SECTION 1.0 

INTRODUCI’ION 

Engineerin -Science (ES) was directed by the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA), 55 missions Measurement Branch (EMB) (Subcontract No. 2-89- 

0055) to conduct testing to determine the relatronshr 

Virgmia Polytech Institute and State Universrty (VP 8 

of results, rf any, between the 

samplmg method and EPA 

Methods 56/28. A second art of the testing pro 

Butte, Colorado elevation - YITO 9 feet. The effects o I? 

am was conducted at Crested 

elevation on both particulate 

and Carbon Monoxide (CO) emissions, the emissions of regular cordwood versus 

Method 28 test fuel, and the emission of a low tech (Ashle 

cr 

Oval) stove were to be 

examined in conjunction with the VP1 versus EPA Metho 5G study. 

TEST PROGRAM RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK. NORTH CAROLJ’NA 

The first series of tests were conducted at the ES Wood Stove Laboratory in 

Research Triangle Park, NC (elevation -300 feet), between September 21 and 

October 10, 1989. This test series consisted of eight test days for the Modified 

Sweet Home AK-18, S.N. 0662 and ei t test days for the Modified Country 

Comfort CC-150, S.N. 7504865CC. ( !tl ese wood stoves are the same stoves used 

for the 1988 and 1989 laboratory accreditation test as well as the elevation testmg at 

Mt. Mitchell, NC in the fall of 1988). Each test day was approximately 10 hours m 

length. Each test included (2) EPA Method 5G trains and (2) VPI trains; all four 

trains were run simultaneously. The tests were started after a pre-bum and followed 

EPA Method 28 with two major exceptions. The exceptions being: 

_ 1. When the fuel crib had burned to zero wei t a new fuel crib (or partial 

fuel crib) was added so that the stove coul B burn at the desired rate for 

approximately 10 hours. 

2. If it was determined that the final fuel crib would not be consumed within 

11-12 total test hours, the primary air was fully opened to speed the process. 

JEST PROGRAM CRESTED BUTTE. COLORADO 

The test program conducted at Crested Butte, elevation -8900 feet, consisted 

of three 70 hour test series using four wood stoves. The wood stoves used were: 

n Sweet Home AK-18 S.N. 0662 

n colmtly comfort cc-150 S.N. 750-4865 CC 

n Haughs S-173E 

n Ashley Oval (provided on site) 

S.N. 792570 

S.N. (unknown) 

123.40 

lA.RFT l-l 
. The cordwood testing at Crested Butte was done by the following protocol: 

l The test day started when the sample trains were turned on. 

n Cold m (first day of each six day test series) the sampling trains were 

started just prior to starting the fire. 

n Hot (re maining da of each test series) the woodstoves werekept 

burning through the ni t to retain heat in the woodstove after each 

test day, to insure us o $ a hot start. The trains were started just prior to 

loading the stove with the first day charge. 

n The test day ended when the desired length of the test day had passed. 

a The fuel weight at the end of the test day was always approximately the 

same as the weight at the start of the day (before an wood was added). 

n Logs were placed in the stove after testing to keep ti e stove hot 

through the night. 

l Four wood stoves were tested during the first two test series by the method 

above. 

n For the third test series Haughes and Ashley were tested as outlined above. 

The Country Comfort and the Sweet Home AK-18 were tested for four days 

each, during the third test series, rrsing the same Modified EPA 28 described as 

being used m the ES’s RTP facility. 

Engineering-Science,has done many wood stove test using dual. Method 5G 

sozeyhng trams. The emrssron rates from each tram are typrcally wnhm 10% of each 

. 

The 16 dual VP1 tests that were done at ES’s RTP facility showed the VP1 

emission rates for each train to be comparable. The dual tram SG and VP1 results 

are shown in Tables 22 and 2.3 of this re ort. Based on the RTP results it was 

concluded that one Method 5G and one prp I could be used for each stove. The 

Method SG and VP1 sampling trains were run simultaneously. 

The Sample Trains were recovered daily during the Modified Method 28 

Testin 

daily. 8: 

. Durmg the 70 hour cordwood tests, the Method 5G filters were recovered 

owever, the probe and front filter bell were not recovered until the end of 

the 70 hour test series. 

The VP1 samplers were set at a 8 milliliters er minute flow rate for the 70 hour 

cordwood tests, and at 60 miili\iters per minute P or the Modified EPA Method 28 

Tests. 

~123.40 

aMtFT l-2 
TEST RESULTS 

The basic findings of the study are: 

VP1 Versus EPA Method 5G Rest& 

The results of the VP1 versus Method 5G are presented in Fi re l-l. The VP1 

Train always gives a higher emission rate than Method 5G using t fY e actual 

calculated emission rates, before corrections, for each train. 

However, the VP1 emission rate can be corrected to Method 5G and 5G 

adjusted emission rates with good correlation. The equations for converting VP1 

results to 5G or 5G adjusted to 5H are given below. 

