FILED

COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION II

201514n AN 9= 27

SPAT i

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF

WAF

S n161/ 4

DANIEL LANCE KULMAN, 

v. 

ANNE SETSUKO GIROUX, 

DIVISION II

Respondent, 

Appellant. 

BY

P" J Y

No. 45722 -9 -II

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

WORSWICK, J. — Anne Giroux appeals a superior court commissioner' s contempt order

against Giroux for her refusal to comply with orders to obtain a mental health evaluation for

herself and to enroll her children with a new therapist approved by the guardian ad litem (GAL). 

Giroux argues that the contempt sanction was punitive because she was unable to comply with

the purge condition and because her one day of confinement was a determinate term of

confinement that she could not shorten by compliance. Because the contempt sanction was not

punitive, we affirm. 

FACTS

Anne Giroux and Daniel Kulman were divorced in 2006 and had two children together. 

Residential time for their two children was subject to a 2009 agreed parenting plan, which made

Giroux the primary residential parent and gave Kulman only supervised visitation until he

completed domestic violence treatment. The children were in talk therapy. 
No. 45722 -9 -II

After one ofthe children became ill, the State initiated dependency proceedings and

removed the children from Giroux' s home, motivated in part by concerns about Giroux' s mental

health. The State later dismissed the dependency and returned the children to Giroux. 

A. : Kulman' s Motion To Mods the Parenting Plan and the Commissioner 's Order

Requiring Therapy

In 2012, after Kulman had completed his domestic violence treatment, he moved to

modify the parenting plan. On March 27, 2013, the commissioner entered an order requiring

therapy and a mental health assessment (therapy order) that included two pertinent provisions. 

First, the therapy order required Giroux to enroll the children in therapy with Jamie Kautz for the

purpose of eventually reunifying the children with Kulman. 1 Second, the therapy order required

Giroux to obtain a mental health assessment: 

Giroux] shall obtain a mental health assessment at Comprehensive Life Center or

another center with a sliding scale. Full collateral information shall be provided by

the GAL.... It is anticipated the assessment will be free and if not [Grioux] may

bring motion for instructions. 

Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 11. Giroux moved to revise the therapy order. On May 2, 2013, the

superior court entered a revision order that allowed the GAL to select a therapist for the children

other than Kautz. The GAL subsequently provided the names of four therapists approved by

Kulman' s insurance for Giroux to choose from. 

B. Order Setting Deadline To Comply

On May 31, 2013, the superior court heard both Giroux' s motion to continue the date of

the evidentiary hearing to modify the parenting plan and Kulman' s motion to subpoena Giroux' s

1 It appears the commissioner and the GAL wanted to enroll the children with a new therapist

because they wanted a neutral therapist for the reunification counseling. 
No. 45722 -9 -II

medical records. .0n that date, the superior court addressed Giroux' s failure to comply with the

therapy order. Giroux argued that she did not enroll the children with one of the four GAL - 

approved therapists because she did not want to break the continuity of the children' s therapy by

enrolling them with a new therapist. Giroux argued she could not afford to obtain her own

mental health assessment: 

MS. GIROUX]: It' s not a matter of, you know —how am I supposed to do what I

can' t

financially do? I mean, let' s be reasonable. 

THE COURT]: There are resources within our community. I believe you can get

one on a low- income basis. Comprehensive Mental Health was suggested. There

is Community Health. There' s Greater Lakes Mental Health. There' s Good

Samaritan Behavioral Health. There are resources within our community. You

need to access them. 

MS. GIROUX]: I have called. I wrote every single person' s name down and phone

number, and I don' t have —I don' t have the money. 

THE COURT]: If it isn' t done by 30 days from today, then we' ll address

why.... 

MS. GIROUX]: Okay. I' ll get all of my bank receipts and show you. 

Verbatim Report ofProceedings (VRP) (May 31, 2013) at 23. The superior court entered an

order giving Giroux 14 days to initiate therapy for the children with one of the GAL - approved

therapists and 30 days to begin the process of obtaining a mental health examination, which

could be with a provider with a sliding fee scale as long as the GAL had collateral input

deadline order). 

C. Contempt Order and Review Hearing Order

Kulman filed a contempt motion in July of 2013 because Giroux had neither enrolled the

children with a GAL - approved therapist nor obtained a mental health assessment. Giroux again

argued that she did not want to enroll the children with a GAL- approved therapist because it

would break the continuity of her children' s therapy. 

