# S m o ke G ets i n Y o u r Lu n g s: Out do or W oo d B oile rs in N ewY ork S tate

A ndr ew M
. C uomo A tto rn e y G e n e ra l o f

N e w Y o rk S ta te Envi r onm e nt a l Pr ot e c t i on Bur e a u R e vi s e d M a r c h 20 08

## Sm oke Ge ts in Y ou r Lu ng s : Outd oor Wood Boilers in Ne w York State R ev ise d M ar ch 200 8

Re po rtPr e pa r e d b y: J udi th Sc hre ibe r, Ph.D. Chie f Sc ientist Rob ert C hinery , P .E. Env ironm ental S cientist

Office of the A ttorney

G eneral Env ironm ental P rotection Bure au Katherine Kenn edy , S pe ci al D ep uty

A tt or ne y G en er al for E nv ironm ental P rotection The Cap itol Albany , NY 1222 4 800- 771- 7755

www. oag .state. ny .us Ack now ledgm ents: Spec ial thank s to Peter Skinner, P. E., Jared Sny der, Eug ene Kelly, Emily Valerio, Ernes to A costa, and Eliz abeth Lenigfor contributingto earlier v ersions of this report, and to rev iewers at the Albany Env ironm ental B ureau for tho ughtful c om m ents and sug g estions.

### i 

## CON TEN TS
E x e c ut i v e S um

m ary ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 I
. Introdu ction: The Increasin gU se o f O utdoo r Wood B oilers (O WBs)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I I
. O W B P o l l ut i o n ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 5 A
. O W B O p e r at i o nan d

S m o k e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 7 B
. Hum anH e a l thIm

p a c t s o f O W B S m o k e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11 C. Nei ghb orho odPr ob l e ms Cr e at e d b y OW B Smoke

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 I I I
. O W B E f

f i c i e n c y , C o s t s , an d

P e r f o rm an c e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 15 A
. H e at i n gE f

f i c i e n c y ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 15 B
. C o s t s ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 15 C
. E nv i r o nm e n t a l P e r f

o rm an c e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 18 I V
. C urr e n tR e gu l at i o no f O W B s ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18 A
. F e d e r a l an d

S t at e R e gu l at i o n s ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18 B
. L o c a l R e qu i r e m e n t s ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 V
. R e c o m

m e n d at i o n s ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23 A. D ev elop Fede ral and

N ew York

State R egulations

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 B
. A d o p tL o c a l R e qu i r e m e n t s ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 24 C
. P r o v i d e A d e qu at e E n f o r c e m e n t
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 24 D. Im pro ve Perfo rmance of

and Info rmati on AboutOWBs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 E
. Inc re as e C on sum er

Aw ar en es s: B uy er

B ew ar e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Ap p e n d i xA S p e c i f

i c M un i c i p a l R e qu i r e m e n t s ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 26 Ap p e n d i xB N e wYo rk S t at e Co n t a c t s f o r OW B Pr o b l e ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Ap p e n d i xC T o wno f

Q u e e n s b ury

O r d i n an c e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 37 App endix D Refere nces and Add itional Inform ation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

### ii 

## TAB LES A ND FIGU RES

Table 1: Num

ber o f O WBs Sold in N ew York State and N ationw ide, 1999 to 2007
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Tab le 2 : C om

pari so n of

E m is si on s fr om

Vari ou s Wo od

C om bu st io n Uni ts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Table 3: Initial C ost o f Various Heatin gSy stem s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Table 4: Fuel Cos ts for Various H eatingSy stem s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 T abl e 5: Munic ipa li ti es wi th Requir ements Pe rt ai nin g to OW Bs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
F i gur e 1 : S c h e m at i c o f

O W B an d

H o m e ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 3 F i gur e 2 : S c h e m at i c o f

In s i d e O W B
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 3 F i gur e 3 : C o m

p ar i s o no f

C h i m n e y H e i gh t s ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . . 4 Figure 4 : R elativ e E m issions of F ine P articulate Matter from H om e H eatingD ev ices