For VP1 to 5G: 

5G = (0.712)(VPI ACIUAL)-.261 

The Limits of Prediction of Y for a given X 

(LPY for X) = 1.47 

R Squared = 0.973 

Number of Observations = 50 

For VP1 to 5G (Adjusted): 

SG(Adj) = (0.728(VPI Actual) + 1.095 

LPY for X = 1.48 

R Squared = 0.974 

Number of Observations = 50 

Effect of Elevation on Carbon Monoxide Emission Rates 

The Carbon Monoxide (CO) results are calculated in gm/hr by the VP1 

Sampler program. Elevation does not seem to make a significant difference as long 

as the burn rates are equal see Figure 1.2. However, it is not possible to achieve 

burn rates with the two woodstoves that were tested at the two higher elevations. 

Effect of Elevation on Particulte Emission Rates 

The AK-18 and CC-150 were tested using a modified Method 28, in the ES 

Woodstove Lab and at Created Butte. The same stoves were tested at Mt. Mitchell, 

NC using Method 28. The lab elevation is -300 feet. Mt. Mitchell was -5800 feet 

and Crested Butte was -8900 feet. 

l-3 


The results show the emission rate is related to the bum rate. While a higher 

elevation decreases the maximum burn rate, higher elevation does not significantly 

change the emission rate for a given burn rate. 

Use of Cordwood Versus Method 28 Tti Fuel 

The cordwood was to be representative of typical wood burned in Crested 

Butte. The cordwood burned during the tests was a mixture of spruce and pine 

which were taken fkom the forest as standing deadwood. The standing deadwood 

had ap 

series t!l 

roximately 8-12% moisture on a 9 basis. During the second and third test 

e standing deadwood was mixed wrth fresh cut Dou 

30-55% moisture on a dry basis. The cordwood supplier in cft 

as fir of ap 

‘cated that t L 

roximately 

‘s mixture 

was normal firewood for Crested Butte. 

The daily values for the cordwood tests include only the filter wei 

are therefore somewhat lower than actual (~5%). In addition, it can % 

ht gain and 

e seen that 

cordwood and normal operating practices seem to adverse1 affect the AK-18 

emissions. The AK-18 averaged 10.2 gm/hr with cordwoo CT versus 2.3 gm/hr using 

Modified Method 28. The CC-150 averaged 21.3 gm/hr with cordwood and 19.7 

R 

/hr with Modified Method 28. The S-173-E averaged 13.9 gm/hr with cordwood. 

e S-173E avera ed 

during the 1990 la % 

13.2 gm/hr during its baseline testing at 300 feet elevation, 

oratory accrediation program, using Methods 5G/28. The 

Ashley average 29.3 gm/hr with cordwood. The Ashley was only tested while 

burning cordwood at Crested Butte. The above values are based on Method 5G 

adjusted values to 5H equivalent. 

This report is organized as follows: 

n Section 1 Introduction 

n Section 2 Summary and Discussion of Results 

n Section 3 Test Facilities and Methods 

n Section 4 Wood Heater Specific Information 

n Section 5 Includes all Appendices 

w Appendix A VP1 Method Sampler Operational and 

Procedures. 

e Appendix B Equipment QA/QC and Calibration 

- AppendixC VP1 Gas Analysis Results 

- AppendixD Sample Blanks 

Appendix E Graph Values and Formulas 

- Appendix F Pro ortionali Data and All Raw Run Data for 

Eat Y3 AK-18 i! est Conducted in ES Woodstove 

Lab 

x23.40 

slA.Fwr 1-6 
- Appendix G Proportionality Data and Ah Raw Run Data for 

Each CC-150 Test Conducted in ES Woodstove 

Lab 

Appendix H Proportionality Data and All Raw Run Data for 

the CC-150 Tests at Crested Butte 

- Appendix I Proportionality Data and Ail Raw Run Data for 

the AK-18 Tests at Crested Butte 

- Appendix J Proportionality Data and AI1 Raw Run Data for 

the S-173E Tests at Crested Butte 

Appendix K Proportionality Data and AlI Raw Run Data for 

the Ashley Oval Tests at Crested Butte 

Due to the large volume of data generated this report is divided into 2 

volumes. Volume 1 contains Section 1,2,3 and 4 plus Section 5 Appendices A, B, C, 

D, E, F and G. Volume 2 contains Section 5 Appendices H, I, J and K. 

0123.40 

I5lA.RP-r l-7 
SECTION 2.0 

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 

The Test Program consisted of two parts. The first part was conducted at the 

Engineerin 

%1 

-Science Woodstove Test Facility in Research Triangle Park, North 

Carolina, w ‘ch is at a 

determine if the VP1 f 

proximately 300 feet elevation. The objective was to 

est Method, as used in the 1988-1989 Crested Butte, 

Colorado study, was corn 

used for woodstove 

arable to the USEPA Methods 28/5G presently being 

ce rd cation and laboratory accreditation. 

The previously tested woodstoves Sweet Home AK-18 Seria.l# 0662 and the 

Country Comfort CC-150 Seria.l# 790-4865CC were tested at R.T.P. for a total of 

eight test runs each. The burn rates were varied in an attempt to have two test runs . 

at each of the four bum rates. However; the highest burn rate achieved for either 

stove was 1.88 (kg/hr) kilo 

r 

per hour compared to 1.32 (k 

K 

/hr) at Crested 

Butte. The results of this t test series are presented in Tab e 2.1. It will be 

noticed that the VP1 method always reduced an actual emission rate which was 

higher than the actual Method 5G CJ OT ADJUS 

emission rate. 