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No. 45722 -9 -II

The commissioner heard the motion on November 21, 2013. Giroux had neither enrolled

the children with a GAL - approved therapist nor obtained a mental health assessment. The

commissioner entered a contempt order against Giroux, which found Giroux had intentionally

failed to comply with the March 27 therapy order and the May 31 deadline order. The contempt

order also ruled that Giroux had the present ability to comply with these orders, but lacked the

willingness to comply. The contempt order also stated the following: 

The [ commissioner] sentences Anne Giroux to an indeterminate jail sentence. The

sentence is suspended until 12/ 4/ 2013, ifAnne Giroux does not purge contempt

then she shall report to the Pierce County Jail on 12/ 4/2013 .... Bail will be

500 cash. 

The contemnor may purge the contempt as follows: 

By scheduling her mental health assessment with collateral input from GAL and

enrolling the children in [ therapy] with [ five named therapists]. This shall be

accomplished by 12/4/2013. 

The court shall review this matter ... on'... 12/ 5/ 13 .... The jail shall transport

Anne Giroux ... if she is in custody at the time ofthe review. 

CP at 279 -80. 

Giroux did not comply by December 4, 2013, but avoided confinement by paying $500

bail. At the December 5, 2013 review hearing, Giroux still had not complied. The commissioner

entered an order at the review hearing that stated: 

Contempt has not been purged. Anne Giroux is still unwilling to comply with the

court' s order regarding re- unification [therapy]. 

A review hearing is set for 12/ 10/ 2013 .... The court orders that if proof of an

appointment for re- unification [therapy] for Daniel Kulman and the children using

one of five named therapists] is not provided [Kulman] will have custody of the

children and the mother will be incarcerated on 12/ 10/ 2013. 

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No. 45722 -9 -II

CP at 273 -74. 

D. Confinement Order and Release Order

At the December 10, 2013 review hearing, Giroux had not complied. The commissioner

entered a confinement order: 

Based upon a finding of civil contempt Anne Giroux shall be incarcerated in the

Pierce County Jail on 12/ 10/ 2013 for one day. There shall be a review hearing on

12/ 11/ 2013. 

The Pierce County jail shall transport Anne Giroux ... if bail has not been paid. 

Bail shall be set at $ 1, 000.00 cash. 

CP at 286. This confinement order contained no purge clause. 

At the December 11, 2013 review hearing, after Giroux had spent one day in

confinement, Giroux still had not complied. Giroux' s attorney argued the confinement had

become more punitive than coercive because jail would not convince Giroux to comply with the

order to enroll her children with another therapist. Kulman stated that he had contacted one of

the five therapists in the order, and had scheduled potential therapy appointments for the

children. Kulman requested residential time with the children to take them to these

appointments. 

Instead, the commissioner called the GAL and scheduled an appointment between the

GAL and the children. The commissioner entered a release order that released Giroux from

custody and scheduled another review hearing: 

Anne Giroux shall be released on condition that she comply with the court' s order

to allow GAL to interview the children on Monday. 

Anne Giroux shall appear at a review hearing on 12/ 20/2013 .... Anne

Giroux shall initiate the previously ordered mental health assessment before the

review date. 

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No. 45722 -9 -II

The GAL shall interview the children at [ Giroux' s] residence on

12/ 16/ 2013. 

Anne Giroux shall take all reasonable actions necessary to implement the

residential time of [Kulman]. 

CP at 289 -91. The commissioner stated she would incarcerate Giroux again if she did not allow

the children to be interviewed by the GAL on December 16. Giroux appeals only the November

21, 2013 contempt order, and does not appeal the December 10 confinement order. 

ANALYSIS

Giroux argues that the superior court erred by entering a punitive contempt order. We

disagree. 

We review findings of contempt and the appropriateness of contempt sanctions for abuse

of discretion. State v. Berty, 136 Wn. App. 74, 83, 147 P. 3d 1004 ( 2006). But we review

whether a court' s contempt sanction is punitive de novo as a question of law. See In re Interest

ofSilva, 166 Wn.2d 133, 140 -41, 206 P.3d 1240 ( 2009); State v. Salazar, 170 Wn. App. 486, 

492 -93, 291 P. 3d 255 ( 2012); In re Interest ofM.B., 101 Wn. App. 425, 454, 3 P. 3d 780 ( 2000). 

Because Giroux argues that the contempt sanction is punitive, our review is de novo. 

RCW 7.21. 010( 1)( b) defines " contempt of court" as intentional "[ d] isobedience of any

lawful judgment, decree, order, or process ofthe court." Washington statutes distinguish

between criminal contempt sanctions that are punitive and civil contempt sanctions that are

remedial. State v. TA. W., 144 Wn. App. 22, 24, 186 P. 3d 1076 ( 2008); see In re Marriage of

Didier, 134 Wn. App. 490, 500 -02, 140 P. 3d 607 (2006). 

