Slip Op. 06-110

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

 

 :

OLYMPIA INDUSTRIAL, INC., :

:

Plaintiff, : 

: 

 v. : 

: 

UNITED STATES, : Before: Richard K. Eaton, 

: Judge

Defendant, :

: Court No. 04-00647

and :

:

AMES TRUE TEMPER, :

:

Deft.-Intervenor. :

 :

OPINION

[United States Department of Commerce’s Final Scope Ruling

sustained]

Dated: July 24, 2006

Hume & Associates, PC (Robert T. Hume, Akil Vohra, and Jon

C. Cooper), for plaintiff.

Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Civil

Division, United States Department of Justice; David M. Cohen,

Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United

Sates Department of Justice (Stephen Carl Tosini), for defendant.

Wiley, Rein & Fielding, LLP (Charles Owen Verrill, Jr. and

Timothy C. Brightbill), for defendant-intervenor.

Eaton, Judge: This matter is before the court on plaintiff

Olympia Industrial, Inc.’s (“plaintiff” or “Olympia”) motion for

judgment upon the agency record pursuant to USCIT Rule 56.2. By
Court No. 04-00467 Page 2

its motion, plaintiff challenges the determination of the United

States Department of Commerce (“Commerce” or the “Department”)

that its multi-use tough tool (“MUTT”) is included within the

scope of the antidumping duty orders covering heavy forged hand

tools (“HFHTs”) from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”),

specifically the order applicable to axes, adzes and similar

hewing tools. See Final Scope Ruling—Request by Olympia

Industrial, Inc. for a Scope Ruling on the MUTT (ITA Dec. 9,

2004) (“Final Scope Ruling”); see also HFHTs, Finished or

Unfinished, With or Without Handles From the PRC, 56 Fed. Reg.

6622 (Feb. 19, 1991) (“HFHTs Orders”). 

Plaintiff seeks a remand of the Final Scope Ruling to allow

Commerce to reconsider its findings. See Pl.’s Mem. of Pts.

Auth. Supp. R. 56.2 Mot. (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 16. Defendant United

States (“defendant” or the “Government”), on behalf of Commerce,

opposes the motion and requests that the Department’s Final Scope

Ruling be sustained. See Def.’s Response to Pl.’s Mot. (“Def.’s

Resp.”) at 1. Defendant-intervenor Ames True Temper (“Ames”)

joins in opposition to plaintiff’s motion. See Def.-Int.’s

Response to Pl.’s Mot. (“Def.-Int.’s Resp.”) at 1. 

Jurisdiction lies with 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2000) and 19

U.S.C. § 1516a(2)(B)(vi) (2000). Because the MUTT’s utility as a
Court No. 04-00467 Page 3

1 The regulation provides, in pertinent part, that:

Any interested party may apply for a ruling

as to whether a particular product is within

the scope of an order or a suspended

(continued...)

tool comes from its steel head with a sharp blade that can be

used for cutting and chopping, the court finds that it is a

hewing tool similar to an axe or adze and, thus, sustains

Commerce’s Final Scope Ruling.

BACKGROUND

On March 25, 2003, Commerce published notice that it would

conduct an administrative review of merchandise subject to the

four antidumping duty orders on HFHTs from the PRC for the period

beginning February 1, 2002 and ending January 31, 2003. See

Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative

Reviews and Requests for Revocation in Part, 68 Fed. Reg. 14,394,

14,395 (ITA Mar. 25, 2003). On July 10, 2003, Commerce notified

Olympia that data concerning scrapers, with or without handles,

should be submitted as those tools were subject to the order

applicable to axes, adzes, and similar hewing tools (“axes/adzes

order”). See Scope Ruling Request on Scrapers Submitted on

Behalf of Olympia Industrial, Inc. (Oct. 9, 2003) (“Scope Ruling

Request”) at 3. On October 9, 2003, plaintiff submitted an

application to Commerce pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(c)

(2005),1 asking the agency to issue a scope ruling finding that
Court No. 04-00467 Page 4

1(...continued)

investigation. The application must be

served upon all parties on the scope service

list [which includes all persons that have

participated in any segment of the

proceeding] . . . and must contain the

following, to the extent reasonably available

to the interested party . . . 

(i) A detailed description of the

product, including its technical

characteristics and uses, and its

current U.S. Tariff Classification

number;

(ii) A statement of the interested

party’s position as to whether the

product is within the scope of an

order or a suspended investigation,

including:

(A) A summary of the reasons for

this conclusion, 

(B) Citations to any applicable

statutory authority, and

(C) Any factual information

supporting this position, including

excerpts from portions of the

Secretary’s or the Commission’s

investigation, and relevant prior

scope rulings. . . .

19 C.F.R. § 351.225(c).

the MUTT did not fall within the ambit of the HFHTs Orders. See

id. at 10. Pursuant to its regulations, Commerce engaged in an

initial scope investigation and found that the language of the

HFHTs Orders was not dispositive of the scope question. See

Final Scope Ruling at 2. Thus, on December 2, 2003, in
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2 Under 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(e):

If the Secretary finds that the issue of

whether a product is included within the

scope of an order . . . cannot be determined

based solely upon the application and the

descriptions of the merchandise referred to

in paragraph (k)(1) of this section, the

Secretary will notify by mail all parties on

the Department’s scope service list of the

initiation of a scope inquiry.

19 C.F.R. § 351.225(e). 

accordance with 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(e),2 Commerce initiated a

formal scope inquiry. See id. To facilitate its investigation,

Commerce instructed the parties to submit supplemental filings. 

As part of those filings, Commerce instructed Olympia to

identify the specific MUTT models that were to be examined. See

Pl.’s Mem. at 3. Olympia complied, stating that the models to be

reviewed were “three MUTT blades (5"x4", 8"x4" and 9"x7") without

handles and the same MUTT blades with handles identified by eight

model numbers . . . 64-386, 64-389, 64-392, 64-393, 64-394, 64-

396, 64-397 and 64-398.” Id. at 3–4. After analyzing the MUTT

based on the additional information obtained in the scope

inquiry, Commerce determined that it was subject to the terms of

the axes/adzes order because it was reasonable to find the tool

to be an axe, adze, or similar hewing tool. See Final Scope

Ruling at 1. 
Court No. 04-00467 Page 6

STANDARD OF REVIEW

When reviewing Commerce’s final determination finding a

particular type of merchandise to be within the class or kind of

merchandise described in an antidumping duty order, the court

“shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion

found . . . to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the

record, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. §

1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). “Substantial evidence is ‘such relevant

evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support

a conclusion.’” Huaiyin Foreign Trade Corp. (30) v. United

States, 322 F.3d 1369, 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (quoting Consol.

Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). The existence of

substantial evidence is determined “by considering the record as

a whole, including evidence that supports as well as evidence

that ‘fairly detracts from the substantiality of the evidence.’” 

Id. (quoting Atl. Sugar, Ltd. v. United States, 744 F.2d 1556,

1562 (Fed. Cir. 1984)). Finally, the possibility of drawing two

opposite, yet equally justified conclusions from the record will

not prevent the agency’s determination from being supported by

substantial evidence. Consolo v. Fed. Mar. Comm’n, 383 U.S. 607,

620 (1966).
Court No. 04-00467 Page 7

3 Once the product is determined to be within the scope

of the order, it is then referred to as subject merchandise. 

“Subject merchandise” is defined as “the class or kind of

merchandise that is within the scope of an investigation, a

review, a suspension agreement, an order under this subtitle or

section 1303 of this title, or a finding under the Antidumping

Act, 1921.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(25). 

4 Section 1677(9)(A) of Title 19 provides, in relevant

part, that “[t]he term ‘interested party’ means . . . a foreign

manufacturer, producer, or exporter, or the United States

importer, of subject merchandise . . . .” 19 U.S.C. §

1677(9)(A).

5 The regulation provides that:

With respect to those scope determinations

that are not covered under paragraphs (g)

through (j) of this section, in considering

whether a particular product is included

within the scope of an order or a suspended

(continued...)

DISCUSSION

I. Relevant Law

Commerce’s regulations require the agency to engage in a

two-step analysis when determining whether particular merchandise

is included within the scope of an antidumping duty order.3

First, upon receiving an application from an interested party,4

Commerce is directed to conduct an investigation that is limited

to the consideration of: (1) the descriptions contained in the

petition filed by domestic interested parties seeking the

original antidumping order; (2) the initial antidumping

investigation; and (3) any relevant determinations issued by the

International Trade Commission (“ITC” or the “Commission”). See

19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1);5 see also 19 C.F.R. § 351.202(a) (“The
Court No. 04-00467 Page 8

5(...continued)

investigation, the Secretary will take into

account the following:

(1) The descriptions of the merchandise

contained in the petition, the initial

investigation, and the determinations of the

Secretary (including prior scope

determinations) and the Commission.

19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(1).

Secretary normally initiates antidumping . . . investigations

based on petitions filed by a domestic interested party.”). 

Commerce may also consider the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the

United States (“HTSUS”) subheading under which the product is

imported. The HTSUS subheading for a product, however, is not

dispositive of whether that product falls within the scope of an

antidumping duty order. See Smith Corona Corp. v. United States,

915 F.2d 683, 687 (Fed. Cir. 1990). If Commerce’s review of this

evidence leads it to conclusively determine that the product is,

or is not included within the scope of the order, the Department

is then required to issue a final scope ruling. See 19 C.F.R. §

351.225(d) (“If the Secretary can determine, based solely upon

the application and the descriptions of the merchandise referred

to in paragraph (k)(1) of this section, whether a product is

included within the scope of an order . . . the Secretary will

issue a final ruling . . . .”). 

Where Commerce finds that the information reviewed in the
Court No. 04-00467 Page 9

initial investigation is not dispositive, it then proceeds to

notify the parties that it will begin a formal scope inquiry in

which it examines the factors commonly referred to as the

“Diversified Products” criteria in reference to the case where

they were first set forth. See Diversified Prods. Corp. v.

United States, 6 CIT 155, 162, 572 F. Supp. 883, 889 (1983). 

These factors, which have since been reduced to a regulation, are

as follows:

(i) The physical characteristics of the product;

(ii) The expectations of the ultimate purchasers;

(iii)The ultimate use of the product;

(iv) The channels of trade in which the product is

sold; and

(v) The manner in which the product is advertised and

displayed.

19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(2). 

The regulation, however, merely provides guidance to the

Department during its scope investigation. “The language of the

order determines the scope of an antidumping duty order.” Tak

Fat Trading Co. v. United States, 396 F.3d 1378, 1382 (Fed. Cir.

2005). Where the order’s scope language does not expressly

address the status of a particular product, the order “may be

interpreted as including subject merchandise only if [it]

contain[s] language that . . . may be reasonably interpreted to

include it.” Duferco Steel, Inc. v. United States, 296 F.3d

1087, 1089 (Fed. Cir. 2002). In other words, the language of the
Court No. 04-00467 Page 10

order controls Commerce’s inquiry. See id. at 1097 (“[R]eview of

the petition and the [antidumping] investigation may provide

valuable guidance as to the interpretation of the final order . .

. [b]ut they cannot substitute for language in the order

itself.”); see also Vertex Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 30 CIT

__, __, slip op. 06-10 at 7–8 (Jan. 19, 2006) (not published in

the Federal Supplement); Tianjin Mach. Import & Export Corp. v.

United States, 29 CIT __, __, 394 F. Supp. 2d 1369, 1373–74

(2005) (“Commerce must consult the final scope language as the

primary source in making a scope ruling because Commerce’s final

determination reflects the decision that has been made as to

which merchandise is within the final scope of the investigation

and is subject to the order.”) (internal quotation marks

omitted); Allegheny Bradford Corp. v. United States, 28 CIT __,

__, 342 F. Supp. 2d 1172, 1184 (2004) (“The language of an order

is the cornerstone of a court’s analysis of an order’s scope.”)

(internal quotation marks omitted). 

Thus, the court’s task is to determine whether Commerce, in

the Final Scope Ruling, reasonably interpreted the scope language

of the HFHTs Orders to include the MUTT. 