TED TO 5H EOUlVALENT) 

Based on the good correlation found between the Method 5G and VP1 tests as 

shown in Figure 2.1. It was decided too proceed to Crested Butte, Colorado for the 

second part of this test program 

A more detailed report of the test results can be seen in Tables 2.2,2.3,2.4 and 

2.5. Table 2.2 shows the detailed results of the Method 5G testing with calculated 

emission rates of the VP1 sam lers for each test of the Sweet Home AK-18. Table 

2.4 shows the results for each 6-P I test of the AR-18 done in ES’s RTP laboratory 

facility. Tables 2.3 and 2.5 likewise show a detailed breakdown of results for each 

RTP test run of the Country Comfort CC-150. 

The second part of the test program was the determination of elevation effects 

on the amount of carbon monoxide and particulate emitted by a woodstove. Also 

the comparison of data on burning cordwood versus crib wood. 

The average carbon monoxide value for each VP1 test run was determined by 

analyzing the tanks gases. The results of these tests are shown in Table 2.6. Figure 

2.2 shows the results in graphic form. It can be seen that the effect of elevation 

seems to be fairly small when the burn rate is taken into account. Due to the 

limited number of tests and burn rates at Crested Butte the graph is mainly of value 

as visual aid. 

23.40 

A.RFTThe results of the Crested Butte portion of the test program are presented in 

Tables 2.7 through 2.11. Table 2.7 presents detailed Method 5G results with 

calculated VP1 results for the Sweet Home AK-18. Table 2.8 shows results for the 

Country Comfort CC-150. Table 2.9 shows results for the Haughes S-173 and Table 

2.10 is results for the Ashley Oval. Table 2.11 presents the details of all the VP1 

tests at Crested Butte. 

2-l 













To look at elevation effects on the emission rates of the Sweet Home AK-18 

and the Country Comfort CC-150 the emission rates from the 1988 Study at Mt. 

Mitchell using Method 28 and 5G (elevation - 

done at the RTP laborato 

5800 feet) is compared with the tests 

- 8900 feet). The tests at % 

(elevation - 300 feet) and at Crested Butte (elevation 

TP and Crested Butte were in conjunction with the VP1 

study and were done using a modified Method 28 lasting approximately ten hours 

for each run. It should be noted that the limited number of tests and burn rates at 

Crested Butte tend to show the trend line more than the other two. This is most 

apparent with the CC-150. Fi 

2.4 shows results for the CC-1 Y 

e 2.3 shows the results for the AK-18 while Figure 

0. The actual numbers and formulas used to 

Lll 

,enerate the graphs can be found in Appendix E. It can be seen based on the fairly 

‘ted number of tests for each condition that elevation, while affecting obtainable 

bum rates, does not significantly affect emission rates for a given bum rate. 

The second question as to the effect of burning regular cordwood usin normal 

house heating operatin 

E 

procedures shows a major affect to the catalytic Ak -18’s 

emissions as shown in igure 2.5. Figure 2.6 shows the results for the CC-150. The 

cordwood results are skewed by two relatively low emission rates at low bum rates. 

Without these two, it appears that cordwood would give ap roximately the same 

expected emission rates as Method 28. Figure 2.7 depicts ti?l e results for the 

Hau hes S-173 E. The RTP lab baseline test results are from the woodstove’s 

base En ’ e testing for use in the laborato 7 accreditation program which use Method 

28. It can be seen that cordwood and e evation doesn’t appear to significantly affect 

emissions for that woodstove. 

Figure 2.8 shows the emission rates for the Ashle 

J 

Oval, a woodstove which was 

typical of woodstoves used in Crested Butte prior to e 1989 heating season. 

Table 2.12 provides a listin of the individual tests for which a roblem was 

encountered (C-3-3 the fan bro & e), or there was a deviation from tg 

Trains off for 20 minutes between fuel cribs). 

e method (SH-1 

Most of the method deviations were a 

failure to have the sampling proportionality ratio between 90 and 110%. It should 

be noted that only one of the deviation (SH-3) would have significantly affected the 

test results if it were included. Since it was a obvious outlier it was not used. 

123.40 

L4.m 2- 15 






Test 

SH-1 

SH-3 

SH-6 

SH-7 

Test 

(X5-1 

cC5-3 

Table 2.12 

TEST SPECIFIC METHOD DEVIATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS 

TESTING PHASE ONE RTP. NORTH CAROLINA 

Sweet Homk AK-18 

Descrintion of deviation 

First crib weight went to zero 

before another crib was ready. 

The catalyst did not light off 

during the first crib. 

A drop of condensate was in the 

VPIdA probe’s swageloc connector. 

Found the drop of condensate 

in the VPI-7A probe. 

Effect on Results 

and Resolutions 

Results not significantly 

effected. Turned all 

samplin 

minutes f 

trains off (20 

until next crib 

was ready 

VP1 vs 5G results not 

effected. Emission rates 

were not used for cordwood 

to Method 28 comparisons. 

