# Patent

## Title
System and method for time diversity

## Abstract

A system and method for time diversity uses interleaving. To simplify the operation at both transmitters and receivers, a formula can be used to determine the mapping from slot to interlace at a given OFDM symbol time.

## Background
CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119
The present Application for Patent claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/592,999 entitled “METHOD OF CHANNEL INTERLEAVING IN AN OFDM WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM” filed Jul. 29, 2004, and assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.
REFERENCE TO CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS FOR PATENT
The present Application for Patent is related to the following co-pending U.S. Patent Applications:
“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MODULATION DIVERSITY” having Ser. No. 11/192,788, filed concurrently herewith, assigned to the assignee hereof, and expressly incorporated by reference herein; and
“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR FREQUENCY DIVERSITY” having Ser. No. 11/192,789, filed concurrently herewith, assigned to the assignee hereof, and expressly incorporated by reference herein.


BACKGROUND
1. Field
The present disclosed embodiments relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to channel interleaving in a wireless communications system.
2. Background
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique for broadcasting high rate digital signals. In OFDM systems, a single high rate data stream is divided into several parallel low rate substreams, with each substream being used to modulate a respective subcarrier frequency. It should be noted that although the present invention is described in terms of quadrature amplitude modulation, it is equally applicable to phase shift keyed modulation systems.
The modulation technique used in OFDM systems is referred to as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), in which both the phase and the amplitude of the carrier frequency are modulated. In QAM modulation, complex QAM symbols are generated from plural data bits, with each symbol including a real number term and an imaginary number term and with each symbol representing the plural data bits from which it was generated. A plurality of QAM bits are transmitted together in a pattern that can be graphically represented by a complex plane. Typically, the pattern is referred to as a “constellation”. By using QAM modulation, an OFDM system can improve its efficiency.
It happens that when a signal is broadcast, it can propagate to a receiver by more than one path. For example, a signal from a single transmitter can propagate along a straight line to a receiver, and it can also be reflected off of physical objects to propagate along a different path to the receiver. Moreover, it happens that when a system uses a so-called “cellular” broadcasting technique to increase spectral efficiency, a signal intended for a received might be broadcast by more than one transmitter. Hence, the same signal will be transmitted to the receiver along more than one path. Such parallel propagation of signals, whether man-made (i.e., caused by broadcasting the same signal from more than one transmitter) or natural (i.e., caused by echoes) is referred to as “multipath”. It can be readily appreciated that while cellular digital broadcasting is spectrally efficient, provisions must be made to effectively address multipath considerations.
Fortunately, OFDM systems that use QAM modulation are more effective in the presence of multipath conditions (which, as stated above, must arise when cellular broadcasting techniques are used) than are QAM modulation techniques in which only a single carrier frequency is used. More particularly, in single carrier QAM systems, a complex equalizer must be used to equalize channels that have echoes as strong as the primary path, and such equalization is difficult to execute. In contrast, in OFDM systems the need for complex equalizers can be eliminated altogether simply by inserting a guard interval of appropriate length at the beginning of each symbol. Accordingly, OFDM systems that use QAM modulation are preferred when multipath conditions are expected.
In a typical trellis coding scheme, the data stream is encoded with a convolutional encoder and then successive bits are combined in a bit group that will become a QAM symbol. Several bits are in a group, with the number of bits per group being defined by an integer “m” (hence, each group is referred to as having an “m-ary” dimension). Typically, the value of “m” is four, five, six, or seven, although it can be more or less.
After grouping the bits into multi-bit symbols, the symbols are interleaved. By “interleaving” is meant that the symbol stream is rearranged in sequence, to thereby randomize potential errors caused by channel degradation. To illustrate, suppose five words are to be transmitted. If, during transmission of a non-interleaved signal, a temporary channel disturbance occurs. Under these circumstances, an entire word can be lost before the channel disturbance abates, and it can be difficult if not impossible to know what information had been conveyed by the lost word.
In contrast, if the letters of the five words are sequentially rearranged (i.e., “interleaved”) prior to transmission and a channel disturbance occurs, several letters might be lost, perhaps one letter per word. Upon decoding the rearranged letters, however, all five words would appear, albeit with several of the words missing letters. It will be readily appreciated that under these circumstances, it would be relatively easy for a digital decoder to recover the data substantially in its entirety. After interleaving the m-ary symbols, the symbols are mapped to complex symbols using QAM principles noted above, multiplexed into their respective sub-carrier channels, and transmitted.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1a shows a channel interleaver in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 1b shows a channel interleaver in accordance with another embodiment;
FIG. 2a shows code bits of a turbo packet placed into an interleaving buffer in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 2b shows an interleaver buffer arranged into an N/m rows by m columns matrix in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 3 illustrates an interleaved interlace table in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 4 shows a channelization diagram in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 5 shows a channelization diagram with all one's shifting sequence resulting in long runs of good and poor channel estimates for a particular slot, in accordance with an embodiment; and
FIG. 6 shows a Channelization diagram with all two's shifting sequence resulting in evenly spread good and poor channel estimate interlaces; and
FIG. 7 shows a wireless device configured to implement interleaving in accordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of an exemplary frame check sequence computation for a physical layer packet.
FIG. 9 shows a diagram of the duration of an exemplary OFDM symbol.
FIG. 10 shows the structure of an exemplary superframe and channel structure.
FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of exemplary TDM Pilot 1 Packet Processing in a Transmitter.
FIG. 12 shows an exemplary PN Sequence Generator for Modulating the TDM Pilot 1 Sub carriers
FIG. 13 shows an exemplary signal constellation for QPSK modulation.
FIG. 14 shows a block diagram illustrating fixed pattern processing of TDM Pilot 2/WIC/LIC/FDM Pilot/TPC/Unallocated Slots in Data Channel/Reserved OFDM Symbol in a transmitter.
FIG. 15 is an example of slot allocation in a Wide Area Identification channel.
FIG. 16 shows an exemplary Slot Bit Scrambler.
FIG. 17 shows a block diagram of n exemplary LIC slot allocation.
FIG. 18 shows a block diagram of an exemplary TDM Pilot 2 slot allocation.
FIG. 19 shows a block diagram illustrating OIS Physical Layer Packet processing in a transmitter
FIG. 20 shows a block diagram of an exemplary Wide-area/Local-area OIS Channel Encoder.
FIG. 21 shows a block diagram of an exemplary Turbo encoder architecture.
FIG. 22 shows a block diagram of a procedure for calculating Turbo Interleaver output addresses.
FIG. 23 shows a block diagram of an exemplary bit interleaver operation where N=20.
FIG. 24 shows a block diagram of a Wide-are OIS channel Turbo encoded packet mapping to data slot buffers.
FIG. 25 shows a Local-area OIS Turbo Encoded Packet Mapping to Data Slot Buffers.
FIG. 26 shows a block diagram illustrating a procedure for processing Data Channel Physical Layer Packets in a transmitter
FIG. 27 shows a block diagram of an exemplary Data Channel Encoder.
FIG. 28 shows an exemplary interleaving of Base and Enhancement component bits for filling a Slot Buffer for Layered Modulation
FIG. 29 shows a data channel Turbo Encoded Packet occupying three Data Slot Buffers
FIG. 30 shows an example of multiplexing of Base and Enhancement Component Turbo Encoded packets occupying three Data Slot Buffers
FIG. 31 shows an example of a Data Channel Turbo Encoded Packet Occupying 3 Data Slot Buffers.
FIG. 32 shows and example of a slot allocation to multiple MLCs over 3 consecutive OFDM symbols in a frame
FIG. 33 shows an exemplary signal constellation for 16-QAM Modulation
FIG. 34 shows an exemplary signal constellation for Layered Modulation
FIG. 35 shows a diagram of interlace allocations to FDM Pilots.
FIG. 36 shows a diagram of interlace allocations to slots
FIG. 37 shows a block diagram of an exemplary OFDM common operation.
FIG. 38 shows a diagram illustrating an overlap of windowed OFDM Symbols according to an example.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In an embodiment, a channel interleaver comprises a bit interleaver and a symbol interleaver. FIG. 1 shows two types of channel interleaving schemes. Both schemes use bit interleaving and interlacing to achieve maximum channel diversity.
FIG. 1a shows a channel interleaver in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 1b shows a channel interleaver in accordance with another embodiment. The interleaver of FIG. 1b uses bit-interleaver solely to achieve m-ary modulation diversity and uses a two-dimensional interleaved interlace table and run-time slot-to-interlace mapping to achieve frequency diversity which provides better interleaving performance without the need for explicit symbol interleaving.
FIG. 1a shows Turbo coded bits 102 input into bit interleaving block 104. Bit interleaving block 104 outputs interleaved bits, which are input into constellation symbol mapping block 106. Constellation symbol mapping block 106 outputs constellation symbol mapped bits, which are input into constellation symbol interleaving block 108. Constellation symbol interleaving block 108 outputs constellation symbol interleaved bits into channelization block 110. Channelization block 110 interlaces the constellation symbol interleaved bits using an interlace table 112 and outputs OFDM symbols 114.
FIG. 1b shows Turbo coded bits 152 input into bit interleaving block 154. Bit interleaving block 154 outputs interleaved bits, which are input into constellation symbol mapping block 156. Constellation symbol mapping block 156 outputs constellation symbol mapped bits, which are input into channelization block 158. Channelization block 158 channelizes the constellation symbol interleaved bits using an interleaved interlace table and dynamic slot-interlace mapping 160 and outputs OFDM symbols 162.
Bit Interleaving for Modulation Diversity
The interleaver of FIG. 1b uses bit interleaving 154 to achieve modulation diversity. The coded bits 152 of a turbo packet are interleaved in such a pattern that adjacent code bits are mapped into different constellation symbols. For example, for 2m-Ary modulation, the N bit interleaver buffer are divided into N/m blocks. Adjacent code bits are written into adjacent blocks sequentially and then are read out one by one from the beginning of the buffer to the end in the sequential order, as shown in FIG. 2a (Top). This guarantees that adjacent code bits be mapped to different constellation symbols. Equivalently, as is illustrated in FIG. 2b (Bottom), the interleaver buffer is arranged into an N/m rows by m columns matrix. Code bits are written into the buffer column by column and are read out row by row. To avoid the adjacent code bit to be mapped to the same bit position of the constellation symbol due to the fact that certain bits of a constellation symbol are more reliable than the others for 16 QAM depending on the mapping, for example, the first and third bits are more reliable than the second and fourth bits, rows shall be read out from left to right and right to left alternatively.
FIG. 2a shows code bits of a turbo packet 202 placed into an interleaving buffer 204 in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 2b is an illustration of bit interleaving operation in accordance with an embodiment. Code bits of a Turbo packet 251 are placed into an interleaving buffer 252 as shown in FIG. 2b. The interleaving buffer 252 is transformed by swapping the second and third columns, thereby creating interleaving buffer 254, wherein m=4, in accordance with an embodiment. Interleaved code bits of a Turbo packet 256 are read from the interleaving buffer 254.
For simplicity, a fixed m=4 may be used, if the highest modulation level is 16 and if code bit length is always divisible by 4. In this case, to improve the separation for QPSK, the middle two columns are swapped before being read out. This procedure is depicted in FIG. 2b (Bottom). It would be apparent to those skilled in the art that any two columns may be swapped. It would also be apparent to those skilled in the art that the columns may be placed in any order. It would also be apparent to those skilled in the art that the rows may be placed in any order.
In another embodiment, as a first step, the code bits of a turbo packet 202 are distributed into groups. Note that the embodiments of both FIG. 2a and FIG. 2b also distribute the code bits into groups. However, rather than simply swapping rows or columns, the code bits within each group are shuffled according to a group bit order for each given group. Thus, the order of four groups of 16 code bits after being distributed into groups may be {1, 5, 9, 13} {2, 6, 10, 14} {3, 7, 11, 15} {4, 8, 12, 16} using a simple linear ordering of the groups and the order of the four groups of 16 code bits after shuffling may be {13, 9, 5, 1} {2, 10, 6, 14} {11, 7, 15, 3} {12, 8, 4, 16}. Note that swapping rows or columns would be a regressive case of this intra-group shuffling.
Interleaved Interlace for Frequency Diversity
In accordance with an embodiment, the channel interleaver uses interleaved interlace for constellation symbol interleaving to achieve frequency diversity. This eliminates the need for explicit constellation symbol interleaving. The interleaving is performed at two levels:

    
    
        Within or Intra Interlace Interleaving: In an embodiment, 500 subcarriers of an interlace are interleaved in a bit-reversal fashion.
        Between or Inter Interlace Interleaving: In an embodiment, eight interlaces are interleaved in a bit-reversal fashion.
    
