No. 02-021 

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 

 

2003 MT 26 

STATE OF MONTANA, 

Plaintiff and Respondent, 

v. 

JUSTIN MICHAEL HOFFMAN, 

Defendant and Appellant. 

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District, 

In and For the County of Gallatin, Cause No. DC-01-35, 

Honorable Mark L. Guenther, Judge Presiding 

COUNSEL OF RECORD: 

For Appellant: 

R. Stan Peeler, Peeler Law Office, Bozeman, Montana 

For Respondent: 

Honorable Mike McGrath, Attorney General; Jennifer Anders, 

Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana 

Marty Lambert, County Attorney, Bozeman, Montana 

Submitted on Briefs: May 30, 2002 

 Decided: February 19, 2003 

Filed: 

__________________________________________ 

Clerk 
2 

Justice W. William Leaphart delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Justin Hoffman appeals from his conviction of aggravated assault in the Eighteenth 

Judicial District Court, Gallatin County. We affirm. 

¶2 The following issues are raised on appeal: 

¶3 (1) Whether the District Court erred when it denied Hoffman’s Motion to Suppress 

Defendant’s Statement; 

¶4 (2) Whether the District Court erred when it denied the admission of opinion 

testimony regarding Hoffman’s knowledge or purpose at the time of the charged offense; 

¶5 (3) Whether the District Court erred when it denied Hoffman’s request for a lesser 

included offense instruction regarding the offenses of criminal endangerment, negligent 

endangerment, and partner and family member assault; and 

¶6 (4) Whether, in moving for a new trial, Hoffman may impeach the verdict with a juror 

affidavit. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

¶7 On February 14, 2000, Logan Hoffman, the two and a half month old son of Justin and 

Crystal Hoffman, was admitted to the emergency room at Bozeman Deaconess Hospital. The 

baby was unresponsive, pale, and breathing irregularly. Doctors concluded that Logan had 

suffered a fractured skull and was bleeding inside his head and behind his retina. A CAT 

scan of the baby’s intracranial contents revealed at least one area of bleeding in his skull, 

causing swelling in his brain–an injury often associated with accidental or non-accidental 

trauma. Logan was transferred to the Primary Children’s Care Facility in Salt Lake City, 
3 

Utah, where his condition eventually stabilized. Doctors further examined Logan’s injuries, 

discovering that the blood in his skull was of two different ages, indicating that he had been 

injured on more than one occasion. This condition, in addition to secondary symptoms, such 

as hemorrhaging in Logan’s right eye, led doctors to surmise that he was the victim of shaken 

impact baby syndrome. 

¶8 Justin and Crystal were unable to provide a satisfactory explanation of the source of 

the injuries. They indicated that the hemorrhaging might have occurred when Logan was 

rocking in his swing, or when his head would knock against their chests as they picked him 

up. However, these suggestions were discounted in favor of the more plausible theory that 

Logan had been violently shaken by Justin or Crystal. 

¶9 Thus, treating the situation as a possible child abuse case, Bozeman police began 

investigating. On February 15, 2001, Detective Mark Johnson interviewed Justin Hoffman, 

at which time, Hoffman also consented to a search of his apartment. There, police observed 

two holes in a sheetrock wall, positioned in such a way as to suggest that Hoffman had 

punched the holes with his fist. During the interview with Detective Johnson, Hoffman 

admitted to shaking his son on two occasions between February 3 and February 14, 2001. 

After receiving a Miranda warning and waiving his rights, Hoffman explained in detail how 

he had shaken Logan from side to side, causing the baby’s head to flop back and forth. 

Hoffman explained to Detective Johnson that the first shaking incident occurred several 

weeks earlier and that Logan soon became irascible, vomiting uncontrollably. Hoffman 

admitted that he had shaken Logan out of aggravation. 
4 

¶10 Following the February 15 interview, Hoffman was taken into custody. The following 

day he requested to speak again with Detective Johnson, at which time he attempted to retract 

his confession of the previous day. Hoffman discounted the theory offered by doctors that 

Logan’s injuries resulted from abuse, but he was unable to explain the severity of Logan’s 

injuries, or why the baby became unconscious on February 14. 

¶11 Hoffman was charged by information with aggravated assault, in violation of § 46-5-

202, MCA, and was tried in Bozeman. Before the trial, Hoffman moved to suppress the 

statements he had made to Detective Johnson. The District Court considered Hoffman’s 

request and the State’s response, and concluded that Hoffman knowingly and voluntarily 

waived his Miranda rights, and that the statements following the waiver were made 

voluntarily. 

¶12 Subsequently, the State moved to exclude psychiatric evidence regarding Hoffman’s 

mental state at the time he committed the charged offense. A month before the trial, Dr. Rich 

evaluated Hoffman at the request of Hoffman’s attorney. Dr. Rich concluded, in his report of 

the evaluation, that Hoffman had suffered emotional inadequacies, and was of low, average 

intelligence. He also indicated that Hoffman had experienced an unconscious impulse when 

he shook Logan, and that he could not have developed the requisite mental state to support an 

aggravated assault charge. The defense was prepared to offer this testimony to counter the 

State’s evidence that Hoffman acted with the requisite mental state. The District Court ruled 

on the State’s motion, concluding that although Dr. Rich could testify about Hoffman’s 
5 

general psychological condition, he would not be permitted to testify about Hoffman’s 

“knowledge” or “purpose,” as the requisite mental states associated with aggravated assault. 

