United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxa

should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, 

APHIS has produced data sheets which detail the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making 

the determination that the taxa are quarantine pest plants.

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheets

Table of Contents

Click on a quarantine pest plant below to view the corresponding data sheet:

Acacia hockii

Alstroemeria aurea

Andropogon gayanus

Angelica sylvestris

Artemisia austriaca

Artemisia japonica

Berberis glaucocarpa

Berkheya rigida

Bromus pectinatus

Cassinia arcuata

Celtis sinensis

Cestrum elegans

Cestrum laevigatum

Chrysanthemoides monilifera

Cineraria lyratiformis

Cordia curassavica

Echinochloa pyramidalis

Eleocharis kuroguwai

Gladiolus undulatus

Gomphrena celosioides

Gymnocoronis spilanthoides

Hakea gibbosa

Hakea salicifolia

Hakea sericea

Impatiens parviflora

Launaea cornuta

Limnobium laevigatum

Litsea glutinosa

Ludwigia hyssopifolia

Ludwigia prostrata

Nymphoides cristata

Oryza barthii

Phyllanthus maderaspatensis

Picnomon acarna

Potamogeton distinctus

Potamogeton schweinfurthii

Praxelis clematidea

Rhamnus alaternus

Rumex sagittatus

Senecio angulatus

Wikstroemia indica
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Acacia hockii De Wild.1

Family: Fabaceae1

Synonyms:

Acacia chariensis A.Chev. 

Acacia oerfota sensu Brenan 

Acacia seyal var. multijuga Delile Baker f. 

Acacia stenocarpa sensu auct.2

Common names: none found

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Central African Republic,

Zaire, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote D'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Angola, Malawi,

Mozambique, Zambia1

World distribution beyond native range: none found

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

Acacia hockii was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a 

model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range 

potential, damage potential and entry potential4

. A. hockii is a principal weed in Uganda 
and a common weed in Kenya5

. It is a quarantine weed in Western Australia2. Occupying 

woodland, wooded grassland, thicket, and scrub environments, A. hockii is described as 

an invasive species that displaces native herbivores, due to its ability to suppress the 

growth of different grasses6. Wild fires are known to increase the chances of the plant 

becoming dominant, as it has the ability to sprout and grow after fires7, 8.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 9, 

2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?424391

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed March 9, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/acacia_hockii/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed March 9, 2011 online at

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

6. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: eFloras. Accessed March 9, 2011 online at

http://apps.kew.org/efloras/namedetail.do?qry=namelist&flora=fz&taxon=2061&nameid

=5040

7. African Conservation Foundation (ACF) (2009). Uganda: Lake Mburo Trees to Be Cut 

Down. Accessed March 9, 2011 online at

http://www.africanconservation.org/content/view/1435/406

8. National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO). 2004. Implementation of 

invasive plant prevention and control programmes in Uganda. Report submitted to the 

CAB International Africa Regional Centre under the PDF-B phase of the UNEP/GEF 

Project: Removing Barriers to Invasive Plant Management in Africa. National

Agricultural Research Organization, Entebbe, Uganda. Accessed March 9, 2011 online at

http://www.naro.go.ug/Invasivespecies/Reports/Prevention%20and%20Control%20Progr

ammes%20in%20Uganda.pdf
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Alstroemeria aurea Graham1

Family: Alstroemeriaceae1

Synonyms: Alstroemeria aurantiaca D. Don1

Common names: Peruvian-lily, lis de Incas, goldene Inkalilie1

Distribution of plant: 

Native range: Argentina, Chile

1

World distribution beyond native range: It is naturalized in Australia and New Zealand1

, 

and is introduced in the British Isles5

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

Alstroemeria aurea, with its tuberous roots and long rhizomes, colonizes forests, forest 

edges, riparian habitats and disturbed sites. It forms dense populations that crowd out 

native plants and prevents their establishment. Recovering easily after cutting to ground 

level, this herb forms numerous sterile shoots. All rhizomes must be removed to prevent 

regrowth5

. Reported by Randall4 to be a ‘garden thug’, it is a naturalized, environmental 

and garden escape weed in Australia2

. The sap can cause dermatitis6.
Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 11, 2011

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?409327

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 11, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/alstroemeria_aurea/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed February 11, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive 

garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16(4): 138-171.

5. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: a Reference Guide to 

Environmental Weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

6. Plants For A Future: edible, medicinal and useful plants for a healthier world.

Accessed February 11, 2011 online at 

http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alstroemeria%20aurea 
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Andropogon gayanus Kunth1

Family: Poaceae1

Synonyms: Andropogon bisquamulatus Hochst. 

 Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. squamulatus Stapf 

 Andropogon squamulatus Hochst1 

Common names: tambuki grass1, gamba grass, bluestem, Rhodesian blue grass2

Distribution of plant: 

Native range: Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Zaire,

Benin; Burkina Faso, Cote D'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia,

Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana,

Namibia, South Africa - Natal, Transvaal, Swaziland1

World distribution beyond native range: It is naturalized in Australia, & tropical Southern 

America1

Distribution in the United States: none reported, possibly cultivated3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

Andropogon gayanus is a serious environmental weed in Venezuela and the Northern 

Territory of Australia6 and is a potential weed of concern in the Pacific Islands4

. Forming 

dense and large tussocks, this grass invades grasslands and savannas. A. gayanus
produces large quantities of fruits and seeds that remain viable for two to three years. 

Fire and drought tolerant, it replaces native vegetation5. In Australia, this grass can 

invade a variety of natural habitats from wetland margins through upland savanna and is 

particularly abundant along water banks and roadsides. A. gayanus can cause loss of tree 

cover and transformation of woodland by increasing fuel loads, fire height and intensity. 

Fires generated in A. gayanus can pose a serious threat to property and human life6.

This invasive grass is associated with Magnaporthe grisea (rice blast) and Pyricularia 

grisea (rice blast) 7, which are both plant pests of concern to the United States

Department of Agriculture.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 14, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?3213

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 14, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/andropogon_gayanus/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed February 14, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) database. Accessed February 14, 2011 online 

at http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/andropogon_gayanus.htm

5. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World, a Reference Guide to 

Environmental Weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

6. Csurhes, S. 2005. An assessment of the potential impact of Andropogon gayanus

(gamba grass) on the economy, environment and people of Queensland. Queensland 

Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Brisbane.

7. Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and 

Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Accessed February 14, 2011 online at

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Angelica sylvestris L.1

Family: Apiaceae1

Synonyms: none found

Common names: wild angelica1, woodland angelica, angelica nostrana2, 3

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Turkey, Russian Federation, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, 

Sweden, United Kingdom, Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, 

Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, 

Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia, France, Portugal, Spain1

World distribution beyond native range: Canada3, 5

Distribution in the United States: not reported, may be cultivated4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Angelica sylvestris is a common weed in Finland6

. This species has been reported to 

cause photodermatitis7. In Canada, it is rapidly spreading, invading old fields, pastures, 

townsites, and roadsides3. Brunton noted this species as a new exotic in Ontario, and 

recommended monitoring5. A. sylvestris is susceptible to, and could serve as a pathway 

for, the virus Anthriscus carlavirus8

.
Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 14, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?3425 

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 14, 

2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/angelica_sylvestris/

3. Crompton, C.W., McNeill, J., Stahevitch, A.E. and Wojtas, W.A. 1988. Preliminary 

inventory of Canadian weeds. Minister of Supply and Services Canada. (p. 140).

4. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4490 USA. Accessed February 14, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

5. Brunton, D.F. 1997. Woodland angelica (Angelica sylvestris), new to the Ottawa 

District and Ontario. Trail & Landscape 31:151-156.

6. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

7. Bogdanovitch, I.I. et al. 1933. Vest. Derm. Vener. 389. (Cited in Klaber, R. (1942) 

Phyto-photodermatitis. Brit. J. Derm. Syph. 54: 193.) 

8. Brunt, A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M., Gibbs, A, Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J.

(editors). 2007. Plant Viruses Online Database (descriptions and lists are products of 

the VIDE (Virus Identification Data Exchange) project). Accessed February 14, 2011 

online at http://pvo.bio-mirror.cn/famly134.htm 
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Artemisia austriaca Jacq.7

Family: Asteraceae 7

Synonyms: none found

Common names: Austrian wormwood2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Iran, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, 

Kyrgyzstan, China, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Bosnia and 

Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia7

World distribution beyond native range: Germany, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, France7

Distribution in the United States: none reported6

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

The species is a common agricultural weed in the Soviet Union4 and is a threat to 

biological diversity in Lithuania3

. Because other Artemisia species are known to be 

allelopathic and toxic to animals1, A. austriaca may be as well. A Weed Risk Assessment 

developed by USDA PERAL8, ranked A. austriaca as having moderate potential for 

establishment/spread, with the probability of becoming a minor invader at 69.9%. After 

further evaluation, the risk potential for A. austriaca was raised to “High Risk” because 

the species is invasive in Poland (naturalized and spreading)5

. The species distribution 
across Europe and Asia7 indicates that it is adapted to a wide range of climate types, 

many of which occur in the United States.

Literature cited:

1. Burrows, G. E., and Tyrl. 2001. Toxic Plants of North America. Iowa State University 

Press, Ames, IA, U.S.A. 1342 pp.