    


It would be apparent to those skilled in the art that the number of subcarriers can be other than 500. It would also be apparent to those skilled in the art that the number of interlaces can be other than eight.
Note that since 500 is not power of 2, a reduced-set bit reversal operation shall be used in accordance with an embodiment. The following code shows the operation:















vector<int> reducedSetBitRev(int n)



{



   int m=exponent(n);



   vector<int> y(n);



   for (int i=0, j=0; i<n; i++,j++)



   {



      int k;



      for (; (k=bitRev(j,m))>=n; j++);



      y[i]=k;



   }



   return y;



}










where n=500, m is the smallest integer such that 2m>n which is 8, and bitRev is the regular bit reversal operation.

The symbols of the constellation symbol sequence of a data channel is mapped into the corresponding subcarriers in a sequential linear fashion according to the assigned slot index, determined by a Channelizer, using the interlace table as is depicted in FIG. 3, in accordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 3 illustrates an interleaved interlace table in accordance with an embodiment. Turbo packet 302, constellation symbols 304, and interleaved interlace table 306 are shown. Also shown are interlace 3 (308), interlace 4 (310), interlace 2 (312), interlace 6 (314), interlace 1 (316), interlace 5 (318), interlace 3 (320), and interlace 7 (322).
In an embodiment, one out of the eight interlaces is used for pilot, i.e., Interlace 2 and Interlace 6 is used alternatively for pilot. As a result, the Channelizer can use seven interlaces for scheduling. For convenience, the Channelizer uses Slot as a scheduling unit. A slot is defined as one interlace of an OFDM symbol. An Interlace Table is used to map a slot to a particular interlace. Since eight interlaces are used, there are then eight slots. Seven slots will be set aside for use for Channelization and one slot for Pilot. Without loss of generality, Slot 0 is used for the Pilot and Slots 1 to 7 are used for Channelization, as is shown in FIG. 4 where the vertical axis is the slot index 402, the horizontal axis is the OFDM symbol index 404 and the bold-faced entry is the interlace index assigned to the corresponding slot at an OFDM symbol time.
FIG. 4 shows a channelization diagram in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 4 shows the slot indices reserved for the scheduler 406 and the slot index reserved for the Pilot 408. The bold faced entries are interlace index numbers. The number with square is the interlace adjacent to pilot and consequently with good channel estimate.
The number surrounded with a square is the interlace adjacent to the pilot and consequently with good channel estimate. Since the Scheduler always assigns a chunk of contiguous slots and OFDM symbols to a data channel, it is clear that due to the inter-interlace interleaving, the contiguous slots that are assigned to a data channel will be mapped to discontinuous interlaces. More frequency diversity gain can then be achieved.
However, this static assignment (i.e., the slot to physical interlace mapping table does not change over time where the scheduler slot table does not include the pilot slot) does suffer one problem. That is, if a data channel assignment block (assuming rectangular) occupies multiple OFDM symbols, the interlaces assigned to the data channel does not change over the time, resulting in loss of frequency diversity. The remedy is simply cyclically shifting the Scheduler interlace table (i.e., excluding the Pilot interlace) from OFDM symbol to OFDM symbol.
FIG. 5 depicts the operation of shifting the Scheduler interlace table once per OFDM symbol. This scheme successfully destroys the static interlace assignment problem, i.e., a particular slot is mapped to different interlaces at different OFDM symbol time.
FIG. 5 shows a channelization diagram with all one's shifting sequence resulting in long runs of good and poor channel estimates for a particular slot 502, in accordance with an embodiment. FIG. 5 shows the slot indices reserved for the scheduler 506 and the slot index reserved for the Pilot 508. Slot symbol index 504 is shown on the horizontal axis.
However, it is noticed that slots are assigned four continuous interlaces with good channel estimates followed by long runs of interlaces with poor channel estimates in contrast to the preferred patterns of short runs of good channel estimate interlaces and short runs of interlaces with poor channel estimates. In the figure, the interlace that is adjacent to the pilot interlace is marked with a square. A solution to the long runs of good and poor channel estimates problem is to use a shifting sequence other than the all one's sequence. There are many sequences can be used to fulfill this task. The simplest sequence is the all two's sequence, i.e., the Scheduler interlace table is shifted twice instead of once per OFDM symbol. The result is shown in FIG. 6 which significantly improves the Channelizer interlace pattern. Note that this pattern repeats every 2×7=14 OFDM symbols, where 2 is the Pilot interlace staggering period and 7 is the Channelizer interlace shifting period.
To simplify the operation at both transmitters and receivers, a simple formula can be used to determine the mapping from slot to interlace at a given OFDM symbol time

i={(N−((R×t)%N)+s−1)%N}

    
    
        where
        N=I−1 is the number of interlaces used for traffic data scheduling, where I is the total number of interlaces;
        i∈{0,1, . . . , I−1}, excluding the pilot interlace, is the interlace index that Slot s at OFDM symbol t maps to;
        t=0,1, . . . , T−1 is the OFDM symbol index in a super frame, where T is the total number of OFDM symbols in a frame1; 1 OFDM symbol index in a superframe instead of in a frame gives additional diversity to frames since the number of OFDM symbols in a frame in the current design is not divisible by 14.
        s=1,2, . . . , S−1 s is the slot index where S is the total number of slots;
        R is the number of shifts per OFDM symbol;
         is the reduced-set bit-reversal operator. That is, the interlace used by the Pilot shall be excluded from the bit-reversal operation.
    
    


Example: In an embodiment, I=8, R=2. The corresponding Slot-Interlace mapping formula becomes

i=′{(7−((2×t)% 7)+s−1)%7}

where  corresponds to the following table:











x    ′{x}

















0   0



1   4



2   2 or 6



3   1



4   5



5   3



6   7










This table can be generated by the following code:















int reducedSetBitRev(int x, int exclude, int n)



{



   int m=exponent(n);



   int y;



   for (int i=0; j=0; i<=x; i++, j++)



   {



      for (; (y=bitRev(j, m))==exclude; j++);



   }



   return y;



 }










where m=3 and bitRev is the regular bit reversal operation.

For OFDM symbol t=11, Pilot uses Interlace 6. The mapping between Slot and Interlace becomes:

    
    
        Slot 1 maps to interlace of {(7−(2×11)%7+1−1)%7}={6}=7;
        Slot 2 maps to interlace of {(7−(2×11)%7+2−1)%7}={0}=0;
        Slot 3 maps to interlace of {(7−(2×11)%7+3−1)%7}={1}=4;
        Slot 4 maps to interlace of {(7−(2×11)%7+4−1)%7}={2}=2;
        Slot 5 maps to interlace of {(7−(2×11)%7+5−1)%7}={3}=1;
        Slot 6 maps to interlace of {(7−(2×11)%7+6−1)%7}={4}=5;
        Slot 7 maps to interlace of {(7−(2×11)%7+7−1)%7}={5}=3.
    
    


The resulting mapping agrees with the mapping in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 shows a Channelization diagram with all two's shifting sequence resulting in evenly spread good and poor channel estimate interlaces.
In accordance with an embodiment, an interleaver has the following features:
The bit interleaver is designed to taking advantage of m-Ary modulation diversity by interleaving the code bits into different modulation symbols;
The “symbol interleaving” designed to achieve frequency diversity by INTRA-interlace interleaving and INTER-interlace interleaving;
Additional frequency diversity gain and channel estimation gain are achieved by changing the slot-interlace mapping table from OFDM symbol to OFDM symbol. A simple rotation sequence is proposed to achieve this goal.
FIG. 7 shows a wireless device configured to implement interleaving in accordance with an embodiment. Wireless device 702 comprises an antenna 704, duplexer 706, a receiver 708, a transmitter 710, processor 712, and memory 714. Processor 712 is capable of performing interleaving in accordance with an embodiment. The processor 712 uses memory 714 for buffers or data structures to perform its operations.
The following description includes details of further embodiments.
The transmission unit of the Physical layer is a Physical layer packet. A Physical layer packet has a length of 1000 bits. A Physical layer packet carries one MAC layer packet.
Physical Layer Packet Format
The Physical layer packet shall use the following format:














Field
Length (bits)



















MAC Layer Packet
976



FCS
16



Reserved
2



TAIL
6










where the MAC Layer Packet is a MAC layer packet from the OIS, Data or Control Channel MAC protocol; FCS is a Frame check sequence; Reserved is reserved bits which the FLO network shall set this field to zero and the FLO device shall ignore this field; and TAIL is encoder tail bits, which shall be set to all ‘0’s.

The following table illustrates the format of the Physical layer packet:

























Bit Transmission Order

Each field of the Physical layer packet shall be transmitted in sequence such that the most significant bit (MSB) is transmitted first and the least significant bit (LSB) is transmitted last. The MSB is the left-most bit in the figures of the document.
Computation of the FCS Bits
The FCS computation described here shall be used for computing the FCS field in the Physical layer packet.
The FCS shall be a CRC calculated using the standard CRC-CCITT generator polynomial:

g(x)=x16+x12+x5+1.

The FCS shall be equal to the value computed according to the following described procedure also illustrated in FIG. 8.
All shift-register elements shall be initialized to ‘1’s. It is noted that initialization of the register to ones causes the CRC for all-zero data to be non-zero.
The switches shall be set in the up position.
The register shall be clocked once for each bit of the physical layer packet except for the FCS, Reserved, and TAIL bits. The physical layer packet shall be read from the MSB to LSB.
The switches shall be set in the down position so that the output is a modulo-2 addition with a ‘0’ and the successive shift-register inputs are ‘0’s.
The register shall be clocked an additional 16 times for the 16 FCS bits.
The output bits constitute all fields of the Physical layer packets except the Reserved and TAIL fields.
FLO Network Requirements
The following discussion section defines requirements specific to the FLO network equipment and operation.
Transmitter
The following requirements shall apply to the FLO network transmitter. The transmitter shall operate in one of eight 6 MHz wide bands, but may also supports transmit bandwidths of 5, 7, and 8 MHz. Each 6 MHz wide transmit band allocation is called a FLO RF Channel. Each FLO RF Channel shall be denoted by an index j∈{1,2, . . . 8}. The transmit band and the band center frequency for each FLO RF channel index shall be as specified in Table 1 below.







TABLE 1







FLO RF Channel Number and the Transmit Band Frequencies









FLO RF
FLO
Band Center


Channel
Transmit
Frequency


Number j
Band (MHz)
fC (MHz)





1
698-704
701


2
704-710
707


3
710-716
713


4
716-722
719


5
722-728
725


6
728-734
731


7
734-740
737


8
740-746
743









The maximum frequency difference between the actual transmit carrier frequency and the specified transmit frequency shall be less than ±2×10−9 of the band center frequency in Table 1.
It is noted that in Band Spectral Characteristics and out of Band Spectrum Mask are to be determined.
Power Output Characteristics are such that the transmit ERP shall be less than 46.98 dBW, which corresponds to 50 kW.
OFDM Modulation Characteristics
The modulation used on the air-link is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). The smallest transmission interval corresponds to one OFDM symbol period. The OFDM transmit symbol is comprised of many separately modulated sub-carriers. The FLO system shall use 4096 sub-carriers, numbered 0 through 4095. These sub-carriers are divided into two separate groups.
The first group of sub-carriers is guard Sub-carriers Of the available 4096 sub-carriers, 96 shall be used. These unused sub-carriers are called guard sub-carriers. No energy shall be transmitted on the guard sub-carriers. Sub-carriers numbered 0 through 47, 2048, and 4049 through 4095 shall be used as guard sub-carriers.
The second group is active Sub-carriers. The active sub-carriers shall be a group of 4000 sub-carriers with indices k∈{48 . . . 2047, 2049 . . . 4048}. Each active sub-carrier shall carry a modulation symbol.
Concerning sub-carrier spacing in the FLO system, the 4096 sub-carriers shall span a bandwidth of 5.55 MHz at the center of the 6 MHz FLO RF Channel. The sub-carrier spacing, (Δf)SC shall be given by:




  
    
      (
      
        Δ
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        f
      
      )
    
    SC
  
  =
  
    
      
        5.55
        ×
        
          10
          6
        
      
      4096
    
    =
    
      1.35498046875
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      kHz
    
  




Concerning sub-carrier frequency, the frequency of the sub-carrier with index i in the kth FLO RF Channel (see Table 1 above), fSC (k,i), shall be computed as per the following equation:

fSC(k, i)=fc(k)+(i−2048)×(Δf)SC 

where fC(k) is the center frequency for the kth FLO RF Channel, and (f)SC is the sub-carrier spacing.

