NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 14a0610n.06

No. 13-3682

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

KEVIN R. HORNBEAK,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE NORTHERN 

DISTRICT OF OHIO

BEFORE: ROGERS and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; and VAN TATENHOVE, District Judge.

GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

Defendant Kevin Hornbeak appeals his convictions on five counts of possessing 

controlled substances with the intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); one 

count of being a felon in possession of ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); and 

one count of possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense, in violation of 18 

U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). Defendant argues that the district court abused its discretion by admitting 

testimony from a government expert witness regarding the role of firearms in drug trafficking 

and further erred by not granting his motion for acquittal on all counts made pursuant to Rule 29 

of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure for insufficient evidence. We disagree and affirm.

 



The Honorable Gregory F. Van Tatenhove, United States District Judge for the Eastern 

District of Kentucky, sitting by designation. 
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United States v. Hornbeak

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I.

In the winter of 2010, federal law enforcement authorities began investigating defendant. 

Between December 2010 and February 2011, an undercover agent with the Bureau of Alcohol, 

Tobacco and Firearms (“ATF”), with the assistance of a confidential informant, purchased crack 

cocaine from defendant on three separate occasions at various locations in Toledo, Ohio. 

In the fall of 2011, the Toledo Police Department began investigating defendant. The 

officers involved in that investigation ultimately obtained a warrant to search a home where 

Hornbeak lived, and executed a search of that residence on November 22, 2011. When the 

officers entered the home, defendant was in the living room. Rhonda Harris, defendant’s thengirlfriend (now wife), testified that defendant regularly slept in the bedroom adjacent to the 

living room, and that he had slept there the previous night. 

During the search of that bedroom, in the top drawer of a dresser, the officers found: 

(1) at least seventy individually wrapped packages of crack cocaine; (2) a small bag containing

heroin; (3) three electronic scales; (4) a loaded .380 ACP caliber handgun with a round 

chambered; and (5) a number of defendant’s personal articles, including his birth certificate, 

correspondence from the Social Security Administration, personal mail, and paperwork from the 

Ohio Child Support system. Also, during a search of the closet in that bedroom, the officers 

found: (1) cut up and folded lottery tickets, which one of the searching officers testified are 

consistent with being used to package heroin; (2) boxes of .380 ACP ammunition and 9mm 

ammunition; (3) court paperwork bearing defendant’s name; and (4) “a lot of” men’s clothing.

As a result of these investigations, on May 2, 2012, a federal grand jury in the Northern 

District of Ohio returned a seven-count indictment against defendant, charging him with three 

counts of possessing crack cocaine with the intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. 
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§ 841(a)(1) (counts 1–3); one count of possessing cocaine with the intent to distribute, in 

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (count 4); one count of possessing heroin with intent to 

distribute, also in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (count 5); one count of being a felon in 

possession of ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (count 6); and one count of 

possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(c)(1) (count 7). Defendant pled not guilty on all counts and proceeded to trial. 

During trial, the government called eight witnesses as part of its case, and introduced a 

variety of exhibits based on the contraband recovered from the investigations described above. 

Over defendant’s relevance and unfair prejudice objections, the government elicited expert 

witness testimony from ATF agent Edward Diamond regarding the role of firearms in drug 

trafficking. Diamond testified that because drug dealers are vulnerable to theft and armed 

robberies, drug dealers often obtain firearms for protection, and thus, drugs and guns go “hand in 

hand.” The district court issued a limiting instruction to the jury regarding Diamond’s testimony, 

making clear that his testimony was relevant only on the issue of whether defendant possessed a 

firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime as charged in count 7. 

Defendant called no witnesses during the trial but proffered one exhibit, which the district 

court admitted. Defendant also moved for acquittal on all counts under Rule 29 of the Federal 

Rules of Criminal Procedure on the basis of insufficient evidence. The court denied the motion 

and submitted the case to the jury. 

The jury convicted defendant on all seven counts. The court sentenced defendant to 

seventy-eight months’ imprisonment on counts 1–6, to be followed by a mandatory consecutive 

term of sixty months’ imprisonment on count 7. Defendant timely appealed. 
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II.

Defendant begins his arguments on appeal by raising two challenges to the district court’s

admission of Diamond’s testimony concerning the relationship between firearms and drug 

trafficking. First, he argues that there was no foundation for the court to qualify Diamond as an 

expert. Second, he claims that Diamond’s testimony should have been excluded under Federal 

Rule of Evidence 403 because it was unfairly prejudicial. We review a district court’s 

evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Blackwell, 459 F.3d 739, 752 (6th 

Cir. 2006). 

