Latoya Bonte Elzey v. State of Maryland, No. 1131, September Term, 2018, Opinion by 

Raker, J.

CRIMINAL LAW – BATTERED OR ABUSED WOMEN, SPOUSES, OR 

DOMESTIC PARTNERS

HOMICIDE – SELF-DEFENSE

Pursuant to Maryland Code, Courts and Judicial Proceedings, § 10-916(b), once a trial 

court determines that the defendant has adequately raised the issue of Battered Spouse 

Syndrome, it has the discretion to admit the evidence of repeated abuse of the defendant 

by the victim and expert testimony on Battered Spouse Syndrome. The jury can then 

consider that evidence as it bears on the defense of self-defense without first making (and 

agreeing upon) a predicate finding that the defendant was the subject of repeated physical 

and psychological abuse by the victim.
Circuit Court for Wicomico County

Case No. C22-CR17-000393

REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

OF MARYLAND

No. 1131

September Term, 2018

LATOYA BONTE ELZEY

v.

STATE OF MARYLAND

Arthur,

Friedman,

Raker, Irma S.

 (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

JJ.

Opinion by Raker, J.

Filed: November 22, 2019
Appellant Latoya Bonte Elzey was convicted by a jury in the Circuit Court for 

Wicomico County of voluntary manslaughter, second-degree assault, and reckless 

endangerment. Appellant presents the following questions for our review, which we have 

re-ordered as follows:

1. Did the trial court err in instructing the jury that, in order to 

consider expert testimony on Battered Spouse Syndrome, it 

first had to make a finding that Ms. Elzey “was a victim of 

repeated physical and psychological abuse by the victim”?

2. Did the trial court err in instructing the jury that Battered 

Spouse Syndrome is caused by “repeated physical and 

psychological abuse by [the] victim,” which in effect 

precluded the jury from considering expert evidence as to 

whether Ms. Elzey suffered from Battered Spouse 

Syndrome as a result of abuse in prior relationships?

3. Did the trial court abuse its discretion by entering into 

evidence a prejudicial photograph when other photographs 

more clearly depicted the relevant information and did not 

contain the prejudicial depictions?

4. Did the trial court err in refusing to excuse a juror who 

expressed an “ethical dilemma” with disregarding 

information that was not in evidence?

5. Could any of the above-described errors, either individually 

or cumulatively, have influenced the jury verdict?

We shall hold that the trial court’s Battered Spouse Syndrome instruction was erroneous 

and unclear. Accordingly, we shall reverse and remand for a new trial.1

 

1 Because we shall reverse on the issue of the Battered Spouse Syndrome instruction, we 

do not address appellant’s other issues.
2

I.

Appellant was indicted by the Grand Jury for the Circuit Court for Wicomico 

County on charges of first-degree murder, second-degree murder, voluntary manslaughter, 

first-degree assault, second-degree assault, and reckless endangerment. The jury convicted 

her of voluntary manslaughter, second-degree assault, and reckless endangerment. The 

court merged the second-degree assault and reckless endangerment convictions into the 

voluntary manslaughter conviction for sentencing purposes and sentenced appellant to a 

term of incarceration of ten years for voluntary manslaughter.

On May 22, 2017, appellant and her boyfriend, Migail Hunter, were fighting in the 

living room of a friend’s home where they were staying temporarily. As the fight 

continued, appellant told Mr. Hunter “don’t put your hands on me” and “I’m tired of you 

putting your f****** hands on me,” went to the kitchen, and grabbed a knife. The friend, 

however, dissuaded appellant from taking the knife back to the living room. As the fight 

escalated, appellant went back to the kitchen and returned with a knife. She told Mr. Hunter 

to stay away from her and that she did not want to use the knife. Undeterred, Mr. Hunter 

continued to approach her. Appellant testified that she held the knife loosely in front of 

her and turned her head away from Mr. Hunter, at which point he “lunged forward and 

stabbed himself in the chest” or walked into the knife. Although the wound was just one 

inch long, one-sixteenth of an inch wide, and two inches deep, it punctured Mr. Hunter’s 

aorta. He died shortly thereafter.