Sub-carrier Interlaces

The active sub-carriers shall be sub-divided into 8 interlaces indexed from 0 through 7. Each interlace shall consist of 500 sub-carriers. The sub-carriers in an interlace shall be spaced [8×(Δf)SC] Hz apart (with the exception of interlace zero, where two sub-carriers in the middle of this interlace are separated by 16×(Δf)SC, since the sub-carrier with index 2048 is not used) in frequency, with (Δf)SC being the sub-carrier spacing.
The sub-carriers in each interlace shall span 5.55 MHz of the FLO RF Channel bandwidth. An active sub-carrier with index i shall be allocated to interlace Ij, where j=i mod 8. The sub-carrier indices in each interlace shall be arranged sequentially in ascending order. The numbering of sub-carriers in an interlace shall be in the range 0, 1, . . . 499.
Frame and Channel Structure
The transmitted signal is organized into superframes. Each superframe shall have duration TSF equal to 1s, and shall consist of 1200 OFDM symbols. The OFDM symbols in a superframe shall be numbered 0 through 1199. The OFDM symbol interval Ts shall be 833.33 . . . μs. The OFDM symbol consists of a number of time-domain baseband samples, called OFDM chips. These chips shall be transmitted at a rate of 5.55×106 per second.
The total OFDM symbol interval Ts is comprised of four parts: a useful part with duration TU, a flat guard interval with duration TFGI and two windowed intervals of duration TWGI on the two sides, as illustrated in FIG. 9. There shall be an overlap of TWGI between consecutive OFDM symbols (see FIG. 9).
The effective OFDM symbol interval shall be Ts=TWGI+TFGI+TU,
where




   
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              T
              U
            
            =
            
              
                4096
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                chips
              
              =
              
                
                  4096
                  
                    5.55
                    ×
                    
                      10
                      6
                    
                  
                
                =
                
                  738.018018
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  ...
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  μ
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  s
                
              
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              T
              FGI
            
            =
            
              
                512
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                chips
              
              =
              
                
                  512
                  
                    5.55
                    ×
                    
                      10
                      6
                    
                  
                
                =
                
                  92.252252
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  ...
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  μ
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  s
                
              
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              T
              WGI
            
            =
            
              
                17
                ⁢
                
                  
                
                ⁢
                chips
              
              =
              
                
                  17
                  
                    5.55
                    ×
                    
                      10
                      6
                    
                  
                
                =
                
                  3.063063
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  ...
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  μ
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  s
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
  




The total symbol duration in FIG. 9 shall be Ts′=Ts+TWGI.
The effective OFDM symbol duration shall henceforth be referred to as the OFDM symbol interval. During an OFDM symbol interval, a modulation symbol shall be carried on each of the active sub-carriers.
The FLO Physical layer channels are the TDM Pilot Channel, the FDM Pilot Channel, the OIS Channel, and the Data Channel. The TDM Pilot Channel, the OIS Channel, and the Data Channel shall be time division multiplexed over a superframe. The FDM Pilot Channel shall be frequency division multiplexed with the OIS Channel and the Data Channel over a superframe as illustrated in FIG. 10.
The TDM Pilot Channel is comprised of the TDM Pilot 1 Channel, the Wide-area Identification Channel (WIC), the Local-area Identification Channel (LIC), the TDM Pilot 2 Channel, the Transition Pilot Channel (TPC) and the Positioning Pilot Channel (PPC). The TDM Pilot 1 Channel, the WIC, the LIC and the TDM Pilot 2 Channel, shall each span one OFDM symbol and appear at the beginning of a superframe. A Transition Pilot Channel (TPC) spanning one OFDM symbol shall precede and follow each Wide-area and Local-area Data or OIS Channel transmission. The TPC flanking the Wide-area Channel (Wide-area OIS or Wide-area Data) is called the Wide-area Transition Pilot Channel (WTPC). The TPC flanking the Local-area channel (Local-area OIS or Local-area Data Channel) transmission is called the Local-area Transition Pilot Channel (LTPC). The WTPC and the LTPC shall each occupy 10 OFDM symbols and together occupy 20 OFDM symbols in a superframe. The PPC shall have variable duration and its status (presence or absence and duration) shall be signaled over the OIS Channel. When present, it shall span 6, 10, or 14 OFDM symbols at the end of the superframe. When PPC is absent, two OFDM symbols shall be reserved at the end of the superframe.
The OIS Channel shall occupy 10 OFDM symbols in a superframe and shall immediately follow the first WTPC OFDM symbol in a superframe. The OIS Channel is comprised of the Wide-area OIS Channel and the Local-area OIS Channel. The Wide-area OIS Channel and the Local-area OIS Channel shall each have duration of 5 OFDM symbols and shall be separated by two TPC OFDM symbols.
The FDM Pilot Channel shall span 1174, 1170, 1166, or 1162 OFDM. These values correspond to either 2 Reserved OFDM symbols or 6, 10 and 14 PPC OFDM symbols, respectively, being present in each superframe symbols in a superframe. It is noted that these values correspond to either 2 Reserved OFDM symbols or 6, 10 and 14 PPC OFDM symbols, respectively, being present in each superframe. The FDM Pilot channel is frequency division multiplexed with Wide-area and Local-area OIS and Data Channels.
The Data Channel shall span 1164, 1160, 1156 or 1152 OFDM symbols. It is noted that these values correspond to either 2 Reserved OFDM symbols or 6, 10 and 14 PPC OFDM symbols, respectively, being present in each superframe. The Data Channel transmission plus the 16 TPC OFDM symbol transmissions immediately preceding or following each data channel transmission are divided into 4 frames.
Let frame parameters be set where P is the number of OFDM symbols in the PPC or the number of Reserved OFDM symbols in the case where the PPC is absent in a superframe; W is the number of OFDM symbols associated with the Wide-area Data Channel in a frame; L is the number of OFDM symbols associated with the Local-area Data Channel in a frame; and F is the number of OFDM symbols in a frame. These frame parameters may then be related by the following set of equations:



  
    F
    =
    
      295
      -
      
        
          P
          -
          2
        
        4
      
    
  




  
    F
    =
    
      W
      +
      L
      +
      4
    
  



FIG. 10 illustrates the superframe and the channel structure in terms of P, W, and L. When the PPC is absent, each frame shall span 295 OFDM symbols and have duration TF equal to 245.8333. ms. It is noted there are two Reserved OFDM symbols at the end of each superframe. When the PPC is present at the end of the superframe, each frame shall span a variable number of OFDM symbols as specified in Table 3 below.







TABLE 3







Frame Duration for Different Numbers of PPC OFDM Symbols










Frame Duration (F) in



Number of PPC
units of OFDM
Frame Duration in


OFDM Symbols
symbols
ms












6
294
245


10
293
244.166 . . .


14
292
243.333 . . .









The Data Channel during each frame shall be time division multiplexed between the Local-area Data Channel and the Wide-area Data Channel. The fraction of the frame allocated to Wide-area Data is




  
    W
    
      W
      +
      L
    
  
  ×
  100
  ⁢
  %




and may vary from 0 to 100%.

The Physical layer packets transmitted over the OIS Channel are called OIS packets and the Physical layer packets transmitted over the Data Channel are called Data packets.
Flow Components and Layered Modulation
The audio or video content associated with a flow multicast over the FLO network may be sent in two components, i.e. a base (B) component that enjoys widespread reception and an enhancement (E) component that improves upon the audio-visual experience provided by the base component over a more limited coverage area.
The base and the enhancement component Physical layer packets are jointly mapped to modulation symbols. This FLO feature is known as layered modulation.
MediaFLO Logical Channel
The Data packets transmitted by the Physical layer are associated with one or more virtual channels called MediaFLO Logical Channels (MLC). An MLC is a decodable component of a FLO service that is of independent reception interest to a FLO device. A service may be sent over multiple MLCs. However, the base and enhancement component of an audio or video flow associated with a service shall be transmitted over a single MLC.
FLO Transmit Modes
The combination of modulation type and the inner code rate is called the “transmit mode”. The FLO system shall support the twelve transmit modes listed in Table 4 found below.
In the FLO network, the transmit mode is fixed when an MLC is instantiated and is changed infrequently. This restriction is imposed in order to maintain a constant coverage area for each MLC.







TABLE 4







FLO Transmit Modes









Mode




Number
Modulation
Turbo Code Rate





0
QPSK
1⁄3


1
QPSK
1⁄2


2
16-QAM
1⁄3


3
16-QAM
1⁄2


4
16-QAM
2⁄3


 52
QPSK
1⁄5


6
Layered Modulation with energy ratio 4
1⁄3


7
Layered Modulation with energy ratio 4
1⁄2


8
Layered Modulation with energy ratio 4
2⁄3


9
Layered Modulation with energy ratio 6.25
1⁄3


10 
Layered Modulation with energy ratio 6.25
1⁄2


11 
Layered Modulation with energy ratio 6.25
2⁄3





2This mode is used for the OIS channel only.






FLO Slots

In the FLO network, the smallest unit of bandwidth allocated to a MLC over an OFDM symbol corresponds to a group of 500 modulation symbols. This group of 500 modulation symbols is called a slot. The scheduler function (in the MAC layer) allocates slots to MLCs during the data portion of the superframe. When the scheduler function allocates bandwidth for transmission to a MLC in an OFDM symbol, it does so in integer units of slots.
There are 8 slots during every OFDM symbol except for the TDM Pilot 1 Channel in a superframe. These slots shall be numbered 0 through 7. The WIC and LIC channels shall each occupy 1 slot. The TDM Pilot 2 Channel shall occupy 4 slots. The TPC (Wide-area and Local-area) shall occupy all 8 slots. The FDM Pilot Channel shall occupy 1 slot with index 0 and the OIS/Data Channel may occupy up to 7 slots with indices 1 through 7. Each slot shall be transmitted over an interlace. The mapping from slot to interlace varies from OFDM symbol to OFDM symbol and is described in further detail to follow.
FLO Data Rates
In the FLO system the calculation of data rates is complicated by the fact that different MLCs may utilize different modes. The computation of data rates is simplified by assuming that all MLCs use the same transmit mode. Table 5 below gives the Physical layer data rates for the different transmit modes assuming all 7 data slots are used.







