Illinois Official Reports

Appellate Court

People v. Alexander, 2014 IL App (1st) 112207

Appellate Court 

Caption

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. 

ANTONIO ALEXANDER, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. First District, Fifth Division

Docket No. 1-11-2207

Filed June 27, 2014

Held

(Note: This syllabus 

constitutes no part of the 

opinion of the court but 

has been prepared by the 

Reporter of Decisions 

for the convenience of 

the reader.)

Defendant’s conviction and sentence for the criminal sexual assault of 

his cousin were upheld on appeal over his contentions that the State 

failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he penetrated the victim 

by force and that neither party was allowed to present argument at the 

sentencing hearing, since the victim’s testimony was credible, there 

was no indication that the victim, who admitted she was intoxicated 

the prior evening, was so intoxicated that she could not remember 

what happened, a rational trier of fact could have concluded that 

penetration occurred, the evidence was not inconsistent with the 

victim’s testimony and showed she attempted to escape from 

defendant, and the record showed that although the trial court barred

the State from arguing at the sentencing hearing, the defense was not 

barred from presenting argument.

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-CR-11312; the 

Hon. Vincent M. Gaughan, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed.
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Counsel on

Appeal

Michael J. Pelletier and Scott F. Main, both of State Appellate 

Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

Anita M. Alvarez, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Matthew Connors 

and Anthony M. O’Brien, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for 

the People.

Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the 

court, with opinion.

Justices McBride and Taylor concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Following a bench trial, defendant Antonio Alexander was convicted of criminal sexual 

assault for penetrating the vagina of his cousin G.R. with his penis by use or threat of force

(720 ILCS 5/12-13(a)(1) (West 2010)), and after hearing factors in aggravation and mitigation, 

the trial court sentenced defendant to 14 years and 6 months in the Illinois Department of 

Corrections (IDOC). On appeal, defendant argues: (1) that his conviction should be reversed 

because the victim’s testimony was insufficient to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable 

doubt; and (2) that the case should be remanded for resentencing because the trial court denied 

both parties the opportunity to present argument at the sentencing hearing. For the following 

reasons, we affirm.

¶ 2 BACKGROUND

¶ 3 I. Pretrial Proceedings

¶ 4 Prior to trial, the State moved in limine to present other crimes evidence from another case, 

trial court number 10 CR 12701, pursuant to section 115-7.3 of the Code of Criminal 

Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/115-7.3 (West 2010)), which enables trial courts to allow the 

admission of evidence of other crimes to establish the propensity of defendant to commit the 

charged crime. People v. Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d 159, 175-76 (2003). Following a hearing, the trial 

court granted the State’s motion because the other crimes evidence was proper to show 

propensity, the absence of mistake, motive, intent, and to rebut a consent defense.

¶ 5 II. Trial

¶ 6 At trial, the State presented four witnesses: (1) G.R., the victim; (2) Relunda Alexander, 

G.R.’s mother; (3) Iwona Wojas, a registered nurse who examined the victim; and (4) S.B., 

defendant’s cousin. Defendant exercised his constitutional right not to testify or to call any 

witnesses.
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¶ 7 A. G.R.’s Testimony

¶ 8 G.R., the victim, testified that she was 24 years old at the time of the trial and that she lived 

with her three children, seven brothers, niece, and her mother. G.R. did not have her own 

bedroom in the home and usually slept on the couch in the front room. Defendant was G.R.’s 

first cousin and she identified him in court.

¶ 9 G.R. testified that, at 7 p.m. on May 14, 2010, she was with several friends and family 

members, including defendant, at her aunt’s home near 71st Street and Marshfield Avenue in 

Chicago. G.R. periodically left the house that evening to drive round the neighborhood with 

defendant’s sister. During the course of two or three hours in the home, and in defendant’s 

presence, G.R. drank a six-inch-tall bottle of vodka and a three or four-inch-tall bottle of Long 

Island Iced Tea by herself, which resulted in G.R. feeling talkative, “a little drunk,” and “a lot 

tipsy.” G.R. stopped drinking at 10 p.m. and continued to travel in and out of her aunt’s home 

for another five hours.

¶ 10 At 3 a.m., defendant’s uncle “June”

1

drove G.R. home. She still felt a little drunk when she 

arrived at home, so she drank a cup of water in the kitchen. G.R. checked on her children and 

niece, who were sleeping in the front room, and then went to go sleep in her brothers’ empty 

bedroom. G.R. turned on the television in the bedroom and laid down on the bed. She then 

received a telephone call from her uncle, who was confused with directions to his own 

residence after he dropped G.R. off, and she provided him directions back to his home. After 

the call, G.R. fell asleep facedown on the bed over the sheets, still fully dressed in jeans and a 

shirt. G.R. left the bedroom door unlocked when she fell asleep.

