Opinion issued August 13, 2024

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-23-00008-CV

———————————

GEORGE M. BISHOP, Appellant

V.

ROBERT G. PATE AND JUDY K. PATE, Appellees

On Appeal from the 434th District Court

Fort Bend County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 17-DCV-243655

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In this real property dispute, three parties claimed title to 4.7695 acres of 

unimproved land (“Property”). Appellees, Robert G. Pate and Judy K. Pate, bought 

the Property from the Internal Revenue Service in 2017. Shortly after, the trustee of 

the T. H. Trust sued the Pates, claiming the Trust bought the Property ten years 
2

earlier at a foreclosure sale. No evidence reflected the Trust’s alleged purchase until 

the Trust’s attorney, appellant George M. Bishop, recorded a back-dated Substitute 

Trustee’s Deed four months into litigation. Bishop himself then claimed title to the 

Property through a 2021 Deed of Trust and 2022 Trustee’s Deed four years into 

litigation.

The trial court ultimately (1) granted summary judgment on the Pates’

counterclaim to remove cloud from title; (2) declared the Substitute Trustee’s Deed, 

2021 Deed of Trust, and 2022 Trustee’s Deed void; (3) found the Pates held title to 

the Property; and (4) dismissed all claims against the Pates. 

In five issues, Bishop argues that the Pates were not entitled to summary 

judgment because (1) the Pates needed to bring a trespass to try title claim instead 

of their claim to remove cloud from title; (2) the Pates lacked standing to bring their 

claim; (3) a genuine issue of material fact existed as to whether the Pates had an 

interest in the Property; (4) his objection to an associate judge presiding over the 

summary judgment proceedings should have been sustained; and (5) he was entitled 

to a de novo hearing of the associate judge’s rulings.

We affirm.
3

Background

We draw these facts from the pleadings and summary judgment evidence.

A. Bishop conveys the Property to JAB.

In October 2007, Bishop was “the legal and equitable owner and holder of [a] 

note and debt” secured by the Property. During this time, the debtor defaulted, and 

Bishop appointed his son, K. M. Bishop, as substitute trustee to prepare for a 

foreclosure sale. K. M. Bishop was instructed to deliver the debtor a notice of sale, 

post notice of the sale on the courthouse door, and record a notice of substitute 

trustee sale with the county clerk at least 21 days before the sale. No notice of 

substitute trustee sale was recorded, and it is unclear whether a foreclosure 

sale actually occurred—the sale for which the Trust claimed to be the highest bidder.

Instead, the record reflects that Bishop conveyed the Property to JAB 

Development Company, a Texas corporation, via a general warranty deed notarized 

in December 2008 and recorded in the real property records in July 2009.

B. The Pates buy the Property from the IRS.

By February 2013, JAB owed $1,967,056.28 in delinquent taxes. The United 

States placed a lien on all JAB’s property and eventually seized the Property for 

nonpayment of the delinquent taxes. In March 2017, the Pates bought the Property 

at a public auction for $176,000. After the 180-day redemption period expired, the 

United States conveyed the Property to the Pates via quitclaim deed. The quitclaim 
4

deed stated that the property conveyed was “the same property described in 

Warranty Deed from George M. Bishop to JAB . . . .”1

C. Litigation begins.

In July 2017, the Trust sued the Pates, claiming that it had owned the Property 

since November 2007 when it purchased it at a foreclosure sale. The Trust asserted 

claims of trespass to try title and declaratory judgment, alleging that it was the owner 

of the Property and that the Pates’ quitclaim deed from the IRS conveyed no interest.

Bishop was the Trust’s attorney of record. The Pates denied the Trust’s allegations

and argued that “no foreclosure deed conveying the property to [the Trust] exists, 

nor has it ever been filed in the real property records.”

Four months after the Trust sued, Bishop recorded a back-dated Substitute 

Trustee’s Deed supporting the Trust’s claim to title. The Substitute Trustee’s Deed 

stated, among other things, that K. M. Bishop properly posted the foreclosure in

October 2007 and the Trust was the highest bidder at the foreclosure sale. The 

Substitute Trustee’s Deed was allegedly executed in December 2016 but not 

recorded until October 2017—ten years after the alleged foreclosure sale.

