Filed 4/5/17 Certified for publication 4/12/17 (order attached)

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re J. L. et al., Persons Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND 

HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

K.B.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D070826

 (Super. Ct. No. NJ14573AB)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, 

Michael J. Imhoff, Commissioner. Affirmed.

Steven B. Duke, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, John E. Philips, Chief Deputy County 

Counsel, and Lisa M. Maldonado, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

Mica Llerandi for Minors.
2

I.

INTRODUCTION

K.B. appeals a judgment terminating her parental rights to her two children, Jc.L. 

and Ja.L. K.B. contends that the juvenile court erred in terminating her parental rights 

because the court failed to comply with "the inquiry/notice requirements" of the Indian 

Child Welfare Act (ICWA) (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et. seq.; see also Welf. & Inst. Code,1

§ 224 et seq. [incorporating ICWA's requirements into California statutory law]). We 

affirm the judgment.

II.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Overview of the dependency2

In October 2014, when Jc.L. was four years old and Ja.L. was one year old, the 

San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency (Agency) filed dependency 

petitions pertaining to each child. At the detention hearing, the juvenile court declared 

the children dependents of the court and removed them from K.B.'s custody. At the 

conclusion of a contested 12-month review hearing in March 2016, the juvenile court 

terminated K.B.'s reunification services and set a hearing pursuant to section 366.26 for 

both children. In July 2016, the court terminated K.B.'s parental rights to both Jc.L and 

Ja.L and selected a permanent plan of adoption for each child.

 

1 Unless otherwise specified, all subsequent statutory references are to the Welfare 

and Institutions Code.

2 In light of the limited issue raised on appeal, we provide an abbreviated summary 

of the dependency proceedings.
3

B. Facts related to K.B.'s ICWA claim

On October 21, 2014, the day of the detention hearing, K.B. signed a form entitled 

"Parental Notification of Indian Status." K.B. wrote the words "not sure" next to the 

following three statements on the form: "I am or may be a member of, or eligible for 

membership in, a federally recognized Indian tribe"; "I may have Indian ancestry"; "One 

or more of my parents, grandparents, or other lineal ancestors is or was a member of a 

federally recognized tribe."3

On that same day, the children's father signed a "Parental Notification of Indian 

Status" form stating that he had no American Indian ancestry as far as he knew.

At the detention hearing, K.B.'s counsel stated the following:

"[K.B.] has submitted a form indicating that she is not sure if she has 

any American Indian heritage. I believe in the previous dependency 

there was a finding that ICWA did not apply. However, mother has 

indicated that she's repeatedly been told by family members that she 

might have some American Indian heritage. She does not have any 

more specific information to provide, but she indicates that she will 

research that information to the best of her ability and that if she is 

able to obtain any further information, that she needs to notify the 

social worker and the court immediately so that we can follow up on 

that."

Later during the same hearing, the following colloquy occurred:

"The court: . . . [T]o clarify, the mother has received new 

information, but is it not available to her at this time [sic] to identify 

a federally recognized tribe?

 

3 The form also stated, "The child is or may be a member of, or eligible for 

membership in, a federally recognized Indian tribe." In addition, the form stated, "I have 

no Indian ancestry as far as I know." K.B. did not write responses to these statements.
4

"[K.B.'s counsel]: It doesn't. And she doesn't know what relative 

that would be through. So it was apparently a very recent and 

somewhat general or vague reference that caused her to be interested 

in pursuing further information, but she's not been able to do so yet.

"The court: The father is not claiming Native American Indian 

heritage. So unless there's [an] objection, the court, at this time, on 

these facts, will find that the provisions of the Indian Child Welfare 

Act do not apply. That would be the finding of the court. [¶] The 

court would like to underscore the importance to mother that if you 

do get clarifying information, that you pass that along immediately.

"[K.B.]: I will.

"The court: We will have to reassess whether or not [ICWA] applies 

based on that.

"[K.B.]: Okay."

