Notes

Wood stove 7.5 to 4.5 High Low median 2013 dollars 

Capital Costs

 R&D/Engineering costs

Market research, aesthetic design, initial 

prototype design/construction/testing, 

formulate design changes, modify/test 

prototype 45,500 19,000 32,250

adjust design/test until emission target is met 47,500 30,000 38,750

construct final prototypes, safety test check. 

Eng. Drawings/specs, patent application 27,000 17,000 22,000

confirm final prototype performance 0 0 0

 R&D/Engineering Total costs 120,000 66,000 93,000

 Tooling

Steel Stove 31,200 9,700 20,450

Cast Iron Stove 62,000 31,000 46,500

 Average tooling cost 46,600 20,350 33,475

Other Capital Cost components 14,000 6,000 10,000

HPBA costs for equipment and 

integration not included because 

these are considered duplicative 

of R&D costs, above

Total Capital Cost per model 180,600 92,350 136,475

Fixed Costs per model

 Certification

EPA testing, Confirmation safety testing or full 

safety testing, shipping of prototype 19,000 14,500 16,750

HBPA costs for personal at lab 

and travel expenses not accepted 

as independent third party testing 

costs

Owner's manual, labeling 3,500 1,800 2,650

 Roll-out 0 0 0

roll-out considered normal 

business operation and not due 

to NSPS

Total Fixed Capital Cost per model 22,500 16,300 19,400

Total Costs per Model 203,100 108,650 155,875

Annualized capital cost per model 28,917 15,469 22,193

annualized over 10 years at 7% 

interest 

Annual cost for development of 4 models 115,667 61,877 88,772

Adjustable Burn Rate 

Stoves/Pellet Stoves
Table 9. Average Annual Cost per Manufacturer & Nationwide Annual Costs during R&D re-design (2015-2020) and through model lifespan (2020-2029)

(Step 1 

compliance) 

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

(Step 2 

compliance) 

2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

2025 through 

2029

(Step 1 

compliance) 

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

(Step 2 

compliance) 

2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

2025 through 

2029

Wood Stoves (R&D)334 125 $60,378 $60,378 $60,378 $60,378 $60,378 $60,378 $60,378 $60,378 $60,378 $60,378 $0 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $0

$2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $2,052,861 $0

1 Nationwide Annual Cost assumes R&D investment is amortized over 10 years (2015 through 2024). The analysis extends to year 2029 (based on a model brought to market in 2020 with a lifespan of 10 years), but because woodstoves already incur certification and reporting & recordkeeping costs under the existing 1988 NSPS, no additional costs are modeled after the 10-year amortization period.

2

 For wood stoves, the analysis assumes that 26% meet Step 2 already so that 74% of the models will undergo re-design to meet the Step 2 level. 

Average Annual Cost per Manufacturer based on 10-year amortization period of R&D costs (2015-2024) to meet Step 2 limit and 10-year model life for stoves shipped in 

2020 (through 2029)1,2

# Manufacturers # Models

Nationwide Annual Costs1,2

AAA: Room Heaters 

(Wood Stoves only 

Sensitivity Analysis)

NSPS Subpart Appliance Type
SCC

Appliance 

Population Total Tons Burned Emission Inventory Category Pollutant

Baseline 

Emission 

factor 

(lb/ton)

Baseline 

Emissions 

(tons)

Baseline 

Tons/appl

2015 

Step 1 

Emission 

Factor

2104008220 1,303,142 1,226,184 Woodstove: fireplace inserts; EPA certified; non-catalytic Primary PM2.5 8.76 5,371 0.0041 8.76

2104008230 427,224 416,187 Woodstove: fireplace inserts; EPA certified; catalytic Primary PM2.5 9.72 2,023 0.0047 9.72

2104008320 873,357 1,540,026 Woodstove: freestanding, EPA certified, non-catalytic Primary PM2.5 8.76 6,745 0.0077 8.76

2104008330 374,154 775,602 Woodstove: freestanding, EPA certified, catalytic Primary PM2.5 9.72 3,769 0.0101 9.72

2104008400 846,931 1,175,337 Woodstove: pellet-fired, general Primary PM2.5 3.06 1,798 0.0021 3.06

2,206,470 4,668,250 Single Burn Rate Stoves Primary PM2.5 30.6 71,424 0.0324 8.76

2104008610 364,560 3,654,153 Hydronic heater: outdoor Primary PM2.5 64 116,933 0.3208 6.4

2104008510 351,023 2,624,115 Furnace: indoor, cordwood Primary PM2.5 64 83,972 0.2392 16

0.0060 Baseline woodstove weighted average (Tons/appl)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Wood Stoves 126,527 80,851 77,617 79,169 80,752 82,367 84,015 85,695 87,409

Single Burn Rate 

Stoves 40,000 25,560 24,538 25,028 25,529 26,039 26,560 27,091 27,633

Pellet Stoves 130,381 83,313 79,981 81,581 83,212 84,876 86,574 88,305 90,072

Furnace: indoor, 

cordwood 41,000 26,199 25,151 25,654 26,167 26,690 27,224 27,769 28,324

Hydronic Heating 

Systems 13,385 8,553 8,211 8,375 13,100 13,362 13,629 13,902 14,180

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Wood Stoves 563 360 345 352 359 367 374 381 389