1 The IRS also executed a certificate of sale of seized property showing JAB as the 

taxpayer and describing the property sold as the same property described in the 

general warranty deed that Bishop conveyed to JAB.
5

After Bishop recorded the Substitute Trustee’s Deed, the Pates 

counterclaimed and cross-claimed against Bishop; K. M. Bishop, individually and 

as the substitute trustee; and David H. Hamilton, individually and as the Trust’s 

trustee. The Pates alleged that the back-dated Substitute Trustee’s Deed created a 

cloud on the title of their Property that should be removed. They also asked for 

declarations that the Substitute Trustee’s Deed was invalid and they owned the 

Property.

Four years into litigation, in June 2021, Bishop recorded a deed of trust (“2021 

Deed of Trust”) stating that the Trust owed him $130,000 for his legal services and 

expenses in the lawsuit and that such funds were due within the next 90 days. The 

2021 Deed of Trust was secured by the Property. 

Six months later, in January 2022, Bishop recorded a trustee’s deed (“2022 

Trustee’s Deed”) stating the Trust had defaulted on its note, the Property was posted 

for foreclosure, and Bishop was the highest bidder at the foreclosure sale. Bishop 

then counterclaimed against the Pates for trespass to try title and declaratory 

judgment based on his allegations that he owned the Property and that the 2021 Deed 

of Trust and 2022 Trustee’s Deed “wiped out” any claim by the Pates. He requested 

a “declaratory judgment that the quitclaim deed from the [IRS] to the Pates gave 

them no interest in the [P]roperty.”
6

D. Summary judgment proceedings.

The parties’ competing claims to the Property were disposed of in two 

summary judgments.

First, the Pates moved for summary judgment on (1) the Trust’s trespass to try 

title claim; (2) their affirmative defenses against the Trust’s declaratory judgment 

claim; (3) their claim to remove the cloud created by the Substitute Trustee’s Deed

from their title to the Property; and (4) their claims for statutory and common-law 

fraud, breach of warranty of title, declaratory judgment, filing of fraudulent liens, 

and conspiracy to defraud. The Trust filed a competing summary judgment motion,

arguing that no evidence supported the causes of action on which the Pates had 

moved for summary judgment. After a hearing, the trial court denied the Trust’s 

motion and partially granted the Pates’ motion. The trial court dismissed the Trust’s 

claims against the Pates, granted the Pates’ counterclaim to remove the Substitute 

Trustee’s Deed as a cloud from title of the Property, declared the Substitute Trustee’s 

Deed void, and found that the Pates owned the Property.2

Second, the Pates moved for summary judgment on Bishop’s trespass to try 

title and declaratory judgment claims against them. Bishop did not respond. During 

2 The Trust does not appeal and waives any complaints. Zive v. Sandberg, 610 S.W.3d 

44, 50 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2020) (noting the general rule that “an appellate reversal 

favoring an appealing party does not justify reversing the judgment as to other 

parties who did not appeal”), aff’d, 644 S.W.3d 169 (Tex. 2022). 
7

the hearing on the motion, the Pates non-suited their remaining claims. The trial 

court, in its final judgment, (1) incorporated its findings from the first summary 

judgment order, (2) granted the Pates’ second summary judgment motion and 

dismissed Bishop’s claims against the Pates, (3) found no genuine issue of material 

fact as to the Pates’ counterclaim to remove the cloud created by the 2021 Deed of 

Trust and 2022 Trustee’s Deed, and (4) declared the two instruments void.

Bishop timely appealed.

Summary Judgment

On appeal, we review the trial court’s summary judgment de novo. Mann 

Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). 

Summary judgment is appropriate when a movant shows that there are no genuine 

issues of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See TEX.

R. CIV. P. 166a(c). A matter is conclusively established if reasonable persons could 

not differ as to the conclusion to be drawn from the evidence. City of Keller v. 

Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 816 (Tex. 2005). We take as true all evidence favorable to 

the nonmovant and indulge every reasonable inference in the nonmovant’s favor. 

Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548–49 (Tex. 1985).

A. The Pates’ right to summary judgment on their claim to remove cloud

from title.

As the Pates acknowledged in their first summary judgment motion, to 

succeed on their suit to remove cloud, they must show “(1) an interest in a specific 
8

property, (2) title to the property is affected by a claim by the defendant, and (3) the 

claim, although facially valid, is invalid or unenforceable.” Lil C Ranch, LLC v. 