2. CRC Press, 1990. Thesaurus of agricultural organisms: pests, weeds and diseases, 

Volume 1 Compiled and edited by Derwent Publications, Ltd

3. Gudzinskas, Z. 2009. Invasive Plants: Lithuanian Invasive Species Database Ministry 

of Environment of Lithuania, National Advisory Council on Invasive Species. 

http://www.ku.lt/lisd/index.html (Archived at PERAL)

4. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

5. INC. 2009. Alien Species in Poland Database. Institute of Nature Conservation (INC), 

Polish Academy of Sciences.

6. Kartesz, J.T. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). North American Plant 

Atlas. Chapel Hill, N.C. [maps generated from Kartesz, J.T. 2010. Floristic Synthesis of 

North America, Version 1.0. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). (in press)]. 

Accessed June 17, 2011 online at http://www.bonap.org/MapSwitchboard.html

7. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed June 17, 2011 online 

at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?463323

8. USDA Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Center for Plant 

Health Science and Technology, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant 

Protection and Quarantine, 2011. Weed Risk Assessments for Alpinia modesta, Artemisia 

austriaca, Artemisia japonica, Praxelis clematidea, and Rhamnus alaternus. June 14, 

2010 Rev. 00. Raleigh, NC, U.S.A.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Artemisia japonica Thunb.1

Family: Asteraceae1

Synonyms: Artemisia parviflora1

Common names: Artemisia

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Native to temperate and tropical Asia1

World distribution beyond native range: none reported

Distribution in the United States: none reported4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

No evidence was found that A. japonica has been taken out of its native range. Using 

APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine’s weed risk assessment guidelines6, uncertainty 

was relatively great, as it is unknown how this species might behave away from its 

coevolved predators, pathogens, and mutualists. A wide geographic range prediction 

indicates A. japonica can adapt to a variety of environmental conditions, while tolerance 

of mowing7 indicates it may do well in highly disturbed systems. A. japonica is an 

agricultural weed3

, but no specific evidence of impact was found in the literature. Other 

Artemisia species are allelopathic5

, and some are toxic to cattle under certain conditions2. 

It is estimated that A. japonica could establish in over half of the United States. Due to
limited information, the suitability in USDA cold plant hardiness zones 4 and 5, which 

represent an additional 25 percent of the area of the United States, could not be 

determined. A. japonica is commercially cultivated in China for its seed8

. 

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 9, 2011 online 

at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?406766

2. Burrows, G. E., and Tyrl. 2001. Toxic Plants of North America. Iowa State University 

Press, Ames, IA, U.S.A. 1342 pp.

3. Holm, L. G., J. V. Pancho, J. P. Herberger, and D. L. Plucknett. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, U.S.A. 391 pp.

4. Kartesz, J.T. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2011. North American 

Plant Atlas. Chapel Hill, N.C. [maps generated from Kartesz, J.T. 2010. Floristic 

Synthesis of North America, Version 1.0. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). (in 

press)]. Accessed March 9, 2011 online at http://www.bonap.org/MapSwitchboard.html

5. Kaufman, S. R., and W. Kaufman. 2007. Invasive Plants: Guide to Identification and 

the Impacts and Control of Common North American Species. Stackpole Books, 

Mechanicsburg, PA, U.S.A. 458 pp.

6. PPQ. 2009. Weed-initiated pest risk assessment guidelines (v. 6.0). Plant Protection 

and Quarantine (PPQ), Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Raleigh, NC, 

U.S.A.

7. Tang, Y. H., I. Washitani, and T. Tsuchiya. 1989. Spatial heterogeneity of 

photosynthetic photon flux density in the canopy of Miscanthus sinensis. Ecological 

Research 4:339-349.

8. Zhu, W., D. Sun, J. Xu, H. Guo, and G. Shen. 2009. Studies on introduction result of 

Artemisia japonica and the key cultivation techniques [Abstract]. Journal of Southwest 

Forestry University.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Berberis glaucocarpa Stapf1

Family: Berberidaceae1

Synonyms: Berberis chitria Lindley5

Common names: barberry, great barberry2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: India, Nepal1

World distribution beyond native range: B. glaucocarpa is naturalized in British Isles and 

New Zealand1

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

B. glaucocarpa was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a 

model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range 

potential, damage potential and entry potential4

. B. glaucocarpa invades forests, forest 

margins, scrub, and disturbed areas. Its seedlings tolerate shade and establish 

successfully, shading out native plants and preventing their regeneration. Birds disperse 

its seeds5

. B. glaucocarpa is naturalized in New Zealand where it is considered an 
environmental weed 6

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed January 14, 2011 

online at 

http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?401569

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Accessed January 14, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/berberis_glaucocarpa/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed January 14, 2011

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5.Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to 

Environmental Weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

6. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR) Invasive species information for Hawaii 

and the Pacific. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand. Accessed

January 14, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Berkheya rigida (Thunb.) Ewart et al.1

Family: Asteraceae1

Synonyms: Stobaea rigida Thunb.1, 2

Common names: African thistle, Augusta thistle, berkheya thistle, hamelin thistle1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: South Africa1, 2

World distribution beyond native range: B. rigida is naturalized in Australia1

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

B. rigida was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model 

that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, 

damage potential and entry potential4. Holm et al. list B. rigida as a weed of Australia5

.

B. rigida, a stiff herbaceous to woody perennial, has noxious weed status in Western 

Australia and Tasmania. Reproducing by seed and from rhizomes, it occurs as a weed in 

coastal scrublands and occasionally inland. Large colonies limit pasture growth and 

available grazing area. In recreational areas, the matted stems and spines may limit access 

to beaches and facilities6

. Even within its native area, southern Africa, B. rigida is 

regarded as a problem plant, competing for resources7.
Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed January 14, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?403695

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Accessed January 14, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/berkheya_rigida/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. . National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed January 14, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

6. Parsons, W.T. and Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, 

Melbourne. 692 pp.

7. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, 

C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical 

Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Bromus pectinatus Thunb.1

Family: Poaceae1

Synonyms: Bromus adoensis Hochst. ex Steud.1

 Bromus vestitus Schrader

 Bromus gedrosianus Penzés

 Bromus rechingeri Melderis2

Common names: bromegrass2

, Japanese brome5, Hooigras6

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, South Africa, Arabia, 

Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, India, Pakistan1

World distribution beyond native range: none reported

Distribution in the United States: none reported, possibly in cultivation4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Bromus pectinatus is a problematic grass weed prominent in wheat fields3. It is 

competitive and also a host for cereal root diseases. Grain contaminated with this species 

blocks grading screens6

. B. pectinatus is a major weed of wheat and barley in Kenya. 

Field studies determined that the yield of wheat or barely could be reduced by 50% as a 

result of B. pectinatus infestation7. 
Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Belstville, Maryland. Accessed February 15, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?314893 

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 15, 

2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/bromus_pectinatus/

3. Bio Online International. African Crop Science Journal. 1997. Vol. 5. No. 4, pp. 359-

369, 1997. Bioline International, 1989 – 2007. Accessed February 15, 2011 online at 

http://www.bioline.org.br/request?cs97042

4. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4490 USA. Accessed February 15, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java

5. A Landowner’s Guide to Alien Grasses and the Prevention of Their Spread. Cape 

Nature. Accessed February 15, 2011 online at

www.capenature.co.za/docs/1451/Alien%20Grass%20Eng.pdf

6. Bromilow, Clive. 1995. Problem Plants in South Africa. Briza Publications. (pg. 32).

7. Wilcox, Douglas Howard, M.Sc., The University of Manitoba, May 1986, Biology 

and Control of Bromus pectinatus Thunb., 177pgs. Accessed February 15, 2011 

online at http://www.dragonflymeadow.ca/pdfs/Bromus_MSC_8.pdf
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Cassinia arcuata R. Br.1

Family: Asteraceae1

Synonyms: none found 

Common names: Chinese shrub1,2, Australian tauhinu, bidy bush, drooping cassinia, 

sifting bush, tear shrub5

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Australia1, 2

World distribution beyond native range: New Zealand5

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Cassinia arcuata was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a 

model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range 

potential, damage potential and entry potential4. In Australia, C. arcuata is a weed of 

soils that are disturbed by mining, land clearing, overgrazing, and roadside grading. The 

species can dominate establishing pastures, but is unpalatable to stock, resulting in the 

reduction of carrying capacity of heavily infested areas. Clumps of the species create a 

fire hazard and harbor pest animals such as rabbits5

. C. arcuata is a principal weed of 

Australia6

.
Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed January 14, 

2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447229

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, P.O. Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed January 14, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cassinia_arcuata/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center (NPDC), Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed January 14, 

2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Parsons, W.T. and Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, 

Melbourne. 692 pp.

6. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Celtis sinensis Pers.1

Family: Ulmaceae or Cannabaceae1

Synonyms: Celtis japonica Planch.

 Celtis sinensis var. japonica (Planch.) Nakai

 Celtis tetrandra subsp. Sinensis (Roxb.) Y. C. Tang1

Common names: Chinese celtis, Chinese elm5, Chinese hackberry, Chinese nettle-tree, 

Japanese hackberry, Chinese nettleboom, po shu1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: China, Japan, Taiwan1, Korea5, Mediterranean, Canada3

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized in southern Africa, Australia, New 

Zealand 1

Distribution in the United States: none reported6

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Celtis sinensis invades alluvial flats, moist gullies, and riparian habitats. It fruits 

prolifically and seeds are dispersed by birds and bats. Although seeds are relatively shortlived in or on the soil, recolonization is enhanced by abundant fruiting. It outcompetes 

native shrubs and trees by forming dense stands and prevents their regeneration2

. This 

tree species damages the natural ecosystem due to its tendency to become structurally 
dominant4

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 15, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9781 

2. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World; A Reference Guide to 

Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing. (p. 93).

3. Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. Agricultural Research 

Council. (p. 168).

4. Ensbey, R. 2002. Celtis: Identification and Control. Agnote. NSW Agriculture. 

Accessed February 15, 2011 online at http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pestsweeds/weeds/profiles/celtis

 

5. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Accessed February 15, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/celtis_sinensis/ 

6. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed February 15, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Neumann) Schltdl.

1

Family: Solanaceae1

Synonyms: 

Cestrum purpureum (Lindl.) Standl.

Habrothamnus elegans Brongn. ex Neumann (basionym)

Habrothamnus purpureus Lindl.1

Common names: crimson cestrum, purple cestrum, karmosynsestrum1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Mexico1

World distribution beyond native range: Australia2, New Zealand3, South Africa4

Distribution in the United States: none reported5

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Cestrum elegans is a shrub with a scrambling habit which is cultivated as an ornamental 

for its flowers, and for hedging6

. The whole plant is poisonous7. C. elegans has become 

naturalized in China, South Africa, and New Zealand. In South Africa, it is classed as a 

category 1 (the highest category) declared weed, prohibited from importation and 

cultivation and is under eradication where it already occurs4

. In New Zealand, where it 
has been naturalized since 1958, it is regarded as a “weed of concern on conservation 

land” and prohibited entry to the country8. These restrictions have been implemented on 

the basis of the invasive behavior of the species in both these countries, tending to take 

over marginal land in and around natural and planted woodland4,8. This behavior is also 

reflected by its categorization in Australia as a ‘garden thug’, having already escaped 

from cultivation to become a weed in the state of Victoria9. It is also among those weed 

species listed as a threat to the natural vegetation of the Blue Mountains of New South 

Wales10.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 7, 

2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9992

2. Groves, R.H., Boden, R., & Lonsdale, W.M. 2005. Jumping the Garden Fence: 

Invasive garden plants in Australia and their environmental and agricultural impacts. 

Australia, CSIRO.

3. Webb, C. J., Sykes, W. R., & Garnock-Jones, P. J. 2004. Flora of New Zealand, 

Volume IV, Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Landcare 

Research.

4. Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. Plant Protection Research 

Council, Pretoria.

5. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4490 USA. Accessed April 7, 2011 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

6. Grierson, A. J. C., Long, D. G. & Springate, L. S. (eds.). 2001. Flora of Bhutan 

Including a Record of Plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling. Vol. 2, Pt. 3. Royal 

Government of Bhutan, Edinburg.

7. Page, S., & Olds, M. (eds.). 2001. The Plant Book: The world of plants in a single 

volume. Hong Kong: James Mills-Hicks.

8. Owen, S. J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand. Wellington, 

NZ: Department of Conservation.

9. Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive 

garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16:138-171.

10. NSW. 2005. http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/pdf/F2_Weeds_List_DCP.pdf
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl.1

Family: Solanaceae1

Synonyms: Cestrum axillare Vell.

 Cestrum foetidissimum Dunal 

 Cestrum multiflorum Schott. ex Sendtn.

 Cestrum pendulinum Hort. Monsp. ex Dunal

 Cestrum undulatum var. otites. Dunal2

Common names: inkberry, inkbessie, dama-da-noite1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay1

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized in Southern Africa1

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

Cestrum laevigatum was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using 

a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range 

potential, damage potential and entry potential4

. C. laevigatum forms dense populations

that shade out native plants and prevent natural growth of shrubs and trees. Invaded 

habitats include riparian areas, coastal dunes, forests, and grasslands. Leaves and berries 
are toxic to livestock5

. C. laevigatum is listed as problem plant in South Africa due to its 

invasiveness6, and as a result C. laevigatum may no longer be planted there7

. 

Moniliophthora perniciosa (witches broom fungus), a pest of concern to the United 

States, is associated with C. laevigatum8.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP). 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed January 31, 

2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?404312

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, P.O. Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed January 31, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cestrum_laevigatum/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center (NPDC), Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed January 31, 

2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: a reference guide to 

environmental weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

6. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, 

C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in Southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical 

Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.

7. Yoshioka, Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database. Accessed January 31, 2011 online at

http://invasive.m-fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Cestrum&s=laevigatum

8. Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and 

Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Accessed January 31, 2011 online at

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl.1

Family: Asteraceae1

Synonyms: 

Osteospermum moniliferum L.

Osteospermum pisiferum L.

Osteospermum pisiferum var. canescens DC.

Osteospermum rotundatum DC.1

Common names: bitoubush, boneseed, brother-berry, Higgin's-curse, jungle-flower, 

saltbush, bietou, bosluisbessie1

Distribution of plant:

 

Native range: Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, and 

Zimbabwe1

World distribution beyond native range: Australia, New Zealand1

Distribution in the United States: none reported2

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Chrysanthemoides monilifera was identified as a potential threat to United States 

ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, 

geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential3. Even within its native 
area of Southern Africa, C. monilifera is regarded as an undesirable plant, competing for 

resources and replacing preferred vegetation, especially in grasslands4. In Australia, it is 

ranked as a ‘garden thug’, has naturalized in three states, and is now treated as a ‘weed of 

national significance5

. C. monilifera is described as invading coastal dune scrub, 

heathland, heathy, and coastal woodland, riparian vegetation, woodland, open forest, dry 

and wet sclerophyll forest, mallee. It is noted that it can form ‘dense, extensive 

infestations which may smother virtually all other vegetation in the area, including 

threatened species such as the orchid Pterostylis truncata6. In New Zealand it is among 

the list of ‘weeds of concern’ on conservation land7.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 

31, 2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10342

2. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed March 31, 2011 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

3. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

4. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, 

C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the 

Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp. 

5. Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive 

garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16: 138-171.

6. Blood, K. 2001. Environmental Weeds: a Field Guide for SE Australia. C.H. Jerram 

& Associates and CRC for Weed Management Systems. 232 pp. (pp. 46/47, 86).

7. Owen, S.J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. 

118p. Department of Conservation, Wellington. Accessed March 31, 2011 online at 

http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Cineraria lyratiformis Cron1

Family: Asteraceae1

Synonyms: Cineraria lyrata DC.1

Common names: African-marigold, cineraria, wild parsley1, 2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: South Africa1, 2

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized in Australia1

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Cineraria lyratiformis was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems 

using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic 

range potential, damage potential and entry potential4. Declared a noxious weed in New 

South Wales, C. lyratiformis occurs as a weed in gardens, along roadsides, cultivated 

fallows, and disturbed areas. It is reported to cause gas and unpleasant odors in cheese 

and taints milk for the cows that graze on it5. Reported as a serious weed in South Africa6

, 

C. lyratiformis competes for resources and replaces preferred vegetation, especially in 

grassland7

.
Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP). 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, MD. Accessed January 31, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?416026 

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, P.O. Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed January 31, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cineraria_lyratiformis/

3. USDA, NRCS. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center (NPDC), Baton 

Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed January 31, 2011 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Parsons, W.T. and Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, 

Melbourne. 692 pp.

6. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

7. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, 

C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical 

Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp. 
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.1

Family: Boraginaceae1

Synonyms: Cordia verbenacea DC.

 Varronia curassavica Jacq.1

 Cordia brevispicata M.Martens & Galeotti

 Cordia chacoensis Chodat.

 Cordia imparillis Macbr.

 Cordia macrostachya (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.2

.

Common names: erva baleeira2

, black-sage, mahot noir, wild-sage, orégano-cimarrón1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Antigua 

and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. 

Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil,

Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Paraguay1

World distribution beyond native range: Introduced into Malaysia and Christmas Island8

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A
Damage potential of plant: 

Cordia curassavica is a principal weed of Trinidad6

, and an environmental weed of 

concern in the Pacific Islands5. Creating dense thickets that prevent regeneration or 

growth of other vegetation7

, this shrub has become invasive in Malaysia and Christmas 

Island8. C. curassavica is a host of the pink Hibiscus mealybug9, a plant pest of concern 

to the United States. C. curassavica was identified as a potential threat to United States 

ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, 

geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential4.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed January 31, 

2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?430456 

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, P.O; Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed January 31, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cordia_curassavica/ 

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center (NPDC), Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed January 31, 

2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Yoshioka, Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database. Accessed January 31, 2011 online 

at http://invasive.m-fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Cordia&s=curassavica 

6. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

7. Swarbrick, J.T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, 

Indian Ocean: A report to Parks Australia. p. 31.

8. Pacific Islands Ecosystem at Risk project (PIER). Plant Threats to Pacific 

Ecosystems. Accessed January 31, 2011 online at

http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/cordia_curassavica.htm

9. Garofalo, J, and Graves, W. R. 2002. Reported Plant Hosts of Pink Hibiscus 

Mealybug (PHM). Fact-sheet No. 69. Extension Agent, Commercial Ornamentals. 

