Slip Op. 17-121

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

NEW MEXICO GARLIC GROWERS 

COALITION, et al.,

Plaintiffs, 

SHANDONG JINXIANG ZHENGYANG 

IMPORT & EXPORT CO., LTD., et al., 

Plaintiff-Intervenors, 

 v.

UNITED STATES, 

Defendant, 

ZHENGZHOU HARMONI SPICE CO., 

LTD., et al., 

Defendant-Intervenors. 

Before: Mark A. Barnett, Judge

Consol. Court No. 17-00146

OPINION AND ORDER

Barnett, Judge: Before the court is consolidated plaintiff-intervenors1 Shandong 

Jinxiang Zhengyang Import & Export Co., Ltd. (“Zhengyang”) and Jining Alpha Food 

Co., Ltd.’s (“Alpha”) partial consent motion for a preliminary injunction to enjoin 

defendant, the United States (“Defendant”), from liquidating certain of its entries of fresh 

garlic from the People’s Republic of China. Partial Consent Mot. for a Prelim. Inj. 

 

1 Court Nos. 17-00146 and 17-00166 have been consolidated under lead Court No. 17-

00146. See Docket Entry, ECF No. 31 (Court No. 17-00146). The instant motion was 

filed in Court No. 17-00166 before consolidation. Accordingly, references to court filings 

are to filings in Court No. 17-00166 unless otherwise stated.
Consol. Court No. 17-00146 Page 2 

(“Mot.”). ECF No. 31.2 Specifically, Zhengyang and Alpha (together, “PlaintiffIntervenors”) seek to enjoin liquidation of all of their unliquidated entries of fresh garlic 

that were “entered or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption during the 

administrative review period” covered by the administrative determination published as 

Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China, 82 Fed. Reg. 27,230 (Dep’t 

Commerce, June 14, 2017) (final results and partial rescission of the 21st antidumping 

duty admin. review; 2014-2015) (“Final Results”). Mot. at 2. 

The court has jurisdiction pursuant to Section 516A(a)(2)(B)(iii) of the Tariff Act of 

1930, as amended, 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2012) and 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(2) (2012). 

For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiff-Intervenors' motion for a preliminary injunction 

is granted.

BACKGROUND

Commerce published the Final Results on June 14, 2017. See Final Results, 82 

Fed. Reg. at 27,230. On June 27, 2017, now-consolidated-plaintiff Qingdao Tiantaixing 

Foods Co., Ltd. (“QTF”), a Chinese producer and exporter of fresh garlic, filed a 

summons commencing Court No. 17-166 See Summons, ECF No. 1. On June 30, 

2017, QTF filed is complaint challenging the Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce”) 

application of adverse facts available and Commerce’s collapsing of QTF with several 

 

2 On September 6, 2017, the court granted Zhengyang and Alpha’s partial consent 

motion to intervene as of right in Court No. 17-00166. See Docket Entry, ECF No. 36 

(Court No. 17-00166). The court denied the motion to intervene with respect to 

proposed plaintiff-intervenor Shenzhen Xinboda Industrial Co., Ltd. (“Xinboda”). See id. 

Because injunctive relief is premised upon the court’s grant of intervention, see Mot. at 

1, the court will deny the instant motion with respect to Xinboda. 
Consol. Court No. 17-00146 Page 3 

other entities. See Compl. ¶¶ 26-30, ECF No. 7.3 On July 11, 2017, the court granted 

QTF’s consent motion for a preliminary injunction. See Order (July 11, 2017), ECF No. 

11.

Zhengyang and Alpha are separate rate respondents whose merchandise is also 

subject to the Final Results. See Mot. at 2-3; Final Results, 82 Fed. Reg. at 27,232. 