II. Results of the Department’s Initial Investigation 

Following the regulation’s procedures, Olympia submitted its
Court No. 04-00467 Page 11

application to Commerce asking the agency to issue a final scope

ruling that the MUTT was not included within the HFHTs Orders. 

In its application, Olympia contended that the words in the

original order clearly indicated that the MUTT was outside the

scope of the order. The scope language provided that:

The products covered by these investigations are HFHTs

comprising the following classes or kinds of

merchandise: (1) Hammers and sledges with heads over

1.5 kg. (3.33 pounds) (“hammers/sledges”); (2) bars

over 18 inches in length, track tools and wedges

(“bars/wedges”); (3) picks and mattocks

(“picks/mattocks”); and (4) axes, adzes and similar

hewing tools (“axes/adzes”). . . . 

HFHTs are manufactured through a hot forge operation in

which steel is sheared to required length, heated to

forging temperature and formed to final shape on

forging equipment using dies specific to the desired

product shape and size. HFHTs are currently provided

for under the following Harmonized Tariff System (HTS)

subheadings: 8205.20.60, 8205.59.30, 8201.30.00, and

8201.40.60. Specifically excluded from these

investigations are hammers and sledges with heads 1.5

kg. (3.33 pounds) in weight and under, hoes and rakes,

and bars 18 inches in length and under.

HFHTs Orders, 56 Fed. Reg. at 6622–23 (emphasis in original). 

For Olympia, the order supported its contention that the

MUTT is not included in the scope, primarily because it views the

MUTT as a scraper, and the order does not specifically mention

scrapers. See Scope Ruling Request at 5. Olympia’s application

further insisted that “[a] scraper is not a tool that is

‘similar’ to an axe or adze . . . .” Id. Moreover, Olympia

argued that the MUTT must be excluded from the order because it
Court No. 04-00467 Page 12

entered the MUTT under HTSUS subheading 8205.59.5510, which was

not listed in the order. In sum, Olympia maintained that, “[i]n

the case of scrapers, both the language [of the HFHTs Orders] and

the designated HTSUS subcategories are clearly dispositive of the

issue, and do not include scrapers.” Id. at 4 (emphasis in

original).

Plaintiff’s application also provided Commerce with the

following description of the MUTT:

The product in question is a scraper, with or without a

handle. Olympia imports the scraper without a handle,

but generally sells the scraper with a handle using the

trademark MUTT. Olympia sells three (3) types of

scrapers with blades that measure 5"x4", 8"x4", and

9"x7". 

A scraper is a hand tool used in landscaping with a

long wooden handle and chisel-like blade at the end. 

More specifically, a scraper can be used for cutting

roots, for edging, and even for chipping ice on

driveways or sidewalks. . . . 

The scrapers imported by Olympia are made of steel and

manufactured using a forging process.

Scope Ruling Request at 2 (footnote omitted). According to

plaintiff, the merchandise at issue is a forged scraper with a

steel head and varying sized sharpened blades. 

Along with the descriptions provided by plaintiff’s initial

application, Commerce also had at its disposal: (1) the language

contained in the domestic industry’s petition asking the
Court No. 04-00467 Page 13

Department and the ITC to provide relief from the claimed

injurious effects of HFHTs imports; (2) the original ITC final

injury determination; and (3) the applicable HTSUS subheading

under which Olympia was entering the MUTT. See generally HFHTs,

With or Without Handles, From the PRC-Antidumping Petition of

Woodings-Verona Tool Works, Inc. (Apr. 4, 1990) (the “Petition”);

HFHTs From the PRC, Determination of the Commission in Invs. No.

731-TA-457 (Final), USITC Pub. 2357 (Feb. 1991) (“Final Injury

Determination”); HTSUS 8205.59.5510 (2003). 

In the Petition, the domestic industry provided the

following description:

The manufacturing process is generally described as a

hot forge operation in which fine grain special bar

quality steel of the needed metallurgy and crosssectional dimension is sheared to the required length,

heated to forging temperature in a fossil fuel furnace,

and formed to final shape on forging equipment using

dies specific to the desired product shape and size. 

If heat treating is required, the formed shape is

quenched in a suitable media, such as an oil bath or a

water spray, and then tempered to the required

hardness. . . .

The merchandise in question is all imports from the PRC

currently classified under the following subheadings of

the [HTSUS], and before January 1, 1989, under the item

numbers of the Tariff Schedules of the United States

Annotated (“TSUSA”):

HTSUS 8205.20.60/TSUSA 651.2300

Hammers and Sledges, with or without their

Handles with Heads over 1.5 Kg (3.25 pounds)

each

HTSUS 8205.59.30/TSUSA 651.2500
Court No. 04-00467 Page 14

Crowbars, Track Tools, Wedges of Iron or

Steel

HTSUS 8201.30.00/TSUSA 648.5300

Picks and Mattocks/(as of 1/1/89) Mattocks,

Picks, Hoes, and Rakes and Parts Thereof

HTSUS 8201.40.60/TSUSA 648.6700

Axes, Adzes, etc./(as of 1/1/89) Axes and

Hewing Tools Other than Machetes and Parts,

Base Metal

The four classification subheadings listed above

provide the scope of this Petition and describe four

distinct like product groups (and class or kind of

merchandise groups) except that (1) hoes and rakes in

HTSUS 8201.30.00 are not heavy forged hand tools and

are not subject to investigation, and (2) bars eighteen

inches and under in HTSUS 8205.59.30 are not heavy hand

tools and are not subject to investigation. . . .

Petition at 2, 11–12. 

Commerce also considered the language of HTSUS 8205.59.5510,

the heading under which Olympia enters the MUTT.

8205 Handtools (including glass cutters) not

elsewhere specified or included; blow torches

and similar self-contained torches; vises,

clamps and the like, other than accessories

for and parts of machine tools; anvils;

portable forges; hand-or pedal-operated

grinding wheels with frameworks; base metal

parts thereof:

8205.59.55

 10 Other . . . .

HTSUS 8205.59.5510 (2003).