Results not significantly 

effected. Corrected the 

probe’s final weight. 

Results not significantly 

effected. Corrected the 

probe’s initial weight. 

Countrv Comfort CC-150 

Descrintion of deviatios 

Small tank leak for VPI-1G 

Effect on Results 

and Resolution3 

Results not sign&antIy 

effected. Resealed the 

tank before using again. 

Small leak at evacuating 

quick-connect. 

Results not significantly 

effected fixed the leak. 

123.40 

~lA.FPr 2-22 
Table 2.12 (Continued) 

: 

TESTING PHASE TWO CRESTED BUTJYE, COLORADO 

gweet Home AK-18 

Test Descrintion of deviation 

Effect on Results 

and Resolutions 

B-3-4 1 Proportionality Ratio over 110% f;;.2dnot significantly 

. 

Countrv Comfort CC-150 

Test Descrintion of deviation 

A-l VP1 probe broke at the test 

series end while trying to 

remove it from the stack. 

A-l-5 The stove would not burn 

- properly. 

A-2-3 Tunnel flow average 

125.7 DSCFM. 

A-2-4 Tunnel flow average 

125.6 DSCFM. 

A-3-l Secondary didn’t light 

off properly for first 

9 hours of test. 

123.40 

LA.m 2-23 

Effect on Results 

and Resolutions 

The robe’s interior was 

brus f ed and rinsed 

with acetone. Did 

not signiticantly 

effect the results. 

The by- ass was opened 

for last s M hours of 

test day to promote 

burning. Insulation was 

found to be blocking the 

secondary air. The msulation was moved to 

prevent blockage. 

F$mlisdnot significantly 

. 

t;;,e;dnot significantly 

. 

t+.~.;dnot significantly 

. 
Table 2.12 (Continued) 

. 

Test 

c-3-3 

c-3-3 

Test 

D-l 

D-l-2 

D-l-3 

D-l-3 

D-l-4 

D-1-5 

D-l-6 

D-2-l 

D-2-2 

D-2-3 

D-2-S 

Hawhe’s S-173E 

Descriotion of deviation 

Effect on Results 

and Resolutions 

Dilution tunnel fan broke 

in middle of test day. 

Results not significantly 

effected. Turned the trains 

off and emptied stove. 

Fixed the fan restarted the 

trains and the stove. 

1 Pro ortionality ratio 

of 88 gr 0. 

f;.isdnot significantly 

. 

Ashlev Oval 

Descrintion of deviation 

Effect on Results 

and Resolutions 

VP1 probe broke at the 

test series end. 

Results not significantly 

effected. The probe’s 

interior was brushed 

and rinsed with acetone. 

2 Pro 

IT 

rotionality ratio 

over 10% 

2 Proprotionality ratio 

over 110% 

Tunnel flow average 

122.2 DSCFM 

lX$wl~dnot significantly 

IJ;;si;dnot significantly 

le&erdnot significantly 

. 

1 Proprotionality ratio 

over 110% 

2 Proprotionality ratio 

over 110% 

2 Pro 

P 

rationality ratio 

over 10% 

Tunnel flow 125.8 DSCFM 

3 Proprotionality ratio over 110% 

1 Proprotionality over 110% 

Tunnel flow 123.2 DSCFM 

1 Proprotionahty ratio over 110% 

1 Proprotionality under 90% 

2 Proprotionality over 110% 

Rx?x$sdnot significantly 

f+.r.Fdnot significantly 

l?;;?;dnot significantly 

. 

lJ;;xsFdnot significantly 

le!erdFdnot significantly 

Re~X~dnot significantly 

l$;z;dhot significantly 

~&te~e;.&s not significantly 

r;ed;lts not significantly 

. 

m3.40 

3lA.RrT 2 - 24 
Table 2.12 (Continued) 

. 

I Ashlev Oval Kontinuedj 

Test 

D-3-l 

D-3-2 

D-3-5 

D-3-7 

Description of deviation 

1 Proprotionality over 110% 

2 Proprotionality over 110% 

2 Proprotionality over 110% 

1 Proprotionality under 90% 

1 Proprotionality over 110% 

Effect on Results 

and Resolutions 

IVVeylts not significantly 

T;e;Bults not significantly 

F;ezLlts not significantly 

No effect. 

Ashley Footnote: 

The burn rate could not be controlled. When the burn rate was very high the 

dilution tunnel temperature also was quite high. This higher tern erature caused 

the fan to pull less tunnel gas at standard conditions than it woul B at lower 

temperatures. The lower tunnel flow rate (DSCFM) caused the proportionality 

ratio’s to be to high. 