The central issue at trial was whether appellant acted in self-defense. Appellant’s 

position was that she acted reasonably under the circumstances as she experienced them 
3

because she suffered from Battered Spouse Syndrome, sometimes referred to as Battered 

Woman’s Syndrome.2 Appellant’s medical psychiatric expert Dr. Neil Blumberg testified, 

inter alia, that he found, based on the totality of appellant’s past abusive relationships, that 

appellant suffered from Battered Spouse Syndrome. Dr. Blumberg noted that appellant’s 

relationship with Mr. Hunter was merely the latest in her long history of abuse.

Defense counsel submitted a proposed jury instruction on Battered Spouse 

Syndrome that read as follows:

“If you find, based on the testimony presented, that the 

defendant suffered from Battered Woman’s Syndrome, you 

may consider how the effects of this condition may have 

altered the defendant’s mental state. Specifically, you may 

consider this evidence in deciding whether the defendant 

actually believed that she needed to defend herself against an 

imminent threat and whether that belief was reasonable based 

on all the facts and circumstances as they have been made 

known to you by the evidence and the testimony in this case.

You may consider whether the presence of Battered Woman’s 

Syndrome altered the defendant’s perceptions and beliefs, 

including her perceptions and beliefs about the danger of the 

threat posed to her and that the danger was imminent.

You must determine the reasonableness of the defendant’s 

belief and actions based on those beliefs in light of the 

circumstances as they appeared to the defendant at the time of 

the killing, and as they are evaluated by you now. 

Reasonableness is based both on the defendant’s beliefs and on 

your evaluation as to their reasonableness.

If the defendant presents credible evidence of self-defense, the 

 

2 Battered Spouse Syndrome is “the psychological condition of a victim of repeated 

physical and psychological abuse by a spouse, former spouse, cohabitant, or former 

cohabitant which is also recognized in the medical and scientific community as the 

‘Battered Woman’s Syndrome.’” Maryland Code, Courts and Judicial Proceedings, § 10-

916(a)(2).
4

State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant 

did not act in self-defense. If you have a reasonable doubt as 

to whether or not the defendant acted in self-defense, your 

verdict must be not guilty.”

Instead, the court instructed the jury3 using the instruction on “Self-Defense: 

Battered Woman Syndrome” in § 8.13(G) of DAVID E. AARONSON, MARYLAND CRIMINAL 

JURY INSTRUCTIONS AND COMMENTARY (2014–2015 ed. 2015) as follows:

“Ladies and gentlemen, you have heard evidence that the 

Defendant was a victim of repeated physical and psychological 

abuse. You have also heard from an expert witness that a 

person who is a victim of repeated physical and psychological 

abuse by a victim may suffer from a psychological condition 

called Battered Spouse Syndrome. You have also heard expert 

testimony that the Defendant exhibits the characteristics 

consistent with Battered Spouse Syndrome. You must 

determine, based upon a consideration of all the evidence, 

whether the Defendant was a victim of repeated physical and 

psychological abuse by the victim, and if so whether she 

suffered from Battered Spouse Syndrome.

If you determine that the Defendant suffered from Battered 

Spouse Syndrome then you should consider this evidence for 

the purpose of explaining the Defendant’s motive or state of 

mind, or both, and her beliefs and perceptions at the time of the 

commission of the alleged offense in order to determine 

whether the requirements of self-defense exist. Specifically 

you may consider this evidence in determining: one, whether 

the Defendant actually believed in the necessity to use deadly 

force to defend herself against imminent or immediate danger 

of serious bodily harm or death; two, the reasonableness of the 

Defendant’s belief that she was in imminent or immediate 

danger of serious physical harm or death. In assessing 

reasonableness the issue is whether a reasonable person in the 

Defendant’s circumstances would have perceived or seen a 

threat of serious physical harm or death. Three, the 

reasonableness of the force used by the Defendant in response 

 

3 MARYLAND STATE BAR ASS’N, MARYLAND CRIMINAL PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS

(2nd ed. 2018) does not contain an instruction related to Battered Spouse Syndrome.
5

to the perceived threat; and four, in evaluating the believability 

or credibility of the Defendant’s testimony.