At the January 14, 2015 disposition hearing, the court found that "[n]otice 

pursuant to the [ICWA] is not required because the Court knows the child is not an Indian 

child." In its six-month and twelve-month status reports, and in its section 366.26 report, 

the Agency noted that the trial court had found that ICWA did not apply on October 21, 

2014.

At the section 366.26 hearing at which the court terminated K.B.'s parental rights, 

the court found, with respect to both children, "[n]otice pursuant to the [ICWA] is not 

required because the Court has reason to know the child is not an Indian child. 

Reasonable inquiry has been made to determine whether or not the child is or may be an 

Indian child."
5

III.

DISCUSSION

The trial court properly determined that the Agency did not

violate ICWA's inquiry and notice provisions

K.B. contends that the trial court committed reversible error in terminating her 

parental rights without requiring the Agency to comply with the inquiry and notice 

requirements of ICWA.4 We assume for purposes of this decision that, because the 

material facts underlying K.B.'s claim are undisputed, "we review independently whether 

ICWA requirements have been satisfied." (In re Michael V. (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 225, 

235, fn. 5 (Michael V.).)5

A. Governing law

1. Overview of the relevant statutory scheme

"Congress enacted ICWA in 1978 in response to 'rising concern in the mid-1970's 

over the consequences to Indian children, Indian families, and Indian tribes of abusive 

child welfare practices that resulted in the separation of large numbers of Indian children 

 

4 Although K.B. claims in her opening brief that the trial court erred, at the October 

21, 2014 detention hearing, in finding that ICWA did not apply, this finding is not 

reviewable in K.B.'s appeal from the July 2016 judgment terminating her parental rights.

(In re Isaiah W. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1, 10 (Isaiah W.) [parent "may not challenge the 

January 2012 dispositional order [finding ICWA notice was unnecessary] through an 

appeal from the April 2013 order terminating her parental rights"].) However, because of 

the juvenile court's "continuing duty to inquire whether [a child is] an Indian child in all 

dependency proceedings, including a proceeding to terminate parental rights" (ibid.), a 

mother may "challenge the juvenile court's finding of ICWA's inapplicability underlying 

the . . . order terminating her parental rights." (Ibid.) Accordingly, we broadly construe 

K.B.'s brief as claiming that the trial court erred in finding, at the section 366.26 hearing, 

that the Agency did not violate ICWA's inquiry or notice provisions.

5 K.B. bases her claim entirely on the undisputed facts discussed in part II.B, ante.
6

from their families and tribes through adoption or foster care placement, usually in nonIndian homes.' [Citation.] ICWA declared that 'it is the policy of this Nation to protect 

the best interests of Indian children and to promote the stability and security of Indian 

tribes and families by the establishment of minimum Federal standards for the removal of 

Indian children from their families and the placement of such children in foster or 

adoptive homes which will reflect the unique values of Indian culture . . . .' [Citation.] 

[¶] (2) The minimum standards established by ICWA include the requirement of notice

to Indian tribes in any involuntary proceeding in state court to place a child in foster care 

or to terminate parental rights 'where the court knows or has reason to know that an 

Indian child is involved.' " (Isaiah W., supra, 1 Cal.5th at pp. 7–8, italics added.)

Further, "courts and county welfare departments 'have an affirmative and continuing duty 

to inquire whether a child for whom a petition under Section 300 . . . is to be, or has been, 

filed is or may be an Indian child in all dependency proceedings and in any judicial 

wardship proceedings if the child is at risk of entering foster care or is in foster care.' "

(Id. at p. 9, italics added.)

In 2006, our state Legislature "incorporated ICWA's requirements into California 

statutory law." (In re W.B. (2012) 55 Cal.4th 30, 52.) "ICWA's many procedural 

requirements for juvenile dependency and delinquency cases are found in sections 224 

through 224.6[ of the Welfare and Institutions Code]." (Ibid.)
7

2. Relevant statutory provisions

Section 224.3 outlines the scope of a trial court's and a county welfare 

department's6 duty of inquiry under ICWA. Section 224.3, subdivision (a) mandates that 

the "court [and] county welfare department . . . have an affirmative and continuing duty 

to inquire whether a child for whom a petition under Section 300 . . . has been . . . filed is 

or may be an Indian child in all dependency proceedings . . . if the child is at risk of 

entering foster care or is in foster care."

