Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Project 351/Paveh (Quds-4) Cruise Missile Comparison

Houthi Claimed Range: 2,000km*' | Payload: Unknown

The Houthis’ Quds-4 series land-attack cruise missiles (LACMs) bear similar design features and components to the
Iranian Project 351 series of LACMs. lran’s recently unveiled Paveh LACM, pictured below, has design features similar to
both the Project 351 and Quds-4 series of LACMs. These features include the engine (1), rear fins (2), and booster (3).

Since at least 2019, Iran has supplied components to the Houthis for producing the Quds-4 LACMs.°

a a

HOUTHI SYSTEM IRANIAN SYSTEM

Source: Sabaye

The Houthis display the Quds-4 during a parade in Sanaa, September 2023 Iran displays its Project 351-based Paveh LACM, September 2023

Topside view
Engine (1)
Cl anna jam Rear fins (2)
Booster (3)

18 DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Houthi Burkan Debris Consistent With Iranian Qiam Ballistic Missile

Burkan debris recovered following a 2017 Houthi strike in Saudi Arabia features
markings and fuel ports that are consistent with an Iranian Qiam variant.

IRANIAN QIAM

Comparison of markings and fuel ports on Houthi Burkan
debris recovered in Saudi Arabia (left) and Iranian Qiam
ballistic missile (right)

An Iranian Qiam variant
ballistic missile displayed
in Iran, May 2011

12 DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY


22

Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Sources (continued)

28 UN SECURITY COUNCIL; S/2019/83; 25 JAN 2019; LETTER DATED 25 JANUARY 2019 FROM
THE PANEL OF EXPERTS ON YEMEN ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY
COUNCIL

29 USCENTCOM PUBLIC AFFAIRS; 19 FEB 2020; U.S. DHOW INTERDICTIONS; HTTPS://WWW.
CENTCOM.MIL/MEDIA/NEWS-ARTICLES/NEWS-ARTICLE-VIEW/ARTICLE/2087998/US-DHOW-
INTERDICTIONS/#POP4016315

30 THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES; 20 APR 2021; OPEN-SOURCE
ANALYSIS OF IRAN'S MISSILE AND UAV CAPABILITIES AND PROLIFERATION; HTTPS://WWW.
IISS.ORG/EN/RESEARCH-PAPER/2021/04/IRAN-MISSILES-UAVS-PROLIFERATION/

31 JANES; 2 AUG 2019; YEMENI REBELS CLAIM BALLISTIC MISSILE ATTACK AGAINST DAMMAM,
BY JEREMY BINNIE; HTTPS://WWW.JANES.COM/DEFENCE-NEWS/NEWSDETAIL/ YEMENI-
REBELS-CLAIM-BALLISTIC-MISSILE-ATTACK-AGAINST-DAMMAM

32 IRAN INTERNATIONAL; 14 DEC 2023; IRAN DEFENSE MINISTER SLAMS U.S. NAVAL
COALITION PLAN IN RED SEA; HTTPS://WWW.IRANINTL.COM/EN/202312142176

33 AMEHR NEWS; 31 OCT 2023; YEMENI ANSARULLAH DECLARES WAR AGAINST ZIONIST
REGIME; HTTPS://EN.MEHRNEWS.COM/NEWS/207802/YEMENI-ANSARULLAHDECLARES-
WAR-AGAINST-ZIONIST-REGIME

34 CTC SENTINEL; 1 SEP 2018; THE HOUTHI WAR MACHINE: FROM GUERILLA WAR TO STATE
CAPTURE BY MICHAEL KNIGHTS; VOL. 11, NO. 8.

35 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE; 1 MAR 2022; YEMEN’S HOUTHIS AND THE EXPANSION
OF IRAN'S AXIS OF RESISTANCE.

36 MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE; 23 SEP 2022; THE HOUTHIS’ WAR AND YEMEN'S FUTURE;
HTTPS://WWW.MEI.EDU/PUBLICATIONS/ HOUTHIS-WAR-AND-YEMENS-FUTURE.

37 ON; 3 MAR 2023; IRAN/YEMEN: PRESS RELEASES HIGHLIGHTING INTERDICTED IRANIAN
MARITIME WEAPONS SHIPMENTS TO YEMEN (UPDATE: 2015 - MARCH 2013)

38 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE; 1 MAR 2022; YEMEN'S HOUTHIS AND THE EXPANSION
OF IRAN'S AXIS OF RESISTANCE.

39 RADIO FREE EUROPE RADIO LIBERTY (RFERL); 13 AUG 2019; IRAN'S SUPREME LEADER
PLEDGES SUPPORT FOR YEMEN'S HOUTHIS; HTTPS://WWW.RFERL.ORG/A/IRAN-S-
SUPREMELEADER-PLEDGES-SUPPORT-FOR-YEMEN-S-HOUTHIS/30108234.HTML

40 UN SECURITY COUNCIL; S/2023/130; 21 FEB 2023; FINAL REPORT OF THE PANEL OF
EXPERTS ON YEMEN ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 2140
(2014); HTTPS://RELIEFWEB.INT/REPORT/YEMEN/FINAL-REPORT-PANELEXPERTS-YEMEN-
ESTABLISHED-PURSUANT-SECURITY-COUNCIL-RESOLUTION-2140-2014S2023130-ENAR;
PAGE 19

4 CTC SENTINEL; 1 SEP 2018; THE HOUTHI WAR MACHINE: FROM GUERILLA WAR TO STATE
CAPTURE, BY MICHAEL KNIGHTS; VOL. T1, NO. 8.

42 SABA NEWS; 24 SEP 2023; ARMED FORCES REVEAL NEW WEAPONS IN MILITARY PARADE;
HTTPS://WWW.SABA.YE/EN/NEWS3266848.HTM

43 REUTERS; 19 DEC 2023; WHO ARE YEMEN'S HOUTHIS AND WHY ARE THEY ATTACKING RED
SEA SHIPS?, BY TOM PERRY; HTTPS://WWW.REUTERS.COM/WORLD/MIDDLE-EAST/WHO-
AREYEMENS-HOUTHIS-WHY-ARE-THEY-AT TACKING-RED-SEA-SHIPS-2023-12-19/

44 SHIP SPOTTING; 20 JUL 2022; STRINDA; HTTPS://WWW.SHIPSPOTTING.COM/
PHOTOS/3449749?NAVLIST=MOREOF THISSHIP&PERPAGE=88PAGE=1&IMO=
9330771&LID=2012645

45 YOUTUBE; 13 DEC 2023; TANKER STRINDA STRUCK BY HOUTHI YEMEN ANTI-SHIP CRUISE
MISSILE IN THE RED SEA; HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=F DXONUCRXO