¶13 During the settling of jury instructions, Hoffman proposed lesser included offense 

instructions on criminal endangerment, negligent endangerment, and partner and family 

member assault. The State objected to the instructions, and the court invited Hoffman to 

state his reasons for the request. In support of the instructions, Hoffman cited § 46-1-

202(8)(a), MCA, and § 46-1-202(8)(c), MCA, as two separate definitions of an included 

offense. However, he proceeded to argue under only subsection (c), which states that an 

included offense is an offense that “[d]iffers from the offense charged only in respect that a 

less serious injury or risk to the same person, property, or public interest or a lesser kind of 

culpability suffices to establish its commission.” The District Court concluded that criminal 

endangerment, negligent endangerment, and partner and family member assault are not lesser 

included offenses of aggravated assault under subsection (c), and denied Hoffman’s proposed 

instructions. 

¶14 Hoffman was convicted by a jury of aggravated assault, and was sentenced to twenty 

years imprisonment. Ten years of the sentence were suspended with conditions. Hoffman 

moved for a new trial following sentencing. The District Court denied the motion even 

though it had received a letter from a member of the jury, indicating that the jury would have 

convicted Hoffman of a lesser included offense if the court had provided a lesser included 

offense instruction. Hoffman now appeals his conviction. 

DISCUSSION 
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Issue One 

¶15 We first address the issue of whether the District Court erred when it denied 

Hoffman’s Motion to Suppress Defendant’s Statement. Hoffman argues that his first 

statement to Detective Johnson was involuntary and, therefore, suppressible. He adds that 

any references to this statement in the second and third statements should also be suppressed. 

 Hoffman contends that his first interview occurred while he was suffering from the effects of 

limited sleep and a recent marijuana-induced stupor, and that Detective Johnson took 

advantage of Hoffman’s condition and forced the confession, which now stands as the 

subject of this appeal. Hoffman cites the transcript of the February 15 interview for 

examples of what he now characterizes as a sort of psychological coercion by the detective. 

In response, the State notes that Hoffman was advised of, and waived, his Miranda rights. 

The State also relies on the testimony of its expert witness that Hoffman’s cognitive 

functioning was not dramatically impaired by marijuana or his lack of sleep. The State 

concludes that based on a review of the totality of the circumstances, the District Court 

appropriately determined that Hoffman’s confession was voluntary. 

¶16 A defendant may move to suppress an admission or confession on grounds that it was 

given involuntarily. See § 46-13-301(1), MCA. At trial, the prosecution must prove by a 

preponderance of the evidence that the confession or admission was voluntary. See § 46-13-

301(2), MCA. On appeal, we review a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress to 

determine whether the court’s findings of fact are clearly erroneous, and whether those 
7 

findings were correctly applied as a matter of law. State v. Hayworth, 1998 MT 158, ¶ 20, 

289 Mont. 433, ¶ 20, 964 P.2d 1, ¶ 20. 

¶17 A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it is not supported by substantial evidence, if 

the trial court misapprehended the effect of the evidence, or if this Court has a definite or 

firm conviction that the trial court committed a mistake. State v. Loh (1996), 275 Mont. 460, 

475, 914 P.2d 592, 601; State v. Hermes (1995), 273 Mont. 446, 449, 904 P.2d 587, 589; 

State v. Bower (1992), 254 Mont. 1, 7, 833 P.2d 1106, 1110. Substantial evidence requires 

“more than a mere scintilla of evidence, but may be less than a preponderance of the 

evidence.” Gypsy Highview Gathering System, Inc. v. Stokes (1986), 221 Mont. 11, 15, 716 

P.2d 620, 623. Where a determination of voluntariness depends upon the credibility of 

witnesses, this Court must defer to the trial court which is in a superior position to judge the 

credibility of those witnesses. State v. Beach (1985), 217 Mont. 132, 151-52, 705 P.2d 94, 

106. 

¶18 Use of an involuntary confession against a criminal defendant violates the guarantee 

against self-incrimination as well as the right to due process of law. State v. Davison (1980), 

188 Mont. 432, 437, 614 P.2d 489, 492 (overruled on other grounds by State v. Montoya, 

1999 MT 180, ¶ 15, 295 Mont. 288, ¶ 15, 983 P.2d 937, ¶ 15). In determining the 

voluntariness of a confession, the emphasis is on whether the confession was the product of 

free choice or compulsion. Davison, 188 Mont. at 437, 614 P.2d at 492. This inquiry is a 

factual question which must take into account the totality of the circumstances. Loh, 275 

Mont. at 475, 914 P.2d at 601. 
8 

¶19 When considering the totality of the circumstances, courts have consistently focused 

on a number of particularly relevant factors. These include the defendant’s age and level of 

education, whether the defendant was advised of his or her Miranda rights, the defendant’s 

prior experience with the criminal justice system and police interrogation, the defendant’s 

background and experience, the defendant’s demeanor, coherence, articulateness, and 

capacity to make full use of his or her faculties, and the length and method of an interrogation. Loh, 275 Mont. at 475-76, 914 P.2d at 601-02. In addition, a confession or admission 

extracted by any sort of threat or violence, by the exertion of any improper influence, or by 

any direct or implied promises, however slight, has the potential for being involuntary. Loh, 

275 Mont. at 476, 914 P.2d at 602 (citing State v. Phelps (1985), 215 Mont. 217, 224, 696 

P.2d 447, 451). 