Section 224.3, subdivision (b) outlines the circumstances "that may provide reason 

to know the child is an Indian child." Section 224.3, subdivision (b) provides:

"The circumstances that may provide reason to know the child is an 

Indian child include, but are not limited to, the following:

"(1) A person having an interest in the child, including the child, an 

officer of the court, a tribe, an Indian organization, a public or 

private agency, or a member of the child's extended family provides 

information suggesting the child is a member of a tribe or eligible 

for membership in a tribe or one or more of the child's biological 

parents, grandparents, or great-grandparents are or were a member of 

a tribe.

"(2) The residence or domicile of the child, the child's parents, or 

Indian custodian is in a predominantly Indian community.

"(3) The child or the child's family has received services or benefits 

from a tribe or services that are available to Indians from tribes or 

the federal government, such as the Indian Health Service."7

 

6 It is undisputed that the Agency is a county welfare department for purposes of 

section 224.3.

7 California Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a)(5) also specifies the "circumstances that 

may provide reason to know the child is an Indian child" and is nearly identical to section 

224.3, subdivision (b).
8

Section 224.3, subdivision (c) specifies that "[i]f the court, social worker, or 

probation officer knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved," the 

social worker must make "further inquiry" concerning the possible American Indian 

status of the child. Section 224.3, subdivision (c) provides:

"If the court, social worker, or probation officer knows or has reason 

to know that an Indian child is involved, the social worker or 

probation officer is required to make further inquiry regarding the 

possible Indian status of the child, and to do so as soon as 

practicable, by interviewing the parents, Indian custodian, and 

extended family members to gather the information required in 

paragraph (5) of subdivision (a) of Section 224.2,[8] contacting the 

Bureau of Indian Affairs and the State Department of Social 

Services for assistance in identifying the names and contact 

information of the tribes in which the child may be a member or 

eligible for membership in and contacting the tribes and any other 

person that reasonably can be expected to have information 

regarding the child's membership status or eligibility."9

 

8 Section 224.2, subdivision (b) specifies the contents of an ICWA notice.

9 California Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a)(4) similarly provides:

"If the social worker, probation officer, licensed adoption agency, 

adoption service provider, investigator, or petitioner knows or has 

reason to know that an Indian child is or may be involved, that 

person or entity must make further inquiry as soon as practicable by: 

(A) Interviewing the parents, Indian custodian, and 'extended family 

members' as defined in 25 United States Code sections 1901 and 

1903(2), to gather the information listed in Welfare and Institutions 

Code section 224.2(a)(5), Family Code section 180(b)(5), or Probate 

Code section 1460.2(b)(5), which is required to complete the Notice 

of Child Custody Proceeding for Indian Child (form ICWA-030); 

(B) Contacting the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the California 

Department of Social Services for assistance in identifying the 

names and contact information of the tribes in which the child may 

be a member or eligible for membership; and (C) Contacting the 

tribes and any other person that reasonably can be expected to have 

information regarding the child's membership status or eligibility."
9

Section 224.2 outlines specific notice requirements that apply "[i]f the court, a 

social worker, or probation officer knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is 

involved."

3. Relevant case law

In In re Hunter W. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1454, 1465 (Hunter W.), a mother in a 

dependency proceeding contended that the trial court erred in "finding that the ICWA did 

not apply . . . and by not requiring [a county welfare department] to make an adequate 

inquiry into Hunter's [the dependent child] possible Indian ancestry." The Hunter W. 

court described the facts pertaining to mother's ICWA claim as follows:

"On July 1, 2009, mother signed [a] . . . form indicating that she may 

have Indian ancestry through her father, William B., and her paternal 

grandmother, Annie Mae B. Mother indicated that her paternal 

grandmother died in Chicago, Illinois, and that her father was born, 

and currently resides, in Chicago. She did not provide any contact 

information for her father. On July 2, 2009, the court addressed 

mother's claim of Indian heritage. Mother stated that she was not 

registered with any tribe. She last had contact with her father 

'probably a year ago' and was not sure that he was her biological 

father. She did not know his address, phone number, or date of 

birth." (Hunter W., supra, at p. 1467.)

