In the United States Court of Federal Claims

INSIGHT PUBLIC SECTOR, INC.,

Plaintiff,

 v.

THE UNITED STATES,

Defendant,

 and

DELL MARKETING L.P.,

Intervenor-Defendant.

No. 21-cv-1755

Filed Under Seal: July 25, 2022

Publication: August 1, 20221

Kyle R. Jefcoat, Latham & Watkins LLP, Washington, District of Columbia for Plaintiff. With 

him on the briefs are David R. Hazelton and Julia A.C. Lippman, Latham & Watkins LLP, 

Washington, District of Columbia.

William P. Rayel, United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, District of 

Columbia for Defendant. With him on the briefs are Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant 

Attorney General, Civil Division; Patricia M. McCarthy, Director, Commercial Litigation; Martin 

F. Hockey, Jr., Acting Director, Commercial Litigation; Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant Director, 

Commercial Litigation; Tracey Ferguson, Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific; and Stephen 

T. O’Neal, General Services Administration. 

Craig A. Holman, Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington, District of Columbia for 

Intervenor-Defendant. With him on the briefs are Amanda J. Sherwood and Aime JH Joo, Arnold 

& Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington, District of Columbia.

1 This Memorandum and Order was filed under seal in accordance with the Protective Order 

entered in this case (ECF No. 10) and was publicly reissued after incorporating all redactions 

proposed by the parties. (ECF No. 117.) The sealed and public versions of this Memorandum and 

Order are otherwise identical, except for the publication date and this footnote.
2

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

Modern enterprises annually invest significant funds on information technology. The 

United States Government is no exception. Over the next 5 years, the U.S. Department of the 

Navy (Navy) plans to spend more than $2.5 billion on the procurement of Microsoft products and 

services alone. The Navy will obtain such products and services from a Microsoft reseller it 

selected through a competitive bidding process. Initially, the Navy awarded this lucrative contract 

to Insight Public Sector, Inc. (Insight), which offered a cheaper price than its competitor, Dell 

Marketing L.P. (Dell Marketing). Shortly after making the award, however, the Navy learned that 

Insight was only able to offer its lower price because it left several required items unpriced in its 

proposal, while Dell Marketing had priced those same items. The Navy vacated its initial award 

and equalized the competition by requiring Dell Marketing and Insight to submit revised proposals 

with all required items priced. After evaluating the revised proposals, the Navy selected Dell 

Marketing for the award based on Dell Marketing’s significantly lower price. Insight now protests 

the Navy’s award of the contract to Dell Marketing. 

In its post-award bid protest, Insight alleges that several aspects of the procurement 

rendered the Navy’s award to Dell Marketing arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to law, and 

accordingly urges this Court to vacate the award. Insight contends in its Complaint that (1) the 

Navy failed to review or evaluate whether Dell Marketing had the requisite products on its federal 

supply schedule; (2) Dell Marketing did not propose a valid Contractor Teaming Arrangement; (3) 

the Navy failed to investigate an alleged violation of the Procurement Integrity Act; (4) the Navy 

improperly evaluated past performance; (5) the Navy applied the wrong standard for its best value 

decision; and (6) the Navy unlawfully favored Dell Marketing. See Plaintiff’s Complaint (ECF 

No. 1) (Compl.) ¶¶ 117-18, 130-31, 138, 150. Following an initial round of motions for judgment 
3

on the administrative record based on five of those allegations,2 the Court remanded this action to 

the Navy to conduct a Procurement Integrity Act (PIA) violation investigation and reserved ruling 

on the remaining issues. See December 9, 2021 Memorandum and Order on Motions for Judgment 

on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 56) (Remand Order).3

 

In a supplemental round of motions for judgment on the administrative record, the parties 

revived some arguments and raised new arguments in response to the Navy’s PIA violation 

investigation. See Plaintiff’s First Supplemental Motion for Judgment on the Administrative 

Record (ECF No. 77) (Pl.’s SMJAR); Defendant’s Supplemental Cross-Motion for Judgment on 

the Administrative Record (ECF No. 78) (Def.’s Suppl. Cross-MJAR); Intervenor-Defendant’s 

Supplemental Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 79) (Int.-Def.’s 

Suppl. Cross-MJAR). After reviewing the record and supplemental motions, this Court held that 

the Navy failed to fully investigate the alleged PIA allegation as directed by the Court; the Court 

remanded this action again, directing the Navy to complete its investigation and fully comply with 

this Court’s December 9, 2021 Memorandum and Order. See April 25, 2022 Order on 

Supplemental Motions for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 96) (Second Remand 

Order). After the Navy issued its Supplemental PIA Report, concluding no violation had occurred, 

Insight filed a second supplemental motion for judgment on the administrative record. See

Addendum to Contracting Officer’s Assessment of Potential Procurement Integrity Act Violation, 

2 While Insight’s Complaint alleged that the Navy applied the wrong standard for its best value 

determination, it did not pursue this claim in its Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record 

(MJAR). See generally Plaintiff’s Memorandum in Support of its MJAR (ECF No. 34).

3 Prior to filing its MJAR, Plaintiff also filed a Motion to Complete the Administrative Record 

(ECF No. 26), which this Court denied. See Order Denying Motion to Complete the 

Administrative Record (ECF No. 32); Transcript of Oral Argument dated September 23, 2021

(ECF No. 55); see also December 9, 2021 Memorandum and Order on Motion to Complete the 

Administrative Record (ECF No. 57); infra Background Section V.
4

and Impact under 48 CFR § 3.104-7, dated 21 January 2022 (ECF No. 98-1) (Supplemental PIA 

Report); Plaintiff’s Second Supplemental Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record 

(ECF No. 103) (P1.’s Second SMJAR). Defendants responded in opposition and renewed their 

cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record. See Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff’s 

Second Supplemental Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 105) (Def.’s 

Resp. to P1.’s Second SMJAR); Intervenor-Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff’s Second 

Supplemental Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 104) (Int.-Def.’s 

Resp. to P1.’s Second SMJAR). 

Having considered the parties arguments advanced in over 360 pages of briefing and during 

more than four hours of oral argument, this Court rules in favor of the Defendant and IntervenorDefendant. Accordingly, as reflected on the record and in this Court’s May 10, 2022 Order,4 and 

as more fully explained below, the remaining portions of Plaintiff’s MJAR,5 Plaintiff’s SMJAR, 

and Plaintiff’s Second SMJAR are DENIED. The remaining portions of Defendant’s CrossMJAR, Defendant’s Supplemental Cross-MJAR, Intervenor-Defendant’s Cross-MJAR, and 

Intervenor-Defendant’s Supplemental Cross-MJAR are GRANTED. See May 10, 2022 Order 

Denying Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 106) (May 10 

4 The Navy explained that it required an expedited ruling and clarity regarding injunctive relief, as 

it required Microsoft software licenses in place by June 1, 2022. See Defendant’s Response to 

Plaintiff’s Motion for Opportunity to Brief (ECF No. 101) at 6. To accommodate that need, the 

Court proposed providing the parties with an oral ruling on the record as soon as possible after all 

briefing concluded. See Transcript of Oral Argument dated April 8, 2022 (ECF No. 95) (Apr. 8 

Tr.) at 82:8-20. Additionally, the Court proposed entering judgment upon publishing a more 

detailed, written Memorandum and Order on all pending issues. See id. at 82:8-83:2. All parties 

consented to this procedure. Id. at 83:4-17. 

5 On December 9, 2021, the Court denied as untimely Insight’s claim that the Navy violated the 

PIA upon notifying Dell Marketing of an award suspension due to Insight’s failure to price four 

promotional Contract Line Item Numbers (CLINs). Remand Order at 25-26. 
5

Order) at 1; Transcript of Oral Argument dated May 10, 2022 (ECF No. 108) (May 10 Tr.) at 5:16-

6:2. Further, as noted on the record and in this Court’s May 10, 2022 Order, Defendant United 

States, which includes the Navy, is authorized to immediately proceed with its award to Dell 

Marketing. See May 10 Order at 2; May 10 Tr. at 6:2-4.

BACKGROUND6

I. Original RFQ & Pre-Award Amendments

Navy Solicitation No. N66001-21-Q-0082 (RFQ or Solicitation) stands at the center of this 

protest. Compl. ¶ 1. It provides for the award of a Blanket Purchase Agreement (BPA) for the 

exclusive provision of Microsoft software licenses, software maintenance, and user-based 

subscriptions for a one-year base ordering period with four one-year options. See Tab 3.1 

(Excerpts from Original Request for Quotations (RFQ), dated March 17, 2021) at AR 8-9. The 

BPA is awarded against an underlying General Services Administration (GSA) Federal Supply 

Schedule (FSS) contract. Id. While the Navy will be the first Department of Defense (DoD) entity 

to use the BPA, it is expected that other DoD entities will join the BPA as their respective 

enterprise agreements for Microsoft products expire. Id. at AR 10 (“The Government estimates, 

but does not guarantee, that the volume of purchases through this BPA will be $3.4 billion.”),

AR 31. 

To be eligible for the BPA award, offerors, which the RFQ calls “Resellers,” were required 

to “meet all [of] the Reseller criteria.” Id. at AR 31. Among other requirements, the RFQ mandates 

that offerors (i) have a GSA FSS contract that will cover the BPA’s duration, (ii) “be a DoD ESI 

6 This section reflects the Court’s findings of fact, derived from the Administrative Record (AR).

The AR is contained in ECF Nos. 25-2 – 25-5, 47-2 – 47-3, 68, 82-1, and 98-1 – 98-2. Documents 

within the Administrative Record are divided into “Tabs.” An index of Tabs comprising the 

Administrative Record may be found at ECF Nos. 25-1 and 68.
6

BPA Holder for Microsoft Products and Azure Services,” (iii) “have a Facility Clearance at the 

Secret level,” (iv) have the Microsoft products on the Reseller’s GSA FSS contract,7 and (v) 

include pricing and/or discount percentages for each required product. Id. at AR 32. Notably, the 

RFQ originally required the reseller, and not a teaming partner, to have an active GSA FSS contract 

for the duration of the BPA. Id. 

The day after the deadline for submitting questions to the Navy regarding the RFQ, Dell 

Technologies Inc. — Dell Marketing’s parent company — submitted correspondence to the Navy 

explaining that it would prefer to submit a quote through Dell Federal Systems L.P. (Dell Federal), 

but that Dell Federal was not qualified for the competition. See Tab 3.6 (E-mail Chain regarding 

Dell Teaming Request, dated March 26-31, 2021) at AR 132-33. Dell explained that it could not 

submit a bid under the RFQ’s terms at that time because Dell Federal’s GSA FSS contract would 

expire on September 19, 2024 — before the end of the BPA to be awarded in this procurement —

and “the Navy has not included GSA Federal Supply Schedule Succession language.” Id. at AR 

132. Dell offered two possible solutions that would allow its entities to compete “in an already 

limited field of Microsoft Licensing Solution Providers (LSP) capable of managing an agreement 

of this size.” Id. First, it suggested adding succession language in the RFQ that would allow, in 

the event a current GSA FSS contract is replaced with a new GSA FSS contract, the BPA to 

transfer from the expired GSA FSS contract “to the new [GSA FSS] contract to the extent the new 

schedule contract includes the same or substantially the same scope and items as the canceled or 

7 The Microsoft products and services listed under the BPA are distributed across several hundred 

CLINs. See Tab 3.1 at AR 37-42. While the value of each CLIN varies, approximately 19 highvalue CLINs each contribute $20 million or more to the BPA’s total value. See Tab 7.1 (Additional 

E-mails between the Navy and Dell regarding Dell’s Quote, dated May 4-6, 2021) at AR 3352-54 

(CLINs x100, x101, x102, x104, x105, x106, x120, x407, x 453, x497, x511, x729, x744, x746, 

x761, x765, x768, x781, and x784).
7

expired GSA contract.” Id. Alternatively, Dell suggested that the Navy permit use of Contractor 

Teaming Arrangement (CTA) to pair Dell Federal’s security clearance with Dell Marketing’s GSA 

FSS contract, which does not expire until November 2035, and would extend throughout the 

duration of the BPA. Id. at 133. 

In response, the Navy indicated that it would amend the RFQ to permit CTAs and that it 

would extend the deadline for submission of quotes. Id. at AR 137. This amendment was handled 

outside of the official question-and-answer process, and the questions and answers that the Navy 

published after the question-and-answer period ended did not reference either the communications 

with Dell or teaming arrangements. See Tab 42 (Insight Comments on Agency Report, dated July 

16, 2021) at AR 4806-07. 

The amended RFQ included the following eligibility requirements:

a. Reseller must have a current General Services Administration (GSA) Federal 

Supply Schedule (FSS) contract that covers the duration of the resultant Agreement.

. . . 

c. Reseller/Teaming Partner must be a DoD ESI BPA Holder for Microsoft 

Products and Azure Services.

. . . 

e. Reseller/Teaming Partner must have a Facility Clearance at the Secret level. If 

the Reseller/ Teaming Partner does not have a Facility Clearance at the Secret level, 

they must obtain it within 120 days of contract award.

f. All Microsoft products listed under Attachment #2 – BPA Product and Price List 

must be on the Reseller’s FSS contract. Resellers will not be precluded from award 

in the event a product is not available on the respective GSA Schedule contract 

provided an appropriate explanation is given in the ‘Vendors Comments’ column 

of Attachment #2.

. . . 

h. Reseller/Teaming Partner must submit 2 contract references of similar size and 

scope that were performed within the past 5 years (see Section 5 below for 

definition of similar size and scope). Please provide the POC/references 
8

(Contracting Officer or Contracting Officer’s Representative) for each contract 

reference. Our office will contact each reference and submit a questionnaire 

regarding the Reseller/Teaming Partner’s performance. The questionnaire 

responses will be evaluated in addition to the Vendor’s CPARS ratings.

Tab 3.4 (Amendment 3 to RFQ, dated April 1, 2021) at AR 102 (emphases added). While the 

amendment permitted using a teaming partner to satisfy many of the eligibility criteria, the 

Microsoft product list was required to “be on the Reseller’s FSS contract.” Id. (emphasis added). 

Thus, Dell Marketing, as the offeror and proposed reseller under the BPA, was required to have 

the requisite Microsoft products on its own GSA FSS contract – not Dell Federal’s GSA FSS 

contract. 

Specifically, the submission requirements stated that a quote shall include “[e]vidence of 

product inclusion and pricing on GSA schedule (only provide Microsoft product listing and 

pricing).” Id. at AR 104. Another section of the instructions stated that “Resellers shall submit 

evidence of product inclusion on GSA schedule, i.e., a copy of your GSA approved Price List.” 

Id. at AR 101. However, the RFQ did not require submission of the GSA FSS contract itself. See

id. at AR 101-04. 

The RFQ also explained that offerors would “be evaluated based on providing the best 

value to the Government.” Id. at AR 102. Those offerors who satisfied the eligibility requirements 

would be evaluated based on price and past performance. Id. Although price would be considered 

more important than past performance, past performance would increase in importance as the price 

variance between offerors narrowed. Id. The RFQ explained that “[p]rice will be evaluated based 

upon the vendor pricing provided on BPA Attachment 2- BPA Product and Price List at the 

estimated quantities listed.” Id. 

The past performance rating considered the recency and relevance of previous projects. Id. 

at AR 103. The RFQ explained that “[r]ecency will be based on performance within the last 5 
9 

years,” and that “[r]elevance will be evaluated on the size and scope of the referenced award(s) 

being evaluated in comparison to the size and scope of this solicitation’s requirement.” Id. In 

describing “size” and “scope,” the RFQ indicated that “similar size would include Agreements 

valued at approximately $50M or greater per year, and similar scope would include any award that 

is agency/component-wide, multi-agency, or department–wide.” Id. The Navy would then 

consider the previous project as part of the overall performance Confidence assessment rating if 

the project was “both recent and at least somewhat relevant.” Id. The RFQ established the 

following ratings for Relevance and Confidence:

Id. Under this rubric, the RFQ explained “Confidence means the Government’s expectation that 

the vendor will successfully perform the required effort based on the vendor’s recent/relevant 

performance record.” Id. Higher Relevance ratings “will . . . have more influence on the past 

performance confidence assessment than past performance of a lesser relevance.” Id. The 

Solicitation did not include specific definitions for Confidence or Relevance ratings. See id. 

II. Initial Award to Insight 

Two vendors, Insight and Dell Marketing, submitted initial bids on April 6, 2021. See Tab 

4 (Dell Initial Quote, dated April 6, 2021); Tab 5 (Insight Initial Quote, dated April 6, 2021). 

While Insight was the lone contractor on its proposal, Dell Marketing proposed a CTA between 

Dell Marketing and Dell Federal. See Tab 4 at AR 140, 173. Dell Marketing proposed acting as 

the team lead under its GSA FSS contract number GS-35F-059DA and using Dell Federal’s GSA 

FSS contract GS-35F-0884P “to fulfil [sic] any security requirements.” Id. at AR 140. This was 
10

necessary under the CTA because, unlike Dell Federal, Dell Marketing does not have the requisite 

security clearances for this procurement. See Transcript of Oral Argument dated November 17, 

2021 (ECF No. 51) (Nov. 17 Tr.) at 96:18-97:6; see also Tab 3.6 at AR 132-33. 

Both Insight and Dell Marketing submitted the required Attachment #2 – BPA Product and 

Price List, which included their proposed pricing for products on the BPA. Tab 4 at AR 173-80; 

Tab 5 at AR 917-27. Insight included “a Microsoft only GSA [multiple award schedule (MAS)]

pricelist” with its quotation. Tab 5 at AR 917, 929-3277. Dell Marketing similarly provided its 

Microsoft price list in an Excel file identified as a “copy of the Microsoft Products on vendor’s 

GSA MAS Contract and prices.” Tab 4 at AR 173, 182-785. Neither offeror submitted their full 

GSA FSS contract, nor as noted, did the RFQ require offerors to do so.8

 See generally Tab 3.4 at 

AR 101-04; Tabs 4-5. Compare Transcript of Oral Argument, dated September 23, 2021 (ECF 

No. 36) (Sept. 23 Tr.) at 27:17-22 (asserting on behalf of Defendant that “unless Insight only sells 

Microsoft products . . . it didn’t provide its entire GSA Schedule contract”), and id. at 38:6-8 

(asserting on behalf of Intervenor-Defendant that Insight “didn’t provide [its] GSA Schedule 

contract.”), with id. at 47:7-49:5 (Plaintiff failing to rebut Defendants’ contentions that Insight also 

did not submit its GSA FSS contract to the Navy). Insight does not contend, and the 

Administrative Record does not support, that it ever made a pre-award objection to the Navy’s 

process of using offerors’ self-provided Microsoft product and price list as opposed to requiring 

submission of offerors’ full GSA FSS contracts.

8 The Navy had good reason for not requesting offerors’ full GSA FSS contracts: the contracts are 

lengthy and contain lists of products irrelevant to this procurement. For example, the publicly 

available version of Dell’s GSA price list contains several hundred thousand products. See

https://www.gsaadvantage.gov/ref_text/GS35F059DA/GS35F059DA_online.htm (last visited 

June 8, 2022) at 3.
11

After reviewing the initial submissions, the Navy communicated with Insight and Dell to 

obtain additional information and solicit proposal revisions. See Tab 6.1 (Additional E-mails 

between the Navy and Dell regarding Dell’s Quote, dated April 7-8, 2021); Tab 6.2 (E-mails 

between the Navy and Insight regarding Insight’s Quote, dated April 7, 2021). The Navy asked 

both parties to make certain representations regarding FAR 52.204-24 (Representation Regarding 

Certain Telecommunications and Video Surveillance Services or Equipment) and DFARS 

252.239-7009 (Representation of Use of Cloud Computing), both of which were required by the 

RFQ. See Tabs 6.1 at AR 3279; 6.2 at AR 3328; see also Tab 3.1 at AR 29-30 (incorporating FAR 

52.204-24 and DFARS 252.239-7009 into the BPA by reference). The Navy further asked Dell 

Marketing to provide details of its proposed teaming arrangement with Dell Federal. See Tab 6.1 

at AR 3279-80. The Navy gave both parties until April 7, 2021 to provide the supplemental 

information. Id. at AR 3289-306; Tab 6.2 at AR 3328. 

Dell Marketing and Insight submitted the requested representations on April 7, 2021. See

Tabs 6.1 at AR 3285-306; 6.2 at AR 3333-39. The next day, the Navy called Dell to clarify Dell 

Marketing’s representation regarding DFARS 252.239-7009. See Tab 44 (Navy Response to 

Insight Supplemental Protest and Comments, dated July 20, 2021) at AR 4933. Dell indicated in 

its April 7 representations that it “[did] not anticipate that cloud computing services will be used 

in the performance of any contract or subcontract resulting from this solicitation.” Tab 6.1 at AR 

3306. However, cloud computing services were among the products to be sold under the BPA. 

See, e.g., Tab 3.1 at AR 31. The contracting officer who reached out to Dell concerning the 

applicability of this DFARS clause had similarly clarified the issue with Insight and had recalled 

doing so with many vendors on other, past solicitations. Tab 44 at AR 4933. On the same day on 

which it spoke with the contracting officer, Dell Marketing updated its DFARS 252.239-7009 
12

representations to reflect that cloud computing services were expected. Id.; Tab 6.1 at AR 

3307, 3326. 

In its April 7, 2021 submission, Dell Marketing also produced the Master GSA CTA 

between Dell Marketing and Dell Federal. Tab 6.1 at AR 3290. It explained that “[a]ll pricing 

submitted on RFQ N66001-21-Q-0082 was based upon Dell Marketing L.P.’s GSA schedule.” Id.

at AR 3292. It further explained that while “[a]ll software CLINs will be sold off of [Dell 

Marketing’s] GSA schedule GS-35F-059DA,” Dell Federal would be “responsible for fulfilling 

any secure order requirements.” Id. at AR 3293; see also infra p. 10.

After receiving these submissions, the Navy began an extensive process of evaluating the 

offerors’ eligibility based on whether the products listed in Attachment #2 – BPA Product and 

Price List were on the offerors’ GSA FSS contracts. See Tab 8.2 (Dell Price Verification 

Evaluation); Tab 8.3 (Insight Price Verification Evaluation); Tab 40 (Navy Response to GAO 

Request for Information, dated July 13, 2021) at AR 4739. The Navy relied on spreadsheets 

generated by the parties to evaluate whether the offerors had the requisite products on their GSA 

FSS contracts. See Tab 5 at AR 921; Tab 8.3 at AR 3395-402; Tab 40 (Navy Response to GAO 

Request for Information, dated July 13, 2021) at AR 4740-41. For each offeror, the Navy created 

a color-coded chart identifying whether the price listed on the offeror’s BPA Product and Price 

List for a given product was above, below, or matched the price on the offeror’s evidence of 

product inclusion on its GSA Schedule, or whether the offeror did not submit a GSA Schedule 

price for that product. See Tab 8.2 (Dell Price Verification Evaluation); Tab 8.3 (Insight Price 

Verification Evaluation); Tab 40 (Navy Response to GAO Request for Information, dated July 13,

2021) at AR 4739. Similarly, as noted, it is undisputed that neither party objected to the Navy’s 
13

reliance on offerors’ self-reported pricing and product information as opposed to relying on, or 

requiring production of, offerors’ respective GSA FSS contracts. 