Finally, the product description contained in the ITC Final
Court No. 04-00467 Page 15

Injury Determination provided that:

The HFHTs included in the scope of this investigation

consist of the following products, finished or

unfinished, with or without handles: (1) hammers,

sledges, and mauls (hammers and sledges or ‘striking

tools’), including drilling hammers and woodsplitting

mauls, with heads over 1.5 kilograms (3.3 pounds) each;

(2) bars of over 18 inches (45.72 centimeters) in

length, track tools, and wedges (bars and wedges or

‘bar tools’), including wrecking bars, digging bars,

tampers, and steel woodsplitting wedges; (3) picks and

mattocks (‘digging tools’); and (4) axes, adzes, and

similar hewing tools (axes and adzes or ‘hewing

tools’). . . . 

The method used most often in the production of the

subject products is forging. This process involves

shearing the raw material (fine-grain, special barquality steel) to a specific size and heating it in an

electric, gas, coal, or oil-fired furnace to a

temperature that renders the steel malleable. The raw

material is then shaped into the desired form by

intermittent blows of forging hammers fitted with

impression dies. After forging, numerous steps are

undertaken before manufacturing is completed. These

steps include trimming excess metal; heat treating to

increase strength; and grinding, polishing, and

painting to obtain a finished appearance.

Final Injury Determination at 95, 97–98. 

After reviewing the above materials in light of the scope

language of the HFHTs Orders, Commerce concluded that they failed

to establish the status of the MUTT. In particular, Commerce

found that, while scrapers are not included in the referenced

HTSUS subheadings, such subheadings are “provided for convenience

and U.S. Customs Service purposes. The written description [in

the final order] remains dispositive.” Final Scope Ruling at 12
Court No. 04-00467 Page 16

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also

Novosteel SA v. United States, 284 F.3d 1261, 1270 (Fed. Cir.

2002) (“[A] reference to an HTSUS number ‘is not dispositive’

about the scope of an antidumping or countervailing-duty order.”)

(quoting Smith Corona Corp., 915 F.2d at 687)). Thus, Commerce

initiated a scope inquiry and considered the additional factors

set forth in § 351.225(k)(2).

III. Scope Inquiry

Following its examination of the Diversified Products

criteria, Commerce issued its final determination on Olympia’s

request for a scope ruling on the MUTT. The Department found

that: (1) the MUTT was not specifically identified or excluded by

the scope of the HFHTs Orders; (2) neither the information

contained in the Petition or the ITC’s Final Injury Determination

provided a definition of “similar hewing tools”; (3) the product

descriptions contained in the Petition, the ITC’s Final Injury

Determination, and the HFHTs Orders could be “reasonably

interpreted to include the MUTT in the antidumping duty order on

axes/adzes”; and (4) an application of the Diversified Products

criteria supported the finding that the MUTT is properly included

within the scope of the HFHTs Orders. See Final Scope Ruling at

13, 20. Olympia challenges several aspects of the Final Scope

Ruling. 
Court No. 04-00467 Page 17

A. Manufacturing Process

Olympia first contends that the language of the HFHTs Orders

cannot reasonably be read to include the MUTT because the roll

forge process used to manufacture the MUTT head is distinct from

the hot forge process described in the order.

According to plaintiff:

The [MUTT] is strong and durable, made of steel and

manufactured using a forging process. The forging

process, unlike the description in the scope of the

[Antidumping Duty] orders, is roll forging. A roll

forging process is a process where the steel is heated

then compressed between two rollers to the specified

thickness then cooled. When cooled the MUTT is cut to

its finished shape. The MUTT is not “formed to final

shape on forging equipment using dies specific to the

desired product shape and size.” While the MUTT is

produced in a forging factory, the tools needed to make

the MUTT are different from those used to make HFHTs.

Supplemental Submission on Scope Ruling Request on the MUTT (A

Forged Scraper) Submitted on Behalf of Olympia Industrial, Inc.

(“Supplemental Submission”) at 4 (emphasis in original) (footnote

omitted).

Plaintiff’s counsel further pursued this point at oral

argument. See Tr. of Civ. Cause for Or. Arg. (“Tr.”) at

3:2–8:24. 

MR. COOPER: This process of roll forging takes the heated

steel, puts it through a set of rollers in

order to get the proper dimensions for this

material. It is then cut to shape, heat
Court No. 04-00467 Page 18

annealed, and then punched when necessary for

additional holes. . . . So the roll forge

process itself more significantly uses

completely different equipment than the hot

forge process . . . .

THE COURT: Are dies used at all in the production

of the MUTT?

MR. COOPER: Yes, Your Honor. The dies are used but

it’s a completely different kind of die. 

As opposed to an open die which the

metal is forced into it, during the hot

forge process this die just guides the

metal into a shape that the rollers are

pushing it into. . . . 

THE COURT: Now, explain to [the court] why that’s

not what is described [in the order].

MR. COOPER: The roll forge process is much [more]

low tech. It basically is heated steel

which is just coming down on basically a

vertical type conveyor. They cut it to

form it into a shape . . . . It’s

simply that the steel ingots are heated,

they are rolled into these conveyor

belts and there are dies on either side

just to keep basically the width from

coming too much.

Tr. at 3:22–25, 4:1,2, 11–16; 5:13–14; 6:23–25; 7:1, 6–9. 

The Department insists that, if there are differences

between the roll forge and hot forge processes, those differences

are negligible and therefore cannot be reasonably understood to

exclude the MUTT from the scope of the HFHTs Orders. See Final

Scope Ruling at 10—11, 16; see also Def.’s Resp. at 9—11. 

Commerce maintains that the critical language in the HFHTs Orders
Court No. 04-00467 Page 19

relating to the manufacturing process is that “HFHTs are

manufactured through a hot forge operation. . . .” Final Scope

Ruling at 11. For Commerce, the words that follow, i.e., “in

which steel is sheared to required length, heated to forging

temperature and formed to final shape on forging equipment using

dies specific to the desired product shape and size,” simply

explain the general elements of all forging processes. Id. In

other words, Commerce asserts that the “plain language of . . .

[the HFHTs Orders] clearly indicates that the HFHTs covered by

these orders are manufactured through a ‘hot forge operation.’” 