Ridgefield Eagle Ford Mins., LLC, No. 14-21-00285-CV, 2023 WL 2386940, at *8 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 7, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also

Brumley v. McDuff, 616 S.W.3d 826, 834 (Tex. 2021). The Pates argued that their 

interest in the Property was established, their title was affected by the back-dated 

Substitute Trustee Deed, and that while the Substitute Trustee Deed “may be valid 

on its face without reference to the entirety of the real property records[,] . . . it is 

invalid under the property recording laws of the State of Texas.”3

1. Nature of proceeding. 

Bishop argues that the trial court erred in “granting summary judgment based 

on the Declaratory Judgment Act” because the Act “cannot be used to determine title 

to real property,” and the Pates, instead, needed to bring a trespass to try title action 

under Chapter 22 of the Property Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§§ 37.003–.004; see also See TEX. PROP. CODE § 22.001.

3 Bishop complains that the Pates’ first summary judgment motion “violated Rule 

166a(a) of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure” but he does not adequately brief the 

issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(f)–(i). Because Bishop does not provide any 

argument, record citations, or authority, the issue is waived. See id.; Guimaraes v. 

Brann, 562 S.W.3d 521, 545 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied) 

(“A brief that does not contain citations to appropriate authorities and to the record 

for a given issue waives that issue.”).
9

We first observe that Bishop failed to file special exceptions or assert this 

complaint in the trial court. TEX. R. CIV. P. 91; Brumley, 616 S.W.3d at 831 (“The 

proper response to a legally or factually infirm pleading is to file special exceptions 

objecting to the pleading.”); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1 (timely complaint to the 

trial court is a prerequisite to appellate review). A complaint about the failure to 

assert a trespass to try title action instead of a declaratory judgment action is waived

if not raised in the trial court. Mid Pac Portfolio, LLC v. Welch, No. 01-15-00404-

CV, 2016 WL 828150, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 3, 2016, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (recognizing that failure to complain about the use of declaratory 

proceeding to adjudicate title waives complaint on appeal); Buckingham v. McAfee, 

393 S.W.3d 372, 375 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, pet. denied) (same).

A suit to remove cloud from title—also known as a suit to quiet title—relies 

on the invalidity of the defendant’s claim to the property. Gordon v. W. Hous. Trees, 

Ltd., 352 S.W.3d 32, 42 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.).

Traditionally, a superior title holder seeks to remove a challenge to that title in a suit 

to remove cloud. Brumley, 616 S.W.3d at 834. The claim enables a “holder of the 

feeblest equity to remove from his way to legal title any unlawful hindrance having 

the appearance of better right.” Gordon, 352 S.W.3d at 42 (quoting Bell v. Ott, 606 

S.W.2d 942, 952 (Tex. App.—Waco 1980, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). “A cloud on title exists 

when an outstanding claim or encumbrance is shown, which on its face, if valid, 
10

would affect or impair the title of the owner of the property.” Id. (citing Hahn, 321 

S.W.3d at 531). If successful, the defendant’s claim to title is declared invalid or 

ineffective. Id.

When a claimant simultaneously brings an action to remove cloud from title 

and for declaratory relief, and the two claims “are based on the same facts and 

request similar relief,” the claims are “treated as one suit to quiet title.” Gordon, 352 

S.W.3d at 47 n.1 (citing Sw. Guar. Tr. Co. v. Hardy Rd. 13.4 Joint Venture, 981 

S.W.2d 951, 957 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied)). So, we 

analyze the Pates’ claims to remove cloud from title and declaratory judgment as 

one suit to remove cloud from title. Id.

Rather than seeking to clear a problem in the chain of title or to recover 

possession of the Property, the Pates argued that their interest in the property was 

established by the chain of title and that they were seeking to remove the cloud on 

their title. See Brumley, 616 S.W.3d at 835; see also Offord v. Carson, No. 01-19-

00815-CV, 2021 WL 3358023, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 3, 2021, 

no pet.) (mem. op.). The Pates did not seek ownership of the Property. Instead, they 

argued that, as the rightful title holders, they were entitled to have the invalid 

Substitute Trustee’s Deed removed as a cloud on their title. Compare Lance v. 

Robinson, 543 S.W.3d 723, 736 (Tex. 2018) (stating trespass to try title claim was 

procedurally proper “when the claimant is seeking to establish or obtain the
11

claimant’s ownership or possessory right in the land at issue”), with Essex Crane 

Rental Corp. v. Carter, 371 S.W.3d 366, 388 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, 

pet. denied) (stating plaintiff in quiet title claim must prove, as matter of law, a right 

of ownership and that defendant’s adverse claim is cloud on title that equity will 

remove). The Pates’ suit was based on the invalidity of the Trust’s and Bishop’s 

claims to the Property, and they “sought the declaration of [their] own ownership 

rights only as a result of the removal of the cloud on title.” Offord, 2021 WL 

3358023, at *6.

