# Pest L ist for the I mportation of F resh F ruit of L itchi ( Litchi
chinensis ), L ongan (

Dimocarpus longan ), and R ambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum ) into the C ontinental United States

from ASEAN Countries

July 13 , 2009

Rev

. 02

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 i 

## Executive Summary

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) o f the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this document to examine plant pest risks associated with the importation of fresh litchi (or lychee), Litchi chinensis Sonn. , longan, Dimocarpus longan Lour., and rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum L. (Sapindaceae) fruit into the continental United States
from the following member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) : Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam

.

We developed a list of pests reported in one or more of the ASEAN member countries and reported as attacking l itchi, longan, and/or rambutan based on the scientific literature , port

- of

entry pest interception data, and information provided by the countries

. We determine d whic h pests are quarantine pests likely to follow the commodity pathway

, and, consequently, are candidates for risk mitigation measures

. Additionally, we determine d if the agency

- approved generic dose of irradiation (400 Gy), which mitigates the risk from all insect pests except for Lepidoptera pupae and adults, is adequate to provide phytosanitary security or if other phytosanitary measures may be required.

From the pest list, we identified 48 quarantine pests as likely to follow one or more of the commodity pathway s from at least one ASEAN country :

Pest Taxonomy Pest Scientific Name Pathway Arthropods Acari: Eriophyidae Aceria litchii (Keifer) Litchi, Longan Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) Longan

Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) Litchi

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan
Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock Rambutan Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) Litchi, Rambutan

Coccus discrepans Green Longan

Coccus viridis (Green) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Drepanococcus chiton (Green) Longan Taiwansaissetia formicarii (Green) Longan (with stems) Hemiptera: Kerridae Kerria greeni (Chamberlin) Longan (with stems)

Kerria lacca (Kerr) Litchi, Longan (with stems) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Crisicoccus theobromae Williams & Watson Rambutan Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) Longan, Rambutan

Exallomochlus philippinensis Williams Longan, Rambutan

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Longan, Rambutan Maconellicoccus multipori (Takahashi) Rambutan Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan
Paracoccus interceptus Lit Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) Litchi, Longan, RambutanPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 ii Pest Taxonomy Pest Scientific Name Pathway

Planococcus litchi Cox Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Planococcus minor (Maskell) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Pseudococcus aurantiacus Williams Rambutan Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) Rambutan Rastrococcus jabadiu Williams Rambutan
Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Williams Rambutan Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae Dichomeris indiserta Meyr. Rambutan Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen Rambutan Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley Litchi, Longan Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Deudorix diovis Hewitson Litchi, Longan Deudorix epijarbas (Moore) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae Stathmopoda conioma Meyrick Rambutan Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière Rambutan

Tirathaba mundella Walker Rambutan Tirathaba ruptilinea Walker Rambutan Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Archips mimicus Walsingham Rambutan Cryptophlebia illepida Butler Litchi, Rambutan Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Gatesclarkeana erotias Meyrick Litchi Lobesia aeolopa Meyrick Litchi Ophiorrhabda cellifera Meyrick Rambutan Thysanoptera: Thripidae Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood Longan Fungi Ascomycetes: Erysiphales Oidium nephelii Hadiwidjaja Rambutan Oomycetes: Pythiales Peronophythora litchii Chen ex Ko, Chang, Su, Chen & Leu Litchi



### T he irradiation treatment, along with standard post

- harvest processing, is likely to mitigate the risks from all the insects listed above. Additional measures may be required to mitigate risks associated with the mite pest

, Aceria litchi i

, and the fungal pathogens

, Oidium nephelii a nd Peronophythora litchii

. Irradiation should cause some mortality in these pests, but will not completely mitigate the risk.

Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 iii 

## Table of Contents

Executive Summary

................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... i

1. Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1 1.1. Background

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1
1.2. Standard Post

- Harvest Processing

................................ ................................ ....................... 1

2. Pest Categorization

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 2
2.1. Pests associated with litchi, longan, and rambutan

................................ .............................. 2 2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation

................................ .......................... 76 2.3. Quarantine pests that follow the pathway and are candidates for risk mitigation

............. 77

3. Authors and Reviewers

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 81

4. Liter ature Cited

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 81Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 1 

## 1. Introduction

1.1. Background

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

- Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) of the United States De partment of Agriculture (USDA) examine d plant pest risks associated with the importation of fresh fruit of litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn. ) , longan ( Dimocarpus longan Lour. ), and rambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum L. ) (Sapindaceae) into the
continental United States from the following eight Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam (Figure 1)

. The two ASEAN countries not included in this list are Burma (Myanmar), and Singapore. Synonyms for the commodities are as follows: Nephelium litchi Cambess for litchi; N. longana Cambess.

, Euphoria longana Steud., and E. longana Lam. for longan; and E. nep helium DC. and Dimocarpus crinita Louri for rambutan ( Morton, 1987 ).

Below w e identified what pests are quarantine pests likely to follow the commodity pathway and, consequently, are candidates for risk mitigation measures. Additionally

, we determine d if the agency

- approved generic irradiation treatment ( 400 Gy ) is adequate to provide phytosanitary security or if other measures may be required. PPQ recognizes irradiation as an approved generic

treatment for all imported fruits and vegetables for all plant pests of the class Insecta other than pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera ( PPQ, 2008 ).

1.2

. Standard Post

- Harvest Processing

Standard post

- harvest processing is not available for all the country/commodity combina tions
assessed here. For litchi, longan, and rambutan from Vietnam, and for rambutan from Malaysia, the exporting countries state that the fruit will be sorted (culled) for quality and pest absence

, follow ed by packaging in specific materials

, such as plastic film or containers ( Othman et al., 2004; PPD, 2005, 2007a, 2007b ). C ulling and packaging are expected standard practices for a ll commercial quality litchi, longan, and rambutan fruit (e.g., Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Holcroft et al., 2005; Lim and Diczbalis, 1998; Menzel and McConchie, 1998a; Nakasone and Pau ll,
1998 ), so we assume that all three commodities from all eight ASEAN countries here will undergo, at a minimum, these two steps as p art of post

- harvest processing. These processes will be subject to verification and compliance checks.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 2 Figure 1. Map of the eight ASEAN member countries consid ered in this pest list document

.



## 2. Pest Categoriza tion

2.1. Pests associated with litchi, longan, and rambutan

Below w e list the pests associated with l itchi, longan, and/or rambutan that are reported in at
least one of the countries on any host (Table 1)

. W e identif y

— with pertinent references

— the presence or absence of these pests in the United States; the affected plant part or parts ; the quarantine status of the pest ; and if the quarantine pest s are likely to follow the pathway and
enter the continental United States on commercial litchi, longan, and/or rambutan fruit. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, USDA port

- of

- entry pest interception data, and information provided b y ASEAN member countries

. Shaded p ests are quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit shipments , and therefore are candidates for risk mitigation

. We summarize these pests in a separate table (Table 2).

W e do not provide informatio n on plant part association and if the pest is likely to follow the pathway for non

- quarantine pests. Even if non

- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because the y already occur in
the continental United States

. T herefore, for non

- quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not a pplicable)

.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 3 Table 1

. Plant p ests r eported on l itchi ( Litchi chinensis ), l ongan ( Dimocarpus longan ), and/or r ambutan ( Nephelium lappaceum ) (in any country) and present in one or more of the ASEAN m ember c ountries (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam) (on any host).

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

ARTHROPODS

Acari : Eriophyidae Abacarus euphoriae Keifer TH ( Davis et al., 1982 ) Amrine and Stasny, 1994; Davis et al.,
1982 L ( Anonymous,
2003 ) Yes No

Aceria litchii (Keifer) ( Syn. : Eriophyes litchi Keifer) TH ( Waterhouse,
1993 ) ; VN ( Tru,
2008 ) ; US (HI) ( Amrine and Stasny,
1994 ) Waite and Elder,

1999; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Waterhouse,
1993 Taiwan, 2002 L

, I

, F ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002 ) Yes Yes

Aceria longana Boczek &
Knihinicki TH ( Anupunt, 2003a ) Anupunt,
2003a young L

, I ( Anupunt, 2003a ) Yes No

Acari: Tarsonemidae Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( C.I.E., 1986 ) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 N/A No N/A

Tarsonemus sp. ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) 4 Yes Yes

1 BN=Brunei; KH=Cambodia; ID=Indonesia; LA=Laos; MY=Malaysia; PH=Philipp ines; TH=Thailand; VN=Vietnam; US=United States; HI=Hawaii; ASEAN *=Pest has been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry one or more times on plant commodities originating from one or more of the ASEAN countries in question ( PestID, 2007 ). *This organism may or may not occur in other countries within the ASEAN region; however, because this species is a non

- quarantine pest, additional research to delimit the entire regional distribution was not warranted. **This organism may or may not occur in other countries within the ASEAN region; however, because this species does not follow the pathway, additional research to delimit the entire regional distribution was not warranted.

2 Plant Parts: Bk = Bark, Br = Branches, F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, L = Lea ves/Foliage, R = Root, Sd = Seed, Sh = Shoot

, S t = Stem , Tr = Trunk, Tw = Twig, and W =
Wood

. 3 Brackets around the quarantine status designation indicate that the pest has a limited distribution in the continental United States and is either under official control or
unde r consideration for official control.

4 Tarsonemus sp

. was intercepted seven times at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on longan fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 4 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus californicus (Banks) MY, PH, TH ( CABI,
2006 ); US ( CABI,
2005 ) van den Berg et

al., 2001 N/A No N/A

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2004; Jeppson et al., 1975 ) CABI, 2006 Biosecurity Australia, 2002 N/A No N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) MY, PH, TH, VN ( Bolland et al. , 1998 ) Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2004; Waterhouse,
1993 L ( CABI, 2004 ) Yes No

Oligonychus biharensis (Hirst) ( Syn. : Paratetranychus hawaiiensis) MY, PH, TH ( Bolland et al., 1998 ); US (HI) ( Bolland et al., 1998 ) Bolland et al.,

1998; Morton, 1987; Moutia,
1958 Wongsiri,

1991 L ( Moutia, 1958; Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

Oligonychus coffeae (Nietner) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Bolland et al., 1998 ); US ( CABI, 2005 ) Bolland et al.,

1998; Waite and Hwang, 2002 N/A No N/A

Oligonychus mangiferus (Rahman & Sapra) TH ( Bolland et al., 1998; Waterhouse,
1993 ); US (HI) ( Jeppson et al., 1975 ) Bolland et al.,

1998 L ( Jeppson et al.,
1975 ) Yes No

Oligonychus thelytokus
Gutierrez ID ( Bolland et al.,
1998 ) Bolland et al.,

1998; Gutierrez,
1977 L ( Gutierrez, 1977 ) Yes No

Tetranychus urticae Koch [ Syn. : Tetranychus
cinnabarinus (Boisd.)] ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Bolland et al., 1998 ); US ( Bolland et al., 1998; CABI, 2004 ) Biosecurity Australia, 2002;
Tin dall, 1994 N/A No N/APest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 5 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Acari: Tuckerellidae

Tuckerella knorri Baker
and Tuttle TH ( Baker and Tuttle,
1975 ); PH ( Corpuz

Raros, 1989 );
ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) 5 ; ( Lin, 1982 ) 6 Yes No 7

Coleoptera: Anthribidae Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ); TH, MY, ID, PH ( Waterhouse,
1993 ); US ( CABI,
2006 ) PestID, 2007 8 N/A No N/A

Araecerus sp. ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 9

Coleoptera: Bostrichidae Sinoxylon anale (Lesne) ID, PH, TH ( EPPO,
2005 ) Biosecurity Australia, 2002 N/A No 10 N/A

Xylopsocus capucinus
Fabricius KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Woodruff et al., 2005 ); US ( Woodruff et al., 2005 ) Quilici et al.,

1988; Woodruff et al., 2005 Woodruff et al.,
2005 N/A No N/A

5 Tuckerella knorri was intercepted five times at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on fruit, including on c e on rambu tan fruit ( PestID, 2007 ).

6 Plant parts association for T. knorri is based on data at the genus level ( Lin, 1982 ).

7 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of T. knorri is one interception on fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). This is insufficient ev idence that this mite would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

8 The only evidence that longan is a host of A

. fasciculatus is one interception on longan at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ); therefore, its association with longan is questionable.

9 Araecerus sp. was intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry only one time associated with longan ( PestID, 2007 ). This is insufficient evidence that this beetle would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shi pments of longan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

10 Sinoxylon sp. and S. anale are actionable only for HI, VI, and PR in the PPQ interception database; otherwise they are “non

- reportable” ( PestID, 2007 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 6 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Heterobostrychus aequalis
Waterhouse TH ( Anonymous,
196 5a ); ID, MY, PH, TH ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous,
1965a N/A No N/A

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Aristobia approximator (Thomson) VN ( Kawabe and Ito,

2003 ); TH ( AFFA,
2004 ) AFFA, 2004 Br ( AFFA, 2004 ) Yes No

Dialeges sp. TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Anonymous,
1965a W ( Beeson, 1922; Browne, 1949; Thapa, 1970 ) Yes No

Niphonoclea albata

Newman PH ( Waterhouse,
1993 ) Morton, 1987 Tw ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes No

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae Aulacophora femoralis (Motschulsky) VN ( Waterhouse,
1993 ) AFFA, 2004 AFFA, 2004 L ( AFFA, 2004 ) Yes No

Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) ID, LA, MY, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) AFFA, 2004 AFFA, 2004 N/A No N/A

Coleoptera: Coccinellidae Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius) [ Syn. : Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius)] IN, LA, MY, TH, VT ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous,
2003 L

, I

, F ( CABI,
2003 ) Yes No 11

Coleoptera: Curculionidae Apoderus javanica Jek. MY ( Yunus and Ho,
1980 ) Yunus and Ho,
1980 L ( Yunus and Ho,

1980 ) Yes No

11 The eggs of H

. vigintioctopunctata are laid on leaves

, the pupae occur externally on leaves and stems, and both the larvae and adults are external feeders ( CABI, 2006 ). Because of its size and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay o n the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 7 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan
Hypomeces squamosus (Fabricius) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ); TH ( Anonymous, 1965a ); MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); US ( CABI,
2006 ) Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse,
1993 Anonymous,

1 965a; Anupunt, 2003b; CABI, 2006; Khoo et al., 1991; Waterhouse,
1993 L

, I ( Anupunt,

20 03b ); L ( Anonymous

, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991 );

L , growing points,

R ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes No

Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 );
ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ); US ( CABI,
2006 ) PestID, 2007 12 N/A No N/A

Coleoptera: Elateridae Glyphonyx sp. ASEAN * ( PestID,
20 07 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 13

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae Carpophilus dimidiatus (Fabricius) ID, MY, PH, TH ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) Yunus and Ho,
1980 N/A No N/A

Carpophilus marginelius

Mot. MY ( Yun us and Ho,
1980 ) Yunus and Ho,
1980 N/A No 14 N/A

Carpophilus mutilatus
Erichson PH ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2005 ) CABI, 2005 N/A No N/A

Carpophilus obsoletus
Erichson ID, MY ( CABI , 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2006 N/A No N/A

12 The only evidence that longan is a host of S

. zeamais is one interception at U.S. ports

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ). Thus, the host association is questionable.

13 Glyphonyx sp. was intercepted on c e on rambutan at U.S. ports

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this beetle would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

14 Carpophilus marginelius is listed as a "non

- reportab le" pest in PestID ( PestID, 2008 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 8 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Carpophilus sp. ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 20 07 15 N/A No N/A

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae Adoretus compressus (Weber) TH, VN, MY, BN, ID ( Waterhouse, 1993 ) Hill, 1983; Ooi et al., 2002 F ( Hill, 1983 ) Yes No 16

Adoretus sinicus Burmeister ( Syn. : A.
tenuimaculatus Waterhouse) TH, VN, MY ( Waterhouse, 1993 ); ID ( CABI, 2006 ); US (HI) ( CABI, 2006 ) Wen et al.,
2002 L ( Hill, 1983; Wen et al., 2002 ) Yes No

Adoretus versutus Harold ID, MY ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2006 R

, Br , decaying vegetation, L

, I ( CABI, 2005 ) Yes No

Anomala antiqua ID, MY, TH, VN ( Waterhouse, 1993 ) Waterhouse,
1993 L ( Waterhouse,

1993 ) Yes No

Anomala cupripes Hope TH, VN, MY ( Waterhous e, 1993 ) Anonymous,
1965b Waterhouse,

1993 L ( Waterhouse,

1993; Wen et al.,
2002 ); L

, R ( Wang and Liu, 1991 ) Yes No

Anomala pallida Fabricius TH, MY, ID ( Waterhouse, 1993 ) Waterhouse,
1993 Waterhouse,

1993 L ( Waterhouse,

1993 ) Yes No

Anomala sp. nr. variegata Hope. TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Anonymous,
1965a L ( Anonymous,

1965 a ) Yes No

Apogonia cribricollis
Burmeister MY ( Khoo et al., 1991; Waterhouse,
1993 ); ID, MY ( CA BI,
2006 ) Anonymous,
2003 Khoo et al., 1991;

Ooi et al., 2002 L

, St

, R

( Anonymous,
2003 ) Yes No 17

15 The only evidence that longan is a host of Carpophilus sp. is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ). Thus, this host association is questionable.

16 The adults of A

. compressus feed on the fruit of rambutan ( Hill, 1983 ). Many scarabs feed on plant materials such as grasses, foliage, fruits, and flowers, and some are serious pests of various agricultural crops ( Borrer et al., 1989 ). We assume that only the adults attack the fruit, as the literature does not mention larvae feeding on fruit ( White, 1983 ). Because of the size and mobility of adults, this pest is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handl ing and processing.