Id. Thus, the Department understands the “hot forge” language as

merely “describ[ing] production processes for HFHTs that are

illustrative and not exclusive of variations in the forging

process.” Final Scope Ruling at 11, 16 (“Since the scope allows

for variations in the forging process used to produce subject

merchandise, it follows that there will be variations in the

equipment used to conduct the hot-forge process.”).

The court finds that the differences between the roll forge

and hot forge processes do not render unreasonable Commerce’s

interpretation of the HFHTs Orders’ scope language to include the

MUTT. See Duferco, 296 F.2d at 1089. It is true that the hot

forge process contained in the HFHTs Orders describes the steel
Court No. 04-00467 Page 20

6 This situation is dissimilar from that faced by the

Court in Tianjin Machinery Import & Export Corp. v. United

States, 29 CIT __, __, 394 F. Supp. 2d 1369, 1374 (2005). There,

the Court sustained Commerce’s finding that tampers manufactured

through a cast process were not covered by the HFHTs Orders

because: 

[T]he scope language in the HFHT Orders makes no

reference to any hand tool that is not identified as an

“HFHT,” i.e., as a “forged” hand tool, and does not

refer to any production of a hand tool by casting or by

any manufacturing process that is distinct from a

forging process.

Id., 394 F. Supp. 2d at 1374 (emphasis in original). 

as being first sheared, then heated, and then formed into shape

by dies. In the forging process for the MUTT’s heads, on the

other hand, the steel is heated first, forced into its proper

dimensions by dies, cooled, and then sheared. Both processes are

clearly hot forging using dies to shape the metal. Plaintiff’s

counsel described the roll forge process as using dies to ensure

that the MUTT’s head is produced to the proper “dimensions,” and

that the die “guides the metal into a shape.” See Tr. at

7:10–14. Put another way, the dies used to manufacture the MUTT

head are “specific to the desired product shape and size.” HFHTs

Orders, 56 Fed. Reg. at 6623. The fact that the steel used to

create the MUTT head is cut after having been shaped is simply

not sufficient to remove the MUTT from the scope of the HFHTs

Orders.6 Thus, the court concludes that, because the variations

between the processes are not substantial, Commerce was

reasonable in finding that the MUTT is made by a forging process.
Court No. 04-00467 Page 21

B. Diversified Products Criteria 

1. Physical Characteristics

Having found unconvincing plaintiff’s argument concerning

the manufacturing processes, the court turns to Commerce’s

examination of the MUTT using the Diversified Products criteria. 

Commerce undertook this examination in order to determine whether

the MUTT could be reasonably said to be an “axe, adze, or similar

hewing tool” as described in the axes/adzes order. Addressing

the factors in the order that they appear in the regulation, the

first criterion reviewed is the MUTT’s physical characteristics. 

See 19 C.F.R. § 351.225(k)(2)(i). For plaintiff, this factor

lends substantial support to its assertion that the MUTT is not

within the scope of the axes/adzes order.

Olympia states in its Supplemental Submission that the MUTT

has a “chisel-like blade” and is typically sold with a long

handle. See Supplemental Submission at 3. Although

acknowledging the presence of this blade, plaintiff asserts that

“[t]he physical characteristics of a MUTT are similar to those of

forged edgers, forged hoes, and forged shovels,” not axes or

adzes. Id. at 4 (footnotes omitted). For plaintiff:

An axe or adze head is placed at a 90 degree angle to

the shaft of the tool so the ultimate user can swing

the implement and obtains the striking power from the
Court No. 04-00467 Page 22

7 At oral argument, plaintiff’s counsel reiterated for

the court the descriptions and arguments set forth in its

memorandum supporting its Rule 56.2 motion. See Tr. at

16:18–25.

swing or arc of the tool. A MUTT head, on the other

hand, is not placed at a 90 degree angle, but in a

manner that is similar to the bristles of a broom or

the head of a rake. The physical structure of the tool

is entirely different from an axe or adze . . . . 

Pl.’s Mem. at 9.

Olympia also focuses on the difference between the handle

attached to the MUTT blade and that which is attached to the axe

or adze head.

Olympia imports the tool without an attached handle,

but typically sells the tool with a wooden handle. The

blade of the MUTT under review measure 4"x5", 4"x8" and

7"x9" and the wooden shaft comes in five sizes 23",

30", 41", 48" and 54". Axes typically do not come with

wooden handles with shafts of 41", 48" and 54" because

these measurements would make the tool inordinately top

heavy not allowing the user to properly swing the axe. 

The wooden handles [used on the MUTT] are typically 

longer than an axe or adze . . . .

Additionally, the MUTT can also be purchased with the

nylon handle that functions as a firm grip to use for

scraping purposes. A similar handle is found on many

snow shovels . . . . Axes and adzes typically do not

have a nylon grip since it would diminish the utility

of the tool . . . .

Id. at 10.7 Thus, by emphasizing the differences between the

MUTT handle and that of an axe or adze, Olympia maintains its

position that Commerce was unreasonable in determining that the

physical characteristics of the MUTT were similar enough to an

axe or an adze to justify its conclusion that the MUTT was
Court No. 04-00467 Page 23

subject to the axes/adzes order. 

With respect to Olympia’s claim that the physical appearance

of the MUTT precludes a reading of the HFHTs Orders’ scope

language to include the MUTT, Commerce focused on the “similar

hewing tool” language of the order and found that “[w]hile there

will be differences [between hewing tools and axes and adzes],

these differences will be minor, such that the other hewing tool

can reasonably be called ‘similar’ to an axe or adze, and still

be encompassed by the order.” Final Scope Ruling at 16. Put

another way, because the axes/adzes order covers axes, adzes, and

similar hewing tools, Commerce maintains that it is not enough

for plaintiff to point out the characteristics of its product

that distinguish it from an axe or adze to exclude the MUTT from

the scope of the order. Thus, Commerce argues that for the MUTT

to be found to lie outside the scope of the order, it must be

demonstrated that the phrase “similar hewing tool” cannot

reasonably be read to include the MUTT.