‘123.40 

;lA.RP-r 2-25 
SECTION 3 

TEST FACILITIES AND METHODS 

‘Iwo test facilities were used for the EPA Method SG versus the VP1 Sampling 

Method Comparison study. They were Engineering-Science’s Wood Stove Test 

Laboratory Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and a leased facility located in 

Crested Butte, Colorado. For cordwood versus EPA Method 28 at elevation 

comparison p 

b 

rogram are inc “p uded for the Sweet Home AK-18 and 

oses, results from the 1988 Mt. Mitchell North Carolina test 

Coun 

% 

comfort cc-150. 

igures 3.1 and 3.2 presents the RTP wood stove laboratory. igures 3.3 and 3.4 

show the Mt. Mitchell facility. While Figure 3.5 shows a overview of the Crested 

Butte facility. Figure 3.6 shows the individual stove’s test configuration for the 

Crested Butte test series. 

Test Methods Used For Phase One (Method 5G versus WI Method) 

Modified Method 2I$ 

Method 28 was strictly followed except for the following modifications. Dr. 

Jaasma of VP1 determined that the VPX sampler should be operated at a maximum 

flow rate of 60 milliliters per minute. This was based on their maximum flow rate 

durin 

halft% 

prior testing. The desired sample volume, of 34 liters, is approximately one 

e vacuum tanks capacity. If the sample is too small there are problems with: 

1. Removing the stack gas from the evacuated tank for analysis. 

2. Very low weights of the individual sample components. 

Ifthesampleistool 

longer acts as a critical 0 3 

e, when the vacuum becomes too low, the valve no 

’ ce, 

cause a biased sample. 

and the sample flow rate will decrease. This will 

Based on these considerations, the sample flow rate and total sample volume, 

was determined for each test run should be as near to 10 hours in length as possible. 

The maximum crib weight for the AK-18 is 7 kilograms, while the CC-150 is 5.3 

kilograms. The maximum burn rate sustainable for the AK-18 would be less than 

0.7 kilograms per hour over 10 hours, for one crib of maximum weight. 

Therefore; while the start of a test was the same as for a stove certification test 

when the crib weight was reduced to zero a new crib (or partial crib as needed to 

reach zero at the end of 10 hours) was added Ifit was determined after 9 hours the 

crib would not reach zero in 10 hours, the primary air was fully opened to increase 

the burn rate. 

The test was ended when the final crib, or partial crib, weight had been reduced 

to zero. 

~123.40 

~LazPT 3-1 






Method 5G 

Method 5G was strictly followed for this test series. The dual sampling trains 

were operated continuously from just before the first crib was added until the last 

crib or partial crib weight was reduced to zero. 

dual Method SG trains as used for the AK-la. hhll 

. Figure 3.9 

depict the vertical duct ’ 

3.10 shows the dual tram/horizontal duct as used for the CC-150. 

e Figure 

Figure 3.7 is a schematic of the Method SG samplin 

program. Figure 3.8 de 

P 

icts the dual 4” filter holder an d 

train as used for this test 

probe assembl 

I Sampling Method 

Figure 3.11 provides a schematic of the VP1 sampling train as used by 

Engineering-Science for this test program. 

Figure 3.12 de 

can be noted that ti 

icts the VP1 sampler as used in the homes of Crested Butte. It 

e major difference is that the in home sampler is turned on and 

off based on a set stack temperature. Whereas the VP1 samplers for this program 

were turned on manually to run simultaneously with the Method 5G sampling trains. 

Sampler Setup: 

Evacuate sampler to at least 0.3” Hg absolute. 

Renew the desiccant ( l Drierite). 

Weigh connector table, Teflon line and probe (use anti-static device). 

Assemble pre-weighed filters, line and probe (line should impinge against 

the inside wall of the trap about 1 to 2 mches above the trap’s bottom.) 

Install filter set and 

to be less than 1 inc i 

erform leak check at 4 inches water (leak rate needs 

per minute). 

Set sampler flow rate using rotometer. 

Make sure 2 way valve is closed. 

Cap probe. 

Recheck sampler’s pressure must be less than 0.25” Hg absolute. 

Record all readings on Data Sheet (Figure 3.13). 

Sampler Deployment 

Place sampler in 

vr 

sition 

Drill holes for 

(as far from stove as possible). 

stove collar. _ 

I probes and a optional thermocouple at 12 inches above 

Place probe in position for sampling (probe position for Crested Butte test 

series IS shown in Figure 3.14). 

Cpen two way valve two start sampling. 

Sampler Retrieval 

Close two way valve. 

Remove probe from stack. 

Cap probe. 

Move sampler to recovery area. 

123.40 

L4.m 3-g 








Sample Recovery 

. 

Measure and record sampler leak rate at 4 inches water. 

Measure and record sam 

Calibrate CO/CO2 and 8 

ler pressure and temperature. 

2 gas instrumentation. 

Fill gas sample bag by pumpmg sampled gas from the evacuated tank. 

Attach gas bag to mamfold for CO/CO2 and 02 analyzers. Record 

readin 

STAR + 

for each gas. 

TANK EVACUATION FOR NEXT TEST. 

Remove filters put in petri dishes and place in desiccator. 

Scrape “0” rings recover with acetone rinse into condensers sample. 

Remove stainless steel connector tube from condenser stopper 

(acetone rinse into condenser) place connector in desiccator. 

Flush probe and Teflon line into condenser with approximately 50 mL 

acetone. 

Place all acetone rinses into a beaker, allow acetone to evaporate and 

then desiccate the beaker. 

