination that the Philadelphia Area has attained the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS by its applicable attainment date of April 5, 2010. This determination is based upon quality assured and certified ambient air monitoring data for the 2007–2009 monitoring period that shows the area has monitored attainment of the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS during this monitoring period. Therefore, EPA has met its requirement pursuant to CAA section 179(c) to determine, based on the area’s air quality as of the attainment date, whether the area attained the standard by that date. The effect of a final determination of attainment by the area’s attainment date will be to discharge EPA’s obligation under CAA section 179(c).

B. Clean Data Determination

EPA is making a determination that the Philadelphia Area is attaining the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. This determination is based upon quality assured and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area has monitored attainment of the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS for the 2007–2009 and 2008– 2010 monitoring periods. This determination of attainment suspends the CAA requirements for the Philadelphia Area to submit an attainment demonstration and the associated RFP plan, contingency measures, RACM/RACT analysis, and any other planning requirements related to attainment of the 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS. These requirements remain suspended for so long as the area continues to attain the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS.

The clean data determination suspends the requirement for the Philadelphia Area to submit an attainment demonstration, RACM/ RACT, RFP plan, contingency measures, and any other planning requirements related to attainment of the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. This suspension remains in effect until such time, if any, that EPA (i) redesignates the area to attainment at which time those requirements no longer apply, or (ii) subsequently determines that the area has violated the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. This determination is separate from, and does not influence or otherwise affect, any future designation determination or requirements for the Philadelphia Area based on any new or revised PM2.5 NAAQS. It remains in effect regardless of whether EPA designates the Philadelphia Area as a nonattainment area for purposes of any new or revised PM2.5 NAAQS. Although these requirements are suspended, EPA is not precluded from acting upon these elements. The States of Delaware and New Jersey, and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania have submitted state implementation plan (SIP) revisions for their portions of the Philadelphia Area to EPA for review and approval. C. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Data

Consistent with the requirements contained in 40 CFR part 50, EPA has reviewed the PM 2.5 ambient air monitoring data for the monitoring periods 2007–2009 and 2008–2010 for the Philadelphia Area, as recorded in the EPA Air Quality System database. On the basis of that review, EPA has concluded that the Philadelphia Area attained the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS based on data for the 2007–2009 and 2008–2010 monitoring periods. In the Technical Support Document (TSD) prepared for this action, EPA evaluates the air quality data for the Philadelphia Area. For details, please refer to EPA’s TSD, which can be viewed at http:// www.regulations.gov. III. Summary of Public Comments and EPA Responses

On January 24, 2012, EPA received adverse comments on the direct final rule from Mr. Robert Ukeiley. A summary of the comments submitted and EPA’s response is provided below.

Comment: The commenter alleges that the determination of attainment here (‘‘clean data determination’’) violates CAA section 110(l) because EPA has not completed its review of the PM 2.5 NAAQS. The commenter asserts that the clean data determination should not be finalized until after EPA promulgates a new PM 2.5 NAAQS.

Response: EPA’s rulemaking action here addresses only the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS, and has no bearing on any other NAAQS, including any future revised NAAQS. Therefore, this comment is not relevant to this rulemaking action.

Comment: The commenter states that this clean data determination violates CAA section 110(l) because all other NAAQS would benefit from the Philadelphia Area fully implementing the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS, including implementation of RACT. The commenter alleged that EPA failed to conduct an analysis of the impacts of the clean data determination, and this will interfere with other NAAQS attainment.

Response: CAA section 110(l) applies explicitly and only to a ‘‘revision to an implementation plan.’’ As set forth in the response to comment above, EPA’s rulemaking here is restricted to EPA’s determination, based on ambient air quality, that the Philadelphia Area is attaining the 1997 annual PM 2.5 standard. It is not a SIP revision, and thus section 110(l) is by its own terms is not applicable to this rulemaking. It is not this determination of attainment, but rather EPA’s PM 2.5 implementation rule, 40 CFR 51.1004(c), that specifies the consequence of the determination as suspension of the area’s obligations to submit an attainment demonstration, a RFP plan, contingency measures and other planning requirements related to attainment as SIP revisions for as long as the area continues to attain. In any case, the requirements that are suspended by the regulation are related solely to attainment for the 1997 annual PM 2.5 standard. EPA is determining, and the commenter does not contest, that the area is attaining the 1997 annual PM 2.5 standard, and that the suspension of attainment planning SIP submissions lasts only as long as the area is meeting that standard. No other requirements are suspended and no control measures in the SIP are being relaxed. This action has no effect on control measures, or air quality, in the area. In sum, no evaluation under section 110(l) is required by law, and even if such an evaluation were required, EPA would conclude that this determination of attainment would not interfere with attainment, reasonable further progress towards attainment, or any other applicable requirement of the CAA. EPA notes that this same individual submitted similar comments on determinations of attainment (‘‘clean data determinations’’) for the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS for the PittsburghBeaver Valley nonattainment area in Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh Area) and the Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill nonattainment area in North Carolina and South Carolina (Charlotte Area), and for the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS for the Kentucky Portion of the Cincinnati-Hamilton nonattainment area (Cincinnati-Hamilton Area). EPA responded to those comments in final rulemaking actions for the Pittsburgh, Charlotte, and Cincinnati-Hamilton Areas, at 76 FR 31237, 76 FR 70656, and 76 FR 77903, respectively.