Commerce further asserts as without merit plaintiff’s claim

that the MUTT most closely resembles a shovel or other form of

landscaping or digging tool. 
Court No. 04-00467 Page 24

Olympia . . . states that the MUTT has a chisel like

blade, which is used for cutting and chopping

applications. Thus, contrary to Olympia’s contention,

the MUTT is not like a shovel, as shovels are used for

digging and excavation. . . . Given the sharpened end

and flatness of the MUTT blade, it is more physically

similar to that of an axe or adze, rather than a

shovel. . . . Olympia’s brochure states that the MUTT

blade is “resharpenable,” thereby indicating that the

MUTT is initially sold with a sharpened edge. . . . 

While there may be some difference in the degree to

which the edge is sharp between the MUTT and an axe or

adze, we note that the scope contemplates that there

will be some differences between an axe or adze and

“similar hewing tools.”

Final Scope Ruling at 15–16. That is, Commerce found that the

MUTT, because of its steel head and sharpened edge, was similar

enough to an axe or adze head to reasonably include the MUTT

within the scope of the order.

The court agrees with plaintiff that the MUTT indeed has

some physical characteristics that are distinct from those of an

axe or adze. In particular, the MUTT head, unlike that of an axe

or adze, is not attached to its handle at a ninety degree angle

and the MUTT handle is considerably longer than that attached to

an axe or adze. It is worth noting, however, that an axe head is

attached so that the blade is parallel to the handle, while that

of an adze is placed perpendicular to its handle. Thus, the

position of the head to the handle is not a determinative

characteristic. It is also the case that the physical
Court No. 04-00467 Page 25

characteristics of the MUTT’s head are similar to that of an axe

or adze. That is, the MUTT head is made of steel, is “strong and

durable,” and the blade, which is sharpened at the time of sale,

may be re-sharpened. See Supplemental Submission at 4 (“The

[MUTT] is strong and durable, made of steel and manufactured

using a forging process.”); see also Pl.’s App. to R. 56.2 Mot.

(“Pl.’s App.”) at App. 3 (describing the MUTT as having a “Rolled

Forged, Heat Treated Tempered Head,” and “Resharpenable Blade.”).

 

The dictionary defines the word “hew” as meaning “[t]o

strike forcibly with a cutting tool . . . .” VII The Oxford

English Dictionary 194 (2d ed. 1989); see also The American

Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 849 (3d ed. 1992)

(“To strike or cut . . . .”). It follows, then, that a hewing

tool is designed to be capable of performing tasks that involve

cutting by striking, i.e., chopping. In order to efficiently and

effectively complete such tasks, a hewing tool must have a strong

head with a sharpened blade. As indicated by plaintiff’s own

sales literature, the MUTT has a forged, heat-treated and

tempered steel head with a re-sharpenable blade. See Pl.’s App.

at App. 3. For axes, adzes, and the MUTT, the characteristic

that gives them utility as a tool is the head and blade. 

Therefore, as the MUTT shares with axes and adzes the physical

characteristic of a substantial head with a sharpened blade that
Court No. 04-00467 Page 26

is attached to a handle, the court finds that Commerce reasonably

concluded that the MUTT has the physical characteristics of a

hewing tool that is similar to an axe or adze. 

2. Expectations of the Ultimate Purchaser 

The next factor Commerce considers in a scope inquiry is

whether the expectations of the ultimate purchaser of the product

are the same as those who purchase products already found to be

within the scope of an antidumping duty order. Here, Commerce

determined that, while the MUTT has a multitude of uses, the

ultimate purchaser of the MUTT can have similar expectations to

those of a purchaser who buys an axe or an adze. See Final Scope

Ruling at 17.

Olympia insists that the ultimate purchasers of the MUTT are

not the same as those seeking to buy an axe or an adze. 

According to plaintiff, because the MUTT is “generally sold in

the gardening sections of hardware and do-it-yourself (DIY)

stores[,] . . . [t]he customer that purchases a MUTT is one who

generally intends to use the MUTT for ‘light’ work and expects

the tool to perform a number of different tasks around the yard.” 

Supplemental Submission at 4—5. Moreover, Olympia suggests that

“[t]he type of customer that purchases a HFHT includes

professionals that buy the tools for heavy work such as cutting
Court No. 04-00467 Page 27

down trees . . . or digging ditches . . .,” rather than someone

intending to do more moderate tasks. Id. at 5. Thus, Olympia

maintains that the MUTT is outside the scope of the HFHTs Orders

because, simply put, a “customer will not purchase a MUTT to cut

down a tree or to split wood.” Id. 

Plaintiff further states that:

[A]n end user of this tool can expect that the MUTT can

be used for a variety of activities including:

scraping, digging, ice breaking, lot clearance,

trenching, shingle removal, tile removal, carpet and

floor removal, removing ice from a driveway and paint

removal. An axe or adze, however, cannot be used for

these additional tasks and an end user would not

conceive of using an axe to remov[e] shingles, remov[e]

paint, or tak[e] out linoleum.

Pl.’s Mem. at 11. Thus, Olympia’s position is that, unlike the

consumer who purchases an axe, the MUTT consumer is not buying

the tool solely for its ability to cut or chop, but rather

expects to use the tool for many purposes including scraping and

digging. 

Commerce, on the other hand, found that the MUTT’s ultimate

purchasers and those who buy HFHTs “have very similar

expectations,” primarily because “the over-riding purpose of the

MUTT is to cut and chop.” Final Scope Ruling at 17. According

to Commerce, “Olympia . . . failed to provide any evidence . . .
Court No. 04-00467 Page 28

that a purchaser of the MUTT would obtain this tool with the

expectation of using it in a significantly different manner than

merchandise covered by the antidumping duty order on axes, adzes,

and similar hewing tools.” Id. 

Despite its finding, Commerce concedes that a consumer’s

expectations for the compared products would not be exactly the

same. See id. The Department states that, while an axe is

limited to activities such as felling trees, chopping and

splitting wood, and hewing timber, and an adze is used

principally for rough-shaping wood, the MUTT is capable of

performing a number of different functions. See id.; see also

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 153, 32 (1981). 

Irrespective of this finding, Commerce returns to the line of

reasoning it adopted when analyzing the physical characteristics

of the MUTT to justify its conclusion that purchasers of the tool

can have similar expectations to axe or adze consumers. 