Miami-Dade County Cooperative Extension Service, Florida.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase1

Family: Poaceae1

Synonyms:

Echinochloa holubii (Stapf) Stapf

Panicum holubii Stapf 

Panicum pyramidale Lam. (basionym)

Panicum quadrifarium Hochst. ex A. Rich.1

Common names: antelope grass, limpopo grass, Atilopengras, pasto limbago1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon, Burkina 

Faso, Cote D’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Malawi, 

Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, 

Madagascar1

World distribution beyond native range: Argentina, Australia, Benin, Brazil, Burundi, 

Chad, China, Costa Rica, Equatorial Guinea, French Guiana, Gabon, Guadeloupe, 

Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago2

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A
Damage potential of plant:

Echinochloa pyramidalis was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems 

using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic 

range potential, damage potential and entry potential4. E. pyramidalis is a semi-aquatic 

species, almost invariably associated with water. It has very variable morphology, 

depending on the conditions, with very tall erect forms just away from the water’s edge, 

while plants rooted in the water form rampant spongy, leafy stems which grow rapidly 

across the water5.

E. pyramidalis has decidedly invasive characteristics with its vigorous shoot and rhizome 

growth and abundant seed production. As an aquatic, it also has the potential to be very 

damaging to sensitive aquatic habitats. In Guyana, it was first noticed in 1982 and 

increased rapidly to become one of the most troublesome weeds in the aquatic system of 

the Guyana Sugar Corporation6. Apart from its competitive growth, Wells et al. note it is 

unpalatable and has irritant hairs on leaf sheaths as well as a tendency to obstruct water 

flow7.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 5, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14834

2. Stang, D. 2009. ZipcodeZoo. Echinochloa pyramidalis. Accessed April 5, 2011 online 

at http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/E/Echinochloa_pyramidalis/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed April 5, 2011 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Bor, N.L. 1960. The Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan (excluding 

Bambusae) Pergamon Press, Oxford. (p. 311).

6. Bishundial, D.P., Dasrat, B., Rajkumar, A. and Kumar, D. 1997. Management of 

antelope grass (Echinochloa pyramidalis) in sugarcane water ways. Proceedings of the 

West Indies Sugar Technologists 26th Conference, 22-26 September 1997. pp. 164-168.

7. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. & Stirton, C.H. 

1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey 

of South Africa 53. 658 pp.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi1

Family: Cyperaceae1

Synonyms: none found 

Common names: kuro-guwai1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: China, Korea and Japan2

World distribution beyond native range: none found

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Eleocharis kuroguwai was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems 

using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic 

range potential, damage potential and entry potential4. Spreading by tubers and rhizomes, 

E. kuroguwai is a perennial sedge that is difficult to control due to its overwintering 

tubers in soil and irregular sprouting5

. The Korean national survey of weeds reported that 

E. kuroguwai was the second most dominant weed in paddy fields. Since emergence 

takes place over a long period, it is not easily controlled by current herbicides6

. Reducing 

infestations requires land preparation and dragging its vegetative organs to the soil 
surface for desiccation2

. E. kuroguwai is associated with the plant pathogen 

Epicoccosorus nematosporus5, which is prohibited entry into the United States.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 28, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?462801

2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Plant Production and 

Protection Division, datasheet for Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi. Accessed March 28, 2011 

online at http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/corethemes/theme/biodiversity/weeds/listweeds/ele-kur/en/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed March 28, 2011 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Hong, Y. K., Cho, J. M., Uhm, J. Y., Lee, B. C., Hyun, J. N., Hwang, J. B. and Kim, S. 

C. 2003. Evaluation of Control Efficacy of Biocontrol Agent, Epicoccosorus 

nematosporus on Eleocharis kuroguwai in the Field. The Plant Pathology Journal 19(2): 

97-101.

6. Kim, K. U. 2006. Integrated Management of Paddy Weeds In Korea, with Emphasis on 

Allelopathy. Accessed March 28, 2011 online at 

www.agnet.org/library/tb/134b/tb134b.pdf 
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Gladiolus undulatus L.1

Family: Iridaceae1

Synonyms: Gladiolus cuspidatus Jacq.1 

Common names: large painted-lady, large white Afrikaner1

Distribution of plant: 

Native range: South Africa1

World distribution beyond native range: It is naturalized in Australia, tropical Asia, New 

Zealand, and the West Indies1

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

Gladiolus undulatus invades grassland, forest edges, riparian habitats and seasonal 

freshwater wetlands. This perennial spreads by corms and bulbils that can be carried by 

streams and in soil. It forms dense extensive populations that crowd out native 

vegetation5

. In Australia, it is considered a naturalized, environmental and garden escape 

weed2. In Portugal, it is known to pose ecological risk4.
Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 17, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?17607 

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. [Online Database]. Accessed 

March 17, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/gladiolus_undulatus/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed March 17, 2011 online at

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Yoshioka Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database. Accessed March 17, 2011 online at 

http://invasive.m-fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Gladiolus&s=undulatus

5. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World; a Reference Guide to 

Environmental Weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Gomphrena celosioides Mart.1

Family: Amaranthaceae1

Synonyms: Gomphrena alba Peter

 Gomphrena celosioides Mart. f. villosa Suesseng

 Gomphrena decumbens (non Jacq.) auctt.

 Gomphrena globosa ssp. africana L. Stuchlik2. 

Common names: yin hua xian1, globe amaranth, prostrate globe amaranth, baan mai ruu 

roi paa, gomphrena weed, soft khakiweed, white eye2.

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay1

World distribution beyond native range: Taiwan, Thailand, Australia, India, Zambia, 

Zimbabwe, South Africa6, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Burundi, Madagascar, Malawi, 

Tanzania, Uganda,9

. Widely naturalized in the tropics1

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Gomphrena celosioides was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems 

using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic 

range potential, damage potential and entry potential4

. G. celosioides is toxic to
mammals1 and is invasive in the Pacific Islands5, 8

. Holm et al. reported that G.

celosioides is a serious weed of Taiwan and Thailand6

. In southern Africa, G. celosioides

is competitive and tends to replace indigenous vegetation7

. 

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 1, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?411200

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Accessed February 1, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/gomphrena_celosioides/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed February 1, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Yoshioka, Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database: Accessed February 1, 2011 online 

at http://invasive.m-fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Gomphrena&s=celosioides

6. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

7. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, 

C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical 

Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp. 

8. Pacific Islands Ecosystem at Risk project (PIER). Plant Threats to Pacific 

Ecosystems. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at

http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/gomphrena_celosioides.htm

9. W3 Tropicos, the nomenclatural database of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed 

February 1, 2011 online at http://www.tropicos.org/Name/1100153 
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (D. Don ex Hook. & Arn.) DC.1

Family: Asteraceae1

Synonyms:

Alomia spilanthoides D. Don ex Hook. & Arn. (basionym)

Gymnocoronis attenuata DC.1

Common names: Senegal teaplant, templeplant1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay1

, Mexico2

World distribution beyond native range: Australia, New Zealand1, India2

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Gymnocoronis spilanthoides is a freshwater or marsh-growing emergent perennial herb, 

occurring in still or slowly moving water, forming rounded bushes or, extending from the 

banks, developing mats of tangled stems, reproducing vegetatively as well as by seed. 

The plant impedes water flow, navigation and recreation. It is shade tolerant and can have 

a growth rate of 15 cm per week under fertile conditions4,5,6. G. spilanthoides is recorded 

as a ‘principal’ weed of Argentina7. It is also listed as a noxious, prohibited weed in both 

Australia and New Zealand8. It is recorded as being in the aquatic plant trade in Australia 
and predicted that it could become a significant weed of sub-tropical and tropical 

wetlands9. 

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 8, 

2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?403701

2. Parsons, W. T. & Cuthbertson, E. G. 2001. Noxious Weeds of Australia. 

Collingwood, CSIRO Publishing.

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed April 8, 2011 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A reference guide to 

environmental weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5. Natural Resources and Mines. 2001. Senegal tea. Gymnocoronis spilanthoides. Pest 

Series. Queensland, Australia: Queensland Department of Natural Resources and 

Mines.

6. Parsons, W. T. & Cuthbertson, E. G. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Melbourne: 

Inkata Press.

7. Holm, L. G.; Pancho, J. V.; Herberger, J. P.; Plucknett, D. L.1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. New York: Wiley.

8. Australian Weeds Committee. 2010. Noxious weed list for Australian States and 

Territories. Version 22.00. Accessed April 8, 2011 online at 

http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf

9. Csurhes, S. & Edwards, R. 1998. National Weeds Program. Potential environmental 

weeds in Australia. Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, 

Environment Australia.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Hakea gibbosa (Sm.) Cav.1

Family: Proteaceae 1

Synonyms: Banksia gibbosa Sm.1

Common names: rock hakea, harige hakea1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Australia1

World distribution beyond native range: New Zealand, South Africa1

Distribution in the United States: none reported2

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

Hakea gibbosa occasionally occurs as an aggressive weed even in its native Australia and 

is categorized by the European Plant Protection Organization as “an invasive alien plant” 

in New Zealand and in South Africa3. In New Zealand H. gibbosa is listed among the 

plants of concern on conservation land4

. In South Africa, it is recorded as a “principal” 

weed5, and is listed in the highest Category 1 as a prohibited weed6. Both Hakea gibbosa

and Hakea sericea have been deemed major threats to mountain fynbos. These species

are extremely flammable and cause such hot fires that they destroy all indigenous flora 

and fauna in the vicinity. These species can completely replace indigenous vegetation and 

make mountain slopes unattractive and inaccessible to mountaineers by promoting
erosion. Hakea gibbosa increases transpiration resulting in reduction of run-off to rivers 

and dams7.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 14, 

2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?18190

2. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed April 14, 2011 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

3. PQR. 2003. EPPO’s plant quarantine data retrieval system, version 4.3. CD Rom. 

Paris, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.