Disconnect robe and line from condenser, acetone rinse condenser. 

Clean outsi 8 e of probe and line using razor blade and acetone wipe 

(do not save). 

Connect probe and attached Teflon line to nitrogen or pure air 

source. 

Flow nitrogen, at about 0.5 liter minute for at least a half hour, 

through probe and line assembly. 

Disconnect *robe and line from nitrogen and wipe with acetone. 

Disconnect En e from probe, coil line to fit in balance. 

Sample Weighings 

Probe and line use anti-static device and weigh se 

reattach to nitrogen purge for at least 10 minutes g 

arately than 

The wei 

efore reweighing. 

0.25 mllfFl 

g is complete when consecutive weights vary by less than 

‘g.rams. 

Weigh filters after desiccation, weighing is complete when consecutive 

weights vary by less than 0.2 milligrams over 2 hours. 

Wetgh acetone rinse beaker, wei@ing is complete when consecutive 

weights vary by less than 0.5 milhgrams over 4 hours. 

Weigh the connector, weighing is complete when consecutive 

weighing vary by less than 0.2 milligrams. 

Sample Calculations 

AlI VP1 values calculated with 11-28-89 corrected formulas as 

supplied by Dr. Jaasma. 

23.40 

AAPT 3 - 17 

-._~--_--- .._ --- -.----.-.- 
CRESTED BUTTE TEST PROTOCOL ’ 

A overview of the tests conducted at Crested Butte is shown in Table 3.1. 

Modified Method 28 

The Sweet Home AK-18 and Country Comfort CC-150 were each tested 4 

times using the same modified Method 28 procedures as described for the RTP tests 

with the following exceptions: 

The stove wall temperatures were averaged electronically before 

reading and recordmg. 

The test readings were checked at 15 minute intervals and recorded 

eve 60 minutes except for the final reading which was taken when 

the T&l al crib weight was reduced to zero. 

The stove stack and tunnel were cleaned at the start of the test 

program but not before this test series. 

Cordwood Test Methods 

Testing was started before the kindling was lit on the first day of each test 

series. Other days the sampling trains were started before any wood was added to 

the stoves. The stoves were loaded with wood at the end of each test day to allow 

them to burn overnight and be ready to start testing in the morning. The primary air 

and other operating parameters were varied to approximate normal usage of a wood 

stove. The stoves were adjusted and loaded in a random fashion to attempt to 

duplicate how a average home owner would operate a wood heater. In general, the 

heater was at maximum at the start of each day - than at lower rates for the majority 

of the day. Wood was loaded into the stoves as required. 

Each wood stove was tested using one Method SG sampling tram and 

one VP1 sampling train 

Determination of cordwood moisture was done using a Delmhorst 

Model RDXOl with a 26E electrode. 

The cordwood burned during the tests was a mixture of spruce 

and 

dea B 

ine which were taken from the forest as standing 

wood. The standing deadwood had approximately 8-12% 

moisture on a dry basis. During the second and third test 

series the standing deadwood was mixed with some Douglas fir 

of approximately 30-55% moisture on a dry basis. The 

Douglas tir’s moisture was high because the firewood came 

from the remains of live trees cut for lumber. The cordwood 

supplier indicated that this mixture was normal fire wood for 

Crested Butte. 

Dilution Tunnel and Stack - Flow and Cleaning; 

Tunnel flow was determined in each tunnel and ad’usted to be 

between 126 and 154 SCFM (with a cold stove) be d ore each 

test series. The pitot was posrtioned at the average point 

123.40 

lA.RPT 3 - 18 
TABLE 3.1 ’ 

CRESTED BUTTE TEST PROGRAM OVERVIEW 

TEST SERIES 

A-l 

-‘. 

AK-18 

. . 

: . 

. . . 

: ‘. 

S-173E 

Ashley 

cc-l50 

AK-18 

&73E 

Ashley 

A-173E 

Ashley 

cc-150 

AK-IS 

: .’ 

B-l 

C-l 

D-l 

A-2 

B-2 

c-2 

D-2 

c-3 Cordwood Filters daily 

Rinse end of 

series 

Cordwood Filters Dairy 

Rinse end of 

series 

D-3 

A-3-l 

A-3-2 

A-3-3 

A-3-4 

B-3-l 

E-Z 

B-3-4 

: 

3-19 . . 

Dou as 

Fir t est 

Dou as 

Fir P ut 

2 

Filters and 

EEsddy 

Filters and 

ggW 

I 

Cordwood 

Cordwood 

Cordwood 

Cordwood 

Cordwood 

Cordwood 

Cordwood 

Cordwood 

Sample 

Recovery 

5G 

Filters daily 

Rinse end of 

series 

Filters daily 

Rinse end of 

series 

Filters daily 

Rinse end of 

series 

Filters daily 

Rinse end of 

series 

Filters daily 

Rinse end of 

series 

F$iltee;Iy 

series 

Sample 

Re%ev 

End of 

series 

End of 

series 

End of 

series 

End of 

series 

End of 

series 

End of 

series 

End of 

series 

End of 

series 

End of 

series 

End of 

series 

Daily 

Daily 

“- .-... C_..-...-wl* 

-11 _I-_- -_-_l_--^ --.-. 
where it remained for the test series. (If the flow changes as 

shown by the pitot the overall flow in the tunnel may be 

changed based on the single point pitot reading). 