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

## ACRONYMS USED IN TH IS REPORT

A S TM

- A ss oc iati on f or S tand ar ds and

Te st in gMate ri al s B TU

- B ri ti shTh erm al Uni t CD Ds

- Chlo rinated dibenz o- p- dioxin s DE C

- NewY ork State D epartm ent o f Env ironm ental C onserv ation D O H

- N ewY or k S tate D ep artm ent o f H ea lth EC L

- Env ironm ental C onserv ation Law EPA

- United State s E nv ironm ental P rotection Ag ency HP BA

- Hearth , P atio, and Barb ecue Asso ciation NY CRR

- NewY ork C ode of R

ules and Regulations OA G

- NewY ork State O ffice of the Attorney G eneral OWB

- Outd oor Wood Boiler PA H

- Poly cy clic Arom atic H y drocarb on P C B s - P ol y ch lo ri nate d bi ph eny ls PM

- Particulate Matter

### 1



## Execut ive Sum m ary Hom eowners, especially

in rural co m

m unities, are increasing ly

turnin gto woo d b urningun its installed outside the hom e, k

nown as outdoor woo d b oilers (O WBs), to heat th eir ho m es. O WB s ales h av e tripled in N ew York

since 19 99, w ith an

estim ated 1 4,5 00 OWB s sold in NewY ork

State from

19 99 to 20 07, and 188, 500 sold nationw ide. The Ne w York

State O ffice of the Attorney G eneral (OA G) Env ironm ental P rotection Bure au re v iewed inform ation on OWB s an d an aly z ed th e m anufac ture, distribution , tes ting , and sales o f O WBs in N ew Y or k S tate
. W e fo un d th at

whi le O WB s ar e adv erti se d as ac le an and e co no m ic al w ay

to h eat o ne ’s hous e an d w ater, OWB s emit fine particulate m atter in m uch larg er am ounts than other heatingsources, and are am ongthe dirtiest an d leas t econ om ical m odes of h eating , e specially when im prope rly use d. Ev en when used prope rly , O WBs em it, o n an av erag e pe r ho ur b asis, about four tim es as m uch fine particulate m atter po llution as co nv entiona l w ood stov es, about 12 tim es as m uch fine p article po llution as E PA

- certified w ood stov es, 1000 tim es m ore th an o il furnac es, and 1800 tim es m ore th an g as furn aces. Su c h e mis s i on s ar e si gni f i c antbe c aus e fi ne pa rt i c ul a t e m a tt e r po l l ut i onha s bo th s ho rt
- t e rm andlo ngte rm h ea lth ef fe ct s on r es pi rato ry

and c ar di ac h ea lth. O f sp ec ia l c on ce rnare n earb y d ownw in d ne ighb or s who m ay be expos ed to highly elevat ed le vels of part ic ula te m at te r. W it h improved desi gn, som e OWBs are m ore e fficient an d resu lt in le ss po llution. Curre ntly , n either fed eral no r N ew York State regulations lim it the pollution from no r add ress th e pro per use of O WBs. Unlik e ind oor woo dstov es an d o ther h eatingdev ices, OWB s do no t hav e to m eet safe ty or pe rf or m an ce s tand ar ds

. In th e ab se nc e of s uc h re gul at io ns , s om e lo ca l g ov er nm ents h av e im

po se d th ei r own lim its onO WBs, which are d escribed in this rep ort. In 2 007, the federal Env ironm ental P rotection Ag ency and O WB m anufac turers a greed to v oluntary g oals o f redu cingparticu late m atter emissions. These v oluntary

g oals are no t enfo rceable and the emission g oals are no t adeq uate to prev ent im

pacts on public health, altho ugh the y m ay help allev iate the wors t con ditions. Without fe deral o r state regulations, neighbor dispute s an d p roblem s hav e oc curred whic h are often difficult to resolv e. To prev ent su ch p roblem s from occ urring , w e reco m

m end that co m

prehen siv e testing protoco ls and

emission lim itations be a dopted by N ew York

State or the E PA
. In o ur rep ort, we also s u gge s tp r a c t i c a l s t e p s th ato wn e r s an d n e i ghb o r s c ant ake t o mi t i ga t e e nvi r o nme n t a l an d h e a l thp r o b l e ms associated