46 REUTERS; 19 DEC 2023; WHO ARE YEMEN'S HOUTHIS AND WHY ARE THEY ATTACKING RED
SEA SHIPS?, BY TOM PERRY; HTTPS://WWW.REUTERS.COM/WORLD/MIDDLE-EAST/WHO-
AREYEMENS- HOUTHIS-WHY-ARE-THEY-AT TACKING-RED-SEA-SHIPS-2025-12-19/

47 ALJAZEERA; 4 MAR 2021; YEMEN'S HOUTHIS SAY THEY FIRED MISSILE AT SAUDI ARAMCO
SITE; HTTPS://WWW.ALJAZEERA.COM/NEWS/2021/3/4/ YEMENS-HOUTHIS-SAYTHEY-FIRED-
MISSILE-AT-SAUDI-ARAMCO-SITE-2

48 CONFLICT ARMAMENT RESEARCH; MAR 2017; FRONTLINE PERSPECTIVE: IRANIAN
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO YEMEN; HTTPS://WWW.CONFLICTARM.COM/PERSPECTIVES/
IRANIAN-TECHNOLOGY-TRANSFERS-TO-YEMEN/

49 AMEIR AMIT INTELLIGENCE AND TERRORISM INFORMATION CENTER; 29 MAR 2023; THE
PRO-IRANIAN MILITIAS IN SYRIA; HTTPS://TERRORISM-INFO.ORG.IL/EN/THE-PROIRANIAN-
MILITIAS-IN-SYRIA/

50 SABA NEWS; 24 SEP 2023; ARMED FORCES REVEAL NEW WEAPONS SYSTEMS IN MILITARY.
PARADE; HTTPS://WWW.SABA.YE/EN/NEWS3266848.HTM

51 SABA NEWS; 24 SEP 2023; ARMED FORCES REVEAL NEW WEAPONS SYSTEMS IN MILITARY
PARADE; HTTPS://WWW.SABA.YE/EN/NEWS3266848.HTM

62 TRUTH HOUNDS; 14 JUL 2023; TERROR IN THE DETAILS: WESTERN-MADE COMPONENTS
IN RUSSIA'S SHAHED-136 ATTACKS; HTTPS://STORIES.IPHRONLINE.ORG/TERRORIN-THE-
DETAILS/INDEX.HTML

53. U.S. GOVERNMENT; 4 JUN 2020; IRANIAN MATERIEL DISPLAY
54 U.S. GOVERNMENT; 4 JUNE 2023; IRANIAN MATERIEL DISPLAY

95 SABA NEWS; 24 SEP 2023; ARMED FORCES REVEAL NEW WEAPONS SYSTEMS IN MILITARY
PARADE; HTTPS://WWW.SABA.YE/EN/NEWS3266848.HTM

96 SABA NEWS; 24 SEP 2023; ARMED FORCES REVEAL NEW WEAPONS SYSTEMS IN MILITARY
PARADE; HTTPS://WWW.SABA.YE/EN/NEWS3266848. HTM

57 ORYX; MAR 2021; HOUTHI REBELS UNVEIL HOST OF WEAPONRY; HTTPS:// WWW.
ORYXSPIOENKOP.COM/2021/03/HOUTHI-REBELS-UNVEIL-HOST-OFWEAPONRY.HTML

58 TRUTH HOUNDS; 14 JUL 2023; TERROR IN THE DETAILS: WESTERN-MADE COMPONENTS

IN RUSSIA'S SHAHED-136 ATTACKS; HTTPS://STORIES.IPHRONLINE.ORG/TERROR-INTHE-
DETAILS/INDEX.HTML

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Iranian Weapons Equip Houthis To Attack Regional Infrastructure, Global Commerce

Since 2014, Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods Force (IRGC-QF) has provided the Houthis a growing arsenal of sophisticated weapons and
training that they have used to attack commercial shipping in the Red Sea and civilian port and energy infrastructure across the region.“°* Between 2015
and 2023, the United States and its partners have interdicted at least 18 Iranian smuggling vessels, seizing ballistic missile components, UAVs, antitank
guided missiles, and thousands of assault rifles, rocket components, and other illicit weapons on their way to the Houthis.”

Since 2014, the Houthis have The Houthis use Iranian weaponry to conduct
developed their political, financial, maritime attacks in the Red Sea that threaten
and military partnership with Iran®

fran international shipping lanes“

>. ~*~ UAV and missile
“7
Saudi Arabia ee

The Houthi spokesperson
Muhammad Abd al-Salam (left) with
Iranian Supreme Leader Ali-Hoseini
Khamenei (right) in August 2019°°

Source: YouTube.com

The Norwegian-flagged M/V Strinda (left)
attacked by a Houthi cruise missile (right) in
December 2023% *

The Houthis use Iranian weapons
Weapon to attack commercial and civilian
shipments* infrastructure across the Middle East’®

Iran smuggles weapons > oie
from Iran into Yemen

*All shipment and attack routes are notfonal and do not
depict actual shipping or attack routes

The Houthis assemble, repaint, and
modify smuggled Iranian weapons
and display them with Houthi names”

Source: UN Security Council

Adhow carrying Iranian weapons
destined for the Houthis
interdicted in December 2021"

A Saudi Aramco oil silo in Jeddah,
AHouthi military Saudi Arabia, damaged by a Houthi
parade in Sanaa in missile attack in November 2020‘7
September 2023‘?

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 3


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Houthi Quds Debris Consistent With Iranian LACMs

Since 2019, LACM attacks targeting Saudi Arabia and Israel have left behind debris that matches components of Iranian LACMs. 4
engines (2), tail sections (3), rear fins (4), and rear fin mounting brackets (5) from 2023 Quds debris associated with a Houthi attack
against Israel match LACM debris recovered following a 2019 Iranian attack on Saudi Arabia and LACMs displayed by Iran.

HOUTHI QUDS LACM IRANIAN PROJECT 351/PAVEH

Source: Tasnim News

Iran displays its Project 351-based Paveh LACM, September 2023”

Source: Forensics Exploitation Lab, USCENTCOM Source: UN Report

Debris from Quds LACMs fired by the Houthis toward Israel in late October 2023 LACM debris recovered following Iran’s 2019 attack on oil facilities in
Saudi Arabia* **

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 19


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Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Sources

1 THE WASHINGTON POST; 19 DEC 2023; NEW U.S.-LED RED SEA TASK FORCE WONT
STOP SHIPPING, HOUTHIS SAY, BY ALI AL-MUJAHID AND ADELA SULIMAN; HTTPS://WWW.
WASHINGTONPOST.COM/WORLD/2023/12/19/ HOUTHI-SHIPPING-RED-SEA-OIL-ALLIANCE/

2 BLOOMBERG NEWS; 18 DEC 2023; HOUTHI ATTACKS START SHUTTING DOWN RED
SEA MERCHANT SHIPPING, BY RACHEL GRAHAM AND BRENDAN MURRAY; HTTPS://WWW.
BLOOMBERG.COM/NEWS/ARTICLES/2023-12-18/ HOUTHI-AT TACKS-START-SHUTTING-
DOWNRED-SEA-MERCHANT-SHIPPING.