4. Owen, S. J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. 

Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation. Accessed April 14, 2011 online at

http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm

5. Holm, L. G.; Pancho, J. V.; Herberger, J. P.; Plucknett, D. L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

6. Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: A complete guide to declared 

weeds and invaders in South Africa. Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, Agricultural 

Research Council.

7. Bromilow, C. 2001. Problem Plants of South Africa: A guide to the identification and 

control of more than 300 invasive plants and other weeds. Pretoria, South Africa: Briza 

Publications.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Hakea salicifolia (Vent.) B. L. Burtt1

Family: Proteaceae1

Synonyms: Embothrium salicifolium Vent.1

Common names: willow hakea, willowleaf hakea2

, wilgerhakea1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Australia1

World distribution beyond native range: Naturalized in Europe, southern Africa, & New 

Zealand1

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

Adapted to nutrient-poor soil, this multi-stemmed shrub eliminates original vegetation 

and reduces species richness in dry forests, heathland and scrubland6. Hakea salicifolia

was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that 

prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, 

damage potential and entry potential4. H. salicifolia is reported as a weed of concern on 

conservation lands in New Zealand and as an invader in Portugal5. In Australia, Randall 

reports this species to be a ‘garden thug’7

. 
Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 1, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447100

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 1, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/hakea_salicifolia/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed February 1, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Yoshioka Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database: Accessed February 1, 2011 online 

at http://invasive.m-fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Hakea&s=salicifolia

6. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to 

Environmental Weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

7. Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive 

garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16(4): 138-171.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Hakea sericea Schrad. & J. C. Wendl.1

Family: Proteaceae 1

Synonyms: Conchium aciculare Sm. ex Vent.1

Common names: silky hakea, syerige hakea 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Australia1

World distribution beyond native range: New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Spain 2,3

Distribution in the United States: none reported4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

Hakea sericea is described as being “highly invasive”

5

. It is regarded as a “garden thug”

in its native Australia, tending to “escape” from cultivation and invade local vegetation 

types6. The European Plant Protection Organization categorizes it as an invasive alien 

plant in New Zealand and South Africa7

. In New Zealand, it is listed among plants of 

concern on conservation land8. In South Africa, it has proved highly invasive and is rated 

as a serious weed9 and categorized as a transformer and as a prohibited weed in the most 

invasive Category 110. Both Hakea gibbosa and Hakea sericea have been deemed major 

threats to mountain fynbos. These species are extremely flammable and cause such hot 

fires that they destroy all indigenous flora and fauna in the vicinity. These species can 
completely replace indigenous vegetation and make mountain slopes unattractive and 

inaccessible to mountaineers by promoting erosion. Hakea sericea increases transpiration

resulting in reduction of run-off to rivers and dams11.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 15, 

2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?410696

2. Brunel, S. and J.M. Tison. 2005. A method of selection and hierarchization of the 

invasive and potentially invasive plants in continental Mediterranean France. In: 

Proceedings of the International Workshop Actes de l’atelier de travail international: 

Meze.

3. CABI. 2009. Crop Protection Compendium, CAB International. Accessed April 15, 

2011 online at 

http://www.cabi.org/cpc/?compid=1&dsid=27302&loadmodule=datasheet&page=868&si

te=161

4. USDA, NRCS. The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. 

Accessed April 15, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

5. Binggeli, P., J. B. Hall, et al. 1998. An overview of invasive woody plants in the 

tropics. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences Publication Number 13. Bangor, 

University of Wales.

6. Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive 

garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16: 138–171.

7. PQR. 2003. EPPO’s plant quarantine data retrieval system, version 4.3. CD Rom. 

Paris, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.

8. Owen, S. J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. 

Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation. Accessed April 15, 2011 online at

http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm

9. Holm, L. G.; Pancho, J. V.; Herberger, J. P.; Plucknett, D. L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. New York: Wiley-Interscience.

10. Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: A complete guide to declared 

weeds and invaders in South Africa. Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, Agricultural 

Research Council.

11. Bromilow, C. 2001. Problem Plants of South Africa: A guide to the identification and 

control of more than 300 invasive plants and other weeds. Pretoria, South Africa: Briza
Publications.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Impatiens parviflora DC.1

Family: Balsaminaceae1

Synonyms: Impatiens nevskii Pobed.2

Common names: balsam, small-flower touch-me-not1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Afghanistan, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, 

Uzbekistan, China, Belarus1

World distribution beyond native range: It is naturalized in temperate areas1, present in 

Switzerland9

, France, Ukraine, Poland, Germany6, and Great Britain10.

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

Impatiens parviflora was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems 

using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic 

range potential, damage potential and entry potential4. This annual is reported to be

invasive in Hungary, Spain, Germany, Ukraine and Poland5, 6.

 Its seed capsules spring 

open forcibly as the seed ripens, ejecting the seed a considerable distance10. 

Two plant pests of concern to the United States are associated with I. parviflora, 
Aleyrodes proletella (cabbage whitefly)7 and Leveillula taurica (powdery mildew)8

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 1, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19843

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 1, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/impatiens_parviflora/ 

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed February 1, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Yoshioka, Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database. Accessed February 1, 2011 online 

at http://invasive.m-fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Impatiens&s=parviflora 

6. Dana, E.D., Sanz-Elorza, M. & Sobrino, E. 2001. Plant Invaders in Spain [Check-List] 

‘The Unwanted Citizens’, 8p.

7. USDA-APHIS-PPQ (2001, September 26). New Pest Advisory Group Data: Aleyrodes 

proletella, Brassica Whitefly Draft. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and 

Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine.

8. Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and 

Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at 

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/

9. Missouri Botanical Garden, W3 Tropicos database. Entry for Impatiens parviflora. 

Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://www.tropicos.org/Name/3100029

10. Plants for a future database. 2004. Entry for Impatiens parviflora. Accessed February 

1, 2011 online at

http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens%20parviflora
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Launaea cornuta (Hochst. ex Oliv. & Hiern) C. Jeffrey1

Family: Asteraceae1

Synonyms: 

Launaea exauriculatus (Oliv. & Hiern) Boulos

Sonchus cornutus Hochst. ex Oliv. & Hiern (basionym)

Sonchus exauriculatus (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Hoffm.

Lactuca taraxacifolia (Willd.) Hornemann

Sonchus bipontini (non Asch.) Broun & Massey1

Common names: wild lettuce2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon, Central 

African Republic, Rwanda, Zaire, Nigeria, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe1,3

World distribution beyond native range: none reported

Distribution in the United States: none reported4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A
Damage potential of plant:

Launaea cornuta is a perennial weed of arable land, perennial crops, and waste areas in 

East Africa3

. This species is among the most frequent and problematic weeds in 

Ethiopian sugarcane fields, contributing to loss in productivity5. L. cornuta was identified 

as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants 

based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry 

potential6.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 4, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?450972

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed March 4, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/launaea_cornuta/

3. Terry, P.J. 1987. Common Weeds of East Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization 

of the United Nations. Rome. 

4. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4490 USA. Accessed March 4, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

5. Firehun, Yirefu, and Tana Tamado. 2006. Weed flora in the Rift Valley sugarcane 

plantations of Ethiopia as influenced by soil types and agronomic practises. Weed 

Biology and Management 6: 139-150. Accessed March 4, 2011 online at 

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2006.00207.x/abstract

6. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Heine 1

 

Family: Hydrocharitaceae 1

Synonyms:

Hydromystria laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Hunz.

Limnobium spongia subsp. laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Lowden 

Salvinia laevigata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.1

Hydromystria stolonifera G.F.W. Mey

Limnobium stoloniferum (G.F.W. Mey.) Griseb 2

Common names: South American spongeplant1

, West Indian spongeplant2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Mexico, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Antigua 

and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto 

Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, 

Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay1

World distribution beyond native range: none found

Distribution in the United States: Reported as present in 12 counties in California3; L. 

laevigatum is being considered for official control.

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? Hand

removal and glyphosate treatments4
Damage potential of plant: 

Limnobium laevigatum is an aquatic weed that occurs in rivers, ponds, lakes, canals, and 

other aquatic habitats5

. It reduces biodiversity, changes community structure, and limits 

access to water bodies. Since it reproduces sexually through seed production and 

vegetatively through offshoots, this species can rapidly form dense mats on the water 

surface. Propagules are dispersed by water and birds and as hitchhikers on watercraft6

. 

This species appears to have a wide adaptive potential given its widespread distribution 

throughout Central and South America7

. 

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed May 4, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?419808

2. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed May 4, 2011 online at 

http://www.itis.gov

3. Calflora. 2010. California flora database. Accessed May 4, 2011 online at

http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8599

4. Akers, P. 2009. The California Department Of Food And Agriculture Hydrilla 

Eradication Program Annual Progress Report 2009: Protecting California’s Waterways.