w ith O WBs.H o u c k , J., e t al., A ir E m issio n s fro m R e sid e n tia l He a tin g : T h e W o o d H e a tin g O

p tio n P u t i n to 1 E n v iro n m e n ta l P e rsp e c tive , P ro c e e d ing s o f a U .S . E P A a n d A ir W a ste M a n a g e m e n t A sso c ia tio n C o n fer e n c e . E m i ss i o n Invent o ry : Li vi ng i n a G l o b al E nvi ronm ent , V
. 1 , pp . 37 3

- 3 8 4 (19 9 8 ).

S ta n d a rd s o f P e rfo rm a n c e fo r N e w R e sid e n tial W o o d H e a te rs , 4 0 C F R § § 6 0 .5 3 0 -6 0 .5 3 9 b

. 2 A li st o f E P A a p p ro v e d w o o d sto v e s c a n b e fo u n d o n the E P A w e b site, avai l abl e at 3 htt p : / / w w w .ep a.go v/C o m p l i an ce / reso urc es/p ub l i ca t i o ns/m o nit o ring/caa / w o o d st o ve s/ ce rti f i ed w o o d .pd f

(l ast accessed A ugust 28 , 20 0 7 ). 

### 2 

## I. Int roduct ion: Th e Incr easing Use of O WBs In the 19 80s, as the co st of oil an d n atural g as ros e an d as Am ericans attem pted to red

uce their h eating expen ses, the p rev alence of resid ential w ood burnin gstov es an d furnaces increased

. By 19 98, nine percent of the h om es in the United States used residential woo d co m bustion un its (includ ingw ood st ov es , f ir ep la ce s, p el le t s to v es , m as onry h eate rs and

w oo d- fi re d furn ac es ) fo r at le as t a p orti on o f th ei r heatingnee ds. The United State s E nv ironm ental P rotection Ag ency (EP A) establishe d emissions 1 st an dard s in1 98 8 fo r in do or r es id enti al w oo d st ov es in an ef fo rtto d ec re as e pe op le ’s e xp os ur e to particulate m atter, carbon m onox ide, and other pollutants. Con seque ntly , a ll newreside ntial w ood 2 stov es so ld in the United States since 1992 requ ire EP A certification and pollution controls. O WBs,

3 how ev er, whic h w ere rare in 19 88, are not c ov ered by the EPAreside ntial w ood stov e regulations. A n O WB is af

re es tand in gc om

bu st io n un itlo cate d outs id e th e ho m e or s tr uc ture to b e he at ed

( se e F igur e 1) that con sists of a firebo x surround ed b y a water reserv oir (see Figure 2 ). While de signs v ary by m anufac turer, a ty

pical O WB re sem

bles a sm all she d w ith a short chim ney to release com

bustion g ases, and an o v ersiz ed fireb ox, bu ilt to a ccom m odate unsp lit log s up to fiv e feet in len g th. O WBs v ary in siz e, but are ty pically three to fiv e feet wide , s ix to nine feet de ep, and six to ten feet tall, inclu dingthe height of the chim

ney . OWB s are designed to acc om m odate larg e w ood loads whic h can b urn for m any ho urs w ithout tending

. Wo od is p la ce d inth e fi re bo x (c om bu st io n ch am

be r) b y th e O WB o pe rato r an d is igni te d. Th e w at er in th e re se rv oi r surr ound in gth e fi re bo x is h eate d whe n ho t c om bu st io n g as es f

ro m th e fi re bo x pa ss , v ia pi pe s , thr ou gh the re s e rvoi r to th e ex haus tst a c k (s e e Fi gur e 2) . T he he a t e d wa t e r is pumpe d thr ou gh insulated un derground

pipe s from

the OWB to the h om e or buildingwhere it is circu lated through the hom e’s he atingsy stem
. Wood in the firebo x co ntinues to burn until th e tem perature in the ho m e reac hes th e de si re d le v el

. Ath erm os tat i n th e ho m e co ntro ls th e burnr at e of th e fu el b y

v ar y in gth e am ount

o f ai r that is supp lied to the fireb ox for w ood com bustion

. When the th erm ostat tem perature is reach ed, the firebox is dep riv ed o f oxy g en, leav ingthe woo d sm oldering , until m ore h eat is neede d.