3 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (CSIS); JUN 2020; THE MISSILE
WAR IN YEMEN; HTTPS://WWW.CSIS.ORG/ANALYSIS/MISSILE-WAR-YEMEN

4 UN PRESS; 26 FEB 2014; SECURITY COUNCIL SETS UP SANCTIONS REGIME TO
DETER SPOILERS OF YEMEN'S POLITICAL TRANSITION; HTTPS://NEWS.UN.ORG/EN/
STORY/2014/02/462692

5 UN PRESS; 24 FEB 2015; SECURITY COUNCIL RENEWS YEMEN SANCTIONS PANEL
FOR 13 MONTHS TO PROMOTE POLITICAL TRANSITION; HTTPS://NEWS.UN.ORG/EN/
STORY/2015/02/491862

6 ONI; 3 MAR 2023; IRAN/YEMEN: PRESS RELEASES HIGHLIGHTING INTERDICTED IRANIAN
MARITIME WEAPONS SHIPMENTS TO YEMEN (UPDATE: 2015 - MARCH 2013)

7 USCENTCOM; 19 FEB 2019; U.S. DHOW INTERDICTIONS; HTTPS://WWW.CENTCOM.MIL/
MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES

8 NBC NEWS; 7 MAR 2016; AUSTRALIA NAVY FINDS 2,000 WEAPONS ON SOMALIA-BOUND
FISHING DHOW; HTTPS://NBCNEWS.COM/NEWS/WORLD/AUSTRALIAN-NAVY-FIND-2000-
WEAPONS-ON-SOMALIA-BOUND-FISHING-DHOW

9 STARS AND STRIPES; 4 APR 2016; US: WEAPONS CACHE SEIZED IN ARABIAN SEA WAS
BOUND FROM IRAN TO YEMEN; HTTPS://WWW.STRIPES.COM/THEATERS/US-WEAPONS-
CACHE-SEIZED-IN-ARABIAN-SEA-WAS-BOUND-FROM-IRAN-TO-YEMEN

10 SAFETY4SEA; 30 MAR 2016; FRENCH SHIP PROVENCE SEIZES LARGE WEAPONS CACHE
HEADING TO SOMALIA; HTTPS://SAFETY4SEAS.COM/FRENCHSHIP-PROVENCE-SEIZES-LARGE-
WEAPONS-CACHE-HEADING-TO-SOMALIA

mt USCENTCOM; 1621512; 6 SEP 2018; JASON DUNHAM COUNTS 2,521 AK-47S SEIZED; HTTPS://
WWW.CUSNC.NAVY.MIL/MEDIA/NEWS/DISPLAY/ARTICLE/1621512

12 USCENTCOM; 13 FEB 2019; U.S. NAVY SEIZES ILLEGAL WEAPONS IN ARABIAN SEA; HTTPS://
WWW.CENTCOM.MIL/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES

13 DEFENSE VISUAL INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION SERVICE (DVIDS); 439538; 2 MAR 2023; U.S.
FORCES ASSIST UK SEIZURE OF MISSILES SHIPPED FROM IRAN; HTTPS://WWW.DVIDSHUB.
NET/NEWS/439538/US-FORCES-ASSIST-UK-SEIZURE-MISSILES-SHIPPED-IRAN

14 X(FORMERLY TWITTER); 2 MAR 2023; HMSLANCASTER, 815NAS, AND 42 COMMANDO
POUNCED ON A SKIFF IN THE GULF OF OMAN AFTER A HIGH-SPEED CHASE, SEIZING AN
ILLEGAL HAUL OF ANTI-TANKWEAPONS/BALLISTIC MISSILE PARTS; SOURCE IS A TWEET BY
USER @ROYALNAVY

15 X(FORMERLY TWITTER); 1 FEB 2023; U.S. CENTRAL COMMAND SUPPORTS PARTNER
FORCES IN MAJOR IRANIANWEAPONS SEIZURE; SOURCE IS A TWEET BY USER @CENTCOM

16 AP; 10 JAN 2023; U.S. NAVY SAYS IT SEIZED IRAN ASSAULT RIFLES BOUND FOR YEMEN;
HTTPS:/APNEWS.COM/ARTICLE/IRAN-POLITICS-YEMEN-GOVERNMENTMIDDLE-EAST

17 NAVY.MIL; 3235314; 3 DEC 2022; U.S. SEIZES 1.1 MILLION ROUNDS OF AMMUNITION, OTHER
ILLEGAL WEAPONS IN GULF OF OMAN; HTTPS:/WWW.NAVY.MIL/PRESS-OFFICE/NEWS-
STORIES-3235314

18 NAVY.MIL; 3085311; 7 JUL 2022; U.S. NAVY DESTROYER SUPPORTS UK SEIZURE OF
IRANIAN MISSILES IN GULF OF OMAN; HTTPS://NAVY.MIL/PRESS-OFFICE/NEWS-STORIES/
ARTICLE/3085311

ig USCENTCOM; 3218261; 15 NOV 2022; U.S. NAVAL FORCES INTERCEPTED EXPLOSIVE.
MATERIAL BOUND FOR YEMEN; HTTPS://WWW.CUSNC.NAVY.MIL/MEDIA/NEWS/DISPLAY/
ARTICLE/3218261

20 X(FORMERLY TWITTER); 3 DEC 2022; ON DEC. 1, U.S. NAVAL FORCES IN THE MIDDLE

EAST INTERCEPTED A FISHING TRAWLER SMUGGLING MORE THAN 50 TONS OF AMMUNITION
ROUNDS, FUSES AND PROPELLANTS FOR ROCKETS IN THE GULF OF OMAN ALONG A MARITIME
ROUTE FROM IRAN TO YEMEN; SOURCE IS A TWEET BY USER @USSTHFLEET

2 NAVY.MIL; 2600834; 8 MAY 2021; USS MONTEREY SEIZES ILLICIT WEAPONS IN THE NORTH
ARABIAN SEA; HTTPS://WWW.NAVY.MIL/PRESS-OFFICE/NEWS-STORIES/ARTICLE/2600834

22 X(FORMERLY TWITTER); 16 FEB 2021; GUIDED-MISSILE DESTROYER USS WINSTON S.
CHURCHILL (DDG81) SEIZED ILLICIT SHIPMENTS OF WEAPONS & WEAPONS COMPONENTS
FROM TWO STATELESS DHOWS DURING A MARITIME SECURITY OPERATION IN INTERNATIONAL
WATERS OFF THE COAST OF SOMALIA, FEB 11-12; SOURCE IS A TWEET BY USER @USSTHFLEET

23 NAVY.MIL; 2882679; 22 DEC 2021; U.S. NAVY SEIZES 1,400 ASSAULT RIFLES DURING
ILLICIT WEAPONS INTERDICTION; OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT;
HTTPS://WWW.NAVY.MIL/PRESS-OFFICE/NEWS-STORIES/ARTICLE/2882679

24 ALARABIYA; 29 JUN 2020; WATCH: SHIPMENT OF IRANIAN WEAPONS, FARSI! MATERIAL.
INTERCEPTED EN ROUTE TO YEMEN; HTTPS://ENGLISH.ALARABIYA.NET/NEWS/MIDDLE-
EAST/2020/06/29

25 UNITED NATIONS; S/2021/79; 26 JAN 2022; LETTER DATED 22 JANUARY 2021 FROM THE
PANEL OF EXPERTS ON YEMEN ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL.

