NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JOHN DAVIS KIBEDI,

 Petitioner,

 v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, Jr., Attorney General,

 Respondent.

No. 10-71196

Agency No. A097-883-975

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted March 6, 2014** 

Pasadena, California

Before: PAEZ, N.R. SMITH, and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges.

John Davis Kibedi (“Kibedi”) petitions for review of a decision of the Board

of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial

of his applications for asylum and withholding of removal.

FILED

MAR 31 2014

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.

 ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
The IJ determined that Kibedi was not credible on the basis of six alleged

inconsistencies relating to his testimony and asylum application. The BIA

affirmed relying on five of those inconsistencies. Reviewing the credibility

determinations of the IJ and BIA for substantial evidence, we grant the petition for

review and remand for further proceedings on an open record. See Soto-Olarte v.

Holder, 555 F.3d 1089, 1095 (9th Cir. 2009). 

Because Kibedi’s asylum application was filed prior to the REAL-ID Act, 

any inconsistencies relied upon by the agency must go to the heart of his claim for

asylum. Osorio v. INS, 99 F.3d 928, 931 (9th Cir. 1996). And, when the BIA does

not adopt the IJ’s decision, as here, we are limited to the BIA’s conclusions;

however, we can look to the IJ’s decision “as a guide to what lay behind the BIA’s

conclusion[s].” Kozulin v. INS, 218 F.3d 1112, 1115 (9th Cir. 2000).

We address each of the five reasons that the BIA relied upon to affirm the

IJ’s adverse credibility determination. See Wang v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 1015, 1021

(9th Cir. 2003).

1. The BIA first noted that although Kibedi’s asylum application indicated

that he was married on February 3, 1999 in Burundi, he testified before the IJ that

he was not married and his application was incorrect. The BIA further identified

an inconsistency between Kibedi’s history of employment on his asylum

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application and his testimony before the IJ, and noted that while Kibedi indicated

on his asylum application that he attended high school in Burundi from 1995 to

1997, he testified before the IJ that he only attended school in Burundi for two

weeks in 1996 before fleeing to Rwanda. These inconsistencies have no bearing

on events central to Kibedi’s alleged persecution and do not go to the heart of his

claim. See Martinez-Sanchez v. INS, 794 F.2d 1396, 1400 (9th Cir. 1986); Singh v.

Gonzales, 439 F.3d 1100, 1108 (9th Cir. 2006).

2. The BIA and IJ identified a fourth ground, relating to Kibedi’s driver’s

license, for finding him not credible. Before the IJ, Kibedi testified that his father

was killed during an attack in Burundi in Janary 2003. However, he also testified

that his father had obtained a Burundian driver’s license for him so that he would

have a form of identification to take back to Rwanda. Examining a copy of the

driver’s license, the IJ read the date of issuance as “07/02/2003,” and found this

date to be inconsistent with Kibedi’s testimony regarding the death of his father. 

The basis for this adverse determination is not supported by substantial

evidence because the IJ engaged in speculation. See Shah, 220 F.3d 1062, 1071

(9th Cir. 2000) (holding that “[s]peculation and conjecture cannot form the basis

of an adverse credibility finding.”). Kibedi’s Burundian driver’s license was

difficult to read, and the official translation that accompanied it stated that the

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location and date of issue were “illegible.” Under such circumstances, we have

held that it is improper for the IJ to engage in speculation or conjecture about the

nature of a document provided by a petitioner. See Kumar v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d

1043, 1050 (9th Cir. 2006). Accordingly, this inconsistency cannot support the

adverse credibility finding.

3. Finally, the BIA and IJ found an overall inconsistency in Kibedi’s

testimony and documentation regarding his national identity. Kibedi asserted that

he was a native and citizen of Burundi and presented a Burundian driver’s license

and identification card with his asylum application. However, he was also in

possession of a Rwandan passport stating that he was born in Uganda, and

provided similar information on his United States visa application. The IJ found

these inconsistencies in Kibedi’s identity of fundamental importance because “if he

is claiming asylum, there has to be a particular country that he claims asylum from

. . . .” 

Kibedi was questioned about the inconsistencies in his documentation and

provided several explanations, including that he had been instructed that, in order

to obtain a Rwandan passport, he would need to state that he was born in Uganda,

and that he needed to present himself as Rwandan in order to obtain employment

with the United Nations. The IJ and BIA did not address these explanations. This

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was error. See Soto-Olarte, 555 F.3d at 1091. The IJ also discredited and declined

to consider Kibedi’s Burundian documentation without explanation, instead giving

weight to Kibedi’s Rwandan passport. We have previously held that an IJ “ha[s] a

responsibility to make findings, based on the individual documents and the

circumstances surrounding them, and concerning the reliability of the evidence,

before she reject[s] the items.” Zahedi v. INS, 222 F.3d 1157, 1165 (9th Cir.

2000). Because the IJ did not properly consider Kibedi’s reasoned explanations for

his various identity documents, nor properly address his Burundian documents, the

IJ and BIA committed legal error, and therefore the inconsistencies in Kibedi’s

identity cannot support the adverse credibility finding. 

For all of the above reasons we grant the petition and remand to the BIA on

an open record for further proceedings consistent with this disposition.1

 

PETITION GRANTED and REMANDED. 

1

Although Kibedi appealed the denial of his CAT claim to the BIA, the BIA

affirmed on independent grounds, holding that the evidence Kibedi presented

“does not suggest that he was tortured in the past in Rwanda, Uganda or Burundi or

that any government official in Rwanda, Uganda or Burundi would likely torture

him upon his return or acquiesce . . . in his torture by others.” Kibedi does not

address this holding, or his CAT claim, on appeal and we therefore deem it

abandoned. Zetino v. Holder, 622 F. 3d 1007, 1011 n.1 (9th Cir. 2010). 

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