Specifically, Commerce observes that “the scope anticipated that

there [would] be some differences between axes or adzes and other

hewing tools because it uses the word ‘similar.’” Final Scope

Ruling at 17. For Commerce, the word “similar” adequately

compensates for any potential differences between the

expectations of an axe or adze consumer and those of a MUTT

purchaser.
Court No. 04-00467 Page 29

Finally, Commerce found that Olympia failed to produce any

evidence supporting its contention that purchasers of the MUTT

tended to be “do-it-yourselfers” as distinct from professional

contractors or construction personnel. See id. According to

Commerce, “[g]iven that the vast majority of homeowners have

trees and shrubs on their property and a significant percentage

of homeowners have fireplaces, it is logical to assume that

individual homeowners purchase a large percentage of the axes and

adzes sold in hardware and DIY stores.” Id.

The court finds that Commerce reasonably concluded that a

person buying the MUTT has, at least, some of the expectations of

the purchaser of an axe or adze. Indeed, where a product has a

variety of uses, and thus a consumer may expect the product to

perform an array of tasks, this Court has stated that:

The applicable regulation . . . does not provide that

the products being compared must have identical uses. 

Rather, the [Department] is directed to evaluate the

Diversified Products criteria and determine whether a

product is sufficiently similar as merchandise

unambiguously within the scope of an order as to

conclude the two are merchandise of the same class or

kind. 

Wirth Ltd. v. United States, 22 CIT 285, 300, 5 F. Supp. 2d 968,

981 (1998) (sustaining Commerce’s conclusion that purchasers of

profile slab have similar expectations to purchasers of carbon

steel plate). In other words, if two products can be used in at
Court No. 04-00467 Page 30

least some of their applications for similar, if not identical

purposes, Commerce may conclude that purchasers of the products

have similar expectations.

First, it is worth noting that while plaintiff claims that

the MUTT cannot be used to fell trees or chop or split wood,

neither can an adze. Nor can an axe be employed to rough-shape

wood in the same manner as an adze. In addition, while an adze

cannot effectively be employed by swinging it across the body at

a standing object, an axe can. Here, it is undisputed that a

purchaser of a MUTT may have similar expectations as a purchaser

of an axe or adze. For instance, a purchaser might expect to use

the MUTT with its steel head and sharpened blade to cut or chop

tree roots or small branches, or for lot clearance. See Pl.’s

App. at App. 3. Indeed, plaintiff’s brochure states the “best”

MUTT blade a purchaser might buy if he or she intends to use the

MUTT for chopping or cutting. See Pl.’s App. at App. 3

(“Original MUTT. Best for chopping and cutting with its 4"

blade.). Because a consumer might reasonably purchase an axe or

adze to accomplish the same or similar cutting and chopping

tasks, the court finds reasonable Commerce’s conclusion that the

ultimate expectations of both kinds of purchasers are similar

enough to support a reading of the scope language to include the

MUTT. 
Court No. 04-00467 Page 31

3. The Ultimate Use of the Product

Third among the Diversified Products criteria is the

ultimate use of the product. Here, Commerce claims that the MUTT

is ultimately used to hew, cut, or chop, while Olympia insists

that the MUTT is a scraper that is used for light work, such as

landscaping and ice removal. 

Olympia first takes issue with Commerce’s finding that the

MUTT is primarily used to cut or chop. For Olympia, in order for

Commerce to find that the MUTT is subject to the axes/adzes

order, it must be established that the primary use of the tool is

the same as an axe, adze, or similar hewing tool. In plaintiff’s

view, “[i]t is clear that the class referred to in the HFHT Order

relating to axes, adzes and other hewing tools has the major

function of cutting or chopping. This is not the overriding

function of the MUTT.” Pl.’s Mem. at 13. In support of this

assertion, Olympia states that:

The MUTT is clearly a scraper whose primary function is

to serve as a tool that facilitates the separation of

materials attached during construction such as shingles

from a roof, tile from a floor, paint from a wall and

other similar applications such as removing ice from a

driveway. None of the major functions of the MUTT

serves to cut or chop, but merely serves as a byproduct

of the tool since it has a sharp blade. The MUTT comes

with a wooden handle as described before whose length

would make it extremely cumbersome to swing as an axe

might. . . . 
Court No. 04-00467 Page 32

Thus, the evidence on the record clearly points to the

conclusion that the ultimate use of Olympia’s MUTT is

to scrape, not to “hew” as alleged by Commerce.

Id.

Commerce recognized that the MUTT can be used as a scraper,

but nonetheless found that even the act of scraping shingles off

of a roof required the user to exert force similar to that

required to operate a hewing tool. Commerce concluded that:

Based on our review of the record, it is clear that the

ultimate use of Olympia’s MUTT is essentially to cut

and chop. The scope of one of the classes or kinds of

merchandise subject to the HFHTs Orders is axes, adzes,

and similar hewing tools. . . . [T]he definition of

the term “hew” is “to cut with blows of a heavy cutting

instrument.” See Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary

at www.webster.com. This definition demonstrates that

a hewing tool is one that is relatively heavy and is

designed to employ the weight of the tool to assist in

cutting or chopping. Olympia’s brochure identifies the

first two uses for MUTT as “cutting” and “chopping.” 

Moreover, all of the other uses identified in the

brochure, such as scraping, ice breaking, shingle

removal, carpet removal, etc., involve applying force

to an object through the use of a sharpened blade. 

Thus, both tools employ the weight of the tool to cut

or chop. Therefore, based upon the record evidence, we

find that the MUTT is used for cutting tasks that are

very similar to the cutting tasks for which axes and

adzes are used.

Final Scope Ruling at 18 (emphasis in original). 

Commerce also seeks to refute what it perceives to be

Olympia’s claim that the MUTT may only be included within the
Court No. 04-00467 Page 33

ambit of the axes/adzes order if the sole use of the tool was to

cut or chop. See Def.’s Resp. at 13. As with the expectations

of the ultimate purchaser, Commerce argues that it is not

required to find that the MUTT may be used only to cut and chop

for it to be included within the scope of the axes/adzes order. 