### 3



## Fi g u r e 1 : S c h e ma t i c o f

O W B a n d H o me

F igu re 2: S ch em at ic of

In sid e of OW B ( sid e vie w c ut away)

### 4

In c on tr a s tto in do orwoo d s t ove s , wh i c h f e a tur e ch i mne ys l oc a t e d abo ve the bu i l di ng’ s ro of li ne , s moke is r el ea se d fr om

th e O WB v iaas ho rtc hi m ne y , ty pi ca ll y at a h ei ght o f ap pr ox im at el y six to ten feet (see Figure 3 ). Chim

ney exten sions are so m etim es ad ded to inc rease th e he ig ht. 

## Figure 3: C om parison of C him ney Height s

OWB s are increasing ly

bec om inga prim ary

m ethod of h eatingho m es in winter and prov idingho t w ater y ear- round

. The num

ber o f O WBs sold annu ally in NewY ork

State has tripled from

app roxim ately

60 0 units in 19 99 to 1, 880 units in 20 04 (the last y ear for whic h sp ecific sale s data are av ailable). Sa les across the United States hav e similarly increa sed, from

abo ut 4, 800 in 19 99 to ov er 15 ,00 0 in 2003
. Base d o n p artial data

for 2004 , it is estim ated th at 24 ,50 0 O WBs were sold across the U .S. in 2004
. S in ce 1 99 9, o f th e 77 , 50 0 un it s so ld n at io nw id e, n earl y

7 , 50 0 O WB s hav e be en

s ol d inN ewY or

k S tate (see Table 1). Assum inga continu ed rate of growth , s ales o f O WBs in NewY ork State w ould be expec ted to be 2,1 00 in 20 05; 2 ,35 0 in 2006 ; and 2, 640 in 20 07 g iv inga total of m ore th an 1 4,0 00 units. There are m ore th an tw o d oz en m anufac turers o f O WBs that se ll units in the United States. Manu fa ct ur er s ty pi ca ll y s el l O WB s to c us to m er s bo thd ir ec tl y and thro ugh m or e th an

3 00 d is tr ib ut or s and local d ealers in

N ew York

State
. One m anufac turer ac counts for appro xim ately on e- third o f the United State s sales since 19 99.

### 5



## Ta bl e 1: N um be r of

OW Bs S old in N Y S an d N at ion w id e, 199 9 t o 20 07
Ne w York

Sta te Uni

te d St ate s 1999 606 4,828 2000 1,037 6,865 2001 1,721 15,330 2002 947 10,552 2003 1,272 15,340 2004 * 1,880 24,560 2005 * 2,100 30,000 2006 * 2,350 36,500 2007 * 2,640 44,600 Total 14,500 188,500

* E s t i mat ed bas ed on par t i al dat a f or 2004 t o 20 07 an d as s umi ng 12% cont i nu ed r at e of gr owt h i n N ew Y ork St at e, and 22% N at i onwi de. 

## II. O WB P oll ut ion State health and env ironm ental a g encies hav e rece iv ed a growin gnum

ber o f com

plaints from

owners and neighbors that O WBs produ ce thic k , a crid, foul s m oke that perm eates b uilding s an d h om es, causingno t only a nuisan ce, but a lso env ironm ental d egradationand hea lth pro blem s. Ev en when operated usin g clean season ed w ood, O WBs can em it significant pollution bec ause the b asic d esign o f the OWB cau ses fuel to burn inc om

pletely , o r sm older, resultin gin thick sm ok e an d h ig h p articulate em issions. The problem is a g grav ated when other m aterials, such as w et w ood, pro cessed woo d, and g arbag e are burne d. The s ho rtO WB c hi m

ne y and r ed uc ed dra fto ft en

f ai l t o di sp er se th e sm oke, r es ul ti ngin m or e c on c e nt r at e d p ol l ut i onatlo we r he i ght s re a c hi ng r e s i de nt s an d n e i ghb or s . Ex po s ur e to th i s smoke , l i ke other pollutants, c an c ause or co ntribute to sh ort- term hea lth harm s suc h as ey e, nose, throat, an d lun g irritation, coughingand

sho rtness of b reath, and m ay exa cerbate asthm a or trig g er asthm a attack s. Chro nic exposure to sm ok e can cau se lon g - term

effects such as asthm a, heart and lungdisea se, and cancer.