Considering (1) the substance of the Pates’ pleadings, (2) Bishop’s failure to 

file special exceptions, and (3) Bishop’s failure to obtain a ruling on whether the 

Pates needed to bring a trespass to try title action, we reject Bishop’s argument that 

the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because the Pates filed the wrong 

action. We overrule this issue.

2. The Pates’ title and their standing to bring claim to remove cloud

from title.

Bishop also argues that the Pates lacked standing to challenge the Substitute 

Trustee’s Deed, regardless of when it was filed, and that a genuine issue of material 

fact exists as to whether the Pates had an interest in the Property. The Pates respond

that the trial court did not err in finding that they had standing to assert their claim 

to remove cloud because they established their interest in the Property. Because the 

two issues overlap, we analyze them together.
12

A plaintiff has standing to bring a suit to remove cloud from title “when they 

can show a justiciable interest in the property.” Alvarado v. Alvarado, No. 

13-00-690-CV, 2002 WL 1072067, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 

May 30, 2002, pet. denied) (not designated for publication) (citing Bell, 606 S.W.2d 

at 953 (“A suit to quiet title or to remove a cloud can be maintained only by a person 

owning an interest in the property involved.”)). “A party may establish its interest 

by one of four methods: (1) title emanating from its sovereignty over the soil; 

(2) superior title emanating from both parties’ receipt of title from a common source; 

(3) adverse possession; or (4) possession of the land prior to the other party’s 

possession.” Id. Whether the Pates had standing to bring their claim to remove cloud 

depends on whether they established an interest in the Property.

Bishop argues that “there was no summary judgment evidence that [the Pates] 

ever owned an interest” in the Property. We disagree. The Pates established their 

interest in the Property as “shown in the chain of title starting with the Bishop 

General Warranty Deed to [JAB] . . . followed by the IRS lien filed in the real 

property records against all property owned by [JAB] . . . followed by the IRS deed 

of interest of JAB to the Pates.” Therefore, we conclude the Pates established an 

interest in the Property, creating standing to bring their claim to remove cloud from 

title. We overrule these two issues.
13

3. Validity of the Substitute Trustee’s Deed. 

Having concluded that the Pates had standing to assert their claim to remove 

cloud, we now analyze whether the Substitute Trustee’s Deed (1) affects the Pates’ 

title to the Property and (2) is invalid or unenforceable. See Lil C Ranch, 2023 WL 

2386940, at *8. The Pates argued that although the Substitute Trustee’s Deed “may 

be valid on its face without reference to the entirety of the real property records . . . 

it is invalid under the property recording laws of the State of Texas.” The Pates 

provided several arguments against the validity of the Substitute Trustee’s Deed, 

none of which Bishop addresses on appeal.

Instead, in what we interpret as a challenge to these two elements, Bishop 

argues that the Pates contended that he “filed a fraudulent claim” against the Property 

in violation of Chapter 12 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code but did 

not support that contention with summary judgment evidence. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.

& REM. CODE §§ 12.001–.007. The record does not support Bishop’s argument.

The Pates did not assert a Chapter 12 violation as a reason why the cloud from 

title should be removed or why the Substitute Trustee’s Deed was invalid. Instead,

the Pates moved for summary judgment in their first motion on their separate 

counterclaim against Bishop and the Trust for allegedly filing fraudulent liens in 

violation of Chapter 12. See id. § 12.001. While the trial court partially granted the 

Pates’ first summary judgment motion, it did not grant the Pates any relief on this
14

claim. The Pates later voluntarily nonsuited this claim during the hearing on their 

second summary judgment motion. Accordingly, this issue is overruled.

Bishop does not grapple with any of the Pates’ arguments on why the 

Substitute Trustee’s Deed was invalid. See Duaz v. Valdez, 571 S.W.3d 795, 805 

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, no pet.) (“If the trial court does not specify 

the basis for granting a summary judgment, the appealing party must challenge all 

the grounds that support the judgment. . . . [W]e will affirm the summary judgment 

as to a particular claim if an appellant does not present argument challenging all 

grounds on which the summary judgment should have been granted.”). Bishop has 

therefore waived this issue through inadequate briefing. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(f), 

(h), (i).