¶20 These factors, when applied in the present case, support the District Court’s finding 

that Hoffman’s confession was voluntary. The record does not suggest that Hoffman’s age 

and level of education influenced the voluntariness of his confession. Hoffman was twentyone years old when the Bozeman police questioned him about his son’s injuries. Hoffman’s 

psychological evaluations indicate that his understanding of social situations and social 

judgment is adequate, that he is well oriented and able to concentrate, and that he 

demonstrates average remote memory functions. Hoffman asserts that he was unable to 

understand his Miranda rights because he is of low, average intelligence and has completed 

only six years of formal education. However, we upheld the admissibility of a confession 

under similar circumstances in State v. Campbell (1996), 278 Mont. 236, 924 P.2d 1304. In 
9 

that case, the defendant was twenty-two years old; and although he had graduated from high 

school, his I.Q. was well below the normal range. Campbell, 278 Mont. at 241, 924 P.2d at 

1308. We noted that the defendant appeared to understand his rights, and was able to 

converse coherently with the interviewing officer. Campbell, 278 Mont. at 243, 924 P.2d at 

1309. Likewise, nothing in the transcript of Hoffman’s February 15 interview suggests that 

his youth, or lack of education interfered with his ability to converse with Detective Johnson. 

¶21 The record also demonstrates that Hoffman had prior experience with the criminal 

justice system and police interrogation. Before the 2001 conviction, he was arrested once in 

California for vandalism or malicious mischief, and twice in Montana for possession of 

alcohol, both misdemeanors. Similarly, in State v. Hill, 2000 MT 308, 302 Mont. 415, 14 

P.3d 1237, we concluded that although the defendant’s exposure to the criminal justice 

system was limited to a prior misdemeanor conviction, such exposure constituted sufficient 

prior experience. Hill, ¶¶ 47, 48. Hoffman’s psychological evaluations support the 

conclusion that he was familiar with the criminal process. Dr. Joseph Rich noted that 

Hoffman could identify and describe the participants in the legal process, and was aware of 

the nature of the charges against him, as well as his available defenses. 

¶22 The record also demonstrates that the length and method of the February interviews 

were not extraordinary. In State v. Allies (1979), 186 Mont. 99, 606 P.2d 1043, we 

determined that the use of a “good cop, bad cop” strategy for questioning a defendant may 

amount to psychological coercion. Allies, 186 Mont. at 113-14, 606 P.2d at 1050-51. 

However, the present case does not present an Allies scenario. Taken together, Hoffman’s 
10 

interviews lasted no more than three hours. Though the police initiated the first interview, 

the second and third interviews were, in fact, requested by Hoffman. The interviews were 

conducted by only one officer, Detective Johnson, thus eliminating the potential for crossquestioning tactics. Hoffman cites the transcript of the February 15 interviews for examples 

of purportedly coercive questioning, the intensity of which, he believes, rendered his 

confession involuntary. However, Johnson’s questions and Hoffman’s answers do not 

indicate that Hoffman was subjected to the sort of treatment that occurred in Allies, or that he 

was lied to or threatened at any time. 

¶23 Of paramount significance is Hoffman’s concession–in his motion to the District 

Court, and now on appeal–that he received Miranda warnings from Detective Johnson, and 

that he waived those rights before making the statement he now seeks to suppress. The 

presence of timely and complete Miranda warnings supports a finding of voluntariness. 

Beach, 217 Mont. at 152, 705 P.2d at 106. Hoffman willingly agreed to be questioned by 

Detective Johnson. The sessions began only after Hoffman had signed a written waiver of 

his rights. Detective Johnson informed Hoffman that he could invoke the Fifth Amendment 

at any time. However, Hoffman never attempted to discontinue the interviews, and 

continuously offered forthright answers to Johnson’s inquiries. 

¶24 While Hoffman admits that he received a Miranda warning and waived his rights, he 

argues that his general psychological malaise, allegedly brought on by the effects of 

marijuana and sleep deprivation, coupled with his preoccupation with the condition of his 

son, who was being treated at a Salt Lake City hospital, affected his ability to comprehend 
11 

the Miranda warnings given by Detective Johnson. On this basis, Hoffman concludes that 

his waiver was involuntary. Hoffman relies on the report of his psychological examination, 

in which Dr. James Murphey identified a possible scenario in which Hoffman’s alleged use 

of marijuana and lack of sleep could have impeded his cognitive abilities during the 

interview with Detective Johnson. 

¶25 Questions concerning the effects of drugs or alcohol on a suspect’s ability to 

voluntarily confess are regularly addressed by the federal circuit courts of appeals. In United 

States v. Banks (9th Cir. 2001), 282 F.3d 699, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals articulated 

the general rule that “[a] confession made in a drug or alcohol induced state . . . may be 

deemed voluntary if it remains ‘the product of rational intellect and a free will’ . . . .” Banks, 

282 F.3d at 706 (citing Medeiros v. Shimoda (9th Cir. 1989), 889 F.2d 819, 823). The 

defendant in Banks argued that his statements to police were involuntary because he was 

under the influence of several intoxicants at the time of his interrogation. The circuit court 

rejected this argument, noting first that Banks offered no evidence, other than his own 

admission, that he had taken drugs or alcohol prior to the interrogation. The court also 

observed that even if the defendant had taken drugs or alcohol, the record demonstrated that 

the defendant was “calm and able to reason” and “able to understand the circumstances, 

follow instructions, and answer questions.” Banks, 282 F.3d at 706. 