Zhengyang and Alpha received the same rate as Xinboda, which was the only 

mandatory respondent with a calculated rate. See Final Results, 82 Fed. Reg. at 

27,232. Soon after filing their motion to intervene, Plaintiff-Intervenors filed the instant 

motion for a preliminary injunction. See Mot. Defendant opposes the motion. Def.’s 

Opp’n to the Mot. for Prelim. Inj. of Proposed Pl.-Ints. Shenzhen Xinboda Industrial Co., 

Ltd., Shandong Jinxiang Zhengyang Import & Export Co., Ltd., and Jining Alpha Food 

Co., Ltd. (“Opp’n”), ECF No. 32.4 

DISCUSSION

“In international trade cases, the [U.S. Court of International Trade (“USCIT”)] 

has authority to grant preliminary injunctions barring liquidation in order to preserve a 

party's right to challenge the assessed duties.” Qingdao Taifa Grp. Co., Ltd. v. United 

States, 581 F.3d 1375, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2009). “A preliminary injunction is an 

extraordinary remedy never awarded as of right.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 

 

3 Commerce determined that QTF had failed to rebut the presumption of government 

control and therefore had not demonstrated its entitlement to a separate rate. Final 

Results, 82 Fed. Reg. at 27,232. Accordingly, Commerce assigned QTF the Chinawide rate of $4.71 per kilogram. Id.

4 QTF consented to the motion. Mot. at 6. Defendant-Intervenors informed PlaintiffIntervenors that they oppose the motion, id., but they did not file a formal response. 
Consol. Court No. 17-00146 Page 4 

Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 24 (2008). To prevail, Plaintiff-Intervenors must demonstrate (1) a 

likelihood of success on the merits; (2) the likelihood of irreparable harm without 

injunctive relief; (3) that the balance of equities favors Plaintiff-Intervenors; and (4) that 

injunctive relief serves the public interest. Id. at 20; Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 

710 F.2d 806, 809 (Fed. Cir. 198; Nexteel Co., Ltd. v. United States, 41 CIT ___, ___, 

227 F. Supp. 3d 1323, 1327 (2017). 

Pursuant to this court’s rules, “[a]n intervenor may also preserve its unliquidated 

entries for eventual liquidation at the rates finally determined by the litigation by moving 

for a preliminary injunction to bar the liquidation of those entries.” Fine Furniture 

(Shanghai) Ltd. v. United States, 40 CIT ___, ___, 195 F. Supp. 3d 1324, 1328 (2016) 

(citing USCIT Rule 56.2(a)). “[A]n ‘intervenor must file a motion for a preliminary 

injunction no earlier than the date of filing of its motion to intervene and no later than 30 

days after the date of service of the order granting intervention, or at such later time, but 

only for good cause shown.’” Id. (quoting USCIT Rule 56.2(a)).

Defendant does not oppose Plaintiff-Intervenors’ motion on the basis of the fourfactor test for injunctive relief. Instead, Defendant contends that Plaintiff-Intervenors’ 

motion “should be denied because it seeks to enlarge the issues in the case, which an 

intervenor may not do.” Opp’n at 4 (citing Vinson v. Washington Gas Light Co., 321 

U.S. 489, 498 (1944); Laizhou Auto Brake Equip. Co. v. United States, 31 CIT 212, 477 

F. Supp. 2d 1299-1301 (2007)).5 

 

5 Defendant also contends that Plaintiff-Intervenors were “not authorized” to request 

injunctive relief before the court resolved their motion to intervene. Opp’n at 1, 3, 4. 
Consol. Court No. 17-00146 Page 5 

Laizhou relies on Vinson for the proposition that an intervenor “is admitted to a 

‘proceeding as it stands, and in respect of the pending issues, but is not permitted to 

enlarge those issues.’” 31 CIT at 214-15, 447 F. Supp. 2d at 1300-01 (quoting Vinson,

321 U.S. at 498) (declining to grant injunctive relief to an intervenor). As a general rule, 

intervenors may not enlarge the pending substantive issues or “compel an alteration of 

the nature of the proceeding.” Vinson, 321 U.S. at 498. However, the court is 

persuaded by more recent cases in this court, which have consistently found that 

granting an intervenor’s motion for injunctive relief does not expand the scope of the 

action or change the nature of the proceeding. See, e.g., Fine Furniture, 195 F. Supp. 