### 6F ish e r, L ., et a l., Long- Te r m Per f or m ance of

EPA-Ce r t i

f i ed Phas e 2 Woods t ove s , Kl am at h Fal ls and 4 Por t l and, O r egon: 1998/ 1999, E P A /6 0 0 /S R -0 0 /1 0 0 (2 0 0 0 ); M c D o n a ld , J., e t al., Fi ne Par t i cl e and G as eous E m issio n R a te s fro m R e sid e n tia l W o o d C o m b u stio n , Env i r on men t al Sc i en ce a n d T ec h n ol og y 34( 11) : 2080- 2 0 9 1 (20 0 0 ).

E P A , N a tio n a l A ir Q u a lit

y a n d E m issio n s T

re n ds R e p o rt, 2 0 0 3 S

p e c ia l S tu d ie s E d iti o n , O ff ic e o f A ir 5 Q u a lit y P la n n ing a n d S ta n d a rd s, E P A 4 5 4 /R -0 3 -0 0 5 (S e p te m b e r 2 0 0 3 ); H o u c k , J., e t al., Ai r Em i s s i ons f r om R e sid e n tia l He a tin g : T h e W o o d H e a tin g O

p tio n P u t i n to E n v iro n m e n ta l P e rsp e c tive , Pr o c e e d i n g s o f t h e U. S
. EPA an d Ai r W as t e M an ag eme n t As s oci at i on Conf er en ce . Emi s s i on s I n v en t or y : Li v i n g i n a G l obal Env i r on men t , V
. 1, p p . 37 3

- 3 8 4 (19 9 8 ). W hi l e wo o d acco unt s f o r ni ne p ercent of res i d ent i al heat i ng, f o ss i l f uel s

– m o st burned i n a h o m e furn a c e b u t so m e b u rn e d in a p o w e r p la n t t o p ro d u c e e le c tric ity

– a re us e d fo r m o st U S re sid e n tial h e a ting

. E l ect ri ci t y - generat i ng po wer plant s em i t t he m ajo ri t y of t hei r po l l ut i o n as gases t hat are, i n pa rt , co nvert ed i n t he at mo s pher e t o f

i ne part i cl es s o t hat t hei r over al l cont r i but i on t o f i ne part i cul at e pol l ut i on i n t he amb i ent ai r i s gr eat er t han t hat of wo o d co m b ust i o n.

E P A , R e d u c in g A ir T

o x ic s in Y

o u r C o m m u n ity , E P A

- 4 5 3 / F-03

- 0 0 1 (O ct o b er 20 0 4 ); A m eri can Lung 6 A sso c ia tio n , W

oodbur ni ng (A p ril 2 0 0 0 ). B urn i ng we t wo o d wil l result i n c reo so t e b uil d

- up i nsid e the fi reb o x a nd ch i m ne y. C reo so t e is a 7 f l amm abl e s t i cky t ar - l i ke s ubs t anc e t hat i s of t en r es po ns i bl e f

or c hi mney f

i r es i f i t i s al l owed t o accu mul at e f r om an initial g ra y p o w d e ry d u sting into a thic k c rys ta lize d b u ild -up . C le a n ing the fi re b o x a n d c h im n e y re g u la rly w ill inc re a se a ir fl o w in the w o o d he a te r, the re b y re d u c ing the ra te o f cr e o so te b u ild -up . 