¶ 11 G.R. testified that, when she awoke, the lights and television in the bedroom were turned 

off and a man was on top of her. G.R. testified, “I was *** trying to get up from the side of me 

and I couldn’t get up.” She could not observe who it was because she was still lying facedown 

and the room was dark. Although she was fully clothed when she went to sleep, her pants and 

underwear were down to her knees when she awoke. G.R. turned to the side and was finally 

able to push the man off her back. As she pushed the man away, she felt the man’s penis slide 

out of her vagina. G.R. sat up and observed the man sitting on the side of the bed and leaning 

against the wall, and he covered his genitals with both of his hands.2 G.R. could not identify 

the man until he spoke, “I’m sorry [G.R.], I’m sorry [G.R.],” and she immediately recognized 

the voice as that of defendant.

¶ 12 G.R. testified that she then stood up and tried to exit the bedroom, but the door was locked. 

She unlocked the bedroom door and ran to her mother’s bedroom screaming that defendant 

was having sex with her while she was asleep. G.R.’s mother, Relunda Alexander, then exited 

from her own bed, lit a cigarette, and walked out of her bedroom saying, “No you didn’t, 

Tony.3 No you didn’t, Tony.” From her mother’s bedroom, G.R. observed defendant standing 

by the bathroom across the hall wearing dark jeans, boots, and a hooded sweatshirt–the same 

 

1

“Uncle June’s” full name does not appear in the appellate record.

2G.R. did not state whether defendant’s pants were on or off.

3

Presumably, “Tony” is short for defendant’s first name Antonio, although G.R. did not explain this 

in her testimony.
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clothes he was wearing the night before. Defendant and Relunda walked into the kitchen 

together and talked for five minutes, while G.R. stayed in Relunda’s bedroom, screaming, 

“How the [expletive] did he get in here?” Defendant then left the house. Relunda returned to 

her bedroom and told G.R. that she let defendant in the house so he could play video games.

¶ 13 G.R. testified that, moments later, she answered the telephone but hung up as soon as she 

heard defendant’s voice. The telephone then rang again, but G.R. did not answer the call 

because it was from the same telephone number. G.R. walked into the kitchen and sat down, 

crying. She then called her grandmother, defendant’s sister, and finally the police. When the 

police arrived, G.R. told them what happened, and an officer transported her to the hospital. 

Relunda did not accompany G.R. to the hospital and instead went to work.

¶ 14 On cross-examination, G.R. testified that, although she was a little drunk the night before 

the incident, she was not “falling over” drunk or dizzy. G.R. also admitted that she was still “a 

little” intoxicated when she awoke, but not drunk. G.R. testified that, when she woke up in bed 

with defendant on her back, she felt something inside of her but she never observed what it 

was. When asked how long it took to get defendant off of her back, G.R. explained, “It didn’t 

take long because first when I tried to get him off me, I couldn’t move fast, right on top of me 

again. I pushed him, got him over again. That’s when I pushed him off, I felt him coming out of 

me.” When asked if she had any doubt if a penis was in her vagina, she answered that she was 

“pretty sure it was his penis.” G.R. testified that, although defendant was an inch or two away 

from her, she could not observe his face because the room was dark and defendant was wearing 

a hooded sweatshirt that concealed his face. However, G.R. was “100 percent” certain that the 

man’s voice belonged to defendant.

¶ 15 B. Relunda Alexander’s Testimony

¶ 16 Relunda Alexander testified that G.R. is her daughter and defendant is her nephew. On 

May 14, 2010, she lived with her six children and three grandchildren in the same home. That 

night, Relunda went to bed at 9 p.m., and her three grandchildren, all under the age of four, 

were the only other people in the house when she went to sleep. She awoke at 5 a.m. the next 

morning to the sound of someone at the front door. Relunda answered the door and observed 

defendant, who told her that he could not sleep and asked if he could come inside and play 

video games. Relunda granted defendant permission since people came over “all the time” to 

play video games. Relunda observed defendant going into the bedroom where G.R. was 

sleeping, 4and Relunda returned to her own bedroom and went back to sleep. Relunda

identified defendant in court.

¶ 17 Relunda testified that, about five to eight minutes later, she heard G.R. calling, “Mama, 

mama, come here.” Relunda “jumped up” and exited her bedroom to check on G.R. While in 

the hallway, Relunda observed defendant, fully dressed, leave the bedroom where G.R. was 

sleeping and walk into the front room. Relunda observed G.R. still in the bedroom, and G.R. 

told her that defendant was on top of her. Relunda then followed defendant into the front room 

and asked him to explain what had just happened. Defendant appeared to be confused, and he 

told Relunda that he did not know it was G.R. and repeatedly said he was sorry. Relunda then 

told defendant to leave. After defendant left, Relunda asked G.R., who was crying, what she 

 

4Relunda did not indicate in her testimony whether she knew G.R. was already asleep in her 

brother’s bedroom.
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wanted to do and if she wanted to call the police. G.R. initially did not respond and instead 

called Relunda’s mother, who told G.R. to call the police, which G.R. later did. The police 

arrived and transported G.R. to the hospital, and Relunda left for work.

