OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY 

AND POLLUTION PREVENTION 

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 

BIOPESTICIDES REGISTRATION ACTION DOCUMENT

(E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-yl Acetate 

PC Code 117242 

(E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-ol 

PC Code 117244 

 

SEX PHEROMONES OF THE DOGWOOD BORER 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

 Office of Pesticide Programs 

Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division 

August 23, 2011 

This document is for informational purposes only and is representative of the Agency’s justification in registering 

products containing this active ingredient. This is not a legal document. 
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Biopesticides Registration Action Document

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 4

II. ACTIVE INGREDIENT OVERVIEW .............................................................................. 6

III. REGULATORY BACKGROUND...................................................................................... 6

A. Classification ........................................................................................................................ 6

B. Food Clearance/Tolerances ................................................................................................. 6

IV. RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................... 7

A. Active Ingredient Characterization.................................................................................... 7

B. Human Health Assessment.................................................................................................. 7

1. Toxicology Assessment ................................................................................................................................. 7 

2. Dose Response Assessment .......................................................................................................................... 7 

3. Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Consideration ................................................................................ 8 

4. Occupational, Residential, School and Day Care Exposure and Risk Characterization ....................... 8 

5. Cumulative Effects ....................................................................................................................................... 8 

6. Risk Characterization .................................................................................................................................. 9

C. Environmental Assessment ................................................................................................. 9

1. Ecological Effects and Hazards Assessment ............................................................................................... 9 

2. Environmental Fate and Ground Water Data ........................................................................................... 9 

3. Ecological Exposure and Risk Characterization ....................................................................................... 9 

4. Endangered Species Assessment ................................................................................................................. 9

D. Product Performance Data (Efficacy) ................................................................................ 9

V. RISK MANAGEMENT DECISION ................................................................................. 10

A. Determination of Eligibility for Registration .................................................................. 10

B. Regulatory Decision ........................................................................................................... 10

C. Environmental Justice ....................................................................................................... 11

VI. ACTIONS REQUIRED BY REGISTRANTS.................................................................. 11

A. Reporting of Adverse Effects ............................................................................................ 11

B. Reporting of Hypersensitivity Incidents .......................................................................... 11

VII. APPENDIX A: References ................................................................................................. 12
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Biopesticides Registration Action Document

BIOPESTICIDES REGISTRATION ACTION DOCUMENT (BRAD) TEAM 

Office of Pesticide Programs: 

Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division 

Biochemical Pesticides Branch (BPB)

Gina Casciano Regulatory Action Leader

Linda Hollis Branch Chief 

Manying Xue Chemist 
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Biopesticides Registration Action Document

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

The new active ingredients (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol are 

technical grade synthetic Straight-Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones (SCLPs). These pheromones are 

structurally similar to, and mimic, naturally occurring pheromones produced by the female dogwood 

borer, Synanthedon scitula, to attract males for mating. These synthetic technical grade active 

ingredients (TGAIs), (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol, are 

intended to mitigate the effects of the dogwood borer by disrupting the normal mating cycle of this pest 

in pome fruit, stone fruit, and tree nut crops, and in ornamental nursery crops. The pesticide product 

formulated with these TGAIs will be dispensed in polymeric tubes. The product consists of two tubes 

fused together in a parallel fashion, one containing the end-use product formulation and the other 

containing a wire. The wire allows the entire dispenser to be twisted around the branches of a tree. The 

product will only be dispensed in this manner. The product will not be applied through any type of 

irritation system. The product will be applied in the spring before dogwood borer adult emergence. 

The dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula, is a documented pest of at least 19 species of fruit, nut, and 

ornamental trees in the eastern United States and Canada (Zhang et al., 2005). The larvae feed on the 

inner bark of live, healthy trees. The damaged area of the trunk or branch swells and eventually the bark 

will fall off; infested branches and limbs will die. Dogwood borers often will not kill the tree in the first 

year, but reinfestation in successive years will generally kill the tree. The end-use product (EP) 

ISOMATE® DWB, containing 5.46% and 0.27% of the active ingredients (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl 

acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol, respectively, is intended to disrupt the mating of the dogwood 

borer, therefore decreasing the number of larvae to feed on trees later that season.