3d at 1328-30. Rather, granting injunctive relief to intervenors brings additional covered 

entries into the action, thereby ensuring that the intervenors may obtain the benefits of a 

favorable outcome to the litigation. See id. at 1330.

During a teleconference on the instant motion, Defendant also pointed to 

language in Rule 56.2(a) that it contends supports its position. In particular, Defendant 

relied on the following sentence: “Any motion for a preliminary injunction to enjoin the 

liquidation of entries that are the subject of the action must be filed by a party to the 

 

Defendant’s position is contrary to the court’s rules, which permit intervenors to seek 

injunctive relief concurrent with filing a motion to intervene. See USCIT Rule 56.2(a). 

That the court may not authorize injunctive relief until such time as a proposed 

intervenor is permitted to intervene does not bar the proposed intervenor from seeking 

injunctive relief. See id. Indeed, as Plaintiff-Intervenors note in their motion, “time is of 

the essence” because Commerce has issued liquidation instructions for Zhengyang’s 

and Alpha’s entries, the liquidation of which would remove those entries from the court’s 

jurisdiction. Mot. at 3; SKF USA Inc. v. United States, 28 CIT 170, 174, 316 F. Supp. 2d 

1322, 1327 (2004). 
Consol. Court No. 17-00146 Page 6 

action within 30 days after service of the complaint, or at such later time, for good cause 

shown.” USCIT Rule 56.2(a) (emphasis added); see also Laizhou, 31 CIT at 214-15, 

477 F. Supp. 2d at 1301 (quoting USCIT Rule 56.2(a)). Defendant contends that the 

entries that are the “subject of the action” are those identified in the complaint; because 

Plaintiff-Intervenors’ entries are not identified in the complaint, they are not entitled to 

injunctive relief. Defendant’s reliance on Rule 56.2(a) is unavailing.

Further down, Rule 56.2(a) also states that “an intervenor must file a motion for a 

preliminary injunction no earlier than the date of filing of its motion to intervene and no 

later than 30 days after the date of service of the order granting intervention, or at such 

later time, but only for good cause shown.” USCIT Rule 56.2(a). Read together, the 

sentences provide the respective deadlines that govern plaintiffs’ and plaintiffintervenors’ motions for injunctive relief: generally speaking, plaintiffs must seek 

injunctive relief within 30 days of service of the complaint, and plaintiff-intervenors must 

seek injunctive relief within 30 days of the order granting intervention. The sentence 

relied on by Defendant is not intended to limit the scope of injunctive relief a court may 

grant. Indeed, denying injunctive relief would, in effect, provide intervenors “with a 

statutory right to participate in the litigation” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2631(j)6 “without 

 

6 Section 2631(j) provides, with exceptions not relevant here, that “[a]ny person who 

would be adversely affected or aggrieved by a decision in a civil action pending in the 

Court of International Trade may, by leave of court, intervene in such action.” 28 U.S.C. 

§ 2631(j).
Consol. Court No. 17-00146 Page 7 

any chance for relief.” Fine Furniture, 195 F. Supp. 3d at 1330 (quoting Tianjin Wanhua 

Co., Ltd. v. United States, 38 CIT ___, ___, 11 F. Supp. 3d 1286 (2014)).7

The court further finds that Plaintiff-Intervenors have satisfied the requirements 

for a preliminary injunction. “In reviewing the factors, the court employs a ‘sliding scale.’ 