¶ 18 On cross-examination, Relunda testified that she did not speak with defendant in the 

kitchen that morning.

¶ 19 C. Iwona Wojas’ Testimony

¶ 20 Iwona Wojas testified that, in May 2010, she was a registered nurse employed by Holy

Cross Hospital. At 7 a.m. on May 14, 2010, Wojas met with G.R. in the hospital’s emergency 

room. Wojas asked G.R. what happened to her, and G.R. related that she was sleeping and she 

awoke with someone on her back. G.R. explained to Wojas that her underwear had been pulled 

down and she felt a penis in her vagina. G.R. stated that she did not remember anything else 

because she was sleeping. G.R. did not appear intoxicated and she consented to the collection 

of a sexual assault kit, which is performed to find out if there is any evidence of the assailant on 

the victim. Wojas then took G.R.’s clothes, combed through her pubic hair, scraped her nails, 

administered oral swabs, and took blood samples.

¶ 21 Wojas testified that she then assisted Dr. Amel Cambry to perform a pelvic exam on G.R. 

Wojas explained that the pelvic and visual examination of G.R.’s vaginal area revealed no 

evidence of abrasion, entry, or insertion. Wojas did not observe any visual trauma. Wojas 

explained that it is common for a rape victim to not have injuries because the vagina is 

designed to stretch to accommodate a penis, as well as stretch for child birth, and that injuries 

may depend on the amount of lubrication in the vagina.

¶ 22 On cross-examination, Wojas testified that she was not trained in determining whether a 

patient is intoxicated and she did not perform a sobriety test on G.R. Wojas also testified that it 

is more likely for there to be a tear or abrasion after a “forced entry” as opposed to consensual 

intercourse; however, on redirect examination she explained that that is not always true since 

the vagina is designed to stretch and that lubricants, either natural or artificial, may prevent 

tears or abrasions. Wojas further stated that the presence of trauma may also depend on 

whether the woman is relaxed during intercourse and that a person is generally relaxed while 

asleep.

¶ 23 D. Stipulated Evidence

¶ 24 Scientific evidence was introduced by stipulation. The parties stipulated that semen was 

identified in both the oral and vaginal swabs gathered from G.R. Analysis of the sample 

recovered from the vaginal swab revealed a DNA profile that did not match defendant, and the 

sample recovered from the oral swab was insufficient to produce a DNA profile suitable for

comparison.

¶ 25 E. S.B.’s Testimony

¶ 26 The State called S.B. to testify to other crimes evidence. S.B. testified that she was 16 years 

old and that defendant was her cousin. S.B. identified defendant in court. One night in May 

2010, S.B. was sitting on the front porch of her family’s apartment with defendant, her brother, 

and her brother’s girlfriend, all of whom were smoking marijuana and drinking liquor. S.B. 

denied drinking liquor but she admitted that she was high from smoking marijuana.
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¶ 27 S.B. testified that, later that night, S.B. went to her grandmother’s former bedroom, locked 

the door, and went to sleep on the bed wearing a shirt, shorts, and underwear. S.B. explained 

that the lock on the bedroom door was a simple knob that could be unlocked using a finger. 

S.B. was alone in the bedroom when she went to sleep.

¶ 28 S.B. testified that, when she awoke, she observed that her shorts and underwear had been 

pulled down, and that defendant’s head was between her legs and he was licking her vagina. 

Defendant then sat up and attempted to insert his penis into S.B.’s vagina. Defendant’s penis 

touched S.B.’s vagina, but she told him to stop and she pushed him away. Defendant then left 

the bedroom without saying anything. S.B. pulled up her pants and walked into the living room 

five minutes later, where she observed her brother, his girlfriend, and defendant, but she did 

not tell them what had just happened because she was scared and did not want her brother to 

fight with defendant in the apartment. S.B. later told her cousin Jessica about the incident the 

following day.

¶ 29 On cross-examination, S.B. testified that, prior to trial, she told the assistant State’s 

Attorney that she was under the influence of alcohol on the night of the incident, in addition to 

being high on marijuana. S.B. also testified that she did not receive a medical exam until weeks 

later.

¶ 30 The State rested after S.B.’s testimony, and the trial court denied defendant’s motion for a 

directed finding. Defendant exercised his constitutional right not to testify.

¶ 31 F. Closing, Conviction, and Sentence

¶ 32 At closing argument, the defense argued that G.R.’s testimony was unreliable, especially 

since there was a lack of physical evidence to corroborate her testimony. The State responded 

that defendant chose his victims based on their intoxication, and that the circumstantial 

evidence was sufficient to corroborate G.R.’s testimony that penetration occurred.