SCLPs have been well characterized by the Agency since 1994 when the Agency issued a final rule 

establishing an exemption from the requirement of a tolerance for residues from the use of lepidopteran 

pheromones that are naturally occurring compounds, or identical or substantially similar synthetic 

compounds (40 CFR 180.1153). In addition, EPA’s regulations at 40 CFR 158.2050(a)(2) and 

158.2060(a)(2) exempt SCLP manufacturing-use products from human health and environmental 

toxicology data requirements. These data were waived based on the criteria presented in the OECD 

publication - Guidance for Registration Requirements for Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals Used 

for Pest Control (OCED, 2002; http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/regtools/index.htm). No 

risks to human health are expected from the use of lepidopteran pheromones based on demonstrated low 

toxicity in animal testing and expected low exposure to humans. Furthermore, adverse effects to nontarget organisms are not expected because pheromones are released in very small quantities in the 

environment and act on a select group of insects. Thus, given that these compounds present both low 

hazard and low exposure, the Agency has determined that, when used as directed, they present low risk 

to both humans and non-target organisms. 

This Biopesticides Registration Action Document (BRAD) serves as an additional chapter to be added to 

the original SCLP BRAD issued by the Agency in 2001 

(http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/biopesticides/ingredients/tech_docs/brad_129109.pdf). This chapter is 

specific to (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol, synthetic SCLPs of 

the female dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula. Product chemistry data requirements for the EP, 

ISOMATE® DWB, were satisfied by acceptable guideline studies. Data waiver rationale submitted to 

address human health and environmental toxicology data requirements for the EP is acceptable. 
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Biopesticides Registration Action Document

On October 1, 2009, EPA announced a new policy to provide a more meaningful opportunity for the 

public to participate in major registration decisions before they occur. According to this new policy, 

EPA intends to provide a public comment period prior to making a registration decision for, at 

minimum, the following types of applications: new active ingredients, first food use, first outdoor use, 

first residential use, or actions for which EPA anticipates significant public interest. 

Consistent with the new policy of making registration actions more transparent, (E,Z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol are subject to a 30-day comment period as 

“new active ingredients,” the registration of which would result in a “first outdoor use, first food use, 

and first residential use.” The intent of the 30-day comment period is to provide a more meaningful 

opportunity for the public to participate in major registration decisions before they occur. The notice for 

this comment period includes the draft BRAD and the draft product label for ISOMATE® DWB. The 

docket ID is EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0247. No comments were received in response to this notice. 

Therefore, the Agency is issuing the registrations for these active ingredients. The Agency believes that 

based on the risk assessment and information submitted in support of the registration of (E,Z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol, it is in the public interest to issue these 

registrations. The basis for this decision can be found in the risk assessment for (E,Z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol, which is characterized in this BRAD. 
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Biopesticides Registration Action Document

II. ACTIVE INGREDIENT OVERVIEW 

Common Name: 

Chemical Name: 

Trade & Other Names: 

CAS Registry Number: 

OPP Chemical Code: 

Type of Pesticide: 

(E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-

yl acetate 

 

(2E,13Z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-yl acetate 

Dogwood Borer 

Pheromone 

86252-65-5 

117242 

Mating disruptant for 

dogwood borer 

(E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-

ol 

(2E,13Z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-ol 

Dogwood Borer 

Pheromone 

123551-47-3 

117244 

Mating disruptant for 

dogwood borer 

III. REGULATORY BACKGROUND 

On February 10, 2011, Pacific Biocontrol Corporation submitted an application for registration of enduse product (EP) Isomate® DWB, containing the active ingredients (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate 

and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol, at 5.46% and 0.27%, respectively. A notice of receipt of the 

application for registration of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol as 

new active ingredients was published in the Federal Register on Wednesday, March 30, 2011 (76 FR 

17644), with a 30-day comment period. No comments were received in response to this publication. 

A. Classification 

(E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol are synthetic Straight-chain 

Lepidopteran Pheromones and are classified as biochemical pesticides. 