¶26 Similarly, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals held, in United States v. Casal (8th Cir. 

1990), 915 F.2d 1225, that “[i]ntoxication and fatigue do not automatically render a 

confession involuntary . . . .” Casal, 915 F.2d at 1229. Consistent with the rule articulated in 
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Banks, the Eighth Circuit Court concluded that the trial court did not commit reversible error 

when it upheld a confession of a defendant who had not slept for five days prior to being 

interrogated, but was able to intelligibly converse with police. Casal, 915 F.2d at 1229. 

¶27 Applying this analysis in the present case, we conclude that Hoffman has not 

established that he was so overcome by the effects of marijuana or a lack of sleep that he was 

unable to comprehend his circumstances or understand the Miranda warnings proffered by 

Detective Johnson. Hoffman, like Banks, provided no evidence, other than his own 

admission, that he had taken drugs. Furthermore, the transcript of Hoffman’s February 15 

interview indicates that he was coherent enough to deny wrongdoing when asked about his 

treatment of Logan, and evade the more subtle, yet potentially damaging questions. During 

an August 10, 2001, hearing on Hoffman’s motion to suppress, Detective Johnson testified 

that during the interrogation, Hoffman was calm and appeared to follow the questions. Based 

on Johnson’s testimony, the District Court concluded that Hoffman’s behavior was not so 

extraordinary as to warrant suspicion that he had used drugs. 

¶28 The District Court also relied on the testimony of the State’s witness, Dr. William 

Stratford, that “the demeanor of the defendant in that initial interview as determined from 

review of the transcript, did not appear to have any material effect . . . upon the ‘defendant’s 

ability to track’.” Even on appeal, Hoffman is unable to point to specific times during the 

interrogation when marijuana or a lack of sleep influenced his statements. He offers only the 

bald assertion that due to his condition, the confession was involuntary. However, as Banks

indicates, the mere presence of such a condition will not render a confession per se 
13 

involuntary. In fact, as we have explained, Hoffman understood his circumstances and was 

able to reason, follow instructions, and answer questions. 

¶29 Therefore, we conclude that there exists substantial credible evidence in the record to 

support the District Court’s finding that Hoffman’s confession was made voluntarily. The 

District Court correctly denied Hoffman’s motion to suppress the statement. 

Issue Two 

¶30 We next address the issue of whether the District Court erred when it refused to admit 

opinion testimony regarding Hoffman’s mental state at the time he committed the offense of 

aggravated assault. Hoffman argues that the District Court should have allowed expert 

testimony that he did not act purposely or knowingly when he injured Logan. Hoffman cites 

Rules 702 and 704, M.R.Evid., for the proposition that an expert may testify about an 

ultimate issue at trial. He concludes that by precluding opinion testimony regarding his 

mental state, the District Court denied him due process of law. In response, the State argues 

that Rules 702 and 704, M.R.Evid., are trumped by the statutory prohibition against expert 

testimony regarding a defendant’s mental state at the time he or she committed an offense. 

See § 46-14-213(2), MCA. According to the State, the District Court appropriately 

determined that expert testimony regarding Hoffman’s state of mind at the time he committed 

the offense of aggravated assault was inadmissible. 

¶31 We review a trial court’s evidentiary ruling for abuse of discretion. See Evert v. 

Swick, 2000 MT 191, ¶ 11, 300 Mont. 427, ¶ 11, 8 P.3d 773, ¶ 11. The trial court has broad 

discretion to determine whether or not evidence is relevant and admissible, and absent a 
14 

showing of abuse of discretion, the trial court’s determination will not be overturned. See 

State v. Gollehon (1993), 262 Mont. 293, 301, 864 P.2d 1257, 1263; State v. Crist (1992), 

253 Mont. 442, 445, 833 P.2d 1052, 1054. 

¶32 Section 46-14-213(2), MCA, provides: 

When a psychiatrist [or] licensed clinical psychologist . . . who has 

examined the defendant testifies concerning the defendant’s mental condition, 

the psychiatrist [or] licensed clinical psychologist . . . may make a statement as 

to the nature of the examination and the medical or psychological diagnosis of 

the mental condition of the defendant. The expert may make any explanation 

reasonably serving to clarify the expert’s examination and diagnosis, and the 

expert may be cross-examined as to any matter bearing on the expert’s 

competency or credibility or the validity of the expert’s examination or 

medical or psychological diagnosis. A psychiatrist [or] licensed clinical 

psychologist . . . may not offer an opinion to the jury on the ultimate issue of 

whether the defendant did or did not have a particular state of mind that is an 

element of the offense charged. [Emphasis added.] 

¶33 In State v. Santos (1995), 273 Mont. 125, 902 P.2d 510, we considered, at length, the 

scope of § 46-14-213(2), MCA, concluding that “what the statute prohibits are expert 

opinions on the ultimate issue of whether the defendant actually possessed the requisite 

mental state at the time the offense was committed.” Santos, 273 Mont. at 135, 902 P.2d at 

516. We declined to construe § 46-14-213(2), MCA, any broader, and noted that the statute 

did not bar expert opinions regarding a defendant’s mental capacity. See Santos, 273 Mont. 

at 135, 902 P.2d at 516. 

¶34 Granting the State’s motion in limine to preclude Dr. Rich’s testimony regarding 

Hoffman’s state of mind, the District Court offered the following remarks: 

I’m not going to permit Dr. Rich, or any of the other doctors, to express 

an ultimate opinion as to Mr. Hoffman’s intent. I’m going to permit the 
15 

experts to testify in their opinion as to his capabilities of understanding, 

formulating, but I’m not going to permit them to reach that ultimate question. 

