19-4193

Kraft v. City of New York 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF 

APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN 

ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY 

ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 

held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 1st day of October, two thousand twenty.

PRESENT:

DENNIS JACOBS,

PIERRE N. LEVAL,

JOSEPH F. BIANCO,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

Warren R. Kraft,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. 19-4193

The City of New York, (“CITY”) individually and 

in their official capacity, John Does, police officers

and non-uniformed and under-cover police officers 

of the New York City Police Department, Richard Roes, 

Supervisory police officers of the City of New York, 

the identity and number of whom is presently unknown, 

United States of America, and individually and in their 

official capacity, Unknown Federal Law Enforcement 

Officers or Agents or Employees, and Unknown Officials 

and Employees of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, (“FBI”), 

National Security Agency (“NSA”), State of New York, 

William Woes, Unknown New York State Law Enforcement

Officers or Agents or Employees, Zeke Zoes, Unknown 

Officials and Officer Policy Makers and Supervisory 
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Employees Including the Director, Employees of the 

New York State Intelligence Center (“NYSIC Fusion 

Center”) and New York State Police, Tom Toes, 

Unknown New York State Homeland Security and 

Emergency Service and New York State Police,

Defendants-Appellees.*

_____________________________________

FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT: Warren R. Kraft, pro se

Red Bank, NJ.

FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES: No appearance.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of 

New York (Furman, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. 

Warren R. Kraft, pro se, sued the City of New York, unknown New York City police 

officers, federal law enforcement agents, New York State law enforcement officers, the United 

States, the director and unknown employees of the New York State Intelligence Center, and 

unknown employees of the New York State Division of Homeland Security and Emergency 

Services, under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of 

Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). In his 84-page complaint, Kraft alleged various constitutional 

violations, including that an undercover confidential informant, at the direction of an unknown law 

enforcement agency, used excessive force and assaulted him in 2018; that law enforcement officers 

conspired to conceal that excessive use of force; and that he has been the subject of covert, 

unconstitutional surveillance by unknown law enforcement agencies—including illegal 

* The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption in this case to conform to the 

caption above.
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wiretapping and 24-hour, nationwide surveillance—since 2014, and that those agencies put a 

digital marker on him to collect his personal data and harass him. After the assault in 2018, Kraft

allegedly sought help from New York City police officers, but when the officers detained the 

“confidential informant,” Kraft informed the officers he would not press charges because, 

according to Kraft, confidential informants are immune from criminal prosecution. The district 

court sua sponte dismissed the complaint as frivolous under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i), 

reasoning that, even under the liberal reading afforded to pro se pleadings, the complaint’s claims 

were frivolous and this defect could not be cured by amendment. Kraft appealed. We assume 

the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.

This Court reviews de novo a district court’s sua sponte dismissal of a complaint pursuant 

to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Zaleski v. Burns, 606 F.3d 51, 52 (2d Cir. 2010) (per curiam). Under 

that statute, the district court must dismiss a complaint filed in forma pauperis if it determines that 

the action or appeal “(i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be 

granted; or (iii) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 

28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). An action is frivolous if it lacks an arguable basis in law or fact—i.e., 

where it is “based on an indisputably meritless legal theory” or presents “factual contentions [that] 

are clearly baseless.” Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 327 (1989); see Gallop v. Cheney, 642 

F.3d 364, 368 (2d Cir. 2011). To avoid dismissal, a complaint must plead “enough facts to state 

a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570

(2007); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (tenet that allegations are assumed to 

be true is “inapplicable to legal conclusions,” and “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause 

of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice”). In addition, “district courts 
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may dismiss a frivolous complaint sua sponte even when the plaintiff has paid the required filing 

fee.” Fitzgerald v. First E. Seventh St. Tenants Corp., 221 F.3d 362, 364 (2d Cir. 2000). 

Even according “special solicitude” to Kraft’s pro se pleading, interpreting it to “raise the 

strongest claims that it suggests,” Hill v. Curcione, 657 F.3d 116, 122 (2d Cir. 2011) (alterations 

accepted) (quotation marks omitted), the district court did not err in sua sponte dismissing the

complaint as frivolous. Kraft alleged that he has been the subject of 24-hour, multi-jurisdictional 

surveillance by federal “fusion centers” and the New York State Intelligence Center, which put a

“digital marker” on him in order to collect his personal data and harass him. See, e.g., Compl.

¶¶ 102-03, 119-120, Kraft v. City of New York, No. 19-cv-10286 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 5, 2019) (Dkt. 

No. 2). Kraft’s assertions that he is the victim of a broad conspiracy perpetrated by various federal 

and state law enforcement agencies are not plausible. See Gallop, 642 F.3d at 368 (holding that 

dismissal is appropriate when factual allegations are “fanciful, fantastic, or delusional” (quotation 

marks omitted)); Denton v. Hernandez, 504 U.S. 25, 33 (1992) (holding that “a finding of factual 

frivolousness is appropriate when the facts alleged rise to the level of the irrational or the wholly 

incredible”). In addition, contrary to Kraft’s assertion, the district court had the authority to 

dismiss the appeal as frivolous despite Kraft paying the filing fee. See Fitzgerald, 221 F.3d at 

364.

Finally, although a district court should not ordinarily dismiss a pro se complaint without 

granting leave to amend, it may do so when leave to amend would be futile. Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 

222 F.3d 99, 112 (2d Cir. 2000). Here, the gravamen is Kraft’s irrational belief that he was the 

victim of a broad conspiracy perpetrated by numerous government entities; so better pleading 

would not cure this defect. See id.
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For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court