B. Food Clearance/Tolerances 

 SCLPs are exempt from the requirement of a tolerance in or on all raw agricultural commodities when 

applied to growing crops at a rate not to exceed 150 grams of active ingredient/acre/year and in 

accordance with good agricultural use practices, and in indoor post-harvest treatment in or on all stored 

food commodities when applied/used at a rate not to exceed 3.5 grams active ingredient (AI)/1,000 

square feet/year (equivalent of 150 grams AI/acre/year), in accordance with good agricultural use 

practices (40 CFR 180.1153). Pheromones are ubiquitous in the environment, and are not considered to 

be air pollutants. During the season when moths and/or butterflies appear, they normally emit 

pheromones and humans are naturally exposed to these pheromones without knowledge and without any 

adverse reactions. 
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IV. RISK ASSESSMENT 

A. Active Ingredient Characterization 

(E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol are technical grade synthetic 

straight-chain lepidopteran pheromones. These pheromones are structurally similar to, and mimic, 

naturally occurring pheromones produced by the female dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula, to attract 

males for mating. EPA reviewed the applicant’s data on the product formulation, production and 

packaging and determined that they all met current Agency standards. Acceptable results were provided 

regarding the preliminary analysis of five batches of the product. All required physical and chemical 

characteristics were adequately presented. 

B. Human Health Assessment 

1. Toxicology Assessment 

The end-use product ISOMATE® DWB has a low application rate (not to exceed 150 grams active 

ingredient/acre/year) and expected exposure to humans is low. Adequate information and scientific 

rationales to address all toxicity requirements for this product were submitted by the applicant. SCLP’s 

are exempt from the requirement of a tolerance (40 CFR 180.1153); therefore, dietary exposure is not a 

concern. Additionally, there will be no purposeful exposure to human skin, and inhalation exposure is 

negligible. In summary, no risk to human health is expected from the use of ISOMATE® DWB. 

2. Dose Response Assessment 

ISOMATE® DWB consists of two parallel polymeric tubes fused together, one containing the end-use 

product formulation and the other containing a wire. The wire allows the entire dispenser to be twisted 

around the branch of a tree. ISOMATE® DWB contains the active ingredients (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol at 5.46% and 0.27%, respectively. The product also 

contains two other synthetic dogwood borer pheromones that were previously registered with the 

Agency. The application use rate on the product label considers the total sum of all four of these 

pheromones and sets a total allowable application rate of 200 dispensers per acre, or 11.02 grams total 

pheromone, per application. Application must not exceed 150 grams of total pheromone/acre/year. Thus, 

if applying at maximum label rate during each application, the applicator would need to apply at a 

frequency greater than thirteen times per year in order to exceed the application limit. This worst-case 

scenario of 11.02 grams total pheromone applied thirteen times per year would equal an approximate 

daily application rate of 393 mg total pheromone/acre/day. 

Compared to typical natural exposure, codling moths during the calling period are estimated to release 

approximately 240 ng pheromone/hr (OECD, 2002), resulting in total pheromone release between 96 

and 2,184 mg pheromone/acre/day. Thus, worst-case year-round application of ISOMATE® DWB 

would be in the lower range of natural release by a living lepidopteran. And, given that the total level of 

dogwood borer pheromone emitted by ISOMATE® DWB is comparable to naturally occurring 

emissions of pheromones during an infestation, the Agency concludes that it will have no impact on 

human health, non-target organisms, or the environment. 
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3. Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Consideration 

a. Dietary Exposure and Risk Characterization 

In accordance with 40 CFR 180.1153, SCLPs such as (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-

2,13-octadecadien-1-ol are exempt from the requirement of a tolerance. Moreover, as discussed in the 

human health assessment, the end-use product ISOMATE® DWB poses negligible toxicological hazard, 

including dietary hazard. Therefore, given the negligible dietary hazard and the limited possibility of 

dietary exposure, we conclude that there will be very low risk associated with dietary exposure to 

ISOMATE® DWB. We note that this is consistent with the conclusion of the OECD, which has 

determined that consumption of food containing residues of SCLPs presents no risk (OECD, 2002). 

b. Drinking Water Exposure and Risk Characterization 

No significant drinking water exposure or residues are expected to result from the pesticidal usage of 

(E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol. These active ingredients are 

contained inside a closed polymeric tube dispenser. The product will be applied to terrestrial areas only, 

and is not applied directly to water, to areas where surface water is present, or to intertidal areas below 

the mean water mark. Aerial applications are not allowed. If used in accordance with EPA-approved 

labeling, these active ingredients are not likely to accumulate in drinking water. As a result, dietary and 

drinking water exposure to residues of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-ol are expected to be minimal. 