I believe that’s a matter that the jury is going to have to decide and they can 

benefit from the testimony of all the witnesses who have testified in this matter 

in reaching a conclusion. 

From Hoffman’s response to the State’s motion, it is clear that he intended to glean from 

Doctors Rich and Murphey, testimony that he was unable to control himself when he 

committed the offense of aggravated assault against his son, and that he did not act purposely 

or knowingly. 

¶35 When weighed against the language of § 46-14-213(2), MCA, as well as our 

interpretation of the statute in Santos, Hoffman’s reliance on Rule 704, M.R.Evid., is 

unpersuasive. Rule 704 provides that “[t]estimony in the form of an opinion or inference 

otherwise admissible is not objectionable because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided 

by a trier of fact.” Rule 704, M.R.Evid. Rule 704 applies only to evidence that is “otherwise 

admissible.” Rule 704, M.R.Evid. The rule does not benefit Hoffman since expert testimony 

regarding a defendant’s state of mind at the time an offense is committed is inadmissable 

under § 46-14-213(2), MCA, and, therefore, is not evidence that would otherwise be 

admissible for purposes of Rule 704. 

¶36 Hoffman also cites State v. Fish (1980), 190 Mont. 461, 621 P.2d 1072, in which we 

held that the District Court’s exclusion of expert testimony regarding a defendant’s mental 

state at the time the offense was committed was reversible error. See Fish, 190 Mont. at 473, 

621 P.2d at 1079. In support of this conclusion, we observed that the “identification and 

description of a particular defendant’s mental state, at a certain point in time, as effected [sic] 
16 

by surrounding circumstances” exceeds the scope of a jury’s collective knowledge and 

expertise. Fish, 190 Mont. at 473, 621 P.2d at 1079. 

¶37 Fish was decided in 1980, eleven years before the Montana legislature amended § 46-

14-213(2), MCA, to include the current prohibition against expert testimony regarding a 

defendant’s state of mind. The 1979 version of the statute permitted the use of expert 

testimony to establish or refute a defendant’s mental state at the time of an offense. 

However, Hoffman’s situation is controlled by the present language of § 46-14-213(2), 

MCA, which proscribes such testimony. Accordingly, we conclude that the District Court 

did not abuse its discretion when it refused to admit opinion testimony regarding Hoffman’s 

mental state at the time he committed the offense of aggravated assault. 

Issue Three 

¶38 We next address the issue of whether the District Court erred when it denied 

Hoffman’s request for a lesser included offense instruction on the offenses of criminal 

endangerment, negligent endangerment, and partner and family member assault. The statute 

defining included offenses is § 46-1-202(8), MCA, and the relevant portions of that statute 

are subsections (a) and (c), each offering alternate definitions of an included offense. 

Subsection (a) defines an included offense as one that “is established by proof of the same or 

less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged.” Section 

46-1-202(8)(a), MCA. In contrast, subsection (c) provides that an included offense is one 

that “differs from the offense charged only in the respect that . . . a lesser kind of culpability 

suffices to establish its commission.” Section 46-1-202(8)(c), MCA. 
17 

¶39 During the settling of jury instructions, the State objected to Hoffman’s proposed jury 

instructions, which set forth as lesser included offenses of aggravated assault, the offenses of 

criminal and negligent endangerment and partner and family member assault. Hoffman was 

given an opportunity to respond and otherwise present to the District Court any authority in 

support of the proposed instructions. In his dissent, Justice Trieweiler points out that, in 

arguing for the instructions, Hoffman referenced both subsections (a) and (c) of § 46-1-

202(8), MCA. We note, however, that, although Hoffman’s counsel made prefatory 

reference to subsection (a), the substance of his argument focused entirely on subsection (c). 

Hoffman’s counsel argued as follows: 

Yes, Your Honor. Of course, we rely upon 46-1-202, subsection 8, 

wherein “‘Included offense’ means an offense that: is established by proof of 

the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the 

offense charged;” or it can be where it, “differs from the offense charged only 

in the respect that . . . a lesser kind of culpability suffices to establish its 

commission.” 

In this case, the charge is aggravated assault and we have proffered in 

the instructions criminal endangerment, negligent endangerment and family 

member assault. Criminal endangerment, we believe, falls under a “lesser kind 

of culpability suffices to establish its commission.” And also, negligent 

endangerment would fall under that same category. [Emphasis added.] 

¶40 Counsel’s argument that criminal endangerment constitutes a “lesser kind of 

culpability” focuses solely on subsection (c). He presents no argument based upon 

subsection (a). 

¶41 The dissent suggests that requiring a defendant to cite to a specific subsection of the 

statute places an unnecessary and unreasonable burden on trial counsel. Where, as here, the 
18 

subsections of § 46-1-202(8), MCA, set forth three separate and distinct definitions of 

“included offense” and there is precedent (State v. Fisch (1994), 266 Mont. 520, 881 P.2d 

627) that negligent endangerment is not a lesser included offense of aggravated assault under 

subsection (8)(c), it was incumbent upon counsel to specify which subsection he was relying 

on. Here, Hoffman, without attempting to distinguish or challenge the holding in Fisch, 

clearly relied on subsection (c). The District Court naturally looked to the Fisch decision in 

resolving the issue. 