While most of the Contract Line Item Numbers (CLINs) listed on Insight’s and Dell 

Marketing’s BPA Product and Price Lists were also listed in the offerors’ spreadsheets, submitted 

as evidence of product inclusion and pricing on their GSA FSS contracts, the Navy identified 

several CLINs that did not match the offerors’ GSA FSS contracts. See Tab 7.1 at AR 3340-47; 

Tab 7.2 (Additional Emails between the Navy and Insight regarding Insight’s Quote, dated May 

4-6, 2021) at AR 3357-66. The Navy asked Dell and Insight to address the mismatched CLINs, 

reduce pricing for certain CLINs, confirm that certain products were discontinued, state whether 

GSA pricing was available for certain CLINs, and submit their Best and Final Offers by May 6, 

2021. See Tab 7.1 at AR 3340-47; Tab 7.2 at AR 3357-66. 

Both offerors timely submitted their Best and Final Offers, which included the Navy’s 

requested changes and explanations for each of the CLINs of concern. See Tab 7.1 at AR 3348-

56; Tab 7.2 at AR 3367-78. The Navy determined that both Dell Marketing and Insight met the 

RFQ’s eligibility criteria. See Tab 9 (Initial Business Clearance Memorandum, signed May 15-

16, 2021) at AR 3498. Both offerors received a “Relevant” Relevance rating and a “Satisfactory 

Confidence” Confidence rating. Id. at AR 3498, 3511-13. Insight’s total evaluated price was 

$2,555,033,130, while Dell Marketing’s total evaluated price was $2,582,354,460. Id. at AR 3511. 

Given the offerors’ equivalent past performance ratings and that Insight’s “overall price was 

$27,321,330 less than Dell Federal System’s [sic] submission,” the Navy selected Insight for 

award of the BPA. Id. at AR 3498. 

On May 21, 2021, the Navy notified Insight that it was the recipient of a BPA under 

Solicitation No. N66001-21-Q-0082. Tab 10.1 (Notice of BPA Award to Insight, dated May 21, 
14 

2021). A public Department of Defense website announced the award that same day, publishing 

an approximation of Insight’s total evaluated price (approximately $2.56 billion). See Tab 69 

(DoD Website Notice of Contract Awards, May 21, 2021) at AR 6465. Three days later, on May 

24, 2021, the Navy published Insight’s CLIN prices on an internal SharePoint website for Navy 

customers to use for placing orders against Insight’s BPA. See Tab 81 (PIA No Impact 

Determination, dated January 21, 2022) at AR 7399. While 3,500-4,300 Navy personnel and 

contractors had access to the SharePoint site from May 24 through May 28, 2021, site access was 

restricted to individuals with a DoD Common Access Card (CAC). See Tab 73 (Navy Emails 

Regarding SharePoint System, dated August 18 - September 1, 2021) at AR 6498-612; Tab 81 at 

AR 7399 n.1. It is undisputed that neither Dell Marketing, nor any other Dell entity, had access to 

the SharePoint site. See Transcript of Oral Argument, dated April 8, 2022 (ECF No. 95) (Apr. 8 

Tr.) at 16:6-10 (Insight’s counsel acknowledgement that list of individuals with SharePoint site 

access did not include any Dell personnel). 

On May 26, 2021, two days after posting Insight’s pricing on the SharePoint site, the Navy 

notified Dell Marketing of the award to Insight. See Tab 10.2 (Emails between Navy and Dell 

regarding BPA Award to Insight, dated May 26-27, 2021). The notification to Dell Marketing 

included only the following information regarding Insight’s quote: 

Id. at AR 3522. The Administrative Record does not indicate that Dell Marketing (or any other 

Dell entity) ever received or had access to Insight’s CLIN-level pricing. See id. 

 

 
15 

III. Suspension and Reevaluation of the Award to Insight 

A. May 27, 2021 Email from Dell Marketing to the Navy 

Internal Dell emails reflect that on May 26, 2021, the day the Navy informed Dell 

Marketing of the award to Insight, Dell personnel began surmising that Insight submitted a lower 

price because it had failed to price two items (i.e., CLINs) required by the RFQ. See Tab 77 (Email 

from Dell to Navy forwarding Dell email chain regarding PIA Investigation, dated January 6, 

2022) at AR 7358-59. Accordingly, on May 26, 2021, Dell requested a formal debrief with the 

Navy. See Tab 10.2 at AR 3520. Although the Navy denied that request, it permitted Dell 

Marketing to submit any “specific questions” it had about the award. Id. at AR 3519-20. 

Dell responded by email on May 27, 2021, raising its concern that “the pricing evaluation 

may not be comparing apples to apples, leading to a disadvantage for Dell and a possible 

misrepresentation of total price to the Government over the term of the agreement.” Id. at AR 

3519. Dell further explained its theory that Insight may have incorrectly priced four promotional 

CLINs:9

Throughout the bidding process, Microsoft made multiple revisions to the pricing 

for the Project & Visio bundle promotional CLINs – x728, x729, x764, x765. 

Microsoft originally offered only 3 years of pricing for these bundles but, at last 

minute, extended an offer for years 4 & 5 at a lesser discount. The lesser discount 

on the bundle is still less expensive than procuring the underlying products on a 

stand-alone basis. . . . 

We are concerned that competitors’ proposals may have included no pricing for

these bundled CLINS in years 4 and 5 due to the late timing of Microsoft’s change 

to the offering. If that were the case, then the Dell Total Evaluated Price would be 

unfairly evaluated at more than $ higher than a competitor’s offer that shows 

no pricing for these CLINS in Years and 4 and 5. 

9 Two of the four promotional CLINs identified by Dell Marketing, x729 and x765, were among 

the approximately 19 high-value CLINs discussed infra in footnote 7. 
16 

Id. Dell asked the Navy to “validate that all bidders provided complete pricing for all CLIN[s] in 

all years.” Id. 

B. Corrective Action and Further RFQ Revisions 

In response to Dell’s May 27, 2021 email, the Navy reviewed the bidders’ BPA Product 

and Price lists. See Tab 12.1 (Final Business Clearance Memorandum, signed June 3-7, 2021) at 

AR 4374. It confirmed that Dell Marketing had priced years 4 and 5 of the promotional CLINs 

while Insight had not. Id. The Navy further noted that “[t]he value of that difference was ~ $ , 

which impacted the award.” Id. 

Concerned that a protest by Dell Marketing would be successful, on May 27, 2021 — the 

same day that Dell had raised its concerns to the Navy — the Navy issued a notice suspending the 

award to Insight “in order to re-evaluate the pricing submitted in response to the subject RFQ.” 

Tab 11.1 (Emails [R]egarding Suspension of Insight Award and Submission of Revised Price Lists, 

dated May 27-28, 2021) at AR 3523, 3525. The Navy offered the following explanation: 

A discrepancy was found in how the promotional CLINs/ SKUs x728, x729, x764 

and x765 provided by Microsoft should be applied. One vendor submitted pricing 

for years 4 and 5 of those CLINs/SKUs, while the other zeroed the pricing for those 

CLINs/SKUs for years 4 and 5. The discrepancy is significant enough to impact the 

award decision.

Id. At that time, the Navy did not disclose that Dell had brought this possible discrepancy, 

including the four referenced promotional CLINs, to the Navy’s attention. See id. The Navy did, 

however, provide Insight with the same information regarding the offerors’ total evaluated prices 

that was previously provided to Dell Marketing. See id. 

On May 28, 2021, Insight responded to the Navy’s notice by explaining that it did not 

provide pricing for the Promo CLINs for BPA years 4 and 5 because “Microsoft did not provide a 
17

bundled cost for these CLINs for option year 3 and option year 4.”10 Tab 11.5 (Email from Navy 

to Insight regarding Removal of Promotional SKUs, dated May 28, 2021) at AR 3555. Insight 

also requested a conference call with the Navy to discuss, among other things, altering the 

quantities of the four promotional CLINs “so the correct pricing can be provided for evaluation 

purposes.” Id. at AR 3556. The Navy considered Insight’s request and “decided to remove the 

promotional SKUs from the evaluation and put the quantities back in Project and Visio 

respectively.” Id. at AR 3555. The Navy extended the original deadline for submitting revised 

quotations from 5 p.m. Pacific Time on May 28, 2021, to 7 p.m. Pacific Time on that date. See id. 

After the Navy issued its Notice of Suspension of the award and initiated corrective action 

on the evening of May 27, 2021, Insight’s pricing data remained posted to the Navy’s internal 

SharePoint site for less than a day. Tab 81 at AR 7399 n.1. Specifically, the Navy removed 

Insight’s data from SharePoint on May 28, 2021. Id. Again, it is undisputed that neither Dell 

Marketing nor any other Dell entity had access to the SharePoint site during the period of May 27 

through May 28, 2021. See id.; Tab 73 at AR 6498-612; Apr. 8 Tr. at 16:6-10. 

Meanwhile, Insight and Dell Marketing submitted revised pricing to the Navy on May 28, 

2021, as requested. See Tab 11.7 (Email from Dell to Navy transmitting Revised Price Proposal 

Version 2, dated May 28, 2021); Tab 11.9 (Email from Insight to Navy transmitting Revised Price 

Proposal, dated May 28, 2021). Subsequently, the Navy requested both offerors provide additional 

information and submit their Best and Final Offers by noon Pacific Time on May 30, 2021. Tab 

11.11 (Email from Navy to Dell regarding Best and Final Offers, dated May 29, 2021) at AR 3598-

10 “[O]ption year 3 and option year 4” correspond to years 4 and 5, respectively, for a given CLIN. 

See Tab 3.1 at AR 8-9 (indicating the BPA includes a one-year base ordering period with four oneyear options). 
18

99; Tab 11.13 (E-mail from Navy to Insight regarding Best and Final Offers, dated May 29, 2021) 

at AR 3629. 

Both Insight and Dell Marketing timely submitted new Best and Final Offers. See Tab 

11.16 (Email from Dell to Navy transmitting its Revised Price Proposal Version 3, dated May 29, 

2021); Tab 11.19 (Email transmitting Insight’s Final Pricing, dated May 30, 2021); Tab 11.21 

(Letter from Insight to Navy regarding Final Pricing, dated May 30, 2021). While evaluating the 

final offers, the Navy determined that two prices listed on Dell Marketing’s BPA Product and 

Pricing List did not match the prices in Dell Marketing’s Evidence of Product Inclusion on GSA 

FSS contract. See Tab 11.26 (Email from Dell to Navy transmitting Final Price Revisions, Updated 

Microsoft Price List on Dell Marketing’s Federal Supply Schedule Contract, and Representations, 

dated May 30, 2021) at AR 3811-12. It also determined that Dell Marketing did not include seven 

CLINs in its Evidence of Product Inclusion on GSA FSS contract. Id. The Navy requested Dell 

Marketing clarify these nine issues by submitting “the most recent copy of Dell’s GSA pricing for 

Microsoft products and services.” Id.

Dell Marketing responded the same day by submitting revised pricing that corrected the 

two previously mismatched prices and by attaching its “current Microsoft Price List on Dell GSA 

GS35F059DA.” Id.; see Tab 11.27 (Dell Final Price Revisions, submitted May 30, 2021) at AR 

3820-23; Tab 11.29 (Dell Updated Microsoft Price List on Dell Marketing’s Federal Supply 

Schedule Contract, submitted May 30, 2021). The Navy reviewed Dell Marketing’s updated 

submissions and verified that (i) the nine CLINs previously at issue were included on Dell 

Marketing’s GSA FSS contract, and (ii) the prices matched the GSA FSS contract pricing reported 

in Dell Marketing’s final BPA pricing submission. See Tab 40 at AR 4740. To further check for 

discrepancies, the Navy spot-checked random CLINs and did not find discrepancies between Dell 
19

Marketing’s two GSA price lists. Id. After the promotional CLINs were removed and all requested 

modifications were incorporated, Dell Marketing’s final total evaluated price was 

$2,493,272,919.21, and Insight’s final total evaluated price was $2,580,216,750.72. See Tab 11.20 

(Insight Final Pricing, submitted May 30, 2021) at AR 3750; Tab 11.27 (Dell Final Price 

Revisions, submitted May 30, 2021 (attachment to Tab 11.26)) at AR 3823; Tab 12.1 at AR 4379. 

Accordingly, Dell Marketing’s final total evaluated price was approximately $86.9 million less 

than Insight’s bid.

C. Subsequent Award to Dell Marketing

The next day, on May 31, 2021, the Navy verbally approved granting the award to Dell 

Marketing. See Tab 12.1 at AR 4360, 4380. The Navy formalized the award and communicated 

its decision to Dell Marketing on the same day. See Tab 66 (E-mails between Navy and Dell 

regarding BPA documentation, dated May 31, 2021) at AR 5868; Tab 67 (Dell BPA, signed May 

31, 2021) at AR 5874. On June 1, 2021, the Navy notified Insight that it had awarded the BPA to 

Dell Marketing. See Tab 1 (Notification to Insight Public Sector, Inc. of BPA award to Dell 

Marketing, dated June 1, 2021). The Navy documented its decision in a Business Clearance 

Memorandum that was approved several days later. See Tab 12.1 at AR 4358-80. 

The Navy explained in its Business Clearance Memorandum that it had suspended the 

initial award to Insight based on an ambiguity “with regard to how the vendors priced certain 

promotional products offered by Microsoft” that “resulted in an unequal evaluation of prices.” Id.

at AR 4360. The Navy explained that it requested new quotes from Insight and Dell Marketing, 

the latter of which “quoted the lowest total overall price by $86,943,832 less than Insight.” Id. 

Although the Navy concluded that “Insight’s past performance was slightly better than Dell’s,” it 

concluded that such past performance was not sufficiently superior to overcome an almost $87 
20

million price difference. Id. At most, the Navy concluded, Insight’s past performance “would be 

worth a slightly higher price (no more than $5 million over the course of 5 years).” Id. The Navy 

also reasoned that Dell Marketing’s quote “provided the Government with a reasonable 

expectation that they will successfully perform the required effort,” and that Dell Federal’s “past 

performance was generally rated good, with positive comments.” Id. The Navy therefore 

concluded that an award to Dell Marketing “is in the best interest of the Government.” Id.

IV. Insight’s GAO Protest

Subsequently, on June 7, 2021, Insight filed a bid protest before the Government 

Accountability Office (GAO). See Tab 19 (Insight GAO Protest, dated June 7, 2021). The Navy 

produced its Agency Report on July 6, 2021, revealing to Insight for the first time that Dell had 

identified specific promotional CLINs in its May 27, 2021 email to the Navy. Tab 34 (Navy 

Contracting Officer Statement of Facts and Memorandum of Law, dated July 6, 2021). Insight 

responded to this new information by filing a supplemental protest at the GAO on July 9, 2021. 

Tab 38 (Insight Supplemental Protest, dated July 9, 2021). In its supplemental protest, Insight 

detailed its belief that Dell’s May 27, 2021 email evidenced a possible violation of the Procurement 

Integrity Act that the Navy had failed to investigate. Id.

The Administrative Record does not contain independent documentation of a Navy 

investigation into any alleged PIA violations at that time. In the Navy’s response to Insight’s 

supplemental protest at the GAO, however, it argued insufficient evidence existed to require a PIA 

investigation. See Tab 44 at AR 4928-30. The Navy explained to the GAO that although Dell’s 

May 27, 2021 question to the Navy was “highly specific, it was also not an unreasonable 

assumption.” Id. at AR 4927. In support of its decision to forgo a PIA investigation, the Navy 

further elaborated that “Dell indicated Microsoft initially did not offer promotional pricing for 
21

years 4 & 5 of the Promo CLINs, but at the last minute (but apparently before its initial quote on 

6 April 2021) offered a lesser discount.” Id. The Navy also argued to the GAO that only a handful 

of CLINs could have affected the price evaluation, despite that the BPA included over 500 CLINs: 

A review of the vendors’ 6 May 2021 BPA Attachment 2 – BPA Product and Price 

Lists shows that there are a limited number of “heavy hitters” that will affect the 

price evaluation. There are 19 CLINS (which includes two of the [CLINs cited in 

Dell’s May 7, 2021 email]), which are each priced out over $20M for the 5 year 

period of performance. (See AR 7, Dell, Item 4 p. 308, and AR 7, Insight, Item 4, 

p. 314.) Taken together, the evidence supports Dell may have just made a 

reasonable assumption about the Promo CLINs, which turned out to be true.

Id. at AR 4928. 

Before the GAO resolved the parties’ dispute, Insight informed the GAO that it would file 

a bid protest action in this Court. Tab 49 (Insight Notice of Intent to File Protest in Court of 

Federal Claims and Request to Provide Protected Information United States Government 

Investigative Agencies, dated August 17, 2021). The GAO dismissed Insight’s protest when 

Insight filed the present action. Tab 52 (GAO Dismissal of Insight’s Protest, dated August 26, 

2021).

V. Procedural History

Insight filed the present bid protest in the United States Court of Federal Claims on August 

25, 2021. See Compl. During the following nine months, Insight’s protest developed into a 

leviathan. The contentious character of this suit first revealed itself in a dispute over the 

Administrative Record’s scope and content. See December 9, 2021 Memorandum and Order on 

Motion to Complete the Administrative Record (ECF No. 57) (AR Memorandum and Order); Sept. 

23 Tr.; Order Denying Motion to Complete the Administrative Record (ECF No. 32). This case’s 

full form came into view during its second developmental stage, when the parties filed their 

respective cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record (collectively, the parties’ 

MJARs). See Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 33) (Pl.’s 
22

MJAR); Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record and Response to 

Plaintiff’s MJAR (ECF No. 38) (Def.’s Cross-MJAR); Intervenor-Defendant’s Cross-Motion for 

Judgment on the Administrative Record and Response to Plaintiff’s MJAR (ECF No. 39) (Int.-

Def.’s Cross-MJAR). After oral argument on the parties’ MJARs, the Court granted Plaintiff’s 

MJAR in part, remanding this action to the Navy to thoroughly investigate one of Insight’s 

Procurement Integrity Act (PIA) violation allegations.11 See Remand Order at 3. Finally, in this 

action’s third phase, the Court, identifying a material defect in the Navy’s PIA investigation,

remanded the case yet again for the Navy to fully comply with this Court’s December 9, 2021 

Order mandating the Navy investigate one of Plaintiff’s PIA violation allegations. See Second 

Remand Order. The Navy completed its final PIA violation investigation on April 29, 2022, and 

the parties submitted further briefing regarding the Navy’s April 29, 2022 Supplemental PIA 

Report. Defendant’s May 2, 2022 Notice of Completion (ECF No. 98); Supplemental PIA Report; 

Pl.’s Second SMJAR; Int.-Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Second SMJAR; Def.’s Resp. to Pl.’s Second 

SMJAR.

After review of the Navy’s April 29, 2022 Supplemental PIA Report and the parties’ briefs, 

the Court provided an oral ruling on the record to accommodate the parties’ desire for an expedited 

ruling and for clarity prior to fast-approaching procurement deadlines. See May 10 Order; May 

10 Tr.; supra note 4. The Court also immediately lifted the injunction that was in place. See May 

10 Order at 2; May 10 Tr. at 6:2-4. As consented by the parties, this Memorandum and Order 

details the reasoning behind the Court’s decision. See supra note 4. Prior to addressing the parties’ 

11 As described infra, the Court granted Plaintiff’s MJAR in part concerning Plaintiff’s allegation 

that a PIA violation occurred prior to Dell’s May 27, 2021 email, but denied as untimely Plaintiff’s 

MJAR regarding its second allegation that the Navy’s May 27, 2021 email suspending the award 

to Insight violated the PIA by disclosing Plaintiff’s total evaluated price and unpriced CLINs. See

Remand Order at 11-12, 25-26.
23

legal arguments, however, it is helpful to review certain background and findings of fact more 

specifically regarding this case’s three developmental phases. 

A. Completing/Supplementing the Administrative Record

This action’s first phase centered on the contents and scope of the Administrative Record. 

Insight filed a motion seeking to add Dell Marketing’s General Services Administration Federal 

Supply Schedule Contract No. GS-35F-059DA to the Administrative Record, either via 

completion or supplementation. AR Memorandum and Order at 2. Despite that, as noted, Dell 

Marketing did not submit — and was not required to submit — its GSA FSS contract to the Navy 

as part of its quote, Insight nevertheless alleged that (i) the supply schedule contract was “a core 

document that must be produced to have a complete Administrative Record,” and (ii) inclusion of 

GSA FSS contract in the Administrative Record was necessary for this Court to determine whether 

Dell Marketing was eligible for award. Id. at 2, 17. 

This Court disagreed. Id. at 10. It explained that the Administrative Record was complete 

without Dell Marketing’s Federal Supply Schedule contract as the contract was not before the 

Navy when the Navy made its procurement decision. Id. at 10. Additionally, the Court determined 

that it could “effectively review the Navy’s procurement process — including the Navy’s decision 

to forgo additionally verifying the contents of Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule through GSA —

without reviewing the full GSA Schedule” itself. Id. As this Court’s role is not to perform a de 

novo review, the Court denied Insight’s motion. Id. at 10-11; see Sept. 23 Tr. at 5:13-21. 

B. Remand and Initial PIA Investigation

Insight’s case neared full development during the second phase of this case when the 

parties filed competing motions for judgment on the administrative record. See Remand Order; 

Pl.’s MJAR; Def.’s Cross-MJAR; Intervenor-Def.’s Cross-MJAR. Insight argued in its motion for 
24

judgment on the administrative record “that (1) the Navy failed to evaluate whether Dell 

Marketing’s proposal complied with the requirements in the Request for Quotations; (2) Dell 

Marketing was ineligible for the award because it did not have a valid Contractor Teaming 

Arrangement, necessary for it to meet some eligibility requirements; (3) the Navy conducted a 

flawed past performance evaluation; (4) the Navy displayed bias in favor of Dell Marketing 

throughout the procurement; and (5) the Navy failed to investigate a potential violation of the 

Procurement Integrity Act (PIA).” Remand Order at 2. The Court (i) granted Insight’s motion in 

part, holding that the Navy failed to investigate the alleged PIA violation, (ii) enjoined the Navy 

from proceeding with its award to Dell Marketing, and (iii) remanded to the Navy for investigation 

of the alleged PIA violation. Id. at 3. Given the remand, the Court deferred ruling on Insight’s 

other legal arguments until the Navy completed its PIA violation investigation. Id. at 27-28. 

In its December 9, 2021 Remand Order, the Court addressed two arguments Insight had 

advanced relating to its request for a PIA violation investigation. Id. at 11-12. First, Insight argued 

that Dell’s May 27, 2021 email to the Navy allegedly demonstrated that Dell had inappropriately 

received Insight’s CLIN-level pricing. Id. at 11. Second, Insight argued that the Navy had

allegedly violated the PIA by responding to Dell’s email on May 27, 2021, indicating that “[o]ne 

vendor submitted pricing for years 4 and 5 of those CLINs/SKUs, while the other zeroed the 

pricing for those CLINs/SKUs for years 4 and 5.” Id. at 12 (quoting Tab 11.1 at AR 3523-30). 

The Court rejected the second argument as waived because (i) Insight had waited until its reply 

brief to raise the argument, and (ii) Insight did not raise this potential PIA violation with the Navy 

until more than 14 days after it discovered the possible violation. Remand Order at 26. The Court 

was, however, persuaded by Insight’s arguments regarding the timeliness of Insight’s first alleged 

PIA violation. See id. at 13-16. The Court concluded that Insight timely notified the Navy that 
25

Dell’s May 27, 2021 email had indicated a PIA violation, that Insight’s allegation was sufficient 

to trigger an investigation, and that the Navy unreasonably failed to conduct that investigation. Id.

at 17-25. 