¶ 33 The trial court found that the evidence was “overwhelming” that defendant was present and 

that the State proved him guilty of criminal sexual assault beyond a reasonable doubt based on 

G.R.’s testimony that she recognized defendant’s voice and other corroborative evidence, 

including defendant’s repeated apologies.

¶ 34 At the sentencing hearing, the trial court denied defendant’s posttrial motion for a new 

trial. The State advised the trial court that, although G.R. was present in the courtroom for 

sentencing, she declined to provide a victim impact statement. The State then told the trial 

court, “We have no additional evidence. We only have argument.” In mitigation, the defense 

presented letters from defendant’s wife and sister, as well as a certificate of academic progress 

from the jail’s Pace staff, which acknowledged defendant’s progress in math. The defense also 

stated that the presentence investigation report had been reviewed by defendant and that the 

report was accurate. Defendant made a statement in allocution and apologized to his family 

and to G.R. specifically.

¶ 35 As the trial court began to pronounce the sentence, the State objected, stating, “I indicated 

that I had no evidence, but I did wish to argue.” The trial court responded, “I don’t do it like 

that. You are done.” The defense did not object or otherwise express interest in argument. The 

trial court then sentenced defendant to 14 years and 6 months in the IDOC. The trial court 

admonished defendant of his right to file a motion for reconsideration, but no such motion was 

filed.
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¶ 36 This appeal follows.

¶ 37 ANALYSIS

¶ 38 On appeal, defendant argues: (1) that his conviction should be reversed because the 

victim’s testimony was insufficient to prove that defendant penetrated, or used force to 

penetrate, G.R.’s vagina beyond a reasonable doubt; and (2) that the case should be remanded 

for a new sentencing hearing because the trial court denied both parties the opportunity to 

present argument in aggravation and mitigation. For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶ 39 I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

¶ 40 Defendant first challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, arguing that the State did not 

prove defendant guilty of criminal sexual assault beyond a reasonable doubt because G.R.’s 

testimony was insufficient to prove that penetration occurred, and as a result, his conviction 

should be reversed. Alternatively, defendant argues that his conviction should be reduced to a 

battery since the evidence was insufficient to prove that penetration occurred by the use or 

threat of force. The State argues that G.R. was a credible witness and her testimony, along with 

other corroborative evidence, was sufficient to prove that penetration occurred by the use of 

force.

¶ 41 When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case, we must determine 

whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of 

fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson 

v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); People v. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d 532, 541 (1999). “[A] 

reviewing court will not reverse a criminal conviction unless the evidence is so unreasonable, 

improbable or unsatisfactory as to create a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” People 

v. Rowell, 229 Ill. 2d 82, 98 (2008). A reviewing court does not retry the defendant or 

substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact with regard to the credibility of witnesses or 

the weight to be given to each witness’ testimony. People v. Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d 246, 280-81 

(2009); People v. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d 255, 272 (2008). Instead, “it is our duty to carefully examine 

the evidence while bearing in mind that the trier of fact is in the best position to judge the 

credibility of witnesses, and due consideration must be given to the fact that the fact finder saw 

and heard the witnesses.” People v. Herman, 407 Ill. App. 3d 688, 704 (2011) (citing People v. 

Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 280 (2004), and People v. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d 532, 541 (1999)).

¶ 42 A. Evidence of Penetration

¶ 43 Defendant first claims that the State’s evidence was insufficient to prove that he penetrated 

G.R.’s vagina, an element of the offense of criminal sexual assault. Section 12-12(f) of the 

Illinois Criminal Code of 1961 (Criminal Code) defines “sexual penetration” as “any contact, 

however slight, between the sex organ or anus of one person by an object, the sex organ, mouth 

or anus of another person.” 720 ILCS 5/12-12(f) (West 2010). Defendant argues that G.R.’s 

testimony was unreliable because she admitted that she was intoxicated both before she went 

to sleep and after she woke up. Since G.R. testified that she was intoxicated and that she never 

actually observed something come out of her vagina, defendant argues that her statement that 

she was merely “pretty sure” that defendant’s penis was inside of her was nothing more than a 

drunken belief that something penetrated her and that she later concluded it was defendant’s 
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penis. Additionally, defendant claims that there is no physical evidence to corroborate G.R.’s 

testimony since the pelvic exam revealed no abrasions or tears that would indicate forced 

entry, and that DNA profile recovered from the vaginal swab did not match defendant. 

Defendant concludes that this dearth of evidence was insufficient to prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that he penetrated G.R. We do not find this argument persuasive.

¶ 44 In the case at bar, a rational trier of fact could have found that defendant penetrated G.R.’s 

vagina beyond a reasonable doubt. “The testimony of a single witness, if it is positive and the 

witness [is] credible, is sufficient to convict.” People v. Smith, 185 Ill. 2d 532, 541 (1999). 

Here, G.R. testified that she felt defendant’s penis come out of her when she pushed him off of 

her back, and when the defense asked G.R. on cross-examination if she had any doubt that 

defendant’s penis was in her vagina, she responded that she was “pretty sure it was his penis.”