Single Burn Rate 

Stoves 1,295 827 794 810 826 843 860 877 895

Pellet Stoves 277 177 170 173 177 180 184 187 191

Furnace: indoor, 

cordwood 9,808 6,267 6,017 6,137 6,260 6,385 6,513 6,643 6,776

Hydronic Heating 

Systems 4,293 2,743 2,634 2,686 4,202 4,286 4,372 4,459 4,548

Total 16,236 10,375 9,960 10,159 11,824 12,060 12,302 12,548 12,799

Table 4. Estimated Annual Shipped Units

Table 5. Estimated PM 2.5 Emissions (Tons) -- Baseline
Baseline PM2.5 

Emissions2 

(tons)

NSPS PM2.5 

Emissions2 

(tons)

Emission 

Reduction 

(tons)

CE based on 

nationwide 

average annual 

cost (per ton)

Baseline PM2.5 

Emissions (tons)

NSPS PM2.5 

Emissions (tons)

Emission 

Reduction 

(tons)6

2015 4$2,052,861 $1,368,574 381 381 0 N/A 381 381 0

2016 $2,052,861 $1,368,574 389 389 0 N/A 770 770 0

2017 $2,052,861 $1,368,574 397 397 0 N/A 1,167 1,167 0

2018 $2,052,861 $1,368,574 445 445 0 N/A 1,612 1,612 0

2019 $2,052,861 $1,368,574 454 454 0 N/A 2,066 2,066 0

2020 4$2,052,861 $1,368,574 463 259 204 $6,710 2,529 2,325 204

2021 $2,052,861 $1,368,574 472 264 208 $6,578 3,001 2,589 412

2022 $2,052,861 $1,368,574 482 269 212 $6,449 3,483 2,859 624

2023 $2,052,861 $1,368,574 491 275 216 $6,323 3,974 3,134 841

2024 $2,052,861 $1,368,574 501 280 221 $6,199 4,475 3,414 1,061

2025 $0 $1,368,574 511 286 225 $6,077 4,987 3,700 1,287

2026 $0 $1,368,574 521 292 230 $5,958 5,508 3,992 1,516

2027 $0 $1,368,574 532 298 234 $5,841 6,040 4,289 1,751

2028 $0 $1,368,574 542 303 239 $5,727 6,582 4,593 1,990

2029 $0 $1,368,574 553 310 244 $5,614 7,136 4,902 2,233

2030 7,136 4,902 2,233

2031 7,136 4,902 2,233

2032 7,136 4,902 2,233

2033 7,136 4,902 2,233

2034 7,136 4,902 2,233

2035 6,754 4,521 2,233

2036 6,365 4,132 2,233

2037 5,969 3,735 2,233

2038 5,524 3,290 2,233

2039 5,070 2,836 2,233

2040 4,607 2,577 2,029

2041 4,134 2,313 1,821

2042 3,653 2,043 1,609

2043 3,161 1,769 1,393

2044 2,660 1,488 1,172

2045 2,149 1,202 947

2046 1,628 911 717

2047 1,096 613 483

2048 553 310 244

$20,528,611 34,983 $587

3

 These heaters have in-home emitting lifespans of at least 20 years; thus wood stoves shipped in 2029 will be emitting through 2048.

4

 Estimated emissions assume Step 1 standard becomes effective in 2015 and Step 2 standard in 2020. For woodstoves, estimates assume that most models already meet the Step 1 limit 

and that manufacturers will certify and sell existing models meeting Step 1 standard during 2015 through 2019. Therefore no emission reductions are estimated until Step 2 in 2020.

5

 The nationwide cumulative cost represents the cost to manufacturers resulting from the R&D re-design to meet the NSPS assuming a 10-year model life. 

Cumulative Emission Reduction 

Nationwide cumulative cost over 20-year emitting lifespan 5 

Cost Effectiveness (CE) based on annual and cumulative PM2.5 emissions from Wood Stoves

Year 3

Nationwide 

Annual Cost1 

Nationwide 

Average 

Annual Cost 

Annual Snapshots Emission Reduction, cumulative per year

CE based on total 

cost & cumulative 

emission reduction 

over 20-year emitting 

lifespan (per ton)

1

 Estimated nationwide annual costs are in 2013 $ and are based on a 10-year amortization period of R&D costs at a 7% interest rate (during 2015-2020 ). Years 2030 through 2048 are 

past the 10-year model design lifespan used in this analysis.

2

 Except for an adjustment in year 2018 based on an industry projection (NERA), estimated annual emissions are based on a forecasted revenue growth rate (as a surrogate for shipments) 

of 2.0% from 2015 through 2029, in keeping with the average annual growth in real GDP predicted by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (May 2014 Update of Global Outlook projections; 

see http://www.conference-board.org/data/globaloutlook.cfm).