A remedial sanction is " imposed for the purpose of coercing performance when the

contempt consists of the omission or refusal to perform an act that is yet in the person' s power to

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No. 45722 -9 -I1

perform." RCW 7.21. 010( 3). The remedial contempt power given a court is intended to operate

to coerce a party to comply with an order or judgment. A remedial contempt sanction will stand

ifit served coercive, rather than punitive, purposes. Didier, 134 Wn. App. at 501 -02. 

Conversely, a punitive sanction is " imposed to punish a past contempt of court for the

purpose of upholding the authority of the court." RCW 7.21. 010( 2). Before a punitive contempt

sanction is imposed, a prosecutor must file a criminal complaint and the contemnor must receive

those due process rights extended to other criminal defendants. ' See RCW 7. 21. 040( 2)( a); 

Smith v. Whatcom County Dist. Court, 147 Wn.2d 98, 105, 52 P. 3d 485 ( 2002) ( quoting In re

Pers. Restraint ofKing, Dept. ofSoc. and Health Sery 's., 110 Wn.2d 793, 800, 756 P. 2d 1303

1988)). Because no criminal complaint or criminal due process existed here, the contempt

sanction must be remedial to stand. 

Whether a contempt sanction was remedial or punitive turns on " the substance of the

proceeding and the character of the relief that the proceeding will afford." King, 110 Wn.2d at

799. In determining whether a particular sanction was remedial or punitive we do not look to the

subjective intent ofthe court. M.B., 101 Wn. App. at 439. Instead we look to the actual

character ofthe relief. 101 Wn. App. at 439. " If the purpose of the sanction is to coerce

compliance with a lawful court order, and a contemnor is jailed only so long as [ she] fails to

comply with such order, then the contempt is [ remedial]." King, 110 Wn.2d at 799. But' "[i]fthe

purpose of the contempt sanction is punitive and results in a determinate jail sentence, with no

opportunity for the contemnor to purge himself of the contempt, it is [ punitive]." 110 Wn.2d at

799. " As long as there is an opportunity to purge, the fact that the sentence is determinate does

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No. 45722 -9 -II

not render the contempt punitive." M.B., 101 Wn. App. at 439. But the opportunity to purge and

obtain release must be present " at all times. ". Didier, 134 Wn. App. at 504. 

I. INABILITY TO COMPLY WITH THE PURGE CONDITION

Giroux argues that the November 21, 2013 contempt order was punitive because Giroux

was unable to comply with the purge condition. We disagree. 

Confinement ceases to be coercive once the contemnor lacks the ability to comply with

the order she is charged with violating. King, 110 Wn.2d at 804. Continuing a person' s

confinement for contempt for not performing an act she can no longer perform makes the

sanctions purely punitive. 110 Wn.2d at 804. Inability to comply is an affirmative defense to

remedial contempt, and a contemnor bears the burden of production and persuasion in presenting

such a defense. 110 Wn.2d at 804. " The contemnor must offer evidence as to [ her] inability to

comply and the evidence must be of a kind the court finds credible." 110 Wn.2d at 804. 

A. Enrollment Requirement

Giroux argues that she was unable to comply with the requirement to enroll her children

with a GAL - approved therapist because she believed such enrollment would break the continuity

of her children' s therapy. We disagree. 

Giroux has offered no evidence that she was unable to comply with the contempt order. 

Giroux' s belief that compliance with the order was contrary to her children' s best interest is

evidence of Giroux' s unwillingness to comply, not her inability to comply. Thus, Giroux failed

to meet her burden of proving she was unable to comply with the requirement to enroll her

children with a GAL - approved therapist. 

B. Mental Health Evaluation

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No. 45722 -9 -II

Giroux argues that she was unable to comply with the requirement to schedule a mental

health evaluation because she could not afford it. We disagree. 

Here, the therapy order stated that ifthe mental health evaluation was not free, Giroux

could bring a motion for instructions. Both the therapy order and the deadline order stated that

Giroux could obtain an assessment at a center with a sliding fee scale. The superior court

provided a number ofpotential centers she could approach. 

While Giroux asserted that she was unable to pay because she had no money, and that she

had made calls to the centers, she did not sufficiently explain why a sliding scale would have

prevented her from scheduling a mental health evaluation that was free. Moreover, she did not

make a motion for instructions, as provided for in the order. Thus, Giroux failed to meet her

burden of production and persuasion to prove that she was unable to comply with the

requirement to schedule a mental health evaluation for herself due to her inability to pay. 