B. The Pates’ right to summary judgment on Bishop’s trespass to try title 

and declaratory judgment claims.

In their second motion, the Pates moved for traditional summary judgment on 

Bishop’s trespass to try title and declaratory judgment claims against them. Bishop 

did not respond to the motion. The final judgment granted the motion in the Pates’ 

favor, finding

no genuine issue of material fact as to Bishop’s claims against [the 

Pates] for trespass to try title for the reason that Bishop cannot prove 

his title based upon the strength of his own title in that his title is 

derivative of the title of [the Trust] in the disputed [P]roperty, which 

the Court has heretofore ruled upon and found to be inferior to the 

claims of the [Pates] . . . [and] no genuine issue of material fact as to 

Bishop’s claims for declaratory judgment and for attorney’s fees.
15

The final judgment also found “no genuine issue of material fact as to [the Pates’] 

counterclaim to remove the cloud, created by the subsequent [2021 Deed of Trust] 

and resulting [2022 Trustee’s Deed],” from the Property and declared the 2021 Deed 

of Trust and 2022 Trustee’s Deed void.

“The trial court may not grant a summary judgment by default for lack of an 

answer or response to the motion by the non-movant when the movant’s summary 

judgment proof is legally insufficient.” City of Hous. v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 

589 S.W.2d 671, 678 (Tex. 1979). That is, a movant is still required to conclusively 

prove all essential elements of its causes of action or defenses, even if no response 

is filed. Id. And a nonmovant need not respond to the motion “to contend on appeal

that the grounds expressly presented to the trial court by the movant’s motion are 

insufficient as a matter of law to support summary judgment.” Id.

Here, however, Bishop does not challenge the trial court’s dismissal of his 

claims, granting of the Pates’ claim to remove cloud of title created by the 2021 

Deed of Trust and 2022 Trustee’s Deed, or declaration that the 2021 Deed of Trust 

and 2022 Trustee’s Deed are void in his original appellate brief. See TEX. R. APP. P.

38.1(f), (h), (i). In his reply brief, he briefly challenges these rulings for the first 

time. “The Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure do not allow the inclusion of a new 

issue in a reply brief.” Fallon v. Univ. of Tex. MD Anderson Cancer Ctr., 586 S.W.3d 

37, 58 n.17 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2019, no pet.); see also Brown v. Green, 
16

302 S.W.3d 1, 14 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.). An appellant is 

likewise not allowed “to include in a reply brief a new issue in response to some 

matter pointed out in the appellee’s brief but not raised in the appellant’s opening 

brief.” Miner Dederick Constr., LLP v. Gulf Chem. & Metallurgical Corp., 403 

S.W.3d 451, 471 n.3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. denied).

Even if not a “new issue,” Bishop does not provide the Court with any 

analysis, discussion, record citations, or legal support for his assertions that the trial 

court erred in granting summary judgment on these points in his reply brief. See TEX.

R. APP. P. 38.1(f)–(i); Hutchison v. Pharris, 158 S.W.3d 554, 564 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth 2005, no pet.) (considering issue raised for first time in reply brief because 

appellee “fully argued” the issue in its brief and appellants merely replied). Bishop 

has therefore waived this issue through inadequate briefing. See Guimaraes v. 

Brann, 562 S.W.3d 521, 545 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. denied) (“A 

brief that does not contain citations to appropriate authorities and to the record for a 

given issue waives that issue.”); see also Strange v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 126 S.W.3d 

676, 678 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied) (discussing appellate courts cannot 

remedy deficiencies in appellate briefs).

C. The associate judge.

We analyze Bishop’s last two issues together.
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1. The associate judge’s authority.

Bishop objected to an associate judge presiding over the two summary 

judgment proceedings and questions on appeal whether “an associate judge [has] the 

power to grant a motion for summary judgment over the written objection of one of 

the parties.” But Bishop’s appellate brief contains no argument or authority 

supporting his position. The Pates respond that Bishop waived the issue by not 

briefing it.

An appellant’s brief must “state concisely and without argument the facts 

pertinent to the issues or points presented,” “be supported by record references,” and

“contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate

citations to authorities and to the record.” TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(f)–(g), (i). Bishop has 

not provided any argument, authority, or record citations to support his contention 

that the associate judge should not have presided over the summary judgment 

proceedings. Guimaraes, 562 S.W.3d at 545.