17 Because of its size, biology, and mobility, A

. cribricollis is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 9 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Apogonia expeditionis Rits. MY ( Yunus and Ho,
1980 ) Yunus and Ho,
1980 L ( Yunus and Ho,

1980 ) Yes No

Aprosterna pallida F. TH ( Anonymous,
196 5a ) Anonymous,

1965a Anonymous,

1965a L ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Yes No

Lepidiota stigma Fabricius ID, MY, TH ( CABI,
2007 ) Anonymous,
2003 R ( Anonymous,
2003 ); R

, L ( CABI,
2007 ) Yes No

Maladera birmanica Brske. TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Anonymous,
1965a L ( Anonymous,

1965a ) Yes No

Maladera sp. ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 18

Xylotrupes gideon (Linnaeus) BN, KH, ID, LA, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2006;

Waite and Elder, 2004; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia,
2002 F ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Waite and Elder,
2004 ); R ( Waite and Hwang, 2002 ) Ye s No 19

Coleoptera: Scolytidae
Coccotrypes sp. ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F

, St ( PestID,
2007 ) Yes No 20

Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff) ( Syn. : Xyleborus fornicatus Eichhoff) ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US (HI) ( CABI, 2005 ) CABI, 2005; Rai

and Bhandary, 1973; Wang and Yuan, 2003 Bk

, St

, W ( CABI,
2005 ); Tr

, Br

, F

, Sd ( Wang and Yuan,
2003 ); Br ( Rai and Bhandary, 1973 ) Yes No 21

18 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of Maladera sp. is one interception with fruit at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ). This is insufficient evidence that this beetle would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

19 Only the adults of X

. gideon are reported to feed on f ruit ( Waite and Elder, 2004 ). Because of the size and mobility of adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

20 Coccotrypes sp

. was intercepted four times on rambutan at U.S. ports

- of

- entry, three times on fruit and one time on stem ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this beetle would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

21 Euwallacea fornicatus is reported on fruit once ( Wang and Yuan, 2003 ); all other litera ture reports this species on bark, wood, branches, and stem. CABI ( 2005 ) states that fruit are "not known to carry the pest in trade/transport"

, and "plant parts liable to carry the pest in trad e/transport" include bark, stems, and wood. Because thePest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 10 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Hypothenemus sp. ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PIN309, 2006 ) Yes No 22

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Contarinia sp. ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 23

Lestodiplosis sp. ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 N/A No 24 N/A

Resseliella sp. ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 25

Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha sp. ASEAN * ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 26

Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) TH ( CABI, 2006;
White and Elson

Harris, 1992 ) Allwood et al., 1999; CABI,
2006 F ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes Yes

larvae reach up to 3.5 mm long ( CABI, 2005 ), they would be unlikely to feed on the small 5 mm stem attache d to the litchi fruit. Thus, this beetle seems unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality litchi fruit.

22 Since 1985, Hypothenemus sp. was intercepted two times on longan (fruit) at U.S. ports

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ). This is insufficient evidence that pests of this genus would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of longan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

23 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of Contarinia sp. is two interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry with fruit, both in pass enger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). This is
insufficient evidence that rambutan is a host ; therefore, this organism is not likely to follow the pathway on rambutan.

24 Lestodiplosis sp. is listed as “non

- reportable” in the PPQ interception database ( PestID, 2007 ).

25 The only e vidence that rambutan is a host of Resseliella sp. is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry with fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient
evidence that rambutan is a host . Thus, this pest is un likely to follow the pathway of commercial q uality rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

26 Anastrepha sp. was intercepted at a U.S. port

- of

- entry only on c e on rambutan from the ASEAN countries, and it has only been intercepted 11 times on any plant material from these countries ( PestID, 2007 ). All but one of the 11 interceptions was in passenger baggage, the true origin of which is difficult to determine. This is
insufficient evidence that this fruit fly is present in any of the ASEAN countries ; therefore, it would not regularly follow the pathway o f commercial shipments of rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels from these countries. We found no other evidence of this genus occurring in the ASEAN countries in question, on rambutan or any other plant.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 11 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ); US (HI) ( CABI,
2004 ) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 McBride and

Ta nada, 1949;
White and
Elson

- Harris,
1992 F

, I

, R

, L

, St ( CABI, 2005 ) Yes L itchi = Yes

L ongan = No 27

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) ( Syn. : Dacus
dorsalis Hendel) KH, ID, LA, TH, VN ( CABI, 2007 ); TH, LA, VN, KH ( Drew and Hancock, 1994 ) 28 ; US (HI) ( CABI, 2005 ) CABI, 2006 Allwood et al., 1999; CABI,
2006 Allwood et al.,

1999; CABI, 2006; Waterhouse,
1993 F ( CABI, 2005;

Waterhouse, 1993 ) Yes Yes

Bactrocera papayae Drew
& Hancock BN, ID, MY, TH ( CABI, 2006 ) Allwood et al., 1999; CABI,
2004 F ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes Yes

27 We found only two references list ing longa n as a host of B. cucurbitae ( McBride and Tanada, 1949; White and Elson

- Harris, 1992 ). However, the listing of longan in B.
cucurbitae 's host range is based on old , unconfirmed Hawaiian records (White and Elso n

- Harris, 1992 ), and two other references list longan as a “doubtful” (McBride and Tanada, 1949 ) or “possible” host ( Kunishi, 1998 ). Ron Heu, Survey Entomologist with the Hawaii Department of Agriculture, reports that he has no knowledge of
B. cucurbitae attacking longan ( Kunishi, 1998 ). Furthermore, since 1985, out of the nearly 3,000 pest interceptions on longans at U.S. ports

- of

- entry, B

. cucurbitae has

never been intercept ed ( PestID , 2008 ). Thus , if longan is a host, it seem s to be merely an incidental one that is rarely infested. Therefore, this fruit fly seems unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality longan fruit.

28 Bactrocera dorsalis has been reported in Malaysia ( e.g. , Khoo et al., 1991; Tan and Serit, 1994; Tan and Lee, 1982 ). However, most records of B. dorsalis from Malaysia and Indonesia were probably misidentification s (White and Elson

- Harris, 1994 )

. A detailed taxonomic study of the B. dorsalis complex had B. dorsalis occurring in the following ASEAN member c ountries: Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia ( Drew and Hancock , 1994)

. Recent literature now reflects this
conclusion that B. dorsalis is not present in Malaysia. Neither the current version of the Crop Protection Compendium ( CABI, 2007 , citing EPPO, 2006 )

, nor EPPO ( EPPO, 2007 )

, include s Malaysia in the distribution of B. dorsalis

.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 12 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Bactrocera sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes Yes

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) TH, PH ( PestID,
2007 ) 29 ; US (HI) ( CABI, 2005 ) 30 CABI, 2004; De

Meyer et al., 2002; Liquido et al., 1998; PPQ, 2002; Thomas et al., 2005; Waite and Hwang,
2002 PIN309, 2005 31 ; Liquido et al., 1998; PPQ

BATS, 1996 F ( CABI, 2005 ) Yes No 32

Dacus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 33

Xarnuta leucotela (Henning) Southeast Asia ( Allwood et al., 1999 ) Allwood et al.,
1999 L (miner)

( Allwood et al.,
1999 ) Yes No

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurocanthus husaini
Corbett TH, MY, ID, KH ( PestID, 2007 ) 34 Hill, 1983 L ( Hill, 1983; PestID, 2007 ) Yes No

29 Since 1985, C

. capi tata was intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on plant material originating from Thailand one time (general cargo) and from the Philippines three times (passenger baggage) ( PestID, 2007 ).

30 The distribution of C

, capitata in the United States only includes the Hawa iian islands ( CDFA, 2003 ). Although this pest has been introduced periodically into the United States in California and Florida, it has not become established in the continental United States ( Bergsten et al., 1999 ). Ceratitis capitata infestations in
California since 1975 have all been declared eradicated ( Lance and Gates, 1994 ; Guidicipietro, 2003 ). A National Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Program helps prevent the
establishment of C. capitata , t hereby ensuring pest

- free status ( Bergsten et al., 1999; Lance and Gates, 1994 ).

31 Since 19 85, C. capitata was intercepted twice at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on rambutan (in passenger baggage) ( PIN309, 2005 ).

32 The only evidence that C

. capitata occurs in the relevant ASEAN countries is that it has been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on plant material originating from Thailand one time (general cargo)

, and from the Philippines three times (passenger baggage, where origin is difficult to determine) ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient
evidence that this fruit fly occurs in any of the se countries

. Consequently, this fruit fly is unlikely to follow the pathway of any commodities from these countries.

33 Dacus sp. has been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry two times on litchi , two times on longan, and f ive times on rambutan from ASEAN countries, all in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this organism would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of litchi, longan and ram butan
fruits from ASEAN countries.

34 Aleurocanthus husaini was intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on plant material originating from Thailand two times, from Malaysia one time, from Indonesia one time, and from Cambodia one time, all in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 13 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Aleurocanthus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 L ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No

Aleurocanthus spiniferus Quaintance & Baker BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ); US (HI) ( CABI,
2006 ) Anonymous,
1994 L ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes No

Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US (HI, FL, TX) ( CABI, 2005 ) CABI, 2005 L ( CABI, 2005 ) [Yes] 35 No

Aleurodicus dispersus
Russell BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US (FL, HI) ( CABI,
2006 ) Wen et al.,
2002 L ( Wen et al.,
2002 ) [Yes] 36 No

Aleurotuberculatus

murrayae Singh TH ( PestID, 2007 ) 37 Wen et al.,
2002 L ( Wen et al.,
2002 ) Yes No

Aleurotuberculatus psidii Singh TH, PH, MY ( PestID,
2007 ) 38 Anonymous, 1965b, 1994 L ( Wen et al.,

2002 ) Yes No

Dialeurodes gemurohensis
Corbett MY ( Evans, 2007 ) Evans, 2005 L ( Hill, 1983 ) 39 Ye s No

Hemiptera: Aphididae Aphis craccivora Koch BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ); US ( CABI,
2005 ) Blackman and

Eastop, 2000 N/A No N/A

35 Aleurocanthus woglumi is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States ( NIS, 2003, 2004a ).

36 Aleurodicus dispersus is a quarantine

- significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States ( Dooley, 2004; NIS, 2004a, 2004b ).

37 Aleurotuberculatus murrayae was intercepted once at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on plant material originating from Thailand in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ).

38 Aleurotuberculatus psid ii was intercepted four times at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on plant material originating from Thailand (two in baggage, two in permit cargo), twice from Malaysia (baggage, permit cargo), and from Indonesia four times (all in passenger baggage) ( PestID, 2007 ).

39 Plant p art association for D

. gemurohensis is based on data at the genus level ( Hill, 1983 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 14 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Aphis gossypii Glover BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ); US ( CABI,
2005 ) CABI, 2005;

Hill, 1983 Anony mous,

1994 N/A No N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2005 ) Morton, 1987 N/A No N/A

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) PestID, 2007 40 N/A No N/A

Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) Blackman and

Eastop, 2000; Hill, 1983 Wongsiri, 1991 N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Batracomorphus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 41

Graminella expansa
Linnavuori ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 42

Idioscopus clypialis (Lethierry) ( Syn. : Idiocerus clypealis Lethierry) KH, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) Li

- zhong,
2000 L

, I ( Wen et al.,
2002 ) Yes No

40 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of M

. persicae is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ). T herefore, this association is questionable.

41 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of Batracomorphus sp. is one interception at U.S. port

- of

- entry with fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 200 7 ). This is
insufficient evidence that rambutan is a host ; therefore, this organism would not be likely to follow the pathway of commercial quality rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

42 Graminella expansa was intercepted only on c e with rambutan fruit, in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). We found no other source reporting rambutan as a host of this species. T his is insufficient evidence that this species would likely follow the pathway of commercial quality rambutan fruit.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 15 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); KH ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 CABI, 2006 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; CABI,
2004 N/A No N /A

Ceroplastes floridensis
Comstock ( Syn. : Paracerostegia floridensis Tang ) ID, MY, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) Lamberts and

Crane, 1990 Wen et al.,

2002 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 N/A No N/A

Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green TH ( Anupunt, 2003a ) Anupunt, 2003a Anupunt, 2003a; Coates et al., 2003 Anupunt, 2003a Br

, St ( Anupunt,
2003a ) ; Sh

, L

, Tw ( Ali, 1980 ) Yes No

Ceroplastes rubens
Maskell ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 );
ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) ; US (FL, HI) ( B en

- Dov et al., 2007; Hamon and Williams,
1984 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; Biosecurity Australia, 2002;
Waite and Hwang, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia,

2002 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2005; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; PIN309, 2005 L

, St

, Tw

, F

( CABI, 2005 ); St

, Br

, L ( Hamon and Williams, 1984 ) [Yes] 43 Yes

Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) ID ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ); US (FL) ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; CABI,
2004 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 F

, L

, St ( CABI,

2005 ) [Yes] 44 Yes

Ceroplastes sinensis Del
Guercio PH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 N/A No N/A

Coccus discrepans Green ID ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ), MY ( Hill,
1983 ) Anonymous,
1965b L

, St

, F ( CABI,
2005 ) 45 Yes Yes 46

43 Ceroplastes rubens is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States ( NIS, 2003 ).

44 Ceroplastes rusci is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States ( NIS, 2006 ).

45 Plant part association for C

. discrepans is based on data at th e genus level ( CABI, 2005 ).

46 Related species (e.g ., Coccus viridis, C

. hesperidum ) attack stems and/or fruit ( CABI, 2002 ); therefore, we assume C

. discrepans could follow the pathway.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 16 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Coccus hesperidum
Linnaeus ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006; Biosecurity Australia, 2002;
Waite and Hwang, 2002 Anonymous,

1994; Biosecurity Australia,
2002 CABI, 2006;

PestID, 2007 N/A No N/A

Coccus longulus (Douglas) ID, PH, TH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; Elder,

2004 N/A No N/A

Coccus viridis (Green) ID, PH, TH, VN , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) ; MY ( Kwee and Chong, 1990 ) ; US (FL, HI) ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2 007; Biosecurity Australia, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia,

2002 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 47 ; PestID, 2008 48 ; Hollingsworth,
2000 L

, F ( Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 ); L

, St

, F ( CABI, 2002 ) [Yes] 49 Yes

Drepanococcus chiton (Green) TH ( Anupunt, 2003a ); ID, MY, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Anupunt,
2003a PestID, 2007 L

, I

, F ( Anupunt,
2003a ) Yes L ongan = Yes

R ambutan = No 50

47 Biosecurity Australia ( 2002 ) cites Astridge ( 1999 ) that rambutan i s a host of C

. viridis

, but we found the reference does not report C. viridis on rambutan. [Note: W e received the Astridge article from the USDA’s National Agricultural Library (NAL), who received it from our counterpart in Australia. That group indicated that the reference should be cited as Astridge ( 2001 ) instead of Astridge ( 1999 ).]

48 Since 1985, C

. viridis has been intercepted 19 times on rambutan at U.S. ports

- of

- entry, a nd 11 were in commercial fruit shipments ( PestID, 2008 ). Adult males have never been recorded ( Mau and Martin Kessing, 1992 ), so these were most likely females. Because C. viridis adult females are wingless and do not move ( Mau and Martin Kessing, 1992 ), they would be very unlikely to have be en hitchhikers on non

- host plants. Therefore, we think these int erceptions confirm the host status of
rambutan fruit for C. viridis

. 49 Coccus viridis is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States ( NIS, 2003 )

50 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of D

. chiton are two interceptions in baggage since 1985 at U.S. ports

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2008 )

. Therefore, this species is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality rambutan fruit.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 17 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan
Drepanococcus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 51

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Signoret) ID, MY, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 N/A No N/A

Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) MY ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 N/A No N/A

Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 );
ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) ; US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) PestID, 2007 52 N/A No N/A

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; Waite and Hwang, 2002 N/A No N/A

Prococcus acutissimus (Green) ( Syn. : Coccus

acutissimus Fernald) ID, MY, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US (FL, TX, HI) ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; Morton,
1987 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 N/A No N/A

Pulvinaria polygonata Cockerell ( Syn. : Chloropulvinaria polygonata ) PH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Anonymous,
1994 Tw

, L ( Anonymous,
1994 ) Yes No

51 Since 1985, Drepanococcus sp. has been intercepted tw ice at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on litchi , three times on longan, and four times on rambutan from ASEAN countries, all in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this organism would fol low the pathways. In addition, the genus is accounted for by the presence of D

. chiton in the list.