IV. Final Actions

EPA is making two determinations regarding the Philadelphia Area. First, EPA is making a clean data


### 28784 Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 95 / Wednesday, May 16, 2012 / Rules and Regulations

determination, finding that the Philadelphia Area has attained the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. This clean data determination is based upon quality assured, and certified ambient air monitoring data that show the area has monitored attainment of the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS for the 2007–2009 and 2008–2010 monitoring periods. This clean data determination suspends the requirements for the Philadelphia Area to submit an attainment demonstration and associated RACM/ RACT, RFP plan, contingency measures, and any other planning requirements related to attainment of the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS, as provided in 40 CFR 51.1004(c), so long as the area continues to attain the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. Second, pursuant to section 179(c) of the CAA, EPA is making a determination that the Philadelphia Area has attained the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS by its attainment date, April 5, 2010. This determination is based upon quality assured, and certified ambient air monitoring data for the 2007–2009 monitoring period. V. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews A. General Requirements

Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP submission that complies with the provisions of the CAA and applicable Federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in reviewing SIP submissions, EPA’s role is to approve state choices, provided that they meet the criteria of the CAA. Accordingly, this action merely approves state law as meeting Federal requirements and does not impose additional requirements beyond those imposed by state law. For that reason, this action:

• Is not a ‘‘significant regulatory action’’ subject to review by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993);

• Does not impose an information collection burden under the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. );

• Is certified as not having a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq. );

• Does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104–4);

• Does not have Federalism implications as specified in Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);

• Is not an economically significant regulatory action based on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997);

• Is not a significant regulatory action subject to Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);

• Is not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent with the CAA; and

• Does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to address, as appropriate, disproportionate human health or environmental effects, using practicable and legally permissible methods, under Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).

In addition, this rule does not have tribal implications as specified by Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000), because the SIP is not approved to apply in Indian country located in the state, and EPA notes that it will not impose substantial direct costs on tribal governments or preempt tribal law. B. Submission to Congress and the Comptroller General

The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule, to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the United States. EPA will submit a report containing this action and other required information to the U.S. Senate, the U.S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the United States prior to publication of the rule in the Federal Register. A major rule cannot take effect until 60 days after it is published in the Federal Register. This action is not a ‘‘major rule’’ as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). C. Petitions for Judicial Review

Under section 307(b)(1) of the CAA, petitions for judicial review of this action must be filed in the United States Court of Appeals for the appropriate circuit by July 16, 2012. Filing a petition for reconsideration by the Administrator of this final rule does not affect the finality of this action for the purposes of judicial review nor does it extend the time within which a petition for judicial review may be filed, and shall not postpone the effectiveness of such rule or action. This determination that the Philadelphia Area has attained the 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS may not be challenged later in proceedings to enforce its requirements. (See section 307(b)(2).) List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Particulate matter, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

Dated: March 28, 2012. W.C. Early, Acting Regional Administrator, Region III.

Dated: April 24, 2012. Judith A. Enck, Regional Administrator, Region II.

Part 52, chapter I, title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations is amended as follows:

**PART 52—[AMENDED]**

■ 1. The authority citation for part 52 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.
**Subpart I—Delaware**

■ 2. In § 52.425 the existing paragraph is designated as paragraph (a), and paragraph (b) is added to read as follows:

**§ 52.425 Determinations of attainment.**
* * * * *

(b) Based upon EPA’s review of the air quality data for the 3-year period 2007 to 2009, EPA determined that the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE fine particle (PM 2.5 ) nonattainment area attained the 1997 annual PM 2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) by the applicable attainment date of April 5, 2010. Therefore, EPA has met the requirement pursuant to CAA section 179(c) to determine, based on the area’s air quality as of the attainment date, whether the area attained the standard. EPA also determined that the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE PM 2.5 nonattainment area is not subject to the consequences of failing to attain pursuant to section 179(d).

■ 3. Section 52.427 is added to read as follows:

**§ 52.427 Control strategy: Particulate**
**matter.**

Determination of attainment. EPA has determined, as of May 16, 2012, that based on 2007 to 2009 and 2008 to 2010 ambient air quality data, the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE nonattainment area has attained the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. This determination, in accordance with 40


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CFR 51.1004(c), suspends the requirements for this area to submit an attainment demonstration, associated reasonably available control measures, a reasonable further progress plan, contingency measures, and other planning SIPs related to attainment of the standard for as long as this area continues to meet the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS.