Rather, Commerce maintains that it need only demonstrate that

some of the uses of the MUTT are like those of an axe or adze. 

See id. For Commerce, “Olympia repeatedly described the uses of

scrapers to include cutting and chopping, which are akin to the

uses of ‘similar hewing tools.’” Id.; see Scope Ruling Request

at 2 (“[The MUTT] can be used for cutting roots . . . and even

for chipping ice on driveways or sidewalks.”); Supplemental

Submission at 4 (“[T]he tool is intended for multiple uses

including cutting [and] chopping . . . .”). Therefore, Commerce

insists that its finding that the MUTT is a hewing tool similar

to an axe or adze is reasonable.

The court finds unconvincing plaintiff’s argument that the

ultimate use criterion of the Diversified Products factors

requires the compared products to have identical uses in order

for the subject product to be within the scope of an order. This

Court has previously held that it is not necessary for Commerce

to find that a product is exclusively used for the same purpose

as another product subject to an antidumping duty order to
Court No. 04-00467 Page 34

justify including that product within the scope of the order. 

See Novosteel SA v. United States, 25 CIT 2, 18, 128 F. Supp. 2d

720, 735 (2001) (“[T]wo products need not be an identical

replacement for one another to have similar ultimate uses. . . . 

The ultimate use criterion does not require a complete overlap of

uses to be supported by substantial evidence.”). Indeed, the

Novosteel Court sustained Commerce’s finding that “several of the

ultimate uses [for profile slabs] are the same as those for other

products within the scope of the . . . orders.” See id., 128 F.

Supp. 2d at 734 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). 

Applying that standard to the facts presented here, the

court concludes that Commerce reasonably found that the MUTT has 

similar ultimate uses as axes and adzes. The MUTT, like the

other tools, has a head of steel and a sharpened blade, and is

used to cut and chop. According to Olympia’s own sales brochure,

the first two functions listed for the MUTT are cutting and

chopping. See Pl.’s App. at App. 3. The first page of the

brochure provides the following:

The MUTT is a multiple use tough tool. One of the most

versatile tools in the market and the leader in its

class. 

In the short time since Village Blacksmith introduced

the MUTT, more and more uses for this unique tool have

been discovered . . . 

• Cutting
Court No. 04-00467 Page 35

• Chopping

• Scraping

• Digging

• Ice Breaking

• Lot Clearance

• Root Removal

• Sod Cutting

• Trenching

• Shingle Removal

• Tile Removal 

• Carpet & Floor Removal

• Paint Removal

• Construction Clean-up

• And Many More Applications 

Id. The brochure description is surrounded by pictures of the

MUTT being used to complete various tasks, including chopping

tree roots. Id. Thus, as it is clear that the MUTT has ultimate

uses that involve cutting and chopping, Commerce was reasonable

in concluding that the MUTT has similar ultimate uses to axes and

adzes.

4. Channels of Trade in which the Product is Sold 

The penultimate factor the Department considers when

conducting a formal scope inquiry is whether the product is sold

in the same channels of trade as other products that are

unequivocally included within the scope of the order. 
Court No. 04-00467 Page 36

In the Final Scope Ruling, the Department found unavailing

plaintiff’s argument that the MUTT was not sold in the same

channels of trade as axes and adzes because it was sold in the

gardening department of hardware stores. See Final Scope Ruling

at 19. Commerce observed that:

There are many types of tools subject to the HFHTs

Orders that are normally sold in the garden section of

hardware and [do it yourself] stores. Picks, mattocks,

and axes are frequently considered agricultural tools

and, for this reason, are more likely to be found in

the garden section of a retail store rather than a tool

section. 

Id. (emphasis in original).

Aside from insisting that its product is sold in a different

part of hardware stores from axes and adzes, plaintiff does not

vigorously dispute this point. See Pl.’s Mem. at 15. Indeed,

Olympia concedes that “the MUTT and subject HFHTs are sold in the

same channel[s] of trade.” Id. (internal quotation marks and

footnote omitted); see also Supplemental Submission at 5. 

Thus, as plaintiff concedes that this factor does not assist

its case, the court finds that this criterion adds to the

reasonableness of Commerce’s interpretation of the HFHTs Orders’

scope language to encompass the MUTT.
Court No. 04-00467 Page 37

5. Manner in which the Product is Advertised and

Displayed

The final criterion Commerce applies in determining whether

a product falls within the scope of an antidumping order is

whether the product is advertised and displayed in the same

manner as products already deemed to be subject to the order.

Plaintiff again reasserts its claim that the MUTT is not

advertised and displayed in the same manner as other heavy forged

hand tools because the MUTT is a light-work tool that is sold in

the garden section of retail stores. See Final Scope Ruling at

19. Olympia also states that it advertises the MUTT to retailers

using a separate catalog from that used to sell its other

products. See Supplemental Submission at 3. In that brochure,

however, Olympia states that the MUTT “can be cross-merchandised

in many departments for its multiple uses.” Pl.’s App. at App.

3. 

The court finds plaintiff’s argument regarding this factor

to be without merit. The record indicates that both the MUTT and

other HFHTs are advertised and displayed in the garden section of

hardware stores. In addition, plaintiff’s own brochure

emphasizes that, because of its many uses, the MUTT can be sold

in a variety of different retail departments. Thus, the manner
Court No. 04-00467 Page 38

in which the MUTT is advertised and displayed is not materially

different from that of tools unequivocally within the scope of

the axes/adzes order.

CONCLUSION

The court finds that Commerce properly sought guidance from

the Diversified Products criteria to aid its interpretation of

the language of the HFHTs order. In addition, because the MUTT

is a forged, steel, durable tool with a sharpened blade that can

be used for cutting and chopping, the court finds that Commerce

reasonably found that the words of the order included the MUTT as

a “similar hewing tool.” See Duferco, 296 F.3d at 1089. Thus,

the court sustains Commerce’s Final Scope Ruling and dismisses

this case. Judgment shall be entered accordingly. 

 

 /s/Richard K. Eaton 

 Richard K. Eaton

Dated: July 24, 2006

New York, New York