The trial court in Hunter W. found that it had no reason to know Hunter was an 

American Indian child. On appeal, mother contended that "she provided 'information 

suggesting . . . the child's biological parents, grandparents, or great-grandparents are or 

were a member of a tribe.' " (Hunter W., supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at p. 1467, quoting 

§ 224.3, subd. (b)(1).) The Hunter W. court rejected this claim, reasoning in part:

"Here, mother indicated she may have Indian heritage through her 

father and deceased paternal grandmother. She could not identify 

the particular tribe or nation and did not know of any relative who 
10

was a member of a tribe. She did not provide contact information 

for her father and did not mention any other relative who could 

reveal more information. Mother argues that [the county welfare 

department] could have questioned her remaining relatives for more 

information, but this does not address the issue of whether the 

information mother provided was sufficient to trigger this duty. 

Mother offers no authority in support of her position that the court 

erred in finding her information too speculative to trigger ICWA. 

Specifically, she cites no authority in which the court found 

sufficient information to trigger ICWA when the parent could not 

even identify the tribe the family may have had connections to." 

(Hunter W., supra, at p. 1468.)

The Hunter W. court concluded that the trial court had properly ruled that "mother's claim 

of Indian heritage through her father was too speculative to begin with," and that the trial 

court was correct in stating, " '[T]he court does not believe that family lore . . . is reason 

to know a child would fall under [ICWA].' " (Id. at p. 1469.)

In In re O.K. (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 152 (O.K.), at a section 366.26 hearing, the 

juvenile court stated, " 'There are references concerning the [ICWA], but there doesn't 

appear that there is a parent who is either enrolled or eligible for enrollment.' " The court 

then inquired, " '[I]s that correct?' " (O.K., supra, at p. 155.) On appeal, the O.K. court 

noted that the dependent children's grandmother, who was present at the hearing, replied 

that the children's father might have American Indian ancestry:

"The paternal grandmother, who was present at the hearing, replied, 

'I'm not understanding that too well, but the boy—the young man 

may have Indian in him. I don't know my family history that much, 

but where were [sic] from it is that section so I don't know about 

checking that.' The paternal grandmother said she was not an 

enrolled member, she did not know whether she or the father was 

eligible for membership and she was not able to identify a particular 

tribe or nation." (Ibid.)
11

Notwithstanding these statements, the juvenile court found that "there was no 

reason to believe the children were Indian children." (O.K., supra, 106 Cal.App.4th at p. 

155.)

On appeal, "[a]ppellants claim[ed] that the information provided by the paternal 

grandmother was sufficient to give the juvenile court reason to believe that the minors 

might be Indian children because it came from a 'close relative.' " (O.K., supra, 106 

Cal.App.4th at p. 157.) In analyzing this claim, the O.K. court acknowledged, "[W]e can 

certainly envision circumstances under which information from a close relative 

concerning a child's Indian ancestry would be sufficient to trigger the notice requirements 

of the ICWA." (Ibid.) However, the O.K. court "conclude[d] with little difficulty that 

such is not the situation here." The court reasoned:

"[T]he information [the paternal grandmother] provided was 

insufficient to give the court reason to believe that the minors might 

be Indian children. The information provided by the paternal 

grandmother that the father 'may have Indian in him' was not based 

on any known Indian ancestors but on the nebulous assertion that 

'where were [sic] from is that section . . . .' This information was too 

vague and speculative to give the juvenile court any reason to 

believe the minors might be Indian children." (Ibid.)