4. Occupational, Residential, School, and Day Care Exposure and Risk Characterization 

 

(E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol act via a non-toxic mode of 

action on a specific target pest. The end-use product containing these active ingredients is intended for 

agricultural use only (on food and ornamental crops). The expected exposure to humans and food/feed 

crops is low because the product is contained in a polymeric dispenser that is attached to tree limbs, and 

thus is not expected to come into direct contact with fruit or nuts. In addition, the potential for dermal, 

eye, and inhalation exposure to (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol 

for handlers is minimal due to the nature of the dispenser. The Agency also requires labels for products 

containing this active ingredient to include the appropriate signal word and precautionary statements. 

No outdoor or indoor residential, school, or day care uses are currently approved for products containing 

(E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol. 

5. Cumulative Effects 

Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) requires the Agency to 

consider the cumulative effect of exposure to (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-ol and other substances that have a common mechanism of toxicity. These 

considerations include the possible cumulative effects of such residues on infants and children. (E,Z)-

2,13-Octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol have a non-toxic mode of action and 

there is no indication or evidence to suggest that these biochemical pesticides share a common 

mechanism of toxicity with any other substance. Therefore, cumulative exposure concerns are not 

anticipated for the product ISOMATE® DWB. 
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6. Risk Characterization 

(E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol are synthetic semiochemicals 

that act via a non-toxic mode of action on a specific insect pest. Given the low toxicity of lepidopteran 

pheromones in animal testing, and the expected low exposure to humans, no risk to human health is 

expected from use of the product ISOMATE® DWB. The Agency has considered the various routes of 

exposure and potential risks of the product and determined that the proposed use of the active ingredient 

does not pose significant risk to all populations, including infants and children. 

C. Environmental Assessment 

1. Ecological Effects and Hazards Assessment 

According to 40 CFR 158.2060 (a)(2), SCLPs applied up to a maximum use rate of 150 grams active 

ingredient/acre/year, and that are not expected to be available to avian species, are not required to 

address non-target toxicity data requirements. (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-ol are synthetic pheromones subject to 40 CFR 158.2060(a)(2), which acts on a select 

group of insects and has a non-toxic mode of action. 

2. Environmental Fate and Ground Water Data 

Environmental fate data are not required for this active ingredient because it is an SCLP being applied at 

a maximum use rate of 150 grams active ingredient/acre/year and is not expected to be available to avian 

species (40 CFR 158.2060). 

3. Ecological Exposure and Risk Characterization 

According to 40 CFR 158.2060 (a)(2), ecological and environmental fate data are not required because 

the active ingredient is an SCLP being applied at a maximum use rate of 150 grams active 

ingredient/acre/year and is not expected to be available to avian species. (E,Z)-2,13-Octadecadien-1-yl 

acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol are synthetic pheromone subject to 40 CFR 158.2060(a)(2), 

which acts on a select group of insects and has a non-toxic mode of action. 

4. Endangered Species Assessment 

Granted that (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol are not toxic to nontarget organisms, the Agency has determined that they will have "No Effect" on any currently listed 

threatened or endangered species, or on any designated critical habitat. 

D. Product Performance Data (Efficacy) 

Product performance data must be developed for all pesticides to ensure that pesticide products will 

perform as intended and that unnecessary pesticide exposure to the environment will not occur as a 

result of the use of ineffective products. The Agency reserves the right to require on a case-by-case 

basis, submission of efficacy data for any pesticide product registered or proposed for registration that 

are intended to be used to control a pest of significance public health importance and a public health pest 

defined in FIFRA section 28(d) and section 2(nn). For further guidance on product performance 

requirement, refer to Pesticide Registration Notice (PR) Notices 96-7, 2002-1 and Explanation of 
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Biopesticides Registration Action Document

Statutory Framework for Risk-Benefit Balancing for Public Health Pesticides. For further guidance, 

please refer to Pesticide Registration Notice 96-7 (http://www.epa.gov/PR _Notices/pr1996-7.pdf), 

(http://www.ea.gov/PR_Notices/pr2002-1.pdf) and (http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/riskbenefit.htm). 