The trial court heard G.R.’s testimony and found her credible, and a rational trier of fact could 

have found that penetration occurred beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 45 Although defendant focuses on G.R.’s statement that she was only “pretty sure” that 

defendant’s penis was in her vagina, which defendant suggests is not sufficient to prove 

penetration, the Criminal Code does not require the State to prove specifically what type of 

penetration occurred. People v. Harper, 251 Ill. App. 3d 801, 806 (1993) (“In a case involving 

sexual penetration, the specific type of penetration is not an element of the offense.”); People 

v. Foley, 206 Ill. App. 3d 709, 718 (1990) (“The type of sexual penetration is not an element of 

the offense,” and “[t]he State need only prove that a type of sexual penetration occurred 

beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Emphasis in original.)). Even if G.R. was uncertain whether 

defendant penetrated her with his penis or with another object, her testimony that she felt 

something come out of her vagina as she pushed defendant away is sufficient to prove the 

element of penetration. Other parts of G.R.’s testimony are consistent with penetration 

occurring, such as her statements: (1) that defendant was on top of her (People v. Raymond, 

404 Ill. App. 3d 1028, 1058-59 (2010) (eyewitness testimony that defendant was lying on top 

of the victim consistent with penetration)); (2) that her shorts and underwear had been pulled 

down (People v. Bounds, 171 Ill. 2d 1, 43 (1995) (victim’s state of undress was consistent with 

penetration)); and (3) her prompt outcry and her statements to Iwona Wojas at the hospital 

(People v. Wych, 248 Ill. App. 3d 818, 824 (1993) (victim’s prompt outcry and statements to 

medical personnel consistent with penetration); People v. Bock, 242 Ill. App. 3d 1056, 1078 

(1993) (same)).

¶ 46 Furthermore, although G.R. testified that she was intoxicated both before she fell asleep 

and after she woke up, the appellate record does not support the inference that she was so 

inebriated that she was unable to sense an object in her vagina. G.R. testified that she stopped 

drinking liquor at 10 p.m. the night before the incident, that she was not dizzy or “falling over”

drunk, and that she was coherent enough to provide defendant’s uncle with directions to his 

home after he dropped G.R. off before she went to sleep. She testified that she was only “a 

little” intoxicated when she awoke, and nurse Wojas testified that G.R. did not appear drunk 

when she examined G.R. at the hospital at 7 a.m.

¶ 47 Additionally, the physical evidence recovered for the sexual assault kit was not 

inconsistent with G.R.’s testimony. The parties stipulated that the lab results revealed that 

semen was found in samples recovered from both oral and vaginal swabs, but one DNA profile 

did not match defendant and the other was unsuitable for comparison. However, “[e]vidence of 

emission of semen is not required to prove sexual penetration.” 720 ILCS 5/12-12(f) (West 
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2010). Here, the presence of semen could have originated from a prior sexual partner since 

G.R. did not testify that defendant ejaculated during the assault. In addition, a lack of vaginal 

trauma is not inconsistent with penetration. People v. Garcia, 2012 IL App (1st) 103590, ¶ 89 

(finding penetration without evidence of vaginal trauma). Although the pelvic exam did not 

reveal any tears or abrasions, which are often caused by forced entry, nurse Wojas testified that 

it is not common for such injuries to result from a sexual assault. Wojas explained that the 

vagina is designed to stretch, and abrasions may depend on how much lubrication is found in 

the vagina and the victim’s state of relaxation. Wojas testified that a person is generally relaxed 

when she is asleep, as G.R. was asleep when the penetration occurred. As such, the physical 

evidence is not inconsistent with G.R.’s testimony that defendant penetrated her.

¶ 48 We also note that, while there was no corroborating witness testimony concerning the 

finding of actual penetration, there was corroborating evidence of other aspects of G.R.’s 

recounting of the events. For instance, G.R.’s mother Relunda testified that she heard G.R. cry 

out for her, stating that defendant was on top of her. Relunda then observed defendant emerge 

from the bedroom and apologize, saying that he did not know it was G.R. Additionally, Wojas 

testified that G.R. told her at the hospital that she awoke with a man on her back, that her pants 

were pulled down, and that the man’s penis was in her vagina. S.B.’s testimony that defendant 

assaulted her while she was asleep is further corroboration that penetration occurred. People v. 

Cloutier, 156 Ill. 2d 483, 505-06 (1993). S.B. testified that she went to sleep while high on 

marijuana and that she woke up to find her pants pulled down and defendant licking her 

vagina. S.B. testified that defendant then attempted to insert his penis into her vagina and that 

she pushed him away to stop him. S.B’s testimony is similar to G.R.’s account since both 

victims fell asleep intoxicated with either liquor or drugs and woke up with their pants and 

underwear pulled down and felt defendant in contact with their genitals. This evidence of other 

crimes corroborated G.R.’s account and established the propensity of defendant to commit the 

charged crime. Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d at 175-76.