In In re Jeremiah G. (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1514, 1516 (Jeremiah G.), the court 

reaffirmed the holding in O.K., stating:

"We publish this opinion to emphasize, again, what we thought that 

our court made clear in . . . O.K.[, supra, 106 Cal.App.4th 152]. In a 

juvenile dependency proceeding, a claim that a parent, and thus the 

child, 'may' have Native American heritage is insufficient to trigger 

ICWA notice requirements if the claim is not accompanied by other 

information that would reasonably suggest the minor has Indian 

ancestry."
12

The Jeremiah G. court stated further that a father's "assertion that there was a 

'possibility' the great-grandfather of the minor's father 'was Indian,' without more, was too 

vague and speculative to require ICWA notice to the Bureau of Indian Affairs."

(Jerimiah G., supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at p. 1516.)

In In re J.D. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 118, 125 (J.D.), the dependent children's 

paternal grandmother told a child welfare agency, " 'I can't say what tribe it is and I don't 

have any living relatives to provide any additional information. I was a little kid when 

my grandmother told me about our Native American ancestry but I just don't know which 

tribe it was.' " Notwithstanding this statement, the trial court found that "it had no reason 

to know that [the dependent child] would fall under ICWA." (Id. at p. 123.) In affirming 

the trial court, the J.D. court concluded that the information from the grandmother was 

"too vague, attenuated and speculative to give the dependency court any reason to believe 

the children might be Indian children." (Id. at p. 125.)

B. Application

In this case, K.B. indicated on a "Parental Notification of Indian Status" form that 

she was "not sure" whether she had Indian ancestry, and her counsel stated in court that 

K.B. had "repeatedly been told by family members that she might have some American 

Indian heritage." However, K.B.'s counsel also stated that K.B. had no "more specific 

information to provide" concerning her possible American Indian ancestry and explained 

that K.B. did not know which relatives might have such ancestry. Counsel also stated 
13

that it was a "somewhat general or vague reference" that had "caused [K.B.] to be 

interested in pursuing further information."10

Thus, K.B. did not know whether she had American Indian heritage of any kind, 

did not know the names of the relatives who might have had such heritage, and had heard 

only a "general or vague" reference to possible heritage. Such " 'family lore,' " (Hunter 

W., supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at p. 1469) of possible American Indian heritage does not 

trigger a social worker's duty to conduct a "further inquiry" (§ 224.3, subd. (c)) into a 

child's possible Indian ancestry. (Hunter W., supra, at pp. 1468–1469; compare with 

Michael V., supra, 3 Cal.App.5th at p. 235 [concluding county welfare department's 

inquiry into mother's possible American Indian heritage was inadequate in light of 

mother's statement she had been told by a social worker that her mother was a "fullblooded Indian"].) Further, vague statements suggesting that a child " 'may' have Native 

American heritage [are] insufficient to trigger ICWA notice requirements." (Jeremiah 

G., supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at p. 1516, italics added.)

In her opening brief, K.B. relies principally on this court's decision In re Damian 

C. (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 192 (Damian C.). In Damian C., this court described the 

possible American Indian ancestry of the family as follows:

"[Mother] submitted a 'Parental Notification of Indian Status,' . . . 

form . . . , stating she may have Indian ancestry as follows: 'Pasqua 

Yaqui—enrollment is currently closed' and 'M[aternal] G[rand] 

 

10 K.B.'s counsel also stated her belief that "in the previous dependency there was a 

finding that [ICWA] did not apply." The clerk's transcript indicates that counsel was 

correct. In a prior dependency involving Jc.L., the juvenile court found that ICWA did 

not apply.
14

F[ather] Felipe Manuel C[.] is descended from tribe.' [¶] The social 

worker reported the Agency's ICWA noticing specialist 

subsequently interviewed the maternal grandfather, Manuel C., and 

asked the same questions the social worker had asked earlier.[11] 

Manuel C. answered 'no' to each question. He stated he had heard 

his father, Felipe C., was either Yaqui or Navajo Indian, but later 

was informed the family did not have Indian heritage. He said he 

did not know to which Yaqui or Navajo tribe or band the family may 

be related or where the tribe or band may be located. He understood 

the family had been trying to research its possible Indian heritage, 

but they kept hitting dead ends because they did not have enough 

information. He further stated Felipe C. lives in Temecula, 

California, but he is not in contact with Felipe C. and does not know 

his address or telephone number." (Id. at pp. 195–196, fn. omitted.)

