Supreme Court of Florida

____________

No. SC18-226

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FLORIDA INDUSTRIAL POWER USERS GROUP,

Appellant,

vs.

JULIE IMANUEL BROWN, etc., et al.,

Appellees.

June 13, 2019

CANADY, C.J.

This case is before the Court on appeal from a decision of the Florida Public 

Service Commission relating to the rates or service of a public utility providing 

electric service. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(2), Fla. Const. The 

Commission approved a request made by Florida Power and Light (FPL) for the 

recovery of costs through base rates for four solar energy centers expected to be in 

service by December 31, 2017, and for four solar energy centers expected to be in 

service by March 1, 2018. These solar energy projects (So) for which a base rate 

adjustment (BRA) was approved are collectively referred to as the SoBRA 

projects. In granting FPL’s request, the Commission concluded that the SoBRA 
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projects comported with the terms of a 2016 settlement agreement providing for 

recovery of these costs and that the projects were cost effective. Because we agree 

that the SoBRA projects met the terms set forth in the settlement agreement for 

cost recovery, we affirm the Commission’s order.

I. BACKGROUND

The starting point of this case is in 2016, when FPL filed a petition with the 

Commission for an increase in base rates. Florida Industrial Power Users Group 

(FIPUG) and eight other parties intervened in the rate case. Prior to the 

Commission rendering its decision on FPL’s petition, a settlement was reached 

between FPL and three of the nine intervening parties—not including FIPUG. The 

settling parties then filed a motion for approval of the settlement agreement, which 

they asserted resolved all of the issues in the rate case. In addition to resolving all 

of the underlying issues in the pending rate case, section 10 of the settlement 

agreement included provisions allowing FPL to recover costs for certain solar 

projects if the projects met certain capacity requirements and in-service dates and 

were demonstrated to the Commission to be cost effective. The Commission 

summarized the requirements provided in the settlement agreement for recovery of 

the costs of the SoBRA projects as follows:

There are several conditions that must be met for recovery in this 

case. First, FPL must request recovery for these projects during the 

term of the 2016 Agreement, or prior to December 31, 2020. Second, 

the cost of the components, engineering, and construction for any 
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solar project is capped at $1,750 per kilowatt alternating current 

(kWac). Third, for projects less than 75 MW (as are all of the projects 

proposed in this case): 1) the request for base rate recovery must be 

filed in the Fuel Clause docket as part of its final true-up filing; and 2) 

the issues are “limited to the cost effectiveness of each such project 

(i.e., will the project lower the projected system CPVRR [(cumulative 

present value revenue requirement)] as compared to each CPVRR 

without the solar project) and the amount of revenue requirements and 

appropriate percentage in base rates needed to collect the estimated 

revenue requirements.” If the project meets these requirements, the 

terms of the 2016 Agreement have been met.

In re Fuel & Purchased Power Cost Recovery Clause with Generating 

Performance Incentive Factor, Order No. PSC-2018-0028-FOF-EI at 8, 2018 WL 

367863 (Fla. Pub. Serv. Comm’n Jan. 8, 2018) (footnote omitted) (“final order”); 

see also In re Petition for Rate Increase by Florida Power & Light Co., Order No. 

PSC-16-0560-AS-EI at 2-3, 2016 WL 7335779, at *2 (Fla. Pub. Serv. Comm’n

Dec. 15, 2016) (“settlement order”). 