Unless limited by a referral order, civil associate judges may conduct 

hearings, hear evidence, make findings of fact on evidence, formulate conclusions 

of law, and recommend the rulings, orders, and judgments to be rendered. TEX.

GOV’T CODE § 54A.108(a) (addressing powers of civil associate judge). The record 

does not reflect that the associate judge’s authority was limited by any referral order. 

Bishop has also provided no authority to support his objection to the associate judge 
18

presiding over the summary judgment proceedings. Nor have we found any. We 

overrule this issue.

D. De novo hearings on the associate judge’s rulings.

“A party may request a de novo hearing before the referring court by filing 

with the clerk of the referring court a written request not later than the seventh 

working day after the date the party receives notice of the substance of the associate 

judge’s decision as provided by Section 54A.111.” TEX. GOV’T CODE § 54A.115(a). 

Section 54A.111 requires an associate judge to “notify each attorney participating in 

the hearing of [their] decision” but gives no notification timeframe or specified 

method of notification. Id. § 54A.111(a). 

1. The sanctions order.

In June 2021, the associate judge sanctioned Bishop. A month later, Bishop 

requested a de novo hearing of the sanctions. Bishop contends on appeal that the trial 

court erred by never ruling on his hearing request.

A de novo hearing of an associate judge’s ruling is mandatory when properly 

requested. See id. § 54A.115(e) (“The referring court, after notice to the parties, shall 

hold a de novo hearing not later than the 30th day after the date the initial request 

for a de novo hearing was filed . . . .”). Bishop argued in the trial court that he timely 

requested a de novo hearing because “the [sanctions] order signed on June 10, 2021 

was not delivered to [him] until in open court on June 28, 2021.” Yet Bishop argues 
19

on appeal that the sanctions order “was never sent to [him] by the District Clerk or 

by the Associate Judge.”

Bishop did not attach any evidence to his request for a de novo hearing to 

establish the timeliness of the request, therefore we cannot determine whether 

Bishop complied with Government Code Section 54A.115(a). See id. § 54A.115(a) 

(requiring requests for a de novo hearing be filed no later than the seventh working 

day after the party receives notice of the substance of the associate judge’s decision). 

Bishop also does not provide any record citations to support his argument, as 

required by the appellate rules. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i) (appellant’s brief must 

“contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate 

citations to authorities and to the record”). Because Bishop failed to provide record 

citations establishing when he received notice of the sanction order, and our review 

of the appellate record does not reflect when Bishop was notified, by service or 

otherwise, we overrule this issue. See Guimaraes, 562 S.W.3d at 545.

2. The first summary judgment order.

Bishop also requested a de novo hearing of the first summary judgment order 

six months after it was signed. He argued that the request was timely because the 

associate judge still had not notified him of their decision “by any method.” See TEX.

GOV’T CODE § 54A.111(a). Bishop claimed that he first learned of the order on 

August 5, 2022, six months after it was signed, when he downloaded it from the 
20

clerk’s website. He argues on appeal that he did not receive a de novo hearing and 

that his request was denied instead. The Pates respond that Bishop’s assertion is 

inaccurate because the court did conduct a de novo hearing.

On September 16, 2022, the referring judge denied Bishop’s request to set 

aside the first summary judgment order. The order reflected that on “September 13, 

2022, the Court heard George Bishop’s Notice of Appeal” and, “[a]fter due 

consideration of the pleadings, Bishop’s Motion, the Response, the arguments of 

counsel and the evidence submitted at the hearing,” Bishop’s appeal was dismissed.

Because the record reflects that the trial court conducted a de novo hearing on the 

first summary judgment order, this issue is overruled.

3. The final judgment.

Lastly, Bishop requested a de novo hearing on the Pates’ second summary 

judgment motion. Bishop argues on appeal that his request was “ignored,” but the 

request was premature because the trial court had not yet ruled on the second 

summary judgment motion. Instead of re-requesting a de novo hearing after the 

motion was granted, Bishop immediately filed this appeal. Because Bishop did not 

comply with Section 54A.115 in requesting a de novo hearing, we overrule this 

issue. See TEX. GOV’T CODE § 54A.115 (request for de novo hearing must be filed 

within seven days after receiving notice of associate judge’s decision).
21

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment.

Sarah Beth Landau

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Landau, Countiss, and Guerra.