52 The only evidence that longan is a host of M

. mangiferae is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ). T herefore, this association is questionable.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 18 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Pulvinaria psidii Maskell [ Syn. : Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell)] BN, ID, MY, PH, TH

, KH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2005; Waite, 2004a; Waite
and Hwang,
2002 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; PestID,
2007 Astridge, 2001;

PestID, 2007 N/A No N/A

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) [ Syn. : S. hemisphaerica (Targioni)] ID, PH, TH, VN , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); BN, ID, KH, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov and

Hodgson, 1997;

Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; CABI, 2004; Hill, 1983;
Waite and Hwang, 2002 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 N/A No N/A

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007; PestID, 2007 N/A No N/A

Taiwansaissetia formicarii (Green) [ Syn. : Coccus formicarii (Green)] PH ( Ben

- Dov and Hodgson, 1997 ) ; ID, MY, TH ( Ben

- Dov,
1993 ); MY, KH ( PestID, 2007 ) 53 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; Li

zhong, 2000 St ( PPQ, 1999 ) Yes Yes (with
St )

53 Coccus formicarii was inter cepted on plant material at U.S. ports

- of

- entry from Malaysia on c e , and from Cambodia on c e ( PestID, 2007 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 19 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan
Leptocorisa acuta Thunberg KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous,
2003 Sd

, L ( CABI,
2006 ); L

, Tw ( Anonymous,
2003 ) Yes No

Leptoglossus gonagra (Fabricius) [ Syn. : L.
membranaceus (Fabricius)] TH, MY, BN, PH ( CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993 ); KH, ID, LA, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous,

1965a; Waterhouse,
1993 F ( Anonymous,
1965a ); Tw

, L

, F ( Ondieki, 1975 ) Yes No 54

Riptortus linearis (Linnaeus) ID, MY, PH ( CABI

, 2006 ) Anonymous,
2003 L ( Anonymous,
2003 ) Yes No

Hemiptera: Coreidae Amblypelta lutescens (Distant) ID ( Cassis and Gross,
2002 ) Astridge et al.,

2004; Waite,
2005 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; CABI, 2006; Waite, 2005; Waite
and Hwang,
2002 Astridge, 2001 F ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Waite, 2005 ); I

, F

, L ( Astridge et al., 2004; CABI,
2004 ); F

, St

, I ( As tridge, 2001 ) Yes No 55

Hemiptera: Cydnidae Fromundus pygmaeus (Dallas) ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 56

Hemiptera: Delphacidae Nilaparvata sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 57

54 C oreids are general ly large

, and nymphs are gregarious ( Borrer et al., 1989 ), so these pests , such as L

. gonagra, should be readily seen during harvest and eliminated from the pathway.

55 Because the nymphs and adults only feed externally on the fruit and because of their mobility ( Astridge et al., 2004 ), A

. lutescens is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

56 Since 1985, F

. pygmaeus was intercepted only on c e with litchi fruit, in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). We found no other source reporting litchi as a host of this species. This is insufficient evidence that this species would likely follow the pathway of commercial quality litchi fruit.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 20 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Hemiptera: Diaspididae Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) ID, PH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) PPQ

- BATS, 1996 N/A No N/A

Andaspis hawaiiensis (Maskell) PH ( Lit, 1988 ); PH, VN ( PestID, 2007 ) 58 ; US (HI, FL) ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 N/A No N/A

Andaspis punicae (Laing) PH, TH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2009 ); US (FL) ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2009 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009 St

, Tr ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2009 ) [Yes] 59 No

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) PH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ); MY, PH, TH ( CABI, 2006 ); US (FL) ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2005; CABI, 2005 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 N/A No N/A

Aulacaspis sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F

, L

, St ( PestID,
2007 ) Yes Yes

Aulacaspis tubercularis
Newstead ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 );
ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) ; US (FL) ( Coile and Dixon, 2002a; Hodges et al., 2005 ) PIN309, 2005 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 PestID, 2007 L

, St

, F ( CABI,
2005 ) [ Yes ] 60 L itchi = No 61

L ongan = Yes 62

R ambutan = No 63

57 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of Nilaparvata sp. is one port

- of

- entry interception in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that the
pest would regularly follow the pathway. Additionally, because of its size, biology, and mobility, this pest is unl ikely to follow the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

58 Andaspis hawaiiensis was intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on plant material from the Philippines on c e , and from Vietnam on c e ( PestID, 2007 ).

59 Andaspis punicae is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States ( PestID, 2009 ).

60 Aulacaspis tubercularis is a quarantine

- significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States ( NIS, 2006; PestID, 2008 ).

61 The only evidence that litchi is a host of A. tubercularis is three interceptions in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). This is insufficient evidence that this pest would follow the pathway.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 21 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Chionaspis sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes Yes

Chrysomphalus aonidium (Linnaeus) ( Syn. : C

. ficus Ashmead) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) Lamberts and

Crane, 1990; Morton, 1987 N/A No N/A

Diaspis sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 64

Fiorinia sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 65

Fiorinia theae Green BN, ID, MY, PH , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ) Anonymous,
1994 N/A No N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) ID, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; Quilici et al., 1988; Tenbrick and Hara, 1992;
Waite and Hwang, 2002 PPQ

- BATS, 1996 N/A No N/A

Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock) PH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) PPQ

- BATS, 1996 N/A No N/A

62 Armored scales (Diaspididae) may enter on c ommercial fruit for consumption

, but they are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway . Please see detailed explanation after Table 1 for more information

. 63 Aulacaspis tubercularis was intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry 20 times with rambutan; 18 were in baggag e and two were in stores ( PestID, 2008 ). We found no confirming report s of host association in the scientific literature , so we think this species is unlikely to follow the pathway of rambutan fruit.

64 The only evidence that longan is a host of Diaspis sp. is one interception in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this scale species would follow the pathway.

65 The only evidence that longan is a host of Fiorinia sp. are two interceptions on in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). This is insufficie nt evidence that this scale species would regularly follow the pathway.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 22 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Howardia biclavis (Comstock) ID, PH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2006; Watson, 2005b ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006; Watson,
2005b Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 PPQ

- BATS, 1996 N/A No N/A

Ischnaspis longirostris (Signoret) ID, MY, PH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2005; Quilici et al., 1988 N/A No N/A

Lepidosaphes
laterochitinosa Green MY, PH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) PestID, 2007 F

, L ( PIN309,
2005 ) Yes No 66

Lopholeucaspis cockerelli (Grandpré & Charmoy) ID, PH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 N/A No N/A

Morganella longispina (Morgan) ID, PH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2006; Watson, 2005c ) Mossler and

Nesheim, 2002 N/A No N/A

Parlatoria cinerea Danne & Hadden ( Syn. : P. pseudopyri Kuwana) ID, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 L

, Bk

, F

, Tw

, Br

, Tr ( Kosztarab,
1996 ) Yes No 67

Parlatoria pergandii
Comstock ID, MY, PH, TH ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) PestID, 2007 68 N/A No N/A

66 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of L. laterochitinosais are two interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is
insufficient evidence for a host association

. Consequently, this scale species is un likely to follow the pathway of commercial rambutan fruit.

67 We found no report s of P. cinerea or P. pseudopyri attacking any p lants in the family Sapindaceae, and only two original references ( Butani, 1977a; Butani, 1977b ) for
litchi as a host. Those sources are general articles on litchi pests that provide no specific information on P. cinerea or P. pseudopyri ( e.g. , collector’s name, date and location of collection, etc.), they are not strong evidence of a regular host association

. Indeed, they note that this pest and other listed scales do not severe ly damage
litchi ( Butani

, 1977a; 1977b ). The primary host of this pest is Citrus ( e.g. , Watson, 2005a; Williams and Watson, 1988a ). Furthermore, since 1985, out of t he 2,249 pest interceptions on litchi at U.S. ports

- of

- entry, the genus Parlatoria has never been intercepted ( PestID, 2008 ). Consequently , litchi is likely rarely a host , if at all.

68 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of P

. pergandii is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ) . T herefore, this association is questionable.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 23 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) ID, LA, MY, PH, TH,

VN , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US (FL, HI) ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) PestID, 2007 F

, St

, L

, Sh ( CABI,
2006 ) [Yes] 69 No 70

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN

, KH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2008 N/A No N/A

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) ID, PH, TH, VN , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); TH, MY, LA ( Watson,
2005a ); US (FL) ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) PIN309, 2005;

Quilici et al.,
1988 Anonymous,

1994; PestID,
2007 PestID, 2007 Bk

, St

, L ( Kosztarab, 1996 );

L ( PPQ, 2002 ); F

, L ( PIN309, 2004 ) [Yes] 71 Litchi =

Yes 62

L ongan = Yes 6 2

R ambutan

= No Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli (Cooley) [ Syn. : Phenacaspis cockerelli (Cooley)] ID, MY, PH, TH, VN

, KH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; CABI, 2005 ) Quilici et al.,

1988 N/A No N/A

Pseudaulacaspis

pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) MacGillivray ID, MY, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2005 ) Morton, 1987 N/A No N/A

Rutherfordia major (Cockerell) [ Syn. : Pseudaulacaspis major (Cockerell)] ID ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ); US (FL) ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2005; Lamberts and Crane, 1990; Morton, 1987; Quilici et al.,
1988 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 N/A No N/A

69 Parlatoria ziziphi is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States ( NIS, 2006 ).

70 The only evidence that longan is a host of P. ziziphi is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on leaves in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that longan is a host of this species , so this s cale is not likely to follow the pathway of commercial longan fruit.

71 Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States ( NIS, 2006 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 24 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Selenaspidus articulatus (Morgan) PH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ); US (FL) ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) ; US (CA) ( CABI, 2004 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 N/A No N/A

Thysanofiorinia nephelii (Maskell) ( Syn. : Fiorinia nephelii Maskell) TH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ); US (HI) ( Ben

Dov et al., 2005 ) ; US (FL) ( Coile and Dixon, 2002a, 2002b ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; PestID, 2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007; PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 L ( Wen et al.,
2002 ); F

, St

, L ( PIN309, 2003 ); L

, F ( PIN309, 2005 );

L ( Cooper and Oetting, 1987 ); L ( Takagi, 1979 ); Br ( Mesbah et al.,
2001 ); L

, St , and

Bk ( Kosztarab,
1996 ) [Yes] 72 Litchi, Longan (with

stem ) =Yes 73

,

6 2

Rambutan=

No 74

Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 ) Anonymous,
1994 F

, L , small Br ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes Yes 6 2

Hemiptera: Flatidae

Lawana imitata Melichar VN ( Waterhouse,
1993 ) Li

- zhong, 2000; Wen et al., 2002 L ( Wen et al.,

2002 ) Yes No

Hemiptera: Kerridae
Kerria greeni (Chamberlin) PH, TH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Li

- zhong,

200 0 St ( PPQ, 1999 ) Yes Yes (with stems)

72 Thysanofiorinia nephelii is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States ( NIS, 2003 ).

73 Since 1985, F

. nephelii has been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on fruit, but only in passenger baggage or in ship stores, never in commercial fruit ( PIN309, 2005 ).

In t he literature

, this species and other species in the genus only attack leaves (e.g., Cooper and Oetting, 1987; Kosztarab, 1996; Takagi, 1979; Wen et al., 2002 ), branches ( Mesbah et al., 2001 ), and bark or stems ( Kosztarab, 1996 ). We found no report that this genus attacks fruit. Thus , this scale is unlikely to follow the pathway
of fruit without stem.

74 T he only evidence that rambutan is a host of T

. nephelii are two intercep tions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this scale species would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambu tan fruits.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 25 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Kerria lacca (Kerr) ( Syn. : Laccifer lacca Kerr) MY ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ); ID ( CABI,
2006 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2005; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Wongsiri, 1991 CABI, 2006 Br ( Wongsiri,
1991 ); St ( Wen et al., 2002 ) Yes Yes (wit h stems)

Hemiptera: Largidae Lohita grandis (Gray) ( Syn. : Macroceroea grandis Gray) TH ( Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse,
1993 ); ID ( CABI,
2006 ) Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse,
1993 L ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Yes No

Hemiptera: Lecanodiaspididae Psoraleococcus multipori (Morrison) ID, PH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 Br ( Bhumannavar

and Jacob, 1989 ) 75 Yes No

Hemiptera: Lygaeidae Navarrus phaeophilus (Walker) ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 76

Hemiptera: Margarodidae
Crypticerya sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID , 2007 ) Yes No 77

Drosicha sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 78

Icerya purchasi Maskell ID, MY, PH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ) Anonymous,
1965b Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; PIN309, 2005 N/A No N/A

75 Plant part association for P

. multipori is based on data for the genus ( Bhu mannavar and Jacob, 1989 ).

76 The only evidence that litchi is a host of N

. phaeophilus is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this species would follow the pathway. Additionally, beca use of its size, biology, and mobility, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

77 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of Crypticerya sp. is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry with fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is
insufficient evidence that rambutan is a host . Thus , this pest is un likely to follow the pathway.

78 Since 1985, Drosicha sp. from an ASEAN country has been intercepted on c e at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on longan and on c e on rambutan , both in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2008 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this organism would regularly follow the longan and rambutan fruit pathway s.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 26 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Icerya seychellarium (Westwood) BN, ID, MY, PH, TH ( CABI, 2006 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; CABI, 2004; Caresche and Brenière, 1961; Lacoste, 1970; Quilici et al., 1988; Waite and Hwang,

2002 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 L

, St ( CABI,
2003 ); L

, Tw

, Br

, I

, F ( PPQ, 2002 ) Yes No 79

Icerya sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 Astridge, 2001; PestID, 2007 F

, St ( Astridge,

2001 ) Yes Yes

Hemiptera: Miridae Campylomma sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 80

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ); US ( CABI,
2005 ) Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 N/A No N/A

Rhynchocoris humeralis (Thunberg) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) China , 1997 F ( PPQ, 1999 ) Yes No 81

Tessaratoma javanica (Thunberg) ID, PH, TH, VN ( Waterhouse, 1993 ) Hill, 1983;

Waite and Hwang, 2002 Waterhouse,

1993 Wongsiri, 1991 F ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Yes N o 81

79 T he giant mealybug I. seychellarum is unlikely to be associated with commercial export q uality fruit. Despite its wide geographical range and wide host range ( CABI,
2007 ; PPQ, 2002 ), this species has been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry o n fruit only 11 times, and only one was with commercial fruit ( PestID, 2 008 ). W e found no other report of this insect attacking fruit. It usually attacks lea ves, twigs, and small branches, except in heavy infestations when it may also attack the petioles of flowers and fruits ( PPQ, 2002 ). Even if individuals infest fruit or the fruit’s associated stem, the mealybug’s physical characteristi cs would m ake it easily detectable (see PPQ, 2002). T herefore, infested fruit are likely to be culled during standard post

- harvest fruit processing.

80 Because of its size, biology, and/or mobility, Campylomma sp. is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing. Additionally , the only evidence that rambutan is a host of Campylomma sp. are two interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry with fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ).

T his is insufficient evidence that rambutan is a host.

81 B ecause of its size, biology, and mobility, this pest i s not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 27 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Tessaratoma papillosa (Drury) TH ( Anupunt, 2003a; CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993 ); ID, MY, PH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2006;

Waterhouse,
1993 Anupunt,

2003a; CABI,
2006 Hill, 1983 you ng terminals, I

, F ( Anupunt,
2003a ); F

, I

, St ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes N o 81

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Cataenococcus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes Yes

Crisicoccus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( Park and Hong, 1992; PestID,
2007 ) Yes Yes

Crisicoccus theobromae
Williams & Watson ID, MY, PH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

20 07 F ( Park and Hong,

1992; PestID,
2007 ) 82 Yes Yes

Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN , KH ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; CABI, 2004 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007; PPQ

- BATS, 1996 N/A No N/A

Dysmicoccus lepelleyi (Betrem) ( Syn. : Pseudococcus lepelleyi Betrem) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN

, KH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 PestID, 2007 83 L ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ) Yes No

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US (HI, FL) ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2005; Miller and Miller, 2002 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID,
2007 R

, St

, I

, L

, F

( PestID, 2008 ); L

, St , aerial R

, I

, F ( Martin Kessing et al., 2007 ) [Yes] 84 Yes

82 P lant part association information for C

. theobromae are based on data for the genus ( Park and Hong, 1992; PestID, 2007 )

. 83 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of D

. lepelleyi is one interception in baggage at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ) . T herefore, its association with rambutan is questionable.

84 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes is a quarantine

- significant pest with limited distribution in the continental United States ( PestID, 2009 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 28 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan
Dysmicoccus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes Yes

Exallomochlus camur
Williams MY, PH, TH ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 85

Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) [ Syn. : Cataenococcus hispidus (Morrison)] TH, MY ( Waterhouse,
1993 ); ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); MY ( Khoo et al., 1991 ) PestID, 2007 Be n

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID, 2007 CABI, 2006;

Khoo et al., 1991; PestID, 2007; Waterhouse,
1993 St

, F ( Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 ) Yes Longan

, Rambutan = Yes
Litchi= No 86

Exallomochlus philippinensis Williams PH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 F ( PestID, 2007 );

St

, F ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) 87 Yes Yes

Exallomochlus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 88

Ferrisia sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes Yes

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) TH ( Anupunt, 2003b ); BN, ID, MY, PH, TH,

VN , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); BN, ID, KH, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2 006 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2005; CABI, 2005 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2006; CABI,
2004 PestID, 2007 A nupunt, 2003b; PestID, 2007 N/A No N/A

85 Exallomochlus camur was intercepted once at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on longan fruit in passenger baggage

, and on c e on litchi fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ).

T his is insufficient evidence that this species would follow the pathway. We found no other source reporting longan or litchi as host s of this species.

86 The only evidence we found of Litchi chinensis being a host of Exallomochlus hispidus (synonym: Cataenococcus hispidus) is 6 interceptions on litchi at U.S. ports of entry, 4 in passenger baggage and 2 in ships stores ( PestID, 2009 ; query June 18 , 2009). T his is insufficient evidence that this organism would regularly follow the pathway.