¶42 The District Court rejected Hoffman’s argument and denied the proposed instructions, 

citing State v. Fisch (1994), 266 Mont. 520, 524, 881 P.2d 626, 629, for the general rule that 

an offense is not a lesser included offense under subsection (c) if it requires proof of both a 

lesser mental state and a lesser degree of harm than the charged offense. The defendant, in 

Fisch, argued that he was entitled to a jury instruction on negligent endangerment which 

carries a lesser mental state and lesser degree of harm than the charged offense of aggravated 

assault. We rejected the defendant’s theory, and determined that subsection (c) applies when 

no more than one element of an included offense differs from the charged offense. See 

Fisch, 266 Mont. at 524, 882 P.2d at 629. Applying this analysis, the District Court, in the 

present case, concluded that criminal endangerment, negligent endangerment, and partner 

and family member assault are too dissimilar from the offense of aggravated assault to 

warrant a lesser included offense instruction under § 46-1-202(8)(c), MCA. Although Justice 

Trieweiler in his dissent states that he believes the Court, in State v. Fisch, incorrectly 
19 

interpreted § 46-1-202(8)(c), MCA, Hoffman has not, either in the District Court or in this 

appeal, taken issue with the holding in Fisch. 

¶43 On appeal, Hoffman argues that the District Court’s decision was based on an 

incomplete application of § 46-1-202(8), MCA. According to Hoffman, a determination of 

whether a particular offense is an included offense requires an analysis of that offense under 

each of the three definitions contained in the statute. Hoffman concludes that under 

subsection (a) of the statute, criminal endangerment, negligent endangerment, and partner 

and family member assault are lesser included offenses of aggravated assault, and that the 

District Court’s failure to consider subsection (a) as a basis for instructing the jury on each of 

these offenses, affected his “substantial rights.” In response, the State argues that Hoffman 

declined to present this theory to the District Court, thereby failing to preserve the issue for 

appeal. According to the State, Hoffman relied only on subsection (c) of § 46-1-202(8), 

MCA, in support of his request for a lesser included offense instruction, effectively limiting 

his appeal to the parameters of that argument. 

¶44 In the past, this Court has been reluctant to consider arguments made in support of 

jury instructions when those arguments were raised for the first time on appeal. Applying 

this general rule in Fisch, 266 Mont. at 524, 881 P.2d at 629, we declined to consider a 

defendant’s argument under § 46-1-202(8)(a), MCA, on grounds that the defendant presented 

the argument for the first time on appeal. The defendant, in Fisch, appealed the trial court’s 

denial of his lesser included offense instruction, arguing that the instruction was appropriate 

under both subsection (c) and subsection (a) of § 46-1-202(8), MCA. Fisch, 266 Mont. at 
20 

524, 881 P.2d at 629. We noted that, during trial, the defendant had relied solely on 

subsection (c). Stating that “[i]t is axiomatic that a party may not change the theory on 

appeal from that advanced in the district court,” we concluded that the defendant’s reliance 

on subsection (a) on appeal was improper Fisch, 266 Mont. at 524, 881 P.2d at 629. Fisch

governs the present case, in which Hoffman did not make his subsection (a) argument to the 

District Court and, accordingly, failed to preserve it for appeal. Although Hoffman argued to 

the District Court that subsection (c) presented the appropriate avenue for determining 

whether criminal and negligent endangerment are lesser included offenses of aggravated 

assault, he did not raise that argument on appeal, and we decline to address it here. 

¶45 Hoffman also argues that the District Court erred when it determined that partner and 

family member assault is not a lesser included offense of aggravated assault under subsection 

(c). He contends that the two offenses differ only with respect to the degree of bodily injury 

required by each. He notes that aggravated assault involves serious bodily injury while 

partner and family member assault involves only bodily injury. On this basis, Hoffman 

concludes that the District Court should have allowed the lesser included offense instruction 

on partner and family member assault. 

¶46 We reject Hoffman’s argument for two reasons. First, Hoffman has not demonstrated 

that Logan’s injuries were so insubstantial as to warrant a “bodily injury” classification. 

“Serious bodily injury” is defined as an injury that “creates a substantial risk of death; causes 

serious permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function or process 

of a bodily member or organ; or at the time of the injury, can reasonably be expected to result 
21 

in serious permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function or 

process of a bodily member or organ.” Section 45-2-101(65), MCA. According to Logan’s 

doctors, although the long-term effects of his head injury are not immediately ascertainable, 

he undoubtedly was exposed to a substantial risk of death as a result of the damage to his 

brain. During trial, Hoffman declined to offer testimony to rebut these conclusions, or 

otherwise show that Logan’s injury was not serious. 

¶47 We also note that § 46-1-202(8)(c), MCA, does not support a conclusion that partner 

and family member assault is a lesser included offense of aggravated assault. Partner and 

family member assault requires proof that the victim was a family member, an element not 

included in aggravated assault. Accordingly, subsection (c), which defines a lesser included 

offense as one that “differs from the offense charged only in the respect that . . . a lesser kind 

of culpability suffices to establish its commission” does not apply. Therefore, we conclude 

that the District Court did not err when it denied Hoffman’s request for a lesser included 

offense instruction. 