TABLE 5







FLO Transmit Modes and Physical Layer Data Rates









Transmit
Slots per Physical
Physical Layer Data


Mode
Layer Packet
Rate (Mbps)












0
3
2.8


1
2
4.2


2
3/2
5.6


3
1
8.4


4
3/4
11.2


5
5
1.68


6
3
5.6


7
2
8.4


8
3/2
11.2


9
3
5.6


10
2
8.4


11
3/2
11.2









It is noted that in Table 5 above that for the values in the column labeled “Physical layer data rate,” the overhead due to the TDM Pilot channel and the outer code is not subtracted. This is the rate at which data is transmitted during the Data channel. For modes 6 through 11, the rate quoted is the combined rate of the two components. The rate for each component will be half of this value.
FLO Physical Layer Channels
The FLO Physical layer is comprised of the following sub-channels: the TDM Pilot Channel; the Wide-area OIS Channel; the Local-area OIS Channel; the Wide-area FDM Pilot Channel; the Local-area FDM Pilot Channel; the Wide-area Data Channel; and the Local-area Data Channel
TDM Pilot Channel
The TDM Pilot Channel is comprised of the following component channels: TDM Pilot 1 Channel; wide-area identification channel (WIC); Local-area Identification Channel (LIC); and TDM Pilot 2 Channel; Transition Pilot Channel (TPC)
TDM Pilot 1 Channel
The TDM Pilot 1 Channel shall span one OFDM symbol. It shall be transmitted at the OFDM symbol index 0 in the superframe. It signals the start of a new superfame. It may be used by the FLO device for determining the coarse OFDM symbol timing, the superframe boundary and the carrier frequency offset.
The TDM Pilot 1 waveform shall be generated in the transmitter using the steps illustrated in FIG. 11.
TDM Pilot 1 Sub-carriers
The TDM Pilot 1 OFDM symbol shall be comprised of 124 non-zero sub-carriers in the frequency domain, which are uniformly spaced among the Active sub-carriers. The ith TDM Pilot 1 sub-carrier shall correspond to the sub-carrier index j defined as follows:




  j
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              64
              +
              
                
                  (
                  i
                  )
                
                ×
                32
              
            
            ,
            
              ∀
              
                i
                ∈
                
                  {
                  
                    0
                    ,
                    
                      1
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      ...
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      61
                    
                  
                  }
                
              
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              64
              +
              
                
                  (
                  
                    i
                    +
                    1
                  
                  )
                
                ×
                32
              
            
            ,
            
              ∀
              
                i
                ∈
                
                  
                    {
                    
                      62
                      ,
                      
                        ...
                        ⁢
                        
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        123
                      
                    
                    }
                  
                  .
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
  




Note that the TDM Pilot 1 Channel does not use the sub-carrier with index 2048.
TDM Pilot 1 Fixed Information Pattern
The TDM Pilot 1 sub-carriers shall be modulated with a fixed information pattern. This pattern shall be generated using a 20-tap linear feedback shift register (LFSR) with generator sequence h (D)=D20+D17+1 and initial state ‘11110000100000000000’. Each output bit shall be obtained as follows: if the LFSR state is the vector [S20S19S18S17S16S15S14S13S12S11 S10S9S8S7S6S5S4S3S2S1] then, the output bit shall be [S19 ⊕S4], where ⊕ denotes modulo-2 addition, which corresponds to the mask associated with slot 1 (see Table 6, which follows later). The LFSR structure shall be as specified in FIG. 12
The fixed information pattern shall correspond to the first 248 output bits. The first 35-bits of the fixed pattern shall be ‘11010100100110110111001100101100001’, with ‘110’ appearing first.
The 248-bit TDM Pilot 1 fixed pattern is called the TDM Pilot 1 Information packet and is denoted as P1I.
Each group of two consecutive bits in the P1I packet shall be used to generate QPSK modulation symbols.
Modulation Symbols Mapping
In the TDM Pilot 1 information packet, each group of two consecutive bits, P1I(2i) and P1I(2i+1), i=0,1, . . . 123, which are labeled as so and s0, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) with D=4 as specified in Table 6 below. This factor is calculated using the fact that only 124 of the 4000 available carriers are being used.




  
    
      
        1
        2
      
      ×
      
        4000
        124
      
    
  
  ≅
  4.











TABLE 6







QPSK Modulation Table












Input

Modulation




bits

Symbols MS












s1
s0
mI
mQ







0
0
  D
  D



0
1
−D
  D



1
0
  D
−D



1
1
−D
−D










FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
Modulation Symbols to Sub-carrier Mapping
The ith modulation symbol MS(i), i=0,1, . . . ,123, shall be mapped to the sub-carrier with index j as specified previously.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated TDM Pilot 1 sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as will be discussed later.
Wide-area Identification Channel (WIC)
The Wide-area Identification Channel (WIC) shall span one OFDM symbol. It shall be transmitted at OFDM symbol index 1 in a superframe. It follows the TDM Pilot 1 OFDM symbol. This is an overhead channel that is used for conveying the Wide-area Differentiator information to FLO receivers. All transmit waveforms within a Wide-area (which includes Local-area channels but excludes the TDM Pilot 1 Channel and the PPC) shall be scrambled using the 4-bit Wide-area Differentiator corresponding to that area.
For the WIC OFDM symbol in a superframe only 1 slot shall be allocated. The allocated slot shall use as input a 1000-bit fixed pattern, with each bit set to zero. The input bit pattern shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 14. No processing shall be performed for the un-allocated slots.
Slot Allocation
The WIC shall be allocated the slot with index 3. The allocated and un-allocated slots in the WIC OFDM symbol are illustrated in FIG. 15. The slot index chosen is the one that maps to interlace 0 for OFDM symbol index 1, which will be discussed later.
Filling of Slot Buffer
The buffer for the allocated slot shall be completely filled with a fixed pattern consisting of 1000 bits, with each bit set to ‘0’. The buffers for the un-allocated slots shall be left empty.
Slot Scrambling
The bits of each allocated slot buffer shall be XOR'd sequentially with the scrambler output bits to randomize the bits prior to modulation. The scrambled slot buffer corresponding to slot index i is denoted as SB(i), where i∈{0,1, . . . ,7}. The scrambling sequence used for any slot buffer depends on the OFDM symbol index and the slot index.
The scrambling bit sequence shall be equivalent to one generated with a 20-tap linear feedback shift register (LFSR) with the generator sequence h(D)=D20+D17+1, as shown in FIG. 16. The transmitter shall use a single LFSR for all transmissions.
At the start of every OFDM symbol, the LFSR shall be initialized to the state [d3d2d1d0c3c2c1c0b0a10a9a8a7a6a5a4a3a2a1a0], which depends on the channel type (the TDM Pilot or the Wide-area or the Local-area Channel), and the OFDM symbol index in a superframe.
Bits ‘d3d2d1d0’ shall be set as follows. For all the Wide-area channels (the WIC, the WTPC, the Wide-area OIS and the Wide-area Data Channel), the Local-area channels (the LIC, the LTPC, the Local-area OIS and the Local-area Data Channel) and the TDM Pilot 2 Channel and the 2 Reserved OFDM symbols when the PPC is absent, these bits shall be set to the 4-bit Wide-area Differentiator (WID).
Bits ‘c3c2c1c0’ shall be set as follows: for the TDM Pilot 2 Channel, the Wide-area OIS Channel, the Wide-area Data Channel, the WTPC and the WIC these bits shall be set to ‘0000’; for the Local-area OIS Channel, the LTPC, the LIC and the Local-area Data Channel and the 2 Reserved OFDM symbols when the PPC is absent, these bits shall be set to the 4-bit Local-area Differentiator (LID). Bit b0 is a reserved bit and shall be set to ‘1’. Bits a10 through a0 shall correspond to the OFDM symbol index number in a superframe, which ranges from 0 through 1199.
The scrambling sequence for each slot shall be generated by a modulo-2 inner product of the 20-bit state vector of the sequence generator and a 20-bit mask associated with that slot index as specified in Table 7 below.







TABLE 7







Mask Associated with Different Slots



























Slots






















Index
m19
m18
m17
m16
m15
m14
m13
m12
m11
m10
m9
m8
m7
m6
m5
m4
m3
m2
m1
m0





0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0


1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0


2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1


3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0


4
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0


5
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0


6
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0


7
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0









The shift register shall be reloaded with a new state [d3d2d1d0c3c2c1c0b0a10a9a8a7 a6a5a4a3a2a1a0] for each slot at the start of every OFDM symbol.
Modulation Symbol Mapping
Each group of two consecutive bits from the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i, 2k) and SB(i, 2k+1), i=3, k=0,1, . . . 499, which are labeled as s0 and s1, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with D=2. It is noted that the value of D is chosen to keep the OFDM symbol energy constant, since only 500 of the 4000 available sub-carriers are used. FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of slots to interlaces for the WIC OFDM symbol shall be as specified as discussed later in this specification.
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-Carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in the allocated slot shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers as follows: the ith complex modulation symbol (where i∈{0,1, . . . 499}) shall be mapped to the ith sub-carrier of that interlace.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated WIC sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified later in this specification.
Local-area Identification Channel (LIC)
The Local-area Identification Channel (LIC) shall span one OFDM symbol. It shall be transmitted at OFDM symbol index 2 in a superframe. It follows the WIC channel OFDM symbol. This is an overhead channel that is used for conveying the Local-area Differentiator information to FLO receivers. All Local-area transmit waveforms shall be scrambled using a 4-bit Local-area Differentiator, in conjunction with the Wide-area Differentiator, corresponding to that area.
For the LIC OFDM symbol in a superframe only a single slot shall be allocated. The allocated slot shall use a 1000-bit fixed pattern as input. These bits shall be set to zero. These bits shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 14 No processing shall be performed for the un-allocated slots.
Slot Allocation
The LIC shall be allocated the slot with index 5. The allocated and un-allocated slots in the LIC OFDM symbol are illustrated in FIG. 17. The slot index chosen is the one that maps to interlace 0 for OFDM symbol index 2.
Filling of Slot Buffer
The buffer for the allocated slot shall be completely filled with a fixed pattern consisting of 1000 bits, with each bit set to ‘0’. The buffers for the un-allocated slots shall be left empty.
Slot Scrambling
The bits of the LIC slot buffer shall be scrambled as specified in 0. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Modulation Symbol Mapping
Each group of two consecutive bits from the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i, 2k) and SB(i, 2k+1), i=5, k=0,1, . . . 499, which are labeled as s0 and s1, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with D=2. The value of D is chosen to keep the OFDM symbol energy constant, since only 500 of the 4000 available sub-carriers are used. FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of slots to interlaces for the LIC OFDM symbol shall be as specified as discussed later.
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-Carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in the allocated slot shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers as follows: the ith complex modulation symbol (where i∈{0,1, . . . 499}) shall be mapped to the ith sub-carrier of that interlace.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated LIC sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified as discussed later.
TDM Pilot 2 Channel
The TDM Pilot 2 Channel shall span one OFDM symbol. It shall be transmitted at OFDM symbol index 3 in a superframe. It follows the LIC OFDM symbol. It may be used for fine OFDM symbol timing corrections in the FLO receivers.
For the TDM Pilot 2 OFDM symbol iii each superframe only 4 slots shall be allocated. Each allocated slot shall use as input a 1000-bit fixed pattern, with each bit set to zero. These bits shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 14. No processing shall be performed for the un-allocated slots.
In FIG. 14 the mapping of slots to interlaces ensures that the allocated slots are mapped into interlaces 0, 2, 4, and 6. Therefore, the TDM Pilot 2 OFDM symbol is comprised of 2000 non-zero sub-carriers which are uniformly spaced among the Active sub-carriers (see [00111]). The ith TDM Pilot 2 sub-carrier shall correspond to the sub-carrier index j defined as follows:




  j
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              48
              +
              
                
                  (
                  i
                  )
                
                ×
                2
              
            
            ,
            
              ∀
              
                i
                ∈
                
                  {
                  
                    0
                    ,
                    
                      1
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      ...
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      999
                    
                  
                  }
                
              
            
          
        
      
      
        
          
            
              48
              +
              
                
                  (
                  
                    i
                    +
                    1
                  
                  )
                