¶ 49 Defendant argues that Relunda’s testimony is unconvincing because she observed 

defendant standing in the hallway fully dressed shortly after awaking to her daughter’s cries. 

However, G.R. never testified whether or not defendant had his pants on during the assault, but 

she stated that he was wearing a hooded sweatshirt that concealed part of his face. The fact that 

Relunda observed defendant in the hallway fully clothed does not discredit G.R.’s testimony 

because it may have taken defendant only a matter of seconds to pull up and fasten his pants by 

the time Relunda observed him exit the bedroom. Defendant also claims that S.B.’s testimony 

was not credible because she was high at the time of the alleged assault. However, there is 

nothing in S.B.’s testimony that suggests that she was so intoxicated that she misperceived the 

entire incident the next morning.

¶ 50 As stated, the trial court observed G.R. testify and it found her to be credible. We cannot 

say that the evidence at trial was so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory as to give rise 

to a reasonable doubt that penetration occurred, and we decline to reverse defendant’s 

conviction as a result.

¶ 51 B. Evidence of Use or Threat of Force

¶ 52 Defendant alternatively claims that, even if penetration occurred, the evidence was 

insufficient to prove that defendant used physical force to complete the assault. In the case at 

bar, defendant was convicted of criminal sexual assault pursuant to section 12-13(a)(1) of the 
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Criminal Code, which states, “The accused commits criminal sexual assault if he or she *** 

commits an act of sexual penetration by the use of force or threat of force ***.” 720 ILCS 

5/12-13(a)(1) (West 2010). A conviction for criminal sexual assault cannot be sustained by 

merely establishing that the victim did not consent. People v. Haywood, 118 Ill. 2d 263, 274 

(1987). Force is the essence of the crime of rape. People v. Taylor, 48 Ill. 2d 91, 100 (1971). 

The Criminal Code states that “the use of force or violence, or the threat of force or violence”

includes, but is not limited to, “the following situations: (1) when the accused threatens to use 

force or violence on the victim or on any other person, and the victim under the circumstances 

reasonably believed that the accused had the ability to execute that threat; or (2) when the 

accused has overcome the victim by use of superior strength or size, physical restraint or 

physical confinement.” 720 ILCS 5/12-12(d) (West 2010). “There is no definite standard 

establishing the amount of force which the State is required to prove in order to prove criminal 

sexual assault, and each case must be considered on its own facts.” People v. Vasquez, 233 Ill. 

App. 3d 517, 527 (1992) (citing People v. Bolton, 207 Ill. App. 3d 681, 686 (1990), and People 

v. Nelson, 148 Ill. App. 3d 811, 820 (1986)).

¶ 53 Defendant argues that, even if G.R.’s testimony is credible, there is no evidence in her 

account that defendant used force to penetrate her. G.R. testified that she awoke on her 

stomach, still intoxicated, with a man on her back. She then attempted to push him off of her 

but was slow to do so. Defendant argues that this is because she had just woke up and was 

intoxicated and groggy, and not the result of defendant forcing himself on her. Defendant 

argues that, once G.R. woke up, he did not use any force to penetrate her, and that the only 

action that occurred was G.R. pushing him away. As a result, defendant argues the evidence 

was insufficient to prove him guilty of criminal sexual assault. Defendant also notes that, 

although one may be guilty of criminal sexual assault under section 12-13(a)(2) for having sex 

with a victim who is asleep, defendant was instead charged under section 12-13(a)(1), which 

requires the use of force. Nevertheless, defendant argues that his conviction should be reduced 

to a battery since there was no evidence of force.

¶ 54 However, defendant used force to penetrate G.R. because he used his weight while lying on 

top of G.R. to continue the act of penetration. “Force” within the meaning of section 12-12(d) 

requires something more than the force inherent in the sexual penetration itself. People v. 

Denbo, 372 Ill. App. 3d 994, 1007 (2007). A person can “passively force someone to continue 

with the sex act by using one’s bodily inertia to prevent [the victim] from disengaging.”

Denbo, 372 Ill. App. 3d at 1008. Here, G.R. testified that when she awoke, she could not get up 

because defendant was on top of her. At this point, defendant was using his weight to continue 

the act of penetration while G.R. unsuccessfully attempted to stop him. The trial court heard 

G.R.’s testimony and found her credible, and we cannot say that no rational trier of fact could 

find that force was used to complete the sexual assault based on G.R.’s testimony. As a result, 

the evidence was sufficient for a guilty finding of penetration beyond a reasonable doubt, and 

we affirm defendant’s conviction.

¶ 55 Defendant compares this case to Vasquez, where the appellate court reversed defendant’s 

conviction for aggravated sexual assault because the State did not prove the element of force. 