Issue Four 

¶48 Finally, we address the issue of whether Hoffman may impeach his guilty verdict with 

a juror affidavit in an attempt to obtain a new trial. Hoffman argues that the jury reached a 

verdict of guilty because the only alternative was to acquit. He cites a letter written by a 

member of the jury, Ms. Thornburg, to the District Court, indicating that the jury would have 

convicted Hoffman of a lesser offense if the members had received a lesser included offense 

instruction. Thornburg stated, in her letter, that she initially wanted to acquit Hoffman but 
22 

found him guilty only to avoid a hung jury. Hoffman contends that in light of Thornburg’s 

statement, the guilty verdict was not unanimous, resulting in a denial of due process. On this 

basis, he concludes that the District Court should have granted his motion for a new trial. 

The State responds by noting that Rule 606(b), M.R.Evid., precludes the use of Thornburg’s 

letter to impeach the verdict, and that the District Court properly exercised its discretion in 

denying Hoffman a new trial. 

¶49 We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion. 

See Hando v. PPG Industries, Inc. (1995), 272 Mont. 146, 149, 900 P.2d 281, 283. A new 

trial is not warranted unless the defendant can show that he or she was “deprived of a fair and 

impartial trial.” State v. McNatt (1993), 257 Mont. 468, 471, 849 P.2d 1050, 1052. 

¶50 Rule 606(b), M.R.Evid., provides: 

Upon an inquiry into the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may 

not testify as to any matter or statement occurring during the course of the 

jury’s deliberations or to the effect of anything upon that or any other juror’s 

mind or emotions as influencing the juror to assent or dissent from the verdict 

or indictment or concerning the juror’s mental processes in connection 

therewith. Nor may a juror’s affidavit or evidence of any statement by the 

juror concerning a matter about which the juror would be precluded from 

testifying be received for these purposes. 

Three exceptions to this prohibition allow for the admission of juror testimony only if the 

evidence is used to determine whether the jury was influenced by extraneous, prejudicial 

information or any outside influence, or whether a particular juror has reached a specific 

determination as a result of chance. Rule 606(b), M.R.Evid. 

¶51 In Sandman v. Farmers Ins. Exchange, 1998 MT 286, ¶ 29, 291 Mont. 456, ¶ 29, 969 

P.2d 277, ¶ 29, we articulated the rationale underlying Rule 606(b), stating that, 
23 

[t]he rule is founded on public policy, and is for the purpose of preventing 

litigants or the public from invading the privacy of the jury room, either during 

deliberations of the jury or afterward . . . . [I]f after being discharged and 
24 

mingling with the public, jurors are permitted to impeach verdicts which they 

have rendered, it would open the door for tampering with jurors and would 

place it in the power of a dissatisfied or corrupt juror to destroy a verdict to 

which he had deliberately given his assent under sanction of an oath . . . . 

¶52 As the District Court determined, none of the exceptions to Rule 606(b) were 

applicable. Hoffman’s proposed use of Thornburg’s letter as evidence of the mental 

processes of the jurors is specifically prohibited. Therefore, we conclude that the District 

Court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Hoffman’s motion for a new trial. 

CONCLUSION 

¶53 In summary, we hold that the District Court did not err when it denied Hoffman’s 

motion to suppress and motion for a new trial. We further hold that the District Court 

properly denied admission of opinion testimony regarding Hoffman’s knowledge or purpose 

at the time of the charged offense. Finally, we hold that the District Court did not err when it 

denied Hoffman’s request for a lesser included offense instruction. For these reasons, we 

affirm Hoffman’s conviction. 

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART 

We concur: 

/S/ KARLA M. GRAY 

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON 

/S/ JIM REGNIER 

/S/ JIM RICE 
26 

Justice Terry N. Trieweiler dissenting. 

¶54 I dissent from the majority Opinion. I would reverse the 

judgment of the District Court for failure of the District Court to 

properly instruct the jury on lesser included offenses. 

¶55 Without regard to this Court's decision in State v. Fisch (1994), 

266 Mont. 520, 881 P.2d 626, which I believe incorrectly interpreted § 46-

1-202(8)(c), MCA, Hoffman was at least, in this case, entitled to an 

instruction that the jury could find him guilty of the lesser included 

offense of criminal endangerment in violation of § 45-5-207, MCA (1997). 

¶56 A person commits the offense of aggravated assault if that person 

"purposely or knowingly causes serious bodily injury to another." Section 

45-5-202, MCA. A person commits the offense of criminal endangerment if 

that person "knowingly engages in conduct that creates a substantial risk 

of death or serious bodily injury to another. . . ." Section 45-5-207, 

MCA. 

¶57 Section 46-1-202(9)(a), MCA, defines "included offense" as an 

offense that "is established by proof of the same or less than all the 

facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged. . . ." 

Subsection (9)(c) of the same statute defines "included offense" as an 

offense that "differs from the offense charged only in the respect that a 

less serious injury or risk to the same person . . . suffices to establish 

its commission." 

¶58 By either of the above definitions, criminal endangerment is 

a lesser included offense of aggravated assault because 1) it is 

proven by the same or less than all the facts required to prove 

aggravated assault (i.e., risk of injury rather than actual 
27 

injury); and 2) criminal endangerment differs from aggravated 

assault only in the sense that less serious injury or risk is 

required to establish its commission (i.e., risk of injury as 

opposed to actual injury). 

¶59 Section 46-16-607(2), MCA, provides as follows: 

A lesser included offense instruction must be given 

when there is a proper request by one of the parties 

and the jury, based on the evidence, could be warranted 

in finding the defendant guilty of a lesser included 

offense. 