Evidence of Battered Spouse Syndrome is not in itself a 

defense to the crime of murder in the first and second degree, 

assault in the first and second degree and reckless 

endangerment. It has been admitted to assist you in 

determining whether the requirements of self-defense are 

present in this case.”

Defense counsel objected to the court’s proposed instruction as follows:

“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, the only . . . change 

that the defense was planning to suggest was the language with 

regard to abuse by the victim. Because of Wallace-Bey v. 

State[, 234 Md. App. 501, 172 A.3d 1006 (2017)], . . . we 

offered . . . two suggested . . . instructions, one of which would 

indicate by the victim and others, but the other would just say, 

repeated physical and psychological abuse period, without 

indicating specifically as to by whom.

THE COURT: Well, would it be necessary under your 

understanding of the law that [the jury] be convinced that there 

was repeated physical and psychological abuse by the victim? 

Because it seems to me that that’s a requirement. It’s also true 

that there could be . . . others.

***

THE COURT: Actually, it says, you must determine based on 

the consideration of all the evidence whether the defendant was 

a victim of repeated physical and psychological abuse by the 

victim, in the second paragraph. And I believe that [the jury] 

would have to so find. . . . I’m not hearing the case law to be

that you may use the Battered Spouse Syndrome to justify the 

killing of anyone. You know, you have to be using it to just . . 

. mitigate or excuse . . . if the individual who has died didn’t 

abuse you in any way, I don’t think that you’re allowed to 

invoke the defense.

***

THE COURT: I do believe that in the second paragraph you 
6

have to be abused by the victim.

***

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I would ask . . . that in that second 

paragraph, that it reads, you must determine based on a

[consideration] of all of the evidence whether the defendant 

was a victim of repeatedly physical and psychological abuse 

by the victim and others, and if so, whether she suffered from 

Battered Spouse Syndrome.

***

THE COURT: Well, what if they find that . . . the defendant 

was a victim of abuse by others but not the victim? It doesn’t 

really matter whether they believe the testimony of her abuse 

of others if they believe that she was abused by the victim; 

right?

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well, I think it could . . . matter in 

the sense that her reaction may be affected by the abuse by the 

others piling onto the abuse by the victim.

THE COURT: But that would assume that there was repeated 

psychological abuse by the victim; right?

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yeah . . . and that’s why the language 

I suggest would include both, not just one. I don’t think she 

can rely on solely abuse by others, but if it lists both the victim 

and others, then that’s not relying solely on the abuse by others 

against her.

[THE STATE]: But she is not allowed to murder her current 

boyfriend because four boyfriends ago beat her up. And that’s 

what that instruction would be saying.”

Before the court gave the instruction to the jury, defense counsel noted her objection 

for the second time as follows:

“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: For the record, . . . the defense 

requested in the Battered Spouse Syndrome instruction that . . 

. where the instruction reads that if it was a victim of repeated 
7

physical and psychological abuse the Court indicated by the 

victim, we did make a request that and others be included. I 

would note our objection to—

THE COURT: Right. And I concluded because the statute 

requires that there be a finding by the jury that this victim had 

engaged in repeated physical and psychological abuse of the

victim because otherwise that Battered Spouse Syndrome 

doesn’t apply. I will not in any way restrict your argument 

because [the instruction] goes on to say that you have to 

determine, based upon the consideration of all the evidence, 

whether [appellant] was a victim of repeated physical and 

psychological abuse by the victim and if so whether she 

suffered from Battered Spouse Syndrome. My understanding 

is that we heard the testimony of other acts of abuse in aiding 

us in deciding whether she suffered from Battered Spouse 

Syndrome. So I think your argument will clear it up if it’s 

otherwise unclear. So I’ll note your exception.”