87 Plant part association is based on information for the genus ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ).

88 Since 1985, Exallomochlus sp. has been intercepted on c e at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on rambutan from an ASEAN country , in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is
insufficient evidence that t his organism would regularly follow the pathway.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 29 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Hordeolicoccus eugeniae (Takahashi) ID, MY ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 Tw ( Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 ) 8 7 Yes No

Hordeolicoccus
heterotrichus Williams ID, MY, TH, VN , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 Tw ( Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 ) 8 7 Yes No

Hordeolicoccus invocatus
Williams PH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 Tw ( Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 ) 8 7 Yes No

Hordeolicoccus nephelii (Takahashi) ( Syn. : Phenacoccus nephelii Takahashi) MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID,
2007 Tw ( Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 ) 8 7 Yes No

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; CABI,
2006 ); ID ( CABI,
2006 ); US (CA, FL, HI) ( CABI, 2004;

M eyerdirk, 2003 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 Bk

, F

, I

, L

, St ( CABI, 2004 ); F ( PIN309, 2005 ) [Yes] 89 L itchi = No 90

L ongan = Yes

R ambutan = Yes

Maconellicoccus multipori (Takahashi) ID, MY, PH, TH ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) PestID, 2008 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID,
20 08 F ( P estID, 2008 ); R

( Malsch et al.,
2001 ) Yes L ongan = No 91

Rambutan =

Yes

Maconellicoccus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes Yes

Nipaecoccus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes Yes

89 Maconellicoccus hirsutus is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States ( N IS, 2003 ).

90 The only evidence that litchi is a host of M. hirsutus are six interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry, of which five were with passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is
insufficient evidence that litchi is a host of this scale species , so the pest i s highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial litchi fruit.

91 The only evidence that longan is a host of M

. multipori is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry with fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 30 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) [ Syn. : N.

vastator (Maskell)] ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); KH, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US (HI) ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2005 ) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 PestID, 2007 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID,
2007 F

, L

, Tw

, Br

( CABI, 2005 ); Tw

, Sh

, L

, I

, F

, Br

, R ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2005 ) Yes Yes

Paracoccus burnerae (Brain) ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 92

Paracoccus interceptus Lit [ Syn. : Planococcus

morrisoni (Ezzat & Mconnell)] BN, ID, KH, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; PestID,
2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007; PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Ye s Yes

Paracoccus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes Yes

Paraputo banzigeri
Williams TH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 R ( Bekele, 2001; PestID, 2007 ) Yes No

Phenacoccus madeirensis

Green PH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 N/A No N/A

Phenacoccus solani Ferris TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2 007 ) PestID, 2007 N/A No N/A

Phenacoccus sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes Yes

Planococcoides sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 93

92 The only evidence that longan is a host of P

. burnerae is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that longan is a host of this scale species and, therefore, this scale is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial longa n fruit.

93 Since 1985, Planococcoides sp. has been intercepted once at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on rambutan from an ASEAN country , in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this organism would regularly follow the pathway of comme rcial shipments of rambutan fruits from ASEAN countries.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 31 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Planococcus angkorensis (Takahashi) ( Syn. : P

. dorsospinus Ezzat & McConnell) ID, PH, TH, VN , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) PestID, 20 07 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 94

Planococcus citri (Risso) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 PestID, 2007 Biosecurity Australia, 2002; PestID, 2007; Waterhouse,
1993 N/A No N/A

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) ( Syn. : Pseudococcus lilacinus Cockerell) PH ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ) ; TH, VN ( PestID, 2007 ) ; BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007;
Wen et al

., 2002 Morton, 1987;

PestID, 2007 F ( PestID , 2007 );

L

, I

, F ( Wen et al.,

2002 ); F ( CABI,
2005 ) Yes Yes

Planococcus litchi Cox BN, PH, TH 95 , VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 L ( Kosztarab,

1996 ); L

, F ( PestID, 2007 ) 96 Yes Yes

Planococcus minor (Maskell) BN, ID, MY, PH, TH,

VN , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 I ( Williams and Watson, 1988b ); R

, L ( Cox, 1989 ); F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes Yes

94 The only evidence that litchi is a host of P. angkorensis is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient
evidence that litchi is a host

, and , therefore, this scale is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial litchi fruit.

95 Ben

- Dov et al. ( 2007 ) , citing Ben

- Dov, 1994; Cox, 1989 and Williams, 2004 , lists Thailand as part of Planococcus litchi ’s distribution. All these references appear to base the Thailand report on interceptions at ports

- of

- entry in the United St ates and England. Since 1985, there have been 2 interceptions at U.S. ports

- of

- entry of this species on plant material in passenger baggage from Thailand. Because the true origin of plant material in passenger baggage is difficult to know, this intercept ion data is not strong evidence that this organism occurs in Thailand. Also, the Thailand Department of Agriculture states that, based on extensive survey data, there is no record that the pest occurs in Thailand ( Ross, 2004 ). B ased on this evidence, we consider this organism to not be present in Thailand.

96 Plant part association information for Planococcus litchi is based on data for the genus ( Kosz tarab, 1996; PestID, 2007 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 32 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Pseudococcus aurantiacus
Williams BN, ID, MY, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 R

, L

, F

, St ( Ben

Dov et al., 2006 );
Sh

, F ( Williams and Watson,
1988b ) 97 Yes Yes

Pseudococcus baliteus Lit in Lit & Calilung ID, PH, TH, VN , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; PestID,
2007 Ben

- Dov et

al., 2007; PestID, 2007 Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; PestID,
2007 R ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ) Yes No

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) ID, MY, VN , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ) Hill, 1983;

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID,
2007 N/A No N/A

Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel ( Syn. : P

. citriculus Green) BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN , KH ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ); US (HI) ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 PestID, 2007 Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 R

, L ( Ben

- Dov et

al., 2006 ); Sh

, F ( Williams and Watson, 1988b ) Yes Yes

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel &
Miller BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2007; CABI, 2006; PestID,
2007 Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; CABI, 2006; PestID,
2007 N/A No N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 ); US ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2005 ) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; PestID,
2007 N/A No N/A

97 Plant part association for Pseudococcus aurantiacus is b ased on data at the genus level ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2006; Williams and Watson, 1988b )

.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 33 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) [ Syn. : Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell)] ID, PH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ); US ( Ben

Dov et al., 2005 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,

2009 PPQ

- BATS, 1996 N/A No N/A

Rastrococcus biggeri
Williams & Watson ID, PH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2008 ) PestID, 2008 F ( PestID, 2008 ) Yes No 98

Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) (synonym:
Phenacoccus iceryoides Green) BN, MY, TH ( Ben

Dov et al., 2007 ); ID ( CABI, 2006 ) Ben

- Dov et al., 2007; CABI,
2006 L

, I

, F

, Sh

, Tw

( CABI, 2007 ); L, St, F ( Yunus and Ho, 1980 ) Yes Yes

Rastrococcus jabadiu
Williams ID, PH, TH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 L

, St

, I

, F ( CABI,

2006 ) 99 Yes Yes

Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson) ( Syn. s: Phenacoccus spinosus Robinson, Puto spinosus Morrison) MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN , KH ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Khoo et al., 1991 I

, F ( Otanes, 1936 );

L

, St

, I

, F ( CABI,
2006 ) 100 Yes No 101

Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Williams MY, PH, TH, VN ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2007 ) Ben

- Dov et al.,
2007 L

, St

, I

, F ( CABI,

2006 ) 99 Yes Yes

Hemiptera: Psyllidae Neophacopteron euphoriae Yang ( Syn. : Cornegenapsylla sinica Yang et Li) TH ( Anupunt, 2003a ) Anupunt, 2003a; Taiwan, 2002 L ( Anupunt,
2003a ) Yes No

98 Since 1985, Rastrococcus biggeri has been interce pted three times at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on rambutan

, twice in passenger baggage and once in commercial cargo ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this organism would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruits.

99 Plant pa rt association for this pest is based on data for the genus ( CABI, 2006 ).

100 Plant part association for R

. spinosus is b ased on data fo r the genus ( CABI, 2006; Otanes, 1936 ).

101 W e found only one reference listing rambutan as a host of R

. spinosus (or Phenacoccus spinosus and Puto spinosus ) ( Khoo et al., 1991 ). T his source notes that man go is the most common host , and is otherwise a very general reference on crop pests in Malaysia

, which does not provide specific information on R. spinosus on rambutan

. Hence , this mealybug may not attack rambutan regularly (Khoo et al.

, 1991 ). Furthermore, out of over 5,000 pest interceptions s ince 1985 on rambutan at U.S. ports

- of

entry, R

. spinosus has never been intercepted ( PestID, 2008 ). Thus , rambutan is likely an incidental, rarely infested host.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 34 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Hemiptera: Scutelleridae

Cantao ocellatus (Thunberg) PH, ID, MY, TH, VN ( Li

- zhong, 2000 ) Anonymous,

2003 Anonymous,

2003 L ( Anonymous,
2003 ) Yes No

Hemiptera: Triozidae

Bactericera sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 20 07 F ( PestID, 2007 ) Yes No 102

Hymenoptera: Formicidae Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius) ID, MY, VN ( CABI,
2007 ) Hill, 1983 Biosecurity Australia, 2002 N/A No 103 N/A

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae Asuridia metaphaea Hampson TH ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Anonymous, 2003;
Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Chionaema coccinea

Moore TH ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Wongsiri,
1991 L ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

Cyana coccinea Moore LA, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Anonymous, 2003;
Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Bombycidae

Trilocha varians Walker MY, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2008 L ( Forsyth,

1966 ) 104 Yes No

102 The only evidence that litchi is a host of Bactericera sp. is that it was intercepted at a U.S. port

- of

- entry with fruit one time in passenger baggage ( PestID, 20 07 ). T his
is insufficient evidence that litchi is a host and, therefore, this organism is un likely to follow the pathway of commercial quality litchi fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

103 Oecophylla smaragdina is listed as a "non

- reportable" pest in PPQ’s interception database ( PestID, 2008 ).

104 Plant part association for T. varians is based on data for the genus ( Fo rsyth, 1966 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 35 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Indarbela dea (Swinhoe) ( Syn. : Lepidarbela dea Swinhoe) VN, ID ( Zhang, 1994 ) ; TH ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) CABI, 2004;

Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 CABI, 2006 Bk

, W ( CABI,
2006 ) Yes No

Zeuzera coffeae Neitner TH ( Anupunt, 2003a ); ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) Waite and

Hwang, 2002; Wongsiri, 1991 Anupunt,

2003a; Waite and Hwang,
2002 Bk

, Br ( Waite and Hwang, 2002 ); Br ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Drepanidae Tridrepana fulvata Snellen MY, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Y es No

Lepidoptera: Eucleidae Belippa cyanopasta Hampson TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005 L ( Anonymous,

1965a ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae
Eupterote amaena Walker MY ( Ro binson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Hill, 1983 ) 105 Yes No

Eupterote testacea Walker TH ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Nair, 1975 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Dichomeris indiserta Meyr. MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) McQuate et al., 2000; Robinson et al., 2005; Yunus and Ho,
1980 Sd (internal)

( Robinson et al.,
2001 )

, F ( Yunus and Ho, 1980 ) Yes Yes

105 Plant part association for E. amaena is based on data at the genus level ( Hill, 1983 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 36 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Ascotis selenaria (Denis and Schiffermuller) TH ( Ro binson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2001 Robinson et

al., 200 1;
Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Robinson et al.,
2001 ) Yes No

Aporandria specularia

Guen. TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ), TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Anonymo us, 1965a Robinson et al.,

2005 L ( Anonymous,

1965a ) Yes No

Biston suppressaria
Guenée ID ( CABI, 2006 ); MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) CABI, 2004 L ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes No

Cleora alienaria Walker ID, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 ; Robinson et al., 2001 I

, L ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Comibaena attenuata

Warr. TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ); TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Anonymous,
1965a L ( Anonymous,

1965a ) Yes No

Gymnoscelis imparatalis
Walker TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Anonymous, 2003;
Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et al.,

2005 L

, I ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Gymnoscelis tibialis Moore MY ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L

, I ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Hemithea tritonaria
Walker TH ( Ro binson et al.,

2008 ) Anonymous, 2003;
Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et al

.,

2005 L

, I ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Hypomecis transcissa
Walker MY ( Ro binson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 I ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes NoPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 37 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Hyposidra talaca (Walker) BN, ID, MY ( Waterhouse, 1993 ); TH ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2001 ; Kuroko and Lewvanich,
1993 Kuroko and

Lewvanich,
1993 Robinson et al.,

2005; Waterhouse,
1993 ; Kuroko and Lewvanich,
1993 L ( Mukhtar et al.,

2003; N asu et al., 2004; Waterhouse,
1993 ) Yes No

Idiochlora androcmes

Prout MY ( Ro binson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Borrer et al.,

1989 ) 106 Yes No

Jodis subtractata Walker TH, MY ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Anonymous, 2003;
Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et al.,

2005 I ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Oenospila flavifusata
Walter MY, TH ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Anonymous, 2003;
Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Anonymous, 2003; Robinson et al., 2001 ) Yes No

Pingasa chlora Stoll TH ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 I

, L ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Pingasa ruginaria Guenée MY, IN ( Zhang,
1994 ); TH ( Anonymous, 1965a ) Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous,
1965a Robinson et al.,

2005 L ( Anonymous,

1965a; Wongsiri,
1991 ) Yes No

Thalassodes depulsata
Walker MY ( Ro binson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Hill, 1983 ) Yes No

Thalassodes falsaria Prout TH ( Wo ngsiri, 1991 ) Wongsiri, 1991 Wongsiri,
1991 Robinson et al.,

2005 L ( Wongsiri,

1991 ); L

, I ( Ross,
2004 ) Yes No

Thalassodes immissaria
Walker LA, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 B ud, L ( Robinson et al., 2001 ) Yes No

Thalassodes quadraria
Guenée TH ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Wongsiri, 1991 Wongsiri,
1991 L ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

106 Plant part association for I

. androcmes is based on data at the family level ( Borrer et al., 1989 )

.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 38 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Acrocercops delicata Meyrick ID ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Yes No

Conopomorpha cramerella
Snellen ( Syn. : Acrocercops cramerella Snellen) MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); TH ( Anupunt, 2003a; Anupunt,
2003b ); BN, ID, MY, PH, TH ( CABI, 2006 ), VN ( PPD, 2007a a ) Bose et al., 2001 Anupunt,
2003a Anupunt, 2003b;

CABI, 2004; Khoo et al., 1991; McQuate et al., 2000; PestID, 2007; Robinson et al., 2005;
Waite and Hwang, 2002; Waterhouse,
1993 F (borer)

( Waterhouse,
1993 ); L

, F ( Bose et al., 2001 ); Sd

, Tw ( Morton,
1987 ); young terminals, F ( Anupunt, 2003a ) Yes L itchi

, L ongan = No 107

Rambutan =

Yes

Conopomorpha litchiella Bradley TH ( Anupunt, 2003a ) Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 Anupunt,

2003a young terminals ( Anupunt, 2003a );

L ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley TH ( CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993 ); VN ( PPD, 2005 ) CABI, 2004;

Waite and Hwang, 2002;
Waterho use, 1993 Waterhouse,

199 3 F

, Sd ( Wongsiri,
1991 ); F borer ( Waterhouse,
1993 ) Yes Yes

Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae Gastropacha pardale
Walker BN, ID, TH ( R obinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Yes No

Paralebeda lucifuga
Swinhoe MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Yunus and Ho,

1980 ) 108 Yes No

107 Although C

. cramerella reportedly attacks litchi (e.g., Bose et al., 2001; Morton, 1987 ) and longan ( Anupunt, 2003a ), the insect identified on litchi in the past was not
C. cramerella , but C. sinensis or C. litchiella ( Waite and Hwang, 2002 ). Also, the host range of C. cramerella is restricted to rambutan and cocoa ( Waite and Hwang,
2002 ). Consequently, C. cramerella is unlikely to follow the pathway of litchi and longan fruit.

108 Plant part association for Paralebeda lucifuga is based on data for the genus ( Yunus and Ho, 1980 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 39 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Suana concolor Walker PH ( CABI, 2006 ); MY, ID ( Zhang,
1994 ); TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) CABI, 2006 L ( Hutson and Jardine, 1923 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Cheromettia sumatrensis Heylaerts ID, MY, TH ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Idonauton apicalis Walker MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Anonymous, 2003;
Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Robinson et al.,
2001 ) Yes No

Miresa albipuncta Herrich

Schäffer TH, MY, ID ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,

200 1; Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et

al., 2001;
Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et al.,

2001; Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Parasa herbifera Walker MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Phocoderma velutina
Kollar TH, MY ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Scopelodes testacea Butler TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ); MY, VN ( Waterhouse, 1993 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Scopelodes unicolor
Westwood ID ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2008 I ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Setora fletcheri Holloway TH ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae Chalcocelis albiguttatus (Snellen) MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); ID, MY, TH ( CABI, 2006 ) Khoo et al., 1991; Ooi et al., 2002; Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Ooi et al., 2002 ) Yes NoPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 40 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Darna diducta (Snellen) ID, MY, PH, TH ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous, 2003;
Robinson et al., 2008 CABI, 2004;

Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes No

Griseothosea cruda Walker MY, ID ( Zhang, 1994 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( CABI, 2006;

Ooi et al., 2002; Waterhouse, 1993 ) ; Br

, Tr ( Fang et al.,

2001 ) 109 Yes No

Parasa lepida (Cramer) MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); TH ( Anupunt,
2003b ); KH, ID, LA, MY, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ) CABI, 2006 Robinson et al., 2008; Wongsiri,
1991 Anupunt, 2003b;

Khoo et al., 1991; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse,
1993 L ( CABI, 2006;

Waterhouse, 1993 ) Yes No

Setora nitens Walker MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); BN, ID, LA, MY, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ) Khoo et al., 1991; Waterhouse,
1993 L ( Waterhouse,

1993 ) Yes No

Setora sinensis Moore [ Syn. : S. postornata (Hamptson)] MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); BN, ID, LA, MY, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ) China, 1997 Br

, Tr ( Fang et al.,
2001 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Acytolepis puspa Distant MY ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Anthene emolus Godart TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L

, F ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ); L ( Yunus and Ho,
1980 ) Yes No 110

109 Plant part association information for G

. cruda is based on data for the family ( CABI, 2006; Fang et al., 2001; Ooi et al., 2002; Waterhouse, 1993 ).