                ×
                2
              
            
            ,
            
              ∀
              
                i
                ∈
                
                  {
                  
                    1000
                    ,
                    
                      ...
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      1999
                    
                  
                  }
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
  




Note that the TDM Pilot 2 Channel does not use the sub-carrier with index 2048.
Slot Allocation
For the TDM Pilot 2 OFDM symbol, the allocated slots shall have indices 0, 1, 2, and 7.
The allocated and un-allocated slots in the TDM Pilot 2 OFDM symbol are illustrated in FIG. 18.
Filling of Slot Buffer
The buffer for each allocated slot shall be completely filled with a fixed pattern consisting of 1000 bits, with each bit set to ‘0’. The buffers for the un-allocated slots shall be left empty.
Slot Scrambling
The bits of the TDM Pilot 2 Channel slot buffers shall be scrambled as specified as discussed above. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Modulation Symbol Mapping
Each group of two adjacent bits from the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i,2k) and SB(i, 2k+1), i=0,1,2,7, k=0,1, . . . 499, which are labeled as s0 and s1, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with D=1. The value of D is chosen to keep the OFDM symbol energy constant, since only 2000 of the 4000 available sub-carriers are used. FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of slots to interlaces for the TDM Pilot 2 Channel OFDM symbol shall be as specified herein.
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-Carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in an allocated slot shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers as follows: the ith complex modulation symbol (where i∈{0,1, . . . 499}) shall be mapped to the ith sub-carrier of that interlace.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated TDM Pilot 2 Channel sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified herein.
Transition Pilot Channel (TPC)
The Transition Pilot Channel consists of 2 sub-channels: the Wide-area Transition Pilot Channel (WTPC) and the Local-area Transition Pilot Channel (LTPC). The TPC flanking the Wide-area OIS and the Wide-area Data channel is called the WTPC. The TPC flanking the Local-area OIS and the Local-area Data Channel is called the LTPC. The WTPC spans 1 OFDM symbol on either side of every Wide-area channel transmission with the exception of the WIC (the Wide-area Data and the Wide-area OIS Channel) in a superframe. The LTPC spans 1 OFDM symbol on either side of every Local-area Channel transmission with the exception of the LIC (the Local-area Data and the Local-area OIS Channel). The purpose of the TPC OFDM symbol is two-fold: to allow channel estimation at the boundary between the Local-area and the Wide-area channels and to facilitate timing synchronization for the first Wide-area (or Local-area) MLC in each frame. The TPC spans 20 OFDM symbols in a superframe, which are equally divided between the WTPC and the LTPC as illustrated in FIG. 10. There are nine instances where the LTPC and the WTPC transmissions occur right next to each other and two instances where only one of these channels is transmitted. Only the WTPC is transmitted after the TDM Pilot 2 Channel, and only the LTPC is transmitted prior to the Positioning Pilot Channel (PPC)/Reserved OFDM symbols.
It is assumed that P is the number of OFDM symbols in the PPC or the number of Reserved OFDM symbols in the case where the PPC is absent in a superframe, W is the number of OFDM symbols associated with the Wide-area Data Channel in a frame, L is the number of OFDM symbols associated with the Local-area Data Channel in a frame, and F be the number of OFDM symbols in a frame.
The values of P shall be 2, 6, 10, or 14. The number of Data Channel OFDM symbols in a frame shall be F-4. The exact locations of the TPC OFDM symbols in a superframe shall be as specified in Table 8 below.







TABLE 8







TPC Location Indices in a Superframe











Transition
Index for the
Index for the



Pilot
WTPC OFDM
LTPC OFDM



Channel
Symbol
Symbol







TDM Pilot 2
 4
—



Channel → Wide-area



OIS Channel



Wide-area OIS
10
11



Channel → Local-



area OIS Channel



Local-area OIS
18
17



Channel → Wide-area



Data Channel



Wide-area Data
19 + W + F × i,
20 + W + F × i,



Channel → Local-area
{i = 0, 1, 2, 3}
{i = 0, 1, 2, 3}



Data Channel



Local-area Data
18 + F × i,
17 + F × i,



Channel → Wide-
{i = 1, 2, 3}
{i = 1, 2, 3}



area Data Channel



Local-area Data
—
1199-P



Channel →



PPC/Reserved



Symbols










All slots in the TPC OFDM symbols use as input a 1000-bit fixed pattern, with each bit set to zero. These bits shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 14.
Slot Allocation
The TPC OFDM symbol shall be allocated all 8 slots with indices 0 through 7.
Filling of Slot Buffer
The buffer for each allocated slot shall be completely filled with a fixed pattern consisting of 1000 bits, with each bit set to ‘0’.
Slot Scrambling
The bits of each allocated TPC slot buffer shall be scrambled as specified previously. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Modulation Symbol Mapping
Each group of two consecutive bits from the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i, 2k) and SB(i, 2k+1), i=0,1,2, . . . 7, k=0,1, . . . 499, which are labeled as s0 and s1, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with




  D
  =
  
    
      1
      
        2
      
    
    .
  




FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.

Slot to Interlace Mapping

The mapping of slots to interlaces for the TPC OFDM symbol shall be as specified herein.
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in each allocated slot shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers as follows: the ith complex modulation symbol (where i∈{0,1, . . . 499}) shall be mapped to the ith sub-carrier of that interlace.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated TPC sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified in herein.
Positioning Pilot Channel/Reserved Symbols
The Positioning Pilot Channel (PPC) may appear at the end of a superframe. When present it has a variable duration of 6, 10, or 14 OFDM symbols. When the PPC is absent, there are two Reserved OFDM symbols at the end of the superframe. The presence or absence of the PPC and its duration are signaled over the OIS Channel.
Positioning Pilot Channel
The PPC structure including the information transmitted and the waveform generation is TBD.
The FLO device may use the PPC either autonomously or in conjunction with the GPS signal to determine its geographical location.
Reserved OFDM Symbols
When the PPC is absent, there are two Reserved OFDM symbols at the end of the superframe.
All slots in the Reserved OFDM Symbols use as input a 1000-bit fixed pattern, with each bit set to zero. These bits shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 14
Slot Allocation
The Reserved OFDM symbol shall be allocated all 8 slots with indices 0 through 7.
Filling of Slot Buffer
The buffer for each allocated slot shall be completely filled with a fixed pattern consisting of 1000 bits, with each bit set to ‘0’.
Slot Scrambling
The bits of each allocated Reserved OFDM symbol slot buffer shall be scrambled as specified in 0. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Modulation Symbol Mapping
Each group of two consecutive bits from the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i,2k) and SB(i,2k+1), i=0,1,2, . . . 7, k=0,1, . . . 499, which are labeled as s0 and s1, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with D=1/√{square root over (2)}. FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of slots to interlaces for the Reserved OFDM symbols shall be as specified herein.
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in each allocated slot shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers as follows: the ith complex modulation symbol (where i∈{0, 1, . . . 499}) shall be mapped to the ith sub-carrier of that interlace.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated Reserved OFDM Symbol sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified herein.
Wide-area OIS Channel
This channel is used to convey overhead information about the active MLC's associated with the Wide-area Data Channel, such as their scheduled transmission times and slot allocations, in the current superframe. The Wide-area OIS Channel spans 5 OFDM symbol intervals in each superframe (see FIG. 10).
The Physical layer packet for the Wide-area OIS Channel shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 19.
Encoding
The Wide-area OIS Channel Physical layer packets shall be encoded with code rate R=1/5. The encoder shall discard the 6-bit TAIL field of the incoming Physical layer packet and encode the remaining bits with a parallel turbo encoder as specified herein. The turbo encoder shall add an internally generated tail of 6/R (=30) output code bits, so that the total number of turbo encoded bits at the output is 1/R times the number of bits in the input Physical layer packet.
FIG. 20 illustrates the encoding scheme for the Wide-area OIS Channel. The Wide-area OIS Channel encoder parameters shall be as specified in Table 9 below.







TABLE 9







Parameters of the Wide-area/Local-area OIS Channel Encoder













Turbo Encoder






Input Bits

Turbo Encoder



Bits
Nturbo
Code Rate
Output bits







1000
994
1⁄5
5000










Turbo Encoder

The turbo encoder employs two systematic, recursive, convolutional encoders connected in parallel, with an interleaver, the turbo interleaver, preceding the second recursive convolutional encoder. The two recursive convolutional codes are called the constituent codes of the turbo code. The outputs of the constituent encoders are punctured and repeated to achieve the desired number of turbo encoded output bits.
A common constituent code shall be used for turbo codes of rates 1/5, 1/3, 1/2, and 2/3. The transfer function for the constituent code shall be as follows:




  
    G
    ⁡
    
      (
      D
      )
    
  
  =
  
    [
    
      1
      ⁢
      
        
          
            n
            0
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            D
            )
          
        
        
          d
          ⁡
          
            (
            D
            )
          
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          
            n
            1
          
          ⁡
          
            (
            D
            )
          
        
        
          d
          ⁡
          
            (
            D
            )
          
        
      
    
    ]
  




where d(D)=1+D2+D3, n0(D)=1+D+D3, and n1(D)=1+D+D2+D3.
The turbo encoder shall generate an output symbol sequence that is identical to the one generated by the encoder shown in FIG. 20. Initially, the states of the constituent encoder's registers in this figure are set to zero. Then, the constituent encoders are clocked with the switches in the position noted.
The encoded data output bits are generated by clocking the constituent encoders Nturbo times with the switches in the up positions and puncturing the output as specified in Table 10, which is shown below. Within a puncturing pattern, a ‘0’ means that the bit shall be deleted and a ‘1’ means that the bit shall be passed. The constituent encoder outputs for each bit period shall be passed in the sequence X, Y0, Y1, X′, Y′0, Y′1 with the X output first. Bit repetition is not used in generating the encoded data output bits.
The constituent encoder output symbol puncturing for the tail period shall be as specified in Table 11, shown below. Within a puncturing pattern, a ‘0’ means that the symbol shall be deleted and a ‘1’ means that a symbol shall be passed.
For rate 1/5 turbo codes, the tail output code bits for each of the first three tail periods shall be punctured and repeated to achieve the sequence XXY0Y1Y1 and the tail output code bits for each of the last three tail bit periods shall be punctured and repeated to achieve the sequence X′X′Y′0Y′1Y′1.







TABLE 10







Puncturing Patterns for the Data Bit Periods for the OIS Channel











Code Rate



Output
1⁄5







X
1



Y0
1



Y1
1



X′
0



Y′0
1



Y′1
1










It is noted that in Table 10 above, the puncturing table is to be read from top to bottom.







TABLE 11







Puncturing Patterns for the Tail Bit Periods for the OIS Channel











Code Rate



Output
1⁄5







X
111 000



Y0
111 000



Y1
111 000



X′
000 111



Y′0
000 111



Y′1
000 111










It is noted that in Table 11, for rate-1/5 turbo codes, the puncturing table is to be read first from top to bottom repeating X, X′, Y1, and Y′1 and then from left to right.
Turbo Interleaver
The turbo interleaver, which is part of the turbo encoder, shall block interleave the turbo encoder input data that is fed to the Constituent Encoder 2.
The turbo interleaver shall be functionally equivalent to an approach where the entire sequence of turbo interleaver input bits are written sequentially into an array at a sequence of addresses and then the entire sequence is read out from a sequence of addresses that are defined by the procedure described below.
Let the sequence of input addresses be from 0 to Nturbo−1. Then, the sequence of interleaver output addresses shall be equivalent to those generated by the procedure illustrated in FIG. 22 and described below. It is noted that this procedure is equivalent to one where the counter values are written into a 25-row by 2n column array by rows, the rows are shuffled according to a bit-reversal rule, the elements within each row are permuted according to a row-specific linear congruential sequence, and tentative output addresses are read out by column. The linear congruential sequence rule is x(i+1)=(x(i)+c) mod 2n, where x(0)=c and c is a row-specific value from a table lookup.
Concerning the procedure in FIG. 22, the process includes determining the turbo interleaver parameter, n, where n is the smallest integer such that Nturbo≦2n+5. Table 12 shown below gives this parameter for the 1000-bit physical layer packet. The process also includes initializing an (n+5)-bit counter to 0 and extracting the n most significant bits (MSBs) from the counter and adding one to form a new value. Then, discard all except the n least significant bits (LSBs) of this value. The process further includes obtaining the n-bit output of the table lookup defined in Table 13 shown below with a read address equal to the five LSBs of the counter. Note that this table depends on the value of n.
The process further includes multiplying the values obtained in the previous steps of extracting and obtaining, and then discarding all except the n LSBs. Next bit-reverse the five LSBs of the counter is performed. A tentative output address is then formed that has its MSBs equal to the value obtained in the bit-reverse step and its LSBs equal to the value obtained in the multiplying step.
Next, the process includes accepting the tentative output address as an output address if it is less than Nturbo; otherwise, it is discarded. Finally, the counter is incremented and the steps after the initialization step are repeated until all Nturbo interleaver output addresses are obtained.







