NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

ELIZABETH FRANCIS MARSH, a/k/a )

ELIZABETH FRANCES MARSH, )

)

 Appellant, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D16-3542

)

STATE OF FLORIDA, )

)

 Appellee. )

___________________________________)

Opinion filed April 6, 2018.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Polk

County; J. Dale Durrance and J. Kevin

Abdoney, Judges.

Michael Ufferman of Michael Ufferman Law 

Firm, P.A., Tallahassee, for Appellant.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,

Tallahassee, and Peter Koclanes, 

Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, 

for Appellee.

SILBERMAN, Judge.

Elizabeth Marsh rear-ended another vehicle while under the influence of 

illegal substances causing serious bodily injury to two of its passengers. As to each 

passenger she was convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) with serious bodily 

injury and driving while license suspended (DWLS) with serious bodily injury. We 
- 2 -

conclude that the dual convictions as to each victim based on the serious bodily injury 

arising from one act violate the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy. We 

therefore affirm the convictions for DUI causing serious bodily injury but reverse the 

convictions for DWLS causing serious bodily injury and remand with directions to enter 

convictions for two counts of DWLS. 

Marsh entered an open, no contest plea to the above third-degree felony 

charges and to the second-degree misdemeanor charge of failure to carry adequate 

liability insurance. The trial court imposed consecutive five-year sentences for each 

felony count and sentenced Marsh to time-served for the misdemeanor count. Marsh 

raises two issues on appeal. First, she argues that the trial court erred by failing to 

award her sufficient jail credit. We find no merit in this argument and reject it without 

further comment. It is Marsh's second argument concerning double jeopardy that 

warrants discussion. 

Preliminarily, we note that Marsh did not waive a double jeopardy 

challenge by entering a plea because the plea was a general plea, as opposed to a plea 

bargain. See Novaton v. State, 634 So. 2d 607, 609 (Fla. 1994). On the merits, this 

case is controlled by our decision in Kelly v. State, 987 So. 2d 1237, 1238 (Fla. 2d DCA 

2008), in which this court addressed a double jeopardy challenge to dual convictions for 

DUI with serious bodily injury and driving without a valid license with serious bodily 

injury, both convictions being based on the same injury. 

In Kelly, the defendant argued that the convictions were impermissible 

because they punished the defendant twice for causing injury to a single victim by one 

act. Id. This court agreed based on the longstanding double jeopardy principle applied 
- 3 -

in State v. Cooper, 634 So. 2d 1074 (Fla. 1994), and State v. Chapman, 625 So. 2d 838 

(Fla. 1993), precluding dual convictions for the single death of a victim that occurred as 

a result of one act of operating a vehicle while under the influence. Kelly, 987 So. 2d at 

1238-39. This court noted that this principle had been applied in Cooper to determine 

that convictions for both DUI manslaughter and DWLS causing death were 

impermissible. Kelly, 987 So. 2d at 1238 (citing Cooper, 634 So. 2d at 1075). 

This court found the Kelly defendant's dual convictions for DUI causing 

serious bodily injury and driving without a valid license causing serious bodily injury 

were analogous to those in Cooper in that they imposed two penalties for causing 

serious injury to a single victim by one act of operating a vehicle while under the 

influence. Id. at 1239. Thus, the dual convictions violated the defendant's double 

jeopardy rights. Id. 

In this case, the defendant was convicted of DUI causing serious bodily 

injury and DWLS causing serious bodily injury. As in Kelly, her convictions were 

enhanced for causing serious injury to a victim as the result of the defendant's single act 

of operating her vehicle. Thus, Marsh's convictions for both offenses for each victim 

violate the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy.

The State asserts that Kelly was erroneously decided because it 

improperly extended the rule precluding dual punishment for a single homicide to dual 

punishment for a single injury. In support of its argument, the State relies on the Fifth 

District's decision in Lott v. State, 74 So. 3d 556, 559-60 (Fla. 5th DCA 2011), in which 

the court determined that convictions for both reckless driving and DWLS that were 
- 4 -

enhanced for causing serious bodily injury to the same victim did not place the 

defendant in double jeopardy. 

In so doing, the Fifth District rejected the defendant's argument that dual 

convictions were impermissible under Cooper and Chapman as interpreted in Kelly 

because they imposed dual penalties for causing serious bodily injury to only one victim 

during a single act. Lott, 74 So. 3d at 559-60. The court found no legal support "to 

extend the reasoning from Cooper and Chapman, both of which involved a single 

homicide, to the instant case where a single serious injury occurred." Lott, 74 So. 3d at 

559. 

We remain unconvinced that Kelly was wrongly decided. The rule set 

forth in Cooper and Chapman is referred to as the "single homicide rule." See 

McCullough v. State, 230 So. 3d 586 (Fla. 2d DCA 2017). The rule, which is based on 

the premise "that the legislature did not intend to punish a single homicide under two 

different statutes," applies even in circumstances where the double jeopardy analysis 

set forth in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932), may not grant relief. 

McCullough, 230 So. 3d at 591 (quoting Houser v. State, 474 So. 2d 1193, 1197 (Fla. 

1985)). 

The single homicide rule was first adopted by the supreme court in Houser 

to preclude dual convictions for DWI manslaughter and vehicular homicide based on a 

single death. Id. The Houser court recognized that the two crimes passed muster 

under Blockburger, but it explained that "Blockburger and its statutory equivalent in 

section 775.024(1), Fla. Stat. (1983), are only tools of statutory interpretation which 

cannot contravene the contrary intent of the legislature." Houser, 474 So. 2d at 1196. 
- 5 -

Because "Florida courts have repeatedly recognized that the legislature did not intend to 

punish a single homicide under two different statutes," these dual convictions were 

impermissible regardless of whether the offenses satisfy the Blockburger test. Id. at 

1197.

The single homicide rule "is based on notions of fundamental fairness 

which recognize the inequity that inheres in multiple punishments for a singular killing." 

Gordon v. State, 780 So. 2d 17, 25 (Fla. 2001), receded from on other grounds by 

Valdes v. State, 3 So. 3d 1067 (Fla. 2009). "[P]hysical injury and physical injury causing 

death, merge into one and it is rationally defensible to conclude that the legislature did 

not intend to impose cumulative punishments." Id. (quoting Carawan v. State, 515 So. 

2d 161, 173 (Fla. 1987) (Shaw, J., dissenting)). Although there was no death in 

Gordon, the supreme court determined that "the logical extension of" the single 

homicide rule precludes dual convictions based on a single attempted homicide. Id. 

In Kelly, this court applied the same principle to preclude enhancements to 

dual convictions for single acts of operating a vehicle that cause serious bodily injury to 

another. The "notions of fundamental fairness which recognize the inequity that inheres 

in multiple punishments for a singular killing," Gordon, 780 So. 2d at 25, and a singular 

attempted killing, see id., apply with equal force to multiple punishments for a singular 

serious bodily injury committed during a single act. 

This principle is reinforced by a comparison of the facts of Cooper with 

those in this case. In Cooper, the supreme court applied the single homicide rule to 

hold that dual convictions for DUI manslaughter and DWLS causing death violate 

double jeopardy when there is only a single death. 634 So. 2d at 1075. The defendant 
- 6 -

had rear-ended a vehicle while driving under the influence, and the crash had caused 

the death of its passenger. Cooper v. State, 621 So. 2d 729, 730 (Fla. 5th DCA 1993), 

approved, 634 So. 2d 1074 (Fla. 1994). The supreme court determined that the 

defendant could be convicted of both DUI manslaughter and DWLS as long as the latter 

charge was not enhanced for causing death as provided in section 322.34(3), Florida 

Statutes (1991). Cooper, 634 So. 2d at 1075. 

In this case, Marsh was convicted of DUI with serious bodily injury and 

DWLS causing serious bodily injury for rear-ending a vehicle while driving under the 

influence and causing serious bodily injury to two of its passengers. Marsh's 

convictions for DWLS causing serious bodily injury were actually enhanced by a later 

version of the same enhancement statute in Cooper. See § 322.34(6), Fla. Stat. (2014). 

Both versions provide for enhancement when the defendant "causes the death of or 

serious bodily injury to another." § 322.34(3), Fla. Stat. (1991) (emphasis added); § 

322.34(6), Fla. Stat. (2014) (emphasis added). 

The fact that Marsh did not kill the victims in the vehicle she rear-ended 

does not distinguish this case from Cooper in any meaningful way. If enhancement of 

the Cooper defendant's charge for DWLS was improperly cumulative, then 

enhancement of Marsh's charge for DWLS was likewise improperly cumulative. Thus, 

the Kelly court properly relied upon Cooper and Chapman to conclude that convictions 

for DUI causing serious bodily injury and driving without a valid license causing serious 

bodily injury to the same victim placed the defendant in double jeopardy. 

In conclusion, we reject the State's assertion that Kelly improperly 

extended the rule precluding dual punishment for a single homicide to precluding dual 
- 7 -

punishment for a single injury. And for the reasons set forth in Kelly, Marsh's dual 

enhancements for causing serious bodily injury for each victim violate the constitutional 

prohibition against double jeopardy. Thus, we affirm Marsh's convictions for two counts 

of DUI causing serious bodily injury but reverse the convictions for two counts of DWLS 

causing serious bodily injury and remand with directions to enter convictions for two 

counts of DWLS. 

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions. 

CRENSHAW and MORRIS, JJ., Concur.