To remedy this failure, the Court temporarily enjoined the Navy “from implementing or 

otherwise proceeding with the BPA award” and remanded the action “to the Navy to investigate 

Plaintiff’s first allegation of a PIA violation; namely, that the information in Dell Marketing’s May 

27, 2021 email to the Navy concerning certain allegedly mispriced CLINs in Insight’s bid 

potentially indicates a PIA violation occurred.” Id. at 27-28. The Court directed a fulsome 

investigation, as “Insight broadly alleged that at some time before Dell Marketing’s May 27, 2021 

email to the Navy, Dell Marketing received ‘inside information about Insight’s proposal.’” Id. at 

21 (quoting Tab 38 at AR 4730). Thus, the allegation to be investigated was not limited merely to 

disclosures predating the Navy’s initial, May 21, 2021 award to Insight. See Remand Order at 21. 

Instead, the Court sought full transparency on what had transpired so that it could assess the 

reasonableness of any Navy conclusion stemming from its investigation. See Second Remand 

Order at 4. 

The Navy completed its initial PIA investigation and filed a copy of its investigative 

conclusions with this Court. Remand Decision (ECF No. 64-1) (PIA Report); Tab 81. In his PIA 

Report, Spencer Sessions, the Navy contracting officer for this procurement, “determined that no 

one from Dell obtained or was provided Insight’s CLIN-level pricing information before Dell sent 

its 27 May 2021 e-mail to the Navy, in violation of 41 U.S.C. § 2102.” Tab 81 at AR 7401. 

Alexander Roberts, “a senior level contracting officer on the DoD ESI contracting team,” had 

conducted “[t]he day-to-day handling of this acquisition.” Id. at AR 7394. “Mr. Roberts limited 

distribution of vendors’ pricing information to just those on the evaluation team, and just when 
26

needed.” Id. The PIA Report further reflects that Mr. Roberts implemented the following 

safeguards to prevent disclosure of pricing data:

briefing the evaluation team about safeguarding procurement sensitive data; 

requiring the technical evaluation team . . . to sign Non-Disclosure Agreements; 

anonymizing Dell and Insight’s quotes . . . when the quotes were sent to the 

technical evaluation team for evaluation; and using buffered prices (1.0763% above 

the average of the two vendors price submissions) to communicate estimates to 

outside stakeholders (i.e. customers) as necessary for budgeting.

Id.

Mr. Roberts also performed the PIA investigation. Id. at AR 7393. His investigation 

included interviewing three Dell representatives, collecting and reviewing hundreds of pages of 

documents and contemporaneous correspondence provided by Dell, obtaining declarations from 

six people involved in drafting Dell’s May 27, 2021 email to the Navy, and obtaining declarations 

from the nine Navy personnel who had received Insight’s pricing before the initial award to Insight. 

Id. at AR 7394-99. The Dell employees interviewed by Mr. Roberts explained that Microsoft’s 

late price changes to years 4 and 5 of certain promotional CLINs led them to believe that Insight’s 

multi-million dollar advantage could have owed to Insight failing to price those promotional 

CLINs. Id. at 7394-97; Tab 74 (Memoranda to File regarding Interviews with Dell Employees, 

dated December 21, 2021, and January 5, 2022). Dell’s Vice President for Strategic Programs, 

Ray McDuffie, stated during his interview that “no one from the Government provided Dell any 

information related to Insight’s pricing.” Tab 81 at AR 7395. He also stated that, to his knowledge,

“no one from Dell received any information about Insight’s CLIN pricing on this opportunity.” 

Id. Two other Dell representatives made similar statements that Dell did not receive Insight’s 

CLIN pricing. Id. at AR 7395-97.

The declarations Mr. Roberts collected likewise reflected that Dell Marketing did not 

receive Insight’s pricing information. Id. at AR 7397-99. Six Dell representatives declared under 
27

penalty of perjury that they “did not see or receive any Insight price information related to the 

RFQ.” Tab 80 (Dell Declarations (with cover e-mails), dated January 18-20, 2022) at AR 7382-

84, 7386, 7389, 7391. They further declared that no one had provided Dell with information 

regarding Insight’s CLIN-level pricing prior to Dell submitting its May 27, 2021 question to the 

Navy. Id. at AR 7382-84, 7386, 7389, 7391. Navy personnel similarly declared under penalty of 

perjury that they had complied with their “obligations to protect and keep confidential contractor 

bid or proposal information,” and that “[p]rior to the initial award of the BPA to Insight on May 

21, 2021, [they] did not discuss with or disclose Insight’s pricing to anyone.” Tab 79 (Government 

Declarations, dated January 10-11, 2022). 

 The documents collected from Dell reflected that Dell was concerned about the Microsoft 

promotional CLINs well before the Navy’s initial award to Insight. See Tab 81 at AR 7398-99. 

On March 26, 2021, prior to even submitting its bid, Dell emailed Microsoft to inquire about these

promotional CLINs, which appeared to be priced only for one year rather than for all five years. 

Id. at AR 7398; Tab 75 (E-mail from Dell to Navy providing Documentation regarding PIA 

Investigation, dated December 24, 2021) at AR 6627-28. Microsoft responded that the CLINs 

were promotional and that it would provide additional information in a few days. See Tab 81 at 

AR 7398; Tab 75 at AR 6627. Then, on March 29, 2021, Microsoft sent Dell updated pricing, 

which included the promotional CLINs at issue across all five years. See Tab 81 at AR 7398; Tab 

75 at AR 6625. When Microsoft provided final pricing on April 2, 2021, Dell requested Microsoft 

clarify whether the promotional CLIN “bundles will be available to transact in year 4 & 5, or will 

it revert back to the a-la-cart skus?” Tab 75 at AR 6622; see also Tab 81 at AR 7390. Microsoft 

responded, explaining that although the CLIN “bundles can remain on the catalog for years 4 and 

5, however the discount for Visio and Project will no longer be offered and they will go back to 
28 

full price.” Tab 75 at AR 6622; see also Tab 81 at AR 7390. Dell Marketing accordingly 

incorporated into its bid this last-minute information from Microsoft about pricing for years 4 and

5 of the promotional CLINs. See Tab 4 at AR 178 (pricing promotional CLINs x728 and x729 for 

option years 4 and 5); Tab 179 (pricing promotional CLINs x764 and x765 for option years 4 

and 5).

Dell’s emails dated after the Navy’s May 21, 2021 award to Insight similarly demonstrate 

that the promotional CLINs were front of mind for Dell Marketing. See Tab 77. Less than an hour 

after the Navy had announced the award to Insight, one Dell representative sent an internal email 

questioning Insight’s ability to offer a total price with such a discount against Dell Marketing’s 

price. Id. at AR 7358. Dell immediately surmised that the large discrepancy in bid price was 

attributable to the Microsoft CLINs that were unpriced earlier in the bidding process. Id. 

Accordingly, on May 27, 2021, Dell sent the following correspondence to the Navy: 

Throughout the bidding process, Microsoft made multiple revisions to the pricing 

for the Project & Visio bundle promotional CLINs – x728, x729, x764, x765. 

Microsoft originally offered only 3 years of pricing for these bundles but, at last 

minute, extended an offer for years 4 & 5 at a lesser discount. . . . We are concerned 

that competitors’ proposals may have included no pricing for these bundled CLINS 

in years 4 and 5 due to the late timing of Microsoft’s change to the offering. If that 

were the case, then the Dell Total Evaluated Price would be unfairly evaluated at 

more than $ higher than a competitor’s offer that shows no pricing for these 

CLINS in Years and 4 and 5. 

Tab 76 (DoD SAFE Drop-Off Documentation from Dell regarding PIA Investigation transmitted 

on December 30, 2021) at AR 7353. 

While the Navy did not uncover any evidence that Dell had received Insight’s CLIN-level 

pricing, the PIA Report notes that “Insight’s Attachment 2 BPA Product and Price List was posted 

on an internal Common Access Card (CAC) enabled SharePoint website for Navy customers to

utilize in placing their orders against Insight’s BPA.” Tab 81 at AR 7399 n.1. The Administrative 

Record reflects that Insight’s CLIN pricing information was posted on the access-restricted 
29

SharePoint site from May 24 until May 28, 2021. Id. The site’s system administrator “advised 

that [the Navy] cannot tell who accessed the site and when.” Id. It is undisputed that the total list 

of people with access to the site exceeded 3,500. Id. Mr. Roberts determined it impractical to 

interview that entire class of individuals to confirm with each person that they did not disclose 

Insight’s pricing, and that, in any event, it was unnecessary due to evidence provided by Dell 

indicating that Dell did not have access to Insight’s CLIN price information. Id.

After review of Mr. Roberts’ investigation, interview transcripts, and documentation, Mr. 

Sessions determined in his PIA Report that “[t]he evidence indicates that no one from Dell received 

Insight’s CLIN pricing prior to the initial 21 May 2021 award to Insight or Dell’s 27 May 2021 

email regarding the award to Insight (from the Government or otherwise).” Tab 81 at AR 7399. 

Mr. Sessions reached this conclusion in the PIA Report based on the declarations from the Dell 

representatives involved in pricing its quote for this RFQ as well as the declarations from Navy 

personnel. Id. Specifically, the PIA Report concluded that the explanation provided in the Navy’s 

interviews with Dell representatives “as to why Dell questioned whether Insight had priced all five 

years of the promotional CLINs is reasonable and supported by the documents Dell provided.” Id.

at AR 7400. In the PIA Report, Mr. Sessions also attributed importance to Dell’s reasoning that it 

“doubted that Insight was lower priced given how aggressively Dell bid” especially “in the greater 

context of Microsoft competitions.” Id. Furthermore, Mr. Sessions reasoned, Dell’s emails 

“support Dell’s explanation that the pricing of the promotional SKUs was last minute, and that 

Dell asked Microsoft multiple questions to better understand the promotional SKUs.” Id. 

Accordingly, the PIA Report concluded that Dell’s internal emails “support Dell’s assertion that it 

was only using information received from the award notice and that it did not receive Insight’s 

CLIN pricing.” Id. 
30

Given his conclusion that “no one from Dell obtained or was provided Insight’s CLINlevel pricing information before Dell sent its 27 May 2021 e-mail to the Navy,” Mr. Sessions 

concluded “that Insight’s alleged PIA violation did not impact the award of the BPA to Dell 

Marketing.” Id. at AR 7401. Sharon Pritchard, the Chief of Contracting Office for Naval 

Information Warfare Center Pacific, concurred with Mr. Sessions’ determination. Id. Both Mr. 

Sessions and Ms. Pritchard signed the no-impact determination. Id. 

C. Second Remand and Supplemental PIA Investigation

This action entered its third and final phase on February 25, 2022, when Insight filed a 

supplemental motion for judgment on the administrative record. See Pl.’s SMJAR. Insight argued 

that the Navy violated the PIA by posting Insight’s pricing data on the SharePoint site on May 24, 

2021, and by keeping it visible on the site for approximately a day after reopening the bidding 

process on the evening of May 27, 2021. See Pl.’s Memorandum in Support of its SMJAR (ECF 

No. 77-1) (Pl.’s SMJAR Mem.) at 22-27. Insight further argued that (i) the Navy’s PIA 

investigation did not comply with this Court’s December 9, 2021 Memorandum and Order and 

that the investigation was inadequate because the Navy’s conclusion rested on Dell’s selfinterested statements, (ii) the investigation was not independent from the contracting officers 

involved in the procurement, and (iii) the Navy did not investigate everyone who had access to the 

SharePoint site during the relevant period. See id. at 270-35. 

Agreeing in part with Insight, this Court granted Insight’s Supplemental Motion for 

Judgment on the Administrative Record, holding that the Navy had “failed to fully comply with 

this Court’s Remand Order.” Second Remand Order at 2. Rather than investigate the Navy’s 

handling of Insight’s pricing data up until May 27, 2021, the Navy had sua sponte limited its

investigation by restricting the scope of its own declarations to the period preceding May 21, 2021, 
31

not May 27, 2021, as the Court had ordered. Id. The Court accordingly remanded the action to 

the Navy to fully comply with this Court’s December 9, 2021 Remand Order. Id. at 5. 

The Navy completed the required investigation and filed an addendum to its Procurement 

Integrity Act Report. See Supplemental PIA Report. As part of its supplemental PIA violation 

investigation, the Navy obtained new declarations from the same nine Navy employees who had 

previously provided declarations during the initial PIA investigation. Id. at 2. In addition to 

averring that prior to the initial award to Insight “they did not discuss or disclose Insight’s pricing 

to anyone except other members of the source selection team,” these new declarations also “stated 

that during the period of 21-27 May 2021, they did not discuss or disclose to anyone outside the 

source selection team any information regarding how Insight had bid particular CLINs.” Id. at 2; 

see also Additional Documents Filed with Supplemental PIA Report (ECF No. 98-2). The only 

disclosures made were to the SharePoint website and “to two Navy contracting personnel, Todd 

Little and Sherelle Lockhart, in response to their request for award documentation to support a 

Letter of Authorization to Leidos, Inc. (Leidos).” Supplemental PIA Report at 2; see also

Additional Documents Filed with Supplemental PIA Report (ECF No. 98-2). As part of its 

supplemental PIA violation investigation, “[t]he Navy obtained declarations from Mr. Little and 

Ms. Lockhart, in which they stated that they did not further discuss or disclose that information, 

except amongst themselves.” Supplemental PIA Report at 2; see also Additional Documents Filed 

with Supplemental PIA Report (ECF No. 98-2).

Mr. Sessions concluded in his Supplemental PIA Report “that the evidence from both the 

PIA Investigation which was documented in [the] 21 January 2022 PIA report, and this addendum 

thereto, taken together, indicate that no one from Dell received Insight's CLIN pricing prior to 

Dell's 27 May 2021 email regarding the award to Insight (from the Government or otherwise).” 
32

Supplemental PIA Report at 2. While Mr. Sessions acknowledged that he did not obtain statements 

“from all the Navy personnel (including contractors) who may potentially have accessed Insight's 

BPA price list from the SharePoint site between 24-27 May 2021,” he determined that “the 

declarations from Dell personnel, interviews with Dell personnel, the contemporaneous 

documentation provided by Dell, and the April 2022 Government declarations” provided sufficient 

information to determine “that no one from Dell obtained or was provided Insight's CLIN-level 

pricing before Dell sent its 27 May 2021 e-mail to the Navy.” Id. at 3. Sharon Pritchard concurred 

in this conclusion, and both Mr. Sessions and Ms. Pritchard signed the supplemental no-impact 

determination. Id. 

Insight responded by filing a second supplemental motion for judgment on the 

administrative record, in which it also renewed its original, deferred arguments for judgment on 

the administrative record. See P1.’s Second SMJAR. With respect to the Navy’s supplemental 

PIA investigation, Insight argued that the Navy failed to fully investigate the alleged PIA violation 

by declining to interview all individuals who had access to the SharePoint site from May 24

through May 27, 2021. Id. at 3. Insight further faulted the Navy for not investigating Insight’s 

allegations that the Navy also “violated the PIA by failing to remove Insight’s pricing from the 

SharePoint website until May 28, 2021 – after the reopening of the procurement process on May 

27, 2021.” Id. at 5-6. 

On May 10, 2022, on consent of the parties, this Court ruled on the record, denying “the 

unresolved portions of Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (MJAR) 

(ECF No. 33), Plaintiff’s Supplemental MJAR (ECF No. 77), and Plaintiff’s Second Supplemental 

MJAR (ECF No. 103),” and granting “the unresolved portions of Defendant’s Cross-Motion for 

Judgment on the Administrative Record (Cross-MJAR) (ECF No. 38), Defendant’s Supplemental 
33

Cross-MJAR (ECF No. 78), Intervenor-Defendant’s Cross-MJAR (ECF No. 39), and IntervenorDefendant’s Supplemental Cross-MJAR (ECF No. 79).” May 10 Order; May 10 Tr. at 5:14-6:2.12

Specifically, and as explained in more detail below, the Court held that “(i) the Navy was 

not required to examine Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule; (ii) Dell Marketing has a valid 

Contractor Team Agreement, or CTA, with Dell Federal; (iii) the Navy reasonably evaluated 

Insight’s past performance; (iv) the Navy did not show improper favoritism toward Dell 

Marketing; and (v) the Navy conducted a reasonable PIA investigation that rationally concluded 

that the procurement was not affected by a PIA violation.” May 10 Tr. at 6:14-22. The Court, 

therefore, lifted the injunction that was temporarily in place, and explained that “the U.S. 

Department of the Navy may immediately proceed with its award to Dell Marketing L.P.” May 

10 Order at 2; see also May 10 Tr. at 38:10-13. 

APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARD

This Court reviews post-award bid protests in two steps. First, the Court analyzes the 

procurement under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4); Harmonia 

Holdings Grp., LLC v. United States, 20 F.4th 759, 766 (Fed. Cir. 2021). Second, the Court must 

analyze whether the alleged errors prejudiced the protestor. See DynCorp Int’l, LLC v. United 

States, 10 F.4th 1300, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2021).

Turning to the first step, the APA requires a reviewing court to determine “whether the 

agency’s actions were ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance 

with law.’” Off. Design Grp. v. United States, 951 F.3d 1366, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (quoting 

Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d 901, 907 (Fed. Cir. 2013)); 5 

12 As noted, the parties agreed to receive an expedited oral ruling on the record for certainty relating 

to upcoming procurement deadlines, with the understanding that the Court would issue a written 

Memorandum and Order detailing its reasoning and enter judgment at that time. See supra note 4. 
34

U.S.C. § 706. Although the inquiry under the APA “is to be searching and careful, the ultimate 

standard of review is a narrow one. The court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that 

of the agency.” Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416-20 (1971). 

Accordingly, courts may set aside an award only if “(1) ‘the procurement official’s decision lacked 

a rational basis or (2) ‘the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or procedure.’” 

DynCorp, 10 F.4th at 1308 (quoting WellPoint Mil. Care Corp. v. United States, 953 F.3d 1373, 

1377 (Fed. Cir. 2020)). 

When a protestor alleges the agency’s decision lacked a rational basis, the court reviews 

“whether the contracting agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of 

discretion.” Dell Fed. Sys., L.P. v. United States, 906 F.3d 982, 992 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting 

Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). As the United 

States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has explained, “the disappointed bidder bears a 

heavy burden of showing that the award decision had no rational basis.” Centech Grp., Inc. v. 

United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Impresa Contruzioni Geom. 

Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001)). Indeed, agency 

decisions are “entitled to a presumption of regularity.” Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1338. Protestors bear 

a similar burden when alleging that the procurement involved legal or procedural violations, as the 

court reviews such claims for “a clear . . . violation of applicable statutes or regulations.” Id. at 

1333 (quoting Kentron Hawaii, Ltd. v. Warner, 480 F.2d 1166, 1169 (D.C. Cir. 1973)). 

At the second step, regardless of whether the alleged error relates to irrational conduct or 

a violation of law, the protestor must establish that the agency’s conduct prejudiced the protestor. 

Sys. Studs. & Simulations, Inc. v. United States, 22 F.4th 994, 997 (Fed. Cir. 2021). This is a 

factual question for which the protestor must “show ‘that there was a “substantial chance” it would 
35

have received the contract award but for’ the [alleged error].” Id. at 998; see also Bannum, Inc. v. 

United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2005). De minimis errors in the procurement process 

generally do not justify relief. Off. Design Grp., 951 F.3d at 1374. 

If a protestor meets its burden of demonstrating that the procurement both violated the APA 

and prejudiced the protestor, declaratory or injunctive relief may be appropriate. See 28 U.S. C. § 

1491(b)(2). However, successful protestors are not automatically entitled to an injunction. See

Centech, 554 F.3d at 1037. Before entering injunctive relief, “the court must consider whether (1) 

the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits, (2) the plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm if the court 

withholds injunctive relief, (3) the balance of hardships to the respective parties favors the grant 

of injunctive relief, and (4) the public interest is served by a grant of injunctive relief.” Id. 

The Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (Rules or RCFC) provide the 

equivalent of an expedited trial on a “paper record, allowing fact-finding by the trial court.” 

Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1356. Parties initiate such proceedings by filing motions for judgment on 

the administrative record. Rule 52.1(c). In adjudicating cross motions under Rule 52.1, courts 

resolve questions of fact by relying on the administrative record. See id. If necessary, a court may 

remand the case back to a governmental agency for further factual findings. Rule 52.2.

DISCUSSION

Plaintiff’s arguments fail under this Court’s limited APA review. The parties’ motions 

raise seven issues: (1) whether the Navy was required to examine a copy of Dell Marketing’s GSA 

Schedule, (2) whether Dell Marketing has a valid Contractor Teaming Arrangement with Dell 

Federal, (3) whether the Navy reasonably evaluated Insight’s past performance, (4) whether the 

Navy showed improper favoritism toward Dell Marketing, (5) whether the Navy conducted a 

reasonable PIA investigation that concluded that the procurement was not affected by a PIA 
36

violation, (6) whether the procurement was fundamentally unfair, and (7) whether Insight is 

entitled to injunctive relief. See Plaintiff’s Memorandum in Support of Its MJAR (ECF No. 34) 

(Pl.’s Mem.) at 23-48; Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record and 

Response to Plaintiff’s MJAR (ECF No. 38) (Def.’s Cross-MJAR) at 24-57; IntervenorDefendant’s Memorandum in Support of its Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative 

Record and Response to Plaintiff’s MJAR (ECF No. 39-1) (Int.-Def.’s Mem.) at 23-58.

13 On each 

issue, Insight has not demonstrated that the Navy acted irrationally, violated the terms of the 

Solicitation, or acted in violation of U.S. procurement law. Furthermore, several of Insight’s 

arguments fail because the alleged errors did not prejudice Insight. This Court must therefore deny 

Plaintiff’s MJAR, SMJAR, and Second SMJAR, and grant Defendant’s and IntervenorDefendant’s Cross-MJARs and Supplemental Cross-MJARs. 

I. The Navy Did Not Err in Failing to Evaluate Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule

Plaintiff first alleges that “the Navy failed to evaluate whether Dell Marketing ha[d] all of 

the required Microsoft products on its General Services Administration (‘GSA’) Federal Supply 

Schedule (‘FSS’).” Pl.’s Mem. at 11. The Solicitation required offerors to have all the requested 

products on their GSA FSS Schedules for the duration of the procurement. See Tab 3.1 (Excerpts 

from Original Request for Quotations (RFQ), dated March 17, 2021) at AR 32. While the Navy 

relied on representations and documentation provided by Dell Marketing to determine that it 

satisfied the GSA FSS Schedule requirement, it did not independently review Dell Marketing’s 

GSA Schedule. See Tab 4 (Dell Initial Quote, dated April 6, 2021) at AR 144, 173, 181-800; Tab 

41 (Dell Comments on Agency Report, dated July 13, 2021) at AR 4738-41. Plaintiff argues that 

13 Citations throughout this Memorandum and Order reference the ECF-assigned page numbers, 

which do not always correspond to the pagination within the document.
37

the Navy’s failure to independently review a copy of Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule was 

erroneous because (i) such inspection was required to ensure compliance with the Solicitation, and 

(ii) there was “significant countervailing evidence” triggering an obligation for the Navy to 

independently verify Dell Marketing’s representations about the contents of its GSA Schedule. 

Pl.’s Mem. at 23-29 (quoting Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 649 F.3d 1320, 1331 (Fed. 

Cir. 2011)). This Court holds that Plaintiff’s claim fails on both grounds.