¶60 The language of 46-16-607(2), MCA, is mandatory. In State 

v. Castle (1997), 285 Mont. 363, 948 P.2d 688, we held that: 

A defendant is therefore entitled to an instruction on 

a lesser included offense if any evidence exists in the 

record from which the jury could rationally find him 

guilty of the lesser offense and acquit of the greater. 

 Section 46-16-607(2), MCA; State v. Fisch (1994), 266 

Mont. 520, 522, 881 P.2d 626, 628. The purpose of this 

rule is to ensure reliability in the fact-finding 

process. It avoids the situation where the jury, 

convinced that the defendant is guilty of some crime, 

although not necessarily the crime charged, convicts 

the defendant rather than let his action go unpunished 

simply because the only alternative was acquittal. 

Castle, 285 Mont. at 367, 948 P.2d at 690. (Citation omitted.) 

¶61 Because Castle was denied a lesser included offense 

instruction which found support in the record, he was granted a 

new trial. For the same reason, Hoffman is also entitled to a 

new trial. Hoffman's counsel proposed a lesser included offense 

instruction, including the offense of criminal endangerment. 

That offense was supported by evidence in the record and the 

District Court was obligated by statutory and common law to give 

the instruction. 
28 

¶62 The majority Opinion acknowledges in ¶ 5 that the District 

Court's failure to give a criminal endangerment instruction is an 

issue on appeal and acknowledges in ¶ 13 that Hoffman proposed a 

lesser included offense instruction on criminal endangerment but 

then, inexplicably, fails to even discuss the failure to give the 

instruction in its Opinion. Furthermore, the majority's refusal 

to consider Hoffman's proposed instruction on negligent 

endangerment for failure to preserve that argument on appeal 

misstates Hoffman's obligation and misstates the actual record. 

¶63 We have previously stated in State v. Grimes, 1999 MT 145, 

295 Mont. 22, 982 P.2d 1037, what is necessary in order to 

preserve an issue regarding failure to give jury instructions for 

appeal. There we stated: 

When a party proposes a jury instruction and the trial 

court refuses to give the instruction, the court knows 

that there is an issue of law raised by the party 

seeking the instruction and, from the nature of the 

proposed instruction, knows the nature of the party's 

contentions. Therefore, we hold that when a party 

proposes an instruction which is rejected by the trial 

court, that party has made a sufficient objection for 

the purposes of § 46-16-410, MCA, and has no duty to 

make a further objection for the record. 

Grimes, ¶ 39. 

¶64 The suggestion by this Court in State v. Fisch that, in 

order to preserve an objection to a district court's refusal to 

give a proper instruction, a party must not only bring to the 

district court's attention the proper statutory authority for the 

instruction, but also the proper subsection of that statutory 

authority, places an unreasonable and unnecessary burden on trial 

counsel and reflects a detachment in this Court from the actual 
29 

realities of litigation. Giving this Court's renewed imprimatur 

to the unrealistic expectations of the Fisch opinion is wrong and 

simply an example of avoiding enforcement of the law by 

constantly increasing litigators' procedural obligations. 

¶65 Furthermore, even if this Court was going to enforce the 

unrealistic procedural requirements of State v. Fisch, Hoffman's 

counsel satisfied them when he stated in support of his proposed 

instructions on lesser included offenses that: 

Of course, we rely on 46-1-202, subsection 8, wherein 

included offense means an offense that is established 

by proof of the same or less than all the facts 

required to establish the commission of the offense 

charged, or it can be where it differs from the offense 

charged only in the respect that a lesser kind of 

culpability suffices to establish its commission. 

¶66 The italicized portion of counsel's argument obviously 

refers to § 46-1-201(8)(a), MCA. The remainder of his argument 

related to subparagraph (c). 

¶67 That fact having been pointed out to the majority, it now 

adds to its Opinion the unprecedented requirement that counsel 

not only bring to the court the proper statutory authority for 

his proposed instruction, but that he spend as much time arguing 

in support of that section as he does in support of equally 

applicable statutory authority. 

¶68 In other words, according to the majority, even though 

counsel preserved his objection to the court's failure to 

properly instruct the jury by proposing a proper instruction; and 

even though counsel took the additional unnecessary step of 

citing to the District Court the proper statutory authority for 
30 

his proposed instruction, the majority has in effect found that 

he waived his right to rely on the first authority by spending 

more time arguing distinct but equally applicable authority in 

the District Court. I have never seen a more result-oriented 

effort to affirm a criminal conviction. Nor, in the process, 

have I seen a more unreasonable burden placed on trial counsel. 

¶69 The inevitable result will simply be more convictions which 

disregard the law. That might make the County Attorneys 

Association happy for at least a day, but it is not consistent 

with this Court's responsibilities. 

¶70 The evidence in this case supported a criminal endangerment 

instruction. Hoffman's attorney offered the instruction and, 

although it should not have been required, brought to the Court's 

attention the correct statutory authority for the instruction. 

Hoffman's attorney appealed the District Court's refusal to 

instruct the jury that criminal endangerment is a lesser included 

offense and has again argued the appropriate authority for the 

instruction. This Court acknowledges the issue on appeal but 

refuses to even discuss it, misstates what is required of Hoffman 

to preserve the issue on appeal and then mischaracterizes the 

arguments actually made by Hoffman's counsel in the District 

Court. I know this Court is busy, but litigants deserve better. 

¶71 For these reasons, I dissent from the majority Opinion. 

/S/ TERRY N. TRIEWEILER 

Justice Patricia O. Cotter joins in the foregoing dissent. 

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER 
31