Accessed May 4, 2011 online at

http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/hydrilla/pdfs/hydrilla2009_annualreport-contents.pdf

5. Fernández, O. A., Sutton, D. L., Lallana, V. H., Sabbatini, M. R., & Irigoyen, J. H. 

1990. Aquatic weed problems and management in South and Central America. Pages 

406-425 in A. H. Pieterse and K. J. Murphy, (eds.). Aquatic Weeds: The Ecology and 

Management of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation. Oxford University Press, New York.

6. Akers, P. 2010. Draft pest profile for Limnobium laevigatum. Unpublished Report. 

California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA. (archived at APHIS 

CPHST PERAL)

7. USDA Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Center for Plant 

Health Science and Technology, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant 

Protection and Quarantine, 2011. Weed Risk Assessments for Alpinia modesta, Artemisia 

austriaca, Artemisia japonica, Praxelis clematidea, and Rhamnus alaternus. June 14, 

2010 Rev. 00. Raleigh, NC, U.S.A.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob.1

Family: Lauraceae1

Synonyms:

Litsea laurifolia (Jacq.) F. M. Bailey

Sebifera glutinosa Lour. (basionym) 

Tetranthera laurifolia Jacq.1

Common names: Indian-laurel, Indiese lourier1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, 

Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam 1

World distribution beyond native range: Mauritius, Reunion1

, Rodrigues Island, South 

Africa2, Mayotte3

Distribution in the United States: none reported4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Litsea glutinosa is described as being a plant whose impact upon introduction to a new 

environment is severe. Growing in agricultural, coastland, natural forest, planted forest, 

disturbed, and urban areas, L. glutinosa has a high invasive potential, displacing 

regenerating native plant species in disturbed environments5

. It is listed among the highly 
invasive woody species of the tropics and subtropics6

. L. glutinosa is recorded as being 

very invasive in both Mauritius and Rodrigues Island7. In South Africa it is classed as a 

declared weed and a transformer that tends to replace indigenous vegetation. Litsea

glutinosa may also be poisonous8

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 19, 

2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?22422

2. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A reference guide to 

environmental weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3. Soubeyran, Y. 2008. Les espèces exotiques envahissantes dans les collectivités 

françaises d’outre-mer. Paris, Collection Planète Nature. Comité français de l’UICN.

4. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed April 19, 2011 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

5. ISSG. 2008. The Global Invasive Species Database. Litsea glutinosa. Accessed April 

19, 2011 online at http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Litsea+glutinosa

6. Binggeli, P., J. B. Hall, et al. 1998. An overview of invasive woody plants in the 

tropics. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences Publication Number 13. Bangor, 

University of Wales.

7. Macdonald, A. W., J. K. Reaser, et al. 2003. Invasive Alien Species: National reports 

and directory of resources. Cape Town, The Global Invasive Species Programme.

8. Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: A complete guide to declared 

weeds and invaders in South Africa. Pretoria, Plant Protection Research Council.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell1

Family: Onagraceae1

Synonyms: 

Jussiaea hyssopifolia G. Don (basionym)1

Jussiaea linifolia Vahl5

Common names: waterprimerose3, seedbox, telurik, linearleaf water primrose5

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Cape Verde, Chad, Sudan, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, 

Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, 

China, Taiwan, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, 

Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Mexico, Micronesia, Nicaragua, 

Panama, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Guyana, 

Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru1

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized elsewhere, exact native range 

obscure 1

Distribution in the United States: Not in the U.S.2

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A
Damage potential of plant:

Ludwigia hyssopifolia is a weed of rice, ditches, ponds, roadsides, pastures, taro crops, 

swamps, stream edges, and is generally found in wet places. This herbaceous annual is an 

introduced invasive species in Fiji, Western Samoa, and Guam4. It is a weed of rubber 

plantations in Thailand5. L. hyssopifolia was identified as a potential threat to United 

States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive 

potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential6

. It is a 

pantropical weed that expands its range primarily by seed distribution. L. hyssopifolia is 

described as a serious weed in cropping systems requiring irrigation, such as rice, 

sugarcane, pineapples, sorghum, and taro7

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed June 19, 2007 online 

at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?403813

2. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4490 USA. Accessed June 20, 2007 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java

3. Akobundu, L. O. and Agyakwa, C.W. 1987. A Handbook of West African Weeds. The 

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. (p. 76).

4. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Ludwigia hyssopifolia. Accessed June 29, 2007 

online at http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/ludwigia_hyssopifolia.htm

5. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed June 20, 2007 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/ludwigia_hyssopifolia/

6. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397.

7. Holm, L.G., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J. V., & Herberger, J. P. 1997. World Weeds: 

Natural histories and distribution. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Ludwigia prostrata Roxb.1

 

Family: Onagraceae1

Synonyms:

Jussiaea prostrata (Roxb.) Lév. 

Ludwigia diffusa Hem. 

Ludwigia fruticulosa Blume 

Nematopyxis fruticulosa Miq. 

Nematopyxis prostrata Miq. 

Nematopyxis pusilla Miq.9

Common names: ding xiang liao 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: China, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Philippines1

, Republic 

of Korea6, Japan, Taiwan7

World distribution beyond native range: None found

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Ludwigia prostrata is serious weed in Japan and a principal weed in Taiwan7

. This 

species was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that 
prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, 

damage potential and entry potential4. The Global Invasive Species Initiative includes L. 

prostrata as a non-native invader of natural areas

5

. A quarantine weed in Australia2

, L. 

prostrata is an important weed of rice in Republic of Korea6. It disturbs crop production 

through competition with rice plants and vegetables for light and nutrients8.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 29, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?462799

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed March 29, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/ludwigia_prostrata/

3.USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed March 29, 2011 online 

at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. The Global Invasive Species Initiative. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at 

http://www.invasive.org/gist/global/australia/mel.html

6. R. Labrada. 2006. The need for improved weed management in rice. Weed Officer, 

Plant protection Service, FAO, Rome, Italy. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at 

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y4751E/y4751e0l.htm

7. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

8. Reed, Clyde F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. Potential Problems in 

the United States. Agricultural Research Service. APHIS. United States Department of 

Agriculture. pg. 446.

9. The Plant List (Version 1). 2010. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at 

http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-23200199
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze 1

Family: Menyanthaceae 1

Synonyms:

Limnanthemum cristatum (Roxb.) Griseb.

Menyanthes cristata Roxb.1

Nymphoides hydrophylla auct. Non (Lour.) Kuntze 2

Common names: shui pi lian1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: China, Taiwan, India, Vietnam1

World distribution beyond native range: Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Australia3

Distribution in the United States: Reported as present in Florida and South Carolina4; N. 

cristata is being considered for official control.

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? 

Treatments with various forms and combinations of commonly used aquatic herbicides 

have not yielded long term success5

Damage potential of plant: 

Nymphoides cristata is a tropical/subtropical species aquatic plant that forms floating 

mats with overlapping leaves that shade the water column nearly completely, altering the 

light regime and altering or reducing the growth of native aquatic species5. A Weed Risk 
Assessment developed by USDA ranked the probability that N. cristata may become a 

major invader as 52.2% or to become a Minor Invader as 45.1%, concluding with an 

overall risk potential ranking of “High Risk”6

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed May 6, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?419708

2. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed May 6, 2011 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

3. GBIF. 2009. GBIF, Online Database. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 

Accessed May 6, 2011 online at http://data.gbif.org/species/15626208/

4. Kartesz, J.T. 2011. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). North American 

Plant Atlas. Chapel Hill, N.C. Accessed May 6, 2011 online at

http://www.bonap.org/BONAPmaps2010/Nymphoides.html

5. Burks, K. C. 2002. Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze, a Recent Adventive 

Expanding as a Pest Plant in Florida. Castanea 67(2): 206-211

6. USDA Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Center for Plant 

Health Science and Technology, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant 

Protection and Quarantine, 2011. Weed Risk Assessment for Mikania micrantha, 

Nymphoides cristata, Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius, Syzygium australe, and 

Vitex rotundifolia November 29, 2010 Ver. 1. Raleigh, NC, U.S.A
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Oryza barthii A. Chev.1

Family: Poaceae1

Synonyms:

Oryza breviligulata A. Chev. & Roehr. 

Oryza silvestris A. Chev. var. barthii A. Chev. 

Oryza mezii Prod. 

Oryza stapfii Roshev. 

Oryza perennia ssp. barthii (A. Chev.) A. Chev.2

Common names: wild rice, riz de marais, riz vivace d'Afrique1

Distribution of plant :

Native range: Botswana, Central African Republic, Cote D'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, 

Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia, 

Zimbabwe1, Uganda3, Burkina Faso, Niger4, Angola5, South Africa6

World distribution beyond native range: none found

Distribution in the United States: none reported7

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A
Damage potential of plant:

O. barthii was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model 

that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, 

damage potential and entry potential8. Forming weedy hybrids with cultivated rice1, O. 

barthii is widespread in Africa, especially in West Africa. It is recorded as a principal 

weed of Nigeria9. It occurs in swamps, drains, slow-moving waters and in rice fields 

where it can be a major problem, particularly in direct-seeded rice. Furthermore it is 

easily distributed in contaminated rice seed. It is clearly a significant problem in a 

number of West African countries other than Nigeria, including Gambia.10, 11

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 18, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?26057

2. Clayton, W.D. 1970. Gramineae (Part 1) In: Milne-Redhead, E. and Polhill, R.M. 

(eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Crown Agents, London. (pp. 29-30).

3. Launert, E. 1971. Gramineae (Bambusae – Pappophorae) In: Fernandes, A., Launert, 

E. and Wild, H. (eds.) Flora Zambesiaca Volume Ten Part One. Flora Zambesiaca 

Managing Committee, London. (pp. 34-35).

4. Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. and Hepper, F.N. 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa. 

Volume 3 Part 2. Crown Agents, London. (p. 367).

5. Reed, C.F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. Potential problems in the 

United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 498. USDA ARS APHIS. (p. 119).

6. Gibbs Russell, G.E, Watson, L., Koekemoer, M., Smook, L., Barker, N.P., Anderson, 

H.M. and Dellwitz, M.J. 1990. Grasses of Southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical 

Survey of South Africa No 58. (p. 229). 

7. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed March 18, 2011 online 

at http://plants.usda.gov/java

8. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

9. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons. 391 pp.
10. Johnson, D.E. 1997. Les Adventices en Riziculture en Afrique de l’Ouest. Weeds of 

Rice in West Africa. WARDA/CTA/DFID. (pp. 176-177).

11. Terry, P.J. 1981. Weeds and their control in The Gambia. Tropical Pest Management

27: 44-52

 
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L.1

Family: Phyllanthaceae1

Synonyms: none found

Common names: canoe weed2

Distribution of plant: 

Native range: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Yemen, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon, 

Rwanda, Zaire, Cote D'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo, Angola, 

Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, 

Swaziland, Madagascar, Seychelles, China, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Australia, 

Indonesia1

World distribution beyond native range: Egypt, Sudan2, possibly naturalized elsewhere1

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

Phyllanthus maderaspatensis was identified as a potential threat to United States 

ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, 

geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential4

. P. maderaspatensis is 

a principal weed of Australia and Sudan5. It is poisonous to mammals1. Even within its 

native area, southern Africa, P. maderaspatensis is regarded as an undesirable plant, 
competing for resources and replacing preferred vegetation6

. 

This spreading subshrub is a host of Achaea janata (Castor Semilooper)8 and the 

powdery mildew Leveillula taurica7, plant pests of concern to the United States.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 2, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?411707 

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 2, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/phyllanthus_maderaspatensis/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed February 2, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

6. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, 

C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical 

Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp. 

7. Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and 

Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Accessed February 2, 2011 online at

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/

8. Robinson, G. S., Ackery, P. R., Kitching, I. J., Beccaloni, G. W., & Hernández, L. M. 

2007. HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants: Autographa gamma. 

London: Natural History Museum. Accessed February 2, 2011 online at

http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/researchcuration/research/projects/hostplants/list.dsml?PSpeciesqtype=starts+with&PGenus=Phyl

lanthus&PFamilyqtype=starts+with&sort=Family&Familyqtype=starts+with&beginInde

x=30&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Genusqtype=starts+with&PGenusqtype=starts+with&

searchPageURL=index%2edsml%3fGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Familyqtype%3d

starts%2bwith%26PFamilyqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26PGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith

%26sort%3dFamily%26PSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2

bwith%26PGenus%3dPhyllanthus
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass.1

Family: Asteraceae1

Synonyms: 

Carduus acarna L. ((basionym)

Cirsium acarna (L.) Moench1

Common names: soldier thistle1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, 

Romania, Yugoslavia, France, Spain1

World distribution beyond native range: Australia, Morocco, Afghanistan2

, Portugal3, 

Balearics, Switzerland, Italy, Russia (Crimea), Sardinia4

Distribution in the United States: none reported5

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

P. acarna was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model 

that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, 

damage potential and entry potential6

. P. acarna is recorded as a ‘principal’ weed of 

crops in Lebanon2. Parker describes P. acarna as a weed of roadsides, banks, waste areas, 
crops, and pastures6

. When established, P. acarna competes with cereal crops and can 

choke harvesting machinery. Its sharp spines are known to injure sheep and dogs. Since it 

is avoided by stock, the available grazing area in infested pastures is reduced7

. 

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 24, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?401817

2. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons. 391 pp.

3. Reed, C.F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. Potential problems in the 

United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 498. USDA ARS APHIS. (p. 621)

4. Werner, K. 1976. 119 Picnomon Adanson. In: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, 

N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. and Webb, D.A. (eds.) Flora 

Europaea, Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge 

University Press. (p. 242).

5. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed March 24, 2011 online 

at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

6. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

7. Parsons, W.T. and Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, 

Melbourne. (pp. 223-224)
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Potamogeton distinctus A. Benn.2

Family: Potamogetonaceae1

Synonyms: Potamogeton franchetii A.Benn. & Baag6

Common names: hiru-mushiro2

Distribution of plant: 

Native range: Bhutan, China, Japan and Korea6

World distribution beyond native range: none found 

Distribution in the United States: none reported3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant: 

Potamogeton distinctus was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems 

using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic 

range potential, damage potential and entry potential4. This broadleaf perennial weed is a 

weed of ponds and paddy fields6. It competes strongly with rice, lowering yields and 

impeding water, and is difficult to control due to deep distribution of rhizomes in the soil 

and strong ability for regrowth5

. P. distinctus is a serious weed in Japan, a principal 

weed in Korea7

, and is included in the Western Australian prohibited list2,8. 
Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 29, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?462802

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed March 29, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/potamogeton_distinctus/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

5. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): information on Potamogeton distinctus. 

Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/corethemes/theme/biodiversity/weeds/listweeds/var2/en/

6. Reed, C.F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. Potential problems in the 

United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 498. USDA ARS APHIS.

7. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

8. The Global Invasive Species Initiative. Rod Randall's Big Weed List. Accessed March 

29, 2011 online at http://www.invasive.org/gist/global/australia/pol.html 
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Potamogeton schweinfurthii A. Benn.1

Family: Potamogetonaceae1

Synonyms: none found

Common names: pondweed2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Tanzania, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland1

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized elsewhere1

Distribution in the United States: none reported5

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Potamogeton schweinfurthii, an aquatic perennial, is a principal weed of Tanzania3,6. 

This weed competes for space, light, water, and nutrients. It obstructs recreational access, 

water flow, navigation, and significantly increases water loss, vector sites, stagnancy, and 

loss of water quality. Its seeds are problematic as contaminants in crop seed4. P. 

schweinfurthii was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a 

model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range 

potential, damage potential and entry potential7

.
Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 4, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?403677

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed March 4, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/potamogeton_schweinfurthii/

3. Reed, C.F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. Potential problems in the 

United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 498. USDA ARS APHIS. (p. 8)

4. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, 

C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the 

Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.

5. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4490 USA. Accessed March 4, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

6. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical 

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley-Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

7. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Praxelis clematidea R.M. King & H. Rob. 2

Family: Asteraceae

1

Synonyms: Eupatorium catarium Veldk2, Eupatorium clematideum3

Common names: praxelis2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, northern Argentina1

, Peru2

World distribution beyond native range: China, Australia2

Distribution in the United States: Orange County, Florida4; P. clematidea is being 

considered for official control.

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Praxelis clematidea is an agricultural and environmental pest and may be poisonous to 

livestock and humans if ingested. It is closely related to Siam weed (Chromolaena 

odorata), one of the worst weeds in the tropics. P. clematidea reproduces mainly by the 

production of a large number of seeds, which can be spread by wind, water, animals, and 

via human activity. The plant can also spread by vegetative means. It is an invader of 

both disturbed and relatively undisturbed ecosystems and is able to survive on a range of 

soil types1. The weed can rapidly colonize bare earth following fire1 and is prevalent in 

woodland understories2, over-grazed pastures, grasslands, riverbanks, roadsides, and 
along railway and fence lines1

. P. clematidea could threaten and significantly increase the 

costs of managing such crops as bananas and sugar cane, as well as other crops1.

Literature cited:

1. Alert List for Environmental Weeds. “Praxelis (Praxelis clematidea) Weed 

Management Guide”. Department of the Environment and Heritage and the CRC for 

Australian Weed Management, 2003. Accessed March 4, 2011 online at

http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/p-clematidea.html

2. Praxelis clematidea. King, R.M. & Rob, H. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. 

Accessed March 4, 2011 online at

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/praxelis_clematidea.htm

3. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 4, 2011 online 

at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447642

4. Kartesz, J.T. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2011. North American 

Plant Atlas. Chapel Hill, N.C. [maps generated from Kartesz, J.T. 2010. Floristic 

Synthesis of North America, Version 1.0. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). (in 

press)]. Accessed March 4, 2011 online at

http://www.bonap.org/BONAPmaps2010/Praxelis.html
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Rhamnus alaternus L. 1

Family: Rhamnaceae 1

Synonyms: none found

Common names: Italian buckthorn, Mediterranean buckthorn, alaterne1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Spain, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Cyprus, Israel, Turkey, Ukraine, 

Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, France, Portugal1

World distribution beyond native range: Australia, New Zealand1

Distribution in the United States: Reported in six counties in California2; R. alaternus is 

being considered for official control.

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? 