The jury convicted appellant on the charges, and this timely appeal followed.

II.

Although the primary issue in this case is the jury instruction on Battered Spouse 

Syndrome, interpretation of Maryland Code, Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article

(“CJP”), § 10-916—i.e., the Maryland statute on “Battered Spouse Syndrome”—is our 

starting place. The statute reads as follows:

“(a) Definitions. — (1) In this section the following words have 

the meanings indicated.

(2) ‘Battered Spouse Syndrome’ means the 

psychological condition of a victim of repeated physical and 

psychological abuse by a spouse, former spouse, cohabitant, or 

former cohabitant which is also recognized in the medical and 

scientific community as the ‘Battered Woman’s Syndrome’.

(3) ‘Defendant’ means an individual charged with:

(i) First degree murder, second degree murder, 
8

manslaughter, or attempt to commit any of these crimes; 

or

(ii) Assault in the first degree.

(b) Admissibility of evidence. — Notwithstanding evidence 

that the defendant was the first aggressor, used excessive force, 

or failed to retreat at the time of the alleged offense, when the 

defendant raises the issue that the defendant was, at the time of 

the alleged offense, suffering from the Battered Spouse 

Syndrome as a result of the past course of conduct of the 

individual who is the victim of the crime for which the 

defendant has been charged, the court may admit for the 

purpose of explaining the defendant’s motive or state of mind, 

or both, at the time of the commission of the alleged offense:

(1) Evidence of repeated physical and psychological 

abuse of the defendant perpetrated by an individual who is the 

victim of a crime for which the defendant has been charged; 

and

(2) Expert testimony on the Battered Spouse 

Syndrome.”

(Emphasis added).

Before this Court, appellant argues that the trial court’s jury instruction on Battered 

Spouse Syndrome was an incorrect statement of law for two reasons. First, appellant 

contends that the court’s instruction incorrectly required the jury to make a predicate 

finding that the accused was the subject of repeated physical and psychological abuse by 

the victim before it could consider expert testimony on Battered Spouse Syndrome. 

Appellant argues that the court’s instruction confuses the standard for admissibility—

which is a question of law to be decided by the trial court—with a predicate factual finding 

that a jury must make to consider evidence of Battered Spouse Syndrome—on which the 

statute is silent. In sum, appellant concludes that “[n]othing in the statute requires the jury 

to actually find that the defendant was the victim of repeated physical and psychological 
9

abuse by the victim in order to consider expert testimony on Battered Spouse Syndrome.” 

Thus, argues appellant, the court’s instruction has no basis in Maryland law. In appellant’s 

view, once a trial court (1) finds that a defendant has made a foundational showing of 

repeated physical and psychological abuse by the victim and (2) admits the evidence of 

Battered Spouse Syndrome, the jury from that point on may consider the admitted evidence 

to determine whether the state-of-mind element of self-defense is met.

Second, appellant contends that the instruction asked the jury to disregard, contrary 

to law, evidence of past abuse by individuals other than Mr. Hunter when considering 

whether appellant suffered from Battered Spouse Syndrome. Appellant argues that the trial 

court erroneously defined Battered Spouse Syndrome as a psychological condition caused 

by repeated abuse by the victim. Alternatively, appellant argues that the court’s instruction 

was confusing and likely led the jury to believe erroneously that evidence of past abuse by 

others was legally irrelevant for explaining appellant’s motive or state of mind.

The State argues that the court’s jury instruction on Battered Spouse Syndrome was 

a correct statement of law and hence within the court’s discretion. Regarding the court’s 

instruction that the jury must find that appellant was abused by the victim before it could 

consider the admitted expert testimony on Battered Spouse Syndrome, the State contends 

that it stated the law correctly.

Regarding evidence of past abuse by others, the State argues that the court’s 

instruction correctly asked the jury to determine “based upon a consideration of all the 

evidence”—which the State points out includes evidence of past abuse by others—whether 

appellant suffered from Battered Spouse Syndrome and how that could have affected her 
10

motive or state of mind.