Here, defendant has forfeited his first argument because he failed to raise this objection 

below. See United States v. Archibald, 589 F.3d 289, 295 (6th Cir. 2009) (“[W]e do not 

ordinarily consider issues that are not raised in the district court.”). Moreover, assuming 

arguendo that defendant preserved the issue, the district court did not abuse its discretion in 

qualifying Diamond as an expert regarding the link between guns and drug dealing. Diamond 

was a twenty-two year ATF agent who had worked on many drug and gang investigations 

throughout his tenure, performed dozens of undercover controlled buys, and had been in direct 

contact with drug dealers on numerous occasions. Accordingly, Diamond was qualified to opine 

about the common practices of drug traffickers, including their use of firearms. 

Regarding defendant’s second argument, the district court did not abuse its discretion by 

allowing Diamond to testify that firearms and drug trafficking go “hand in hand.” Furthermore, 

defendant fails to identify any “unfair prejudice” arising from Diamond’s testimony that

“substantially outweigh[s]” the probative value of that testimony. Fed. R. Evid. 403. Indeed, 

given defendant’s candid concession that “a vast majority of the American public knows [that 

drugs and guns go “hand in hand”] through exposure to various media outlets[,]” and our prior 
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observations that firearms are tools of the drug trafficking trade, see United States v. Campbell, 

317 F.3d 597, 609 (6th Cir. 2003); United States v. Arnott, 704 F.2d 322, 325–26 (6th Cir. 1983), 

defendant has not demonstrated any unfair prejudice from Diamond’s testimony. 

III.

Next, defendant argues that the trial proofs were insufficient as a matter of law to sustain 

a conviction on any of the seven counts alleged in the indictment. In reviewing the district 

court’s denial of defendant’s Rule 29 motion for judgment of acquittal on grounds of insufficient 

evidence, “we review his motion de novo and examine the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the prosecution to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential 

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Campbell, 549 F.3d 364, 

374 (6th Cir. 2008). “We will reverse a judgment based on a finding of insufficient evidence 

only if the judgment is not supported by substantial and competent evidence upon the record as a 

whole.” Id. Further, all reasonable inferences must be made to support the verdict. Id. 

In this case, there was ample evidence from which any rational trier of fact could have 

found the essential elements of all crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt. To establish a 

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) charged in counts 1 through 5, the government must prove the 

following elements for each count: “(1) knowing (2) possession of a controlled substance 

(3) with intent to distribute.” United States v. Mackey, 265 F.3d 457, 460 (6th Cir. 2001) 

(internal quotations marks and citations omitted). Regarding counts 1 through 3—each based on

one of three controlled buys between defendant and the undercover ATF agent—the evidence at 

trial showed that defendant arranged for drug sales via a phone call with the confidential 

informant, and at the appointed time and place for the transactions, defendant arrived with crack 

cocaine and personally handed the drugs to the undercover ATF agent, in exchange for money. 
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Based on these proofs, with all reasonable inferences drawn in support of the verdict—including 

those regarding witness credibility, see United States v. Salgado, 250 F.3d 438, 446 (6th Cir.

2001)—any rational trier of fact could conclude that defendant knowingly possessed crack 

cocaine with the intent to distribute it on each of the three occasions. 

As for counts 4 and 5—each based on the drugs found during the execution of the search 

warrant on November 22, 2011—defendant challenges only whether the government has 

established the possession element. Although the trial proofs do not establish that defendant was 

in actual possession of the drugs seized during the search, the circumstantial evidence presented 

supplies a sufficient basis to conclude that defendant exercised constructive possession over 

those drugs, and constructive possession is sufficient to sustain a conviction under § 841(a)(1). 

See United States v. Hunter, 558 F.3d 495, 504 (6th Cir. 2009) (explaining that constructive 

possession exists when a person does not have physical possession, but “knowingly has the 

power and the intention at a given time to exercise dominion and control over an object, either 

directly or through others”). The evidence at trial showed that defendant was the only male in 

the house when the officers executed the search warrant, the bedroom adjacent to the living room 

where defendant was found was occupied by an adult male, and defendant’s personal papers 

were found in that bedroom, along with the drugs charged in counts 4 and 5. Further, Harris 

testified that defendant regularly slept in the bedroom adjacent to the living room, and that he 

had slept there the previous night. This evidence, combined with the evidence that defendant 

sold crack cocaine to an undercover officer on three prior occasions, permits any rational trier of 

fact to conclude that defendant possessed the drugs found during the execution of the search 

warrant. 
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Defendant’s arguments regarding Harris’s testimony and the search warrant affidavit do 

not alter this conclusion. First, although Harris testified that the drugs were hers, and that she 

placed them in the dresser drawer in the bedroom, the jury could have reasonably found her not 

credible on this point because she admitted that she had previously told the police that she 

“didn’t know anything” about the gun found in the home but later changed her story—apparently 

while on the witness stand—and claimed for the first time that she alone owned the gun and the 

drugs. 