26 NAVY.MIL; 2098216; 23 JAN 2022; U.S. NAVY INTERDICTS STATELESS VESSEL PREVIOUSLY
CAUGHT SMUGGLING WEAPONS; HTTPS://WWW.NAVY.MIL/PRESS-OFFICE/NEWS-STORIES/
ARTICLE/2908216

27 X(FORMERLY TWITTER); APR 2017; SENIOR KHAMENE! ADVISOR REVEALS IRANIAN
ATTEMPTS TO ARM HOUTHIS WITH SURFACE-TO-SURFACE MISSILES; HTTPS://TWITTER.COM/
MEMRIREPORTS/STATUS/854908074074800128L

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 21


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Khalij Fars (Asif) Antiship Ballistic Missile Comparison

Houthi Claimed Range: 400km*’ | Payload: 500kg*

In 2022, the Houthis paraded the Asif antiship ballistic missile (ASBM), which shares nearly identical
features with Iran’s Fateh-110 antiship variant, also known as the Khalij Fars. These features include the
and rear fins (2). Since late November, the Houthis have launched ASBMs at ships in the

Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea. Iran has not operationally launched the Khalij Fars.®° ©

oe 7”

HOUTHI SYSTEM IRANIAN SYSTEM

The Houthis exhibit the Asif during a
military parade in Sanaa, September
2022

Iran displays the Khalij Fars,
September 2015

16 DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Shahed-131 (Waid 1) One-Way Attack UAV Comparison

Estimated Range: 900km® | Estimated Payload: 20kg®

The Houthis’ Waid 1 shares features consistent with Iran's Shahed-131. These include the systems’ unique above a distinctive delta-
winged body. Both UAVs also feature a short nose cone (2), pitot tubes (3), and a tube-like fuselage (4) extending down the middle of the airframe.

at

HOUTHI SYSTEM

|

IRANIAN SYSTEM

Source: Houthi Media

Waid 1s on display at a Houthi military parade,

September 2023 en
— a > Source: Fars News

Side view A Shahed-131 displayed at an Iranian military exhibit in
Tehran, September 2023

Underside view

irce: Iranian Press

A Waid 1 displayed during a Houthi military parade A Shahed-131 side profile at an Iranian display posted on
in Yemen, September 2023 social media, November 2023

8 DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Sayad (Sammad) One-Way Attack UAV Comparison

Houthi Claimed Maximum Range: 1,800km® | Houthi Claimed Payload: 20-50kg%*

The Houthis began using the Sammad—which shares elements consistent with the Iranian Sayad, also called the KAS-04—in 2018.5 Both UAVs have
notable, nearly identical features including a under the main airframe and a V-style tail (2). Additional shared features include a
pitot tube (3) for air data collection extending from the nose cone, a slender fu , and flight control surfaces (5) on the end of the wings.
These features are clearly visible in a recovered Sammad the Houthis used in a July 2018 attack against Saudi Arabia as well as a Sayad Iran displayed
in March 2023. Slight differences such as the number of antennas (6) and their locations represent minor modifications for different functions while
maintaining the overall design of the Iranian Sayad.

- he

HOUTHI SYSTEM IRANIAN SYSTEM

Source: Telegram Sa

A Sayad display in Iran posted on social media, March 2023

Source: U.S. Government

Two Sammad variants on display at a Houthi parade in Sanaa, September 2023 An Iranian Sayad modified to conduct surveillance and reconnaissance
flying in the vicinity of U.S. forces in the Strait of Hormuz, July 2019

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 5


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

{ Turki:

ee:
Shahed-136 (Waid 2) -
(2,500km)

Houthi UAV Threat
Growing With
Iranian Support

. *
Nace

Bahrain’

\ \
\
cata \.\_ Shahed-151 (Waid 1)
amma
(1,800km) * i

} Oman Jf

Since 2017, Iran has proliferated lad

advanced UAVs to global conflict
zones.’® These UAVs combine an
extended range, low cost, and
explosive payload to allow conflict
actors such as the Houthis, other
lran-aligned militias, and Russia to
threaten territorial sovereignty, regional
stability, and the global economy.*®

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Zoheir (Tankeel) Ballistic Missile Comparison
Houthi Claimed Range: 500km*® | Payload: Unknown

In 2023, the Houthis paraded antiship and surface-to-surface variants of the Tankeel ballistic missile. Both variants of
the Tankeel share nearly identical features with the Iranian Zoheir, including the and rear fins (2), which
are unique to these systems. Neither the Houthis nor Iran has operationally launched these missiles.

- a

HOUTHI SYSTEM IRANIAN SYSTEM

Source: Ansarollah.com

Iran parades the Zoheir, September 2022

Source: Telewebion

The Houthis display the Tankeel during a N47

parade in Sanaa, September 2023

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 17


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Shahed-136 Wing Stabilizers Across Conflict Zones

The Waid 2 wing stabilizers displayed by the Houthis in Yemen are consistent with the
size and shape of the winglets on the Shahed-136 displayed in Iran and debris from the
Geran-2—the Russian name for the Shahed-136—recovered after Russian attacks in Ukraine.

HOUTHI

a

WAID 2 IRANIAN SHAHED-136 RUSSIAN GERAN-2

aa ef ry BZ

Source: Tasnim News Te CORCR Source: Wikimedia.org

A Waid 2 displayed during a Houthi A Shahed-136 mounted on a truck platform in Tehran, February 2023 AGeran-2 wing stabilizer recovered in
military parade in Yemen, Ukraine, September 2022

September 2023

Serial number (2)
Edge of the delta wing (3)

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY



Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Sources (continued)

69 TRUTH HOUNDS; 14 JUL 2023; TERROR IN THE DETAILS: WESTERN-MADE COMPONENTS
IN RUSSIA'S SHAHED-136 ATTACKS; HTTPS://STORIES.IPHRONLINE.ORG/TERROR-INTHE-
DETAILS/INDEX.HTML

60 RUSI; 15 JAN 2023; RUSSIAS IRANIAN-MADE UAVS: A TECHNICAL PROFILE; HTTPS://RUSI.
ORG/EXPLORE-OUR-RESEARCH/PUBLICATIONS/COMMENTARY/RUSSIASIRANIAN-MADE-UAVS-
TECHNICAL-PROFILE

61 RUSI; 15 JAN 2023; RUSSIAS IRANIAN-MADE UAVS: A TECHNICAL PROFILE; HTTPS://RUSI.
ORG/EXPLORE-OUR-RESEARCH/PUBLICATIONS/COMMENTARY/RUSSIASIRANIAN-MADE-UAVS-
TECHNICAL-PROFILE

62 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (CSIS); JUN 2020; THE MISSILE
WAR IN YEMEN; HTTPS://WWW.CSIS.ORG/ANALYSIS/MISSILE-WAR-YEMEN.