TABLE 12







Turbo Interleaver Parameter










Turbo




Interleaver
Turbo


Physical Layer
Block Size
Interleaver


Packet Size
Nturbo
Parameter n





1,000
994
5
















TABLE 13







Turbo Interleaver Lookup Table Definition










Table
n = 5



Index
Entries














0
27



1
3



2
1



3
15



4
13



5
17



6
23



7
13



8
9



9
3



10
15



11
3



12
13



13
1



14
13



15
29



16
21



17
19



18
1



19
3



20
29



21
17



22
25



23
29



24
9



25
13



26
23



27
13



28
13



29
1



30
13



31
13










Bit Interleaving

For the OIS Channel and the Data Channel, the bit interleaving is a form of block interleaving. The code bits of a turbo encoded packet are interleaved in such a pattern that adjacent code bits are mapped into different constellation symbols.
The Bit Interleaver shall reorder the turbo encoded bits as per the following procedure:

    
    
        a. For N bits to be interleaved, the bit interleaver matrix M shall be a 4 columns by N/4 rows block interleaver. The N input bits shall be written into the interleaving array column-by-column sequentially. Label the rows of the matrix M by index j, where j=0 through N/4-1 and row 0 is the first row.
        b. For every row j, with even index (j mod 2=0), the elements in the 2nd and the 3rd column shall be interchanged.
    
    


c. For every row with odd index (j mod 2 !=0), the elements in the 1st and the 4th column shall be interchanged.
d. Denote the resulting matrix by M. The contents of M shall be read out row-wise, from left to right.
FIG. 23 illustrates the output of the bit-interleaver for the hypothetical case of N=20.
Data Slot Allocation
For the Wide-area OIS Channel, 7 data slots shall be allocated per OFDM symbol for the transmission of OIS Channel turbo encoded packets. The Wide-area OIS Channel shall use transmit mode 5. Therefore, it requires 5 data slots to accommodate the content of a single turbo encoded packet. Some Wide-area OIS Channel turbo encoded packets may span two consecutive OFDM symbols. The data slot allocations are made at the MAC layer.
Filling of Data Slot Buffer
The bit-interleaved code bits of a Wide-area OIS Channel turbo encoded packet shall be written sequentially into 5 consecutive data slot buffers in either one or two consecutive OFDM symbols as illustrated in FIG. 24. These data slot buffers correspond to slot indices 1 through 7. The data slot buffer size shall be 1000 bits. It is noted that the data slot buffer size is 1000 bits for QPSK and 2000 bits for 16-QAM and layered modulation. The 7 Wide-area OIS Channel turbo encoded packets (TEP) shall occupy consecutive slots over 5 consecutive OFDM symbols in the Wide-area OIS Channel (see FIG. 10).
Slot Scrambling
The bits of each allocated slot buffer shall be scrambled as specified in Table. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Mapping of Bits to Modulation Symbols
Each group of two consecutive bits from the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i, 2k) and SB(2k+1), i=1, 2, . . . 7, k=0,1, . . . 499, which are labeled as s0 and s1, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with D=1/√{square root over (2)}. FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of slots to interlaces for the Wide-area OIS Channel OFDM symbols shall be as specified herein.
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in each allocated slot shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers as per the following procedure:

    
    
        a. Create an empty Sub-carrier Index Vector (SCIV);
        b. Let i be an index variable in the range (i∈{0,511}). Initialize i to 0;
        c. Represent i by its 9-bit value ib;
        d. Bit reverse ib and denote the resulting value as ibr. If ibr<500, then append ibr to the SCIV;
        e. If i<511, then increment i by 1 and go to step c; and
        f. Map the symbol with index, j (j∈{0,499}), in a data slot to the interlace sub-carrier with index SCIV [j] assigned to that data slot.
    
    


It is noted that index SCIV needs to be computed only once and can be used for all data slots.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated Wide-area OIS Channel sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified herein.
Local-area OIS Channel
This channel is used to convey overhead information about the active MLCs associated with the Local-area Data Channel, such as their scheduled transmission times and slot allocations, in the current superframe. The Local-area OIS channel spans 5 OFDM symbol intervals in each superframe (see FIG. 10).
The Physical layer packet for the Local-area OIS Channel shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 14
Encoding
The Local-area OIS Channel Physical layer packets shall be encoded with code rate R=1/5. The encoding procedure shall be identical to that for the Wide-area OIS Channel Physical layer packets as specified herein.
Bit Interleaving
The Local-area OIS Channel turbo encoded packet shall be bit interleaved as specified herein.
Data Slot Allocation
For the Local-area OIS Channel, 7 data slots shall be allocated per OFDM symbol for the transmission of turbo encoded packets. The Local-area OIS Channel shall use transmit mode 5. Therefore, it requires 5 data slots to accommodate the content of a single turbo encoded packet. Some Local-area OIS turbo-packets may span two consecutive OFDM symbols. The data slot allocations are made at the MAC layer.
Filling of Data Slot Buffers
The bit-interleaved code bits of a Local-area OIS Channel turbo encoded packet shall be written sequentially into 5 consecutive data slot buffers in either one or two consecutive OFDM symbols as illustrated in FIG. 25 These data slot buffers correspond to slot indices 1 through 7. The data slot buffer size shall be 1000 bits. The 7 Local-area OIS Channel turbo encoded packets (TEP) shall occupy consecutive slots over 5 consecutive OFDM symbols in the Local-area OIS Channel (see FIG. 25).
Slot Scrambling
The bits of each allocated slot buffer shall be scrambled as specified in 0. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Mapping of Bits to Modulation Symbols
Each group of two consecutive bits from the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i, 2k) and SB(i, 2k+1), i=1,2, . . . 7, k=0,1, . . . 499, which are labeled as s0 and s1 respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with D=1/√{square root over (2)}. FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of slots to interlaces for the Local-area OIS Channel OFDM symbols shall be as specified herein.
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-carriers
This procedure shall be identical to that for the Wide-area OIS Channel as specified herein.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated Local-area OIS Channel sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified herein.
Wide-area FDM Pilot Channel
The Wide-area FDM Pilot Channel is transmitted in conjunction with the Wide-area Data Channel or the Wide-area OIS Channel. The Wide-area FDM Pilot Channel carries a fixed bit pattern that may be used for Wide-area Channel estimation and other functions by the FLO device.
For the Wide-area FDM Pilot Channel a single slot shall be allocated during every OFDM symbol that carries either the Wide-area Data Channel or the Wide-area OIS Channel.
The allocated slot shall use a 1000-bit fixed pattern as input. These bits shall be set to zero. These bits shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 14.
Slot Allocation
The Wide-area FDM Pilot Channel shall be allocated the slot with index 0 during every OFDM symbol that carries either the Wide-area Data Channel or the Wide-area OIS Channel.
Filling of Slot Buffer
The buffer for the slot allocated to the Wide-area FDM Pilot Channel shall be completely filled with a fixed pattern consisting of 1000-bits, with each bit set to ‘0’.
Slot Scrambling
The bits of the Wide-area FDM Pilot Channel slot buffer shall be scrambled as specified herein. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Modulation Symbol Mapping
Each group of two consecutive bits of the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i,2k) and SB(i,2k+1), i=0, k=0,1, . . . 499, which are labeled as s0 and s1, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with D=1/√{square root over (2)} FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of the Wide-area FDM Pilot Channel slots to interlaces shall be as specified herein.
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in the allocated slot shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers as follows: the ith complex modulation symbol (where i∈{0, 1, . . . 499}) shall be mapped to the ith sub-carrier of that interlace.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated Wide-area FDM Pilot Channel sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified herein.
Local-area FDM Pilot Channel
The Local-area FDM Pilot Channel is transmitted in conjunction with the Local-area Data Channel or the Local-area OIS Channel. The Local-area FDM Pilot Channel carries a fixed bit pattern that may be used for Local-area channel estimation and other functions by the FLO device.
For the Local-area FDM Pilot Channel a single slot shall be allocated during every OFDM symbol that carries either the Local-area Data Channel or the Local-area OIS Channel.
The allocated slot shall use a 1000-bit fixed pattern as input. These bits shall be set to zero. These bits shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 14.
Slot Allocation
The Local-area FDM Pilot Channel shall be allocated the slot with index 0 during every OFDM symbol that carries either the Local-area Data Channel or the Local-area OIS Channel.
Filling of Pilot Slot Buffer
The buffer for the slot allocated to the Local-area FDM Pilot Channel shall be completely filled with a fixed pattern consisting of 1000-bits with each bit set to ‘0’.
Slot Buffer Scrambling
The bits of the Local-area FDM Pilot slot buffer shall be scrambled as specified in 0. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Modulation Symbols Mapping
Each group of two consecutive bits of the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i,2k) and SB(i, 2k+1), i=0, k=0,1, . . . 499 which are labeled as s0 and s1, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with D=1/√{square root over (2)}. FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of the Wide-area FDM Pilot Channel slots to interlaces shall be as specified herein.
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in the allocated slot shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers as follows: the ith complex modulation symbol (where i∈{0,1 . . . 499}) shall be mapped to the ith sub-carrier of that interlace.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated Local-area FDM Pilot Channel sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified herein.
Wide-area Data Channel
The Wide-area Data Channel is used to carry Physical layer packets meant for Wide-area multicast. The Physical layer packets for the Wide-area Data Channel can be associated with any one of the active MLCs transmitted in the Wide-area.
Wide-Area Data Channel Processing for Allocated Slots
The Physical layer packet for the Wide-area Data Channel shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 26.
For regular modulation (QPSK and 16-QAM), the Physical layer packet is turbo-encoded and bit interleaved before being stored in the Data slot buffer(s). For layered modulation, the base-component Physical layer packet and the enhancement-component Physical layer packet are turbo-encoded and bit interleaved independently before being multiplexed in to the Data slot buffer(s).
Encoding
The Wide-area Data Channel Physical layer packets shall be encoded with code rate R=1/2, 1/3, or 2/3. The encoder shall discard the 6-bit TAIL field of the incoming Physical layer packet and encode the remaining bits with a parallel turbo encoder as specified herein. The turbo encoder shall add an internally generated tail of 6/R (=12, 18 or 9) output code bits, so that the total number of turbo encoded bits at the output is 1/R times the number of bits in the input Physical layer packet.
FIG. 27 illustrates the encoding scheme for the Wide-area Data Channel. The Wide-area Data Channel encoder parameters shall be as specified in Table 14 below.







TABLE 14







Parameters of the Data Channel Encoder













Turbo Encoder






Input Bits

Turbo Encoder



Bits
Nturbo
Code Rate
Output bits







1000
994
1⁄2
2000



1000
994
1⁄3
3000



1000
994
2⁄3
1500










Turbo Encoder

The turbo encoder used for Wide-area Data Channel Physical layer packets shall be as specified herein.
The encoded data output bits are generated by clocking the constituent encoders Nturbo times with the switches in the up positions and puncturing the output as specified in Table 15 shown below. Within a puncturing pattern, a ‘0’ means that the bit shall be deleted and a ‘1’ means that the bit shall be passed. The constituent encoder outputs for each bit period shall be passed in the sequence X, Y0, Y1, X′, Y′0, Y′1 with the X output first. Bit repetition is not used in generating the encoded data output symbols.
The constituent encoder output symbol puncturing for the tail period shall be as specified in Table 16 shown below. Within a puncturing pattern, a ‘0’ means that the symbol shall be deleted and a ‘1’ means that a symbol shall be passed.
For rate 1/2 turbo codes, the tail output code bits for each of the first three tail bit periods shall be XY0, and the tail output code bits for each of the last three tail bit periods shall be X′Y′0.
For rate 1/3 turbo codes, the tail output code bits for each of the first three tail bit periods shall be XXY0, and the tail output code bits for each of the last three tail bit periods shall be X′X′Y′0.
For rate 2/3 turbo codes, the tail output code bits for the first three tail bit periods shall be XY0, X, and XY0 respectively. The tail output code bits for the last three tail bit periods shall be X′, X′Y′0, and X′, respectively







TABLE 15







Puncturing Patterns for the Data Bit Periods









Code Rate












Output
1⁄2
1⁄3
2⁄3







X
11
11
1111



Y0
10
11
1000



Y1
00
00
0000



X′
00
00
0000



Y′0
01
11
0001



Y′1
00
00
0000










It is noted that in Table 15 above, the puncturing table is to be read from top to bottom.