Consequently, the factors do not necessarily carry equal weight. The crucial factor is 

irreparable injury.” Belgium v. United States, 452 F.3d 1289, 1293 (Fed. Cir. 2006)

(citation omitted). Plaintiff-Intervenors will suffer irreparable harm absent injunctive 

relief because liquidation of their entries would bar them from obtaining the benefits of a 

favorable outcome to the litigation, i.e., a refund of any overpayment of anti-dumping 

duties. Winter, 555 U.S. at 24; Mot. at 3-4. The court has determined that QTF has 

demonstrated a sufficient likelihood of success on the merits, see Order (July 11, 2017), 

ECF No. 11, and because Plaintiff-Intervenors’ likelihood of success on the merits is 

tied to that of QTF’s, the court finds that this requirement is satisfied, see Fine Furniture, 

 

7 The sentence in Rule 56.2(a) permitting injunctive relief by intervenors begins with the 

words “Notwithstanding the first sentence of this paragraph, an intervenor must file a 

motion for a preliminary injunction . . . .” USCIT Rule 56.2(a) (emphasis added). In the 

current version of the court’s rules, the first sentence states that “[a]ny motion to 

intervene as of right must be filed within the time and in the manner prescribed by Rule 

24.” Id. However, when the section of the rule governing intervention and motions for 

injunctive relief by intervenors first went into effect in 1995, the current first sentence 

regarding motions to intervene pursuant to Rule 24 was set off in a preceding 

paragraph, such that the first sentence related to motions for preliminary injunction by 

parties to the action (i.e., the current second sentence was, in 1995, the first sentence). 

See USCIT Rule 56.2(a) (effective Jan. 1, 1995). It thus appears to the court that the 

phrase “[n]ot withstanding the first sentence of this paragraph” in the current rule 

version should be construed as “notwithstanding the second sentence of this 

paragraph.” Construing the rule in this way adds further support to the court’s finding 

that injunctive relief is not limited to entries that are the “subject of the action.”
Consol. Court No. 17-00146 Page 8 

195 F. Supp. 3d at 1333; Mot. at 5. The balance of equities favors Plaintiff-Intervenors 

because they will suffer irreparable harm without injunctive relief and Defendant will 

suffer no apparent hardship from the grant of injunctive relief. Winter, 555 U.S. at 24; 

Mot. at 4-5. Finally, the public interest is served by the grant of injunctive relief. See

SKF USA, 28 CIT at 176, 316 F. Supp. 2d at 1329 (“As for the public interest, there can 

be no doubt that it is best served by ensuring that [Commerce] complies with the law, 

and interprets and applies our international trade statutes uniformly and fairly.”) (citation 

omitted).

CONCLUSION AND ORDER

Accordingly, upon consideration of Plaintiff-Intervenors’ partial consent motion for 

a preliminary injunction, and Defendant’s opposition thereto, it is hereby

ORDERED that Plaintiff-Intervenors’ partial consent motion for a preliminary 

injunction is GRANTED as to Shandong Jinxiang Zhengyang Import & Export Co., Ltd. 

and Jining Alpha Food Co., Ltd., and DENIED as to Shenzhen Xinboda Industrial Co., 

Ltd.; it is further

ORDERED that Defendant, United States, together with the delegates, officers,

agents, and employees of the International Trade Administration of the U.S. Department 

of Commerce and U.S. Customs and Border Protection, shall be, and hereby are, 

ENJOINED from making or permitting liquidation of any unliquidated entries of fresh 

garlic from the People’s Republic of China (Case No. A-570-831), which:

(1) were the subject of the administrative determination published as Fresh Garlic 

from the People’s Republic of China: Final Results and Partial Rescission of the 
Consol. Court No. 17-00146 Page 9 

21st Antidumping Duty Administrative Review: 2014-2015, 82 Fed. Reg. 27,230 

(June 14, 2017); 

(2) were exported to the United States by Shandong Jinxiang Zhengyang Import 

& Export Co., Ltd., or Jining Alpha Food Co., Ltd.; 

(3) were entered or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption between

November 1, 2014 – October 31, 2015; and

(4) remain unliquidated as of 5:00 p.m. on the day the Court enters this order on 

the docket in this case; and it is further

ORDERED that the entries covered by this injunction shall be liquidated in 

accordance with the final and conclusive court decision in this matter, including all 

appeals and remand proceedings. 

 /s/ Mark A. Barnett 

 Mark A. Barnett, Judge

Dated: September 7, 2017

New York, New York