Vasquez, 233 Ill. App. 3d at 529. The appellate court noted that the only evidence tending to 

show force was the 13-year-old male victim’s testimony that the defendant placed his hand on 

the back of the victim’s head and forced his head down onto the defendant’s penis. Vasquez, 

233 Ill. App. 3d at 527. The appellate court found that no rational trier of fact could have found 
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the element of force was proven beyond a reasonable doubt since the victim admitted that the 

defendant did not threaten or hurt him and that he did not resist the defendant’s efforts. 

Vasquez, 233 Ill. App. 3d at 527. Defendant also cites People v. Warren, 113 Ill. App. 3d 1, 4-5 

(1983), where the State failed to show “force or threat of force” where the taller and heavier 

defendant told the victim “ ‘I don’t want to hurt you,’ ” lifted the victim and carried her toward 

a wooded area, pulled down her pants, and kissed her breasts and vaginal area. Defendant 

argues that the State presented even less evidence of force in the instant case than in Vasquez

and Warren because G.R. was asleep when the assault began, awoke to find defendant on top 

of her, and felt a penis come out of her as she pushed him off. Defendant argues that there is 

nothing in G.R.’s testimony to support the claim that force was used to penetrate her because 

she was asleep throughout the assault, and that defendant made no attempt to continue the act 

when she woke up and that he instead retreated to the wall and covered his genitals, 

apologizing.

¶ 56 However, Vasquez and Warren are factually distinguishable because, contrary to 

defendant’s claim, there was ample evidence of force since G.R.’s testimony indicates that 

defendant used his position and weight to continue the act of penetration while she attempted 

to push him away. The appellate court’s discussion of withdrawn consent in Denbo, 372 Ill. 

App. 3d at 1007, is instructive here. In that case, the appellate court found that the actions of 

the female defendant, by sitting on top of the victim and not removing her hand from the 

victim’s vagina, constituted force beyond what is inherent to the sex act itself. Denbo, 372 Ill. 

App. 3d at 1007. Although this case does not involve the issue of withdrawn consent, the 

appellate court discussed the element of force with a hypothetical: “[I]f B wishes to have sex 

no longer, B will surely disengage if he or she is able to do so, and if, by his or her physical 

posture, A prevents B from disengaging–for example, by continuing to lie on top of B 

[citation]–A thereby forces B to continue with the sexual penetration.” Denbo, 372 Ill. App. 3d 

at 1007. The Denbo court concluded that, “One can, in a manner of speaking, passively force 

someone to continue with the sex act by using one’s own bodily inertia to prevent the partner 

from disengaging. This would be force beyond that inherent to the sex act itself.” Denbo, 372 

Ill. App. 3d at 1008. In the instant case, defendant used his position and body weight as inertia 

to prevent G.R. from disengaging after she woke up. Although the State did not provide 

evidence concerning the respective height and weight of G.R. and defendant, G.R.’s testimony 

reveals that she struggled to free herself while defendant was lying on her back. As a result, 

defendant used force beyond the initial sex act to continue penetrating G.R. even as she 

attempted to push him away. We cannot say that the evidence at trial was so unreasonable, 

improbable, or unsatisfactory as to give rise to a reasonable doubt that defendant used force to 

penetrate G.R., and we decline to reverse defendant’s conviction as a result.

¶ 57 II. Opportunity to Argue at the Sentencing Hearing

¶ 58 Next, defendant argues that this case should be remanded for resentencing because the trial 

court denied both parties the opportunity to present argument at the sentencing hearing. 

Section 5-4-1(a)(5) of the Illinois Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-4-1(a)(5) (West 

2010)) provides that, at a sentencing hearing within a felony proceeding, “the court shall *** 

hear arguments as to sentencing alternatives.” Defendant argues that the word “shall” signifies 

that argument is a mandatory component of a sentencing hearing, and that the trial court 

committed reversible error when it denied the parties an opportunity to argue. Although 
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defendant concedes that he is unaware of any case law directly concerning the mandatory 

nature of section 5-4-1(a)(5), he contends that it should be treated similarly to the requirement 

that the trial court must order and review a presentence investigation report prior to the 

imposition of a sentence. People v. Youngbey, 82 Ill. 2d 556, 565 (1980) (finding that a 

presentence report is for the “enlightenment of the court,” as well as for the benefit of the 

defendant). As a result, defendant claims that this case should be remanded for a new 

sentencing hearing since the defense was not provided an opportunity to present argument, 

citing People v. Hammonds, 21 Ill. App. 3d 5, 7-8 (1974) (remanding case for resentencing 

where the trial court did not consider a presentence investigation report, hear evidence in 

mitigation or aggravation, or allow argument as to sentencing alternatives), and People v. 

Sterling, 62 Ill. App. 3d 986, 990-91 (1978) (remanding case for resentencing where the 

defense’s argument at the sentencing hearing was restricted and defendant was barred from 

making a statement in allocution).