III.

On review of a jury instruction, we consider whether the instruction was generated 

by the evidence, whether it was a correct statement of the law, and whether it was covered 

elsewhere by the instructions given. Johnson v. State, 223 Md. App. 128, 138, 115 A.3d 

668, 674 (2015) (emphasis added). A misstatement of law in a jury instruction constitutes 

reversible error unless the State proves, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error did not 

play any role in the jury’s verdict, i.e., that it was harmless. Porter v. State, 455 Md. 220, 

234, 166 A.3d 1044, 1052 (2017). “[I]nstructions which are ambiguous, misleading, or 

confusing to jurors can never be classed as noninjurious.” Battle v. State, 287 Md. 675, 

685, 414 A.2d 1266, 1271 (1980). In evaluating whether a jury instruction was erroneous, 

questions of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo. Wallace-Bey, 234 Md. App. at 

548, 172 A.3d at 1033.

We hold that the jury instruction on Battered Spouse Syndrome was erroneous and 

unclear, constituting reversible error. Primarily, the instruction reflected an erroneous 

interpretation of the statute and instructed the jury, before it could consider the defense of 

self-defense and Battered Spouse Syndrome, to first find that the defendant was the subject 

of repeated physical and psychological abuse by the victim. The Battered Spouse 

Syndrome statute, CJP § 10-916(b), addresses admissibility of the evidence and provides 

that the court may admit evidence of abuse notwithstanding traditional notions of selfdefense, both imperfect and perfect. The statute reads, in pertinent part, as follows:
11

“[W]hen the defendant raises the issue that the defendant was, 

at the time of the alleged offense, suffering from the Battered 

Spouse Syndrome as a result of the past course of conduct of 

the individual who is the victim of the crime for which the 

defendant has been charged, the court may admit for the 

purpose of explaining the defendant’s motive or state of mind 

. . . .”

(Emphasis added). See also Porter, 455 Md. at 226, 166 A.3d at 1048 (citing CJP § 10-

916(b)) (“Maryland law allows a woman on trial for harming her abuser to present evidence 

explaining battered spouse syndrome and its psychological effects regardless of whether 

she was the first aggressor, used excessive force, or failed to retreat.”).

To “raise the issue” of Battered Spouse Syndrome, a defendant must produce “some

evidence” that the victim caused the defendant to suffer from Battered Spouse Syndrome. 

See, e.g., Dykes v. State, 319 Md. 206, 215, 571 A.2d 1251, 1256 (1990) (discussing the

showing required to raise the issue of self-defense). Whether the defendant has adequately

raised the issue of Battered Spouse Syndrome is a question of law to be decided by the trial

court. Id. at 221, 571 A.2d at 1259. Once a trial court determines that the defendant has

adequately raised the issue, it has the discretion to admit, for the jury’s consideration, the

evidence of repeated abuse of the defendant by the victim and expert testimony on Battered

Spouse Syndrome. CJP § 10-916(b). In the case at hand, the trial court determined that

appellant had adequately raised the issue and admitted the expert testimony. 

Hence, the jury could consider that evidence as it bore on the defense of self-defense 

without first making (and agreeing upon) a predicate finding. After admitting the evidence,

however, the trial court erred in instructing the jury to make a predicate finding before the
12

jury could consider the evidence of Battered Spouse Syndrome. The court’s instruction, in

pertinent part, read as follow:

“You must determine, based on a consideration of all the

evidence, whether the Defendant was a victim of repeated

physical and psychological abuse by the victim, and if so

whether she suffered from Battered Spouse Syndrome. If you

determine that the Defendant suffered from Battered Spouse

Syndrome, then you should consider this evidence for the

purpose of explaining the Defendant’s motive or state of

mind[.]”