C. Inability To Comply During Confinement

Giroux argues that the December 10 confinement order that she did not appeal made the

November 21 contempt order punitive because she was unable to schedule a mental health

evaluation or enroll her children with a GAL - approved therapist during her one day of

confinement. But the record contains no facts supporting that Giroux was unable to comply with

the purge condition while in jail. Thus, Giroux failed to meet her burden of showing that she

was unable to comply with the purge condition during her confinement. 

II. ONE DAY OF DETERMINATE CONFINEMENT THAT COMPLIANCE COULD NOT SHORTEN

Giroux argues that the December 10, 2013 confinement order she did not appeal made

the November 21, 2013 contempt order punitive by imposing a determinate one day of

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No. 45722 -9 -II

confinement that Giroux could not shorten by complying with the contempt order' s purge

condition. We disagree. 

Here, the November 21 contempt order imposed indeterminate confinement, but

suspended that indeterminate confinement. The December 10 confinement order lifted the

suspension on this indeterminate confinement for one day, pending another review hearing. The

release order reinstated the suspension on the indeterminate confinement. 

Assuming without deciding that the confinement order imposed a determinate sentence

of one day, the record supports that this sanction was coercive rather than punitive. First, 

because the confinement order was merely lifting the suspended confinement from the contempt

order, the contempt order' s purge clause always applied. Thus, Giroux could have secured her

release at any time, even during the one day of confinement, by complying with the purge

condition. Cf. Didier, 134 Wn. App. at 503 ( contempt order imposing 30 days of confinement

was punitive because it imposed confinement and stated that if contemnor complied during the

confinement period, commissioner " may entertain" a motion to modify the order). Second, 

looking to the character of the relief that the contempt proceeding would afford, Giroux had not

complied with the order prior to the imposition of one day of confinement, and the superior court

immediately followed the one day of confinement with another review hearing to determine

whether Giroux had complied. This shows that the relief was designed to quickly coerce future

compliance that had not yet occurred, rather than to punish past noncompliance. 

Thus, looking at the substance of the contempt proceeding and the character of the relief

that the contempt proceeding would afford, the sanction' s purpose was to coerce compliance

with a lawful court order, not to punish a past act by imposing a determinate jail sentence with

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No. 45722 -9 -II

no opportunity for the contemnor to purge herself of the contempt. Therefore, we hold, that the

confinement order did not make the contempt order punitive.2

ATTORNEY FEES

Kulman requests attorney fees on appeal under RCW 4. 84. 185 for defending a frivolous

appeal, and under RCW 26. 09. 160( 1) -( 2) for prevailing in an appeal of a contempt order. We

deny Kulman' s requests. 

RCW 4. 84. 185 allows attorney fees for having to defend frivolous appeals. Fernando v. 

Nieswandt, 87 Wn. App. 103, 112, 940 P. 2d 1380 ( 1997). An appeal is frivolous if ' there are

no debatable issues upon which reasonable minds could differ and when the appeal is so totally

devoid of any merit that there was no reasonable possibility ofreversal. "' 87 Wn. App. at 111- 

12 ( quoting Mahoney v. Shinpoch, 107 Wn.2d 679, 691, 732 P. 2d 510 ( 1987)). Here, whether a

determinate jail sentence of one day is punitive or remedial is a debatable issue upon which

reasonable minds could differ, and the appeal was not so totally devoid of any merit that there

was not a reasonable possibility of reversal. Thus, the appeal is not frivolous, and Kulman is not

entitled to fees under this provision. 

RCW 26.09. 160( 1) -( 2) allows attorney fees for filing a motion to initiate a contempt

action to coerce compliance with an order " establishing residential provisions for a child." RCW

26.09. 160( 1) -( 2) applies only to contempt orders initiated to coerce compliance with those

2 Giroux argues that certain terms such as " sentenced," " bail," and " incarceration" in the

contempt order shows the commissioner' s punitive thinking, and therefore reveal that the

contempt was punitive. Br. ofAppellant at 14. But the commissioner' s word choice does not

control our analysis. This is particularly true because allowing the commissioner' s punitive

thinking to control the analysis would look to the commissioner' s subjective intent, which we do

not do. See M.B., 101 Wn. App. at 439. 

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No. 45722 -9 -II

particular provisions of an order that established residential provisions for a child. See In re

Marriage ofRideout, 150 Wn.2d 337, 358 -59, 77 P. 3d 1174 ( 2003). 

Here, Giroux was held in contempt for failing to comply with provisions to enroll her

children with a GAL - approved therapist and to schedule a mental health evaluation for herself. 

These provisions did not establish residential provisions for a child. Thus, we hold that Kulman

is not entitled to attorney fees on appeal under RCW 26.09. 160( 1) -( 2). 

We affirm. 

A majority ofthe panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered. 

We concur: 

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