63 AP; 31 OCT 2023; YEMEN’S HOUTHI REBELS CLAIM ATTACKS ON ISRAEL, DRAWING THEIR
MAIN SPONSOR IRAN CLOSER TO HAMAS WAR; HTTPS://APNEWS.COM/ARTICLE/ISRAEL-
PALESTINIANS-HAMAS-WAR-YEMEN-HOUTHIS-IRAN-34EABBBC1D3CF S606D874166F EF 2F 018

64 X(FORMERLY TWITTER); 31 OCT 2023; MISSILE DEBRIS IN RIYADH AND JORDAN; HTTPS://
TWITTER.COM/ALSAKANIALI/STATUS/1719424820532646002

65 X(FORMERLY TWITTER); 28 FEB 2021; LOOK: SHRAPNEL FROM THE #HOUTHI BALLISTIC
MISSILE INTERCEPTED BY SAUDI ARABIAN FORCES CRASHED THROUGH THE ROOF OF

A RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY IN #RIYADH ARAB.NEWS/RXA8C; HTTPS://TWITTER.COM/
ARABNEWS/STATUS/1365972474853220352

66 X(FORMERLY TWITTER); 21 SEP 2023; THREAD ON ANSARALLAH (HOUTHI) PARADE, LOTS
WAS SEEN HERE'S WHAT WE SAY; HTTPS://EN.RATTIBHA.COM/THREAD/1705017831434117433

67 JANES; 2 AUG 2019; YEMENI REBELS CLAIM BALLISTIC MISSILE ATTACK AGAINST DAMMAM,
BY JEREMY BINNIE; HTTPS://WWW.JANES.COM/DEFENCE-NEWS/NEWSDETAIL/YEMENI-
REBELS-CLAIM-BALLISTIC-MISSILE-AT TACK-AGAINST-DAMMAM

68 X(FORMERLY TWITTER); 31 OCT 2023; SOCIAL MEDIA REVEAL THE WRECKAGE
OF A #HOUTHI #QUDS CRUISE MISSILE; HTTPS://TWITTER.COM/BASHAREPORT/
STATUS/1719408013079929224

69 LIVE JOURNAL; 22 SEP 2023; HOUTHI MILITARY PARADE IN THE YEMENI CAPITAL SANAA
09.21.2023; HTTPS://IMP-NAVIGATOR.LIVEJOURNAL.COM/1143443.HTML.

70 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES; 17 OCT 2023; LITTLE AND LARGE
MISSILE SURPRISES IN SANAA AND TEHRAN; HTTPS://WWW.IISS.ORG/ONLINEANALYSIS/
MILITARY-BALANCE/2023/10/LITTLE-AND-LARGE-MISSILE-SURPRISES-IN-SANAAAND-
TEHRAN/

71 ALMASIRAH(HOUTHI MEDIA); SEP 2022; YEMENI ARMED FORCES UNVEIL NEW
DOMESTICALLY-MADE MISSILE, NAVAL, AIR SYSTEMS; HTTPS://ENGLISH.ALMASIRAH.NET.YE/
POST/28568/

72 X(FORMERLY TWITTER); 21 SEP 2023; THREAD ON ANSARALLAH (HOUTHI) PARADE, LOTS
WAS SEEN HERE'S WHAT WE SAY; HTTPS://EN.RATTIBHA.COM/THREAD/1705017831434117433

73 JANES; 2 AUG 2019; YEMENI REBELS CLAIM BALLISTIC MISSILE ATTACK AGAINST DAMMAM;
HTTPS://WWW.JANES. COM/DEFENCE-NEWS/NEWS-DETAIL/YEMENI-REBELSCLAIM-
BALLISTIC-MISSILE-ATTACK-AGAINST-DAMMAM

74 BREAKING DEFENSE; 15 JUN 2021; HOUTHI TERROR SCUDS NOW THREATEN MOST
OF SAUDI ARABIA; HTTPS://BREAKINGDEFENSE.COM/2021/06/HOUTHI-TERROR-SCUDS-
NOWTHREATEN-MOST-OF-SAUDI-ARABIA/

78 HOUTHI MILITARY MEDIA; 21 SEP 2023; VIDEO: HOUTHI MILITARY PARADE; HTTPS://WWW.
MMY.YE/298454/

76 ALJAZEERA; 17 NOV 2023; WAR FROM THE SOUTH... CAN THE HOUTHIS REALLY ATTACK
ISRAEL?, BY SHADI ABDEL HAFEZ; HTTPS://WWW.ALJAZEERA.NET/MIDAN/REALITY/POLIT
ICS/2023/11/17/ %D8%AD % D8 %B1%D8 %A8-% D9 % 85 % D9 % B6-% DB %A7 %09%84%D8%
AC%D9%86%D9% 88% D8%A8- %D9%87 %D9 %84-%D9% BA % D9 % 85 % D9 %83%D9%86-
%D9% 84% D9 %84%D8%AD% D9 88 %D8% AB % D9 %8A %D9%BA% D9 %86-
%DB%AD%D9%82%D8%A7-% D8 % BE % DB % BI %D8%AB

77 ALJAZEERA; 17 NOV 2023; WAR FROM THE SOUTH... CAN THE HOUTHIS REALLY ATTACK
ISRAEL?, BY SHADI ABDEL HAFEZ; HTTPS://WWW.ALJAZEERA.NET/MIDAN/REALITY/POLIT
ICS/2023/11/17/ %D8%AD % D8 %B1% D8 %A8-% D9 %85 % D9 % BE-% DB %A7 %D9%B4%D8%
AC%D9%86%D9% 88% D8 %A8- %D9%87 %D9 %84-%D9% BA % D9 % 85 % D9 %83 %D9%86-
%D9%84%D9 %84%D8%AD% D9 688 % 08% AB %D9%8A%DI%BA% DI %86-

YDB %AD % D9 % 82% DB %AT-% D8 %BE% D8 %BI% D8 LAB

78 BBC; 17 JAN 2024; IRAN DEMONSTRATES MISSILE CAPABILITIES WITH REGIONAL STRIKES;
HTTPS://WWW.BBC. COM/NEWS/WORLD-MIDDLE-EAST-68004451

79 JANES; 10 FEB 2022; IRAN UNVEILS KHEIBAR SHEKAN BALLISTIC MISSILE; HTTPS://
WWW.JANES.COM/DEFENCE-NEWS/NEWS-DETAIL/IRAN-UNVEILS-KHEIBAR-SHEKAN-
BALLISTICMISSILE