A. The Solicitation Did Not Require an Inspection of Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule

First, Insight alleges that the Navy failed to review Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule despite 

the RFQ’s requirement that “each offeror have a GSA Schedule that (1) covers the duration of the 

BPA, and (2) contains ‘[a]ll Microsoft products listed under Attachment #2 – BPA Product and 

Price List.’” Pl.’s Mem. at 24 (quoting Tab 3.1 at AR 32). However, the terms of the Solicitation 

did not require the Navy to independently verify Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule. This Court’s 

“duty [is] to determine whether the agency’s [eligibility] analysis was consistent with the 

evaluation criteria set forth in the RFP, not to introduce new requirements outside the scope of the 

RFP.” Alabama Aircraft Indus., Inc.-Birmingham v. United States, 586 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 

2009) (citation omitted). The Solicitation clearly did not require the Navy to inspect Dell 

Marketing’s GSA Schedule. Rather, it only required offerors to “submit evidence of product 

inclusion on [the] GSA Schedule,” Tab 3.3 (Amendment 2 to RFQ, dated March 31, 2021 (without 

responses to questions) at AR 101 (emphasis added), and to “only provide Microsoft product 

listing and pricing.” Id. at AR 103-104. Indeed, as noted in this Court’s factual findings, neither 

offeror submitted its full GSA FSS contract, nor did the RFQ require offerors to do so. See 

generally Tab 3.3 at AR 101-04; Tab 4; Tab 5 (Insight Initial Quote, dated April 6, 2021); see also 

supra pp. 10-11. Further, the Administrative Record does not support that either offeror objected
38

to the Navy’s process of using offerors’ self-provided Microsoft product and price list as opposed 

to requiring submission of offerors’ full GSA FSS contracts. See Tab 3.3; Tabs 4-5. 

The Navy complied with the Solicitation’s evaluation criteria by rationally relying on the 

representations and documentation provided by both Insight and Dell Marketing. Such reliance is 

generally standard practice in government procurements. See Allied Tech., 649 F.3d at 1330 (Fed. 

Cir. 2011). “Where an offeror has certified that it meets the technical requirements of a proposal, 

the Contracting Officer is entitled to rely on such certification in determining whether to accept a 

bid.” Id. (internal quotation omitted). 

The Navy’s reliance here was reasonably based on the representations and documentation 

provided by Dell Marketing and the Navy’s own due diligence. First, Dell Marketing provided 

detailed spreadsheets (i) identifying Microsoft products on its GSA Schedule and the pricing for 

those products, and (ii) comparing the Solicitation’s stock-keeping unit numbers with those on 

Dell Marketing’s Schedule. Tab 4 at AR 144, 181-800. Second, Dell Marketing certified that it 

had the necessary products on its Schedule. Id. at AR 173 (“By responding to this RFQ, vendor is 

certifying that all products listed in Attachment 2 are currently included on your GSA Multiple 

Award Schedule (MAS) Contract (GS-35F-059DA And GS-35F-0884P*.”). Third, Dell 

Marketing submitted a letter from Microsoft referencing this Solicitation and confirming Dell 

Marketing’s status as an authorized Microsoft reseller. Id. at AR 801. Fourth, the Navy conducted 

its own independent analysis by comparing Dell Marketing’s submitted price list for the BPA to 

Dell Marketing’s submitted evidence of inclusion on its FSS to ensure that Dell Marketing’s GSA 

Schedule included the necessary products. See Tab 40 (Navy Response to GAO Request for 

Information, dated July 13, 2021) at AR 4739. The Navy concluded that it did. Id. (“Almost all 

of the SKUs and associated GSA prices listed on Dell’s BPA Attachment 2 – BPA Product and 
39

Price List were matched using this method to the GSA SKUs and prices on Dell’s Consolidated 

Microsoft Products excel.”); AR 4740 (confirming that all SKUs were “included on Dell’s 

Microsoft Price List” and “the prices matched”). Thus, the Navy acted reasonably in relying on 

Dell Marketing’s statements and spreadsheets, which reflected that its GSA Schedule contained 

the necessary products to satisfy the RFQ.14 Id. at AR 4740-41.

B. The Alleged Warning Signs Did Not Present “Significant Countervailing 

Evidence” Requiring the Navy to Inspect Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule

Second, there was no “significant countervailing evidence” requiring the Navy to review 

Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule. While an agency is permitted to rely on a bidder’s certification 

“that it meets the technical requirements of a proposal . . . in determining whether to accept a bid,” 

it should not accept a bid where there is “significant countervailing evidence reasonably known to 

the agency evaluators that should create doubt whether the offeror will or can comply with the 

requirement.” Allied Tech. Grp., 649 F.3d at 1330-31 (citation omitted). Accordingly, where a 

bid “on its face” leads an agency “to the conclusion that an offeror could not and would not comply 

with the [applicable requirement],” the agency has an obligation to independently determine 

whether the bidder’s representations are accurate. Id. at 1330 (emphasis in original) (citation 

omitted). 

14 While Intervenor-Defendant understands Plaintiff to also argue in its initial MJAR that the 

Solicitation should have, but did not, require the Navy to review bidders’ GSA Schedules, Plaintiff 

clarified in its reply brief that it “does not suggest the evaluation scheme in the RFQ was 

improper.” Int.-Def’s Mem. at 23-24; Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant’s and IntervenorDefendant’s Cross-MJARs and Reply In Support of Plaintiff’s MJAR (ECF No. 44) (Pl.’s Reply)

at 14. The Court agrees with Intervenor-Defendant that had Plaintiff raised such a claim, it would 

have been untimely under Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, as “[v]endors cannot sit on 

their rights to challenge what they believe is an unfair solicitation, roll the dice and see if they 

receive award and then, if unsuccessful, claim the solicitation was infirm.” 492 F.3d 1308, 1314 

(Fed. Cir. 2007). Plaintiff was required to raise such an objection to the express terms of the 

Solicitation pre-award. Id.
40

Plaintiff points to seven alleged warning signs in Dell Marketing’s proposal that 

purportedly demonstrate “significant countervailing evidence” that Dell Marketing’s GSA 

Schedule may not have covered the duration of the BPA or may not have contained all the products

required by the Solicitation. Pl.’s Mem. at 26-28; see also Tab 3.3 at AR 101 (“Resellers shall 

submit evidence of product inclusion on GSA schedule, i.e., a copy of your GSA approved Price 

List.”), AR 102 (“Reseller must have a current General Services Administration (GSA) Federal 

Supply Schedule (FSS) contract that covers the duration of the resultant Agreement.”). Plaintiff 

contends that such alleged warning signs required the Navy to independently determine whether 

Dell Marketing’s bid representations were accurate. See Pl.’s Mem. at 26. However, none of these 

alleged warning signs meet the Allied Tech. “significant countervailing evidence” standard; 

accordingly, none of the purported warning signs required further investigation by the Navy and 

none would have required the Navy to request a copy of Dell Marketing’s full GSA Schedule to 

determine whether it contained the products necessary for the procurement. Allied Tech. Grp., 649 

F.3d at 1331. The Court will address each alleged warning sign in turn.

First, Plaintiff argues that a search of bidders on the GSA Advantage website,15

www.gsaadvantage.gov, should have alerted the Navy that Dell Marketing purportedly did not 

have the required products on its GSA Schedule, as required by the Solicitation. Pl.’s Mem. at 26-

27. Specifically, Plaintiff contends that the Navy should have had concerns about Dell 

Marketing’s GSA Schedule given “Dell Marketing does not even have the first part number from 

the RFQ” listed on the GSA Advantage website and none of Dell Marketing’s products listed on 

15 As described on GSA’s buying and selling tools website, the GSA Advantage website allows 

“federal buyers” to view goods and services contractors provide and to “[s]hop [for] millions of 

products and services ... or research the market for selling.” https://www.gsa.gov/toolsoverview/buying-and-selling-tools (last viewed June 8, 2022).
41

the GSA Advantage website include required products16 under the RFQ. See Pl.’s Mem. at 25-26. 

However, Plaintiff fails to present evidence that other contractors produced their full GSA 

Schedule on the GSA Advantage website, a circumstance that, if true, would certainly have 

alarmed the Navy if offerors, such as Dell Marketing, did not follow suit. See generally Pl.’s Mem. 

In fact, there is no evidence that Plaintiff’s hypothetical scenario exists. In stark contrast, 

Defendants point to other authorized Microsoft Licensing Solution Providers, including Dell 

Federal and CDW Government LLC, that, for various reasons, do not list any Microsoft products 

on the GSA Advantage website. See Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 27; Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 32. Consistent 

with that practice, Dell Marketing reasonably explained that it does not publish its full price list 

on GSA Advantage given (i) its large size containing “over 300,000 [stock keeping units]” and (ii) 

16 Defendant contends that the Court should not consider this “alleged warning sign” because the 

GSA Advantage searches on which Plaintiff relies are not part of the Administrative Record. 

Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 26. To the extent Plaintiff asks this Court to consider screenshots of GSA 

Advantage searches attached to Plaintiff’s Reply in Support of its Motion to Complete the 

Administrative Record (ECF No. 31), this Court agrees with Defendant that it will not consider 

those screenshots as they are not a part of the Administrative Record. See Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. 

v. United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (explaining that the court is limited to 

reviewing the administrative record under APA review to “guard against courts using new 

evidence to convert the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard into effectively de novo review”

(internal citations and quotations omitted)); see also Exhibits 1-2 of Plaintiff’s Reply in Support 

of its Motion to Complete the Administrative Record (ECF Nos. 31-1, 31-2) (containing GSA 

searches performed by Plaintiff’s counsel that are not part of the Administrative Record). 

Defendant argues that the Court’s inquiry should end there. Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 26. This Court 

disagrees. The Administrative Record reflects that the Navy performed a search of the GSA 

Advantage website, even though the screenshot of that search is not a part of the Administrative 

Record. See Tab 63 (Vendor Submission Workbook) at AR 5565-67; Tab 70 (DoD Website Notice 

of Contract Awards, June 4, 2021) at AR 6176. Given neither party contests the result of that 

search — namely that Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule products list was not posted on the GSA 

Advantage website — this Court has a basis to conduct “meaningful judicial review” into whether 

the omission of Dell Marketing’s products list on GSA Advantage’s website raises to the level of 

“significant countervailing evidence.” Axiom Res. Mgmt., 564 F.3d at 1380; Allied Tech. Grp., 

649 F.3d at 1331; see generally Pl.’s Mem. at 25-26; Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 27; Int.-Def.’s Mem. 

at 30-32; see also Nov. 17 Tr. at 74:4-7 (acknowledging on behalf of Defendant that Dell 

Marketing’s complete pricing is not listed on the GSA Advantage website). 
42

its “commercial practices change frequently.” Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 32 (citing Dell Marketing’s 

Terms & Conditions); see also Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 27 (arguing the same). As Plaintiff presents 

no evidence that it is routine for companies to post their entire GSA Schedule product list on the 

GSA Advantage website, Plaintiff fails to establish that the absence of Dell Marketing’s Microsoft 

products listed on the GSA Advantage website is “significant countervailing evidence” that would 

lead the agency to doubt Dell Marketing’s representations concerning its ability to provide the 

requisite products from its GSA FSS. Allied Tech. Grp., 649 F.3d at 1330-31.

Second, Plaintiff contends that Dell Marketing’s request to amend the Solicitation, to 

permit Dell Federal and Dell Marketing to submit a bid under a Contractor Teaming Arrangement 

(CTA), should have put the Navy on notice that Dell Marketing allegedly would not be able to 

meet the requirements of the procurement. Pl.’s Mem. at 26. This claim similarly falls short as 

Dell Marketing explicitly informed the Navy that it desired to submit a bid through a teaming 

arrangement with Dell Federal because (i) Dell Federal’s FSS was set to expire in 2024 and did 

not meet the Solicitation’s requirement that an offeror hold the requisite GSA Schedule for the 

duration of the BPA,

17 and (ii) Dell Marketing was unable to handle classified orders, while Dell 

Federal could do so. See Tab 3.6 (E-mail Chain regarding Dell Teaming Request, dated March 

26-31, 2021) at AR 131-33. While these reasons rationally explain Dell’s request for a teaming 

arrangement, neither explanation indicates that Dell Marketing lacked the required products on its

FSS. See Tab 3.1 at AR 31-32. Dell’s preference for submitting a bid under a CTA did not tell 

the Navy anything about either entity’s ability to provide the procurement’s required products. 

Accordingly, this alone cannot satisfy the “significant countervailing evidence” standard. Allied 

Tech. Grp., 649 F.3d at 1330-31; see also Per Aarsleff A/S v. United States, 829 F.3d 1303, 1315 

17 See supra pp. 6-7.
43 

(Fed. Cir. 2016) (holding proposal based on teaming agreement would not put agency on notice 

that the offeror “could not and would not” comply with the solicitation’s requirements (citation 

omitted)).

Third, Plaintiff argues that Dell Marketing’s lack of a U.S. Department of Defense 

Enterprise Software Initiative Blanket Purchase Agreement (DoD ESI BPA) indicates a defect 

with Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule. Pl.’s Mem. at 26. This claim is without merit as Dell

Marketing’s CTA and reliance on Dell Federal’s DoD ESI BPA are entirely consistent with the 

Solicitation. As an initial matter, Dell Marketing is an “authorized [Microsoft] Licensing Solution 

Partner” meaning that Dell Marketing is authorized “to sell Microsoft software to state, local, and 

federal government customers,” as required by the Solicitation. Tab 4 at AR 801. Additionally, 

the RFQ was amended to permit the use of CTAs, and Insight did not object to this amendment 

pre-award. See Tab 3.3 at AR 101. Further, the Solicitation did not require a reseller to be a DoD 

ESI BPA holder if its teaming partner held a DoD ESI BPA. Id. at AR 102 (“Reseller/ Teaming 

Partner must be a DoD ESI BPA Holder for Microsoft Products and Azure Services.”). Since Dell 

Federal is a teaming partner with a DoD ESI BPA, Dell Marketing’s proposal complied with the 

Solicitation’s requirements. See Tab 34 (Navy Contracting Officer Statement of Facts and 

Memorandum of Law, dated July 6, 2021) at AR 4704. Finally, under the circumstances here — 

where its teaming partner satisfied the Solicitation requirement — it was immaterial that Dell 

Marketing did not hold a DoD ESI BPA. Such a scenario did not inform the Navy about the 

contents of Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule. Thus, the absence of a Dell Marketing DoD ESI 

BPA does not indicate “significant countervailing evidence” of a defect with Dell Marketing’s 

GSA Schedule. Allied Tech. Grp., 649 F.3d at 1330-31. 
44

Fourth, Plaintiff argues that Dell Marketing’s reference to “EA Pricing on GSA,” included 

in Dell’s BPA Product and Price List, implied that Dell Marketing was using Dell Federal’s GSA 

Schedule, rather than its own, to provide products under the procurement. Pl.’s Mem. at 26-27. 

This argument is speculative and falls notably short of Allied Tech.’s “significant countervailing 

evidence” test. Allied Tech. Grp., 649 F.3d at 1330-31. Plaintiff contends that “EA” means 

“Enterprise Agreement” and refers to the DoD ESI BPA that is held by Dell Federal, while 

Intervenor-Defendant contends “EA” commonly references enterprise pricing agreements, in 

general, for large organizations. Pl.’s Mem. at 27; Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 29. Plaintiff fails to 

establish why the use of “EA,” a common term in this arena, should be interpreted as specifically

referencing the DoD ESI BPA. Without providing a rationale for why the Navy should have 

construed the term one way and not another, Plaintiff fails to present “significant countervailing 

evidence” that “on its face” raises a red flag requiring further investigation. Allied Tech. Grp., 649 

F.3d at 1330-31 (emphasis in original). 

Fifth, Plaintiff argues that since the Navy knew that Dell Federal, rather than Dell 

Marketing, typically sold enterprise software to the Government, Dell Marketing must not have 

had all the requisite products on its GSA Schedule, as required by the Solicitation. Pl.’s Mem. at 

27. This claim, which requires a large logical leap, similarly fails. Even assuming arguendo that 

Dell Federal sold more enterprise software to the Government than Dell Marketing — an issue this 

Court need not resolve — it would be of no moment, as it has no bearing on whether Dell 

Marketing’s GSA Schedule covered the requisite Microsoft products mandated by the 

Solicitation.18 Further, Plaintiff does not cite any authority reflecting that a general industry 

18 Intervenor-Defendant contests Plaintiff’s premise that Dell Federal, rather than Dell Marketing, 

is the entity that typically sells enterprise software to the Government. Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 29-30. 

As noted, this Court need not evaluate the claim’s veracity as, even if true, the allegation would 
45

sentiment or perception can constitute the type of “significant countervailing evidence” that would 

require an agency to verify a bidder’s representations, upon which the agency is generally entitled 

to rely. Allied Tech. Grp., 649 F.3d at 1330-31. Accordingly, this claim fails as well. 

Sixth, Plaintiff argues that the Navy should have been aware that Dell Marketing allegedly 

did not have all required products on its GSA Schedule given Dell Marketing submitted past 

performance information solely for Dell Federal. Pl.’s Mem. at 27. However, Plaintiff fails to 

account for the multitude of reasons why past performance data may be absent for the prime

contractor in a CTA. For example, the non-prime contractor may have performed more of these

types of contracts in the past, and thus had more relevant past performance data. Further, as 

Intervenor-Defendant notes, the RFQ expressly permitted Dell to submit past performance 

references from Dell Federal, rather than Dell Marketing. Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 30 (citing Tab 3.3 

at AR 102 (permitting the “Reseller/Teaming Partner [to] submit 2” past performance references)). 

It would be incongruous to suspect Dell Marketing of malfeasance for submitting precisely the 

information that the RFQ permitted. Finally, Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate or cite any support 

for the proposition upon which it seemingly relies — namely that the number of partner references 

in comparison to the number of prime references can constitute “significant countervailing 

evidence” that would trigger a duty to verify the bidder’s representations. Allied Tech. Grp., 649 

F.3d at 1330-31. Accordingly, this claim similarly fails.

Seventh, Plaintiff argues that the CTA between Dell Marketing and Dell Federal was 

invalid because Dell Federal allegedly could not supply the requisite products from its GSA 

Schedule. Pl.’s Mem. at 27. Thus, based on Plaintiff’s hypothetical of an invalid CTA, Insight 

fail to meet the Allied Tech. standard requiring further agency action. Allied Tech. Grp., 649 F.3d 

at 1330-31; see also supra pp. 44-45.
46

contends that the Navy was required to independently review Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule 

because Dell Marketing purportedly could not have provided the requisite products under the 

Solicitation without a valid CTA. See id. As an initial matter, Plaintiff’s premise is incorrect —

as explained below, the Solicitation did not require both CTA partners to provide products from 

their respective GSA Schedules. See Tab 3.3 at AR 101-04; infra at pp. 46-48. As Dell’s CTA 

was valid and neither the CTA nor the Solicitation required each team member to provide products, 

any alleged failure by Dell Marketing to include in its proposal a list of products that would be 

offered by Dell Federal does not present “significant countervailing evidence” triggering an 

agency obligation to independently verify Dell Marketing’s representations about the contents of 

its GSA Schedule. Allied Tech. Grp., 649 F.3d at 1330-31. As with Plaintiff’s other alleged 

warning signs, this claim also fails. Accordingly, the Navy did not err by declining to 

independently review Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule. 

II. Dell Marketing Has a Valid Contractor Teaming Arrangement with Dell Federal

Next, Plaintiff contends that Dell Marketing lacks a valid Contractor Teaming

Arrangement (CTA) with Dell Federal because under Dell’s proposal, Dell Federal does not supply 

any products from its GSA Schedule. Pl.’s Mem. at 28-29. Defendants respond that Plaintiff’s 

argument is (i) waived as untimely,

19 and (ii) lacks merit as both members of a CTA are not 

required to supply products from their own GSA Schedules for the CTA to be valid. Def.’s CrossMJAR at 29-31; Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 32-37. While the timeliness issue falls in Plaintiff’s favor, 

Defendants ultimately prevail on the merits of this argument.

19 The timeliness argument is raised by Intervenor-Defendant, but not by Defendant. Int.-Def.’s 

Mem. at 32-37.
47

First, Intervenor-Defendant’s timeliness argument under Blue & Gold Fleet, 492 F.3d at

1313, is unavailing. Dell Marketing characterizes Plaintiff’s argument as a tardy objection to 

Amendment 2 to the Solicitation, which permitted Dell Marketing to enter a CTA with Dell 

Federal. See Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 33; Tab 3.3 at AR 101 (“Contractor Teaming Arrangements will 

be accepted.”). Dell Marketing contends that Plaintiff waived this argument by failing to raise it 

pre-award. Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 33. Dell Marketing mischaracterizes Plaintiff’s argument. 

Plaintiff does not dispute that the Solicitation as amended allowed for teaming arrangements. See 

Pl.’s Reply at 21 n.7 (“Insight has never claimed that ‘Dell Marketing could not enter a CTA with 

Dell Federal.’” (quoting Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 33)). Rather, Plaintiff alleges that Dell Marketing did 

not form a valid CTA with Dell Federal and thus should be ineligible for the award. See Pl.’s 

Mem. at 28-29. Accordingly, as Plaintiff’s objection does not relate to the terms of the Solicitation, 

Blue & Gold is inapplicable, and Plaintiff’s claim is timely. Blue & Gold, 492 F.3d at 1313.

Turning to the merits of Plaintiff’s claim, Plaintiff fails to cite any authority mandating that

each member of a CTA provide some products off its GSA Schedule for the CTA to be valid. See 

Pl.’s Mem. at 28-29. This is likely because “[t]here is no FAR or [General Services Acquisition 

Manual] FAR supplement regulation that actually provides any definition of what a CTA is and 

what its elements must be. There is only [GSA’s] website.” Brooks Range Cont. Servs., Inc. v. 

United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 699, 716 n.16 (2011) (citation omitted). While GSA’s website provides 

useful guidance, it is not law and does not establish necessary elements for creating a valid CTA. 

Brooks Range Cont. Servs., 101 Fed. Cl. at 716 n.16 (“Notwithstanding their mandatory phrasing, 

the four elements [on GSA’s website] are not contained in [the Solicitation, the FAR, or in binding 

precedent,] providing mandatory requirements for offerors.”). Further, the Solicitation does not 
48

incorporate GSA’s website guidance for establishing a valid CTA. See Tab 3.3 at AR 101-04. 

Thus, Dell’s CTA was not required to comply with guidance listed on GSA’s website.

However, even if satisfaction of GSA’s website guidance were required to create a valid 

CTA, Dell Marketing’s CTA would clearly satisfy such requirements. GSA’s website lists four 

elements for creating a CTA: (i) “[e]ach team member must have a GSA Schedule contract,” (ii) 

“[e]ach team member is responsible for duties addressed in the CTA,” (iii) “[e]ach team member 

has privity of contract with the government and can interact directly with the government,” and 

(iv) “the buying entity is invoiced at each team member’s unit prices or hourly rates as agreed in 

the . . . GSA Schedule BPA.” See https://www.gsa.gov/buying-selling/purchasing-programs/gsamultiple-award-schedule/schedule-features/contractor-team-arrangements (last viewed June 8, 

2022). It is undisputed that both entities (i) have GSA Schedules, Tab 6.1 (Additional E-mails 

between the Navy and Dell regarding Dell’s Quote, dated April 7-8, 2021) at AR 3301, (ii) are 

responsible for duties under the CTA with Dell Federal providing services for secure orders and

Dell Marketing providing products, such as hardware and software, for all other orders, id., and 

(iii) charge the Government based on Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule, as indicated in the CTA. 

