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# Charging Stations: Past & Present Craig Childers California Air Resources Board



## Contents
• Early infrastructure project example: CalEPA parking garage • Early public e infrastructure in California • Early e infrastructure: general conclusions • Understated achievement: SAE J1772 Connection Std. • Charge station location priorities based on past experience • California Plug - in Electric Vehicle Collaborative • Next steps2



## 1990 's Infrastructure Example: CalEPA Parking Garage • > 20 EVSEs, 50 - 50 mix of Inductive and Conductive (EVI/ Clipper Creek & Inductive -TAL) • Key challenge:

– Garage owned by City of Sacramento

– Charging equipment owned by State 

## 1990's Infrastructure Example: CalEPA Parking Garage • Transformer/ panel located on top deck • Cost: $6,000 - $7,000 per EVSE! • City (facilities owner) dictated several requirements: Toughest one: fleet charging spaces had to be installed in the least desirable location ...furthest from where power enters facility!3



## 1990's Infrastructure Example: CalEPA Parking Garage Lessons learned: • Tenant (non - owner) arrangement can introduce considerable challenge and additional cost to a charging station project

– Was an exceptional circumstance at the time, but might be a more common arrangement now • Multiple connection types introduce considerable extra cost 

## Early California e - infrastructure Status • Estimated that ~3,000 Public EVSE's may still exist in California

– Not all in working condition

– Some still operation stations were maintained and repaired by volunteers! • Electric Auto Association/ Tom Dowling • Good news: CEC has awarded $1.9M infrastructure grant to Clipper Creek to update California's existing public EVSEs “Clipper‏Creek‏Update‏Existing‏EV‏infrastructure‏To‏SAE J1772‏Without‏Stranding‏Existing‏Drivers”4 

## Early e - infrastructure: General Conclusions • Common assumption: No business case for the public sale of electricity to EVs (no projects seriously funded or attempted)

– General consensus was that a driver might pay more for the billing system transaction at an underutilized station than for electricity consumed • At that time, most in the industry believed the primary purpose of public charging infrastructure was to give reassurance to potential buyers (that is - to sell cars)

– This is why GM contributed so much to deploying these public EVSEs 

# E Infrastructure Connection Standards: Past Experience • At one time, there were 5 incompatible EV charging connection types! • This was later reduced to 2 basic types:

– “Inductive”‏)paddle)

– “Conductive”‏)SAE‏J 1772 , formerly with Avcon connector) • Now - only one!5



## SAE J1772 Connection Standard • Not widely known that California ARB requires SAE conductive connector (to earn ZEV credit)

– No SAE inlet (and on - board charger), no ZEV credit! • Other ZEV states also duplicate this requirement • Tesla Roadster and BMW mini -e were exempted

– Manufactured during transition from old to to new SAE connector

– These may be the last California EVs that aren't equipped with new - style SAE inlets 

## SAE J1772 Connection Standard • “Any‏car- any‏station” • Not just a public infrastructure benefit - also helps with charging at: • Workplace • Fleets with mixed EV types • MFD (Apartments/ Condos)6



## Near term opportunities based on past infrastructure experience • Public needs impartial education! ...a source where EV owners, and, potential owners can get unbiased information. • Streamline local permit process and/or encourage pre - installation‏and/or‏consider‏”pre - installation”‏ ahead of vehicle purchase • Be wary of public charging infrastructure deployment:

– Best‏to‏wait‏until‏DOE's‏”EV‏Project”‏reveals‏ whether drivers will actually make use of public charging, and what types of locations prove to be the most useful 

## Charge station location priorities based on past experience
• Highest:

– Residential / Multi - Dwelling units/ Fleet depot • Medium:

– Workplace/ Park & Ride Lots/ Transit Stations (including public lots near employers that do not have their own parking lots) • Lowest:

– Public‏non‏”Destinations”‏)level‏II‏at‏a‏gas‏station) • Soon‏to‏be‏studied‏again‏with‏DOE‏”EV‏Project”7



## Charge station locations based on past

experience “...don’t‏overbuild‏the‏public‏charging‏

‏“infrastructure Don Hillebrand/ Argonne summary giving several summary comments from last week’s Clean Cities

conference


### Next Steps: California Plug In Electric Vehicle Collaborative • Objective: To develop a strategic plan for commercializing plug - in electric vehicles in California • Council will consist of leaders from key stakeholder organizations including California agencies, electric utilities, and vehicle manufacturers • The strategic plan is due out by the end of 20108 

### Session L3: Infrastructure Support: Experience and Installation Remainder of session will consist primarily of presentations. There will also be related panel ‏Connect“‏on‏afternoon‏this‏later‏sessions Track”‏)Room‏A2 ) with more opportunities to ask questions: • 3 : 30 PM Infrastructure Panel: Part 1 : Previous Experience (Enid & Joel) • 4 : 15 PM Infrastructure Panel: Part 2 : Planning for the Future Session L3: Infrastructure Support: Experience and Installation
• Joel Pointon, San Diego Gas and Electric • Enid Joffe, Clean Fuel Connection • Arindam Maitra, EPRI