Targeting female trees to limit the spread of the plant3 and stump treatment with 

glyphosate or alternatively streamline basal bark application of Garlon 4 herbicide (active 

ingredient triclopyr)4

Damage potential of plant: 

R. alaternus invades grassland, heathland, riparian habitats, costal dunes, beaches and 

forests. It forms dense thickets that crowd out native plants, reducing species diversity. It 

is a fast-growing evergreen shrub which resprouts from the base after damage and 

produces abundant bird-spread seeds5

. R. alaternus was identified as a potential threat to 
United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their 

invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential6. R. 

alaternus is considered a naturalized, environmental weed, and weed of quarantine 

significance in Australia7

, and a weed of concern on conservation lands in New Zealand8. 

USDA’s Weed Risk Assessment rated the probability that R. alaternus could be a major 

invader as 82.5%, concluding with an overall risk potential ranking of “High Risk”9. The 

species is associated with four plant pests of concern to the United States, Diaspidiotus 

lenticularis (round olive scale)10, Phytophthora ramorum (sudden oak death)11, 

Phytophthora tropicalis12 and Siphoninus phillyreae (ash whitefly)13. 

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed May 10, 

2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?31012

2. Kartesz, J.T. 2011. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). North American 

Plant Atlas. Chapel Hill, N.C. Accessed May 10, 2011 online at 

http://www.bonap.org/BONAPmaps2010/Rhamnus.html

3. Fromont, M.L. 1997. Rhamnus alaternus - Environmental Weed on Motutapu and 

Rangitoto Islands, Auckland. Tane 36: 57-66. Accessed May 10, 2011 online at

http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane36/5%20Rhamnus%20alaternus.pdf

4. Delanoy, L. & Archibold, O.W. 2007. Efficacy of control measures for European 

buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) in Saskatchewan. Environmental management 4:709-

718.

5. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World, a Reference Guide to 

Environmental Weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

6. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

7. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia.

8. Owen, S.J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. 

118p. Department of Conservation, Wellington. Accessed May 10, 2011 online at 

http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm

9. USDA Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Center for Plant 

Health Science and Technology, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant 

Protection and Quarantine, 2011. Weed Risk Assessments for Alpinia modesta, Artemisia 
austriaca, Artemisia japonica, Praxelis clematidea, and Rhamnus alaternus. June 14, 2010 

Rev. 00. Raleigh, NC, U.S.A.

10. USDA ARS, SEL. 2006. ScaleNet: Diaspidiotus lenticularis. United States 

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Entomology 

Laboratory. Accessed May 10, 2011 online at 

http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Diaspidiotuslenticularis.htm

11. Jones, D. R. 2003. CSL Forest Research Datasheet: Phytophthora ramorum (03-

9947). 1-22. Accessed May 10, 2011 online at 

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/47685881/A-typical-order-for-describing-the-biology-of-aplant--Aesculus-Hippocastanum

12. Cacciola, S.O., Spica, D., Cooke, D. E. L., Raudino, F., & Magnano, G. 2006. Wilt 

and Collapse of Cuphea ignea Caused by Phytophthora tropicalis in Italy. Plant Disease

90, 680

13. Evans , G.A. 2007. Version 070611 June 11, 2007. Host Plant List of The Whiteflies 

(Aleyrodidae) of The World. USDA/Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). 

Accessed May 10, 2011 online at 

http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov:8080/1WF/WhiteflyHost.pdf
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Rumex sagittatus Thunb.1

Family: Polygonaceae1

Synonyms: Acetosa sagittata (Thunb.) L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs1

Common names: climbing dock, rambling dock, turkey-rhubarb1, red sorrel2, 

arrowhead5 

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland1

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized in Australia & New Zealand1

Distribution in the United States: none reported6

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Rumex sagittatus is an aggressive weed that invades forests, grasslands, riparian habitats, 

freshwater wetlands, costal bluffs and dunes. This climbing, scrambling herb produces 

rhizomes with many tubers that dislodge easily, making control difficult3,5. It competes 

for space, light, water, and nutrients4

. It grows rapidly and completely smothers herbs and 

shrubs, preventing any regeneration and reducing native species richness3

. Consequently, 

native fauna could suffer from loss of food and habitat5. This weed is reported to be

poisonous4.
Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 17, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?418868

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed March 17, 

2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/rumex_sagittatus/

3. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World, a Reference Guide to 

Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, (p. 337).

4. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, 

C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the 

Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.

5. Sutherland Shire Council. Weed Facts. Acetosa sagittata. Sutherland Shire Council, 

2003. Accessed March 17, 2011 online at http://83.139-26-

211.corp.syd.iprimus.net.au/ssc/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentPersonal/Weed+Fact

+2008+Turkey+Rhubarb.pdf/$file/Weed+Fact+2008+Turkey+Rhubarb.pdf

6. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed March 17, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Senecio angulatus L.f.1

Family: Asteraceae1

Synonyms: none found

Common names: canary creeper, Cape ivy, climbing groundsel, creeping groundsel2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: South Africa1

World distribution beyond native range: Australia, New Zealand1

, Chile3, Italy4, France5, 

Spain6

Distribution in the United States: none reported7

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Senecio angulatus is a plant of scrub and grassland, forest edges, waste land, gardens, and 

roadsides. It tolerates salinity and is common in coastal wetlands, with seeds being 

dispersed by wind8

. S. angulatus is described as a prolific vine that forms large thickets 

that both cover and smother native flora2. In New Zealand, where it became naturalised in 

1940, it is listed as a weed of concern on conservation lands9

. In Australia, where it has 

naturalized in Victoria, it is listed as a weed of concern on conservation lands10. In 

Europe, S. angulatus is recognized as an undesirable invasive on the island of Sardinia4. 

It is now naturalised in Chile3. It clearly has a very aggressive growth habit and is 
adapted to a wide range of habitats. 

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 20, 

2011 online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447151

2. ISSG. (2010). The Global Invasive Species Database. Senecio angulatus. Accessed 

April 20, 2011 online at 

http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1603&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN

3. Teillier, S., Rodriguez, R. and Serra, M.T. 2004. Lista preliminary de plantas leñosas, 

alóctonas, asilvestradas en Chile continental. Chloris chilensis. Revista chilena de flora y 

vegetacion Año 6, No. 2. 

4. Simonetta, B. & Malvina, U. 2006. Vascular flora of calcareous outcrops in NorthWestern Sardinia (Italy). Webbia 61: 95-132.

5. Brunel, S., & Tison, J.M. 2005. A method of selection and hierarchization of the 

invasive and potentially invasive plants in continental Mediterranean France. pp. 37- 45 

In: Proceedings of the International Workshop Actes de l’atelier de travail international. 

Meze, France.

6. Lumbreras, E. L., Botella, J. P. et al. 2009. Lampranthus glaucoides (Haw.) N.E. Br. 

(L. aurantiacus (DC.) Schwantes), neofito para la flora silvestre europea. Bouteloua 

6(11): 76-79.

7. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, 

Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed April 20, 2011 online at 

http://plants.usda.gov/java/

8. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world. A reference guide to 

environmental weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

9. Owen, S.J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. 

118p. Department of Conservation, Wellington. Accessed April 20, 2011 online at 

http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm

10. Csurhes, S. & Edwards, R. 1998. National Weeds Program. Potential environmental 

weeds in Australia. Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Environment 

Australia.
United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet 

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37-2a allows 

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not 

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following 

taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that 

section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the 

determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Wikstroemia indica C.A. Mey.3

Family: Thymelaeaceae3

Synonyms: 

Wikstroemia viridiflora Meissn1

Wikstroemia shuttleworthiana Meisn. nom. Illegal

Wikstroemia shuttleworthii Meisn

Daphne foetida L.f. 5

Common names: tiebush3

, bootlace bush, Indian stringbush, Indian wikstroemia, smallleaf salago (Philippines), stringbush6

Distribution of plant:

Native range: China, Taiwan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, 

Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines3,7, Australia, French Polynesia7

World distribution beyond native range: Mauritius9,7, Sri Lanka7

Distribution in the United States: none reported4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

This shrub was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model 

that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, 
damage potential and entry potential2

.

 Wikstroemia indica is a cultivated toxic weed that 

is poisonous to mammals1. The country of Mauritius lists W. indica as one of its worst 

invasive alien plants of biodiversity importance8

. Many cases of poisoning by ingestion 

of W. indica have been reported in Australia, especially among grazing animals, as well 

as the death of children from eating the berries. W. indica causes death by extensive 

hemorrhaging9

. 

Literature cited:

1. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. 

Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 2, 2011 

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/wikstroemia_indica/

2. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by 

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386-397

3. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. 

Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National 

Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 2, 2011 

online at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?411597

4. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS Database. National 

Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Accessed February 2, 2011 

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

5. Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Accessed February 2, 2011 online at

http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apx?taxon_id=34082

6. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Names Database. Accessed February 2, 2011 online at 

http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Wikstroemia.html

7. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) database. Accessed February 2, 2011 online 

at http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/wikstroemia_indica.htm

8. Macdonald, I.A.W., Reaser, J.K., Bright, C., Neville, L.E., Howard, G.W., Murphy, 

S.J. and Preston, G. (eds.). 2003. Invasive alien species in southern Africa: National 

Reports & Directory of Resources. Global Invasive Species Programme, Cape Town, 

South Africa. Accessed February 2, 2011 online at 

www.gisp.org/publications/reports/SOUTHERN.PDF

9. Dowling, R. 1985. Tiebush: An Old Problem for a New Industry. Queensland 

Agricultural Journal, 11(2):121.