Id. at AR 3312, 3302. Plaintiff contests only the “privity” element, arguing that Dell Federal is 

not in privity of contract with the Government because a subcontractor could fulfill the secure 

order requirements under the Solicitation. Pl.’s Reply at 19-20 (citing Winter v. FloorPro, Inc., 

570 F.3d 1367, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“[S]ubcontractors are generally not in privity of contract 

with the government.”)). This argument is not well taken. 

Plaintiff does not allege that Dell Federal is operating as a subcontractor in this 

procurement, nor could it as both Dell entities are teaming partners. See Pl.’s Reply at 19-20; Tab 

6.1 at AR 3313. Rather, Plaintiff presents an unsupported argument that since a subcontractor 
49

could provide the same services as Dell Federal, Dell Federal should be treated as a subcontractor, 

and thus no privity exists between the Navy and Dell Federal. See Pl.’s Reply at 19-20. This 

argument runs contrary to law. Privity of contract exists where “[t]he relationship between the 

parties to a contract, allow[s] them to sue each other but prevent[s] a third party from doing so.” 

Estes Exp. Lines v. United States, No. 11-597C, 2017 WL 3393298, at *9 (Fed. Cl. Aug. 8, 2017) 

(quoting Privity of Contract, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014)). Direct privity is established 

if the parties have a contractual relationship that evinces their intent to be bound. Estes Exp. Lines 

v. United States, 739 F.3d 689, 693-94 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (finding privity of contract between the 

Government and a federal motor carrier where no contract existed between the two, yet the 

Government “expressly authorized, by contract its designation as a party to the bills of lading”

between the carrier and a third-party, and the Government accepted all shipments from the carrier 

expressing its intent to be bound).

Direct privity exists between the Navy and Dell Federal. While this Court agrees with

Defendant that the “Government will not have ‘privity of contract’ with anyone for the BPA itself,”

since the Solicitation indicates that the Government is “under no obligation to exercise any options 

contained in this BPA or any Order resulting from this BPA,” that changes when the Government 

places an order from the BPA. Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 30 n.7; Tab 3.3 at AR 79; see also Crewzers 

Fire Crew Transp., Inc. v. United States, 741 F.3d 1380, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (holding no privity 

where the Government was not required to exercise its options by purchasing from the BPA and 

the solicitation stated purchases from parties other than the BPA awardee would not violate the

Agreement). Once the Navy places orders from the BPA, it will be in privity with Dell Federal

and Dell Marketing — Dell Federal for fulfilling secure ordering needs and Dell Marketing for

“invoicing and payment for [s]oftware orders.” Tab 6.1 at AR 3313; see Zhengxing v. United 
50

States, 204 F. App’x 885 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (holding BPAs create contractual obligations regarding 

accepted orders); Mod. Sys. Tech. Corp. v. United States, 979 F.2d 200 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (holding

accepted orders from a BPA create enforceable obligations between the parties). 

Privity will be established between the Government and Dell Federal as the latter is solely 

“responsible for fulfilling any secure order requirements,” and Dell Marketing is not listed as 

secondarily responsible for secure orders if Dell Federal fails to perform. Tab 6.1 at AR 3313 

(emphasis added). Dell’s response to the Navy’s question about liability emphasizes this point by 

indicating that “each individual team member [of the CTA] is responsible for their performance.”20 

Id. at AR 3312. Since the Administrative Record clearly indicates that Dell Federal will be solely 

responsible for secure orders under the CTA, and the Government selected Dell for the BPA with 

knowledge of Dell’s CTA, a contractual relationship — and thus privity — will be established 

between the Government and Dell Federal as soon as the Government places a secure order. Id. 

at AR 3293 (describing responsibilities of Dell Federal and Dell Marketing to the Navy under the 

CTA).

Finally, Plaintiff relies on the GAO’s decision in Veterans Healthcare to buttress its 

argument that a valid CTA exists only where both partners provide products from their GSA 

20 In its reply, Plaintiff argues for the first time that Dell’s CTA violated the FAR’s 8.405-

3(b)(1)(ii)(C) requirement that an “award is made in accordance with the basis for selection in the 

RFQ.” Pl.’s Reply at 20 (quoting FAR 8.405-3(b)(1)(ii)(C)). First, Plaintiff waived this argument 

by raising it for the first time in its reply brief. Novosteel SA v. U.S., Bethlehem Steel Corp., 284 

F.3d 1261, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“Raising the issue for the first time in a reply brief does not 

suffice; reply briefs reply to arguments made in the response brief — they do not provide the 

moving party with a new opportunity to present yet another issue for the court’s consideration.”

(emphasis in original)). Second, even if not waived, Plaintiff’s argument is based on an incorrect 

premise that Dell Federal would not be in privity of contract with the Government. See Pl.’s Reply 

at 20. Given that privity exists between Dell Federal and the Government, and the Solicitation did 

not indicate that CTAs must comply with GSA’s website guidance, the Navy properly followed 

the “basis for selection in the RFQ.” FAR 8.405-3(b)(1)(ii)(C); see also Tab 3.3 at AR 101-02.
51

Schedules. Veterans Healthcare, however, is inapposite to the proposition Plaintiff posits. The

GAO merely held that a solicitation requiring that each member of a CTA hold its own FSS 

contract was “not unduly restrictive of competition or otherwise improper.” Veterans Healthcare

Supply Sols., Inc, B-409888, 2014 CPD ¶ 269, 2014 WL 4384601 at *3 (Comp. Gen. Sept. 5, 

2014). Unlike the CTA at issue in Veterans Healthcare, Dell’s CTA contemplates that Dell 

Federal would be in privity of contract with the Government to fulfill secure needs under the BPA,

while Dell Marketing would be in privity of contract with the Government to fulfill non-secure 

product needs. Tab 6.1 at AR 3313. Significantly, unlike the solicitation’s CTA requirements in 

Veterans Healthcare, the Solicitation here does not require each teaming partner to provide 

products from its GSA Schedule. See Tab 3.3 at AR 101-04. Thus, the reasoning in Veterans 

Healthcare is inapplicable to determining the validity of the CTA between Dell Marketing and 

Dell Federal. 

Having found, among other reasons discussed above, that both entities need not each 

provide products from their respective GSA Schedules to create a valid CTA under this 

Solicitation, the Court finds Dell Marketing and Dell Federal’s CTA valid. 

III. The Navy Conducted a Reasonable Past Performance Evaluation

Plaintiff objects to the Navy’s past performance evaluation, arguing that Insight should 

have received (1) a “Substantial Confidence” — rather than a “Satisfactory Confidence” — Past 

Performance rating (or “at a minimum a higher Confidence rating than Dell”), and (2) a “Very 

Relevant” — rather than a “Relevant” — Relevance rating. Pl.’s Mem. at 29-31. Defendants 

respond that the Navy reasonably evaluated the offerors’ past performance, but even if the 

evaluation were unreasonable, Plaintiff’s claim would still fail for lack of prejudice. Def.’s CrossMJAR at 32-38; Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 37-41. Three issues arise out of Plaintiff’s objection to the 
52

Navy’s past performance evaluation, all of which weigh in favor of Defendants: (i) whether 

Insight’s Confidence rating was rationally assigned, (ii) whether Insight’s Relevance rating was 

rationally assigned, and (iii) even assuming Insight’s ratings were irrationally assigned, whether 

Insight was prejudiced.

In addition to the normal deference afforded to the agency under the Administrative 

Procedure Act, even greater deference is given to an agency’s past performance evaluation. See

Active Network, LLC v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. 421, 432 (2017) (“When reviewing an 

evaluation of past performance in a negotiated procurement, the Court affords an agency, ‘the 

greatest deference possible is given to the agency.’”), aff’d, 718 F. App’x 981 (Fed. Cir. 2018); 

Westech Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 272, 293 (2007) (same, referencing situation as “a 

triple whammy of deference.”). In evaluating the agency’s expression of its discretion, the court 

is “limited to determining whether the evaluation was reasonable, consistent with the stated 

evaluation criteria and complied with relevant statutory and regulatory requirements.” Banknote 

Corp. of Am. v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. 377, 381 (2003), aff’d, 365 F.3d 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2004); 

see also FAR 8.405-3(b)(1)(ii)(C) (requiring agencies to ensure that an “award is made in 

accordance with the basis for selection in the RFQ”). Thus, mere disagreements with an agency’s 

past performance evaluation fail to establish that the agency acted unreasonably. Active Network, 

130 Fed. Cl. at 433; Fluor Intercontinental, Inc. v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 309, 329 (2020); 

see also Newimar S.A. v. United States, No. 21-CV-1897, 2022 WL 1592813, at *30 (Fed. Cl. May 

12, 2022) (explaining, in price reasonableness context, that “mere disagreement with the 

[agency’s] conclusion . . . cannot sustain a protest”). Plaintiff fails to establish that its objections 

to the Navy’s past performance evaluation amount to anything more than a disagreement with the 

agency’s determination.

54

Servs., LLC v. United States, 153 Fed. Cl. 89, 126-134 (2021) (holding agency irrationally applied 

ratings inconsistent with solicitation’s adjectival definitions); FFL Pro LLC v. United States, 124 

Fed. Cl. 536, 555-57 (2015) (same). Instead, the Navy conducted a detailed review — considering 

the precise differences Plaintiff references in its charts — by analyzing the parties’ sub-ratings and 

narrative comments to determine that, while Insight’s past performance record was “slightly better 

than Dell’s,” “[b]oth vendors’ past performance provided the Government with a reasonable 

expectation that they will successfully perform the required effort.” Tab 12.1 at AR 4360, 4374-

77. Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that the Navy’s ratings were inconsistent “with the stated 

evaluation criteria and . . . with relevant statutory and regulatory requirements.” Banknote Corp. 

of Am., 56 Fed. Cl. at 381. Indeed, the Navy acted well within its broad discretion in awarding 

Insight and Dell Marketing their adjectival ratings. 

Defendants contend that under Plaintiff’s mistaken, formulaic approach to past 

performance analyses, the Navy would be required to merely add up each offeror’s numerical 

ratings to determine its overall adjectival rating. Def.’s Cross MJAR at 35; Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 

39. Plaintiff objects to that characterization of its argument, maintaining that it “is not arguing that 

the Navy should have added scores together to find that Insight was rated higher than Dell.” Pl.’s 

Reply at 21. Rather, Plaintiff contends that the Navy’s “failure to rate the proposals differently . .

. despite . . . significant differences, show a failure to meaningfully evaluate past performance at 

all.” Id. at 22. This Court disagrees. Merely because the Navy “assigned [both] proposals the 

same rating[] does not render the ratings per se improper.” Sys. Application & Techs., Inc., v. 

United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 687, 719 (2011) (holding rational agency’s assignment of same 

adjectival ratings to all three proposals despite differences), aff’d, 691 F.3d 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2012). 
55

Further, the Court’s role is not merely to analyze the adjectival ratings in a vacuum. Rather, 

it is this Court’s duty “to look beyond adjectival ratings because proposals with the same adjectival 

rating are not necessarily of equal quality.” Id. (internal quotations and citation omitted). The 

Administrative Record reflects that the Navy rationally assessed that it had a “reasonable 

expectation” that both offerors could perform under the Solicitation based on their past 

performance, and thus awarded both offerors the same “Satisfactory Confidence” rating despite 

any differences. Tab 12.1 at AR 4375; see also SDS Int’l v. United States, 48 Fed. Cl. 759, 769 

(2001) (holding agency may use its judgment to weigh various factors in awarding an adjectival 

rating).

The cases on which Plaintiff relies do not alter this Court’s analysis. For example, unlike 

here where the Navy’s RFQ lacked adjectival definitions for Past Performance Confidence ratings,

in Plaintiff’s cited cases, Mortgage Contracting Services and FEL Pro LLC, the solicitations 

expressly defined adjectival ratings. Compare Tab 3.3 at AR 103, with Mortg. Contracting Servs., 

LLC v. United States, 153 Fed. Cl. 89, 126-134 (2021), and FFL Pro LLC v. United States, 124 

Fed. Cl. 536, 555-57 (2015). Thus, Mortgage Contracting Services and FEL Pro LLC’s holdings,

that the agencies improperly assigned adjectival ratings based on solicitation definitions, are 

inapposite here where no such definitions exist. Mortg. Contracting Servs., 153 Fed. Cl. at 126-

134; FFL Pro, 124 Fed. Cl. at 555-57. Further, while in its EFW, Inc. decision, the GAO found 

past performance ratings irrational where the agency had stated that it “will not . . . discuss[] 

further” why both offerors were assigned the same adjectival rating, here the Navy fully explained 

that it found Insight’s past performance “slightly better” than Dell’s, yet awarded the bidders the 

same adjectival rating because it reasonably believed both would be able to perform under the 

contract. EFW, Inc., B-412608, B-412608.2, 2016 CPD ¶ 304, 2016 WL 6919877, at *9-10
56

(Comp. Gen. Apr. 7, 2016) (citation omitted); see Tab 12.1 at AR 4360. Given in EFW, unlike 

here, the agency provided no explanation for assigning the same ratings, that GAO decision is 

readily distinguishable.

Finally, that Plaintiff — or even this Court — may have assessed different adjectival ratings 

had it done so itself is of no import. This Court does not undergo a de novo review in an APA bid 

protest such as this one. Banknote Corp. of Am., 56 Fed. Cl. at 381 (analyzing whether past 

performance evaluation was reasonable); CSE Const. Co. v. United States, 58 Fed. Cl. 230, 252 

(2003) (same). Rather, the Court determines whether the agency action was reasonable while 

affording the agency the “greatest deference possible.” Active Network, 130 Fed. Cl. at 432

(citation omitted); see Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1332 (applying reasonableness standard in APA 

review). As past performance evaluations “are not subject to a mathematical calculation,” and the 

Navy engaged in a reasonable analysis to support its evaluation, the Navy was generally entitled 

to use its judgment in assigning adjectival ratings. See Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. 

United States, 720 F.3d 901, 909 n.6 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (deferring to agency’s discretion in weighing 

sub-scores and narrative comments before assigning adjectival rating). Accordingly, this Court 

defers to the Navy’s reasonable judgment here concerning Insight’s Confidence rating. 

B. The Navy Rationally Assigned Insight’s Relevance Rating

Second, the Navy rationally assigned Insight’s Relevance rating. Plaintiff contends that it 

should have received a “Very Relevant,” rather than a “Relevant,” Relevance rating because its 

past performance references were valued at more than $50 million per year and thus were “similar” 

to the BPA, as defined by the Solicitation. Pl.’s Mem. at 30-31 (citing Tab 8.8 (Insight CPARs) 

at AR 3466-77). In essence, Plaintiff argues that the Navy acted contrary to the terms of the 

Solicitation by discounting its past performance relative to the Solicitation’s Relevancy 
57

definitions. See id. Again, as explained further below, Plaintiff’s argument amounts to a 

disagreement with the Navy’s decision; that is insufficient to find the evaluation arbitrary and 

capricious. Active Network, 130 Fed. Cl. at 433; Fluor Intercontinental, 147 Fed. Cl. at 329. 

The Navy’s Relevance rating is “owed deference as it is among the minutiae of the 

procurement process.” Glenn Def. Marine, 720 F.3d at 911 (citations and internal quotations 

omitted) (deferring to agency’s finding that bidder’s past performance was relevant as it involved 

“many of the same ports” as the solicitation and provided services “similar to the services required 

by th[e] [s]olicitation”). Significantly, FAR 15.305(a)(2)(ii) leaves “what does or does not 

constitute ‘relevant’ past performance [to the agency’s] considered discretion.” PlanetSpace, Inc. 

v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 520, 539 (2010) (citing FAR 15.305(a)(2)(ii)). For the reasons 

discussed below, the Navy applied such “considered discretion” in assigning Insight a Relevance

rating of “Relevant.” Id.; Tab 12.1 at AR 4374. 

The Solicitation indicates that Relevance is evaluated based on “size” and “scope,” with 

“similar size . . . valued at approximately $50M or greater per year, and similar scope . . . 

includ[ing] any award that is agency/component-wide, multi-agency, or department-wide.” Tab 

3.3 at AR 103. Significantly, Plaintiff’s argument rests on “size” alone without taking into account 

the “scope” of those projects, as required by the Solicitation. See Pl.’s Mem. at 30-31; Tab 3.3 at 

AR 103. As Plaintiff argues that the agency acted contrary to the terms of the Solicitation, it needs

to demonstrate that the Navy failed to adhere to the Relevancy definition by insufficiently rating a 

project with a similar “size” and “scope.” See Banknote Corp. of Am., 56 Fed. Cl. at 381 (analyzing

solicitation requirements to determine whether the agency acted rationally); see also Pl.’s Mem at 

30-31. Since Plaintiff does not argue that its projects were similar in “scope” to the BPA, its claim 

cannot establish that the Navy irrationally evaluated Relevance. See Pl.’s Mem. at 30-31. In fact, 
58

as noted below, the “scope” of Insight’s past projects was significantly narrower than the BPA, a 

fact that supports finding that the Navy acted rationally. Plaintiff’s failure to critique the Navy’s 

“scope” evaluation renders the claim meritless. 

Further, since the Solicitation does not define the various Relevance ratings and does not 

indicate whether projects of similar “size” and “scope” should be rated as “Somewhat Relevant,” 

“Relevant,” or “Very Relevant,” the Navy had the discretion to determine how to rate offerors’

past projects. See Tab 3.3 at AR 103; DynCorp Int’l LLC v. United States, 139 Fed. Cl. 481, 489-

90 (2018) (agreeing with GAO that agencies are entitled to “greater discretion” in evaluating 

relevancy when solicitation does not “expressly define” it). While Insight’s past projects were 

valued at $256 million and $227 million annually (i.e., “size”), each serving one component of the 

U.S. Department of Defense (i.e., “scope”), the BPA at issue here is valued at approximately $680 

million annually (i.e., “size”), potentially serving the entire U.S. Department of Defense (i.e., 

“scope”). Compare Tab 5 at AR 807-10 (Insight’s past project’s pricing), with Tab 3.3 at AR 80 

(BPA estimated pricing); see also Tab 3.1 at AR 10. Given the significant gap between the 

respective “size” and “scope” of the BPA and Insight’s past projects and affording the “greatest 

deference possible” to agencies conducting past performance evaluations, this Court holds the 

Navy acted rationally in assigning Insight a “Relevant” rating. See Active Network, 130 Fed. Cl. 

at 432-33; Westech Int’l, 79 Fed. Cl. at 293. 

C. Plaintiff Was Not Prejudiced by Any Error in the Navy’s Past Performance 

Evaluation

Third, even assuming arguendo that the Navy committed errors in assigning its Confidence 

and Relevance ratings to Insight’s past performance, such errors were non-prejudicial. As Plaintiff 

must establish prejudice to succeed in its bid protest, this claim must also fail for lack of prejudice. 

Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1333. To establish prejudice, “a protestor must show that but for that error, 
59

the protestor had a substantial chance of receiving a contract award.” Off. Design Grp. v. United 

States, 951 F.3d 1366, 1373–74 (Fed. Cir. 2020). Plaintiff has not demonstrated that it would have 

received the award “but for” either of the alleged errors in the Navy’s past performance evaluation. 

The Navy clearly explained when it was making the procurement decision that price was more 

important than the past performance ratings. Tab 3.3 at AR 102. Accordingly, it awarded the BPA 

to Dell Marketing, even though Insight had “slightly better” past performance reviews, because 

Dell Marketing’s proposal was approximately $87 million less than Insight’s bid. Tab 12.1 at AR 

4360 (“[A]lthough Insight’s past performance was slightly better than Dell’s, it was not enough to 

overcome almost an $87M price difference.”). Significantly, the Navy noted that “at best” 

Insight’s “slightly better” past performance review would “be worth a slightly higher price (no 

more than $5 million over the course of 5 years),” an amount insufficient to overcome the bidders’

$87 million price variance. Id. As agencies have “broad discretion in making a price/technical 

tradeoff,” this Court defers to the Navy’s conclusion that Insight’s “slightly better” past 

performance was worth “no more than $5 million over the course of 5 years.” Bahrain Mar. & 

Mercantile Int’l BSC (C) v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. 462, 480 (2014); Tab 12.1 at AR 4360. In 

fact, the Navy went beyond the FAR’s requirements in conducting its tradeoff, as an “agency need 

neither assign an exact dollar value to the worth associated with the technical benefits of a contract 

nor otherwise quantify the non-cost factors.” Serco Inc. v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 463, 497 

(2008) (citing FAR § 15.308).

Furthermore, Insight has not demonstrated that Dell Marketing’s Relevance ratings would 

not similarly be affected in a positive manner if the Navy calculated its Relevance ratings in the 

manner Plaintiff suggests. Applying Plaintiff’s preferred rating method, Dell Marketing’s 

Relevance rating may very well have also shifted from “Relevant” to “Very Relevant” given its
60

past performance references were respectively valued at over $350 million and over $200 million 

annually (i.e., “size”), with the contracts respectively covering the entire U.S. Department of 

Defense and various components within the Department (i.e., “scope”). Tab 4 at AR 145-46. 

Thus, it is likely that even under Plaintiff’s desired calculation method, Insight and Dell Marketing

would have received identical ratings. Accordingly, the Court holds that even if the Navy had 

erroneously conducted its past performance evaluation — which it did not — Plaintiff’s claim 

would nevertheless fail for lack of prejudice. Off. Design Grp., 951 F.3d at 1373–74.

IV. The Navy’s Conduct Does Not Demonstrate Improper Favoritism Toward Dell Marketing

Plaintiff next argues that the Navy conducted a flawed procurement process by displaying 

favoritism toward Dell Marketing in three respects: (1) improperly responding to Dell Marketing’s 

question sent after the Solicitation’s deadline, Pl.’s Mem. at 32-34; (2) engaging in disparate 

treatment by permitting Dell Marketing to correct a deficiency in its proposal after the Solicitation 

deadline while not engaging in similar discussions with Insight, id. at 34-36; and (3) improperly 

accepting Dell Marketing’s late initial proposal. Id. at 36-37. These arguments lack merit.

As an initial matter, this Court finds Plaintiff’s arguments remarkable given the Navy 

initially awarded this contract, worth more than $2.5 billion, to Insight. See Tab 10.1 (Notice of 

BPA Award to Insight, dated May 21, 2021). Further, there is no inkling of favoritism in the 

Administrative Record. Significantly, at issue here are the Navy’s communications with Dell 

Marketing between March 26, 2021, and April 8, 2021, which occurred before the Navy originally 

awarded the procurement to Insight on May 21, 2021. Id. It was only after the Navy realized that 

Insight had failed to comply with the Solicitation by underbidding by tens of millions of dollars 

that the Navy undertook corrective action. See Tab 11.1 (E-mails regarding Suspension of Insight 

Award and Submission of Revised Price Lists, dated May 27-28, 2021) at AR 3523-26. Thus, this 

Court agrees with Defendant that had the Navy been truly biased against Insight, it likely would 
61

not have initially awarded Insight the procurement, as the Navy did here. See Def.’s Cross-MJAR 

at 49. 

Turning to the specifics of Plaintiff’s argument, Plaintiff contends that the Navy violated 

FAR 1.602-2(b)21 and 3.101-1,22 which require contracting officers to act impartially during the 

procurement process. Pl.’s Mem. at 31-32. In essence, Plaintiff makes an allegation of bad faith. 

Defendants respond that Plaintiff’s claim of bad faith is unsupported by the record. See Def.’s

Cross-MJAR at 38-39; Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 41-42. This Court agrees with Defendants. There is a 

“strong presumption in the law that administrative actions are correct and taken in good faith” and 

can be rebutted only with “almost irrefragable proof.” Sanders v. United States Postal Serv., 801 

F.2d 1328, 1331 (Fed Cir. 1986); Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1330 

(Fed. Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). Plaintiff fails to overcome that presumption. The Court 

addresses Plaintiff’s three specific contentions concerning purported favoritism in turn.