80 DEFENSE UPDATE; 27 SEP 2022; NEW BALLISTIC MISSILES DISPLAYED AT THE HOUTHI
MILITARY PARADE, BY D. ZEEVI; HTTPS://DEFENSE-UPDATE.COM/20220927_NEW-
BALLISTICMISSILES-DISPLAYED-AT-THE-HOUTHI-MILITARY-PARADE.HTML

1 TASNIM NEWS; Tl MARCH 2021; YEMEN: UNVEILING NEW DEFENSE ACHIEVEMENTS,
FROM DRONES TO SAIR, QASEM 2, AND QUDS 2 MISSILES + VIDEO; HTTPS:// WWW.
TASNIMNEWS.COM/FA/NEWS/1399/12/21/2468309/ %DB%8C %D9%85 7%D9%86-%D8
%BI%D9%88 %D9 %86 % D9 % 85% DB %A7 %DB%BC %DB % BC-%D8%A7 %D8%B2-
DB%AF %D8%B3%D8%AA %DB%AT%D9 % 88 % D8 % Bl % DB %AF % D9 %-
-87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8 %AC %D8%AF %DB%BC% D8 %AF-%DB%AF % D8 %BI-

YDB %AD % D9 % 88% D8%B2% D9 %87- % DB %AF %D9 %81%D8 %A7 08 %B9%DB%8C-
YDB %AT% DB %B2-%D9% BE %09%87 %D9 %BE %D8B%AT%DB-

Yo-AF%D9%87 408 %A7 %DB%8C-% DB HAC % DB LAF % DB % BC % DB %AF-
PDB%AA%DB%AT-% D9 %B5 % D9 % 88% DB % Ba %DA%AI-% D9 %87 % D8 %AT%DB%BC-
%D8%B3'%D8 %B9%DB%8C % 08% BI-%D9 %82%D8%A7 % 08 % BS %09%852-%D9%88-
%D9%82%D8 %AF %D8 %B32-%D9%81 % DB %B0% D9 %84%D9%85

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 23


Enabling Houthi Attacks

Across the Middle East



10

Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Houthi Missile
Capabilities Growing
From Iranian Support

Since at least 2015, Iran has provided
the Houthis a diverse arsenal of short-
and medium-range ballistic and cruise
missiles, including antiship variants,
enabling Houthi attacks against targets
on land and at sea.TM Iranian ballistic
and cruise missiles allow the Houthis to

attack targets at different vectors. { Yeme =
Saqr Air Defense Missile (100-150km)

Left: Quds cruise missile
debris from a claimed Houthi
attack that landed in Jordan,
October 2025 %

South

Kenda / Kenya | va
Ye

Lo MS ”
Left: Ballistic missile debris —

from a claimed Houthi attack
that crashed through a roof in {
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) February 2021 L

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Shahed-131 Wing Stabilizers Across Conflict Zones

The size, shape, and markings on the wing stabilizers from the Houthis’ Waid 1 are consistent with the wing stabilizers of the
Shahed-131 and the Geran-I—the Russian name for the Shahed-131. The Iranian Shahed-131 wing stabilizer featured below was
recovered after a publicly-claimed Iranian UAV and missile attack against the Kurds in northern Iraq on 28 September 2022.

HOUTHI WAID 1 IRANIAN SHAHED-131 RUSSIAN GERAN-1

Source: U.S. Government

Left: A Shahed-131 wing stabilizer recovered from an attack in Iraq that Iran claimed, September 2022
in Yemen, September 2023 Right: A Geran-1 wing stabilizer recovered in Ukraine, fall 2022

Serial number (2)

Edge of delta wing (3)

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 9


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Shahed-136 (Waid 2) One-Way Attack UAV Comparison

Estimated Range: 2,500km® | Estimated Payload: 50kg®

The Houthis first showcased the Waid 2 at a March 2021 exhibit in Sanaa (see bottom left photo).°” The Waid
2 shares nearly identical features with the Iranian Shahed-136; , Short nose cone (2),
pitot tubes (3), and tube-like fuselage (4) are consistent across both systems.

- : he

HOUTHI SYSTEM

IRANIAN SYSTEM

A Shahed-136 seen during an Iranian vehicle launch

demonstration, November 2023
Side view

Underside view

Source: Yemeni Military Media Source: Iranian Pres: f a a —_
A Waid 2 on display at a Houthi military exhibit, March 2021 A Shahed-136 on display at an Iranian military exhibit,
May 2023

6 DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

358 (Saqr) Surface-to-Air Missile Comparison

Houthi Claimed Range: 100-150km'" | Payload: High-explosive warhead?

The Houthis’ Saqr surface-to-air missile (SAM) exhibits nearly identical features as the Iranian 358 SAM displayed for Russian
officials in Tehran in September 2023. The Saqr and 358 both have distinctive features, which include and
rear mounted fins (2) in an X-shaped orientation and the engine (3). The Houthis have used the Saqr to attack U.S. UAVs in Yemen.
In addition to the Houthis, Iran proliferated the 358 to partners and proxies in Iraq and Lebanon.® % 979898100

oF 7”

HOUTHI SYSTEM IRANIAN SYSTEM

Source: Reuters

Top: An Iranian display of the
358 SAM to Russian officials in
Tehran, September 2023
Right: An Iranian display of a
358 SAM in Tehran, September
2023

Source: The Drive

Source: U.S. Institute of Peace

An Iranian missile interdicted from a dhow headed to Yemen, 2020

20 DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY


www.dia.mil


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Timeline of the Houthi-Iran Relationship

Since 2015, the Houthi-lran relationship has evolved and strengthened, enabling the Houthis to effectively threaten the Yemeni government
and the broader Middle East.’ The two have built a relationship that is likely to endure, as Iran views the Houthis as an extension of its
regional power and the Houthis look to Iran to enhance their military capabilities. Iranian leaders’ statements and Tehran’s weapons
proliferation illustrate how Iran views the Houthis as integral to its own efforts to project power and destabilize the region.

Source: oryxsploenkop.com

Source: TIME

May 2018: The Houthis conducta August 2019: The Houthis

missile attack on a Turkish bulk announce their first use

October 2023: A Houthi military

Source: UN Press

Le ‘ fame . Fi
: - aa _— — carrier carrying agrain shipment; a at anlar esioned spokesperson claims the Houthis
April 2015: The UN Security Council imposes an the same missile system was selzed fall an- ee have launched missiles and UAVs at
arms embargo on the Houthis | from an Iranian pe allistic missile’ Israel in support of HAMASSS
2014 | 2016 fe 2018 2022 ;

September 2014: Houthi fighters
take control of Sanaa, Yemen®

December 2023: Iran’s Defense Minister

April 2017: A senior Mohammad Reza Ashtiani warns the U.S.-led Red
Iranian cleric reveals Sea maritime task force that “no one can make a
Iran provides advanced move in a region where we have predominance”?

weapons to the Houthis””

Source: X (Form

2015-2023: The United States and coalition partners
interdict at least 18 ships smuggling Iranian missiles

J | and advanced weapons to the Houthis®?®° 0" 25 41516
1718 1 20 2122-28 26 25 26

—e

/ =

Source: centcom.mil

Source: mehrnews.com Ill

2 DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Shahab-3 (Toofan) Ballistic Missile Comparison

Houthi Claimed Range: 1,950km” | Payload: 800kg”

The Houthis first revealed their Toofan ballistic missile during a September 2023 military parade in Sanaa.”
The configuration of the Toofan, including the and rear fins (2), is consistent with Iran's
Shahab-3 MRBM. Neither Iran nor the Houthis are known to have operationally launched the system.