110 Because it feeds externally on the fruit ( Robinson et al., 2001 ), th is pest is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 41 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Deudorix diovis Hewitson ( Syn. : D

. epijarbas
diovis Hewitson) ID ( Edwards et al.,
1999 ) Edwards et al.,

1999; Waite and Hwang, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; Waite and Hwang,
2002 F ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Waite and Hwang,

2002 ) Yes Yes

Deudorix epijarbas (Moore) TH ( Anupunt, 2003a ); ID ( CABI, 2006 ); MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Storey and

Rogers, 1980;
Waite and Hwang, 2002 Anonymous,

1965b; Anupunt,
2003a CABI, 2004;

Robinson et al.,
2005 F ( Anupunt, 2003a;

Storey and Rogers, 1980; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Wen et al., 2002 ) 111 ; F

, I ( Verma, 1985 ); Sd ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes Yes

Hypolycaena erylus Godt. TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ); TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Anonymous,
1965a Anonymous,

1965a L ( Anonymous,

1965a ) Yes No

Nacaduba kurava (Moore) TH ( Ro binson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 I

, Sh ( Herbison

Evans and Crossley, 2005 ) Yes No

Prosotas dubiosa (Semper) MY, ID ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Storey and

Rogers, 1980 I ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ) Yes No

Rapala dieneces Hewitson TH ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 I ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Rapala iarbus (Fabricius) ID ( CABI, 2006 ); TH, MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) CABI, 2006; Robinson et al.,
2005 L

, I

, F ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No 1 10

Rapala manea Hewitson PH, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et al.,

2008 I

, F ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ); I ( Johnson et al.,
1980 ) Yes No 1 10

111 Larvae of D. epijarbas feed on seed s within litchi fruit by burrowing through the outer edible fruit tissue ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 42 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Rapala pheretima (Hewitson) MY ( Waterhouse,
1993 ); TH ( Anonymous, 1965a ) Ross, 2004 Anonymous, 1965a; CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse,
1993 L ( Anonymous,

1965a ); I ( Waterhouse,
1993 ) Yes No

Rapala varuna Horsfield TH, MY ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Lambkin, 1983;

Storey and Rogers, 1980 Robinson et al.,
2005 I , young green St

( Lambkin, 1983 ); I ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ); I

, Sh ( Herbison

Evans and Crossley, 2005 ); L ( Yunus and Ho,
1980 ) Yes No

Remelana jangala
Horsfield ID, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) ; TH, MY, PH, ID ( Young, 2000 ) Young, 2000 Robinson et al., 2008 L

, I ( Young, 2000 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae Arctornis perfecta Walker MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) 112 Yes No

Dasychira mendosa (Hübner) BN, KH, MY, PH ( CABI, 2006 ) Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 Wongsiri,

1991 L ( PIN309, 2005; Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

Euproctis fraterna Moore VN ( Zhang, 1994 ); TH ( CABI, 2006 ) Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Anonymous,
2003 ) Yes No

Euproctis scintillans (Walker) ( Syn. : Porthesia scintillans Walker) ID, MY, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2006; Hill, 1983; Waterhouse,
1993 L ( Hill, 1983;

Waterhouse, 1993 ) Yes No

Euproctis varians Walker MY, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Anonymous,
2003 I

, L ( Robinson et al., 2001 ) Yes No

112 Plant part association for A. p erfecta is based on data for the genus ( Robinson et al., 2001 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 43 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan
Leucoma cygna Moore TH ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Lymantria mathura Moore TH ( Ro binson et al.,

2008 ) CABI, 2004;

Hill, 1983 I ( Morton, 1987 ) Yes No

Nygmia fraterna Moore TH ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Wongsiri,
1991 L ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

Olene mendosa Hübner ID, LA, MY, VN, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Orgyia osseata Walker MY, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 L

, I ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Orgyia postica (Walker) ( Syn. : Notolophus australis posticus Walker) BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 L ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes No

Orgyia turbata Butler MY, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ) Wongsiri,
1991 L ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

Orvasca subnotata Walker BN, MY, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Ro binson et al.,
2008 I

, L ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Somena scintillans Walker TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L

, I ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae Indarbela disciplaga
Swinhoe MY ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Robin son et al.,
2005 Bk ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Indarbela obliquifasciata
Mell TH ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al., 2008 L

, Bk

, W ( Robinson et al.,

20 01 ) 113 Yes No

Indarbela quadrinotata
Walker TH ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) CABI, 2004;

Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 L

, Bk

, W ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

113 Plant part association for Indarbela obliquifasciata is based on data for the genus ( Robinson et al., 2001 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 44 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Indarbela tetraonis Moore TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Bose et al.,

2001; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 PPQ, 1999 Robinson et al.,
2005 Bk

, Br ( Bose et al.,

2001 ); Tr ( Morton,
1987 ) Yes No

Squamura disciplaga (Swinhoe) MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); MY, ID, PH ( Zhang, 1994 ) Khoo et al., 1991 W

, Bk ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Achaea janata (Linnaeus) KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) ; BN, ID ( Robinson et al., 2008 ); US (HI) ( CABI, 2005 ) Astridge and

Fay, 2003b;
Waite and Hwang, 2002 Biosecurity

Austr alia,
2002 Astr idge, 2001;

Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Astridge and

Fay, 2003b; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Waite and Hwang,
2002 ); L

, F ( CABI,
2005 ); L ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ) Yes No 114

Athyrma bubo Hubn. TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Anonymous,
1965a L ( Anonymous,

1965a ) Yes No

Autoba abrupta Walker LA, MY, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Ro binson et al.,

2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 Robinson et al.,

2008 I

, L ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Autoba brachygonia Hampson TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et al.,

2005 I

, F ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No 1 10

Avatha discolor (Fabricius) MY ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Herbison

- Evans

and Crossley,
2005 ) Yes No

Chlumetia transversa (Walker) ( Syn. : Salagena transversa ) ID, MY, PH, TH ( CABI, 2006 ) Hill, 1983;

M orton, 1987 Sh ( Morton, 1987 ) Yes No

Erebus ephesperis Hübner TH ( Ro binson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 F ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No 1 10

114 Only the adult stage of Achaea janata fee ds on the fruit ( CABI, 2004 ). Because of its mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 45 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Erbeus erepuscularis L. TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Anonymous,
1965a F ( Anonymous,

1965a ) Yes No 115

Eublemma abrupta (Walker) ( Syn. : Autoba abrupta ) TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ); TH, MY ( Waterhouse, 1993 ) Ross, 2004 Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse,
1993 Anonymous,

1965a; CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse,
1993 L ( Anonymous,

1965a ); I ( Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

Eublemma brachygonia Hampson ( Syn. : Autoba brachygonia ) TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ); TH, MY ( Waterhouse, 1993 ) Ross, 2004 Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse,
1993 Anonymous,

1965a; CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse,
1993 I ( Anonymous,

1965a; Waterhouse, 1993 ) Yes No

Eublemma versicolor Walker ( Syn. : Autoba
versicolor Walker) TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ); ID, MY, PH, TH ( Waterhouse,
1993 ) Storey and

Rogers, 1980; Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous,

1965a; Waterhouse,
1993 Anonymous,

1965a; CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse,
1993 I ( Wongsiri, 1991 );

F

, I

, St ( Yunus and Ho, 1980 ); I

, F ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ) Yes No 116

115 Erbeus erepuscularis is a fruit

- sucking moth ( Anonymous, 1965a ). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and stan dard handling and processing.

116 Eublemma versicolor apparently fee ds on the inside of litchi fruit (Storey and Rogers, 1980 ), but most reports indicate the species and genus feed externally on leaves, flowers, and/or fruit of its hosts ( Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2001; Wongsiri, 1991 ). R elated species (e.g., Eublemma olivacea, E. rivula, Autoba sp.) also feed externally on leaves of their hosts ( Hill, 1983 ). Finally, since 1985, Eublemma spp. has only been intercepted twice , neither time on fruit or in permit cargo ( PIN309,
2006 ). Thus , this species is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 46 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) ( Syn. : Othreis fullonia Clerck, O. fullonica Linn.) TH ( Anonymous, 1965a; Anupunt, 2003b; CABI, 2006 ); BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US (HI) ( CABI, 2006; Zhang, 1994 ) Astridge and

Fay, 2003a; CABI, 2005;
Waite and Hwang, 2002 Anonymous,

1965a; Biosecurity

Aust ralia, 2002; CABI, 2006; Waterhouse,
1993 Anonymous,

1965a; Anup unt, 2003b; CABI, 2006; Waterhouse,
1993 F ( bor er)

( Waterhouse,
1993 ); F ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002;

C ABI, 2004;
Menzel and McConchie, 1998b; Waite and Hwang, 2002 ); F ( pierc er) ( Anonymous, 1965a; Anupunt,
2003b ) Yes No 117

Eudocima hypermnestra
Stoll TH ( Zhang, 1994 ) Robinson et al., 2008; Zhang, 1994 F ( Zhang, 1994 ) Yes No 118

Eudocima salaminia (Cramer) TH ( Zhang, 199 4 ); BN, VN, TH ( CABI,
2006 ) Astridge and

Fay, 2003a;
Waite and Hwang, 2002 Biosecurity

Australia,

2002 Astridge, 2001 F ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002;
Menzel and McConchie,
1998b ); F (piercer) ( Astridge, 2001 ) Yes No 119

117 Eudocima fullonia is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export quality fruit, as only the adults feed on fruit, and only externally ( CABI, 2004; Menzel and
McConc hie, 1998b; Waite and Hwang, 2002 ). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and shipping

. Furthermore, this species is reported to feed on the fruit at night ( CABI, 2004 ), decreasing even further the likelihood of this insect being associated with fruit at harvest and, therefore, following the pathway.

118 Eudocima hypermnestra is unlikely to follow the pathway of c ommercial export quality fruit, as only the adults feed on fruit, and they only feed on the fruit externally ( Zhang, 1994 ). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commod ity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

119 Eudocima salaminia is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export quality fruit, as only the adults feed on fruit, and they only feed on th e fruit externally ( Menzel and McConchie, 1998b; Waite and Hwang, 2002 ). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 47 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Homodes bracteigutta (Walker) ( Syn. : Lophoruza chalcocosma

Turner ) MY ( Zhang, 1994 ); TH ( Ro binson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al., 2001 Robinson et al.,

2001; Robinson et al., 2005 I ( Herbison

- Evans

and Crossley,
2005 ); F ( Robinson et al., 20 01; Robinson et al.,
2005 ) Yes No 120

Homodes perilitha Hampson TH, MY ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 I ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Ischyja manlia Cramer MY ( Zhang, 199 4 ); TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous,
1965a L ( Wongsiri,

1991 ); F ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Yes No 121

Mecodina subcostalis
Walker TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Mocis undata Fabricius MY, ID, TH ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Ophiusa coronata (Fabricius) ID ( Zhang, 1994 ); TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); TH, MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 F ( Herbison

- Evans

and Crossley,
2005 ) Yes No 122

120 W e found no specific information about H

. bracteigutta or L. chalcocosma ( Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005 ). We assumed t he species would behave like other members of the subfamily Catocalinae, which often pierce fruit as adults and feed on foliage as larvae ( Nielson and Common, 1991 ). Homodes bracteigutta is

, therefore, unlikely to follow the pathway because minimal processing of the commodity would likely remove the adult prior to shipment.

121 Ischyja manlia is a fruit

- piercing moth ( Anonymous, 1965a ). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through
harves t and standard handling and processing.

122 Adults of Ophiusa coronata pierce the fruit to suck juice ( Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005 ). Because this species only feeds externally on the fruit and because of its size and mobility, it is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 48 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Oxyodes scrobiculata
Fabricius TH ( Anonymous, 1965a; Anupunt, 2003a; Anupunt, 2003b; Waterhouse,
1993 ); MY ( Waterhouse, 1993 ) Waite and

Hwang, 2002; Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous,

1965a; Anupunt, 2003a; Waterhouse,
1993 Anonymous,

1965a; Anupunt, 2003b; CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005;

Water house,
1993 L ( Anonymous,

1965a; Anupunt, 2003a; Wongsiri,
1991 ) Yes No

Pericyma cruegeri (Butler) MY, ID, PH ( Zhang,
1994 ); TH, MY ( Robinson et al. , 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Reddy et al.,

1985; Robinson et al., 2005 ) Yes No

Pseudathyrma bubo Geyer TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L

, I

, F ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No 1 10

Pseudathyrma complens
Walker TH, MY ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Pseudathyrma perficiens
Walker TH ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Yes No

Serrodes campana Guenée TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ); MY ( Yunus and Ho, 1980 ) A nonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005 I

, F ( Herbison

Evans and Crossley, 2005 ); L ( Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005 ); I

, L ( Yunus and Ho,
1980 ) Yes No 123

Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) ( Syn. : Prodenia litura Fabricius) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ); US (HI) ( CABI,
2006 ) Robinson et al.,

2006 Wen et al.,

2002 L

, R

, F ( CABI,
2005 ); L

, I

, Sh

, F ( PPQ, 2002 ) Yes No 124

123 Only adults of Serrodes campana are reported to feed on fruit, and they feed on damaged ripe fruit ( Herbison

- Evans and Crossley, 2005 ). Because of that and their size and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and stand ard handling and processing.

124 Spodoptera litura is primarily a leaf

- feeder ( CABI, 2005; CABI/EPPO, 1997 ; PPQ, 2002 ) , but apparently sometimes feeds on fruit , reportedly causing 5

- 10 percent fruit damage in grapes (CABI , 2005 )

. W e found no reports of it feeding on litchi or longan fruit. Also, since 1985, the genus Spodoptera has never been interceptedPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 49 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Sympis rufibasis Guenée MY ( Yunus and Ho,
1980 ), TH ( Kuroko and Lewvanich, 1993 ) Kuroko and

Lewvanich,
1993 Anonymous,

2003;
Robinson et al., 2008 ; Kuroko and Lewvanich,
1993 Yunus and Ho,

1980 ; Kuroko and Lewvanich,
1993 L ( Yunus and Ho,

1980 ); I

, L ( Kuroko an d Lewvanich, 1993 ) Yes No

Trigonodes hyppasia (Cramer) ( Syn. : Chaciope deliana ) TH ( Ro binson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2005; Singh and Goel, 1986 ) Yes No

Vescisa commoda Walker TH ( Ro binson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 F ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No 1 10

Zurobata vacillans Walker MY, TH, ID ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Anonymous, 2003;
Rob inson et al., 2008 L ( Robinson et al.,
2001 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Nolidae Erizada semifervens
Walker TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L

, Bk ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Nola analis Wileman &

West MY ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Selepa celtis Moore TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Robinson et al.,
2001 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

Dudusa distincta Mell. TH ( Anonymo us, 1965a ) Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005 L ( Anonymous,

1965a ) Yes No

with litchi or longan at U.S. ports

- of

- entry, and the great majority of interceptions of this genus have been with flowers and leaves ( PIN309, 2006 ). Of t he interceptions with fruit, 38 percent were with Capsicum sp., and other hosts only had 1 to 3 interceptions. Thus , this species is unlikely to follow the litchi and longan fruit pathway s.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 50 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Dudusa nobilis Walker TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ); ID, MY ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2004 ; Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005 L ( Anonymous,

1965a; Wongsiri,
1991 ) Yes No

Dudusa synopla Swinhoe TH ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Hyperaeschrella insulicola (Kiriakoff) MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); TH, MY ( Waterhouse, 1993 ) CABI, 2004; Khoo et al., 1991; Ooi et al., 2002; Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Waterhouse,

1993 ) Yes No

Neostauropus alternus
Walker BN, ID, MY, PH, VN, TH ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Anonymous,

2003; Robinson et al., 2008 Anonymous,

2003;
Robinson et al., 2008 Robinson et al.,

2008 Br

, L ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Stauropus alternus (Walker) ID, MY, PH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous,
1965b CABI, 2006 L ( Hill, 1983 ) Yes No

Tarsolepis remicauda
Butler TH ( Ro binson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Yes No

Tarsolepis sommeri Hbn. ID ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2006 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) 125 Yes No

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae

Melanitis leda ismene

Cramer ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2004 L ( CABI, 2004 ) Yes No

Polyura schreiber Godart TH, MY, ID, PH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) CABI, 2004; Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae Athrypsiastis symmetra Meyrick MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L

, I

, St ( Borrer et

al., 1989 ) 126 Yes No

125 Plant part association for this pest is based on data for the genus ( Robinson et al., 2001 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 51 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Stathmopoda conioma Meyrick ID, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2008 I

, F (internal)

, Sd

,

pods, Tw

, Sh ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) 125 Yes Yes

Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae Argyroploce discana
Felder. TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Anonymous,
1965a Anonymous,

1965a L

, I ( Anonymous,

1965a ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Pieridae Delias hyparete Linnaeus TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Clania minuscula Butler ( Syn. : Eumeta minuscula Butler) VN ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous,
1994 L

, Sh ( Sim bolon and Yukawa, 1993 ) Yes No

Dappula tertia Templeton ID, MY ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous,
1994 L

, Bk ( Das, 1956 ) Yes No

Eumeta variegata (Snellen) ( Syn. s: Clania variegata Snellen, Clania pryeri Leech) VN ( CABI, 2006 ); TH, MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Anonymous,
1994 L ( Sun et al., 1999 ) Yes No

Heylaertsia griseata Hampson MY ( Ro binson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Manatha albipes Moore MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Pagodiella hekmeyeri Heylaerts ID, MY, TH ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Pteroma pendula Joannis MY, ID ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Pteroma plagiophleps Hmps. ID, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Hill, 1983 L ( Hill, 1983 ) Yes No

126 Plant part association for A

. symmetra is based on data for the family ( Borrer et al., 1989 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 52 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella (Walker) ( Syn. : Ephestia cautella Walker) BN, ID, MY, PH, TH,

VT ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2005 ) Kumar and Lall,

1984 N/A No N/A

Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) ( Syn. : Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenée) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ); MY ( Khoo et al., 1991 ); TH ( Anonymous, 1965a );
ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 Anonymous,

1965a; Biosecurity Australia, 2002; PestID, 2007; Waterhouse,
1993 Anonymous,

1965a; Astridge, 2001; CABI, 2004; Khoo et al., 1991; McQuate et al., 2000; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse,
1993 F ( Biosecurity

Australia, 2002 ); F ( PIN309, 2005 ) ; I ( Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993 );

F

, St

, L

, Bk ( CABI,
2005 ); F ( CSIRO, 1991; Gupta and Arora, 2001; Ooi et al., 2002; Wongsiri, 1991 ); F (borer) ( Anonymous, 1965a; Waterhouse, 1993 );

F 127

, ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ) 128 Yes Yes

Cryptoblabes gnidiella
Millière TH ( CABI, 2006 ); MY ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ); US (HI) ( CABI,
2006 ) PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 McQuate et al.,
2000 F (internal)

( McQuate et al.,

2000 ); F (internal),

L

, St (internal) ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes No (litchi, longan) 129 ; Yes (rambutan)

Doloessa ochrociliella Ragonot MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Yes No

127 Larvae of C

. punctiferalis feed on litchi seed s within fruit by burrowing through the edible fruit tissue ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ).

128 Because we could not locate D

. punctigeralis elsewhere in the literature, we assume the name in Storey and Rogers ( 1980 ) is a misspelling of D

. punctiferalis

. 129 The on ly evidence that litchi and longan are hosts of C

. gnidiella is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on litchi in passenger baggage and one interception on longan in mail ( PestID, 2007 ). T his is insufficient evidence that this species would regularly follow t he pathway of commercial shipments of litchi or longan fruits.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 53 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) TH ( Ro binson et al.,

2008 ); US ( Herbison

Evans and Crossley, 2007; Robinson et al.,
2008 ) PestID,
2008 130 N/A No N/A

Hedylepta barcalis Walker TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Anonymous,

1965a L ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Yes No

Hendecasis duplifascialis Hampson ID, PH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) PestID, 2008 131 I ( Robinson et al.,
2001 ) Yes No

Herpetogramma
licarsisalis Walker MY, TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ), PH ( CABI

, 2007 ); US (HI) ( Herbison

- Evans and
Cro ssley, 2005 ) Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Herbison

- Evans

and Crossley, 2005; Robinson et al., 2001 ) Yes No

Heterocrasa expansalis

Warren MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al., 2005; Yunus and Ho, 1980 L ( Yunus and Ho,

1980 ) Yes No

Hypsipyla robusta Moore ID, MY ( Zhang,
1994 ); TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Zhang, 1994 Sh ( Cunningham and Floyd, 2004; Hossain et al.,

2004 ); F ( Sangha, 2000; Verma and Nutul, 2000 ); seedlings ( Nguyen Van, 2001 ); Sh

, I

, F

, Bk ( Griffiths,
2001 ); Br ( Chen and Cha, 1998 ) Yes No 132

130 The only evidence that longan is a host of E

. ceratoniae is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ). Thus , its association with longan is questionable.

131 The only evidence that litchi is a host of H. duplifascialis is one interception at U.S. ports

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ). Thus, its association with litchi is questionable.

132 Hypsipyla robusta is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial litchi fruit because of the questionable host status. P yralids in Hypsipyla generally attack plants in the family Meliaceae, subfamily Swietenioideae ( Biosecurity Australia, 2007 ; Griffiths, 2001 ). Although this genus reportedly feed s on plants in other groups, these
report s “probably constitute misidentification of the insects and/or misinterpretation of the damage

, ” and “some records may represent chance feeding events”Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 54 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Nacoleia octasema (Meyrick) ID ( Zhang, 1994 ); ID, MY ( CABI, 2006 ); TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 I

, L

, St

, F ( CABI,

2004 ); F ( Robinson et al., 2005 ) Yes No 133

Prasinoxena monospila Meyrick TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 Bk ( Robinson e t

al., 2001 ) Yes No

Psara basalis Walker ID, TH, MY ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 I ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Pycnarmon quinquepuncta
Swinhoe MY ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) 125 Yes No

Tirathaba mundella Walker ID, MY ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2004; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse,
1993 F (borer)

( Waterhouse,
1993 ); F (internal), growing points, I ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes Yes

Tirathaba rufivena Walker MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); ID, MY, PH, TH ( CABI, 2006 ) Storey and

Rogers , 1980 Khoo et al., 1991; McQuate et al., 2000; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse,
1993 98 I , growing points,

young F ( CABI,
2005 ); F ( Yunus and Ho, 1980 ); F ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ) Yes No 134

Tirathaba ruptilinea
Walker ID, TH ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2008 F (internal)

( Robinson et al., 2001; Wongsiri,
1991 ) Yes Yes

( Griffiths, 2001 ). Besides the report by Zhang ( 1994 ) (which is simply a catalog, not an original reference source), we found no other repo rt of litchi as a host of H.
robusta . Finally, since 1985, the genus Hypsipyla has never been intercepted at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on litchi or any other Sapindaceae plants ( PestID, 2007 ).

133 L arvae of Nacoleia octasema feed externally on the fruit ( CABI, 2004 ). Because of the size and mobility of the larvae, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

134 Field surveys found T. rufivena dam aging litchi fruit by burrowing through the outer edible fruit tissue to feed on the seed, which causes the fruit “to drop if young, or makes it unmarketable” ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ). Any such fruit will likely be detected during post

- harvest processing

. Also, the lar vae of this species are relatively large (up to 30 mm) and very active when disturbed, and they cause immature fruit to abort ( CABI, 2005 ). Thus , this species is highly unlikely to follow t he pathway.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 55 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Lepidoptera: Saturniidae

Attacus atlas (Linnaeus) MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2004 CABI, 2004; Khoo et al., 1991; Waterhouse,
1993 L ( CABI, 2006;

Waterhouse, 1993 ) Yes No

Cricula trifenestrata (Helfer) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI,
2006 ) CABI, 2004 L ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Scythrididae Eretmocera impactella
Walker TH ( Zhang, 1994 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Baloch et al.,

1978; Srivastava and Pant, 1974 ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae Cephonodes picus Cram. TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ; Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Anonymous,

1965a L ( A nonymous, 1965a ) Yes No

Theretra latreillii (Macleay) TH ( Ro binson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 F ( Robinson et al.,

2005 ); L

, St ( Hawkeswood,
1993 ) Yes No 135

Lepidoptera: Thyrididae Striglina asinina Warren TH ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Yes No

Striglina divisata Warr. TH ( Anonymous,
1965a ) Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2005 I ( Anonymous,

1965a ) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Tineidae Erechthias leucopogon Meyrick TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Ro binson et al., 2008 Bk

, Sd ( Robinson et al., 2001 ) Yes No 136

135 Theretra spp. feed externally on host plants ( CABI, 2004 ) and the adults and larvae are large and mobile. Therefore, T. latreillii is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 56 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Adoxophyes fasciculana
Walker MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Ro binson et al., 2008 L ( Robinson et al.,
2001 ) 125 Yes No

Adoxophyes perstricta Meyrick ID ( CABI, 2006 ) Meijerman and
Ulen berg, 2000 L ( Waterhouse,

1993 ); L

, F ( Hill,
1983 ) Yes No 137

Adoxophyes privatana
Walker MY ( Khoo et al.,
1991 ); ID, MY, VN ( Waterhouse, 1993 ); TH, MY, PH ( Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004 ) Taiwan, 2002 CABI, 2004; Khoo et al., 1991; Ooi et al., 2002; Waterhouse,
1993 L ( Waterhouse,

1993 ) Yes No

Archips dispilana Walker MY ( Ro binson et al.,
2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Archips machlopis Meyrick MY ( Waterhouse,
1993 ); TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Ross, 2004 Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri,
1991 L ( Waterhouse,

1993; Wongsiri,
1991 ) Yes No

Archips micaceana (Walker) TH ( Anupunt, 2003a ); LA, MY, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) Anupunt, 2003a;

Hill, 1983; Robinson et al.,
2001 Anupunt,

2003a;
Robinson et al., 2001 Robinson et al.,

2001; Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse,
1993 L

, I ( Anupunt,

2003a; Robinson et al., 2001 ); L ( Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

Archips mimicus Walsingham MY ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L

, I

, F (internal)

( Robinson et al.,
2001 ) Yes Yes

Archips tabescens Meyrick MY ( Waterhouse,
1993 ) Zhang, 1994 L ( Zhou and Deng,

2004 ) Yes No

136 E

. leucopogon attacks only the bark, not the seed, of longan ( Robinson et al

., 2001 ) . T herefore, this species is unlikely to follow the pathway on longan.

137 Plan t part association for A

. perstricta is based on data for the genus. Adoxophyes larvae feed only on the leaves and the surface of fruit ( Hill, 1983 )

, so this pest is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 57 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Cerace sardias Meyrick TH ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Cnesteboda celligera Meyrick ID, MY, TH ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2001; Robinson et al., 2008 PPQ, 1999 Robinson et al., 2001; Robinson et al., 2008 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes No

Cryptophlebia illepida
Butler TH, MY, US (HI) ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) CABI, 2004 McQuate et al.,

2000 F (internal)

( McQuate et al.,
2000 ) Yes Yes

Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) KH, ID, LA, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); MY ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ); US (HI) ( Chang, 1995; McQuate et al., 2000 ) Hill, 1983;

Waite, 2004b;
Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 Biosecurity

Aus tralia, 2002; Hyde, 2000; PestID, 2007; Waite and Hwang,

2002 McQuate et al.,

2000 F ( Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; Hill, 1983; Waite, 2004b; Waite and Hwang, 2002 ) Yes Yes

Dudua aprobola Meyrick ( Syn. : Platypeplus aprobola Meyrick, Argyroploce aprobola Meyrick) VN ( Kuznetzov,
2003 ); BN, TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Biosecurity

Australia, 2002; Bose et al., 2001; Morton

, 1987; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zhang, 1994 Ano nymous,

1994 I ( Abraham and Jayanthi, 1999; Bose et al., 2001 );

L ( Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Bose et al., 2001; Mann and Singh, 1984; Punnaiah and Devaprasad, 1996; Wen et al.,
2002 ); L

, I ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ) Yes No

Gatesclarkeana erotias Meyrick ID ( Zha ng, 1994 ) Robinson et al., 2001; Zhang,
1994 L

, Sh

, I

, F (internal) ( Robinson et al.,

2001 ) Yes Yes

Gatesclarkeana idia
Diakonoff TH ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Ro binson et al., 2008 Robinson et al.,

2005 L

, I ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes NoPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 58 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Homona coffearia (Nietner) ID, MY, PH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); TH ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) CABI, 2004;

Waite and Hwang, 2002 Anonymous,

1994 CABI, 2004;

Robinson et al., 2005; Waterhouse,
1993 L ( CABI, 2004;

Hill, 1983; Waterhouse, 1993 );

I ( Storey and Rogers, 1980 ) Yes No

Homona difficilis Meyrick TH ( Robinson et al.,

2008 ) Waite and

Hwang, 2002 Anonymous,

2003; Waite,
2005 Waite and

Hwang, 2002 L ( Robinson et al.,

2001; Waite, 2005 ) Yes No

Homona eductana Walker MY, TH ( Ro binson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,

2008 Robinson et

al., 2008 Robins on et al.,

2008 I ( Wongsiri, 1991 ),

L ( Robinson et al.,
2001 ) Yes No

Lobesia aeolopa Meyrick MY ( Ro binson et al.,

2008 ) Zhang, 1994 F (internal)

, L

, I ( Robinson et al.,
2001 ) Yes Yes

Lobesia genialis Meyrick TH ( Robinson et al.,
2008 ) Ro binson et al., 2008 I ( Robinson et al.,
2001 ) Yes No

Ophiorrhabda cellifera Meyrick MY ( R obinson et al.,

2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 L

, F (internal)

( Robinson et al.,
2001 ) Yes Yes

Statherotis discana (Felder & Rogenhofer) LA ( CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993 ); ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2006 R obinson et al., 2008; Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri,
1991 CABI, 2006 L ( CABI, 2006; Waterhouse, 1993 ) Yes No

Statherotis leucaspis Meyrick ( Syn. s: Argyroploce leucaspis Meyrick, Olethreutes leucaspis Meyrick) TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Bose et al.,

2001; Hill, 1983; Morton, 1987; Zhang, 1994 Robinson et

al., 2008; Wongsiri,
1991 Robinson et al.,

2005 L ( Bose et al.,

2001; Wongsiri,
1991 ); I ( Bose et al., 2001 ) Yes NoPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 59 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae
Comocritis pieria Meyrick TH, MY ( Robinson et al., 2008 ) Robinson et al.,
2005 Bk

, F ( Robinson et

al., 2001 ) Yes No 138

Orthoptera: Acrididae

Chondracis rosea (De Geer) ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous,
2003 CABI, 2006 L ( Anonymous,
2003 ) Yes No

Locusta migratoria
manilensis (Meyton) KH, ID, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous,
2003 L , growing points,

I

, Sd

, F

, St ( CABI,
2006 ) Yes No 139

Orthoptera: Gryllidae Tarbinskiellus portentosus (Lichtenstein) ( Syn. : Brachytrupes

portentosus Lichtenstein) VN ( CABI, 2007 ), KH ( Nickel, 1979 ) Anonymous,

1994 Anonymous,

1994, 2003 seedling ( Hill,
1983 ) Yes No

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae Haplothrips gowdeyi
Franklin MY, PH, TH ( CABI,
2006 ); US ( CABI,
2006 ) PestID,
2007 140 N/A No N/A

Haplothrips sp. ASEAN* ( PestID,
2007 ) PestID, 2007 Ross, 2004 I

, L ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton) ID, MY ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2005 ) CABI, 2005 N/A No N/A

Ermothrips lobatus Bhatti TH ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Wongsiri, 1991 I ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

Frankliniella intonsa Trybom PH, TH ( CA BI, 2006 ); US (WA) ( CABI,
2006 ) PestID, 2007 141 N/A No N/A

138 Comocritis pieria feeds externally on the fruit ( Robinson et al., 2001 ), so it is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling an d processing.

139 Because of its size, biology and mobility, L. migratoria manilensis is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

140 The only evidence that longan is a host of H

. gowdeyi is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ). Therefore, its association with longan is questionable.

141 The only evidence that litchi is a host of F

. intonsa is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry ( PestID, 2007 ). T herefore, its association with litchi is questionable.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 60 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) ID, MY, PH, TH ( CABI , 2006 ); US (FL, HI) ( CABI, 2004; Nakahara, 1997 ) PestID, 2007 I

, L , developing F ( CABI, 2006 ) [Yes] 142 No 143

Megalurothrips distalis (Karny) ( Syn. : Taeniothrips distalis Karny) ID, PH, TH ( CABI,
2006 ) CABI, 2004;

Hill, 1983;
Waite and Hwang, 2002 L

, I ( CABI, 2004 );

I ( Morton, 1987 ) Yes No

Rhipiphorothrips

cruentatus Hood TH ( Waterhouse, 1993; Wongsiri, 1991 ) ; ID ( Li

- zhong, 2000 ) Wen et al.,

2002 L ( CABI, 2003; Wen et al., 2002 );

F ( Gima et al.,

2001 ) Yes Yes

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood TH ( Anupunt, 2003a; Anupunt, 2003b ); BN, ID, MY, PH, TH ( CABI, 2006 ); US (FL, HI) ( CABI, 2006 ) Li et al., 2004;

Waite and Hwang, 2002 Anupunt,

2003a Anupunt, 2003b;

Wongsiri, 1991 Sh ( Waite and

Hwang, 2002 ); Bk

, L

, Sh ( Li et al.,
2004 ); Sh

, L

, F

, I ( CABI, 2004 ); I ( Wongsiri, 1991 );

L

, I , young F ( Anupunt, 2003a ) Yes No 144

Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) ID, MY, PH, TH ( CABI, 2006 ); US (HI, FL) ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous,
1994 Astridge, 2001 N/A No N/A

Thrips coloratus Schmutz TH ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Wongsiri, 1991 Wongsiri,
1991 L ( Wongsiri, 1991 ) Yes No

Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, VN ( CABI, 2006 ); US ( CABI, 2006 ) Wongsiri, 1991 Wen et al.,
2002 Wongsiri, 1991 N/A No N/A

142 Frank liniella schultzei is a quarantine

- significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States ( NIS, 2003 ).

143 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of F

. schultzei is one interception at a U.S. port

- of

- entry on fruit in passenger baggage ( PestID, 2007 ). We considered this
insufficient evidence that rambutan is a host of this thrips species.

144 Scirtothrips dorsalis only attack s immature fruit ( CABI/EPPO, 1997 ) . T herefore, this species is highly unlikely to be on harvested fruit and follow the pathwa y

.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 61 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Thrips imaginis Bagnall PH ( PestID, 2007 ) 145 Biosecurity Australia, 2002 I ( CABI, 2004; Waite and Hwang,
20 02 ) Yes No

PATHOGENS

Nematodes 146

Aphelenchoides ritzema

bosi Steiner [Aphelenchoididae] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( Westcott and Horst,

2001 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Criconemella sp. De Grisse
& Loof [Criconematidae] TH ( CABI, 2006 ) CABI, 2007 ; PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 R ( CABI, 2007 ) Yes 147 No

Discocriconemella
limitanea (Luc) De
Grisse & Loof [ Criconematidae ] TH ( Ross, 2004 )** PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 R ( PPQ, 2007 ) Yes No

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher [ Hoplolaimidae ] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( Westcott and Horst,
2001 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus exallus Sher [Hoplolaimidae] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( PestID, 2009 ; USDA

ARS, 2007 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N /A

Helicotylenchus
multicinctus Golden [Hoplolaimidae] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( Westcott and Horst,

2001 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus Golden [Hoplolaimidae] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( Westcott and Horst,

2001 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

145 Thrips imaginis has been intercepted on c e in passenger baggage at U.S. ports

- of

- entry on plant material originating from the Philippines ( PestID, 2007 ).

146 Taxonomy according to Nickle, 1991 )

147 “ Criconemella sp. ” is reportedly present in both Thailand and the United States (CABI, 2007), but because species were not reported we do not know if they are the same species in both countries.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 62 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Hemicriconemoides mangiferae Siddiqi [Criconematidae] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) , VN ( PPD, 2005 ) ** ( CABI,
2006 ); US (CA, FL) ( MacGowan, 1984 ) Ploetz et al.,

2003; PPD, 2005; PPQ, 2007 Liu and

Zhang, 1999 ; PPQ, 2007 R ( CABI, 2006; Ploetz et al., 2003 ) [ Yes ] 148 No

Hemicriconemoides sp. [ Criconematidae ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 R ( PPQ, 2007 ) Yes No

Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc [ Hoplolaimidae ] TH ( Ross, 2004 )

, PH ( CABI, 2006 ) ** PPQ, 2007 R ( PPQ, 2007 ) Yes No

Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood [Heteroderidae] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) * ; US ( Westcott and Horst,
2001 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Paralongidorus sacchari Siddiqi Hooper & Khan [Longidoridae] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ** PPQ, 2007 R ( PPQ, 2007 ) Yes No

Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran) Siddiqi [ Trichodoridae ] VN ( PPD, 2005 )

, PH ( CABI, 2006 ) * ; US ( CABI, 2006 ) PPD, 2005 N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus zeae Graham [ Pratylenchidae ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) * ; US ( Westcott and Horst,
2001 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne [ Pratylench idae] TH

, PH, ID, BN ( CABI, 2007 ) ** ; US (FL, HI, LA, TX) ( Westcott and Horst,
2001 ) PPQ, 2007 R ( PPQ, 2007 ) [ Yes ] 149 No

Rotylenchulus reniformis
Linford Olievera [ Hoplolaimidae ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ,VN ( PPD, 2005 ) * ; US ( Westcott and Horst,

2001 ) PPQ, 2007 ;

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

148 Hemicriconemoides mangiferae is a quarantine

- significant sp ecies with limited distribution in the continental United States ( NIS, 2008 ).

149 Radopholus similis is a quarantine

- significant species with limited distribution in the United States continental ( NIS, 2008 ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 63 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Tylenchorhynchus
clavicaudatus Seinhorst [ Belonolaimidae ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ** PPQ, 2007 R ( PPQ, 2007 ) Yes No

Tylenchorhynchus
crassicaudatus [ Belonolaimidae ] TH ( Ross, 20 04 ) ** PPQ, 2007 R ( PPQ, 2007 ) Yes No

Tylenchorhynchus dactylurus Das. [ Belonolaimidae ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ** PPQ, 2007 R ( PPQ, 2007 ) Yes No

Tylenchorhynchus sp. [ Belonolaimidae ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 R ( PPQ, 2007 ) Yes No

Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb [ Tylenchulidae ] TH ( Ross, 20 04 )* ; US ( Westcott and Horst,
2001 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Xiphinema americanum Cobb [Longidoridae] TH ( Ro ss, 2004 ) * ; US ( Westcott and Horst,
2001 ) PPQ, 2007;

Raabe, 1981 N/A No N/A

Xiphinema radicicola Goodey [ Longidoridae ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ** ; US (FL) ( Westcott and Horst, 2001 ) PPQ, 2007 R ( PPQ, 2007 ) [ Yes ] 150 No

Algae Cephaleuros sp. TH ( Ross, 2004 ), VN ( PPD, 2005 ) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 L ( CABI, 2006 ) Yes No

150 Xiphinema radicicola is a quarantine

- significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States ( NIS, 2009c ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 64 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Cephaleuros virescens

Kunze TH ( PPRDO, 2003; Ross, 2004; Salakpetch, 2005 ) , BN ( Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982 ; Ross,
2004 ) * ; US ( Alfieri Jr. et al., 1984; Brannen, 2004; Mossler and Nesheim, 2003 Ploetz et al.,

2003; PPQ, 2007 Anonymous,

2002; Ploetz et al., 2003; PPQ, 2007; PPRDO, 2003 Lim and

Diczbalis, 1998; Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982; Ploetz et al.,

2003 ; Salakpetch,
2005 N/A No N/A

Bacteria 151

Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young [ Syn. : Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith & Townsend) Conn ; A.
radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Conn ] [Rhizobiales] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( CABI, 2007 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N /A

Pseudomonas syringae pv

.

s yringae van Hall [P seudom o nadales] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( CABI, 2006 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Fungi and Chromistans 152

Alternaria sp. [ Ascomycetes : Pleosporales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 panicle ( Ross,
2004 ) Yes Yes

Aspergillus niger van Teighem [ Ascomycetes :
Eurotiales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( CABI, 2007 ) PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

151 Taxonomy according to Euzeby, 2009

152 Taxonomy according to Farr et al., 2009Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 65 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Botryosphaeria rhodina
Berk. & M.A. Curtis (Anamorph: Botryodip l odia
theobromae Pat. ; Syn. : Diplodia theobromae (Pat.) W. Nowell; Lasiodiplodia
theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl.) [ Ascomycetes :
Dothideales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) , BN ( Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982 ) * ; US ( CABI, 2007 ) Ploetz et al.,

2003; PPQ, 2007; Rawal,
1998 Ploetz et al.,

2003 Lim and

Diczbalis, 1998; Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982; Ploetz et al., 2003; Rawal, 1998; Turner,
1971 N/A No N/A

Botrytis sp

. [ Ascomycetes :
Helot i ales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 I ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes No

Brachysporium sp. [ Ascomycetes : Incertae
sedis ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 St ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes No

Capnodium ramosum
Cooke [Ascomycetes : Capnodiales ] TH ( PPRDO, 2003; Ross, 2004 )* PPQ, 2007; PPRDO, 2003 N/A No 153 N /A

Chaetomium sp. [Ascomycetes : Sordariales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 R ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes N o

Cercospora sp. [Ascomycetes] MY ( Johnston, 1960 ) Johnston, 1960 L ( Johnston, 1960 ) Yes No

153 This species belongs to the Capnodiaceae family; members of this family are considered true “sooty mold” species that live sa probically on the honeydew excrement of sap feeding insects ( Alexopoulos et al., 1996 ; Cannon and Kirk, 2007 ). These fungi can be rubbed or washed off from the surface of plant tissues since they do not penetrate the host tissues ( Nameth et al., 2003 ). Presence of sooty molds is in indication of sap feeding insect infestation. Quarantine action is not taken on these types of organisms ( NIS, 2009b ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 66 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen)
De Vries [ Ascomycetes : Mycosphaerellales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( Farr et al., 2009 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Cladosporium sp. [Ascomycetes : Mycosphaerellales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ; VN ( PPD, 2005 ) PPQ, 2007 ;

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 L ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes No

Colletotrichum sp. [ Ascomycetes : Incertae
sedis ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 L ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes No

Corynespora cassiicola (Berk

. & Curtis) Wei [ Ascomycetes : Pleosporales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( Farr et al., 2009 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R.
Nelson & Haasis (Anamorph: Curvularia
lunata (Wakker) Boedijn [ Ascomycetes : Pleosporales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( Farr et al., 2009 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Curvularia sp. [Ascomycetes : Pleosporales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 F ( Coates et al.,
20 03 ) Yes Yes

C yphella sp. [Basidiomycetes : Agaric ales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 St ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes No

Diplodia sp. [ Ascomycetes

: Dothideales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 Sd ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes YesPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 67 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Dolabra nepheliae C. Booth & W.P. Ting [Ascomycetes : Dothideales] MY ( Booth and Ting, 1964; Rossman et al.,
2007 ); US (HI, Puerto Rico) ( Rossman et al.,
2007 ) Rossman et al.,

2007 Booth and Ting,
1964 ; Lim and Diczbalis, 1998; Rossman et al.,
2007 St ( Booth and

Ting, 1964; Lim and Diczbalis, 1998; Rossman et al., 2007 ; Tindall,
1994 ) Yes No

Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burdsall [ Syn. : Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Broome) [ Basidiomycetes: Polyporales ] TH ( CABI, 2006; Salakp etch, 2005 )

, VN, MY, PH, KH ( CABI, 2006 ); BN ( CABI, 2006 ; Peregrine and Bin

A hmad, 1982 )*; US ( CABI, 2006 ) PPQ, 2007 ;

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007;

Turner, 1971 Peregrine and Bin

Ahmad, 1982 ; Ploetz et al., 2003; PPQ, 2007; Turner, 1971 N/A No N/A

Fusarium sp. [ Ascomycetes : Hypocreales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 )

, VN ( PPD, 2005 ) PPQ, 2007 ;

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 F ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes YesPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 68 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Galactomyces geotrichum (Butler & Peterson)
Redhead & Malloch ( Syn. : Dipodascus geotrichum (Butler & Peterson) ; Anamorph:
Geotrichum candidum Link) [Sacchro mycetes: Saccharomycetales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( Farr et al., 2007 ) Anonymous,

2002; Tsai and Hsieh, 1998 PPQ, 2007;

Tsai and Hsieh, 1998 Liu, 1977 N/A No N/A

Gliocephalotrichum simplex (J.A. Mey.) B. Wiley & E.G. Simmons ( Syn. : Cylindrocladium simplex J.A. Mey.)[Ascomycetes : Hypocreales] MY ( Liu, 1977 ); US (FL, HI) ( Alfieri Jr. et al., 1984; Nishijima et al., 2002 ) Liu, 1977 N/A No ( NIS,
2007 ) 154 N/A

Gliocephalotrichum sp. [Ascomycetes : Hypocreales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No ( NIS,
2007 ) 154 N/A

Gloeosporium sp

. [Ascomycetes : Helotiales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ; VN ( PPD, 2005 ) PPQ, 2007 ;

PPD, 2005 F

, L ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes Yes

Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & Schrenk (Anamorph:
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz)
Sacc. ) [ Ascomycetes: Incertae
sedis ] VN ( PPD, 2005 ) ; TH ( Ross, 2004 ) , BN ( Peregrine and Bin
Ahmad , 1982 ) * ; US ( CABI, 2006 ) Anonymous,

2002; Ploetz et al., 2003; PPD, 2005; Rawal,
1998 Anonymous,

2002; PPQ,
2007 Lim and

Diczbalis, 1998; Ploetz et al., 2003; PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

154 Gliocephalotrichum is the anamorph of Leuconectria spp. Leuconectria spp. are members of the family Bionectriaceae within the order Hypocreales. Members are associated with dead plant material or other fungi and are cosmopolitan. Rarely are they pathogenic ( NIS, 2007 )

.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 69 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Haematonectria
haematococca (Berk. & Broom) Samuels & Rossman (Anamorph:
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.) [ Ascomycetes: Hypocreales ] VN ( PPD, 2005 ), TH ( PPQ, 2007 )*; US ( Farr e t al., 2007 ) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Lasiodiplodia sp. [ Ascomycetes :
Dothideales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No 155 N/A

Leuconectria clusiae (Samuels & Rogerson) Rossman, Samuels & Lowen (Anamorph: Gliocephalotrichum
bulbilium Ellis & Hesselt) [Ascomycetes : Hypocreales] TH ( Ross, 2004 )*; US (HI) ( Farr et al., 2007 ) PPQ, 2007 N/A No 15 4 N/A

Macrophoma sp. [ Ascomycetes : Botryosphaeriales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 L

, F ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes Yes

Marasmiellus scandens (Massee) Denis & D.A. Reid ( Syn. : Marasmius
scandens Massee) [Basidiomycetes : Agaricales] MY ( Turner , 1971) Turner, 1971 (one record) Turner, 1971 L

, St (CABI, 2007) No 156 N/A

155 The genus Lasiodiplodia is not of quarantine concern in the United States ( NIS, 2007 ).

156 Marasmiellus i s not listed in the pest i dentification database , but action would not likely be taken on the genus , which typically infests downed trees and plant debris ( NIS, 2009b ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 70 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan
Marasmius equicrinis F.
Muell. ex Berk. [Basidiomycetes : Agaricales] MY (Turner, 1971) Turner, 1971 L

, St (CABI, 2007) No 156 No

Marasmius sp.[Basidiomycetes : Agaricales] MY (Johnston, 1960) Johnston, 1960 L

, St (CABI, 2007) No 156 No

Meliola nephelii Sacc. var. singalensi s Hansf. [Ascomycetes : Meliolales] MY ( Turner, 1971 ) ; TH ( Ross, 2004 )* PPQ, 2007 ; Turner, 1971 N/A No 157 N/A

Meliola sp. [Ascomycetes : Meliolales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 N/A No 157 N/A

Microsphaeropsis sp. [ Ascomycetes ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 L ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes No

Mycosphaerella sp. [Ascomycetes] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ; VN ( PPD, 2005 ) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 L ( Ross, 2004 ; PPD, 2005 ) Yes No

Nectria pseudotrichia
Berk. & M.A. Curtis ( Syn. : Thyronectria pseudotrichia (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Seeler; Anamorph: Tubercularia
lateritia (Berk) Seifert) [Ascomycetes : Hypocreales] MY ( Johnston, 1960; Turner, 1971 ); US ( Farr et al., 2009 ) Johnston, 1960;
Lim and Diczbalis, 1998; Turner, 1971 N/A No N/A

157 Members of this order of fungi (Meliolales) are amo ng the least economically important of the plant parasitic fungi ( Alexopoulos et al., 1996 ). Meliolales s pecies grow

on plant surface s, forming dark

, superficial covering s ( Alexopoulos et al., 1996 ; Moore

- Landecker, 1982 ). Heavy infestations may cause leaf chlorosis due to the black growth blocking sunlight and re ducing photosynthesis, but rarely kill s plant cells ( Moore

- Landecker, 1982 ; Nameth et al., 2003 ). This species i s a sooty mold that

gro ws on the honeydew excrement of plant sucking insects and mites ( Coates et al.

, 2003) . Quarantine action is not taken on these fungi ( NIS, 2 009a ).Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 71 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Oidium nephelii Hadiwidjaja [ Ascomycetes : Erysiphales ] TH ( Ross, 2004; Salakpetch, 2005 ) ; BN ( Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982 ) ; ID, PH, MY ( Farr et al.,

2007 ) PPQ, 2007; Rawal, 1998; Salakpetch, 2005; Turner, 1971 I

, L

, F ( Coates et

al., 2003; Rawal,
1998 ) ; young Sh ( Rawal, 1998 ) Yes Yes 158

Oidium sp. [Ascomycetes : Erysiphales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 F

, I ( Coates et al.,
2003 ) Yes Yes

Peronophythora litchii Chen ex Ko, Chang, Su,
Chen & Leu [Oomycetes : Pythiales] TH, VN ( Coates et al.,

2003 ) 159 Anonymous,

2002; Ko et al., 1978; PPQ,
2007 ; PPD, 2005 F

, I

, L ( Coates et al., 2003; Ross,
2004 ) Yes Yes

Pestalotia sp. [ Ascomycetes : Xylariales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) Ross, 20 04 PPQ, 2007 F ( Farr et al., 2007 ) Yes Yes

Pestalotiopsis cruenta (Syd.) Steyaert [Ascomycetes : Xylariales] MY ( Johnston, 1960 ) Johnston, 1960 L ( Johnston, 1960 ) Yes No

Pestalotiopsis disseminata (Thum.) Steyaert [Ascomycetes : Xylariales] MY ( Liu, 1977 ); US (FL) ( Alfieri Jr. et al.,
1984 ) ; US (VA) ( Roane and Roane,
1996 ) Liu, 1977 L ( Farr et al., 200 9; Liu, 1977 ) Yes No

158 Powdery mildews are primarily foliar pathogens but may sometimes occur on fruits ( Cooke, 1975; Ploetz et al., 1994 ). This disease, however, is the most serious
disease of rambutan in the field and affects mainly young and actively growing leaves, inflorescences and fruit.

159 We found no evidence that P

. litchii occurs in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, or the Philippines, but

—unless additional data is provided

— we assume the pest is present in these countries due to the ir proximity to Vietnam and Thailand, where the pathogen is present ( Coates et al., 2003 )

.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 72 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Pestalotiopsis pauciseta (Sacc.) Chen ( Syn. : Pestalotia pauciseta Sacc.) [ Ascomycetes : Xylariales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007; Rawal, 1998 Farr et al.,

2007; Zhang and Qi, 1996 L

, St ( Farr et al.,

2007 ) Yes No

Pestalotiopsis sp. [ Ascomycetes : Pleosporales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 Farr et al., 2007; PPQ, 2007 I

, L

, F ( Coates et

al., 2003 ) Yes Yes

Pestalotiopsis theae (Saw.) Stey. [ Ascomycetes : Xylariales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ; BN ( Peregrine and Bin Ahmad, 1982 ) ; ID, PH, MY ( Farr et al.,
2007 ) PPQ, 2007 L ( Farr et al., 2009; Ross, 2004 ) Yes No

Phaeosphaeria sp. [Ascomycetes : Pleosporales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 F ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes Yes

Phellinus noxius (Corner)
G. Cunn ( Syn. : F

omes noxius Corner) 160
[ Basidiomycetes: Hymenochaetales ] VN ( PPD, 2005 ) ; ID, MY ( CABI, 2006 ) ** Anonymous,

2002; PPD , 2005 Anonymous,

2002 Turner, 1971 R

, Tw ( Farr et al.,
2007 ) Yes No

Phialophora sp. [ Ascomycetes ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 L ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes No

Phoma sp. [ Ascomycetes : Pleosporales ] TH ( Ro ss, 2004 ) ; VN ( PPD, 2005 ) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 F

, St ( Ross, 2004 ; PPD, 2005 ) Yes Yes

Phomopsis sp. [ Ascomycetes : Diaporthales ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 L

, St ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes No

160 Synonym for P

. noxius is from Index Fungorum: http://www.indexfungorum.org/

.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 73 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Phyllosticta sp. [ Ascomycetes ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ; another Phyllostickta

sp. was reported in MY ( Johnston, 1960 ) PPQ, 2007 Johnston, 1960; PPQ, 2007 L ( Johnston, 1960;

Ross, 2004 ) Yes No

Phytophthora botryosa Chee [Oomycetes : Pythiales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ; MY, VN ( CABI, 2006 ) ** PPQ, 2007; Rawal, 1998 L

, St

, R ( Ross,

2004 ) Yes No

Phytophthora capsici
Leonian [Oomycetes : Pythiales] TH ( PPRDO, 2003; Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( Westcott and Horst,
2001 ) PPQ, 2007; PPRDO, 2003 N/A No N/A

Phytophthora cinnamomi
Rands [Oomycetes : Pythiales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ; VN ( PPD, 2005 )* ; US ( Westcott and Horst,

2001 ) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae
Breda de Hann var. parasitica (Dastur) G.M.
Waterhouse [Oomycetes : Pythiales] TH ( Ross, 2004 )* ; US ( Farr et al., 2009 ) PPQ, 2007; Rawal, 1998 N/A No N/A

Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler [Oomycetes : Pythiales] TH ( PPRDO, 2003; Ross, 2004 ) ; P H, MY, ID, VN ( Farr et al.,
2007 ) * ; US (AZ, CA, FL, HI) ( CABI, 2006 ) PPQ, 2007 Ploetz et al., 2003; PPQ, 2007; PPRDO,
2003 N/A No N/A

Phytophthora sp

. [Oomycetes : Pythiales] VN ( PPD, 2005 ) ; TH ( Coates et al., 2003 ) PPD, 2005 Coates et al.,
2003 Coates et al.,

2003 L

, F ( Coates et al.,

2003 ) Yes Yes

Pseudoperonospora sp. [ Oomycetes: Peronosporales ] VN ( PPD, 2005 ) PPD, 2005 I

, F ( PPD, 2005 ) Yes Yes

Pythium sp. [Oomycetes : Pythiales] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 R ( Ross, 2004 ) Yes NoPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 74 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan Rhabdospora sp. [ Ascomycetes ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) PPQ, 2007 branch, Tw ( Ross,
2004 ) Yes ( NIS,

2007 ) No

Rhizoctonia sp. [ Basidiomycetes ] TH ( Ross, 2004 ) ; US ( Agrios, 1997 ) PPQ, 2007 R ( Ross, 2004 ) No No

Rigidoporus microporus (Fr.) Overeem ( Syn. : Fomes lignosus Klotzsch) 161 [Basidiomycetes : P olyp orales] TH ( Ross, 20 04 ) ; VN, PH, MY ( CABI,
2006 ) * ; US ( CABI,
2006 ) PPQ, 2007; Rawal, 1998; Turner, 1971 N/A No N/A

Septobasidium sp. [Urediniomycetes : Septobasidiales] MY ( Turner, 1971 ) Turner, 1971 Bk ( Turner, 1971 ) Yes No

Sphaeropsis sp. [ Ascomycetes ] VN ( PPD, 2005 ) PPD, 2005 L

, St

, F ( Coates et al., 2003 ) Yes Yes

Thanatephorus cucumerus (Frank) Donk. ( Anamorph: Rhizoctonia
solani Kühn ) [Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales] TH ( CABI, 2006 ; Ross, 2004 ); VN ( CABI, 2006 ; PPD,
2005 ) ; PH, MY ( CABI, 2006 ) * ; US ( Agrios, 1997 ; CABI,
2006 ) PPD, 2005 ;

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Uredo nephelii (S. Ito & Muray.) Hirats. f. ( Syn. : Skierka nephelii S. Ito & Muray.)[Urediniomycete

s : Uredinales] TH ( Ross, 2004 )** Anonymous,
2002 ; Farr et al., 2007; PPQ, 2007 L ( Farr et al.,

2007 ) ; St ( Ross,
2004 ) Yes No

Disease of unknown etiology

161 Synonym for Rigidoporus microporus is from Index Fungorum: http://www.indexfungorum.org/

.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 75 Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S.

d istribution 1 Reported on Plant part(s)
association 2 Quaran

tine pest 3 Follow

pathway Litchi Longan Rambutan

Witches’ broom disease 162 TH ( Batten, 1986; Coates et al., 2003 ) Koizum i, 1995 Batten, 1986; Coates et al.,
2003 Potentially whole plant via systemic movement ( Agrios, 1997; Siddique et al., 1998 ; Waigmann et al.,
2004 ) Yes No 163

162 Scientists debate whether or not witches’ broom disease is a phytoplasma or virus (Coates et al., 2003).

163 Coates et al. (2003) report that the pathogen for witches’ broom disease causes crowded panicles that lose flowers p rematurely. If flowers drop prematurely, fruit would not be produced. Even if fruit were able to develop, these types of disease agents are typically moved to new hosts by insect vectors or propa gative measures such as grafting, budding or cuttings ( Coates et al., 2003 ; Agrios, 1997 ). T his pathogen is un likely to follow the pathway fru it for consumption.Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 76 2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation

Quarantine pests not listed could be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems

, but we do not
consider them for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they may be mainly associated with plant parts other than the commodity; associated w ith the commodity, but not likely to remain with the commodity through standard harvest and post

- harvest processing; they have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agricultural
port

- of

- entry inspection, but are not l ikely to be present in commercial shipments; or the organism was identified only to the genus level, and the genus in question occurs in the
continental United States.

Generally, we do not consider risk mitigation measures for organisms identified only to the genus level if the genus in question is reported in the United States. Often there are many species within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the United States and, consequently, whether it meets the definition of a quar antine pest for the United States. In this pest list document , the above statement applies to the arthropods Tarsonemus sp. (Acari: Tarsonemidae)

, Aulacaspis sp
, Chionaspis sp. (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

, Icerya sp. (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)

, Cataenococcus s p.
, Crisicoccus sp.
, Dysmicoccus sp.
, Ferrisia sp.
, Maconellicoccus sp.
, Nipaecoccus sp.
, Paracoccus sp.
, and Phenacoccus sp. (Hemiptera:
Pseudococcidae ). All of these genera are reported to occur in the United States, including the
continental United States ( Ben

- Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Hill, 1987 ). T he above statement
also applies to the following f ungi : Alternaria sp., Curvularia sp., Diplodia sp., Fusarium sp., Gloeosporium spp., Macrophoma sp., Oidium sp., Phoma sp., Pestalotia sp., Pestal otiopsis sp., Phaeosphaeria sp., and Sphaeropsis sp. (Ascomycetes), as well as Phytophthora sp

. and Pseudoperonospora sp. (Oomycetes ). All of these genera are reported to occur in the United States, including the continental United States ( Westcott and Horst, 2001 ; Agrios, 1997 ; CABI,
2007 ; Farr et al., 2009 ). Lack of specifi c identification may indicate the limits of current taxonomic knowledge, the life stage

, or the quality of the specimen submitted for identification. By nec ess ity, pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is
available. Lack of specific identification does not rule out the possibility that a high risk quarantine pest was intercepted. Conversely, the development of detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests, allow effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms as well as similar but incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche. If pests identified to higher taxa are intercepted in the future, we may reevaluat e their risk

.

Also, t he four armored scale s (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) identified in this risk assessment as quarantine pes ts likely to follow the pathway

— Aulacaspis tubercularis

, Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis

, Thysanofiorinia nephelii

, 

### and Unaspis yanonensi s

— are not potential candidate s for mitigation measures because , although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, they are highly unlikely to establish via this pathway ( Miller et al., 1985; PERAL,
2007 ). A critical review of t he literature, APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine operational data, and expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly fecund, polyphagous, invasive, theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and capable of causing high level consequences, the specific pathway represented by commercially produced fruit shipped withoutPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 77 leaves, stems

, or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk ( PERAL, 2007 ). This low risk is explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for consumption, and consequently, by their low probability of establishment ( PERAL, 2007 ). The following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities: Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings
but are short

- lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby femal es. Self

- dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or “crawlers

. ” They are the most vulnerable life stage ; their survival decreases with long

- distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only d uring a period of approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as they lose their legs during the first molt and their mouthparts are deeply inserted in the host, anchoring them firmly to the substrate. Dispersa l from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying fruit or fruit peel. There is a low probability of active dispersal of crawlers by walking from their natal host since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough
surfaces.

2. 3

. Quarantine p ests that f ollow the p athway and are candidates for risk mitigation

We identified 4 8 quarantine pests that are likely to follow one or more of the commodity pathway s (Table 2). All of these pests are potential candidates for mitigation measures.

For each quarant ine pest of concern, we provide the reported distribution in the ASEAN region (Table 3). We fou nd no evidence that all these pests occur in all the ASEAN member countries. However, due to the close proximity of the countries to each other, if a pest occurs in two or more countries, APHIS assumes the pest potentially can occur in other countries in the region,
unl ess, of course, we have relevant data (e.g., survey or taxonomic data, proof of phytosanitary border controls) to support a different approach.

For example, we determined that Bactrocera dorsalis is not present in Malaysia. Bactrocera
dorsalis occurs in Malaysia (e.g., Khoo et al., 1991; Tan and Serit, 1994; Tan and Lee, 1982 ),
but most records of B. dorsalis from Malaysia were probably misidentifications ( White and
Elson

- Harris

, 1994 ). A detailed taxonomic study of the B. dorsalis complex

, placed 52 species in
the B. dorsalis complex in Asia, 12 species were revised, and 40 new species were described ( Drew and Hancock , 1994) . In that study, B. dorsalis was not present in Malaysia , and that is
reflected in the r ecent literature. For example, neither t he current version of the Crop Protection Compendium ( CABI, 2007 , citing EPP O, 2006 ) , nor EPPO ( 2007 ) include Malaysia in the
distribution of B. dorsalis

. Consequently, we do not consider B. dorsalis present in Malaysia.

As noted in the Introduction, PPQ recognizes 400 Gy irradiation as an approved treatment for all plant pests of the class Insecta other than pupae and adults of the order Lepidopt era for all imported fruits and vegetables ( PPQ, 2008 )

.

Although the generic irradiation treatment is not approved for Lepidoptera p upae and adults,
tho se life stages are unlikely to be associated with the commodities here

. D ue to their mobility,Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 78 free

- living adults of Lepidoptera are unlikely to be in the pathway of commercially produced litchi, longan, and ra mbutan fruits. As for the pupal stage, in most of the genera of concern ( Archips

, Conogethes, Conopomorpha, Cryptoblabes, Cryptophlebia, Deudorix, Dichomeris,
Lobesia

, Tirathaba ), the pupae are either associated with plant parts other than fruit or they oc cur externally on their host’s plant parts ( Ahmed, 1977; Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; CABI, 2007; Hall, 1931; Hill, 1987; Hwang and Hsieh, 1989; IPM DANIDA, 2003 ; Nair, 1975; Ohta, 1940; Ooi et al., 2002; Popich et al., 1995; Underhill, 1943; van den Berg et al., 2001; Verma, 1985 )

. O r , if the pupae occur inside the fruit or seed of their host plants ( Atwal, 1976; CABI, 2007 ; Franssen, 1936; Gupta et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2002; Verma, 1985; Waite and Hwang, 2002; Zaka ur Rab, 1980 )

, they would be associated with premature fruit drop and/ or obvious damage and symptoms ( CABI, 2007; Gupta et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2002; Waite and Hwang, 2002 ),
ther eby making it likely for the fruit to be culled during standard harvest or post

- harvest handling and processing. We fou nd no information on pupation behavior of the genera Gatesclarkeana

, Ophiorrhabda

, and Stathmopoda

. However, since 1985, inspectors at U. S. ports

- of

- entry have never intercepted pupae of these three genera associated with commercial fruit shipments (of any
kind ), and they have never intercepted them with litchi, longan, or rambutan in any pathway,
commercial or non

- commercial ( PestID, 2009 ). Also, except for two interceptions of Conopomorpha in permit cargo with litchi fruit, inspectors at U.S. ports

- of

- entry have never intercepted pupae of the other Lepidoptera genera of concern associated with commercial fruit shipments (of any type of fruit) ( PestID, 2009 ). This lack of interception is evidence of the low likelihood of any of the Lepidoptera pupae following the pathway of commercial fruit.

Overall, the irradiation treatment , along with standard postharvest processes

, will likely mitigate
the risks from all the insects listed above. Additional m easures may be required to mitigate risks associated with the mite pest Aceria litchii and the fungal pathogens Oidium nephelii and Peronophythora litchii

. Irradiation will likely cause some mortality in these pests, but will not completely mitigate the risk.

Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document.

Table 2. Q uarantine pests identified as likely to follow the pathway of fresh litchi, longan, and/or rambutan fruit imported from one or more of the ASEAN member countries into the United
States

Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name Pat hway Arthropods Acari: Eriophyidae Aceria litchii Litchi, Longan Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera correcta Longan

Bactrocera cucurbitae Litchi

Bactrocera dorsalis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan
Bactrocera papayae Rambutan Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Ceroplastes rusci Litchi, Rambutan Coccus discrepans LonganPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 79 Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name Pat hway

Coccus viridis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Drepanococcus chiton Longan Taiwansaissetia formicarii Longan (with stems) Hemiptera: Kerridae Kerria greeni Longan (with stems)

Kerria lacca Litchi, Longan (with stems) Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Crisicoccus theobromae Rambutan Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Exallomochlus hispidus Longan, Rambutan

Exallomochlus philippinensis Longan, Rambutan

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Longan, Rambutan Maconellicoccus multipori Rambutan Nipaecoccus viridis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan
Paracoccus interceptus Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Planococcus lilacinus Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Planococcus litchi Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Planococcus minor Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Pseudococcus aurantiacus Rambutan Pseudococcus cryptus Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Rastrococcus iceryoides Rambutan Rastrococcus jabadiu Rambutan
Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Rambutan Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae Dichomeris indiserta Rambutan Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Conopomorpha cramerella Rambutan Conopomorpha sinensis Litchi, Longan Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Deudorix diovis Litchi, Longan Deudorix epijarbas Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae Stathmopoda conioma Rambutan Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Conogethes punctiferalis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan Cryptoblabes gnidiella Rambutan

Tirathaba mundella Rambutan Tirathaba ruptilinea Rambutan Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Archips mimicus Rambutan Cryptophlebia illepida Litchi, Rambutan Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Gatesclarkeana erotias Litchi Lobesia aeolopa Litchi Ophiorrhabda cellifera Rambutan Thysanoptera: Thripidae Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Longan Fungi Ascomycetes: Erysiphales Oidium nephelii Rambutan Oomycetes: Pythiales Peronophythora litchii LitchiPest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 80 Table 3

. Distribution in the ASEAN countries of the quarantine pests identified as potential candidates for mitigation measures

. Key:  

### = present ; BN =Brunei; KH = Cambodia; ID = Indonesia; LA = Laos; MY = Malaysia; PH = Philippines; TH = Thailand; VN = Vietnam

Pes t BN KH ID LA MY PH TH VN

Aceria litchii  
Archips mimicus 

Bactrocera correcta 

Bactrocera cucurbitae        

Bactrocera dorsalis     
Bactrocera papayae    

Bactrocera sp. Ceroplastes rubens     
Ceroplastes rusci 
Coccus discrepans  

Coccus viridis      
Conogethes punctiferalis        
Conopomorpha cramerella      
Conopomorpha sinensis  

Crisicoccus theobromae   
Cryptoblabes gnidiella  
Cryptophlebia illepida  
Cryptophlebia ombrodelta       

Deudorix diovis 
Deudorix epijarbas   

Dichomeris indiserta 
Drepanococcus chiton    
Dysmicoccus neobrevipes    

E x allomochlus hispidus     

E x allomochlus philippinensis 

Gatesclarkeana erotias 
Kerria greeni  

Kerria lacca  
Lobesia aeolopa 

Maconellicoccus hirsutus        
Maconellicoccus multipori    
Nipaecoccus viridis      
Oidium nephelii     
Ophiorrhabda cellifera 
Paracoccus interceptus       
Peronophythora litchii  

Planococcus lilacinus        

Planococcus litchi   

Planococcus minor       

Pseudococcus aurantiacus     
Pseudococcus cryptus        
Rastrococcus iceryoides    Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan



### Rev. 02 July 13 , 2009 81 Pes t BN KH ID LA MY PH TH VN Rastrococcus jabadiu   

Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus    
Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus  
Stathmopoda conioma  
Taiwansaissetia formicarii     

Tirathaba mundella  
Tirathaba ruptilinea  



## 3

. Authors and Reviewers

Authors : Leah C. Millar a 

### (primary contact; entomology)

Jeanne M. VanDersal b 

### (plant pathology)

Reviewers : Heather M. Hartzog a 

### (plant pathology)
Robert G. Ahern a 

### (entomology)

Contributors : Glenn Fowler a 

### (production of map)

a 

### USDA

- APHIS

- PPQ

- CPHST, Plant Epidemiology and Ris k Analysis Laboratory

b 

### USDA

- APHIS, Policy and Program Development



## 4

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