A. The Navy Permissibly Responded to Dell Marketing’s Inquiry After the

Solicitation’s Deadline for Question Submissions

First, it was proper for the Navy to respond to Dell Marketing’s inquiry, submitted after 

the Solicitation’s deadline for accepting questions. While the Solicitation set a March 25, 2021 

2:00 p.m. PDT deadline for bidders to “[s]end RFQ questions” to the Navy, Tab 3.1 at AR 33, Dell 

21 “Contracting officers shall [e]nsure that contractors receive impartial, fair, and equitable 

treatment.” FAR 1.602-2(b).

22 “Government business shall be conducted in a manner above reproach and, except as authorized 

by statute or regulation, with complete impartiality and with preferential treatment for none.

Transactions relating to the expenditure of public funds require the highest degree of public trust 

and an impeccable standard of conduct. The general rule is to avoid strictly any conflict of interest 

or even the appearance of a conflict of interest in Government-contractor relationships. While 

many Federal laws and regulations place restrictions on the actions of Government personnel, their 

official conduct must, in addition, be such that they would have no reluctance to make a full public 

disclosure of their actions.” FAR 3.101-1.
62

Marketing sent an email to the Navy on March 26, 2021, a day after that deadline, requesting the 

Navy modify the Solicitation to permit Dell Marketing or Dell Federal to compete for the contract

by permitting bids based on CTAs.

23 Tab 3.6 at AR 131-33. The Navy responded by amending 

the Solicitation enabling Dell Federal to compete based on its CTA with Dell Marketing and 

extending the quote submission deadline. See Tab 3.6 at AR 137. 

Plaintiff characterizesthis email exchange between the Navy and Dell Marketing as a series 

of purportedly “secret communications” that were improper because (i) Dell Marketing’s inquiry

was sent outside the timeframe established by the Solicitation for accepting questions, (ii) Dell 

Marketing’s question and the Navy’s response were not disclosed to Insight, and (iii) Insight’s 

“timely questions” were shared with all offerors while Dell Marketing’s late question was “kept 

secret” allegedly prejudicing Insight’s ability to fairly compete for the contract. Pl.’s Mem. at 32-

34. This Court is unpersuaded by Plaintiff’s arguments and finds the Navy’s actions reasonable 

and permissible.

First, Plaintiff cites no authority to support its claim that an agency is barred from 

responding to correspondence after the expiry of a question submission deadline.

24 Instead, 

Plaintiff cites cases and FAR provisions that generally reference the unremarkable principle that 

23 Plaintiff contends Dell Marketing likely sent this question after realizing Dell Federal was 

ineligible for the procurement because it lacked a GSA Schedule that covered the entirety of the 

BPA, as required by the Solicitation. Pl.’s Mem. at 32; see Tab 3.3 at AR 102 (requiring GSA 

Schedule cover the duration of the BPA). The sufficiency of Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule and 

CTA with Dell Federal is addressed in Discussion Sections I and II. See supra pp. 36-51.

 

24 While Defendant characterizes Dell Marketing’s March 26, 2021 email to the Navy as a 

“request” to amend the Solicitation, rather than a “question” seeking clarifications of the terms of 

the Solicitation, this Court need not resolve that semantics issue as the Navy acted within its 

discretion in responding to the email even if construed as a question. See Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 

40-41 (arguing that the form and substance of the email reflect a “request” rather than a 

“question”).
63

all bidders should be treated equally and fairly. See generally Pl.’s Mem. at 33-34. However, 

FAR 1.102-2(c)(3) provides that “prospective contractors shall be treated fairly and impartially 

but need not be treated the same.” Thus, the Navy was free to treat Dell Marketing and Insight 

differently if both were treated fairly. Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that the Navy treated it unfairly. 

The Navy responded to Dell Marketing based on the particular issue it raised — namely, amending 

the Solicitation to permit Dell Federal to compete for the procurement via a CTA with Dell 

Marketing. See Tab 3.6 at AR 131-34. This was not an issue similarly raised by Insight as Insight 

did not require or seek a CTA to compete for the procurement. See Tab 11.6 (Insight Final Pricing, 

submitted May 30, 2021 (attachment to Tab 11.19 (E-mail transmitting Insight’s Final Pricing, 

dated May 30, 2021))).

Further, the nature of Dell Marketing’s question necessitated a response by the Navy. Dell 

Marketing requested the Navy “expand [its] competition base” to avoid “limit[ing] competition in 

an already limited field of Microsoft Licensing Solution Providers” by permitting Dell Federal to 

submit a bid under a CTA. Tab 3.6 at AR 132. Based on the nature of the request, the Navy could 

have rationally concluded that Dell was alleging that the Solicitation “unduly restrict[ed] 

competition.” Oracle Am., Inc. v. United States, 975 F.3d 1279, 1295 (Fed. Cir. 2020); see also

Veterans Healthcare, 2014 WL 4384601, at *2 (“Where a protester challenges a solicitation 

provision as unduly restrictive of competition, the procuring agency must establish that the 

provision is reasonably necessary to meet the agency’s needs.”). As a claim of unduly restricting 

competition can be the basis for a bid protest, see Oracle, 975 F.3d at 1295, the Navy had an 

obligation under the FAR to “use [its] best efforts to resolve concerns raised by an interested party 

at the contracting officer level through open and frank discussions . . . [p]rior to submission of an 

agency protest.” FAR 33.103(b). Similarly, the Navy’s Solicitation amendment permitting bids 
64

based on CTAs, Tab 3.3 at AR 101, was an “exercise [of its] sound business judgment” to ensure 

competition, which is expressly permitted under the FAR. FAR 1.102(d). 

Significantly, in assessing Plaintiff’s claim of favoritism the “proper inquiry [for this 

Court] is not whether the FAR authorizes” a specific practice, “but whether there is any statutory 

or regulatory provision that precludes” the practice. Tyler Const. Grp. v. United States, 570 F.3d 

1329, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2009). While Plaintiff characterizes the Navy’s response to Dell 

Marketing’s late question as “improper,” it cites no statutory or regulatory provision precluding 

the Navy from doing so, and this Court is unaware of any such provision. Pl.’s Mem. at 33; see 

also Savantage Fin. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 158 Fed. Cl. 240, 249 (2022) (holding, in context 

of “late is late” rule analysis, agency acted within its discretion in accepting two bidders’ final 

proposals submitted past the deadline where those proposals had “no effect on price, quantity, 

quality, or delivery” from initial timely submissions). Further, the Solicitation did not limit the 

Navy’s response. While the Solicitation set a March 25, 2021 deadline for potential bidders to 

“[s]end RFQ questions” to the Navy, it did not restrict the Navy from responding to late 

submissions. Tab 3.1 at AR 33; Tab 3.3 at AR 103. Thus, the Navy did not “act contrary to the 

Solicitation” by exercising its discretion in choosing to respond to Dell Marketing’s question sent 

after the March 25, 2021 deadline. Linc Gov’t Servs., LLC v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 473, 490 

(2012) (finding agency did not act “contrary to the [s]olicitation” in accepting proposal that “did 

not conform to the price realism range” given the solicitation’s permissive language provided 

agency discretion whether to accept or reject nonconforming bid).

Second, the Navy was not required to disclose to Insight Dell Marketing’s March 26, 2021 

email or the Navy’s response as there is no authority requiring an agency to reveal communications 

concerning one bidder’s submission with other bidders where the communications do not create 
65 

an unfair advantage. While Plaintiff cites Serco Inc. v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 463, 482 (2008) 

to argue to the contrary, Serco is inapposite. Pl.’s Mem. at 33. The portion of Serco Plaintiff cites 

references an agency’s obligation to analyze contractors’ past performance “evenhandedly against 

common requirements and evaluation criteria.” Serco, 81 Fed. Cl. at 482 (citation omitted). Serco

does not discuss an agency’s purported obligation to reveal a bidder’s agency correspondence to 

other bidders, and thus is inapplicable here. In fact, FAR 1.102-2(c)(3) illustrates the opposite as 

it does not require an agency to treat all offerors “the same,” and the Solicitation does not contain 

a clause requiring such blanket disclosure. FAR 1.102-2(c)(3); Tab 3.1; Tab 3.2 (Amendment 1 

to RFQ, dated March 24, 2021); Tabs 3.3-3.4. Thus, the Navy had discretion to choose which 

questions and answers to disclose to all offerors based on content. 

Contrary to Plaintiff’s contention that the Navy shared Insight’s questions and answers 

while keeping its correspondence with Dell Marketing “secret,” Pl.’s Mem. at 33, the 

Administrative Record demonstrates that the Navy complied with FAR 1.102-2(c)(3), “treat[ing] 

[both offerors] fairly and impartially,” by disclosing questions and answers from both Insight and 

Dell Marketing that sought clarification about the terms of the Solicitation. Tab 3.5 (Insight and 

Dell Questions on RFQ, dated March 19-30, 2021) at AR 125-29; Tab 42 (Insight Comments on 

Agency Report, dated July 16, 2021) at AR 4806-07. The Navy was simply obligated to disclose 

to all bidders any changes it made to the Solicitation based on correspondence with Dell 

Marketing; the Navy did so on March 31, 2021. See Tab 3.3; FAR 15.206(b) (“Amendments 

issued before the established time and date for receipt of proposals shall be issued to all parties 

receiving the solicitation.”). 

Third, even if Plaintiff had established that the Navy improperly exhibited favoritism for 

Dell Marketing via its response to Dell Marketing’s March 26, 2021 email — which, it has not — 
66

its claim would still fail for lack of prejudice. To establish prejudice, a plaintiff must prove that 

there is a “substantial chance” it would receive the award in the absence of the allegedly unequal 

treatment. WellPoint Mil. Care Corp. v. United States, 953 F.3d 1373, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2020). 

Plaintiff’s contention that it is prejudiced because “Dell Marketing was allowed to compete for the 

BPA despite the fact that it should have been ineligible” lacks merit. Pl.’s Reply at 25. First, 

Plaintiff provides no rationale for why Dell Marketing would become ineligible for the award 

based solely on the Navy’s decision, made reasonably in its discretion, to respond to Dell 

Marketing’s late question. Second, Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that Insight would have had a 

“substantial chance” of receiving the award if, as Insight contends, the Navy (i) was somehow 

legally restricted from responding to Dell Marketing’s late question, or (ii) was obligated to inform 

Insight of Dell Marketing’s CTA correspondence with the Navy. Indeed, any hypothetical result 

in either scenario would be, at best, highly speculative, and would likely not have resulted in an 

award to Insight or other corrective action. Accordingly, even assuming Insight’s legal position 

here has merit, at best the result would simply have placed Plaintiff in the same position it finds 

itself in here; again, with a second opportunity to bid for the contract after the Navy realized Insight 

underpriced its original bid. See Tab 11.1 at AR 3523-26. Plaintiff is not able to demonstrate 

prejudice stemming from these allegations.

B. The Navy Properly Communicated with Dell Marketing About a Deficiency in its 

Proposal

Second, Plaintiff contends that the Navy acted improperly by asking Dell Marketing in an 

April 7, 2021 email to correct a deficiency in its proposal by adding the details of the CTA to its 

proposal, while not requesting Insight to do the same. Pl.’s Mem. at 34-36. Plaintiff characterizes 

the Navy’s April 7 email and Dell Marketing’s response later that day, Tab 6.1 at AR 3285-86, as 

“discussions” under FAR 15.306 and contends that the Navy engaged in “disparate treatment” in 
67

violation of that provision by communicating with one bidder and not the other. Pl.’s Mem. at 35. 

This argument lacks merit.

While FAR 15.306(d)(1) requires contracting officers to engage in “discussions” with 

“each offeror within the competitive range,” that provision is not applicable to this Federal Supply 

Schedule procurement conducted under FAR subpart 8.4. See FAR 8.404(a) (“Parts 13 . . ., 14, 

15, and 19 . . . do not apply to BPAs or orders placed against Federal Supply Schedules 

contracts.”); see also Tab 3.3 at AR 101. Thus, the Navy was not required to comply with FAR 

15.306 , as Insight contends. 

Assuming arguendo that FAR 15.306 applied to this procurement, the communication 

between the Navy and Dell Marketing concerning its submission of the details of its CTA would 

nevertheless still be proper because (i) Dell Marketing’s omission of a CTA in its initial proposal 

was not a significant deficiency – triggering a “discussion” about the solicitation under the FAR –

since the RFQ did not require a CTA, and (ii) even if properly characterized as a “discussion,” it 

was “tailored to [the] offeror’s proposal” consistent with FAR 15.306(d)(1). 

FAR 15.306 distinguishes between “discussions” that “are tailored to each offeror’s 

proposal, and must be conducted by the contracting officer with each offeror within the 

competitive range,” FAR 15.306(d)(1), and “clarifications” that “are limited exchanges, between 

the Government and offerors, that may occur when award without discussions is contemplated.” 

FAR 15.306(a). While the “acid test for deciding whether discussions have been held is whether 

it can be said that an offeror was provided the opportunity to revise or modify its proposal,” the 

Federal Circuit has also recognized that “[t]here is no requirement in the regulation that a 

clarification not be essential for evaluation of the proposal.” Davis Boat Works, Inc. v. United 

States, 111 Fed. Cl. 342, 353–54 (2013) (cleaned up); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United 
68

States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Importantly, the agency’s characterization of its

communications with a bidder, as “discussions” or “clarifications,” is entitled to deference. Info. 

Tech. & Applications Corp., 316 F.3d at 1323 (deferring to agency’s interpretation of its own 

regulation). 

The Navy’s communications with Dell Marketing, requesting that the latter submit “details 

of the teaming arrangement,” are properly construed as “clarifications,” rather than “discussions.” 

See Tab 6.1 at AR 3279-85. As the Solicitation did not require CTAs, and thus would not have 

listed CTAs under “required documents,” Dell Marketing’s failure to submit the details of its CTA 

with its initial bid would not have rendered that submission deficient. Tab 3.3 at AR 101-04. 

Significantly, Dell Marketing informed the Navy that it would be relying on a CTA in its initial 

proposal. Tab 4 at AR 140 (“In order to fulfil [sic] any security requirements, DMLP has entered 

into a GSA teaming agreement with Dell Federal Systems L.P. (DFSLP) using DFSLPs GSA 

Schedule number is GS-35F-0884P.”). In fact, the Navy noted in its April 7, 2021 email to Dell 

Marketing that “Dell Marketing identified a teaming arrangement with Dell Federal L.P.” in its 

initial proposal, and that the Navy was now requesting the “details of [that] teaming arrangement.” 

Tab 6.1 at AR 3279. This request for additional, descriptive information can reasonably be 

described as seeking a “clarification.” 

Relatedly, the communications do not qualify as “discussions” because the Navy’s request 

for Dell Marketing to supplement its initial proposal with the CTA details did not allow Dell 

Marketing to “revise or modify its proposal.” Davis Boat Works, 111 Fed. Cl. at 353-54. In 

response to the Navy’s email, Dell Marketing could not change its pricing, submit new past 

performance reviews, or change other parts of its submission. Rather, the Navy requested 
69

additional information only about a CTA of which Dell Marketing had already informed the Navy

in its initial proposal. See Tab 4 at AR 140. 

Plaintiff relies on a GAO decision in Defense Base Services, Inc., to argue that “if an offeror 

[chooses] to team with another entity, information explaining the CTA [is] needed” when 

submitting its bid. Pl.’s Reply at 26 (citing Defense Base Services, 2017 WL 3263329); see also 

Pl.’s Mem. at 34. Plaintiff’s reliance on Defense Base Services is misplaced. Unlike in Defense 

Base Services, where the GAO held that missing information about a teaming agreement required 

by the solicitation is a significant deficiency that amounts to a “discussion,” here, as previously 

mentioned, the Solicitation did not require the submission of a CTA. Defense Base Services, 2017 

WL 3263329, at *3 n.3; Tab 3.3 at AR 101. Further, even if Defense Base Services applied to 

circumstances where a CTA was not required by the solicitation, this Court would still defer to the 

Navy’s rational characterization of its communication with Dell Marketing as seeking a 

“clarification.” Info. Tech. & Applications Corp., 316 F.3d at 1323.

Even assuming arguendo that these communications between the Navy and Dell Marketing 

amounted to “discussions,” the Navy nevertheless complied with FAR 15.306(d)(1) by ensuring 

its “discussions” were “tailored to [the] offeror’s proposal.” FAR 15.306(d)(1). While Dell 

Marketing indicated in its initial proposal that it would rely on a CTA, Insight did not. See Tab 4 

at AR 140; see generally Tab 5. Thus, the Navy rationally followed up only with Dell Marketing 

about information underlying the CTA because only Dell Marketing indicated that it would be 

using a CTA. The Navy would have no reason to follow up with Insight about a CTA when Insight 

had not indicated in its initial proposal that it would be using one. Id.

Finally, even if FAR 15.306 applied to this procurement — which it does not — and even 

if the April 7, 2021 communications between the Navy and Dell Marketing about a CTA violated 
70

FAR 15.306 — which they do not — Insight was not prejudiced because its proposal did not 

contain errors that it could remedy had the Navy provided that opportunity. See WellPoint Mil. 

Care Corp., 953 F.3d at 1380. Dell Marketing’s proposal relied on a CTA; Insight’s did not. Thus, 

Plaintiff cannot meet its burden of demonstrating that it would have had a “substantial chance” of 

receiving the award “in the absence of the allegedly unequal treatment” as the Navy had nothing 

to communicate with Insight regarding a CTA. Id.

C. The Navy Properly Accepted Dell Marketing’s Initial Proposal

Third, the Navy did not err in accepting Dell Marketing’s initial proposal. Plaintiff 

contends that Dell Marketing “should not have been eligible for [the] award because its [initial] 

proposal did not comply with the RFQ requirements within the time frame required by the RFQ.” 

Pl.’s Mem. at 36. Plaintiff’s contention is misplaced. 

At the outset, Plaintiff’s claim lacks merit because Dell Marketing’s April 2021 submission 

involved an initial proposal deadline, not a final proposal deadline. In fact, Dell Marketing and 

Insight were each provided an opportunity to revise their proposals prior to May 6, 2021, after the 

early April 2021 initial submission at issue here. See Tab 7.1 (Additional E-mails between the 

Navy and Dell regarding Dell’s Quote, dated May 4-6, 2021) at AR 3340; Tab 7.2 (Additional Emails between the Navy and Insight regarding Insight’s Quote, dated May 4-6, 2021) at AR 3357. 

The timing of Dell Marketing’s initial proposal submission is immaterial as an “evaluation of [a 

bidder’s] initial proposal is irrelevant” after final proposals have been submitted. Computer Scis. 

Corp. v. United States, 51 Fed. Cl. 297, 308 (2002).

However, even if deemed material, Dell Marketing’s initial submission was timely. 

Defendants’ description of the Navy’s communications with Dell Marketing as follow-up 

conversations to Dell Marketing’s initial proposal submission is consistent with the Administrative 
71

Record. See Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 47; Int.-Def.’s Mem. at 48-49. Insight and Dell Marketing 

timely submitted their initial quotes by the Solicitation’s April 6, 2021 deadline. See Tab 5 at AR 

802; Tab 4 at AR 139. After reviewing both bidders’ initial quotes, the Navy indicated by email 

that it sought additional clarifying information from Insight and Dell Marking by close of business 

on April 7, 2021; Dell Marketing timely responded to that request later that same day at 1:09 p.m. 

See Tab 6.2 (E-mails between the Navy and Insight regarding Insight’s Quote, dated April 7, 2021)

at AR 3328-338 (Insight); Tab 6.1 at AR 3285-87 (Dell). In response to the Navy’s request, Dell 

Marketing indicated that it did “not anticipate that cloud computing services will be used in the 

performance of any contract or subcontract resulting from this solicitation.” Tab 6.1 at AR 3306. 

The Navy called Dell Marketing the next day on April 8, 2021, “to clarify given that some of the 

products expected to be sold under the BPA were cloud computing services.” Tab 44 (Navy 

Response to Insight Supplemental Protest and Comments, dated July 20, 2021) at AR 4933. Based 

on that clarification, Dell Marketing submitted its revised representations to the Navy, including

concerning cloud computing services, later, on April 8, 2021. See Tab 6.1 at AR 3307.

Plaintiff argues that given Dell Marketing’s April 7, 2021 response indicated that it would 

not be providing cloud services “despite . . . that multiple CLINs for the procurement require the 

provision of Microsoft cloud services,” that submission was defective and had to be remedied prior 

to the Navy’s April 7, 2021 close of business deadline. Pl.’s Mem. at 36 (citing Tab 6.1 at AR 

3306). Since Dell Marketing only submitted its revised proposal to include cloud computing 

services on April 8, 2021, Plaintiff argues that Dell Marketing’s proposal was late and should have 

been deemed ineligible under the “late is late” principle, which prohibits an agency from accepting 

late proposals, including revisions. Id. (citing Labatt Food Serv., Inc. v. United States, 577 F.3d 

1375, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“To avoid this potential for abuse, submission deadlines are strictly 
72 

enforced across the board. . . . A late proposal is tantamount to no proposal at all.”)). Plaintiff’s 

position obfuscates the nature of the Navy’s communications with Dell Marketing about its initial 

proposal and misapplies the “late is late” rule. 

First, Dell Marketing submitted its initial proposal with the Navy’s requested additions by 

the April 7, 2021 close of business deadline. See Tab 6.1 at AR 3285-86. Any clarification 

thereafter was permissible given an agency’s ability to communicate with a particular bidder about 

its proposal. Logistics Health, Inc., B-416145.7, 2021 CPD ¶ 184, 2021 WL 2315462, at *5 

(Comp. Gen. Mar. 2, 2021) (“[T]here is nothing inherently improper in an agency conducting 

additional discussions relating to previously discussed issues with only one or a limited number of 

offerors where the agency has remaining concerns relating to those issues.”). Further, Plaintiff 

cites no authority that would require a bidder to perfectly respond to requests for additional 

information from an agency without the need for further clarification and supplementation. See 

generally Pl.’s Mem. Indeed, agencies frequently follow up with offerors post-bid submission to 

ensure the bidder can satisfy the procurement’s requirements. See, e.g., Info. Tech. & Applications 

Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (finding proper communications 

between agency and bidder after bid submitted about subcontractors that would be performing 

work under its proposal). 

The April 8, 2021 communication between the Navy and Dell Marketing also comports 

with FAR 15.306(d)’s requirement that “[d]iscussions are tailored to each offeror’s proposal.” 

After realizing that Dell Marketing was mistaken about the Solicitation’s cloud computing services 

requirement, the Navy followed up with Dell Marketing to rectify its misunderstanding. See Tab 

44 at AR 4933. Such clarification is not prohibited by the FAR. Significantly, Insight, just like 

Dell Marketing, was also initially confused about whether cloud computing services were required 
73

under the Solicitation until it received clarification from the Navy. Id. at AR 4933 n.8. Under 

Plaintiff’s turned-upside-down logic, Dell Marketing should have been excluded from 

consideration because Insight was able to receive clarification about cloud computing services 

prior to the initial submission deadline, while Dell Marketing was not. This is nonsensical and 

would have provided Insight an unfair advantage over Dell Marketing — the exact type of 

favoritism about which Plaintiff now complains. Instead, the Navy’s decision to provide Dell 

Marketing with the same clarification it provided Insight, the day after Dell Marketing timely 

submitted its initial proposal on April 7, 2021, demonstrates that the Navy treated both bidders 

“fairly and impartially” as required by the FAR. FAR 1.102-2(c)(3). 