V. RISK MANAGEMENT DECISION 

A. Determination of Eligibility for Registration 

Section 3(c)(5) of FIFRA provides for the registration of a new active ingredient if it is determined that 

(A) its composition is such as to warrant the proposed claims for it; (B) its labeling and other materials 

required to be submitted comply with the requirements of FIFRA; (C) it will perform its intended 

function without unreasonable adverse effects on the environment; and (D) when used in accordance 

with widespread and commonly recognized practice it will not generally cause unreasonable adverse 

effects on the environment. 

These four criteria of the eligibility determination for pesticidal active ingredients are satisfied by the 

science assessments evaluating the subject registration application for products containing (E,Z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol. Such products are not expected to cause 

unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, and are likely to provide protection as claimed when 

used according to label instructions. Therefore, (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-ol are eligible for registration for the labeled uses. 

B. Regulatory Decision 

At this time, EPA believes that the data submitted fulfill the requirements of registration for products 

containing (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol for use as mating 

disrupters of the dogwood borer at a rate not to exceed 3.5 grams active ingredient (AI)/1,000 square 

feet/year (equivalent of 150 grams AI/acre/year). EPA has determined that (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl 

acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol present no issues of toxicological, ecological, or environmental 

concern, will not cause harm to humans and will not cause unreasonable adverse effects on the 

environment. EPA has no concerns for any non-target organisms exposed to (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-

yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol in accordance with their approved uses. EPA has not 

identified any meaningful toxic endpoints for non-target mammals, birds, plants, aquatic, or soil 

organisms; nor are there concerns for any threatened and endangered species. Given the non-toxic nature 

of (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol, EPA is issuing registrations 

for these biochemical pesticides under Section 3(c)(5) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and 

Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). 

Acute toxicity data for SCLPs, as discussed above, indicate that they be characterized as toxicity 

category III or IV. The end-use product will be characterized as toxicity category III. ISOMATE® DWB 

does not demonstrate subchronic or developmental toxicity, and it is not mutagenic or genotoxic. EPA 

has no concerns for any non-target organisms exposed to ISOMATE® DWB in accordance with 

approved label directions. EPA has not identified any toxic endpoints for non-target mammals, birds, 

plants, aquatic, or soil organisms. There are no concerns for any threatened or endangered species. 

Thus, given that ISOMATE® DWB has very low toxicity and presents little, if any, risk to non-target 

organisms, EPA concludes that it is in the public interest to issue the registration for ISOMATE® DWB. 
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C. Environmental Justice 

EPA seeks to achieve environmental justice, the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all 

people, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, in the development, implementation, and 

enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. To help address potential environmental 

justice issues, the Agency seeks information on any groups or segments of the population who, as a 

result of their location, cultural practices, or other factors, may have atypical or unusually high exposure 

to (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol, compared to the general 

population. Please comment if you are aware of any sub-populations that may have atypical or unusually 

high exposure as compared to the general population. 

VI. ACTIONS REQUIRED BY REGISTRANTS 

The Agency has evaluated all data submitted in connection with the initial registration of (E,Z)-2,13-

octadecadien-1-yl acetate and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol and determined that these data are sufficient 

to satisfy current registration data requirements. No additional data are required to be submitted to the 

Agency at this time. For new uses and/or changes to existing uses, additional data may be required. 

Notwithstanding the information stated in the previous paragraph, it should be clearly understood that 

certain, specific, data are required to be reported to the Agency as a requirement for maintaining the 

Federal registration for a pesticide product. A brief summary of these types of data are listed below. 

A. Reporting of Adverse Effects 

Reports of all incidents of adverse effects to the environment must be submitted to the Agency under the 

provisions stated in FIFRA, Section 6(a)(2). 

B. Reporting of Hypersensitivity Incidents 

Additionally, all incidents of hypersensitivity (including both suspected and confirmed incidents) must 

be reported to the Agency under the provisions of 40 CFR Part 158.2050(d). 

 
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VII. APPENDIX A: References 

OECD (2002) Series on Pesticides No. 12: Guidance for Registration Requirements for Pheromones and 

Other Semiochemicals Used for Arthropod Pest Control. Organization for Economic Cooperation and 

Development (OECD). Issued: 02/26/2002. Available at: 

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/regtools/index.htm 

Zhang, A., Leskey, T.C., Bergh, J.C., and J.F. Walgenbach. (2005) Sex Pheromone of the Dogwood 

Borer, Synanthedon scitula. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31(10): 2463-2479.