TABLE 16







Puncturing Patterns for the Tail Bit Periods









Code Rate












Output
1⁄2
1⁄3
2⁄3







X
111 000
111 000
111 000



Y0
111 000
111 000
101 000



Y1
000 000
000 000
000 000



X′
000 111
000 111
000 111



Y′0
000 111
000 111
000 010



Y′1
000 000
000 000
000 000










It is noted concerning Table 16 above, for rate-1/2 turbo codes, the puncturing table is to be read first from top to bottom and then from left to right. For Rate 1/3 turbo code, the puncturing table is to be read from top to bottom repeating X and X′, and then from left to right. For rate-2/3 turbo codes, the puncturing table is to be read first from top to bottom and then from left to right.
Turbo Interleaver
The turbo interleaver for the Wide-area Data Channel shall be as specified herein.
Bit Interleaving
The Wide-area Data Channel turbo encoded packets shall be bit interleaved as specified herein.
Data Slot Allocation
For the Wide-area Data Channel, up to 7 data slots may be allocated per OFDM symbol for the transmission of multiple turbo encoded packets associated with one or more MLCs. For certain modes (2, 4, 8 and 11, see Table 5 above) a turbo encoded packet occupies a fraction of a slot. However, slots are allocated to MLCs in a manner that avoids multiple MLCs sharing slots within the same OFDM symbol.
Filling of Data Slot Buffers
The bit-interleaved code bits of a Wide-area Data Channel turbo encoded packet shall be written into one or more data slot buffers. These data slot buffers correspond to slot indices 1 through 7. The data slot buffer size shall be 1000 bits for QPSK and 2000 bits for 16-QAM and layered modulation. For QPSK and 16-QAM modulation, the bit-interleaved code bits shall be sequentially written into the slot buffer(s). For layered modulation, the bit-interleaved code bits corresponding to the base and the enhancement components shall be interleaved as illustrated in FIG. 28, prior to filling the slot buffer(s).
FIG. 29 illustrates the case where a single turbo encoded packet spans three data slot buffers.
FIG. 30 illustrates the case where a base component turbo encoded packet with code rate 1/3 is multiplexed with an enhancement component turbo packet (with the same code rate) to occupy 3 data slot buffers.
FIG. 31 illustrates the case where a Data Channel turbo encoded packet occupies a fraction of a data slot and four turbo encoded packets are required to fill up an integer number of data slots.
The three slots in the FIG. 31 may span one OFDM symbol or multiple consecutive OFDM symbols. In either case, the data slot allocation over an OFDM symbol for an MLC shall have consecutive slot indices.
FIG. 32 illustrates a snapshot of slot allocations to five different MLCs over three consecutive OFDM symbols in a frame. In the figure, TEP n,m denotes nth turbo encoded packet for the mth MLC. In that figure:

    
    
        a. MLC 1 uses transmit mode 0 and requires three slots for each turbo encoded packet. It uses 3 consecutive OFDM symbols to send one turbo encoded packet.
        b. MLC 2 uses transmit mode 1 and utilizes 2 slots to transmit a single turbo encoded packet. It uses OFDM symbols n and n+1, to send two turbo encoded packets.
        c. MLC 3 uses transmit mode 2 and requires 1.5 slots for transmitting one turbo encoded packet. It uses three consecutive OFDM symbols to transmit 6 turbo encoded packets.
        d. MLC 4 uses transmit mode 1 and requires 2 slots to transmit a single turbo encoded packet. It uses 2 consecutive OFDM symbols to send two turbo encoded packets.
    
    


e. MLC 5 uses transmit mode 3 and requires 1 slot to transmit a turbo encoded packet. It uses one OFDM symbol to send a turbo encoded packet.
Slot Scrambling
The bits of each allocated slot buffer shall be scrambled as specified in 0. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Mapping of Bits to Modulation Symbols
For the Wide-area Data Channel, depending on the transmit mode, either QPSK, 16-QAM or Layered Modulation may be used.
QPSK Modulation
Each group of two consecutive bits from the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i,2k) and SB(i,2k+1), i=1,2 . . . 7, k=0,1, . . . 499, which are labeled as s0 and s1, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with D=1/√{square root over (2)}. FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
16-QAM Modulation
Each group of four consecutive bits from the ith scrambled data slot buffer, SB(i,4k), SB(i,4k+1), SB(i, 4k+2) and SB(i,4k+3), i=1,2, . . . 7, k=0,1, . . . 499 shall be grouped and mapped to a 16-QAM complex modulation symbol S(k)=(mI(k), mQ(k)), k=0,1, . . . 499 as specified in Table 17 below with A=1/√{square root over (10)}. FIG. 33 shows the signal constellation of the 16-QAM modulator, where s0=SB(i,4k), s1=SB(i,4k+1), s2=SB(i,4k+2), and s3=SB(i,4k+3).







TABLE 17







16-QAM Modulation Table








Interleaved Bits
Modulation











s3
s2
s1
s0
Symbols












SB(i, 4k + 3)
SB(i, 4k + 2)
SB(i, 4k + 1)
SB(i, 4k)
mQ(k)
mI(k)





0
0
0
0
3A
3A


0
0
0
1
3A
 A


0
0
1
1
3A
−A


0
0
1
0
3A
−3A 


0
1
0
0
 A
3A


0
1
0
1
 A
 A


0
1
1
1
 A
−A


0
1
1
0
 A
−3A 


1
1
0
0
−A
3A


1
1
0
1
−A
 A


1
1
1
1
−A
−A


1
1
1
0
−A
−3A 


1
0
0
0
−3A 
3A


1
0
0
1
−3A 
 A


1
0
1
1
−3A 
−A


1
0
1
0
−3A 
−3A 









Layered Modulation with Base and Enhancement Components

Each group of four consecutive bits from the ith scrambled data slot buffer, SB(i,4k), SB(i,4k+1), SB(i,4k+2) and SB(i,4k+3), i=1,2, . . . 7, k=0,1, . . . 499 shall be grouped and mapped to a layered modulation complex symbol S(k)=(mI(k), mQ(k)), k=0,1, . . . 499 as specified in Table 18 below. If r denotes the energy ratio between the base component and the enhancement component, then α and β shall be given by:




  α
  =
  
    
      
        
          r
          
            2
            ⁢
            
              (
              
                1
                +
                r
              
              )
            
          
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      and
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      β
    
    =
    
      
        
          r
          
            2
            ⁢
            
              (
              
                1
                +
                r
              
              )
            
          
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        
          (
          
            see
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            Table
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            4
          
          )
        
        .
      
    
  




FIG. 34 shows the signal constellation for the layered modulation, where s0=SB(i,4k), s1=SB(i,4k+1), s2=SB(i,4k+2), and s3=SB(i,4k+3). It should be noted that the procedure for filling the slot buffer(s) ensures (see FIG. 28) that bits s0 and S2 correspond to the enhancement component and bits S1 and S3 correspond to the base component.







TABLE 18







Layered Modulation Table








Interleaved Bits
Modulation











s3
s2
s1
s0
Symbols












SB(i, 4k + 3)
SB(i, 4k + 2)
SB(i, 4k + 1)
SB(i, 4k)
mQ(k)
mI(k)





0
0
0
0
α + β
α + β


0
0
0
1
α + β
α − β


0
0
1
1
α + β
−α + β


0
0
1
0
α + β
−α − β


0
1
0
0
α − β
α + β


0
1
0
1
α − β
α − β


0
1
1
1
α − β
−α + β


0
1
1
0
α − β
−α − β


1
1
0
0
−α + β
α + β


1
1
0
1
−α + β
α − β


1
1
1
1
−α + β
−α + β


1
1
1
0
−α + β
−α − β


1
0
0
0
−α − β
α + β


1
0
0
1
−α − β
α − β


1
0
1
1
−α − β
−α + β


1
0
1
0
−α − β
−α − β









Note that




  
    α
    =
    
      
        r
        
          2
          ⁢
          
            (
            
              1
              +
              r
            
            )
          
        
      
    
  
  ,
  
    
  
  ⁢
  
    β
    =
    
      
        1
        
          2
          ⁢
          
            (
            
              1
              +
              r
            
            )
          
        
      
    
  




in the above Table 18, where r is the ratio of the base component energy to the enhancement component energy

Layered Modulation with Base Component Only

The 2nd and 4th bits from each group of four consecutive bits from the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i, 4k+1) and SB(i, 4k+3), i=1,2, . . . 7, k=0,1, . . . 499, which are labeled as s0 and S1, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with D=1/√{square root over (2)}. FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of slots to interlaces for the Wide-area Data Channel OFDM symbols shall be as specified herein.
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in each allocated slot shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers using the procedure specified herein.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated Wide-area Data Channel sub-carriers shall undergo common operation specified herein.
Wide-Area Data Channel Processing for Unallocated Slots
The unallocated slots in the Wide-area Data Channel use as input a 1000-bit fixed pattern, with each bit set to zero. These bits shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 14.
Filling of Slot Buffer
The buffer for each unallocated slot of the Wide-area Data Channel shall be completely filled with a fixed pattern consisting of 1000 bits, with each bit set to ‘0’.
Slot Scrambling
The bits of each unallocated slot buffer in the Wide-area Data Channel shall be scrambled as specified in 0. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Modulation Symbol Mapping
Each group of two consecutive bits from the ith scrambled slot buffer, SB(i,2k) and SB(i,2k+1), i=1,2, . . . 7, k=0,1, . . . 499, which are labeled as s0 and s1, respectively, shall be mapped into a complex modulation symbol MS=(mI, mQ) as specified in Table 6 with D=1/√{square root over (2)}. FIG. 13 shows the signal constellation for the QPSK modulation.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of slots to interlaces for the unallocated slots in the Wide-area Data Channel OFDM symbol shall be as specified in 0
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-Carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in the slot buffer shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers as follows: the ith complex modulation symbol (where i∈{1,0, . . . 499}) shall be mapped to the ith sub-carrier of that interlace.
OFDM Common Operation
This modulated Wide-area Data Channel OFDM symbol sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified herein.
Local-area Data Channel
The Local-area Data Channel is used to carry Physical layer packets meant for Local-area multicast. The Physical layer packets for the Local-area Data Channel can be associated with any one of the active MLCs transmitted in the Local-area.
Local-area Data Channel Processing for Allocated Slots
The Physical layer packet for the Local-area Data Channel shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 26.
For regular modulation (QPSK and 16-QAM), the physical layer packet is turbo-encoded and bit interleaved before being stored in the Data slot buffer(s). For layered modulation, the base-component Physical layer packet and the enhancement-component Physical layer packet are turbo-encoded and bit interleaved independently before being multiplexed in to the Data slot buffer(s).
Encoding
The Local-area Data Channel Physical layer packets shall be encoded with code rates R=1/3, 1/2, or 2/3. The encoding procedure shall be identical to that for the Wide-area Data Channel as specified herein.
Bit Interleaving
The Local-area Data Channel turbo encoded packet shall be bit interleaved as specified herein.
Data Slot Allocation
For the Local-area Data Channel, the slot allocation shall be as specified herein
Filling of Data Slot Buffers
The procedure for filling the slot buffer for the Local-area Data Channel shall be as specified herein.
Slot Scrambling
The bits of each allocated slot buffer shall be scrambled as specified herein. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Mapping of Slot Bits to Modulation Symbols
For the Local-area Data Channel, depending on the transmit mode QPSK, 16-QAM or Layered Modulation may be used.
QPSK Modulation
Each group of two consecutive bits from the scrambled slot buffer shall be mapped in to a QPSK modulation symbol as specified herein.
16-QAM Modulation
Each group of four consecutive bits from the scrambled slot buffer shall be mapped in to a 16-QAM modulation symbol as specified herein
Layered Modulation with Base and Enhancement Components
Each group of four consecutive bits from the scrambled slot buffer shall be mapped in to a layered modulation symbol as specified herein.
Layered Modulation with Base Component Only
The 2nd and 4th bits from each group of four consecutive bits from the scrambled slot buffer shall be mapped into a QPSK modulation symbol as specified herein.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of slots to interlaces for Local-area Data Channel OFDM symbols shall be as specified herein.
Mapping of Slot Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in each allocated slot shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers using the procedure specified herein.
OFDM Common Operation
The modulated Wide-area Data Channel sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified herein.
Local-Area Data Channel Processing for Unallocated Slots
The unallocated slots in the Local-area Data Channel use as input a 1000-bit fixed pattern, with each bit set to zero. These bits shall be processed according to the steps illustrated in FIG. 14.
Filling of Slot Buffers
The buffer for each unallocated slot of the Local-area Data Channel shall be completely filled with a fixed pattern consisting of 1000 bits, with each bit set to ‘0’.
Slot Scrambling
The bits of each unallocated slot buffer in the Wide-area Data Channel shall be scrambled as specified in 0. The scrambled slot buffer is denoted by SB.
Modulation Symbol Mapping
Each group of two consecutive bits from the scrambled slot buffer shall be mapped in to a QPSK modulation symbol as specified herein.
Slot to Interlace Mapping
The mapping of slots to interlaces for the unallocated slots in the Local-area Data Channel OFDM symbol shall be as specified herein.
Mapping of Slot Buffer Modulation Symbols to Interlace Sub-carriers
The 500 modulation symbols in the slot buffer shall be sequentially assigned to 500 interlace sub-carriers as follows: the ith complex modulation symbol (where i∈{0, 1, . . . 499}) shall be mapped to the ith sub-carrier of that interlace.
OFDM Common Operation
This modulated Local-area Data Channel OFDM symbol sub-carriers shall undergo common operations as specified herein.
Mapping of Slots to Interlaces
The slot to interlace mapping varies from one OFDM symbol to the next as specified in this section. There are 8 slots in every OFDM symbol. The FDM Pilot Channel shall utilize slot 0. Slot 0 shall be assigned interlace Ip[j] for OFDM symbol index j in a superframe as follows:
if (j mod 2=0), then Ip[j]=2.
Otherwise, Ip[j]=6
The interlace assignment procedure for slot 0 ensures that the FDM Pilot Channel is assigned interlace 2 and 6 for even and odd OFDM symbol indices respectively. The remaining 7 interlaces in each OFDM symbol are assigned to slots 1 through 7. This is illustrated in FIG. 35, where P and D denote the interlaces assigned to the slots occupied by the FDM Pilot Channel and the Data Channel, respectively.
The slot to interlace mapping for slots 1 though 7 shall be as follows:

    
    
        a. Let i be the 3-bit value of the interlace index i (i∈{0,7}). Denote the bit-reversed value of i as ibr.
        b. Let Ij denote the jth interlace as defined earlier herein. Permute the interlace sequence {I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7} by replacing the index i (i∈{0,7}) in Ii with ibr to generate the permuted sequence, PS={I0 I4 I2 I6 I1 I5 I3 I7}.
        c. Club interlaces I2 and I6 in the PS to generate shortened interlace sequence, SIS={I0 I4 I2/I6 I1 I5 I3 I7}.
        d. For the OFDM symbol with index j (j∈{1,1199}) in a superframe, perform a right hand cyclic shift on SIS in step 3, by a value equal to (2×j) mod 7 to generate the permuted shortened interlace sequence PSIS(j).
        e. If (j mod 2=0), then choose interlace I6 in the PSIS(j). Otherwise, choose I2 in the PSIS [j].
        f. For the jth OFDM symbol interval in a superframe, the kth data slot (for k∈{1, . . . 7}) shall be assigned the interlace PSIS(j)[k−1].
    
    


It is noted for step c above, since interlaces 2 and interlace 6 are used alternatively for the pilot, the remaining seven interlaces are used for assignment to data slots. Additionally, it is noted that a super-frame spans 1200 OFDM symbol intervals and that slot to interlace mapping for OFDM symbol index 0 is not used. Furthermore, for step d above it is noted that the right hand cyclic shift of the sequence s={1 2 3 4 5} by 2 yields the sequence s(2)={4 5 1 2 3}.
FIG. 36 illustrates the interlace assignment to all 8 slots over 15 consecutive OFDM symbol intervals. The mapping pattern from slots to interlaces repeats after 14 consecutive OFDM symbol intervals. FIG. 36 shows that all interlaces get assigned next to the Pilot interlace about the same fraction of time, and the channel estimation performance for all interlaces is about the same
OFDM Common Operation
This block transforms the complex modulation symbols Xk,m, associated with sub-carrier index k for OFDM symbol interval m, into the RF transmitted signal. The operations are illustrated in FIG. 37.
IFT Operation
The complex modulation symbols Xk,m,k=0,1, . . . ,4095, associated with the mth OFDM symbol shall be related to the continuous-time signal xm(t) by the inverse Fourier Transform (IFT) equation. Specifically,




  
    
      
        x
        m
      
      ⁡
      
        (
        t
        )
      
    
    =
    
      
        1
        N
      
      ⁢
      
        
          ∑
          
            k
            =
            0
          
          
            N
            -
            1
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            X
            
              k
              ,
              m
            
          
          ⁢
          
            e
            
              
                
                  j2π
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      Δ
                      ⁢
                      
                        
                      
                      ⁢
                      f
                    
                    )
                  
                
                SC
              
              ⁢
              
                (
                
                  k
                  -
                  
                    N
                    2
                  
                
                )
              
              ⁢
              
                (
                
                  t
                  -
                  
                    T
                    WGI
                  
                  -
                  
                    T
                    FGI
                  
                
                )
              
            
          
        
      
    
  
  ,
  
    
  
  ⁢
  
    
      for
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      0
    
    ≤
    t
    ≤
    
      
        T
        s
        ′
      
      .
    
  




In the above equation, (Δf)SC is the sub-carrier spacing, while TWGI, TFGI and Ts′, are defined as was discussed previously in this application
Windowing
The signal xm(t) shall be multiplied by the window function w(t), where




  
    w
    ⁡
    
      (
      t
      )
    
  
  =
  
    {
    
      
        
          
            
              0.5
              +
              
                0.5
                ⁢
                
                  cos
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      π
                      +
                      
                        π
                        ⁢
                        
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        
                          t
                          /
                          
                            T
                            WGI
                          
                        
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                
              
            
          
          
            
              0
              ≤
              t
              ≤
              
                T
                WGI
              
            
          
        
        
          
            1
          
          
            
              
                T
                WGI
              
              <
              t
              <
              
                (
                
                  
                    T
                    WGI
                  
                  +
                  
                    T
                    FGI
                  
                  +
                  
                    T
                    U
                  
                
                )
              
            
          
        
        
          
            
              0.5
              +
              
                0.5
                ⁢
                
                  cos
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      π
                      +
                      
                        
                          π
                          ⁡
                          
                            (
                            
                              
                                T
                                s
                                ′
                              
                              -
                              t
                            
                            )
                          
                        
                        ⁢
                        
                          
                        
                        /
                        
                          T
                          WGI
                        
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  
                    
                      (
                      
                        
                          T
                          WGI
                        
                        +
                        
                          T
                          FGI
                        
                        +
                        
                          T
                          U
                        
                      
                      )
                    
                    ≤
                    t
                    ≤
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      
                        2
                        ⁢
                        
                          T
                          WGI
                        
                      
                      +
                      
                        T
                        FGI
                      
                      +
                      
                        T
                        U
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                
              
            
          
        
      
      .
    
  




The windowed signal is denoted by ym(t), where

ym(t)=xm(t)w(t).

In the above, TU and Ts are as defined previously herein.
Overlap and Add
The base-band signal sBB(t) shall be generated by overlapping the windowed, continuous-time signals from successive OFDM symbols by TWGI. This is illustrated in FIG. 38. Specifically, sBB(t) is given by:




  
    
      s
      BB
    
    ⁡
    
      (
      t
      )
    
  
  =
  
    
      ∑
      
        m
        =
        
          -
          ∞
        
      
      ∞
    
    ⁢
    
      
        
          y
          m
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            t
            -
            
              mT
              s
            
          
          )
        
      
      .
    
  




Carrier Modulation

The in-phase and quadrature base-band signals shall be up-converted to RF frequency and summed to generate the RF waveform sRF(t). In FIG. 37, fc(k) is the centre frequency of the kth FLO RF channel (see Table 1).
The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention.

## Claims

1. A method for mapping data slots to an interlace for one or more communication symbols comprising:
mapping a pilot channel data slot alternately to first and second interlaces from a plurality of interlaces for each communication symbol; and
variably mapping one or more other data slots to respective interlaces from the plurality where the mapping is varied for each communication symbol and wherein said variably mapping is performed according to the relationship:


i=′{(N=((R×t)%N)+s−1)%N}



where N=I−1 is the number of interlaces used for data scheduling, I being a total number of the plurality of interlaces; i∈{0,1, . . . ,I−1} is the interlace index to which a particular slot s at a particular communication symbol t maps excluding the interlace used to map the pilot channel data slot; t=0, 1, . . . ,T−1 is a communication symbol index in a frame of communication symbols, T being the total number of communication symbols in a frame; s=1,2,. . . , S−1 is the slot index, S being the total number of slots; R is a number of shifts per communication symbol; and ′ is a reduced-set bit-reversal operator which is configured to exclude the interlace used to map the pilot channel data slot from the bit-reversal operation.

2. A method for mapping data slots for frequency interlacing comprising:
variably selecting a pilot channel interlace from a first set of interlaces for pilot channel data a particular communication symbol; and

variably selecting one or more data channel interlaces from a second set of interlaces for symbol data, where the second set of interlaces include interlaces from the first set of interlaces that were not selected for the pilot channel interlace for the particular communication symbol and wherein variably selecting the one or more data channel interlaces is performed according to the relationship:


i=′{(N−((R×t)%N)+s−1)%N}

where N=I−1 is the number of interlaces used for data scheduling, I being a total number of interlaces; i∈{0,1, . . . ,I−1} is the interlace index to which a particular slot s at a particular communication symbol t maps excluding the interlace used to map the pilot channel data slot; t=0, 1, . . . ,T−1 is a communication symbol index in a frame of communication symbols, T being the total number of communication symbols in a frame; s=1,2, . . . , S−1 is the slot index, S being the total number of slots; R is a number of shifts per communication symbol; and ′ is a reduced-set bit-reversal operator which is configured to exclude the pilot channel interlace selected for the pilot channel data slot from the bit-reversal operation.

3. A processor configured to:
map a pilot channel data slot alternately to first and second interlaces from a plurality of interlaces for each communication symbol; and
variably map one or more other data slots to respective interlaces from the plurality where the mapping is varied for each communication symbol wherein the variably map occurs according to the relationship:


i=′{(N−((R×t)%N)+s−1)%N}



where N=I−1 is the number of interlaces used for traffic data scheduling, I being a total number of interlaces; i∈{0,1, . . . ,I−1} is the interlace index to which a particular slot s at a particular communication symbol t maps excluding the interlace used to map the pilot channel data slot; t=0, 1, . . . ,T−1 is a communication symbol index in a frame of communication symbols, T being the total number of communication symbols in a frame; s=1,2,. . . , S−1 is the slot index where S being the total number of slots; R is a number of shifts per communication symbol; and ′ is a reduced-set bit-reversal operator which is configured to exclude the pilot channel interlace selected for the pilot channel data slot from the bit-reversal operation.

4. A processor for mapping data slots for frequency interlacing comprising:
variably selecting a pilot channel interlace from a first set of interlaces for pilot channel data a particular communication symbol; and

variably selecting one or more data channel interlaces from a second set of interlaces for symbol data, where the second set of interlaces include interlaces from the first set of interlaces that were not selected for the pilot channel interlace for the particular communication symbol and wherein the processor is further configured to variably select the one or more data channel interlaces based on the relationship:


i=′{(N−((R×t)%N)+s−1)%N}


where N=I−1 is the number of interlaces used for traffic data scheduling, I being a total number of interlaces; i∈{0,1, . . . ,I−1} is the interlace index to which a particular slot s at a particular communication symbol t maps excluding the interlace used to map the pilot channel data slot; t=0, 1, . . . ,T−1 is a communication symbol index in a frame of communication symbols, T being the total number of communication symbols in a frame; s=1,2,. . . , S−1 is the slot index where S being the total number of slots; R is a number of shifts per communication symbol; and ′ is a reduced-set bit-reversal operator which is configured to exclude the pilot channel interlace selected for the pilot channel data slot from the bit-reversal operation.