### 7 

## A. OWB O peration and Sm oke Wood sm ok e is one of the prim ary contributors to certa in ty pes of air pollution

in the United States, 4 especially in rural are as. Ev en th ough w ood com bustion acco unts for on ly

abo ut nin e pe rcent o f the nati on ’s h om e he at in gn ee ds , it a cc ount s fo r an

e st im at ed

f orty
- fi v e pe rc ent o f th e to ta l f in e part ic ul at e mat t e r di r e c t l y re l e a s e d b y al l fu e l co mbus t i onus e d f orre s i de nt i a l he a t i ng. 5 To ob ta inth e m os t e ff

ic ie nt – and thus c le an es t –

b ur n fr om aw oo d co m

bu st io n de v ic e, dry

w oo d sh ou ld be burnedin a m ann erthatall ows ai rf low an d oxyg en to the grea te stam ountof sur fa ce ar ea. OWBs create s m olderingcon ditions as the y cy cle thro ugh p eriods of h ig h an d low burn, whic h in turn p roduc e excess sm ok e. An efficient fire sh ould produ ce clear exh aust d uringw arm er m onths, and white exhaust (steam) du

ringcold er m onths. An ine fficient fire produ ces gray , b lack , o r thick sm ok e an d relea ses m

uch m ore h arm ful particulate m atter. B ecause O WBs are d esigned to resp ond to the therm ostatic s ettingby sm olderingwhen less h eat is required , th ey pro duce heavy

sm ok e emissions m ore o ften th an m ost o ther woo d co m

bustion dev ices. Sm ok e from

O WBs becom es m ore p roblem atic when the o wne r burns item s oth er than dry seaso ned woo d. B urningw et, d am p, or green woo d red

uces the efficie ncy

and heat outp ut of any

w ood com bustion dev ice an d inc reases particulate em issions. The energy that could be re leased in the form of 6 heat is instea d u sed to bo il off th e w ater co ntent of the w ood, which in fresh ly cut, green woo d can b e as m uch as fifty

perc ent o f the total w eight. Thus, to g enerate the sam e am ount of h eat, m ore w ood m ust b e burne d, increasingemissions of ca rbon dioxid e – the m ost im portant pollutant respo nsible for g lobal w arm in g . In ad di ti on , whe n en er gy is e xp en de d to c hang e w at er into s te am , th e te m

pe rature o f th e fi re is decrease d lead ingto incom plete c om bustion of the w ood fuel. When that happ ens, increa sed am ounts of unburned particulates will b e emitted w ith the steam and com bustion g ases. F inally , a ll wo od

7 co m bu st io n, b ut

p arti cu larl y

in co m pl et e co m bu st io n su cha s inO WB s, p ro du ce s a v ar ie ty o f to xi cL a rs o n , R . an d K o e n ig, J ., S u m m a ry o f t h e E m i ssi o n s C h a ra cteriza t i o n a n d N o n ca n ce r R esp i ra t o ry 8 E ffec ts o f W o o d S m o k e , E P A -4 5 3 /R -9 3 -0 3 6 (1 9 9 3 ); W a sh ing to n S ta te D e p a rtm e n t o f E c o lo g y, H eal t h Ef f ec ts of W oo d Sm oke (M arch 19 9 7 ). N ot s ur pri s i ng l y , f

or t hi s r eas on t he H ear t h, P at i o, an d B ar becue Ass oci at i on advi s es homeowner s t o nev er 9 use t he f o l l o wi ng: t ras h, plas t i cs, gasol i ne, rubb er, nap t ha, househo l d garbage , m at eri al t reat ed wi t h pe t roleum pr odu ct s ( par t i cl e- boar d, r ai l r oad t i es , pr es s u r e t r ea t ed wood) , l ea v es , pa per pr odu ct s , a n d c ar dboar d. H ea r t h , Pat i o, and B arbe cue A ss o ci at i o n, O ut door Wood F ur nace Bes tBur n Pr act i ce s , J ul y 2006; h ttp :// w w w .hp b a .o rg /fi le a d m in/P D F s/T ie r_ IV

_ O u td o o r_ W o o d

_ F u rn a c e

_ B e st_ B u rn

_ P ra c tice s_ -_ M H 1 .p d f; (A c c e sse d A u g 2 8 , 2 0 0 7 ).