Second, the fact that the search warrant affidavit did not specifically name defendant is of 

no consequence. In that affidavit, a Toledo police officer stated that a confidential informant had 

purchased heroin from an individual in the home on the day before the search, and that there 

were believed to be two known occupants of the house—Rhonda Harris and a black male named 

“Bo.” The police never definitively identified “Bo,” and there was no evidence about whether 

defendant went by the nickname “Bo,” though Harris testified that Lamene Wilson went by “Bo” 

but added that he had died before trial. However, Harris also testified that defendant, a black 

male, stayed in the residence on the night heroin was sold from the house, and defendant was 

there again the next night when the police executed the warrant. Also, the officers found 

defendant’s birth certificate, personal papers, and mail in several different locations in the 

bedroom. This evidence allows a reasonable jury to reject Harris’s identification of “Bo” and 

instead conclude that defendant was “Bo”—or not. The true identity of “Bo” is of no 

consequence because to obtain convictions on counts 4 and 5, the government must prove that 

defendant—regardless of whether he was named in the search warrant affidavit—knowingly

possessed controlled substances with an intent to distribute on November 22, 2011. On this 
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record, any rational trier of fact could find that the government had proven the essential elements

of counts 4 and 5 beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Regarding count 6, to establish a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g), the government must 

prove that: (1) the defendant had a previous felony conviction; (2) the defendant knowingly 

possessed the ammunition specified in the indictment; and (3) the ammunition traveled in or 

affected interstate commerce. Campbell, 549 F.3d at 374. Only the possession element is in 

dispute, and defendant agrees that the possession analysis here mirrors that of counts 4 and 5. 

Therefore, the same evidence used to establish the possession element in counts 4 and 5 also 

demonstrates that any rational trier of fact could have found that the government proved beyond 

a reasonable doubt that defendant possessed the ammunition charged in count 6. 

Finally, to establish a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), alleged in count 7, the 

government must prove that: (1) the defendant committed a drug trafficking crime; (2) the 

defendant knowingly possessed a firearm; and (3) the possession of the firearm was in 

furtherance of the drug trafficking crime. Sixth Circuit Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction 

§ 12.03(1) (2014). 

Here, the first two elements are satisfied because just as any rational trier of fact could 

conclude that defendant possessed the drugs and ammunition found in the bedroom, so too could 

any rational trier of fact conclude that defendant possessed the .380 ACP handgun found in the 

bedroom, and that he committed a drug trafficking crime.

The third element is also satisfied. In deciding whether the “in furtherance” element has 

been proved, we consider: (1) whether the gun was strategically located so as to be quickly and 

easily available for use during a drug transaction; (2) whether the gun was loaded; (3) the type of 

gun; (4) the legality of its possession; (5) the type of drug activity conducted; and (6) the time 
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and circumstances under which the firearm was found. United States v. Gill, 685 F.3d 606, 611 

(6th Cir. 2012). The evidence favors the government on each of these factors. 

First, the pistol was readily accessible in a drawer in the first floor bedroom, which was 

immediately adjacent to the living room, and near the front door. Second, the handgun was 

loaded, with a round already chambered. Third, defendant’s possession of the firearm and its 

ammunition was illegal by virtue of his prior felony conviction. Fourth, the weapon was found 

in a drawer that also contained at least seventy small bags of crack cocaine packaged for 

individual sale, heroin packaged for sale, and three digital scales. Fifth, in light of these 

circumstances, it is of no consequence that the police did not find the firearm on defendant’s 

person, which defendant suggests is the only evidence that could be used to establish the “in 

furtherance” element. And sixth, the jury could credit Diamond’s expert testimony that drug 

dealers use firearms to protect themselves during drug trafficking. See United States v. Castano, 

543 F.3d 826, 838 (6th Cir. 2008) (affirming jury conclusion that defendant possessed firearm 

near him, because evidence showed that defendant was heavily involved in drug distribution and

numerous officers testified that drug dealers frequently rely on firearms for protection). 

Accordingly, any rational trier of fact could conclude that the government proved all essential 

elements of a § 924(c)(1) offense beyond a reasonable doubt.

IV.

For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.