Method 5G 

The stack and tunnel were cleaned before the start of testing. 

They were not cleaned again during this test program. 

For all Crested Butte tests, each stove was tested usin 

sampling train see Figure 3.14, for schematic of a ES single 4 

one Method 5G 

six inch vertical dilution tunnel. 

G train sampling in a 

The filters were changed at the end of each test day. 

The probe and front filter bell were acetone rinsed at the end 

of each test series. 

The accumulative total of the filters weight 

f! 

ains plus the 

acetone rinse weight gain were determined or the seven day 

test period. 

Due to the low percentage of the weight gain found in the acetone rinse, and 

that the filters were recovered daily, the emission rates for cordwood based on the 

filters only, were calculated on a daily basis. This provides more data points and a 

greater certainty to the results. 

The acetone rinse of the Method 5G sampling train was less than 3.1% of the 

total wei 

for Test 1 

ht gain for Test Series A-l and 2; B-l and 2: C-l, and 3 and less than 6.8% 

eries D-l, and 3. 

Pitot and meter orifice readings were taken every 15 minutes. 

Meter readings - Temperatures : so forth were taken at the 

start and end plus hourly. (The stove surface temperature was 

averaged. 

VP1 Test Method 

One VP1 train per stove. 

Started and stopped each test day at the same time as the 5G 

train 

The sample was recovered at the end of each test series. 

The starting flow rate was -8 milliliters per minute. To 

provide -34 liters of sample in 70 hours. 

VP1 Samnle Recovery 

The sample recovery followed the same methods as outlined 

this section for the testing conducted at ES’s RTP facility with the fo E 

reviously in 

exceptions: 

owing 

L23.40 

lAmT 3 - 20 
VP1 Sampler 

Probes were baked at 450 F for one hour and than dessicated 

to constant weight before use. 

Probe - The probe interior was rinsed and brushed with 

acetone into the condensate sample. 

Probe was then nitrogen purged for ‘M hour at ‘S liter/per 

minute. 

The probe was than dessicated to a constant weight. 

l/8” Teflon probe line: The line was flushed - three times 

(visually clean) using 20 milliliters of acetone each time into 

the condensate beaker, the line was not weighed. 

The stainless steel tube between the condensate and filter was 

rinsed with acetone into the condensate, the connector was not 

weighed. 

VPI Samnle Calculations 

The same corn 

the RTP and Crested 5 

uter program, VPI’s as corrected 11-28-89, was used for both 

utte tests. 

&lock Certification Test Procedures at Crested Butte for the Sweet Home AK-18 

and the Countrv Comfort CC-150. 

One test run was attempted in each bum rate category for a 

total of 4 tests. 

The stove burned Douglas Fir wood cribs during these tests. 

The wood % moisture was determined by the standard 

method. 

The VP1 sample rate was set at 60 milliliters per minute The 

test ended when the coal bed was the same weight as it was at 

the start of the test. 

(After 10 hours of testing the primary air will be fully opened 

to finish burning the wood if any is left). 

The Method SG and VP1 train will be recovered before 

starting the next test. 

L23.40 

lA.RPT 3-21 
. 

SECTION 4 

WOOD STOVE SPECIFIC INFORMATION 

A total of 4 woodstoves were used for this test program. 

The specific stoves used were: 

Sweet Home AK-18 SN 0662 

country comfort cc-150 SN 750-4865CC 

Haugh’s S- 173E SN 792570 

Ashley Oval SN (Unknown) 

The AK-18 and CC-150 were used during both sections of the test program. 

The S-173E and Ashley were used only at Crested Butte. The Ashley was provided 

by arrangements through the Wood Heating Alliance. It was delivered and picked 

up at the end of testing, by the wood stove retailer in Crested Butte, 

This is the AK-18 that was used for the 1988 EPA Wood Heater Testing 

Laboratory Accreditation round robin test ro am. It was also used for the 1988 

effects of elevation study at Mt. Mitchell, dx o Carolina. Figure 4.1 depicts the 

modified stove (as used for all the studies) and shows representative gas flows. 

Table 4-.I and 4-2 

the stove as tested, and Tp 

rovide details of the stove. Table 4-l is a description of 

able 4-2 describes the stove in its re-modification 

configuration. One additional change is the replacement o P the combustion control 

mechanism which was changed to a sealed system incorporating a 2-inch ball valve 

for primary combustion air control. 

The fire box volume of this stove is 2.0 cubic feet. The catalyst was provided 

in the stove and is identified as the catalyst that was aged and used for baseline 

testing, the 1988 inter-laboratory proficiency tests, and the Mt. Mitchell tests. 

Countrv Comfort CC-150 SN 750-4865CC 

This is the highly modified CC-150 used for the 1989 EPA Wood Heater 

Testing Laboratory Accreditation round-robin test program and the 1988 special 

study on the effects of elevation at Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina. 