The Damian C. court noted that the trial court, after confirming that a social worker had 

spoken directly with Manual C. about the family's possible American Indian heritage, 

found that ICWA did not apply. (Damian C., supra, at p. 196.)

In vacating the trial court's determination that ICWA did not apply, the Damian C.

court concluded that the county welfare department had reason to know that the 

dependent minor was an American Indian child. (Damian C., supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at 

 

11 The questions were:

" '[1.] Has anyone in the family ever lived on a reservation?

" '[2.] Has anyone in the family ever received any financial, medical 

or educational assistance from a tribe?

" '[3.] Does anyone in the family speak the Native American Indian 

language?

" '[4.] Is anyone active in tribal activities such as tribal council 

meetings, religious rituals or pow-wows?

" '[5.] Is any family member a member of a tribe or an enrolled 

member in a tribe?' " (Damian C., supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at p. 

195.)

In a footnote omitted from the quotation, the Damian C. court noted that, in 

speaking with Manual C., "[t]he ICWA noticing specialist substituted for the fourth 

question, 'Are you or anyone active in tribal activities? (i.e. religious ceremonies or 

political activities.)' " (Damian C., supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at p. 195, fn. 1.)
15

p. 199.) The Damian C. court reasoned that the minor's mother had identified both a 

specific relative and a specific tribe through which such ancestry might flow, and the 

mother's grandfather stated that he had "heard his father . . .was Yaqui or Navajo."

(Ibid.) In contrast, as noted previously, K.B. was unable to identify a specific tribe or 

any relative through which American Indian ancestry in her family might flow, and there 

is no other evidence in the record of such ancestry. In short, the record of Indian ancestry 

in this case is much closer to that in Hunter W. than it is to that in Damian C.

K.B. also argues that the Agency "abdicate[d] its responsibility by placing the 

burden on [her] to provide further information." We disagree. For the reasons discussed 

above, the Agency's duty to pursue "further inquiry" under section 224.3, subdivision (c) 

was not triggered. (§ 224.3, subd. (c) ["If the court [or] social worker . . . knows or has 

reason to know that an Indian child is involved, the social worker . . . is required to make 

further inquiry regarding the possible Indian status of the child" (italics added)].) 

Further, the trial court properly admonished K.B. to inform the Agency or the court if she 

obtained "clarifying information," of any possible American Indian ancestry, since such 

additional information would have the potential to trigger the Agency's inquiry and 

noticing duties.

Finally, in her reply brief, K.B. cites In re Andrew S. (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 536 

(Andrew S.) as supporting her contention that the Agency failed to satisfy its duty of 

inquiry. In Andrew S., the mother of the dependent children filled out a form indicating 

that the children had no American Indian ancestry as far as she knew. (Id. at p. 545.) A 

few days later, prior to anyone from the county welfare department speaking to the 
16

children's presumed father, the trial court found that it had no reason to know that the

children were American Indian children under ICWA. (Andrew S., supra, at p. 545.) 

Thereafter, the presumed father of the minor children "indicated [to a social worker] he 

might have Indian ancestry on his father's side but could not identify a tribe and said he 

had no further information." (Id. at p. 540.) The presumed father also told the social 

worker that he had seven siblings. (Ibid.) Notwithstanding this new information, the trial 

court did not revisit the ICWA issue. (Andrew S., at pp. 545–546.)