- a

HOUTHI SYSTEM IRANIAN SYSTEM

Source: IIS.org Source: Entekhab.ir [7 ¥

The Houthis reveal the Toofan at a parade in Sanaa, September 2023 Iran displays the Shahab-3 missile, February 2018

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 13


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Fateh-110 (Karar) Ballistic Missile Comparison
Houthi Claimed Range: 300km | Payload: 500kg*

The Houthis displayed the Karar ballistic missile in 2022 and 2023." ** © The missile shares nearly identical
features with Iran’s Fateh-110 close- and short-range ballistic missile, such as the and rear
fins (2). Iran used Fateh-110 variants against targets in Iraq in 2020 and 2022, although the Houthis are not
known to have operationally launched these systems.

oe be

HOUTHI SYSTEM IRANIAN SYSTEM

The Houthis display the Karar during a
parade in Sanaa, September 2022

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 15


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Table of Contents
Introduction
Fimelinesofthe:-Houthiciran: Relationship esccscceenseeseesseonssec avesmuusnennnesnscenventwensecenuresunusrescenssenn reniuervencueeaverviassiectioconencsouvneustspeuusireasscrecees 2
Iranian Weapons Equip Houthis To Attack Regional Infrastructure, Global COMMELCE ..........seessseessseeessseessseeesseeesseesseeessueessseessseessseessseeesse 3
UAV Systems
Houthi UAV Threat Growing With Iranian Support «0.2... eseesesssesssessecsessseessecsuecsrecseessecsnessseesnesssesnsesueesneessessuseseesueessesseesseeneesseenneeneesneeseeente 4

Sayad (Sammad) One-Way Attack UAV Comparison ....
Shahed-136 (Waid 2) One-Way Attack UAV Comparison ..
Shahed-136 Wing Stabilizers Across Conflict Zones....
Shahed-131 (Waid 1) One-Way Attack UAV Comparison
Shahed-131 Wing Stabilizers Across Conflict Zones .....

Missile Systems
Houthi: Missile Capabilities Growing From Iranian SUpPPOCt wsscveccsssusissosrssscueassoroeevecnesssupsecsateaceerrenemceasencosre uma anainarenneannetea ees 10
Qiam/Rezvan (Burkan-3) Ballistic Missile Comparison ...
Houthi Burkan Debris Consistent With Iranian Qiam Ballistic Missile
Shahab-3 (Toofan) Ballistic Missile Comparison
Kheibar Shekan (Hatem) Ballistic Missile Comparison
Fateh-110 (Karar) Ballistic Missile Comparison
Khalij Fars (Asif) Antiship Ballistic Missile Comparison
Zoheir (Tankeel) Ballistic Missile Comparison
Project 351/Paveh (Quds-4) Cruise Missile Comparison ..........sssessssessseessseessueecsneeesneessnecessseesseescnneessueessuecesncesseessueeesnueessuesssneeenneessneeeeneeeste 18
Houthi Quds Debris Consistent With Iranian LACMs
358 (Saqr) Surface-to-Air Missile Comparison

SOUMCES ........ssscsssssesscecssssssscsesescssscssscsssnsssssecssscsssssnssecssecsssesssssesesecssscsssesesusesssscassssssesesecesesscsuscssnsosssesasssessnsesesecenens 21

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY 1


24

Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Sources (continued)

82 ANSAROLLAH (HOUTHI MEDIA); 23 SEP 2022; YEMEN HOLDS THE GREATEST MILITARY
PARADE IN THE REGION IN COMMEMORATING THE SEPTEMBER 21 REVOLUTION; HTTPS://
WWW.ANSAROLLAH.COM/ARCHIVES/550568

83 SABA NEWS; 24 SEP 2023; ARMED FORCES REVEAL NEW WEAPONS IN MILITARY PARADE;
HTTPS://WWW.SABA.YE/EN/NEWS3266848.HTM

84 ALMASIRAH(HOUTHI MEDIA); SEP 2022; YEMENI ARMED FORCES UNVEIL NEW
DOMESTICALLY-MADE MISSILE, NAVAL, AIR SYSTEMS; HTTPS://ENGLISH.ALMASIRAH.NET.YE/
POST/28568/

95 USCENTCOM; 3 DEC 2023; PRESS RELEASE: HOUTHI ATTACKS ON COMMERCIAL SHIPPING
IN INTERNATIONAL WATER CONTINUE; RELEASE NUMBER 20231203-01

86 POPULAR MECHANICS; 1 DEC 2023; WE MIGHT HAVE JUST SEEN THE WORLD'S FIRST ANTI-
‘SHIP BALLISTIC MISSILE ATTACK; HTTPS//WWW.POPULARMECHANICS.COM/MILITARY/NAVY-
‘SHIPS/A45964460/FIRST-ANTI-SHIP-BALLISTIC-MISSILE-ATTACK-HOUTHI-REBELS/

87 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES; 17 OCT 2023; LITTLE AND LARGE
MISSILE SURPRISES IN SANAA AND TEHRAN; HTTPS://WWW.IISS.ORG/ONLINEANALYSIS/
MILITARY-BALANCE/2023/10/LITTLE-AND-LARGE-MISSILE-SURPRISES-IN-SANAAAND-
TEHRAN/

88 ALMASIRAH(HOUTHI MEDIA); SEP 2022; YEMENI ARMED FORCES UNVEIL NEW
DOMESTICALLY-MADE MISSILE, NAVAL, AIR SYSTEMS; HTTPS://ENGLISH.ALMASIRAH.NET.YE/
POST/28568/

99 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES; 17 OCT 2023; LITTLE AND LARGE
MISSILE SURPRISES IN SANAA AND TEHRAN; HTTPS://WWW.IISS.ORG/ONLINE-ANALYSIS/
MILITARY-BALANCE/2023/10/LITTLE-AND-LARGE-MISSILE-SURPRISES-IN-SANAA-
ANDTEHRAN/