Although FIPUG was not a signatory to the settlement agreement, it was 

given the opportunity to participate in the evidentiary hearing on the settlement 

agreement but chose to take no position on it and did not present any testimony or 

other evidence opposing it. The Commission ultimately approved the settlement 

agreement on December 15, 2016, concluding “that the Settlement Agreement 

establishes rates that are fair, just, and reasonable and is in the public interest.” In 

re Petition for Rate Increase by Florida Power & Light Co., Order No. PSC-16-

0560-AS-EI at 5, 2016 WL 7335779, at *3.
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FIPUG did not appeal the settlement order, but Sierra Club, another party to 

the rate case who was also not a signatory to the settlement agreement, did oppose

certain provisions of the agreement and appealed the settlement order. See Sierra 

Club v. Brown, 243 So. 3d 903 (Fla. 2018). We affirmed the settlement order in 

Sierra Club, concluding that the Commission applied the appropriate public 

interest standard in its consideration of the settlement agreement and that the 

Commission’s decision to approve the settlement agreement was supported by 

competent, substantial evidence. Id. at 913, 916. We also noted in Sierra Club

that “an independent express prudence finding was not a prerequisite to a public 

interest finding . . . and there was no need for the Commission to make an express 

individual prudence determination.” Id. at 913.

In March 2017, in accordance with the settlement order, FPL filed its 

Petition for Approval of Solar Base Rate Adjustments (solar petition) in the Fuel 

and Purchased Power Cost Recovery Clause docket (fuel docket), in which it 

requested an increase in base rates to recover costs for the SoBRA projects. FPL 

asserted that the 2017 and 2018 SoBRA projects were cost effective under the 

settlement agreement because they lowered the system CPVRR in 2017 and 2018 

and the cost for each center fell below the $1,750 per kWac cap. FPL asked the 

Commission to find that the SoBRA projects satisfied the cost requirements 

established by the settlement agreement and that the projects were cost effective. 
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After holding an evidentiary hearing on the solar petition, the Commission 

issued its final order, concluding that the SoBRA projects complied with the 

settlement order and were cost effective and therefore eligible for cost recovery. 

FIPUG now appeals that order, raising three issues that will be addressed in turn.

II. ANALYSIS

First, FIPUG argues that the Commission erred by failing to conduct a 

prudence review1 prior to approving FPL’s solar petition. But this argument is 

foreclosed by the settlement order. 

The details of the SoBRA mechanism were set forth in the settlement 

agreement. FIPUG was given an opportunity to review and challenge the 

provisions of the settlement agreement yet chose to take no position on the 

settlement agreement. By failing to object to the settlement agreement’s 

 

1. Section 366.06(1), Florida Statutes (2017), provides that 

[t]he commission shall investigate and determine the actual legitimate 

costs of the property of each utility company, actually used and useful 

in the public service, and shall keep a current record of the net 

investment of each public utility company in such property which 

value, as determined by the commission, shall be used for ratemaking 

purposes and shall be the money honestly and prudently invested by 

the public utility company in such property used and useful in serving 

the public, less accrued depreciation. 

“It is from this statute that the Commission derives its prudence standard, which it 

applies to ensure that the recovered costs result from prudent investments.” Sierra 

Club, 243 So. 3d at 908.
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provisions on the cost-effectiveness criteria and the base rate recovery mechanism 

for the SoBRA projects at the time the settlement agreement was before the 

Commission and by failing to appeal the Commission’s final order approving the 

settlement agreement, FIPUG has waived its right to challenge these provisions. 

Further, even if FIPUG had not waived its right to challenge these 

provisions, there is no merit to its argument that the Commission was required to 

independently apply the prudence standard to projects contained within the 

settlement agreement. While it would have been proper for the Commission to 

apply the prudence standard to the SoBRA projects in absence of the settlement 

agreement, we held in Sierra Club that “[w]hen presented with a settlement 

agreement, . . . the Commission’s review shifts to the public interest standard.” 

243 So. 3d at 909. The public interest standard considers “whether the 

agreement—as a whole—resolved all the issues, ‘established rates that were just, 

reasonable, and fair, and . . . is in the public interest.’ ” Id. (quoting Citizens v. 

Fla. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 146 So. 3d 1143, 1164 (Fla. 2014)). 

The 2016 settlement agreement, which contained the terms applicable to the 

solar projects and SoBRA mechanism, is the same agreement that came before this 

Court and was affirmed in Sierra Club. See id. at 914. In Sierra Club, we stated 

that “it is neither a departure from the essential requirements of law nor a 

usurpation of legislative authority for the Commission to invoke [the public 
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interest standard] when no law precludes settlement.” Id. at 910. We also noted 

that “[n]aturally, the prudence of large capital investments is a relevant 

consideration in the Commission’s review of a settlement under its public interest 

standard because imprudent investments of millions of dollars would likely clash 

with a public interest finding.” Id. at 912. Because the public interest standard 

itself incorporates prudence considerations, we by no means suggested that parties 

can use a settlement agreement to override statutory requirements. We rejected

Sierra Club’s argument that it was necessary for the Commission to independently 

apply a prudence standard to one of the other projects contained within the 

settlement agreement and held that the Commission was only required to apply its 

public interest standard to the settlement agreement as a whole. 

If, as FIPUG suggests here, the Commission were later required to conduct a 

prudence or need determination for the SoBRA projects, it would have had to 

vacate the settlement order, which is contrary to the doctrine of administrative 

finality. We explained the doctrine of administrative finality in Peoples Gas 

System, Inc. v. Mason, 187 So. 2d 335, 339 (Fla. 1966):

[O]rders of administrative agencies must eventually pass out of the 

agency’s control and become final and no longer subject to 

modification. This rule assures that there will be a terminal point in 

every proceeding at which the parties and the public may rely on a 

decision of such an agency as being final and dispositive of the rights 

and issues involved therein. This is, of course, the same rule that 

governs the finality of decisions of courts. It is as essential with 

respect to orders of administrative bodies as with those of courts.
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Once the Commission entered the settlement order and that order was 

affirmed by this Court on appeal, the parties and the public were entitled to rely on 

that order and the settlement agreement as being final and dispositive of the rights 

and issues involved therein. FPL relied on that order by investing in and 

constructing eight solar energy centers. FIPUG does not attempt to argue that 

there has been any significant change in circumstances or demonstrated public 

interest that might provide an exception to the doctrine of administrative finality. 

In its second issue on appeal, FIPUG asserts that the Commission 

improperly based its finding of the cost-effectiveness of the SoBRA projects on 

uncorroborated hearsay. The record and the applicable law do not support this 

contention.

Prior to holding a hearing on the solar petition, the Commission issued an 

order establishing procedure, which set forth the order of witnesses and other 

procedures for the hearing. The order establishing procedure required that a party 

“shall identify each witness the party wishes to voir dire as well as state with 

specificity the portions of that witness’ pre-filed testimony, by page and line 

number, and/or exhibits, by page and line number, to which the party objects.” It 

further provided that if a party failed to object to the specific portions of a 

witness’s testimony or exhibits in the party’s prehearing statement, the party was 
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prohibited from conducting voir dire at the hearing absent a showing of good 

cause. 

The Commission held a prehearing conference on the solar petition in 

accordance with the procedures set forth in the order establishing procedure. 

FIPUG lodged a general objection to all FPL witnesses being considered experts. 

The prehearing officer ruled that because FIPUG did not identify the witnesses that 

it wished to voir dire or the portions of witnesses’ testimony that were 

objectionable in its prehearing statement as required by the order establishing 

procedure, FIPUG waived its right to voir dire the witnesses and challenge the 

expertise of FPL’s witnesses at the hearing. 

The evidentiary hearing on the solar petition was held on October 25, 2017. 

In accordance with the settlement agreement, the SoBRA projects were taken up as 

a separate issue in the fuel docket, and the Commission considered evidence 

regarding the cost effectiveness of the SoBRA projects and whether the SoBRA 

projects complied with the cost requirements and cost recovery mechanism that 

were set forth in the settlement agreement. FPL presented testimony from several 

witnesses in support of cost recovery for the SoBRA projects, including Juan 

Enjamio, a long-time FPL employee and expert in resource planning, reliability 

analysis, and economic analysis. 
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Enjamio testified that the costs of the proposed SoBRA projects would fall 

below the $1,750 per kWac cap allowed by the settlement agreement and he 

provided an economic analysis demonstrating that the SoBRA projects were cost 

effective. In completing this analysis, FPL considered multiple components to 

determine cost-effectiveness, including: solar revenue requirements, avoided 

generation costs, and avoided system costs. For the SoBRA projects, the revenue 

requirements included fixed operation and maintenance, equipment, installation, 

land cost, and transmission interconnection cost. The avoided generation cost 

component considered avoided generation capital, avoided fixed operation and 

maintenance, avoided transmission interconnection, avoided capital replacement, 

avoided incremental gas transport, and avoided short-term purchases. The avoided 

system cost component considered the factors of fuel savings, avoided variable 

operation and maintenance, and emission costs savings. FPL’s CPVRR analysis 

assumed that each project had an actual life of thirty-three years, with the analysis 

ending in 2050. 

Enjamio testified that his initial economic analysis concluded that the 

SoBRA projects would result in savings to FPL customers in six of nine scenarios, 

with a total benefit up to $39 million in CPVRR savings. Enjamio later filed 

revised testimony to provide an updated economic analysis showing that the 

SoBRA projects would result in savings to FPL customers in seven of nine 
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scenarios, with a total benefit of up to $106 million in CPVRR savings. The 

emission cost savings consideration did not incorporate CO2 pricing until 2028. 

Enjamio identified ICF’s2 CO2 emissions cost forecast as a major assumption in 

FPL’s economic analyses. The CO2 cost projections used in FPL’s analysis were 

based on ICF’s CO2 emission cost forecast, dated December 2016. Neither FIPUG 

nor any other intervenor offered testimony rebutting the CO2 emission cost forecast 

or provided any alternative emission cost forecast. Enjamio also testified that the 

SoBRA projects met the capacity requirements set forth in the settlement 

agreement and that they met a reliability need. FIPUG cross-examined Enjamio 

but did not present any witnesses to rebut his testimony. 

FIPUG now argues that the Commission’s finding that the SoBRA projects 

are cost effective is not supported by competent, substantial evidence because there 

was no expert witness to support the carbon cost assumption in the ICF report and 

the ICF report was hearsay that was uncorroborated and unsworn. FIPUG also 

challenges Enjamio’s expertise.

We first address FIPUG’s challenge to Enjamio’s expertise, which fails 

because FIPUG failed to identify Enjamio in its prehearing statement as a witness 

that it sought to voir dire, as required by the order establishing procedure. Because 

 

2. ICF is a consulting firm with extensive experience in forecasting the cost 

of air emissions and is recognized as one of the industry leaders in the field.
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FIPUG failed to comply with the order establishing procedure, it waived its right to 

voir dire Enjamio regarding his expertise and challenge that expertise on appeal. 

FIPUG claims that the Commission’s finding of cost-effectiveness is not 

supported by competent, substantial evidence because there was no expert witness 

to support the carbon cost assumption in the ICF report and the ICF report was 

hearsay that was uncorroborated and unsworn. This claim fails under the relaxed 

hearsay rule applicable under the Administrative Procedure Act. Section 

120.57(1)(c), Florida Statutes (2017), which is a provision of the Administrative 

Procedure Act, provides that “[h]earsay evidence may be used for the purpose of 

supplementing or explaining other evidence, but it shall not be sufficient in itself to 

support a finding unless it would be admissible over objection in civil actions.” 

The ICF report was not the sole basis for the Commission’s finding on the costeffectiveness of the SoBRA projects; rather, it was just one piece of Enjamio’s 

economic analysis, which supplemented and explained his overall testimony about 

the projects’ cost-effectiveness, customer savings, and noneconomic benefits. We

therefore conclude that the Commission’s cost-effectiveness findings were based 

on competent, substantial evidence. 

In its final issue on appeal, FIPUG claims that the Commission improperly 

used the fuel clause to consider cost recovery for the SoBRA projects. Once again, 

this argument is precluded by the settlement order.
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The settlement order expressly provided that “FPL will file a request for 

approval of the solar project in the Fuel Cost Recovery Clause docket.” In re 

Petition for Rate Increase by Florida Power & Light Co., Order No. PSC-16-0560-

AS-EI at 3, 2016 WL 7335779, at*2. The settlement agreement stated that the 

Commission, on its own initiative or upon good cause shown, may set FPL’s 

request for approval of the SoBRA projects for a separate hearing to be held in the 

fuel docket. In accordance with this procedure, the Commission considered 

FIPUG’s arguments concerning why it believed that the SoBRA projects should be 

considered in a separate hearing. 

FIPUG alleged that the recovery of the costs of the SoBRA projects through 

the fuel docket was an attempt by FPL to use the fuel clause to recover predictable 

capital costs, which is contrary to the purpose of the fuel clause. FPL countered 

that FIPUG’s capital and return on investment costs for the SoBRA projects are to 

be recovered through base rates beginning on the commercial operation date of 

each SoBRA project, not in the 2017 and 2018 fuel cost recovery factors. FPL 

pointed out that the fuel factors to be implemented from January 1 to March 1, 

2018, had already been stipulated to by the parties and previously approved by the 

Commission and therefore could not change regardless of the Commission’s final 

decision on the SoBRA recovery. The Commission concluded that because FPL 

was not requesting recovery through the fuel adjustment clause factor but through 
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increases in base rates, consideration of the SoBRA projects during the fuel clause 

hearings was purely administrative. And because FIPUG did not allege that it did 

not have adequate notice of the issues relating to the SoBRA projects or that it had 

been harmed in any way by the inclusion of those issues in the fuel docket, the 

Commission concluded that FIPUG had not shown good cause to set a separate 

hearing for the SoBRA projects.

At its core, FIPUG’s argument here is that the Commission should not have 

previously approved the provisions in the settlement agreement that set forth the 

procedure for the Commission’s consideration of the SoBRA projects at the time 

of the fuel clause hearing. We conclude that FIPUG is procedurally barred from 

challenging this procedure, because FIPUG took no position on the settlement 

agreement and did not challenge this provision of the settlement agreement at the 

time the settlement agreement was before the Commission or in an appeal of the 

settlement order. 

Even if FIPUG were not procedurally barred from now making this 

argument, we would conclude that it is without merit. The settlement agreement 

and the final order dictate that cost recovery of the SoBRA projects is to be 

through base rates, not through the fuel clause, and that recovery is only considered 

at the time of the fuel clause hearing for administrative purposes. Nothing about 
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the SoBRA mechanism changes the nature of what is recovered through the fuel

clause.

III. CONCLUSION

As explained above, we conclude that by failing to object at the time that the 

settlement agreement was before the Commission and by failing to appeal the 

settlement order, FIPUG waived its right to challenge the provisions in the 

settlement agreement related to the requirements and procedures for cost recovery 

of the SoBRA projects. We also conclude that the Commission’s findings 

regarding the cost-effectiveness of the SoBRA projects were based on competent, 

substantial evidence. Accordingly, we affirm the Commission’s final order on 

appeal.

It is so ordered.

POLSTON, LABARGA, LAWSON, LAGOA, LUCK, and MUÑIZ, JJ., concur.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION AND, 

IF FILED, DETERMINED.

An Appeal from the Florida Public Service Commission

Jon C. Moyle, Jr. and Karen Putnal of Moyle Law Firm, P.A., Tallahassee, Florida,

for Appellant

Keith C. Hetrick, General Counsel, Samantha M. Cibula, Attorney Supervisor, and 

Adria E. Harper, Senior Attorney, Florida Public Service Commission, 

Tallahassee, Florida,

for Appellee Florida Public Service Commission
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María José Moncada and William P. Cox, Florida Power & Light Company, Juno 

Beach, Florida; and Alvin B. Davis of Squire Patton Boggs (US) LLP, Miami, 

Florida,

for Appellee Florida Power & Light Company