Figure 4.2 shows the modifications of this stove. Figure 4.3 shows the 

re resentative gas flows for this modified stove. The fire box volume of this stove is 

1. s 2 cubic feet. 

m3.40 

n4.RP-r 4-l 
I Primary Combustion Alr -I I Combustlon Exhaust Gas I=, 

I 

A -i5 ? 

Alr Valve 

Figure 4.1 Modified Sweet Home Model AK-18 Showing Gas Flows 

4-2 
Table 4-l 

MODIFIED SWEET HOME AK-18 DESCRIPTION 

APPLIANCE IDENTIFICATION 

Appliance manufacturer: Sweet Home Stove Works - Modified for EPA 

Model: A~-18 (modified) 

Type : Catalytic, freestanding 

WOOD HEATER DESCRIPTION: 

Materials of Construction: Welded steel plate body; cast iron 

door, catalyst housing, and mixing plate. 

Air Introduction Svstem: Modified, Ball valve to airwash. 

Combustion Control Mechanismz: Ball valve controlling primary air. 

I. 

Combustor: Corning, 6" diameter, 25 cells/in.*. Supplied by E?A. 

Internal Baffles: Horizontal baffle upstream of mixing plate. 

Vertical baffle downstream of combustor. 

Other Features: Mixing plate upstream of combustor. 

Flue Outlet: 6" diameter I in rear of top surface of stove. 

WOOD HEATER OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 

Specific written instructions. 

4-3 
Add,;Js P.O. Box 233 sweet Home; -OR 97366 

*i,,nr,sduclanSTrc.m: Air cmes in tn <?nv. thmrenh nno .d:.~p;- * 

able opening an bottom of stove - travels up sides of 

firebox (outside1 End enters firebox at too ffmn?l 

*washes" down face of door. 

hclrnll -Olf!I.r : . Sloooino btiile in front ius: below donr 

plate below caralyst on roof of firebox. 

,“.l Y..,W. ca..,.i 2 

(:6-2051 : 

;, 

Table 4.2 Description of AK-18 Before Modification 
MODIFICATIONS 

BEFORE . . AFTER 

LEGEND 

__---_-_-__-_-___---______________^_____---------- 

---------------------- 

Plate welded to separate the firebox and secondary air channel. 

Insulation removed. 

Steel strip over the back firebrick, 

Secondary air hole. 

Baffle removed-firebrick retaining tabs added. 

Front welded. 
Primary Combustion Air -b 

Secondary Combustion Air km& 

Combustion Exhaust Gas r 

4 - 

% 

- - 

- 

- 

- 

L 

Figure 4.3 Modified CC-150 Representative Gas Flows 

4-6 
Hawh’s S-173E SN 792570 

This Hau 

EPA Wood I-F 

es Model S-173E was prepared and baseline tested for the 1990 

Fi 

eater Testing Laborato 

r 

e4.4 shows the S-173Eas mo dLz ’ 

Accreditation round-robin test program. 

vo ume is 1.498 cubic feet. 

ed and representative gas flows. The fire box 

Description of the S-173E 

Primary air enters the unit throu 

naturally drafted throu 

f? 

Hh 

two 1/2”H x 2” oval o 

circular ho es (two l/2” and one 3/ ii 

enings and is 

the to 

I( diameter) located in 

air de f!l 

front of the fire ox. Air entering the holes is directed into the firebox by the 

ector. Air entering the ovals are channeled to the right and left hand sides of 

the air deflector and directed downward washing the door as it enters the firebox. 

The primary air intake is regulated by a sliding control plate which traverses a 

horizontal axis. The control plate movement is restricted by a l/2” square stop, 

located on the left side of the stove front. This stop is positioned to incorporate a 

l/S” gap when in the fully closed position. At full open, the plate is slid far right. 

All fires should be started in the open position. 

The secondary air enters the stove at the bottom rear, and is routed vertical1 

through an air channel entering the secondary baffle. Air exits the secondary b ail e 

and enters the firebox through a series of 3/8” and l/4” diameter holes. Primary air 

and secondary air mix within the firebox and exhaust gases are exited through the 

flue collar. 

Ashlev Oval SN Unknown 

The Ashley Oval stove was provided by 

Alliance. The Ashley was provided as a 

arrangements through the Wood Heater 

ical low tech wood heater as used in the 

Crested Butte area prior to the 1989-199 E eating season. 

Description of Ashley Oval as Tested 

The Ashley had both a top loading door and a front loading door. The front 

door had a thermostat. However, adjusting the thermostat did not appear to affect 

how the stove operated. The bum rate could not be controlled. The stove stack 

opened directly into the firebox at the top rear of the firebox. 

23.40 

L4.RF-r 4-7 
EXHAUST 

SE’cOtiOARY 

AIR INTAKE 

PRIMARY AIR 

EXHAUST 

rtr 

. l 

. z1 

. 

. 

. 

., 

u INSULATION, FIRE BRICK 

AN0 STOVE OOOR ARE NOT 

SHOWN FOR CLARITY w 

Figure 4.4 Haugh’s S-173E With Representative Gas Flows 

4-8