¶ 59 However, defendant has forfeited this issue on appeal because he neither objected at trial, 

nor filed a posttrial motion preserving the issue. “[T]o preserve a claim of sentencing error, 

both a contemporaneous objection and a written postsentencing motion raising the issue are 

required.” People v. Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d 539, 544 (2010). See also 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(c) (West 

2006) (“[a] defendant’s challenge to the correctness of a sentence or to any aspect of the 

sentencing hearing shall be made by a written motion filed within 30 days following the 

imposition of sentence”). The challenge is considered waived on appeal if a defendant fails to 

satisfy either prong of this test. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). “[T]he plain-error 

doctrine allows a reviewing court to consider unpreserved error when (1) a clear or obvious 

error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the 

scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear 

or obvious error occurred and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the 

defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness 

of the evidence.” People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007). In a plain error analysis, “it 

is the defendant who bears the burden of persuasion.” People v. Woods, 214 Ill. 2d 455, 471 

(2005). However, in order to find plain error, we must first find that the trial court committed 

some error. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565 (“the first step is to determine whether error 

occurred”).

¶ 60 In the instant case, the defense neither objected at trial that it was barred from arguing at the 

sentencing hearing, nor did it file a posttrial motion raising the issue. As a result, defendant has 

waived the issue on appeal. Defendant argues that the waiver rule should be relaxed in this case 

because the defense did not have an opportunity to object where the trial court announced the 

sentence immediately after defendant’s statement in allocution. However, the appellate record 

indicates the defense had ample opportunity during the sentencing hearing to object, including 

well before the State’s objection, and the defense never once expressed interest in arguing. We 

note that this may have been a strategic decision since the defense presented evidence in 

mitigation, while the State presented nothing at all. Defendant also argues that an objection 

would have been futile because the trial court already overruled the State’s objection. People v. 

Taylor, 357 Ill. App. 3d 642, 647 (2005) (finding that “the fundamental importance of a fair 

trial and the practical difficulties involved in objecting to the trial court’s conduct compel a less 

rigid application of the waiver rule”). However, the trial court’s response, “You are done,” was 
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clearly directed at the State’s objection that it did not receive an opportunity to argue as it 

requested, and the trial court did not explicitly bar defendant from arguing.

¶ 61 Defendant additionally argues that his claims should be considered under the second prong 

of the plain error analysis because defendant has a substantial right to a fair sentencing hearing. 

People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 187 (2005) (plain error doctrine allows a reviewing court to 

consider unpreserved errors that are so serious that they challenge the integrity of the judicial 

process); People v. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d 99 (2000). See also People v. Simms, 143 Ill. 2d 154, 170 

(1991) (plain error in jury instructions was sufficiently grave to have deprived defendant of a 

fair sentencing hearing).

¶ 62 As stated, “the first step is to determine whether error occurred.” Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 

565. Here, the trial court did not commit an error that prejudiced defendant since it did not bar 

the defense from presenting argument. At the sentencing hearing, the State declined to present 

any evidence and instead informed the trial court that it only wished to argue. The defense then 

presented evidence in mitigation, but it did not argue or request an opportunity for argument. 

As the trial court began to pronounce the sentence, the State objected and advised the trial court 

that it still wished to argue, to which the trial court responded, “I don’t do it like that. You are 

done.” It is clear from this exchange that the trial court only disallowed the State’s argument 

when it denied the State’s request stating, “You are done.” (Emphasis added.) Since the defense 

presented evidence but never requested argument, the trial court did not prevent the defense 

from presenting argument at the sentencing hearing.

¶ 63 Defendant claims that the trial court did in fact bar both parties from arguing because the 

“you” in that phrase “you are done” was plural and directed at both parties. Also, defendant 

claims that the trial court’s statement, “I don’t do it like that,” served as a blanket prohibition 

against argument for both parties. However, “ ‘[t]he plain error exception will be invoked only 

where the record clearly shows that an alleged error affecting substantial rights was 

committed.’ ” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d 539, 549 (2010) (quoting

People v. Hampton, 149 Ill. 2d 71, 102 (1992)). Even if defendant is correct that the trial 

court’s statements were equivocal, they still would not amount to a clear and obvious error, 

which is required to find plain error. Here, the appellate record shows that the trial court was 

addressing the State and responding to its request for argument, and that it then denied only the 

State the opportunity to argue. As such, the trial court did not err because it did not bar 

defendant from presenting argument at the sentencing hearing, and we affirm defendant’s 

conviction and sentence.

¶ 64 CONCLUSION

¶ 65 For the foregoing reasons, we find that: (1) the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that 

defendant penetrated G.R.’s vagina and used force to continue that penetration; and (2) that 

defendant was not prejudiced when the trial court denied the State an opportunity to argue at 

the sentencing hearing. As a result, we affirm defendant’s conviction and sentence.

¶ 66 Affirmed.