Second, the “late is late” principle is inapplicable here. Defendant cites the GAO’s opinion 

in Asset Protection & Security Services to argue that the “late is late” rule is inapplicable to this 

procurement. Def.’s Cross-MJAR at 48. Although not binding, Asset Protection is instructive as 

it also involved an RFQ for an FSS BPA. See generally Asset Protection & Security Services, B406474.2, 2012 CPD ¶ 210, 2012 WL 2914677 (Comp. Gen. July 17, 2012). While the GAO held 

that in RFQ contracts “[g]enerally, late quotations may be considered up to the time of issuance of 

the order,” it also noted that the “RFQ may contain a late quotations clause to expressly limit the 

agency’s consideration of late quotations.” Asset Protection, 2012 WL 2914677, at *1 n.1. 

Applying that reasoning here, the Navy could have accepted a late quotation unless the Solicitation 

expressly limited the timeframe for accepting bids — which it did not. 

While Plaintiff further relies on Criterion Systems, Inc. v. United States, 144 Fed Cl. 409 

(2019) to argue that the “late is late” rule applies to FAR Part 8 procurements such as this one, 

Plaintiff omits Criterion Systems’ limiting principle that the “express RFQ terms” govern whether 

an agency can accept a late submission. Criterion Sys., 144 Fed. Cl. at 415; see also Pl.’s Mem. 
74

at 37. Unlike in Criterion Systems, which involved an FSS solicitation with a provision that stated,

“LATE QUOTES WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED,” 144 Fed. Cl. at 412 (emphasis and 

capitalization in original), here no such “late is late” clause was incorporated in the Solicitation. 

See Tab 3.1 at AR 6. Thus, Plaintiff’s reference to the April 7, 2021 close of business deadline in 

the Navy’s email is immaterial as that date was not contained in the Solicitation. Pl.’s Mem. at 

36. Accordingly, the “late is late” principle is inapplicable to these initial submissions.25 

For the reasons stated above, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s favoritism argument fails. 

V. Procurement Integrity Act Violation Allegations

In its penultimate protest ground, Plaintiff contends that a Procurement Integrity Act (PIA) 

violation tainted the award to Dell Marketing. Insight asserts two PIA violation allegations: (1) 

the Navy inadequately investigated an alleged pre-May 27, 2021 PIA violation, and (2) the Navy’s 

investigation improperly ignored a purported post-May 27, 2021 PIA violation. See Compl. ¶ 8; 

Pl.’s Mem. at 37-45; Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 27; Pl.’s Second SMJAR at 2-6. The Court is 

unpersuaded by Insight’s arguments. 

The PIA mandates that a federal government official “shall not knowingly disclose 

contractor bid or proposal information or source selection information before the award of a 

Federal agency procurement contract to which the information relates,” and contractors “shall not 

knowingly obtain contractor bid or proposal information or source selection information before 

the award of a Federal agency procurement contract to which the information relates.” 41 U.S.C. 

25 Plaintiff’s additional argument that FAR 8.405-3(b)(1)(ii)(C) precludes the Navy from accepting 

Dell Marketing’s “late” initial proposal is similarly unavailing. Pl.’s Mem. at 37. FAR 8.405-

3(b)(1)(ii)(C) requires contracting officers “ensure [that] all quotes received are fairly considered 

and award is made in accordance with the basis for selection in the RFQ.” Given the April 7, 2021 

deadline was contained in an email, and not in the Solicitation, the Navy did not act contrary to 

the Solicitation in providing Dell Marketing with the same clarification about cloud computing 

services that it had provided to Insight. See Tab 6.1 at AR 3285-87.
75

§ 2102(a)(1), (b). Contracting officers notified of a potential PIA violation “must determine if the 

reported violation or possible violation has any impact on the pending award or selection of the 

contractor.” FAR 3.104-7(a). However, contracting officers need only consider PIA violation 

allegations brought to their attention within fourteen days of when the protestor first discovered 

the possible violation. See 41 U.S.C. § 2106. When reviewing a contracting officer’s conclusions 

as to whether an alleged PIA violation impacted an award, “the Court must analyze whether the 

Agency conducted an adequate investigation consistent with the arbitrary and capricious standard 

of review.” Oak Grove Techs., LLC v. United States, 155 Fed. Cl. 84, 115 (2021) (citing PAI 

Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d 1347, 1352–53 (Fed. Cir. 2010)). 

As detailed below, the Navy adequately investigated Insight’s allegation of a pre-May 27, 

2021 PIA violation and rationally concluded that no violation affected the Navy’s decision to 

award the BPA to Dell Marketing. Furthermore, Insight failed to timely notify the Navy of a 

potential post-May 27, 2021 PIA violation. Thus, the Navy was not obligated to investigate that 

allegation. Finally, even if Insight were correct on the merits of its PIA allegations — which it is 

not — its claims would still fail because it cannot demonstrate prejudice stemming from either 

alleged violation. 

A. The Navy Reasonably Investigated the Alleged Pre-May 27, 2021 PIA Violations

Plaintiff “broadly alleged that at some time before Dell Marketing’s May 27, 2021 email 

to the Navy, Dell Marketing received ‘inside information about Insight’s proposal.’” Remand 

Order at 21 (quoting Tab 38 at AR 4730). This Court previously found Plaintiff’s allegation 

sufficiently credible to warrant additional investigation. See id. at 27-28. On December 9, 2021, 

the Court “remand[ed] this action to the Navy to investigate Plaintiff’s first allegation of a PIA 

violation; namely, that the information in Dell Marketing’s May 27, 2021 email to the Navy 

concerning certain allegedly mispriced CLINs in Insight’s bid potentially indicates a PIA violation 
76

occurred.” Id. at 27. After the Navy interviewed Dell and Navy personnel and reviewed 

contemporaneous Dell communications, it concluded that no PIA violation had occurred. See 

Supplemental PIA Report. Insight filed a supplemental MJAR challenging that conclusion, and, 

after review, this Court held the Navy failed to carry its investigation up until May 27, 2021, 

consistent with this Court’s December 9, 2021 Order. Second Remand Order at 2. On April 25, 

2022, this Court again remanded this action to the Navy to complete its investigation consistent 

with this Court’s Remand Order. Id. 

In response to this Court’s Second Remand Order, the Navy produced a three-page 

Supplemental PIA Report to its original, ten-page PIA Report. See Tab 81 (PIA No Impact 

Determination, dated January 21, 2022); Supplemental PIA Report. The Navy ultimately 

concluded — based on, inter alia, interviews with three Dell Marketing representatives, 

declarations from six Dell Marketing representatives, declarations from nine Navy personnel, and 

Dell emails leading up to May 27, 2021 — “that no one from Dell obtained or was provided 

Insight's CLIN-level pricing information before Dell sent its 27 May 2021 e-mail to the Navy.” 

Supplemental PIA Report at 3; see also Tab 81 at 7394-99. Accordingly, the Navy concluded that 

“Insight's alleged PIA violation did not impact the award of the BPA to Dell Marketing.” 

Supplemental PIA Report at 3. 

Insight contends that the Navy’s “no impact” determination is inadequate, and requests this 

Court cancel the BPA award to Dell Marketing and require the Navy to re-open competition. Pl.’s 

Second SMJAR at 3, 5. Plaintiff faults the Navy’s investigative process for (i) using the personnel 

who conducted the procurement competition to investigate the alleged PIA violation, and (ii) 

allegedly failing to question every individual with access to a Navy SharePoint website to ensure 

that no one had disclosed Insight’s pricing to Dell Marketing. See Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 33-35; 
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Pl.’s Second SMJAR at 3. Insight further disagrees with the Navy’s investigative conclusions and 

argues that the contracting officer conducting the investigation “had no basis to make [the “no 

impact”] determination.” Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 32. This Court disagrees with each of Insight’s 

contentions; the Navy conducted its investigation within the bounds of its discretion and rationally 

concluded that no PIA violation had occurred. 

B. The Navy Conducted the Investigation Within the Bounds of Its Discretion

Plaintiff’s disagreements generally center on how the Navy designed and carried out its 

investigation. Plaintiff argues that the Navy “took no steps to maintain any ‘independence’ for its 

PIA investigation” because it used the “the exact same contracting personnel who conducted the 

procurement competition . . . [to] conduct the investigation.” Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 33-35. It 

further argues that the Navy should have more thoroughly investigated whether any contractors or 

government personnel with access to Insight’s pricing on the SharePoint website between May 21 

and May 27, 2021, disclosed that pricing to Dell Marketing. See Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 22-27; 

Pl.’s Second SMJAR at 2-5. This Court again disagrees. As noted below, both choices were 

discretionary, and the Navy has “provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of 

discretion.” Dell Fed. Sys., 906 F.3d at 992 (citation omitted).

i. The Navy Reasonably Staffed the PIA Investigation

Insight contends that it was improper for Alexander Roberts, the contracting officer who 

handled the procurement’s day-to-day operation, and Navy counsel involved in the procurement, 

Ana Smith and Tracey Ferguson, to oversee and participate in the PIA investigation. See Pl.’s 

SMJAR Mem. at 34. Plaintiff, however, does not cite any authority that would prevent the Navy 

from staffing its PIA investigation as it did. Nor has Plaintiff overcome the presumption that these 

government agents carried out their investigative duties in good faith. 
78

While Insight laments that “the Navy here took no steps to maintain any ‘independence’ 

for its PIA investigation,” applicable law did not prohibit the Navy from tasking Alexander Roberts 

with performing the PIA investigation and tasking Ana Smith and Tracey Ferguson with 

overseeing the investigation. Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 33-34. The FAR requires only that a 

“contracting officer who receives or obtains information of a violation or possible violation of [the 

PIA] . . . determine if the reported violation or possible violation has any impact on the pending 

award or selection of the contractor.” FAR 3.104-7(a). The Navy’s reliance on Mr. Roberts, a 

contracting officer, to investigate the alleged PIA violation does not conflict with that requirement. 

Indeed, the Court of Federal Claims has found no issue with contracting officers investigating 

other alleged FAR violations in the procurements they previously handled. See, e.g., Oracle Am., 

Inc. v. United States, 144 Fed. Cl. 88 (2019) (approving a contracting officer’s investigation into 

individual and organization conflicts of interest in the same procurement in which the contracting 

officer made awards), aff’d, 975 F.3d 1279 (Fed. Cir. 2020). That the FAR does not affirmatively 

state that the “contracting officer” investigating the alleged PIA violation can be a contracting 

officer involved in the procurement is of no moment. 

The proper question when evaluating practices under the FAR is “whether there is any 

statutory or regulatory provision that precludes” the practice. Tyler Const. Grp. v. United States, 

570 F.3d 1329, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (emphasis added). Plaintiff has not identified, and this Court 

is unaware of, any regulation that would prohibit Alexander Roberts, Ana Smith, and Tracey 

Ferguson from participating in the PIA investigation. Instead, Plaintiff relies on the GAO’s 

Government Auditing Standards to support its argument that a conflict of interest should have 

disqualified Mr. Roberts from participating in the investigation. Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 33 (citing 

GAO-21-368G, Government Auditing Standards, https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-368g.pdf 
79

(Apr. 2021) (GAO Yellowbook)). However, those standards are applicable to “auditors and audit 

organizations that audit government entities” in “financial audits,” “attestation-level examination,” 

and “performance audits,” but do not reference PIA investigations. GAO Yellowbook at 6-7. The 

Navy is not an audit organization, and the PIA investigation required under the FAR and ordered 

by this Court concerns potential investigatory and confidentiality breaches, not financial or 

performance accounting issues. See FAR 3.104-7 (requiring agencies to investigate potential 

disclosures of contractor bid or proposal information). While some laws and regulations require 

applying these standards to government audits,26 the PIA does not.

Even if this Court were to agree that the law — apart from the inapplicable GAO standards 

offered by Insight — implicitly required the Navy to avoid such purported conflicts of interest, 

Plaintiff’s arguments concerning lack of independence among the selected Navy personnel ignores 

“the principle that government officials are presumed to discharge their duties in good faith.” Rd. 

& Highway Builders, LLC v. United States, 702 F.3d 1365, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2012). This Court 

presumes that Mr. Roberts would have disclosed any malfeasance uncovered by his investigation. 

See id. The Administrative Record lacks any evidence that would overcome a presumption of 

good faith here where Mr. Roberts did not provide the final word on the Navy’s investigative 

conclusions. See Tab 81 at AR 7401. Instead, Spencer Sessions, the Navy contracting officer for 

this procurement, ultimately made the “no impact” determination. Id. Sharon Pritchard, the Office 

for Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific’s Chief of Contracting, also reviewed the evidence 

26 The GAO explains that various “laws, regulations, or authoritative sources may require the use 

of [generally accepted government auditing standards].” GAO Yellowbook at 5. For example, 

federal inspectors general appointed under the Inspector General Act of 1978, as amended (5 

U.S.C. App.), must use the generally accepted government auditing standards outlined in the 

Yellowbook “for audits of federal establishments, organizations, programs, activities, and 

functions.” Id.
80

— including evidence collected by Mr. Roberts and collected from Dell — and independently 

approved the “no impact” determination. Id. 

While Insight may speculate that Mr. Sessions and Ms. Pritchard are complicit in a scheme 

against Insight, this Court must also presume that Mr. Sessions and Ms. Pritchard “discharge[d]

their duties in good faith.” Rd. & Highway Builders, 702 F.3d at 1368. The Administrative Record 

again lacks any evidence to overcome this presumption. As Plaintiff has not presented the 

“irrefragable proof” necessary to overcome the presumption that the Navy personnel carried out 

their investigation in good faith, it may not sustain a protest based on how the Navy staffed its PIA 

investigation. Savantage Fin. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 595 F.3d 1282, 1288 (Fed. Cir. 2010) 

(quoting Alaska Airlines, Inc. v. Johnson, 8 F.3d 791, 795 (Fed. Cir. 1993)). 

ii. The Navy Reasonably Opted Not to Investigate Every Person Who Had 

Access to the SharePoint Website

According to Plaintiff, despite that none of the 3,500-4,300 individuals with access to the 

SharePoint website were Dell employees, the Navy “failed to investigate whether any of these 

thousands of government personnel or hundreds of contractor personnel disclosed Insight’s pricing 

to Dell Marketing or its affiliates, or to other entities or individuals who may have disclosed 

Insight’s pricing to Dell.” Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 20. Plaintiff faults the Navy for relying on “handselected information presented by Dell Marketing” to conclude that no one with access to the 

SharePoint website disclosed Insight’s pricing to Dell Marketing. Pl.’s Second SMJAR at 4. It 

further faults the Navy for limiting its investigation to two Navy contracting personnel while 

ignoring the numerous SharePoint website users. Id. at 5 (citing Supplemental PIA Report at 2). 

Insight suggests that the Navy needed to survey all individuals with access to the SharePoint 

website or review whether contractors with access to the SharePoint website had any relationship 

with Dell Marketing. Pl.’s Second SMJAR at 3-4. As further explained below, this Court 
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disagrees with Plaintiff’s assessment; the Court did not order a no-stone-left-unturned 

investigation, and the Navy reasonably chose not to perform the investigation urged by Plaintiff 

given other evidence it reviewed during its PIA violation investigation. 

In its December 9, 2021 and April 25, 2022 Remand Orders, this Court ordered the Navy 

“to investigate Plaintiff’s first PIA-violation allegation; namely, that the information in Dell 

Marketing’s May 27, 2021 email to the Navy concerning certain allegedly mispriced CLINs in 

Insight’s bid potentially indicates a PIA violation occurred.” Remand Order at 27; Second Remand 

Order at 2. The Court did not direct any specific format for the Navy’s investigation. See Remand 

Order at 27-28; Second Remand Order at 4-6. Instead, the Court sought to ensure that the Navy’s 

investigation accounted for the breadth of Plaintiff’s allegation that a PIA investigation could have 

occurred at any time leading up to Dell Marketing’s May 27, 2021 email. Second Remand Order 

at 2. Based on the record before it, this Court holds that the Navy complied with the Court’s Order. 

The Dell declarations stating that “no one from Dell received any information about Insight’s 

CLIN pricing on this opportunity,” necessarily encompass the review period ordered by the Court. 

Tab 81 at AR 7395. The Navy’s interviews with Dell representatives explored Dell’s conduct up 

until Dell’s May 27, 2021 email to the Navy. See Tab 81 at AR 7394-97; Tab 74 (Memoranda to 

File regarding Interviews with Dell Employees, dated December 21, 2021 and January 5, 2022). 

While the declarations from Navy personnel were initially limited to events leading up to May 21, 

2021, the supplemental declarations collected from the same Navy personnel attested to what 

occurred between May 21, 2021, and May 27, 2021. See Tab 80 (Dell Declarations (with cover emails), dated January 18-20, 2022) at AR 7382-84, 7386, 7389, 7391; Additional Documents Filed 

with Supplemental PIA Report. The Navy did exactly what this Court ordered: it conducted a PIA 
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investigation that “fully cover[ed] the period through May 27, 2021.” Second Remand Order 

(emphasis in original). 

The Navy’s decision to forgo interviewing every individual with access to the SharePoint 

website does not undermine this conclusion, as the Navy “provided a coherent and reasonable 

explanation of its exercise of discretion.” Dell Fed. Sys., 906 F.3d at 992 (citation omitted); see

Tab 81 at AR 7399 n.1. Mr. Roberts explained that it would be “impractical to ask the entire group 

to verify whether they had disclosed Insight’s price to anyone given that it was posted after [the 

initial] award.” Tab 81 at AR 7399 n.1. He went on to explain that even if the Navy had invested 

the time and money necessary to “obtain verification from more than 3,500 people that they did 

not disclose Insight’s pricing information to Dell,” it would still be “unnecessary because the Dell 

employees involved made it clear in their declarations that they did not have Insight’s CLIN price 

information when they asked about the promotional CLINs on 27 May 2021.” Id. 

This is a reasonable conclusion given the Navy’s obligations under the PIA are to ensure 

that PIA violations, if any, do not impact an award decision. FAR 3.104-7(a). There is simply no 

evidence in the Administrative Record or in Insight’s briefing reflecting that anyone provided 

Insight’s CLIN-level pricing to Dell. Given this lack of evidence, the Navy could not have 

concluded that the award to Dell Marketing was impacted by any hypothetical disclosure owing 

to third parties having access to the SharePoint website.

Could the Navy have designed a more expansive investigation? Certainly. Would this 

Court have conducted the investigation in the same manner as the Navy? Maybe not. Yet, these 

are not the questions that this Court must answer while weighing Plaintiff’s protest. The Navy’s 

responsibility was to reasonably investigate the alleged PIA violation and draw rational conclusion 

from its findings. Dell Fed. Sys., 906 F.3d at 992. Based on the record before it, the Court is 
83

satisfied that the Navy fulfilled those obligations regarding the alleged pre-May 27, 2021 PIA 

violation. 

C. The Navy Rationally Concluded that a PIA Violation Did Not Taint the Award to 

Dell Marketing

According to Plaintiff, “the determination by the Navy that the ‘alleged PIA violation did 

not impact the award of the BPA to Dell Marketing,’ AR 7401, is unsupported by the record and 

[is] arbitrary and capricious.” Plaintiff’s Reply in Support of its SMJAR (ECF No. 83) (Pl.’s 

SMJAR Reply) at 13. Plaintiff specifically argues that the Navy reached an irrational conclusion 

because (i) the Navy relied on self-interested statements from Dell, (ii) the Navy did not launch an 

independent investigation, and (iii) Microsoft’s price adjustments did not actually occur “last 

minute.” Id. at 13-17; see also Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 32; Pl.’s Second SMJAR at 4 (“In any event, 

the Navy never should have determined that it could stop looking into these circumstances based 

solely on information from Dell Marketing.”). After reviewing the evidence collected during the 

Navy’s thorough investigation, this Court disagrees with Insight’s contentions. 

i. The Navy’s Investigative Conclusions Do Not Rest Solely on “SelfServing” Evidence from Dell

According to Plaintiff, the Navy’s PIA investigation rests entirely on “the word of selfinterested contractor personnel from Dell Marketing.” Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 30; see also Pl.’s 

SMJAR Reply at 14 (“Moreover, the reliance on Dell Marketing declarations is particularly 

inappropriate . . . because they are from individuals with a financial interest in a particular 

outcome”); Pl.’s Second SMJAR at 4 (“The only information considered by the Navy that is not 

hand-selected information presented by Dell Marketing are the declarations from 11 government 

employees that had no insight or information about disclosure through SharePoint.”). This 

argument completely ignores that the Navy also based its no-impact determination on declarations 
84

from Navy personnel, internal Dell emails predating May 27, 2021, and interviews with Dell 

employees. See Tab 81 at AR 7399-400. 

Dell personnel involved in the procurement declared under penalty of perjury that they “did 

not see or receive any Insight price information related to the RFQ” and that they had not received 

Insight’s CLIN-level pricing prior to Dell’s submission of its May 27, 2021 question to the Navy. 

Tab 80 at AR 7382-84, 7386, 7389, 7391. Any suspicion or supposition that these Dell employees 

would perjure themselves to conceal misconduct in this procurement becomes more tenuous when 

viewed along with the declarations from Navy personnel who similarly declared under penalty of 

perjury that they complied with their obligations to keep contractor proposal information 

confidential and “did not discuss with or disclose Insight’s pricing to anyone.” Tab 79; see also

Additional Documents Filed with Supplemental PIA Report. Mr. Sessions expressly cited these 

Navy declarations as evidence supporting his no-impact determination. Tab 81 at AR 7399. 

The Navy took the additional step of interviewing Dell employees to better assess their 

credibility. See Tab 74. The Dell employees offered a consistent narrative that Microsoft’s late 

price changes to promotional CLINs 4 and 5 led them to believe that those changes could have 

resulted in Insight’s price differential. Tab 81 at AR 7394-97. All three Dell representatives 

interviewed during the investigation stated that they did not receive Insight’s CLIN pricing. Id. at 

AR 7395-97. Dell’s Vice President for Strategic Programs explained that, to his knowledge, “no 

one from Dell received any information about Insight’s CLIN pricing on this opportunity.” Id. at 

AR 7395. Again, Mr. Sessions cites Mr. Roberts’ interview notes as supporting his no-impact 

determination. Tab 81 at AR 7400. 

Even if the declarations and Dell employee interviews were choreographed to conceal a 

PIA violation, the Navy did not stop its investigation upon receiving that evidence. The Navy also 
85

collected Dell emails from the period between March 26, 2021 and May 27, 2021, corroborating 

Dell’s narrative that its concerns over Microsoft’s revisions to the promotional CLINs motivated 

its May 27, 2021 email to the Navy. See Tab 75 at AR 6627-28, AR 6622; Tab 77 at AR 7358-

59. Dell reached out to Microsoft on March 26, 2021, before the bid deadline, when it realized 

that several promotional CLINs lacked pricing on Microsoft’s price list. See Tab 81 at AR 7398. 

On April 2, 2021, Dell emailed Microsoft again after Microsoft had provided final pricing, 

specifically seeking clarification on whether years 4 and 5 of the promotional CLINs would be 

priced and available for transaction. Tab 75 at AR 6622; see also Tab 81 at AR 7390. It is 

reasonable to conclude that Microsoft’s late pricing concerning years 4 and 5 of these CLINs 

would confuse other competitors. Thus, it is unsurprising that shortly after the Navy announced it 

was awarding the BPA to Insight, Dell emails reflect that its employees quickly homed in on the 

possibility that Microsoft’s initial failure to provide pricing for promotional CLIN years 4 and 5 

could explain a price discrepancy; this would be the case if Insight had not similarly sought such 

a pricing clarification from Microsoft. See Tab 77 at AR 7358. Mr. Sessions reached exactly that 

conclusion in his PIA no-impact determination, where he reasoned that Dell’s emails “support 

Dell’s assertion that it was only using information received from the award notice and that it did 

not receive Insight’s CLIN pricing.” Tab 81 at AR 7400. 

Plaintiff downplays the breadth and thoroughness of the Navy’s investigation by criticizing 

the Navy employees’ declarations for lacking “insight or information about disclosure through 

SharePoint,” Pl.’s Second SMJAR at 4, and the Dell Marketing declarations for “fail[ing] to 

address the period of time after May 27, 2021.” Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 21. However, those 

arguments relate to the PIA violation Plaintiff alleges occurred after the Navy reopened the 

procurement, and as explained below, the Navy was not obligated to consider those allegations, 
86

which were untimely asserted. Plaintiff does not point to any evidence casting doubt on the 

truthfulness of the evidence collected from Navy and Dell personnel, and the contemporaneous 

emails collected from Dell independently corroborate the statements made by Dell and Navy 

personnel in their declarations and interviews. 

ii. The Lack of an “Independent Investigator” Does Not Undermine the Navy’s 

Investigative Conclusions 

Plaintiff next tries to undermine the rationality of the Navy’s conclusion by arguing that 

“[t]he Navy’s failure to conduct an independent PIA investigation is itself an arbitrary and

capricious action.” Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 35. As explained above, the Navy reasonably selected 

Mr. Roberts to perform the investigation, and Mr. Sessions and Ms. Pritchard to independently 

review the evidence and Mr. Roberts’ conclusions. See infra pp. 78-80. Plaintiff cannot point to 

any evidence, let alone the requisite “irrefragable proof,” that would lead this Court to deviate 

from the presumption that these Navy personnel carried out the investigation in good faith. 

Savantage Fin. Servs., 595 F.3d at 1288 (quoting Alaska Airlines, Inc., 8 F.3d at 795). 

iii. The Timing of Microsoft’s Price Changes Does Not Undermine the Navy’s 

Investigative Conclusions 

Finally, Plaintiff contends the Navy’s conclusion was irrational because it did not address 

the actual sequence of events regarding Microsoft’s revisions to the promotional CLIN prices. See

Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 32-33. Plaintiff specifically alleges that the Navy’s investigation “fails to 

explain how the pricing change was ‘last minute’ when the investigation confirmed that the change 

occurred more than a month before the May 6, 2021 Best and Final Offers.” Pl.’s Second SMJAR 

at 5 n.3. That argument ignores that Mr. Sessions viewed the sequence of events as one of several 

factors supporting his no-impact determination. See Tab 81 at AR 7400 (“The emails Dell 

provided related to Dell's conversations with Microsoft support Dell's explanation that the pricing 

of the promotional SKUs was last minute”). Furthermore, Dell’s explanation that Microsoft 
87

extended an offer for years 4 and 5 for the Project & Visio bundle promotional CLINs — x728, 

x729, x764, x765 — “last minute” does not imply the changes were made on the eve of this 

procurement closing. Tab 10.2 at AR 3519. The changes were last minute in the sense that 

Microsoft originally did not price years 4 and 5 of those CLINs, and only did so in its final pricing 

after Dell had reached out to Microsoft seeking clarification on those CLINs as the deadline for 

bidding approached. See Tab 81 at AR 7398; Tab 75 at AR 6625-27. 

Rather than provide “no basis whatsoever to determine that ‘[there was] no impact on the 

pending award or selection of the contractor,’” Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 24 (quoting FAR 3.104-

7(a)), the Navy provided a well-reasoned analysis of the evidence it collected. See Tab 81; 

Supplemental PIA Report. Evidence collected from both Dell and the Navy support the Navy’s 

conclusion “that Insight's alleged PIA violation did not impact the award of the BPA to Dell

Marketing.” Supplemental PIA Report at 3; see also Tab 81 at AR 7399-401. In short, Plaintiff 

has not carried its burden to sustain a protest based on a pre-May 27, 2021 PIA violation. 

D. Insight’s Allegation of a Post-May 27, 2021 PIA Violation is Untimely

Plaintiff further argues that the Navy inadequately investigated Plaintiff’s PIA allegations 

by ignoring what Plaintiff characterizes as “a clear, undisputed PIA violation.” Pl.’s SMJAR 

Mem. at 22; Pl.’s Second SMJAR at 5-6. As Plaintiff correctly notes, the Navy did not remove 

Insight’s pricing information from the SharePoint website until May 28, 2021, the day after the 

Navy had reopened the procurement on May 27, 2021. See Tab 11.5 (E-mail from Navy to Insight 

regarding Removal of Promotional SKUs, dated May 28, 2021) at AR 3555 (setting 7 p.m. Pacific 

Time on May 28, 2021, as the final deadline for submitting revised proposals after the Navy 

vacated its initial award to Insight); Tab 81 at AR 7399 n.1 (indicating the Navy removed Insight’s 

pricing data from the SharePoint website on May 28, 2021); see also Pl.’s Second SMJAR at 5-6. 

However, the two communications that Plaintiff alleges notified the Navy of a potential post-May 
88

27, 2021 violation did not trigger an obligation for the Navy to investigate because (1) the first 

communication — which was timely — did not provide notice of a potential PIA violation, and 

(2) the second — which did provide notice of a potential PIA violation — was untimely. 

Under the PIA, a plaintiff “may not file a protest against the award or proposed award of a

Federal agency procurement contract alleging a violation of [the PIA], . . . unless the person, no 

later than 14 days after the person first discovered the possible violation, reported to the Federal 

agency responsible for the procurement the information that the person believed constitutes 

evidence of the offense.” 41 U.S.C. § 2106. Although the statute establishing the fourteen-day 

deadline expressly references the Comptroller General’s ability to hear certain protests, the Court 

of Federal Claims has applied this waiver rule to bid protests before this court. See, e.g., Melwood 

Horticultural Training Ctr., Inc. v. United States, 153 Fed. Cl. 723, 742 (2021); Omega World 

Travel, Inc. v. United States, 82 Fed. Cl. 452, 467 (2008). Applying the fourteen-day time bar in 

this Court makes sense given the Federal Circuit’s previous explanation that it would be 

“incongruous to bar later GAO protests but to permit a later court challenge.” Comint Sys. Corp. 

v. United States, 700 F.3d 1377, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2012). 

At oral argument, Plaintiff argued that the Supreme Court’s decision in SCA Hygiene 

Prods. Aktiebolag v. First Quality Baby Prods., LLC, 137 S. Ct. 954 (2017), prohibits applying 

“deadlines that get rid of . . . plaintiffs’ cases, unless they are clearly set forth by Congress.” Apr. 

8 Tr. at 19:3-10. However, the Federal Circuit explicitly rejected that notion in Inerso Corp. v. 

United States, 961 F.3d 1343, 1349 n.1 (2020), and explained that SCA Hygiene “hold[s] only that 

the general non-statutory equitable timeliness doctrine of laches does not override the 

congressionally enacted statute of limitations applicable to legal actions for damages.” Id. Further, 

the case on which Plaintiff relies to suggest it is inappropriate to apply the fourteen-day time bar, 
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McKing Consulting Corp. v. United States, 78 Fed. Cl. 715, 729 (2007), predates the Federal 

Circuit’s admonition in Comint Systemsthat belated court challenges should not be permitted when 

time-barred at the GAO. See 700 F.3d at 1383. Thus, as this Court has previously held, Plaintiff 

was required to raise its concern about a PIA violation with the Navy within fourteen days of 

discovering the purported PIA violation. Insight Pub. Sector, Inc. v. United States, 157 Fed. Cl. 

416, 425 (2021). 

i. Plaintiff’s January 26, 2022 Email

The first communication that Plaintiff alleges meets this requirement did not sufficiently 

allege a PIA violation. On January 26, 2022, two days after Plaintiff first received a courtesy copy 

of the Navy’s initial PIA report, Plaintiff emailed the Navy regarding new information disclosed 

in the PIA Report concerning pricing disclosure on the SharePoint website. Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. 

at 26. According to Plaintiff, the following statements in that email constitute a report of a 

potential PIA violation: “Please provide information on this CAC enabled SharePoint website, 

who had access to it, whether non-government personnel had access, and how any information on 

the website was accessed. We view this disclosure as potentially a significant issue.” Pl.’s SMJAR

Ex. B (ECF No. 77-3) at 1; see also Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 26. But rather than “contain[] the 

necessary evidence to support a PIA claim,” Plaintiff’s January 26, 2022 message merely raised a 

generalized, “potential” concern that overlaped with its already asserted, pre-May 27, 2021 PIA 

violation allegation. See Melwood Horticultural Training Ctr., 153 Fed. Cl. at 742; see, e.g., 

Alpine Cos., Inc., B-419831 et al., 2021 WL 2667135, at *6 (Comp. Gen. June 8, 2021) (holding 

that a protestor’s letters sent to the agency less than fourteen days after learning facts indicating a 

potential PIA violation occurred did not satisfy the timeliness requirement where “the protester's 

allegations . . . were vague, and did not credibly allege a violation of the PIA”). Indeed, the Navy 
90

interpreted Insight’s January 26, 2022 email as a generalized request for supplemental information 

regarding the performed PIA investigation, rather than an allegation of a separate post-May 27, 

2021 PIA violation. See Pl.’s SMJAR Ex. C (ECF No. 77-4) at 2 (replying to Insight’s concern 

that the SharePoint disclosure was “potentially a significant issue” by informing Insight that “most 

if not all of the information [Insight sought] would be included in an amendment to the 

administrative record if Insight is challenging the PIA determination.” (emphasis added)). Such 

generalized, vague concern, noting a “potential” issue, is insufficient to trigger the Navy’s

obligation to investigate an alleged PIA violation.

ii. Plaintiff’s February 15, 2022 Email 

Plaintiff alternatively points to its subsequent, February 15, 2022 letter to the Navy as 

providing adequate notice to the Navy. Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 26. Unlike its January 26 email, 

Plaintiff’s February 15 letter provided specific allegations of a PIA violation. Insight’s February 

15, 2022 letter stated: 

One of Insight’s concerns is that the Navy disclosed its pricing such that Dell 

Marketing had access to it both before Dell Marketing’s email to the Navy seeking 

to reopen the competition on May 27, 2021, and before Dell Marketing submitted 

revised price proposals on May 28, 29 and 30, 2021. . . . [T]he fact that Insight’s 

pricing was apparently widely available prior to the submission of revised proposals 

on May 28, 29, and 30, 2021, also raises concerns about the fairness of the 

competition.

Pl.’s SMJAR Ex. D (ECF No. 77-5) at 2-3. In contrast to Insight’s January 26, 2022 email, its 

February 15, 2022 letter provides sufficient specificity for the Navy to discern that Insight alleged 

a new post-May 27, 2021 PIA violation had occurred. It also clearly demonstrates that Insight 

knew how to properly allege a PIA violation. 

Plaintiff contends that its February 15, 2022 letter was timely under the PIA’s fourteenday deadline because it was sent within fourteen days of February 3, 2022, when it purportedly

first learned that Navy contractors also had access to the SharePoint website. Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. 
91

at 26. However, Insight possessed all the information necessary to support its new PIA violation 

allegation on January 24, 2022, not February 3, 2022. See FAR 3.104-3, 3.104-7. The copy of the 

PIA Report that Insight received on January 24, 2022, explained that Insight’s pricing information 

was available on the SharePoint website after the Navy reopened the procurement and that Navy 

customers (i.e., non-Navy personnel) had access to the SharePoint website. See Tab 81 at AR 

7399 n.1. Therefore, Plaintiff had sufficient basis to allege a new PIA violation as of that date. 

Taken together, Plaintiff’s purported notices to the Navy of a post-May 27, 2021 PIA 

violation are insufficient to trigger an investigation. Plaintiff’s January 26, 2022 email to the Navy 

met the fourteen-day deadline but did not put the Navy on notice it was alleging a new PIA 

violation. Plaintiff’s February 15, 2022 letter contained the requisite level of specificity to put the 

Navy on notice of a new PIA violation allegation but was untimely, sent more than fourteen days 

after Plaintiff learned, on January 24, 2022, of a potential new PIA violation.27 As neither 

communication sufficiently provided the Navy timely notice of a potential post-May 27, 2021 PIA 

violation, the Navy was not required to investigate Plaintiff’s post-May 27, 2021 PIA violation 

allegation. 

E. Insight Cannot Demonstrate Prejudice from Any Alleged PIA Violation

The Government and Dell contend that even if a PIA violation had occurred, this Court 

must nevertheless dismiss Plaintiff’s PIA protest ground because Plaintiff has not shown any 

prejudice caused by an alleged PIA violation. See Def.’s Suppl. Cross-MJAR at 51-55; IntervenorDefendant’s Suppl. Cross-MJAR at 34-36. Plaintiff responded in its MJAR Reply that the alleged 

PIA violation prejudiced Plaintiff by “overturn[ing] a valid award of a BPA to Insight — directly 

27 To fall within the fourteen-day time bar, Insight was required to sufficiently assert a PIA 

violation by February 7, 2022. See 41 U.S.C. § 2106. The February 15, 2022 letter clearly exceeds 

that deadline.
92

causing the loss of a $2.5 billion BPA.” Pl.’s Reply at 36. Plaintiff then broadened these 

allegations in its SMJAR, where it alleged that various flaws in the Navy’s PIA investigation 

deprived Plaintiff “of the ability to fairly compete for the contract and in turn lost the opportunity 

to perform the BPA.” Pl.’s SMJAR Mem. at 36. Plaintiff’s prejudice theory shifted again in its 

SMJAR Reply, where it argued exclusively that it only needed to establish that the Navy 

improperly investigated the PIA violation to meet its burden on prejudice. See Pl.’s SMJAR Reply 

at 32 (“Indeed, without the Navy actually conducting a fulsome investigation to determine the 

extent and scope of the possible PIA violations and impact of those violations, Insight cannot do 

more to establish prejudice.”). This Court agrees with the Defendants; Plaintiff cannot establish 

that a pre- or post-May 27, 2021 PIA violation would have prejudiced it given Dell’s superior price 

offering when comparing the parties’ initial offers on equal footing. 

To prevail in a bid protest, even one based on an alleged PIA violation, “the protestor must 

show that it was prejudiced by the government’s actions.’” Sys. Studs. & Simulations, 22 F.4th at 

997 (quoting Glenn Def. Marine, 720 F.3d at 912). The prejudice inquiry “is always required 

before setting aside a bid award.” Sys. Studs. & Simulations, 22 F.4th at 997 (emphasis added). A 

plaintiff’s failure to address prejudice in its motion for judgment on the administrative record 

waives the plaintiff’s “right to assert that it was prejudiced by agency error.” Brooks Range Cont. 

Servs., Inc. v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 699, 709 (2011) (citing Novosteel, 284 F.3d at 1274); 

see also Golden IT, LLC v. United States, 157 Fed. Cl. 680, 695 (2022) (collecting cases).

Here, Plaintiff waived any argument about prejudice based on a pre-May 27, 2021 PIA 

violation by failing to address such prejudice in its MJAR. See Pl.’s Mem. at 37-45 (neglecting to 

discuss prejudice). Even ignoring this waiver, Plaintiff cannot establish prejudice because 

Plaintiff’s noncompliant bid did not give it the requisite “substantial chance” to receive the award. 
93

Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1353. While Plaintiff won the award initially, it did so unfairly; Insight’s 

own failure to price all the required CLINs led to that result. See Tab 11.1 at AR 3523, 3525 

(explaining that Insight’s failure to price the promotional CLINs/ SKUs x728, x729, x764 and 

x765 impacted the Navy’s decision to award the BPA to Insight). This Court cannot hold that 

Plaintiff’s loss of an unfair competitive advantage is a type of prejudice that this Court is 

empowered to remedy. See FAR 8.405-3(b)(1)(ii)(C) (mandating that an agency establishing a 

BPA “[s]hall ensure all quotes received are fairly considered and award is made in accordance 

with the basis for selection in the RFQ”). 

Plaintiff likewise cannot establish prejudice for any alleged post-May 27, 2021 PIA 

violation, even if timely asserted. Even assuming, as Insight insinuates, that Dell gained access to 

Insight’s detailed pricing information via the SharePoint website, Plaintiff has not established that 

such access would have provided Dell Marketing a competitive advantage. See Pl.’s SMJAR 

Mem. at 21-22 (explaining that agencies have the discretion to disclose one bidder’s otherwise 

confidential information to another bidder where it is necessary to “address the imbalance created 

by the disclosure of one offeror’s pricing,” and proceeding to argue that similar corrective action 

is necessary here); Pl.’s SMJAR Reply at 24; Pl.’s Second SMJAR at 5 (“In the face of this 

disclosure to the SharePoint website, . . . [t]he Navy retains the ability to equally disclose pricing 

to create a fair procurement”). Dell already offered the superior quote before the Navy awarded 

the BPA to Insight, as Insight had failed to price all the CLINs required by the Solicitation. 

This becomes apparent when comparing Insight’s and Dell Marketing’s initial quotes once 

equalized to account for Insight’s failure to price promotional CLINs x728, x729, x764 and x765 

for years 4 and 5 of the BPA as required. Insight’s total evaluated price, which did not include 

pricing for years 4 and 5 of those promotional CLINs, was $2,555,033,130. Tab 9 (Initial Business 

95 

VI. The Procurement Was Not Fundamentally Unfair 

Finally, Plaintiff argues that it has a stand-alone protest ground because the Navy 

purportedly conducted “a fundamentally unfair competition.” Pl.’s SMJAR Reply at 23. Plaintiff 

contends that “good-faith actions by the government – even if they do not rise to the level of PIA 

violations – can still create an unfair procurement.” Id. Quoting a GAO decision, Plaintiff further 

contends that “this basis of protest is entirely independent of the specific procurement integrity 

provisions, which focus on specific prohibited actions by government officials. . . . allegations 

dealing with apparent unfair competitive advantages do not necessarily turn on prohibited 

behavior, and, as noted above, arise without regard to the good faith behavior of the parties.” Id.

(quoting Health Net Fed. Servs, LLC, B-401652.3 et al., 2009 WL 3843162, at *25 (Comp. Gen. 

Nov. 4, 2009)). Further still, Plaintiff contends that the Navy’s display of Plaintiff’s pricing (postinitial award) “on a SharePoint site that was accessible by thousands of individuals, including 

hundreds of contractors” for less than a day after the Navy reopened the procurement “was not a 

fair situation.” Pl.’s SMJAR Reply at 24. To remedy this purportedly unfair procurement process, 

Plaintiff requests a goose/gander remedy: that this Court disclose to Plaintiff Dell Marketing’s 

CLIN-level pricing. Id. at 25. Plaintiff’s requested remedy is unwarranted. 

This Court does not discern any alleged unfairness that would necessitate Plaintiff’s 

proposed remedy or any other relief. Insight’s “unfairness” theme runs throughout its other protest 

grounds, and as explained in detail for each ground, the Administrative Record does not support 

any argument that Plaintiff was unfairly prejudiced here. See e.g., supra pp. 62-65, 73. 

Furthermore, Plaintiff’s unfairness allegations seem particularly absurd here since it received the

 was $ , and for CLIN was $ ). In sum, Dell Marketing did 

not lower its price to beat Insight’s price; Dell Marketing already had submitted the lower price 

for these CLINS. 
96

initial BPA award by omitting, even if inadvertently, pricing for several required CLINs. See Tabs

10.1; 11.1. Insight understandably laments losing the BPA award. However, Insight’s loss of an 

award that was previously in its grasp is not unfair when Insight had only initially grasped it using 

an unfair advantage. Here, the Navy fulfilled its obligation to “treat all offerors equally, evaluating 

proposals evenhandedly against common requirements and evaluation criteria,” by appropriately

reopening the procurement and requiring both offerors to price all requisite CLINs. Serco, 81 Fed. 

Cl. at 482 (cleaned up). 

Even if this Court had discerned a scintilla of unfairness in the reopened procurement —

which it does not — Plaintiff’s proposed remedy would still be inappropriate. While an agency 

has discretion to equalize the disclosure of information to offerors, the agency must first determine 

that one offeror has the other’s information. See Power Connector, Inc., B-404916.2, 2011 WL 

5029615, at *4 (Comp. Gen. Aug. 15, 2011) (holding that, “consistent with FAR 15.507,” the 

agency should remedy a contracting officer’s disclosure of offeror prices to one offeror “by 

advising all offerors of the pricing information”); Symvionics, Inc., B-293824.2, 2004 WL 

2389921, at *5 (Comp. Gen. Oct. 8, 2004) (“We recommend that the Navy provide all the firms 

in the recompetition with the same information about the likely impact of the PPV program on the 

subject requirements that it provided Eastern in its post-award debriefing and allow for the 

submission of revised proposals.”). Here, as noted, the Administrative Record lacks evidence 

indicating that Dell ever received Insight’s CLIN-level pricing. Under the present circumstances 

there is no reason whatsoever to award Insight the remedy it seeks. Indeed, under the facts of this 

case, it would be inappropriate for this Court to order disclosure of Dell Marketing’s CLIN-level 

pricing data to Insight, a serial competitor, where no legal or equitable reason compels such a step. 

Plaintiff simply does not provide any basis on which this Court could sustain its protest. 
97

VII. Insight is Not Entitled to Injunctive Relief

The Court considers four factors when deciding whether to grant injunctive relief: (1) 

whether the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits, (2) whether the plaintiff will suffer irreparable 

harm if the court withholds injunctive relief, (3) whether the balance of hardships to the respective 

parties favors granting an injunction, and (4) whether the public interest is served by granting an 

injunction. Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009). This Court 

need not progress beyond the first factor. “A plaintiff who cannot demonstrate success upon the 

merits cannot prevail upon a motion for injunctive relief.” By Light Prof'l IT Servs., Inc. v. United 

States, 131 Fed. Cl. 358, 367 (2017); see Blue & Gold Fleet, 492 F.3d at 1312 (noting that success 

on the merits is “the most important factor required to enjoin the award of a contract”). As 

discussed above, Insight’s protest fails on the merits. Accordingly, Insight is not entitled to 

injunctive relief. 

CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed above, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment on 

the Administrative Record (ECF No. 33), Plaintiff’s Supplemental Motion for Judgment on the 

Administrative Record (ECF No. 77), and Plaintiff’s Second Supplemental Motion for Judgment 

on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 103). The Court GRANTS Defendant’s Cross-Motion 

for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 38), Defendant’s Supplemental CrossMotion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 78), Intervenor-Defendant’s CrossMotion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 39), and Intervenor-Defendant’s 

Supplemental Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 79).29 

29 As noted, on May 10, 2022, the Court lifted the injunction (ECF No. 56 at 27-28) previously in 

place and permitted the Navy to immediately proceed with its award to Dell Marketing L.P. Order 

Denying MJAR at 2; see May 10 Tr. at 6:2-4.
98 

 The Clerk of Court is DIRECTED to enter Judgment accordingly. 

The parties are directed to CONFER and FILE a Notice within seven days of this 

Memorandum and Order, attaching a proposed public version of this Sealed Memorandum and 

Order, with any competition-sensitive or otherwise protected information redacted. 

IT IS SO ORDERED.

 Eleni M. Roumel ELENI M. ROUMEL

Judge 

July 25, 2022 

Washington, D.C.