In his opening brief on appeal, the presumed father "argued his statement to the 

social worker that he may have Indian ancestry was sufficient to trigger ICWA's notice 

requirement." (Andrew S., supra, 2 Cal.App.5th at p. 546.) However, the presumed 

father later withdrew this claim "in light of the parties' agreement as to [a different] error 

in the juvenile court's jurisdiction finding and removal order." (Id. at p. 547.) The 

Andrew S. court accepted the presumed father's withdrawal of the ICWA notice claim 

"but direct[ed] the juvenile court on remand to reconsider its decision that ICWA does 

not apply in this case." (Andrew S., at p. 547.) The Andrew S. court further stated:

"[T]he burden of developing . . . information [pertaining to the 

presumed father's American Indian ancestry] is not properly placed 

on [the presumed father] alone. Section 224.3, subdivision (a), 

imposes on child protection agencies, as well as the juvenile court, 

the affirmative and continuing duty to inquire whether a dependent 

child is or may be an Indian child. [Citations.] As soon as 

practicable, the social worker is required to interview the child's 

parents, extended family members, the Indian custodian, if any, and 

any other person who can reasonably be expected to have 

information concerning the child's membership status or eligibility. 

(§ 224.3, subd. (c); In re Shane G. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 1532, 

1539; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a)(4).) From the record 

presented to us, it appears the [county welfare department] and the 
17

juvenile court failed to satisfy that duty; neither the court nor the 

[county welfare department] made any effort to develop additional 

information that might substantiate [the presumed father's] belief he 

may have Indian ancestry by contacting his siblings or other 

extended family members. Both federal and state law require more 

than has been done to date. On remand, an adequate investigation 

by the [county welfare department] with a full report to the court 

must be promptly completed." (Id. at pp. 547–548.)

To the extent that the Andrew S. court intended to suggest that the father's 

statement that he "might have Indian ancestry on his father's side," (Andrew S., supra, 2 

Cal.App.5th at p. 540) was sufficient to trigger the county welfare department's duty to 

conduct a "further inquiry" under section 224.3, subdivision (c), the court did not explain 

its reasoning. (See § 224.3, subd. (c) ["If the court, social worker, or probation officer 

knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved, the social worker or 

probation officer is required to make further inquiry"].) The Andrew S. court did not 

discuss Hunter W. or any of the other case law discussed in part III.A.3, ante, nor did the 

court explain why the presumed father's equivocal and vague statement that he "might 

have Indian ancestry on his father's side" (Andrew S., supra, at p. 540.) constituted 

"information suggesting that the child is an Indian child." (In re Shane G., supra, 166 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1538; § 224.3, subd. (b) [stating that "[t]he circumstances that may 

provide reason to know the child is an Indian child include . . . (1) A person having an 

interest in the child . . . suggesting the child is a member of a tribe or eligible for 

membership in a tribe"].) In any event, even the minimal information that the presumed 

father provided in Andrew S., exceeded that which K.B provided. In Andrew S., the 

presumed father stated that his potential American Indian ancestry stemmed from his 
18

"father's side" (Andrew S., at p. 540), whereas K.B.'s counsel indicated that she did not 

"know what relative [her potential American Indian ancestry] would be through." For 

these reasons, we conclude that Andrew S. does not compel reversal in this case.

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court properly determined that the Agency 

did not violate ICWA's inquiry and notice provisions.

IV.

DISPOSITION

The judgment terminating K.B.'s parental rights is affirmed.

AARON, J.

WE CONCUR:

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

O'ROURKE, J.
Filed 4/12/17

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re J. L. et al., Persons Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND 

HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

K.B.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 D070826

 (Super. Ct. No. NJ14573AB)

 ORDER GRANTING PUBLICATION

THE COURT:

The opinion in this case filed April 5, 2017 was not certified for publication. It

appearing the opinion meets the standards for publication specified in California Rules of

Court, rule 8.1105(c), the request pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1120(a) 

for publication is GRANTED.

IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED that the opinion meets the standards for publication

specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c); and
2

ORDERED that the words "Not to Be Published in the Official Reports" appearing 

on page 1 of said opinion be deleted and the opinion herein be published in the Official 

Reports.

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.

Copies to: All parties