**Subpart FF—New Jersey**

■ 4. In § 52.1576 the existing paragraph is designated as paragraph (a), and paragraph (b) is added to read as follows:

**§ 52.1576 Determinations of attainment.**
* * * * *

(b) Based upon EPA’s review of the air quality data for the 3-year period 2007 to 2009, EPA determined that the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE fine particle (PM 2.5 ) nonattainment area attained the 1997 annual PM 2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) by the applicable attainment date of April 5, 2010. Therefore, EPA has met the requirement pursuant to CAA section 179(c) to determine, based on the area’s air quality as of the attainment date, whether the area attained the standard. EPA also determined that the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE PM 2.5 nonattainment area is not subject to the consequences of failing to attain pursuant to section 179(d).

■ 5. Section 52.1602 is amended by adding new paragraph (d) to read as follows:

**§ 52.1602 Control strategy and regulations: PM**  2.5 **.** * * * * *

(d) Determination of Attainment. EPA has determined, as of May 16, 2012, that the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE fine particle (PM 2.5 ) nonattainment area has attained the 1997 PM 2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standard. This determination, in accordance with 40 CFR 51.1004(c), suspends the requirements for this area to submit an attainment demonstration, associated reasonably available control measures, a reasonable further progress plan, contingency measures, and other planning SIPs related to attainment of the standard for as long as the area continues to attain the 1997 PM 2.5 NAAQS.

**Subpart NN—Pennsylvania**

■ 6. Section 52.2056 is amended by adding paragraph (g) to read as follows:

**§ 52.2056 Determinations of attainment.**
* * * * * (g) Based upon EPA’s review of the air quality data for the 3-year period 2007 to 2009, EPA determined that the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE fine particle (PM 2.5 ) nonattainment area attained the 1997 annual PM 2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) by the applicable attainment date of April 5, 2010. Therefore, EPA has met the requirement pursuant to CAA section 179(c) to determine, based on the area’s air quality as of the attainment date, whether the area attained the standard. EPA also determined that the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE PM 2.5 nonattainment area is not subject to the consequences of failing to attain pursuant to section 179(d).

■ 7. Section 52.2059 is amended by adding paragraph (f) to read as follows:

**§ 52.2059 Control strategy: Particulate matter.** 
* * * * *

(f) Determination of Attainment. EPA has determined, as of May 16, 2012, that based on 2007 to 2009 and 2008 to 2010 ambient air quality data, the Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE nonattainment area has attained the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. This determination, in accordance with 40 CFR 51.1004(c), suspends the requirements for this area to submit an attainment demonstration, associated reasonably available control measures, a reasonable further progress plan, contingency measures, and other planning SIPs related to attainment of the standard for as long as this area continues to meet the 1997 annual PM 2.5 NAAQS.

[FR Doc. 2012–11651 Filed 5–15–12; 8:45 am]

**BILLING CODE 6560–50–P**

**ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY** 

**40 CFR Part 97**

**[EPA–HQ–OAR–2009–0491; FRL–9671–4]**

**RIN 2060–AR35**

**Revisions to Federal Implementation Plans To Reduce Interstate Transport**  **of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone**

**AGENCY :**  Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

**ACTION :**  Withdrawal of direct final rule.

**SUMMARY :**  The EPA issued ‘‘Revisions to Federal Implementation Plans To Reduce Interstate Transport of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone’’ as a direct final rule on February 21, 2012. Because the EPA received adverse comments on this action, we are withdrawing the direct final rule. **DATES :**  As of May 16, 2012, the EPA withdraws the direct final rule revisions published on February 21, 2012, at 77 FR 10342.

**FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT :**  Jeremy Mark, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Air Markets Division, MC 6204J, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460, telephone (202) 343–9087, email at mark.jeremy@epa.
gov. Electronic copies of this document can be accessed through the EPA Web site at: http://epa.gov/airmarkets.

**SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION :**  The EPA issued ‘‘Revisions to Federal Implementation Plans To Reduce Interstate Transport of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone’’ as a direct final rule on February 21, 2012. See 77 FR 10342. The direct final rule would have amended the preamble and rule text to the ‘‘Federal Implementation Plans: Interstate Transport of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone and Correction of SIP Approvals’’ (Transport Rule), published August 8, 2011, to revise certain state emission budgets, variability limits, and new unit set-asides. Specifically, this direct final rule would have revised 2012 and/or 2014 state budgets and variability limits in Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas, and revised new unit set-asides in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Missouri. See 77 FR 10342.

The EPA also issued a parallel proposal on February 21, 2012, that proposed to make the same revisions outlined in the direct final rule. See 77 FR 10350. The EPA stated in the direct final rule revisions that if we received significant adverse comment by February 21, 2012, we would publish a timely notice of withdrawal of the direct final rule in the Federal Register

.

The EPA received several comments on the direct final rule and the parallel proposal. Many of the comments support the specific revisions made in the direct final rule, but some are adverse or adverse in part. Generally, where the comments are adverse, they support the revisions that would have been made by the direct final rule but argue the revisions should have gone further. In addition, a number of the comments duplicate comments to which EPA has previously responded.

Because EPA received adverse comments, we are withdrawing the direct final rule, ‘‘Revisions to Federal Implementation Plans To Reduce Interstate Transport of Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone.’’ 77 FR 10342. The EPA intends to act on the parallel