(Emphasis added). This instruction confuses the statute’s standard for admissibility of

evidence—a matter for the court to find prior to admission—and passes it onto the jury as

a further condition on their actual consideration of the admitted evidence. The legislative

history of the statute makes it clear that the statute speaks to admissibility of evidence of

Battered Spouse Syndrome by a trial court. When the General Assembly enacted the

Battered Spouse Syndrome statute in 1991, the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee

Floor Report noted as follows:

“According to testimony on the crossfiled Senate bill, while

courts are currently permitted to admit evidence of the battered

spouse syndrome, some judges will not admit it; therefore,

such evidence is not admitted equally in all jurisdictions. This

bill would clarify that the court has discretion to admit

evidence of repeated physical and psychological abuse of the

defendant by the alleged victim and expert testimony on the

battered spouse syndrome.”

S. Judicial Proceedings Comm., Floor Report on House Bill 49, 401st Sess. (Md. 1991)

(Emphasis added); see also Porter, 455 Md. at 238, 166 A.3d at 1055 (citing CJP § 10-

916(b)) (“According to the Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee Floor Report, the intent

of the statute was to ‘clarify that the court has discretion to admit evidence of repeated
13

physical and psychological abuse of the defendant by the alleged victim and expert

testimony on the battered spouse syndrome.’”).

In addition to the erroneous interpretation of the statute, the court’s instruction sent 

mixed messages to the jury. The instruction stated that “a person who is a victim of 

repeated psychological abuse by [the] victim may suffer from a psychological condition 

called Battered Spouse Syndrome.” The instruction subsequently asked the jury to 

“determine, based upon a consideration of all the evidence, whether the Defendant was a 

victim of repeated physical and psychological abuse by the victim, and if so whether she 

suffered from Battered Spouse Syndrome.” Next, the instruction stated, “[i]f you 

determine that the Defendant suffered from Battered Spouse Syndrome then you should 

consider this evidence for the purpose of explaining the Defendant’s motive or state of 

mind . . . .” The court’s instruction was unclear and potentially misleading as to what, if 

any, effect past abuse may have had on appellant’s state of mind, even though the court 

had admitted appellant’s expert witness testimony on her past abuse and its effect on her

state of mind.

The State argues that any error in the Battered Spouse Syndrome instruction was 

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because appellant was convicted only of voluntary 

manslaughter—i.e., the best result that she could have received from the jury even under a 

correct instruction. In the State’s view, Battered Spouse Syndrome is relevant only for 

establishing imperfect self-defense, which the jury credited and gave appellant the benefit 

of, and hence, a different instruction could not have reduced further appellant’s conviction 

of voluntary manslaughter.
14

We disagree. Maryland case law is clear that Battered Spouse Syndrome is relevant

to both imperfect and perfect self-defense. If credited, “the [Battered Spouse S]yndrome 

evidence would then play its proper role in explaining why and how, in light of that pattern 

of abuse, the defendant could honestly, and perhaps reasonably, perceive an imminent 

threat of immediate danger.” State v. Smullen, 380 Md. 233, 273, 844 A.2d 429, 453 (2004)

(emphasis added); see also Wallace-Bey, 234 Md. App. at 532, 172 A.3d at 1023

(“Maryland law recognizes that evidence of the psychological condition known as battered 

spouse syndrome may be relevant to the state-of-mind elements of perfect and imperfect 

self-defense.” (Emphasis added)); Banks v. State, 92 Md. App. 422, 429, 608 A.2d 1249, 

1253 (1992) (“[E]vidence of the Battered Spouse Syndrome is offered in support of the 

state of mind element of perfect or imperfect self-defense, i.e., it is offered to prove the 

honesty and reasonableness of the defendant’s belief that he or she was in imminent danger 

at the time of the offense.” (Emphasis added)).

We reverse and remand for a new trial.

JUDGMENTS OF THE CIRCUIT

COURT FOR WICOMICO COUNTY

REVERSED. CASE REMANDED TO

THAT COURT FOR A NEW TRIAL. 

COSTS TO BE PAID BY WICOMICO

COUNTY.