90 ORYX; 12 MAR 2021; HOUTHI REBELS UNVEIL HOST OF WEAPONRY, COMPOUNDING DRONE
AND MISSILE THREAT; HTTPS://WWW.ORYXSPIOENKOP.COM/2021/03/ HOUTHI-REBELS-
UNVEIL-HOST-OF-WEAPONRY.HTML

1 X(FORMERLY TWITTER); 21 SEP 2023; THREAD ON ANSARALLAH (HOUTHI) PARADE, LOTS
WAS SEEN HERE'S WHAT WE SAY; HTTPS://EN.RATTIBHA.COM/THREAD/1705017831434117433

92 INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES; 17 OCT 2023; LITTLE AND LARGE
MISSILE SURPRISES IN SANAA AND TEHRAN; HTTPS://WWW.IISS.ORG/ONLINEANALYSIS/
MILITARY-BALANCE/2023/10/LITTLE-AND-LARGE-MISSILE-SURPRISES-IN-SANAAAND-
TEHRAN/

93 UN SECURITY COUNCIL; S/2020/70; 25 JAN 2019; LETTER DATED 27 JANUARY 2020 FROM
THE PANEL OF EXPERTS ON YEMEN ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY
COUNCIL; PAGE 86.

94 IRAN PRIMER; 17 FEB 2021; IRAN'S MISSILES: TIMELINE OF ATTACKS; HTTPS://IRANPRIMER.
USIP.ORG/BLOG/2021/FEB/17/IRAN%E2%80%99S-MISSILES-TIMELINE-AT TACKS.

95 THE NEW YORK TIMES; 19 FEB 2020; NEW IRANIAN MISSILES POSE THREAT TO U.S.
AIRCRAFT IN YEMEN, PENTAGON SAYS; HTTPS://WWW.NYTIMES.COM/2020/02/19/US/IRAN-
MISSILES-YEMEN.HTML, ACCESSED 12 DEC 2023.

96 CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (CSIS); 9 JUN 2020; THE MISSILE
WAR IN YEMEN; HTTPS://WWW.CSIS.ORG/ANALYSIS/MISSILE-WAR-YEMEN.

97 THE DRIVE; 20 SEP 2023; BIZARRE IRANIAN ‘LOITERING SAM’ SHOWN TO RUSSIAN DEFENSE
MINISTER; HTTPS://WWW.THEDRIVE.;COM/THE-WAR-ZONE/BIZARREIRANIAN-LOITERING-SAM-
SHOWN-TO-RUSSIAN-DEFENSE-MINISTER.

98 WIKIPEDIA; 8 NOV 2023; 358 MISSILE; HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/358_MISSILE

99 EURASIAN TIMES; 30 OCT 2023; HEZBOLLAH ‘SHOOTS DOWN’ ISRAELI UAV WITH IRAN'S
PRODUCT 358 ANTI-AIRCRAFT DRONE, BUT GETS SHOT DOWN BY PATRIOT MISSILE-
REPORTS;HTTPS://WWW.EURASIANTIMES.COM/IRANS-PRODUCT-358-ANTI-AIRCRAFT-
DRONE-BUTGETS-SHOT-DOWN/

100 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY; 21 OCT 2021; IRAQI MILITIAS SHOW
IRANIAN ANTI-AIR MISSILE; HTTPS://WWW.WASHINGTONINSTITUTE.ORG/POLICYANALYSIS/
IRAQI-MILITIAS-SHOW-IRANIAN-ANTI-AIR-MISSILE.

Joi SABA NEWS; 24 SEP 2023; ARMED FORCES REVEAL NEW WEAPONS IN MILITARY PARADE;
HTTPS://WWW.SABA.YE/EN/NEWS3266848.HTM

102 SABA NEWS; 24 SEP 2023; ARMED FORCES REVEAL NEW WEAPONS IN MILITARY PARADE;
HTTPS://WWW.SABA.YE/EN/NEWS3266848.HTM

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY


This product provides a visual comparison of Iranian missiles and weaponized unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs) and those displayed and employed by Houthi forces in Yemen to attack civilian
infrastructure across the region. Photographs of weapons displayed and fired by Iran and the Houthis,
as well as those illegally smuggled aboard boats from Iran, strongly suggest their Iranian origin. Iranian
aid has enabled the Houthis to initiate a campaign of missile and UAV attacks against commercial
ships in the Red Sea since November 2023.' As of mid-December 2023, several of the largest global
shipping firms had suspended transit through the Red Sea, citing the risk.”

For more information about the Defense Intelligence Agency and to view this report, visit DIAs website at www.dia.mil
For media and public inquires about this report, contact DIA Public Affairs at DIA-PAO@dodiis.mil
Information cutoff date: 17 January 2024
Cover images: Houthis demonstrating and displaying weapons in Yemen
Image sources: Ansarollah.com, Saba.ye, Associated Press (AP)

DIA_E_OO00I_A

This report contains copyrighted material. Copying and disseminating the contents are prohibited without the permission of the copyright owners.
Images and other previously published material featured or referenced in this publication are attributed to their source.


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Qiam/Rezvan (Burkan-3) Ballistic Missile Comparison
Houthi Demonstrated Use Range: 1,200km” | Payload: 250kg”

In 2019, the Houthis launched the Burkan-3 medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) for the first time, which they fired against Saudi Arabia. In 2021, the
Houthis displayed an identical system with a new name—the Zulfigar. The Houthi Burkan-3/Zulfiqar appears consistent with Iran's Qiam/Rezvan MRBM. The
Burkan-3/Zulfiqar and Qiam/Rezvan missiles share nearly identical and small rear fins (2). Since 2019, the Houthis have launched the

Burkan-3 missile against several countries in the region. Iran launched Qiam variants during its 2020 strike against Al Asad Airbase in Iraq.

- a

HOUTHI SYSTEM IRANIAN SYSTEM

Source: Telewebion

Above: The Houthis launch a Burkan-3 toward Ad Dammam,

Saudi Arabia, 2019

Source/FarsMedia Famed 5 J < ~ ae ~

Both images above: Iran displays the Qiam/Rezvan missile in Tehran,

Source: YouTube = a September 2022

Above: The Houthis display the Burkan-3 during a military parade
in Sanaa, September 2022

Right: The Houthis launch a Burkan-3 toward Israel, fall 2023
DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY at]


Iran: Enabling Houthi Attacks Across the Middle East

Kheibar Shekan (Hatem) Ballistic Missile Comparison
Iran Claimed Range: 1,450km” | Payload: 500kg*°

In September 2022, the Houthis displayed the Hatem ballistic missile, which shares nearly identical features with the Iranian Kheibar
Shekan MRBM. These features include the and the rear fins (2). Iran operationally launched Kheibar Shekan MRBMs
against ISIS targets in Syria in January 2024, although the Houthis are not known to have operationally launched the Hatem.”

a a

HOUTHI SYSTEM IRANIAN SYSTEM

‘Source: YouTube

Source: YouTube

Iran‘s IRGC unveils the Kheibar Shekan, February 2022

14 DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY