United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has det ermined that the following taxa should be added to the NAPPRA catego ry. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, APHIS has produced data sheet s which detail the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making

the determination that the tax a are quarantine pest plant s

.


## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet s Table of Contents

Click on a quarantine pest plant below to view the corresponding data sheet :

Acacia hockii

Alstroemeria aurea

Andropogon gayanus

Angelica sylvestris

Art emisia austriaca

Artemisia japonica

Berberis glaucocarpa

Berkheya rigida

Bromus pectinatus

Cassinia arcuata

Celtis sinensis

Cestrum elegans

Cestrum laevigat um

Chrysanthemoides monilifera Cineraria lyratiformis

Cordia curassavica

Echinochloa pyramidalis

Eleocharis kuroguwai

Gladiolus undulatus

Gomphrena celosioides

Gymnocoronis spilanthoides

Hakea gibbosa

Hakea salicifolia

Hakea sericea

Impatiens parviflora

Launaea cornuta

Limnobium laevigatum

Litsea glutinosa Ludwigia hyssopifolia

Ludwigia prostrata

Nymphoides cristata

Oryza barthii

Phyllanthus maderaspatensis

Picnomon acarna

Potamogeton distinctus

Potamogeton schweinfurthii

Praxelis clematidea

Rhamnus alaternus

Rumex sagittatus

Senecio angulatus

Wikstroemia indicaUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows

the AP HIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragrap h (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Acacia hockii De Wild. 1

Family: Fabaceae 1

Synonyms:

Acacia chariensis A.Chev. Acacia oerfota sensu Brenan Acacia seyal var. multijuga Delile Baker f. Acacia stenocarpa sensu auct. 2

Common names : none found

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Ethiopia

, Sudan, Kenya

, Tanzania

, Uganda, Central African Republic

, Zaire, Benin

, Burkina Faso

, Cote D'Ivoire

, Ghana

, Guinea

, Nigeria, Angola

, Malawi

, Mozambique

, Zambia 1

World distribution beyond native range: none found

Distribution in the United States : none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in pla ce or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Acacia hockii was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

. A. hockii i s a principal weed in Ugandaand a common weed in Kenya 5

. It is a quarantine weed in Western Australia 2

. Occupying woodland, wooded grassland, thicket, and scrub environments, A. hockii is described as an invasive species that displaces native herbivores, due to its ability to suppress t he growth of different grasses 6 . Wild fires are known to increase the chances of the plant becoming dominant, as it has the ability to sprout and grow after fires 7, 8

.

Literature cited:

1 . USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 9,

2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.p l?424391

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia . Accessed March 9, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/acacia_hockii/

3 . USDA, National Resour ces Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA

. Accessed March 9, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C. , Caton, B.P., & Fowler , L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Inv ade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5

. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

6. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew : eFloras. Accessed March 9, 2011 online at http://apps.kew.org/efloras/namedetail.do?qry=namelist&flora=fz&taxon=2061&nameid

=5040

7. African Conservation Foundation (ACF) (2009). Uganda: Lake Mburo Trees to Be Cut

Down

. Accessed March 9, 2011 online at http://www.africanconservation.org/ content/view/1435/406

8. N ational A gricultural R esearch O rganization (NARO). 2004. Implementation of invasive plant prevention and control programmes in Uganda. Report submitted to the CAB International Africa Regional Centre under the PDF

- B phase of the U NEP/GEF Project: Removing Barriers to Invasive Plant Management in Africa. National Agricultural Research Organization, Entebbe, Uganda. Accessed March 9, 2011 online at http://www.naro.go.ug/Invasivespecies/Reports/Prevention%20and%20Control%20Progr

ammes% 20in%20Uganda.pdfUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following

taxon sh ould be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Alst roemeria aurea Graham 1

Family: Alstroemeriaceae 1

Synonyms: Alstroemeria aurantiaca D. Don 1

Common names: Peruvian

- lily, lis de Incas, goldene Inkalilie 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Argentina

, Chil e 1

World distribution beyond native range: It is naturalized in Australia and New Zealand 1

, and is introduced in the British Isles 5

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Alstroemeria aurea, with its tuberous roots and long rhizomes, colonizes forests, forest edges, riparian habitats and disturbed sites. It forms dense populations that crowd out native plants and prevents their establishment. Recovering easily after cutting to ground level, this herb forms numerous sterile shoots. All rhizomes must be removed to prevent regrowth 5

. Reported by Randall 4 to be a ‘garden thug’, it is a naturalized, environmental and garden escape weed in Australia 2

. The sap can cause dermatitis 6

.Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 11, 2011

online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?409327

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia . Accessed February 11, 2011

online at http://ww w.hear.org/gcw/species/alstroemeria_aurea/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed February 11, 2011

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4 . Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16(4): 138

- 171.

5. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: a Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

6. Plants For A Future: edible, medicinal and useful plants for a healthier world.

Accessed February 11, 2011 online at http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Alstroemeria%20aureaUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. I n accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Andropogon gayanus Kunth 1

Family: Poaceae 1

Synonyms: Andropogon bisquamulatus Hochst. Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. squamulatus Stapf Andropogon squamulatus Hochst 1

Common names : tambuki grass 1

, gamba grass, bluestem, Rhodesian blue grass 2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Sudan

, Tanzania

, Uganda

, Cameroon

, Central African Republic

, Zaire,

Benin ; Burkina Faso

, Cote D'Ivoire

, Gambia

, Ghana

, Guinea

, Guinea

- Bissau

, Liberia

, Mali

, Mauritania

, Nigeria

, Senegal

, Togo, Malawi

, Mozambique

, Zimbabwe, Botswana

, Namibia

, South A frica

- Natal, Transvaal, Swaziland 1

World distribution beyond native range: It is naturalized in Australia , & tropical Southern

America 1

Distribution in the United States: none reported , possibly cultivated 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Andropogon gayanus is a serious environmental weed in Venezuela and the Northern Territory of Australia 6 and is a potential weed of concern in the Pacific Islands 4

. Forming

dense and large tussocks, this grass invades grasslands and savannas. A. gayanusproduces large quantities of fruits and seeds that remain viable for two to three years. Fire and drought tolerant, it replaces native vegetation 5

. In Australia, this grass can

invade a variety of natural habitats from wetland margins through upland savanna and is particularly abundant along water banks and roadsides

. A. gayanus can cause loss of tree cover and transformation of woodland by increasing fuel loads, fire height and intens ity. Fires generated in A. gayanus can pose a serious threat to property and human life 6

.

This invasive grass is associated with Magnaporthe grisea (r ice b last ) and Pyricularia grisea (r ice b last ) 7

, which are both plant pests of concern to the United States Department of Agriculture.

Literature cited:

1 . USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 14, 2011

online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?3213

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds

. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia . Accessed February 14, 2011

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/andropogon_gayanus/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed February 14, 2011

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) database

. Accessed February 14, 2011 online

at http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/andropogon_gayanus.htm

5. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World, a Reference Guide to

Environmental Weeds . Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

6. Csurhes, S. 2005. An assessment of the potential impact of Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) on the economy, environment and people of Queensland. Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Brisbane.

7. Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Accessed Febr uary 14, 2011 online at http://nt.ars

- grin.gov/fungaldatabases/United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a qu arantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Angelica sylvestris L. 1

Family : Apiaceae 1

Synonyms: none found

Common names: wild angelica 1

, woodland angelica, angelica nostrana 2, 3

Distribution of plant:

Native r ange: Turkey, Russian Federation, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzer land, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia, France, Portugal, Spain 1

World distribution beyond native range: Canada 3, 5

Distribution in the United States: not reported, may be cultivated 4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage p otential of plant:

Angelica sylvestris is a common weed in Finland 6

. This species has been reported to cause photodermatitis 7

. In Canada, it is rapidly spreading, invading old fields, pastures, townsites, and roadsides 3 . Brunton noted this species as a new exotic in Ontario, and recommended monitoring 5

. A. sylvestris is susceptible to, and could serve as a pathway for, the vi rus Anthriscus carlavirus 8

.Lit erature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 14, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?34 25

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds

. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia . Accessed February 14, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/angelica_sylvestris/

3. Crompton, C.W., McNeill, J., Stahevitch, A.E. and Wojtas, W.A. 1988. Preliminary inventory of Canadian weeds. Minister of Supply and Services Canada. (p. 140).

4. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service . The PLANTS database

. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4 490 USA

. Accessed February 14, 2011

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

5. Brunton, D.F. 1997. Woodland angelica ( Angelica sylvestris )

, new to the Ottawa District and Ontario. Trail & Landscape 31:151

- 156.

6. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Pl ucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds . Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

7. Bogdanovitch, I.I. et al. 1933. Vest. Derm. Vener. 389. (Cited in Klaber, R. (1942) Phyto

- photodermatitis. Brit. J. Derm. Syph. 54: 193.)

8. Brunt, A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M., Gibbs, A, Watson , L. and Zurcher , E.J. ( editors ) . 2007. Plant Viruses Online Database (descriptions and lists are products of the VIDE (Virus Identification Data Exchange) project). Accessed February 14, 2011

online a t http://pvo.bio

- mirror.cn/famly134.htmUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has d etermined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Artemisia austriaca Jacq. 7

Family: Asteraceae 7

Synonyms: none found

Common names : Austrian wormwood 2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Iran, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia 7

World distribution beyond native range: Germany, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, France 7

Distribution in the United States : none reported 6

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

The species i s a common agricultural weed in the Soviet Union 4 and is a threat to biological diversity in Lithuania 3 . Becaus e other Artemisia species are known to be allelopathic and toxic to animals 1

, A. austriaca may be as well. A Weed Risk Assessment developed by USDA PERAL 8 , ranked A. austriaca as having moderate potential for establishment/spread , with the probability of b ecoming a minor invader at 69.9% . After further evaluation, the risk potential for A

. austriaca was raised to “ High Risk ” because

the species is invasive in Poland (naturalized and spreading) 5

. The species distributionacross Europe and Asia 7 indicates that it is adapted to a wide range of climate types, many of which occur in the United States

.

Literature cited:

1

. Burrows, G. E., and Tyrl. 2001. Toxic Plants of North America. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, U.S.A. 1342 pp.

2. CRC Press, 199 0. Thesaurus of agricultural organisms: pests, weeds and diseases, Volume 1 Compiled and edited by Derwent Publications, Ltd

3. Gudzinskas, Z. 2009. Invas ive Plants: Lithuanian Invasive Species Database Ministry of Environment of Lithuania, National Advisory Council on Invasive Species. http://www.ku.lt/lisd/index.html (Archived at PERAL)

4. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

5. INC. 2009. Alien Species in Poland Database. Institute of Nature Conservation (INC), Polish Academy of Sciences

.

6. Kartesz, J.T. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). North American Plant Atlas. Chapel Hill, N.C. [maps generated from Kartesz, J.T. 2010. Floristic Synthesis of North America, Version 1.0. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). (in press)].

Accessed June 17 , 2011 online at http://www.bona p.org/MapSwitchboard.html

7. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed June 17 , 2011 on line at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?463323

8. USDA Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 2011. Weed Risk Assessments for Alpinia modesta, Artemisia austriaca, Artemisia japonica, Praxelis clematidea, and Rhamnus alaternus . June 14, 2010 Rev. 00. Raleigh, NC, U.S.A.United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows

the APHIS Administrator to des ignate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that

section , this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Artemisia japonica Thunb. 1

Family: Asteraceae 1

Synonyms: Artemisia parviflora 1

Common names: Artemisia

Distribution of p lant :

Native range: Native to temperate and tropical Asia 1

World distribution beyond native range: none reported

Distribution in the United States: none reported 4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage p otential of p lant :

No evidence was found that A. japonica h as been taken out of its native range. Using

APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine’s weed risk assessment guidelines 6 , uncertainty was relatively great, as it is unknown how this species might behave away from its coevolved predators, pathogens, and mutual ists. A wide geographic range prediction

indicates A. japonica can adapt to a variety of environmental conditions, while tolerance of mowing 7 indicates it may do well in highly disturbed systems. A. japonica is an agricultural weed 3 , but no specific evidence of impact was found in the literature. Other

Artemisia species are allelopathic 5 , and some are toxic to cattle under certain conditions 2

. It is estimated that A. japonica could establish in over half of the United States. Due tolimited information, the suitability in USDA cold plant hardiness zones 4 and 5, which represent an additional 25 percent of the area of the United States , could not be

determined

. A. japonica is commercially cultivated in China for its seed 8

.

Literatu re cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 9 , 2011 online

at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?406766

2. Burrows, G. E., and Tyrl. 2001. Toxic Plants of North America. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, U.S.A. 1342 pp.

3. Holm, L. G., J. V. Pancho, J. P. Herberger, and D. L. Plucknett. 1979 . A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida, U.S.A. 391 pp.

4. Kartesz, J.T. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2011. North American

Plant Atlas . Chapel Hill, N.C. [maps generated from Kartesz, J.T. 2010. F loristic Synthesis of North America, Version 1.0. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). (in press)]. Accessed March 9 , 2011 online at http://www.bonap.org/MapSwitchboard.html

5. Kaufman, S. R., and W. Kaufman. 2007. Invasive Plants: Guide to Identification and the Impacts and Control of Common North American Species. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, U.S.A. 458 pp.

6. PPQ. 2009. Weed

- initiated pest risk assessment guidelines (v. 6.0). Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Raleigh, NC,

U.S.A.

7. Tang, Y. H., I. Washitani, and T. Tsuchiya. 1989. Spatial heterogeneity of photosynthetic photon flux density in the canopy of Miscanthus sinensis . Ecological

Research 4:339

- 349.

8. Zhu, W., D. Sun, J. Xu, H. Guo, and G. Shen. 2009. Studies on introduction result of Artemisia japonica and the key cultivation techniques [Abstract]. Journal of Southwest Forestry University.United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that

sect ion, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Berberis glaucocarpa Stapf 1

Family : Berberidaceae 1

Synonyms: Berberis chitria Lindley 5

Common names : barberry, great barberry 2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: India

, Nepal 1

World distribution beyond native range : B. glaucocarpa is naturalized in British Isles and

New Zealand 1

Distribution in the United States : none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

B. glaucocarpa was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invas ive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

. B. glaucocarpa invades forests, forest margins, scrub, and disturbed areas. Its seedlings tolerate shade and establish successfully, shading out native plants and prevent ing their regeneration . Birds disperse

its seeds 5

. B. glaucocarpa is naturalized i n New Zealand where it is considered anenvironmental weed 6

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resource s Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed January 14, 2011

online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?401569

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds . Accessed January 14, 2011

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/berberis_glaucocarpa/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service . The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA

. Accessed January 14, 2011

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C. , Caton, B.P., & Fowler , L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5.Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Refe rence Guide to Environmental Weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

6

. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR) Invasive species information for Hawaii

and the Pacific. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand

. Accessed January 14, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htmUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not

auth orized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in maki ng the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Berkheya rigida (Thunb.) Ewart et al. 1

Family : Asteraceae 1

Synonyms : Stobaea rigida Thunb. 1

, 2

Common names : African thistle, A ugusta thistle, berkheya thistle, h amelin thistle 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: South Africa 1

, 2

World distribution beyond native range: B. rigida is n aturalized in Australia 1

Distribution in the United States : none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

B. rigida was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potent ial and entry potential 4

. Holm et al. list B. rigida as a weed of Australia 5

. B. rigida , a stiff herbaceous to woody perennial, has n oxious w eed status in Western Australia and Tasmania. Reproducing by seed and from rhizomes, it occurs as a weed in coastal scrublands and occasionally inland. Large colonies limit pasture growth and available grazing area. In recreational areas, the matted stems and spines may limit access

to beaches and facilities 6

. Even within its native area, southern Africa, B. r igida is regarded as a problem plant, competing for resources 7

.Literature cited:

1 . USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed January 14, 2011

online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?40 3695

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds . Accessed January 14, 2011

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/berkheya_rigida/

3 . USDA, National Resources Conservation Service . The PLANTS database.

. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed January 14, 2011

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C. , Caton, B.P., & Fowler , L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5

. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds . Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

6

. Parsons, W.T. and Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia . Inkata Press, Melbourne. 692 pp.

7

. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In a ccordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Bromus pectinatus Thunb. 1

Family : Poaceae 1

Sy nonyms: Bromus adoensis Hochst. ex Steud. 1

Bromus vestitus Schrader Bromus gedrosianus Penzés Bromus rechingeri Melderis 2

Common names: bromegrass 2 , Japanese brome 5 , Hooigras 6

Distribution of plant:

Native r ange: Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, South Africa, Arabia, Afghanistan, Iran, Tajikistan, India, Pakistan 1

World distribution beyond native range: none reported

Distribution in the United States: none reported, possibly in cultivation 4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage p otential of plant:

Bromus pectinatus is a problematic grass weed prominent in wheat fields 3 . It is competitive and also a host for cereal root diseases. Grain contaminated with this species blocks grading screens 6

. B

. pectinatus is a major weed of wheat and barley in Kenya. Field studies determined that the yield of wheat or barely could be reduced by 50% as a

result of B. pectinatus infestation 7

.Literature cited:

1. USDA, A gricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Belstville, Maryland. Accessed February 15, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/ cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?314893

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia . Accessed February 15, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/bromus_pectinat us/

3. Bio Online International. African Crop Science Journal. 1997. Vol. 5. No. 4, pp. 359

- 369, 1997

. Bioline International, 1989

– 2007 . Accessed February 15, 2011 online at http://www.bioline.org.br/request?cs97042

4. USDA, National Resources Conservation S ervice . The PLANTS database

. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4490 USA. Accessed February 15, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java

5. A Landowner’s Guide to Alien Grasses and the Prevention of Their Spread. Cape

Nature. Accessed Februa ry 15, 2011 online at www.capenature.co.za/docs/1451/Alien%20Grass%20Eng.pdf

6. Bromilow, Clive. 1995. Problem Plants in South Africa. Briza Publications. (pg. 32).

7. Wilcox, Douglas Howard, M.Sc., The University of Manitoba, May 1986, Biology

and Control of Bromus pectinatus Thunb., 177pgs. Accessed February 15, 2011

online at http://www.dragonflymeadow.ca/pdfs/Bromus_MSC_8.pdfUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientifi c evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Cassinia arcuata R. Br. 1

Family : Asteraceae 1

Synonyms: none found

Common names : Chinese shrub 1

, 2 , Australian tauhinu, bidy bush, drooping cassinia, sifting bush, tear shrub 5

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Australia 1

, 2

World distribution beyond native range: New Zealand 5

Distribution in the United States : none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Cassinia arcuata was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

. In Australia, C. arcuata is a weed of soils that are disturbed by mining, land clearing, overgrazing, and roadside grading. The species can dominate establishing pastures, but is unpalatable to stock, resulting in th e reduction of carrying capacity of heavily infested areas. Clumps of the species create a fire hazard and harbor pest animals such as rabbits 5

. C. arcuata is a principal weed of

Australia 6

.Literature cited:

1 . USDA, Agricultural Research Service , Nat ional Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed January 14,

2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447229

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds

. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, P

. O

. Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia

. Accessed January 14, 2011

online at http://www.hear.org /gcw/species/cassinia_arcuata/

3

. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service . The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center (NPDC), Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed January 14,

2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C. , Cato n, B.P., & Fowler , L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5

. Parsons, W.T. and Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne. 692 pp.

6

. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical

Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Celtis sinensis Pers. 1

Family : Ulmaceae or Cannabaceae 1

Synonyms: Celtis japonica Planch.

Celt is sinensis var . japonica (Planch.) Nakai

Celtis tetrandra subsp

. Sinensis (Roxb.) Y. C. Tang 1

Common names: Chinese celtis, Chinese elm 5 , Chinese hackberry, Chinese nettle

- tree, Japanese hackberry, Chinese nettleboom, po shu 1

Distribution of plant:

Native r ange: China, Japan, Taiwan 1 , Korea 5 , Mediterranean, Canada 3

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized in southern Africa, Australia, New

Zealand 1

Distribution in the United States: none reported 6

If introduced, what control me asures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage p otential of plant:

Celtis sinensis invades alluvial flats, moist gullies, and riparian habitats. It fruits prolifically and seeds are dispersed by birds and bats. Although seeds are relatively short

lived in or on the soil, recolonization is enhanced by abundant fruiting. It outcompetes

na tive shrubs and trees by forming dense stands and prevents their regeneration 2 . This tree species damages the natural ecosystem due to its tendency to become structurallydominant 4

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 15, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9781

2. Weber, E. 200 3. Invasive Plant Species of the World; A Reference Guide to

Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing

. (p. 93).

3. Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants

. Agricultural Research Council. (p. 168).

4. Ensbey, R. 2002. Celtis: Identification and Control. Agnote . NSW Agriculture. Accessed February 15, 2011 online at http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests

weeds/weeds/profiles/celtis

5. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds . Accessed February 15, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org /gcw/species/celtis_sinensis/

6. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed February 15, 2011

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following

taxon should be added to the NAPPR A category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Cestrum elegans (Brongn. ex Ne umann) Schltdl

. 1

Family: Solanaceae 1

Synonyms: Cestrum purpureum (Lindl.) Standl. Habrothamnus elegans Brongn. ex Neumann (basionym) Habrothamnus purpureus Lindl. 1

Common names: crimson cestrum, purple cestrum, karmosynsestrum 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Mexico 1

World distribution beyond native range: Australia 2 , New Zealand 3 , South Africa 4

Distribution in the United States: none reported 5

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage p otential of p lant :

Cestrum elegans is a shrub with a scrambling habit which is cultivated as an ornamental for its flowers, and for hedging 6 . The whole plant is poisonous 7

. C. elegans has become naturalized in China, South Africa, and New Zealand . In South Africa, it is classed as a category 1 (the highest category) declared weed, prohibited from importation and

cultivation and is under eradication where it already occurs 4 . In New Zealand, where ithas been naturalized since 1958, it is regarded as a “weed of concern on conservation land” and prohibited entry to the country 8 . These restrictions have been implemented on the basis of the invasive behavior of the species in both these countries, tending to take over marginal land in and around natura l and planted woodland 4,8 . This behavior is also reflected by its categorization in Australia as a ‘garden thug’, having already escaped

from cultivation to become a weed in the state of Victoria 9 . It is also among those weed species listed as a threat to the natural vegetation of the Blue Mountains of New South

Wales 10

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 7, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?9992

2. Groves, R.H., Boden, R., & Lonsdale, W.M. 2005. Jumping the Garden Fence: Invasive garden plants in Australia and their envi ronmental and agricultural impacts. Australia, CSIRO.

3. Webb, C. J., Sykes, W. R., & Garnock

- Jones, P. J. 2004. Flora of New Zealand, Volume IV, Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Landcare

Research.

4. Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and In vasive Plants. Plant Protection Research Council, Pretoria.

5. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service . The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4490 USA. Accessed April 7, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

6. Grierson, A. J. C., Long, D. G. & Springate, L. S. (eds.). 2001. Flora of Bhutan Including a Record of Plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling. Vol. 2, Pt. 3. Royal Government of Bhutan, Edinburg.

7. Page, S., & Olds, M. (eds.). 2001. The Plant Book: The world of plants in a single

volume . Hong Kong: James Mills

- Hicks.

8. Owen, S. J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand. Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation.

9. Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16 : 138

- 171.

10. NSW. 2005. http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/pdf/F2_Weeds_List_DCP.pdfUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not

auth orized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in maki ng the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl. 1

Family : Solanaceae 1

Synonyms: Cestrum axillare Vell. Cestrum foetidissimum Dunal Cestrum multiflorum Schott. ex Sendtn. Cestrum pendulinum Hort. Monsp. ex Dunal

Cestrum undulatum var. otites . Dunal 2

Common names: inkberry

, ink b essie

, dama

- da

- noite 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Brazil

, Argentina

, Paraguay 1

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized in Southern Africa 1

Distribution in the United States : none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Cestrum laev igatum was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

. C. laevigatum forms dense population s that shade out native plants and prevent natural growth of shrubs and trees. Invaded habitats include riparian areas, coastal dunes, forests, and grasslands. Leaves and berriesare toxic to livestock 5

. C. laevigatum is listed as problem plant in South Afr ica due to its

invasiveness 6 , and as a result C. laevigatum may no longer be planted there 7

.

Moniliophthora perniciosa ( w itches b room f ungus) , a pest of concern to the United

States , is associated with C. laevigatum 8

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed January 31,

2011 online at http://www .ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?404312

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds

. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, P.O. Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed January 31, 2011

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cestrum_laevigatum/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center (NPDC), Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed January 31,

2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/jav a/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: a reference guide to environmental weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

6. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, C.H. 1986. A catalogue o f problem plants in Southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.

7. Yoshioka, Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database. Accessed January 31, 2011 online at http://invasive.m

- fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Cestrum&s=laevigatum

8. Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Accessed January 31, 2011 online at http://nt.ars

- grin.gov/fungaldatabases/United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl. 1

Family: Asteraceae 1

Synonyms: Osteospermum moniliferum L. Osteospermum pisiferum L. Osteospermum pisiferum var. canescens DC. Osteospermum rotundatum DC. 1

Common names: bitoubush, boneseed, brother

- berry, Higgin's

- curse, jungle

- flower, saltbush, bietou, bosluisbessie 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, and

Zimbabwe 1

World distribution beyond native range: Australia, New Zealand 1

Distribution in the United States: none reported 2

If introduced, w hat control measures are in place or being planned in each s tate? N/A

Damage p otential of p lant :

Chrysanthemoides monilifera was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 3

. Even within its nativearea of Southern Africa, C. monilifera is regarded as an undesirable plant, competing for resources and replacing preferred vegetation, especially in grasslands 4 . In Australia, it is ranked as a ‘garden thug’, has naturalized in three states, and is now treated as a ‘weed of national significance 5

. C

. monilifera is described as invading coastal dune scrub, heathland, heathy, and coastal woodland, ri parian vegetation, woodland, open forest, dry and wet sclerophyll forest, mallee

. It is noted that it can form ‘dense, extensive infestations which may smother virtually all other vegetation in the area, including threatened species such as the orchid Pter ostylis truncata 6 . In New Zealand it is among

the list of ‘weeds of concern’ on conservation land 7

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 31, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10342

2. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC,

Baton Rou ge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed March 31, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

3. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

4. Wells, M.J., Bal sinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.

5. Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16: 138

- 171.

6. Blood, K. 2001. Environmental Weeds: a Field Guide for SE Australia. C.H. Jerram & Associates and CRC for Weed Management Systems. 232 pp. (pp. 46/47, 86).

7. Owen, S.J. 1996. Ecolo gical weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. 118p. Department of Conservation, Wellington. Accessed March 31, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htmUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows

the AP HIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragrap h (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Cineraria lyratiformis Cron 1

Family: Asteraceae 1

Synonyms: Cineraria lyrata DC. 1

Common names : African

- marigold, cineraria, wild parsley 1

, 2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: South Africa 1

, 2

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized in Australia 1

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Cineraria lyratiformis was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on thei r invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4 . D eclared a noxious weed in New South Wales, C. lyratiformis occurs as a weed in gardens, along roadsides, cultivated fallows, and disturbed areas. It is reported to ca use gas and unpleasant odors in cheese and taints milk for the cows that graze on it 5

. R eported as a s erious weed in South Africa 6

, C. lyratiformis competes for resources and replaces preferred vegetation, especially in grassland 7

.Literature cited:

1 . USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, MD. Accessed January 31, 2011

online at http://w ww.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?416026

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, P.O. Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed January 31, 2011

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/spe cies/cineraria_lyratiformis/

3. USDA, NRCS. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center (NPDC), Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed January 31, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking N onindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5. Parsons, W.T. and Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne. 692 pp.

6. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

7. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, C.H. 1986. A catalog ue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluate d in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. 1

Family : Boraginaceae 1

Synonyms: Cordia verbenacea DC.

Varronia curassavica Jacq. 1

Cordia brevispicata M.Martens & Galeotti

Cordia chacoensis Chodat. Cordia imparillis Macbr. Cordia macrostachya (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult. 2

.

Common names : erva baleeira 2

, black

- sage
, mahot noir

, wild

- sage
, orégano

- cimarrón 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Mexico

, Costa Rica

, Guatemala

, Honduras

, Nicaragua

, Panama

, Antigua

and Barbuda

, Barbados

, Dominica

, Grenada

, Guadeloupe

, Martinique

, St. Lucia

, St.

Vincent and Grenadines

, Trinidad and Tobago

, Guyana

, Suriname

, Venezuela

, Brazil

, Bolivia

, Colombia

, Peru

, Argentina

, Paraguay 1

World distribution beyond native range : Introduced into Malaysia and Christmas Island 8

Distribution in the United States : none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/ADamage potential of plant:

Cordia curassavica is a principal weed of Trinidad 6 , and an environmental weed of

concern in the Pacific Islands 5

. Creating dense thickets that prevent regeneration or growth of other vegetation 7

, this shrub has become invasive in Malaysia and Christmas

Island 8

. C. curassavica is a host of the p ink Hibiscus m ealybug 9 , a plant pest of concern

to the United States. C. curassavica was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Res earch Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Acce ssed January 31,

2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/ npgs/html/taxon.pl?430456

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds

. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, P.O; Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed January 31, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/cordia_curassavica/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. Nationa l Plant Data Center (NPDC), Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed January 31, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5. Yoshioka, Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database. Accessed January 31, 2011 online

at http://invasive.m

- fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Cordia&s=curassavica

6. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Ge ographical Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

7. Swarbrick, J.T. 1997. Environmental weeds and exotic plants on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean: A report to Parks Australia. p. 31.

8. Pacific Islands Ecosystem at Risk project (PI ER). Plant Threats to Pacific Ecosystems. Accessed January 31, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/cordia_curassavica.htm

9. Garofalo, J, and Graves, W. R. 2002. Reported Plant Hosts of Pink Hibiscus Mealybug (PHM). Fact

- sheet No. 69. Extension Agent, Commercial Ornamentals.

Miami

- Dade County Cooperative Extension Service, Florida.United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the

determin ation that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase 1

Family : Poaceae 1

Synonyms : Echinochloa holubii (Stapf) Stapf

Panicum holubii Stapf Panicum pyramidale Lam. (basionym)

Panicum quadrifarium Hochst. ex A. Rich. 1

Common names: antelope grass, limpopo grass, Atilopengras, pasto limbago 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Cote D’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Madagascar 1

World distribution beyond native range : Argentina, Australia, Benin, Brazil, Burundi, Chad, China, Costa Rica, Equatorial Guinea, French Guiana, Gabon, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago 2

Distribution in the United States: n one reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/ADamage p otential of p lant :

Echinochloa p yramidalis was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

. E. pyramidalis is a semi

- aquatic species, almost invariably associated with water

. It has very variable morphology, depending on the conditions, with very tall erect forms just away from the water’s edge, while plants rooted in the water form rampant spongy, leafy stems which grow rapidly

across the water 5

.

E. pyramidalis has decidedly invasive characteristics with its vigorous shoot and rhizome growth and abundant seed production. As an aquatic, it also has the potential to be very damaging to sensitive aqua tic habitats. I n Guyana , it was first noticed in 1982 and increased rapidly to become one of the most troublesome weeds in the aquatic system of the Guyana Sugar Corporation 6 . Apart from its competitive growth, Wells et al. note it is unpalatable and has i rritant hairs on leaf sheaths as well as a tendency to obstruct water

flow 7

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 5, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14834

2. Stang, D. 2009. ZipcodeZoo. Echinochloa pyramidalis . Accessed April 5, 2011 online at http://zipcode zoo.com/Plants/E/Echinochloa_pyramidalis/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed April 5, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5. Bor, N.L. 1960. The Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan (excluding Bambusae) Pergamon Press, Oxford. (p. 311).

6. Bishundial, D.P., Dasrat, B., Rajkumar, A. and Kumar, D. 1997. Management of antelope grass ( Echinochloa pyramidalis ) in sugarcane water ways. Proceedings of the West Indies Sugar Technologists 26th Conference, 22

- 26 September 1997. pp. 164

- 168.

7. Wells, M.J., Balsi nhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. & Stirton, C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows

the APHIS Administrator to des ignate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that

section , this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi 1

Family: Cyperaceae 1

Synonyms : none found

Common names : kuro

- guwai 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: China, Korea and Japan 2

World d istribution beyond native range: none found

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

E leocharis kuroguwai was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

. Spreading by tubers and rhizomes, E. kuroguwai is a perennial sedge that is difficult to control due to its overwintering tubers in soil and irregular sprouting 5

. The Korean national survey of weeds reported that

E

. kuroguwai was the second most dominant weed in paddy fields. Since emergence takes place over a long period, it is not easily controlled by current herbicides 6

. Reducing infestations requires land prepa ration and dragging its vegetative organs to the soilsurface for desiccation 2

. E. kuroguwai is associated with the plant pathogen Epicoccosorus nematosporus 5

, which is prohibited entry into the United States.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Res earch Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 28, 2011

online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?462801

2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Plant Production and Protection Division, datasheet for Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi. Accessed March 28, 2011

online at http://www.fao .org/agriculture/crops/core

themes/theme/biodiversity/weeds/listweeds/ele

- kur/en/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed March 28, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5. Hong, Y. K., Cho, J. M., Uhm, J. Y., Lee, B. C., Hyun, J. N., Hwang, J. B. and Kim, S.

C. 2003. Evaluation of Control Efficacy of Biocontrol Agent, Epicoccosorus

nematosporus on Eleocharis kuroguwai in the Field. The Plant Pathology Journal 19(2):

97

- 101.

6. Kim, K. U. 2006. Integrated Management of Paddy Weeds In Korea, with Emphasis on Allelopath y. Accessed March 28, 2011 online at www.agnet.org/library/tb/134b/tb134b.pdfUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending p est risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the

determina tion that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Gladiolus undulatus L. 1

Family: I ridaceae 1

Synonyms: Gladiolus cuspidatus Jacq. 1

Common names: large painted

- lady, large white Afrikaner 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: South Africa 1

World distribution beyond native range: It is naturalized in Australia, tropical Asia, New Zealand, and the West Indies 1

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned i n each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Gladiolus undulatus invades grassland, forest edges, riparian habitats and seasonal freshwater wetlands. This perennial spreads by corms and bulbils that can be carried by

streams and in soil. It forms dens e extensive populations that crowd out native vegetation 5 . In Australia, it is considered a naturalized, environmental and garden escape

weed 2

. In Portugal, it is known to pose ecological risk 4

.Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 17, 2011

online at http://www.ars

- gr in.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?17607

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds

. [Online Database]. Accessed March 17, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/gladiolus_undulatus/

3 . USDA, National Resources Conservation Service . The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed March 17, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Yoshioka Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database. Accessed March 17, 2011 online at http://invasive.m

- fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Gladiolus&s=undulatus

5. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World ; a Reference Guide to

Environmental Weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. I n accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Gomphrena celosioides Mart. 1

Family: Amaran thaceae 1

Synonyms: Gomphrena alba Peter Gomphrena celosioides Mart. f. villosa Suesseng Gomphrena decumbens (non Jacq.) auct t. Gomphrena globosa ssp. africana L. Stuchlik 2

.

Common names: yin hua xian 1

, globe amaranth, prostrate globe amaranth, baan mai ruu roi paa, gomphrena weed, soft khakiweed, white eye 2

.

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Brazil

, Bolivia

, Argentina

, Paraguay

, Uruguay 1

World distribution beyond native range: Taiwan, Thailand, Au stralia, India, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa 6

, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Burundi, Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, 9 . Widely n aturalized in the tro pics 1

Distribution in the United States : none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Gomphrena celosioides was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on t heir invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

. G. celosioides is toxic tomammals 1 and is invasive in the Pacific Islands 5

, 8

. Holm et al. reported that G.

celosioides is a serious weed of Taiwan and Thailand 6

. In southern Africa, G. celosioides is competitive and tends to replace indigenous vegetation 7

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?411200

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds

. Accessed February 1, 2011

online a t http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/gomphrena_celosioides/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5. Yoshioka, Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database: Accessed February 1, 2011 online

at http://invasive.m

- fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Gomphrena&s=celosioides

6. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds . Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

7. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H ., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.

8. Pacific Islands Ecosystem at Risk project (PIER). Plant Threats to Pacific Ecosyst ems. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/gomphrena_celosioides.htm

9. W 3 Tropicos, the nomenclatural database of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://www.tropicos.org/Name/1100153United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following

taxon should be add ed to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Gymnocoronis spilanthoides (D. Don ex Hook. & Arn.) DC. 1

Family: Asteraceae 1

Synonyms: Alomia spilanthoides D. Don ex Hook. & Arn. (basionym) Gymnocoronis attenuata DC. 1

Common names: Senegal teaplant, templeplant 1

Distribution of p lant :

Native range: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay 1 , Mexico 2

World distribution beyond native range: Australia, New Zealand 1 , India 2

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage p otential of p lant :

Gymnocoronis spilanthoides is a freshwater or marsh

- growing emergent perennial herb, occurring in still or slowly moving water, forming rounded bushes or, extending from the banks, developing mats of tangled st ems, reproducing vegetatively as well as by seed.

T he plant impedes water flow, navigation and recreation. It is shade tolerant and can have a growth rate of 15 cm per week under fertile conditions 4,5,6

. G. spilanthoides is recorded as a ‘principal’ weed o f Argentina 7 . It is also listed as a noxious, prohibited weed in both

Australia and New Zealand 8

. It is recorded as being in the aquatic plant trade in Australiaand predicted that it could become a significant weed of sub

- tropical and tropical

wetlands 9

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 8,

2011 onl ine at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?403701

2. Parsons, W. T. & Cuthbertson, E. G. 2001. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Collingwood, CSIRO Publishing.

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service . The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, L A 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed April 8, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A reference guide to environmental weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5. Natural Resources and Mines. 2001. Senegal tea. Gymnocoronis spilanthoides . Pest Series. Queensland, Australia: Queensland Department of Natural Resources and

Mines.

6. Parsons, W. T. & Cuthbertson, E. G. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Melbourne:

Inkata Press.

7. Holm, L. G.; Pancho, J. V.; Herberger, J. P.; Plucknett, D. L.1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. New York: Wiley.

8. Australian Weeds Committee. 2010. Noxious weed list for Australian States and Territories. Version 22.00. Accessed April 8, 2011 onli ne at http://www.weeds.org.au/docs/weednet6.pdf

9. Csurhes, S. & Edwards, R. 1998. National Weeds Program. Potential environmental weeds in Australia. Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra,

Environment Australia.United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. I n accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Hakea gibbosa (Sm.) Cav. 1

Family: Proteaceae 1

Synonyms: Banksia gibbosa Sm. 1

Common names : rock hakea

, harige hakea 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Australia 1

World distribution beyond native range: New Zealand, South Africa 1

Distribution in the United States : none reported 2

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

H

akea gibbosa occasionally occurs as an aggressive weed even in its native Australia and is categorized by the European Plant Protection Organization as “an invasive alien plant”

in New Zealand and in South Africa 3

. In New Zealand H. gibbosa is listed among the plants of concern on conservation land 4

. In South Africa , it is recorded as a “principal”

weed 5 , and is list ed in the highest C ategory 1 as a prohibited weed 6 . Both Hakea gibbosa

and H akea sericea have been deemed major threat s to m ountain fynbos. The se species are extremely flammable and cause such hot fires that they destroy all indigenous f lora

and fauna in the vi cinity. The se species can completely replace indigenous vegetation and make mountain slopes unattractive and inaccessible to mountaineers by promot ingerosion

. Hakea gibbosa increase s transpiration resulting in reduction of run

- off to rivers

and dams 7

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 14,

2011 o nline at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?18190

2. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed April 14, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

3. PQR. 2003. EPPO’s plant quarantine data retrieval system, version 4.3. CD Rom. Paris, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.

4. Owen, S. J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. Wellington, NZ: Department of Conse rvation. Accessed April 14, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm

5. Holm, L. G.; Pancho, J. V.; Herberger, J. P.; Plucknett, D. L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. New York: Wiley

- Interscience.

6. Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: A complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, Agricultural

Research Council.

7. Bromilow, C. 2001. Problem Plants of South Africa: A guide to the identificatio n and control of more than 300 invasive plants and other weeds. Pretoria, South Africa: Briza

Publications.United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluate d in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Hakea salicifolia (Vent.) B. L. Burtt 1

Family: Proteaceae 1

Synonyms : Embothrium salicifolium Vent. 1

Common names : willow hakea, willow leaf hakea 2

, wilgerhakea 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Australia 1

World distribution beyond native range: Naturalized in Europe, southern Africa, & New

Zealand 1

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Adapted to nutrient

- poor soil, this multi

- stemmed shrub eliminates original vegetation and reduces species richness in dry forests, heathland and scrubland 6

. Hakea salicifolia

was ide ntified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

. H. salicifolia is reported as a w eed of concern on

conservation lands in New Zealand and as an invader in Port u gal 5

. In Australia, Randall reports this species to be a ‘garden thug’ 7

.Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Info rmation Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 1, 2011

online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447100

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Pu blished by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 1, 2011

online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/hakea_salicifolia/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National

Pla nt Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed February 1, 2011

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5. Yoshioka Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database: Accessed February 1, 2011 online

at http://invasive.m

- fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Hakea&s=salicifolia

6. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

7. Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Prot ection Quarterly 16(4): 138

- 171.United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determi ned that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant

.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Hakea sericea Schrad. & J. C. Wendl. 1

Family: Proteaceae 1

Synonyms: Conchium aciculare Sm. ex Vent. 1

Common names : silky hakea

, syerige hakea 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Australia 1

World distribution beyond native range: New Zealand

, Portugal

, South Africa

, Spain 2,3

Distribution in the United States : none reported 4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Hakea sericea is described as being “highly invasive ” 5

. It is regarded as a “garden thug”

in its native Australia

, tending to “escape” from cultivation and invade local vegetation

types 6

. The European Plant Protect ion Organization categorizes it as an invasive alien plant in New Ze aland and South Africa 7

. In New Zealand, it is listed among plants of

concern on conservation land 8 . I n South Africa, it has proved highly invasive and is rated

as a serious weed 9 and categorized as a transformer and as a prohibited weed in the most
invasi ve C ategory 1 10

. Both Hakea gibbosa and H akea sericea have been deemed major

threat s to m ountain fynbos. The se species are extremely flammable and cause such hot

fires that they destroy all indigenous flora and fauna in the vicinity. The se species cancomp letely replace indigenous vegetation and make mountain slopes unattractive and

inaccessible to mountaineers by promot ing erosion

. Hakea serice a increase s transpiration resulting in reduction of run

- off to rivers and dams 11

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 15, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin .gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?410696

2. Brunel, S. and J.M. Tison. 2005. A method of selection and hierarchization of the invasive and potentially invasive plants in continental Mediterranean France. In : Proceedings of the International Workshop Actes de l’atelier de travail international:

Meze.

3. CABI. 2009. Crop Protection Compendium, CAB International. Accessed April 15,

2011 online at http://www.cabi.org/cpc/?compid=1&dsid=27302&loadmodule=datasheet&page=868&si

te=161

4. USDA, NRCS. The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed April 15, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

5. Binggeli, P., J. B. Hall, et al. 1998. An overview of invasive woody plants in the tropics. School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences Public ation Number 13. Bangor, University of Wales.

6. Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16: 138

– 171.

7. PQR. 2003. EPPO’s plant quarantine data retrieval system, versio n 4.3. CD Rom. Paris, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.

8. Owen, S. J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation. Accessed April 15, 2011 online at http://www. hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm

9. Holm, L. G.; Pancho, J. V.; Herberger, J. P.; Plucknett, D. L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. New York: Wiley

- Interscience.

10. Henderson, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: A complet e guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, Agricultural

Research Council.

11. Bromilow, C. 2001. Problem Plants of South Africa: A guide to the identification and control of more than 300 invasive plants an d other weeds. Pretoria, South Africa: BrizaPublications.United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pend ing pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the

dete rmination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Impatiens parviflora DC. 1

Family: Balsaminaceae 1

Synonyms: Impatiens nevskii Pobed. 2

Common names: balsam

, small

- flower touch

- me

- not 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Afghanistan, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan

, Kyrgyzstan

, Tajikistan

, Uzbekistan, China, Belarus 1

World distribution beyond native range: It is naturalized in temperate areas 1 , present in

Switzerland 9 , France, Ukraine, Poland, Germany 6 , and Great Britain 1 0

.

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Impatiens parviflora was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

. This annual is reported to be

invasive in Hun gary , Spain, Germany, Ukr a ine and Poland 5 , 6

. Its seed capsules spring open forcibly as the seed ripens, ejecting the seed a considerable distance 10

.

Two plant pest s of concern to the United State s are associated with I. parviflora,Aleyrodes proletella ( c abbage w hitefly) 7 and Leveillula taurica ( p owdery m ildew) 8

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19843

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Mered ith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/impatiens_parviflora/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5. Yoshioka, Toshiya. 2005. Invasive Plants Database. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://invasive.m

- fuukei.jp/sdetail.php?g=Impatiens&s=parviflora

6. Dana, E.D., Sanz

- Elorza, M. & Sobrino, E. 2001. Plant Invaders in Spain [Check

- List]

‘The Unwan ted Citizens’, 8p.

7. USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ (2001, September 26). New Pest Advisory Group Data: Aleyrodes proletella, Brassica Whitefly Draft. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine.

8. Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://nt.ars

- grin.gov/fungaldatabases/

9. Missouri Botanical Garden, W 3 Tropicos database. Entry for Impatien s parviflora

. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://www.tropicos.org/Name/3100029

10. Plants for a future database. 2004. Entry for Impatiens parviflora

. Accessed February 1, 2011 online at http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Impatiens%20p arvifloraUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following

taxon sh ould be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Laun aea cornuta (Hochst. ex Oliv. & Hiern) C. Jeffrey 1

Family: Asteraceae 1

Synonyms:

Launaea exauriculatus (Oliv. & Hiern) Boulos

Sonchus cornutus Hochst. ex Oliv. & Hiern (basionym)

Sonchus exauriculatus (Oliv. & Hiern) O. Hoffm.

Lactuca taraxacifolia (Willd.) Hornemann Sonchus bipontini (non Asch.) Broun & Massey 1

Common names: wild lettuce 2

Distribution of p lant :

Native range: Ethiopia

, Somalia

, Sudan

, Kenya

, Tanzania

, Uganda

, Cameroon

, Central African Republic

, Rwanda

, Zaire

, Nigeria

, Malawi

, Mozambique

, Zambia

, Zimbabwe 1, 3

World distribution beyond native range: non e reported

Distribution in the United States: none reported 4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/ADamage p otential of p lant :

Launaea cornuta is a perennial weed of arable land, perennial crops, and waste areas in

East Africa 3

. This species is among the most frequent and problematic weeds in Ethiopian sugarcane fields, contributing to loss in productivity 5

. L

. cornuta was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 6

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Resear ch Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 4, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxo n.pl?450972

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed March 4, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/launaea_cornuta/

3. Terry, P.J. 1987. Common Weeds of East Africa. Food and Agriculture Organization

of the United Nations. Rome.

4. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4490 USA. Accessed March 4, 2011 online at http:// plants.usda.gov/java/

5. Firehun, Yirefu, and Tana Tamado. 2006. Weed flora in the Rift Valley sugarcane plantations of Ethiopia as influenced by soil types and agronomic practises. Weed Biology and Management 6: 139

- 150. Accessed March 4, 2011 online at

ht tp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1445

- 6664.2006.00207.x/abstract

6. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. I n accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Heine 1

Family: Hydrocharitaceae 1

Synonyms: Hydromystria laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Hunz. Limnobium spongia subsp. laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Lowden Salvinia laevigata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. 1
Hydromystria stolonifera G.F.W. Mey Limnobium stoloniferum ( G.F.W. Mey.) Griseb 2

Common names : South American spongeplant 1

, West Indian spongeplant 2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Mexico, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Antigua

and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay 1

World distribution beyond native range: none found

Distribution in the United States : Reported as p resent in 12 counties in California 3 ; L. laevigatum is being considered for official control.

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? H and removal and glyphosate treatments 4Damage potential of plant:

Limnobium laevigatum is an aquatic weed that occurs in rivers, ponds, lakes, canals, and other aquatic habitats 5

. It reduces biodiversity, changes community structure, and limits

access to water bodies. Since it reproduces sexually through seed production and vegetatively through offshoots, this species can rapidly form dense mats on the water surface. Propagules are dispersed by water and birds and as hitchhi kers on watercraft 6

. This specie s appears to have a wide adaptive potential given its widespread distribution throughout Central and South America 7

.

Literature cited:

1 . USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed May 4, 2011

online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl? 419808

2. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Accessed May 4, 2011 online at http://www.itis.gov

3

. Calflora. 2010. California flora database. Accessed May 4, 2011 online at http://www.calflora.org/cgi

- bin/species_query.cgi?where

- calrecnum=8599

4. Akers , P. 2009. The California Department Of Food And Agriculture Hydrilla Eradication Program Annual Progress Report 2009: Protecting California’s Waterways

. Accessed May 4, 2011 online at http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/hydrilla/pdfs/hydrilla2009_annua lreport

- contents.pdf

5

. Fernández, O. A., Sutton, D. L.

, Lallana, V. H.

, Sabbatini, M. R. , & Irigoyen

, J. H

. 1990. Aquatic weed problems and management in South and Central America. Pages

406

- 425 in A. H. Pieterse and K. J. Murphy, (eds.). Aquatic Weeds: The Ecology and Management of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation. Oxford University Press, New York.

6. Akers, P. 2010. Draft pest profile for Limnobium laevigatum . Unpublished Report. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA. (archived at APHIS CPHST PERAL)

7. USDA Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quar antine, 2011. Weed Risk Assessments for Alpinia modesta, Artemisia austriaca, Artemisia japonica, Praxelis clematidea, and Rhamnus alaternus . June 14, 2010 Rev. 00. Raleigh, NC, U.S.A.United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health I nspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that

sect ion, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C. B. Rob. 1

Family: Lauraceae 1

Synonyms: Litsea laurifolia (Jacq.) F. M. Bailey Sebifera glutinosa Lour. (basionym) Tetranthera laurifolia Jacq. 1

Common names: Indian

- laurel, Indiese lourier 1

Distribution of p lant :

Native range: Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal , Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam 1

World distribution beyond native range: Mauritius, Reunion 1

, Rodrigues Island, South

Africa 2 , Mayotte 3

Distribution in the United States: none reported 4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage p otential of p lant :

Litsea glutinosa is described as being a plant whose impact upon introduction to a new environment is severe. Growing in agricultural, coastland, natural forest, planted forest, disturbed, and urban areas, L. glutinosa has a high invasive potential, displacing regenerating native plant species in disturbed environments 5 . It is listed among the highlyinvasive woody species of the tropics and subtropics 6

. L. glutinosa is recorded as being very in vasive in both Mauritius and Rodrigues Island 7 . In South Africa it is classed as a

declared weed and a transformer that tends to replace indigenous vegetation. Litsea glutinosa may also be poisonous 8

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 19, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html /taxon.pl?22422

2. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World: A reference guide to environmental weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3. Soubeyran, Y. 2008. Les espèces exotiques envahissantes dans les collectivités françaises d’outre

- me r. Paris, Collection Planète Nature. Comité français de l’UICN

.

4. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed April 19, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

5. ISSG. 2008. The Global Invasive Species Database. Litsea glutinosa. Accessed April 19, 2011 online at http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Litsea+glutinosa

6. Binggeli, P., J. B. Hall, et al. 1998. An overview of invasive woody plants in the tropics. School of Agricul tural and Forest Sciences Publication Number 13. Bangor, University of Wales.

7. Macdonald, A. W., J. K. Reaser, et al. 2003. Invasive Alien Species: National reports and directory of resources. Cape Town, The Global Invasive Species Programme.

8. Henderso n, L. 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants: A complete guide to declared weeds and invaders in South Africa. Pretoria, Plant Protection Research Council.United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) Exell 1

Family: Onagraceae 1

Synonyms: Jussiaea hyssopifolia G. Don (basionym) 1
Jussiaea linifolia Vahl 5

Common names: waterprimerose 3 , seedbox, telurik, linearleaf water primrose 5

Distribution of plant:

Native r ange: Cape Verde

, Chad

, Sudan

, Cameroon

, Central African Republic

, Gabon

, Sao Tome and Principe

, Zaire

, Gambia

, Ghana

, Li beria

, Nigeria

, Senegal

, Sierra Leone, China, Taiwan, Bhutan

, India

, Nepal

, Sri Lanka

, Cambodia

, Laos

, Myanmar

, Vietnam

, Indonesia

, Malaysia

, Papua New Guinea

, Philippines, Mexico, Micronesia, Nicaragua

, Panama, Cuba

, Dominica

, Grenada

, Guadeloupe

, Martinique, French Guiana

, Guyana

, Suriname

, Venezuela, Brazil

, Bolivia

, Colombia

, Ecuador

, Peru 1

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized elsewhere, exact native range

obscure 1

Distribution in the United States: Not in the U.S. 2

If introduc ed, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/ADamage p otential of plant:

Ludwigia hyssopifolia is a weed of rice, ditches, ponds, roadsides, pastures, taro crops, swamps, stream edges, and is generally found in wet places. This herbaceous annual is an introduced invasive species in Fiji, Western Samoa, and Guam 4 . It is a weed of rubber plantations in Thailand 5

. L

. hyssopifolia was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 6

. It is a

pantrop ical weed that expands its range primarily by seed distribution. L. hyssopifolia is described as a serious weed in cropping systems requiring irrigation, such as rice, sugarcane, pineapples, sorghum, and taro 7

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed June 19, 2007 online

at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?403813

2. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4490 USA. Accessed June 20, 2007 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java

3. Akobundu, L. O. and Agyakwa, C.W. 1987. A Handbook of West African Weeds. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. (p. 76).

4. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Ludwigia hyssopifolia . Accessed June 29, 2007 online at http://www.hear.org/Pier/ species/ludwigia_hyssopifolia.htm

5. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed June 20, 2007 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/ludwigia_hyssopi folia/

6. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397.

7. Holm, L.G., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J. V., & Herberger, J. P. 1997. World Weeds:

Natu ral histories and distribution. New York: John Wiley and Sons.United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a qu arantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. 1

Family: Onagraceae 1

Synonyms: Jussiaea prostrata (Roxb.) Lév. Ludwigia diffusa Hem. Ludwigia fruticulosa Blume Nematopyxis fruticulosa Miq. Nematopyxis prostrata Miq. Nematopyxis pusilla Miq. 9

Common names: ding xiang liao 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: China, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Philippines 1

, Republic

of Korea 6 , Japan, Taiwan 7

World distribution beyond native range: None found

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Ludwigia prostrata is serious weed in Japan and a principal weed in Taiwan 7 . This species was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model thatprioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

. The Global Invasive Species Initiative include s L.

prostrata as a non

- native invader of natural area s 5

. A quarantine weed in Australia 2

, L.

prostrata is a n important weed of rice in Republic of Korea 6

. It disturbs crop production through competition with rice plants and vegetables for light and nutrients 8

.

Lite rature cited:

1 . USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?462799

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://w ww.hear.org/gcw/species/ludwigia_prostrata/

3.USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., C aton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5

. The Global Invasive Species Initiative. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://www.invasive.org/gist/global/austr alia/mel.html

6. R. Labrada. 2006. The need for improved weed management in rice. Weed Officer, Plant protection Service, FAO, Rome, Italy. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y4751E/y4751e0l.htm

7. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

8. Reed, Clyde F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. Potential Problems in the United States. Agric ultural Research Service. APHIS. United States Department of Agriculture. pg. 446.

9. The Plant List (Version 1). 2010. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro

- 23200199United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows

the A PHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragra ph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze 1

Family: Menyanthaceae 1

Synonyms:

Limnanthemum cristatum (Roxb.) Griseb

. Menyanthes cristata Roxb. 1
Nymphoides hydrophylla auct. Non (Lour.) Kuntze 2

Common names : shui pi lian 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: China, Taiwan, India, Vietnam 1

World distribution beyond native range: Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Australia 3

Distribution in the United States : Reported as p resent in Florida and South Carolina 4 ; N.

cristata is being considered for official control.

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planne d in each state?

Treatments with various forms and combinations of commonly used aquatic herbicides have not yielded long term success 5

Damage potential of plant:

Nymphoides cristata is a tropical/subtropical species aquatic plant that forms floating mats with overlapping leaves that shade the water column nearly completely, altering the light regime and altering or reducing the growth of nati ve aquatic species 5

. A Weed RiskAs sessment developed by USDA ranked the probability that N

. cristata may becom e a major invader as 52

. 2 % or to become a Minor Invader as 45.1% , concluding with an overall risk potential ranking of “High Risk” 6

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed May 6, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?419708

2. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed May 6, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

3. GBIF. 2009. GBIF, Online Database. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Accessed May 6, 2011 online at http://data.gbif.org/sp ecies/15626208/

4. Kartesz, J.T. 2011. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). North American

Plant Atlas

. Chapel Hill, N.C. Accessed May 6, 2011 online at http://www.bonap.org/BONAPmaps2010/Nymphoides.html

5. Burks, K. C. 2002. Nymphoides cristata (R oxb.) Kuntze, a Recent Adventive Expanding as a Pest Plant in Florida. Castanea 67(2): 206

- 211

6. USDA Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plan t Protection and Quarantine, 2011. Weed Risk Assessment for Mikania micrantha, Nymphoides cristata, Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius, Syzygium australe, and Vitex rotundifolia November 29, 2010 Ver. 1. Raleigh, NC, U.S.AUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA categ ory. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Oryza barthii A. Chev. 1

Family: Poaceae 1

Synonyms: Oryza breviligulata A. Chev. & Roehr. Oryza silvestris A. Chev. var. barthii A. Chev. Oryza mezii Prod. Oryza stapfii Roshev. Oryza perennia ssp. barthii (A. Chev. ) A. Chev. 2

Common names: wild rice, riz de marais, riz vivace d'Afrique 1

Distribution of plant :

Native range: Botswana, Central African Republic, Cote D'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia,

Zimbabwe 1

, Uganda 3 , Burkina Faso, Niger 4

, Angola 5

, South Africa 6

World distribution beyond native range: none found

Distribution in the United States: none reported 7

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/ADamage potential of plant:

O. barthii was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 8

. Forming weedy hybrids with cultivated rice 1

, O.

barthii is widespread in Africa, especially in West Africa. It is recorded as a principal weed of Nigeria 9 . It occurs in swamps, drains, slow

- moving waters and in rice fields where it can be a major problem, particularly in direct

- seeded rice. Furthermore it is easily distributed in contaminated rice seed. It is clearly a significant problem in a number of West African countries other than Nigeria, including Gambia. 10, 11

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 18, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?26057

2. Clayton, W.D. 1970. Gr amineae (Part 1) In: Milne

- Redhead, E. and Polhill, R.M. (eds.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. Crown Agents, London. (pp. 29

- 30).

3. Launert, E. 1971. Gramineae (Bambusae

– Pappophorae) In: Fernandes, A., Launert, E. and Wild, H. (eds.) Flora Zambesiaca Volume Ten Part One. Flora Zambesiaca Managing Committee, London. (pp. 34

- 35).

4. Hutchinson, J., Dalziel, J.M. and Hepper, F.N. 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Volume 3 Part 2. Crown Agents, London. (p. 367).

5. Reed, C.F. 1977. Economically Import ant Foreign Weeds. Potential problems in the United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 498. USDA ARS APHIS. (p. 119).

6. Gibbs Russell, G.E, Watson, L., Koekemoer, M., Smook, L., Barker, N.P., Anderson, H.M. and Dellwitz, M.J. 1990. Grasses of Southern Af rica. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No 58. (p. 229).

7. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service

. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed March 18, 2011 online

at http://plants.usda.gov/java

8. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

9. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons. 391 pp.10. Johnson, D.E. 1997. Les Adventices en Riziculture en Afrique de l’Ouest. Weeds of Rice in West Africa. WARDA/CTA/DFID. (pp. 176

- 177).

11. Terry, P.J. 1981. Weeds and thei r control in The Gambia. Tropical Pest Management

27: 44

- 52United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not

authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. 1

Family: Phyllanthaceae 1

Synonyms: none found

Common names: canoe weed 2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Eritrea

, Ethiopia

, Somalia

, Yemen, Kenya

, Tanzania

, Uganda, Cameroon

, Rwanda

, Zaire, Cote D'Ivoire

, Ghana

, Mali

, Niger

, Nigeria

, Senegal

, Togo, Angola

, Malawi

, Mozambique

, Zambia

, Zimbabwe, Botswana

, Namibia

, South Africa, Swaziland, Madagascar

, Seychelles, China, India

, Pakistan

, Sri Lanka, Australia,

Indonesia 1

World distribution beyond native range: Egypt, Sudan 2 , possibly naturalized elsewhere 1

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N /A

Damage potential of plant:

Phyllanthus maderaspatensis was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and ent ry potential 4

. P. maderaspatensis is a principal weed of Australia and Sudan 5

. It is poisonous to mammals 1

. Even within its native area, southern Africa, P. maderaspatensis is regarded as an undesirable plant,competing for resources and replacing preferred vegetation 6

.

This spreading subshrub is a host of Achaea janata ( Castor Semilooper) 8 and the powdery mildew Leveillula taurica 7 , plant pests of concern to the United States.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 2, 2011

online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?41 1707

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 2, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/phyllanthus_maderaspatensis/

3. USDA, Nat ional Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed February 2, 2011

online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous W eed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

6. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas , A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.

7. Farr, D.F., & Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology a nd Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Accessed February 2, 2011 online at http://nt.ars

- grin.gov/fungaldatabases/

8. Robinson, G. S., Ackery, P. R., Kitching, I. J., Beccaloni, G. W., & Hernández, L. M.

2007. HOSTS

- a Database of the World's Lepidoptera n Hostplants: Autographa gamma. London: Natural History Museum. Accessed February 2, 2011 online at http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research

curation/research/projects/hostplants/list.dsml?PSpeciesqtype=starts+with&PGenus=Phyl lanthus&PFamilyqtype=starts+with&so rt=Family&Familyqtype=starts+with&beginInde x=30&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Genusqtype=starts+with&PGenusqtype=starts+with& searchPageURL=index%2edsml%3fGenusqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Familyqtype%3d starts%2bwith%26PFamilyqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26PGenusqtype%3dsta rts%2bwith %26sort%3dFamily%26PSpeciesqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26Speciesqtype%3dstarts%2 bwith%26PGenus%3dPhyllanthusUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not

auth orized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in maki ng the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Picnomon acarna (L.) Cass. 1

Family: Asteraceae 1

Synonyms:

Carduus acarna L. ((basionym)

Cirsium acarna (L.) Moench 1

Common names: soldier thistle 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey

, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy

, Romania, Yugoslavia

, France, Spain 1

World distribution beyond native range: Australia

, Morocco, Afghanistan 2 , Portugal 3

, Balearics, Switzerland, Italy, Russia (Crimea), Sardinia 4

Distribution in the United States: none reported 5

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

P. acarna was identified as a potential threat to United Stat es ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 6

. P. acarna is recorded as a ‘principal’ weed of crops in Lebanon 2 . Parker describes P. acarna as a weed of roadsides, banks, waste areas,crops, and pastures 6 . When established, P. acarna competes with cereal crops and can choke harvesting machinery. Its sharp spines are known to injure sheep and dogs. Since it is avoided by stock, the available grazin g area in infested pastures is reduced 7

.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 24, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?401817

2. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons. 391 pp.

3. Reed, C.F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. Potential problems in the United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 498. USDA ARS APHIS. (p. 621)

4. Werner, K. 1976. 119 Picnomon Adanson. In: Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges,
N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. and Webb, D.A. (eds.) Flora Europaea, Volume 4. Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae). Cambridge University Press. (p. 242).

5. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service . The PLANTS database. National

Plant Data Ce nter, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed March 24, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

6. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

7 . Parsons, W.T. and Cuthbertson, E.G. 1992. Noxious Weeds of Australia. Inkata Press, Melbourne. (pp. 223

- 224)United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data Sheet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APH IS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Potamogeton distinctus A. Benn. 2

Family: Potamogetonaceae 1

Synonyms: Potamogeton franchetii A.Benn. & Baag 6

Common names: hiru

- mushiro 2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Bhutan, China, Japan and Korea 6

World distribution beyond native range: none found

Distribution in the United States: none reported 3

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Potamogeton distinctus was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 4

. T his broadleaf perennial weed is a weed of ponds and paddy fields 6 . It competes strongly with rice, lowering yields and impeding water, and is difficult to control due to deep distribution of rhizomes in the soil and strong ability for regrowth 5

. P. distinctus is a serious weed in Japan, a principal

weed in Korea 7 , and is included in the Western Australian prohibited list 2,8

.Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources I nformation Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?462802

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Pu blished by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/potamogeton_distinctus/

3. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

4. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

5. F ood and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ): information on Potamogeton distinctus

. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core

themes/theme/biodiversity/weeds/listweeds/var2/en/

6. Reed, C.F. 1977. Economically Important Foreig n Weeds. Potential problems in the United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 498. USDA ARS APHIS.

7. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

8. The Global Invasive Species Initiative. Rod Randall's Big Weed List. Accessed March 29, 2011 online at http://www.invasive.org/gist/global/australia/pol.htmlUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Potamogeton schweinfurthii A. Benn. 1

Family: Potamogetonaceae 1

Synonyms: none found

Common names: pondweed 2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Tanzania, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland 1

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized elsewhere 1

Distribution in the United States: none reported 5

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Potamogeton schweinfurthii , an aquatic perennial, is a principal weed of Tanzania 3,6

. This weed competes for space, light, water, and nutrients. It obstructs recreational access

, water flow, navigation, and significantly increases water loss, vector sites, stagnancy, and loss of water quality. Its seeds are problematic as contaminants in crop seed 4

. P. schweinfurthii was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 7

.Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Resea rch Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 4, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/tax on.pl?403677

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed March 4, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/potamogeton_schweinfurthii/

3. Reed, C.F. 1977. Economically Important Foreign Weeds. Potential problems in the United States. Agricultural Handbook No. 498. USDA ARS APHIS. (p. 8 )

4. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, C.H. 1986. A catalog ue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.

5. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874 4490 USA. Accessed March 4, 2011

onl ine at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

6. Holm, L.G., Pancho, J.V., Herberger, J.P. and Plucknett, D.L. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Wiley

- Interscience, New York. 391 pp.

7. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Spe cies by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Science 55:386

- 397United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending p est risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the

determina tion that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Praxelis clematidea R.M. King & H. Rob. 2

Family : Asteracea e 1

Synonyms: Eupatorium catarium Veldk 2 , Eupatorium clematideum 3

Common names : praxelis 2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia, northern Argentina 1 , Peru 2

World distribution beyond native range : China, Australia 2

Distribution in the United States : Orange County, Florida 4 ; P. clematidea is being

considered for official control.

If introduced, wh at control measures are in place or being planned in each state? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Praxelis clematidea is an agricultural and environmental pest and may be poisonous to livestock and humans if ingested. It is closely related to Siam weed ( Ch romolaena odorata)

, one of the worst weeds in the tropics. P

. clematide a reproduces mainly by the production of a large number of seeds, which can be spread by wind, water, animals, and via human activity. The plant can also spread by vegetative means. It is a n invader of both disturbed and relatively undisturbed ecosy stems and is able to survive on a range of soil types 1

. The weed can rapidly colonize bare earth following fire 1 and is prevalent in

woodland understories 2 , over

- grazed pastures, grasslands, r iverbanks, roadsides, andalong railway and fence lines 1

. P

. clematide a could threaten and significantly increase the

costs of m anaging such crops as bananas and sugar cane , as well as other crops 1

.

Literature cited:

1. Alert List for Environmental Weed s. “Praxelis ( Praxelis clematidea) Weed Management Guide”. Department of the Environment and Heritage and the CRC for Australian Weed Management, 2003. Accessed March 4, 2011 online at http://www.weeds.gov.au/publications/guidelines/alert/p

- clematidea.html

2. Praxelis clematidea

. King, R.M. & Rob , H

. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk.

Accessed March 4, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/pier/species/praxelis_clematidea.htm

3. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 4, 2011 online

at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?44764 2

4. Kartesz, J.T. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2011. North American

Plant Atlas . Chapel Hill, N.C. [maps generated from Kartesz, J.T. 2010. Floristic Synthesis of North America, Version 1.0. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). (in press)]. Accessed March 4, 2011 online at http://www.bonap.org/BONAPmaps2010/Praxelis.htmlUnited States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Rhamnus alaternus L. 1

Family: Rhamnaceae 1

Synonyms: none found

Common names: Italian buckthorn, Mediterranean buckthorn, alaterne 1

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Spain, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Cyprus, Israel, Turkey, Ukraine, Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, France, Portugal 1

World distribution beyond native range: Australia, New Zealand 1

Distribution in the United States: Reported in six counties in California 2 ; R. alaternus is being considered for official control.

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each state? Targeting female trees to limit the spread of the plant 3 and stump treatment with glyphosate or alternatively streamline basal bark application of Garlon 4 herbicide (active ingredient triclopyr) 4

Damage potential of plant:

R. alaternus invades grassland, heathland, riparian habitats, costal dunes, beaches and

forests. It forms dense thickets that crowd out native plants, reducing species diversity. It

is a fast

- growing evergreen shrub which resprouts from the base after damage and produces abundant bird

- spread seeds 5

. R. alaternus was identified as a potential threat toUnited States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential, damage potential and entry potential 6

. R.

alaternus is considered a naturalized, environmental weed, and weed of quarantine signific ance in Australia 7 , and a w eed of concern on conservation lands in New Zealand 8

. USDA’s Weed Risk Assessment rated the probability t h at R. alaternus could be a major invader as 82.5%, concluding with an overall risk potential ranking of “High Risk” 9 . The species is associated with four plant pests of concern to the United States, Diaspidiotus

lenticularis (r ound olive scale) 10

, Phytophthora ramorum (sudden oak death) 11

, Phytophthora tropicalis 12 and Siphoninus phillyreae ( ash whitefly) 13

.

Literatu re cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed May 10,

2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?31012

2. Kartesz, J.T. 2011. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). North American

Plant Atlas . Chapel Hill, N.C. Accessed May 10, 2011 online at http://www.bonap.org/BONAPmaps2010/Rhamnus.html

3. Fromont, M.L. 1997. Rhamnus alaternus

- Environmental Weed on Motutapu and Rangitoto Islands, Auckland. Tane 36: 57

- 66. Accessed May 10, 2011 online at http://www.thebookshelf.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Tane/Tane

36/5%20Rhamnus%20alaternus.pdf

4. Delanoy, L. & Archibold , O.W . 2007. Efficacy of control measures for European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) in Saskatchewan. Environmental management 4:709

- 718.

5. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World, a Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 548 pp.

6. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United S tates. Weed Science 55:386

- 397

7. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia.

8. Owen, S.J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. 118p. Department of Conservation, Wellington. Accessed May 10, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm

9. USDA Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL), Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Anima l and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 2011. Weed Risk Assessments for Alpinia modesta, Artemisiaaustriaca, Artemisia japonica, Praxelis clematidea, and Rhamnus alaternus. June 14, 2010 Rev. 00. Raleigh, NC, U.S.A.

10. USD A ARS, SEL. 2006. ScaleNet: Diaspidiotus lenticularis. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Entomology Laboratory. Accessed May 10, 2011 online at http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/catalogs/diaspidi/Diaspidiotuslent icularis.htm

11. Jones, D. R. 2003. CSL Forest Research Datasheet: Phytophthora ramorum (03

- 9947). 1

- 22. Accessed May 10, 2011 online at http://www.docstoc.com/docs/47685881/A

- typical

- order

- for

- describing

- the

- biology

- of

- a

plant

-- Aesculus

- Hippocastanum

12. Cacciola, S.O., Spica, D., Cooke, D. E. L., Raudino, F., & Magnano, G. 2006. Wilt and Collapse of Cuphea ignea Caused by Phytophthora tropicalis in Italy. Plant Disease
90, 680

13. Evans , G.A. 2007. Version 070611 June 11, 2007. Host Plant List of The Whi teflies (Aleyrodidae) of The World. USDA/Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Accessed May 10, 2011 online at http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov:8080/1WF/WhiteflyHost.pdfUnited States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b )(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Rumex sagittatus Thunb. 1

Family: Polygonaceae 1

Synonyms: Acetosa sagittat a (Thunb.) L. A. S. Johnson & B. G. Briggs 1

Common names: climbing dock

, rambling dock

, turkey

- rhubarb 1

, red sorrel 2

, arrowhead 5

Distribution of plant:

Native range: Lesotho

, Namibia

, South Africa, Swaziland 1

World distribution beyond native range: naturalized in Australia & New Zealand 1

Distribution in the United States: none reported 6

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Rumex sag ittatus is an aggressive weed that invades forests, grasslands, riparian habitats, freshwater wetlands, costal bluffs and dunes. This climbing, scrambling herb produces rhizomes with many tubers that dislodge easily, making control difficult 3,5 . It compet es for space, light, water, and nutrients 4 . It grows rapidly and completely smothers herbs and shrubs, preventing any regeneration and reducing native species richness 3 . Consequently,

native fauna could suffer from loss of food and habitat 5 . This weed is r eported to be poisonous 4

.Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed March 17, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?418868

2. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredith, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed March 17,

2011 online at ht tp://www.hear.org/gcw/species/rumex_sagittatus/

3. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plant Species of the World, a Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CABI Publishing, (p. 337).

4. Wells, M.J., Balsinhas, A.A., Joffe, H., Engelbrecht, V.M., Harding, G. and Stirton, C.H. 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in southern Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 53. 658 pp.

5. Sutherland Shire Council. Weed Facts. Acetosa sag ittata . Sutherland Shire Council, 2003. Accessed March 17, 2011 online at http://83.139

- 26

- 211.corp.syd.iprimus.net.au/ssc/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentPersonal/Weed+Fact +2008+Turkey+Rhubarb.pdf/$file/Weed+Fact+2008+Turkey+Rhubarb.pdf

6. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed March 17, 2011

online at http://plants.usda.gov/javaUnited States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows

the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Senecio angulatus L.f. 1

Family: Asteraceae 1

Synonyms: none found

Common names: canary creeper, Cape ivy, climbing groundsel, creeping groundsel 2

Distribution of plant:

Native range: South Africa 1

World distribution beyond native range: Australia, New Zealand 1 , Chile 3 , Italy 4 , France 5

, Spain 6

Distribution in the United States: none reported 7

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

Senecio angulatus is a plant of scrub and grassland, forest edges, waste land, gardens, and roadsides. It tolerates salinity and is common in coastal wetlands, with seeds being dispersed by wind 8

. S. angulatus is described as a prolific vine that forms large thickets

that both cover and smother native flora 2 . In New Zealand, where it became naturalised in 1940, it is listed as a weed of concern on conservation lands 9 . In Australia, where it has naturalized in Victoria, it is listed as a weed of concern on conservation lands 10 . In Europe, S. angulatus is recognized as an undesirable invasive on the island of Sardinia 4

. It is now naturalised in Chile 3 . It clearly has a very aggressive growth habit and isadapted to a wide range of habitats.

Literature cited:

1. USDA, Agricu ltural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory (NGRL), Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed April 20, 2011 online at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/c gi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?447151

2. ISSG. (2010). The Global Invasive Species Database. Senecio angulatus . Accessed April 20, 2011 online at http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1603&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN

3. Teillier, S., Rodriguez, R. and Serra, M.T. 2004. Lista preliminary de plantas leñosas, alóctonas, asilv estradas en Chile continental. Chloris chilensis. Revista chilena de flora y vegetacion Año 6, No. 2.

4. Simonetta, B. & Malvina , U . 2006. Vascular flora of calcareous outcrops in No rth

Western Sardinia (Italy). Webbia 61 : 95

- 132.

5. Brunel, S., & Tison

, J.M. 2005. A method of selection and hierarchization of the invasive and potentially invasive plants in continental Mediterranean France. pp. 37

- 45

In : Proceedings of the Internatio nal Workshop Actes de l’atelier de travail international.
Meze, France.

6. Lumbreras, E. L., Botella, J. P. et al. 2009. Lampranthus glaucoides (Haw.) N.E. Br. ( L. aurantiacus (DC.) Schwantes), neofito para la flora silvestre europea. Bouteloua

6 (11): 76

- 79.

7. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS database. NPDC, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed April 20, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/java/

8. Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plant species of the world. A reference guide to environmental weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

9. Owen, S.J. 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: a database. 118p. Department of Conservation, Wellington. Accessed April 20, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/weedlists /other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm

10. Csurhes, S. & Edwards , R . 1998. National Weeds Program. Potential environmental weeds in Australia. Candidate species for preventative control. Canberra, Environment

Australia.United States Department of Agricult ure Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine



## Plants for Planting Quarantine Pest Evaluation Data S heet

May 11, 2011

In order to prevent the introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, § 319.37

- 2a allows the APHIS Administrator to designate the importation of certain taxa of plants for planting as not authorized pending pest risk analysis (NAPPRA). APHIS has determined that the following taxon should be added to the NAPPRA category. In accordance with pa ragraph (b)(1) of that section, this data sheet details the scientific evidence APHIS evaluated in making the determination that the taxon is a quarantine pest plant.

Quarantine Pest Plant: Wikstroemia indica C.A. Mey. 3

Family: Thymelaeaceae 3

Synonyms: Wikstroemia viridiflora Meissn 1

Wikstroemia shuttleworthiana Meisn

. nom. Illegal

Wikstroemia shuttleworthii Meisn Daphne foetida L.f. 5

Common names: tiebush 3 , bootlace bush, Indian stringbush, Indian wikstroemia, small

leaf salago (Philippines), s tringbush 6

Distribution of plant:

Native range: China, Taiwan, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines 3,7 , Australia, French Polynesia 7

World distribution beyond native range: Mauritius 9,7 , Sri Lanka 7

Distribution in the United States: none reported 4

If introduced, what control measures are in place or being planned in each State? N/A

Damage potential of plant:

This shrub was identified as a potential threat to United States ecosystems using a model that prioritized pest plants based on their invasive potential, geographic range potential,damage potential and entry potential 2

. Wikstroemia indica is a cultivated toxic weed that is poisonous to mammals 1 . The country of Mauritius lists W. indica as one of its worst invasive alien plants of biodiversity importance 8 . Many cases of poisoning by ingestion

of W. indica have been reported in Australia, especially among g razing animals, as well as the death of children from eating the berries. W. indica causes death by extensive hemorrhaging 9

.

Literature cited:

1. Randall, R.P. 2002. A Global Compendium of Weeds. Published by R.G. and F.J. Richardson, PO Box 42, Meredi th, Victoria 3333, Australia. Accessed February 2, 2011 online at http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/wikstroemia_indica/

2. Parker, C., Caton, B.P., & Fowler, L. 2007. Ranking Nonindigenous Weed Species by

Their Potential to Invade the United States. Weed Sc ience 55:386

- 397

3. USDA, Agricultural Research Service , National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network

- (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Accessed February 2, 2011

onlin e at http://www.ars

- grin.gov/cgi

- bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?411597

4. USDA, National Resources Conservation Service. The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874

- 4490 USA. Accessed February 2, 2011 online at http://plants.usda.gov/j ava/

5. Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Accessed February 2, 2011 online at http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi

- bin/apx?taxon_id=34082

6. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Names Database. Accessed February 2, 2011 online at http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/S orting/Wikstroemia.html

7. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) database. Accessed February 2, 2011 online

at http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/wikstroemia_indica.htm

8. Macdonald, I.A.W., Reaser, J.K., Bright, C., Neville, L.E., Howard, G.W., Murphy, S.J. and Preston, G. (eds.). 2003. Invasive alien species in southern Africa: National Reports & Directory of Resources. Global Invasive Species Programme, Cape Town, South Africa. Accessed February 2, 2011 online at www.gisp.org/publications/reports/SOUTHERN.PDF

9. Dowling, R. 1985. Tiebush: An Old Problem for a New Industry. Queensland Agricultural Journal , 11(2):121.