L e m ie u x , P ., P ro

je c t S u m m a ry . E v a lu a tio n o f E m issio n s fro m th e O p e n B u rn in g o

f Ho u se h o ldW

a ste in 10 B a rre ls (w ith E rra ta

), E P A / 6 0 0 / SR

- 9 7 / 1 3 4 (O ct o b er 20 0 3 ). P a rtic u la te p o llutio n is t yp ic a lly m e a su re d us ing E P A T e st M e tho d 5 o r T e st M e tho d 2 8 w h ic h c o llec ts 11 P M as s mal l as 0. 3 m i cr ons . An addi t i onal t es t ca n t hen be us ed t o di s t i ng ui s h bet ween par t i cl es l ar ger or s mal l er t han 2

. 5 m i crons. Studi es have s ho wn t hat nearl y al l of t he P M em i t t ed i n wo o d smo ke i s P M 2
. 5 or small er. H o uck, J. , a n d T i eg s , P. , Res i den t i al W ood Combus t i on – PM 2. 5 Emi s s i on s , W EST AR P M 2. 5 W or k s h op, Ren o, N ev ada ( Ju l y 1998) ( 93% of

t h e par t i cu l at e emi s s i on s f r om wood combu s t i on i s PM 2. 5)

. I n i t s a s s es s men t , T h e M i dA tlan tic R e g io n a l A ir M a n a g e m e n t A sso c ia tio n a ssu m e s tha t 1 0 0 p e rc e n t o f P M e m issio n s fro m w o o d c o m b u stio n is P M 2
. 5 or small er. See Te chni cal M emor andum No. 6: M AN E-VU Res i dent i alWood C om bus t i on Em i s s i on In ve n t o ry , M i d

- A t l ant i c R egi o nal A i r M anagem ent A ss o ci at i o n (Ap ri l 30 , 20 0 4 ).

V a le n ti, J . an d C la yto n , R ., E m i s s i on s f r om O ut do or W

oo d-Bu r ni ng R es i dent i al HotW at er F urnaces 12 E P A

- 6 0 0 / R

- 9 8

- 0 1 7 (Feb ruary 19 9 8 ). E P A has est ab l i shed em i ss i o n l i m i t s o n i nd o o r woo d s t o ves, dis t i ngui shi ng b et ween t ho se wi t h cat al y st s (t hrough which t he smo ke p ass es, causi ng ad d i t i o nal co m b ust i o n) and t ho se wi t ho ut cat al y st s. T he E P A l i m i t s are 4.1 and 7.5 gram s P M 2.5 p er hour res p ect i vel y . A s can b e seen i n T ab l e 2 , how ever, te sting ind ic a te s tha t m a n y c a ta lyti c sto v e s a re no t, in fa c t, m e e ting the leg a l l im it. 

### 8 emis si on s in cl ud in gc ar

bo n m on ox id e, f

or m al de hy de , b en z en e, n ap ht ha le ne , and

p ol y cy cl ic aro m at ic hy drocarb ons. 8 Wh en c on stru ct io n m at er ia ls , p ac k ag in gc rate s, and h om e g ar ba g e (whi cho ft en

in cl ud es p la st ic s, r

ub be r, batteries, electro nics, and other m aterials unsuited for dispos al by

bac k y ard c om bustion ) are burne d, the e mis s i onof

ha rmfu l po l l ut ant s in c r e a s e s . Wh i l e emi s s i on s fr om OW Bs th a tburn h ou s e ho l d i t e ms ha ve 9 not b een studied , s tudies of b ack y ard b urningof g arbag e hav e found that emissions include , b ut are not lim ited to, carb on m onox ide, hy drog en c hloride, hy drog en c y anide, ben z ene, sty rene, form aldehy de, arsenic, lead, chro m ium , b enz opy rene, diox ins, furans, and PC Bs. A ccordin gto a stud y con ducted

by EPA , th e N ew York

State D epartm ent o f H ealth (D OH ), and the N ew York State D epartm ent o f E nv ir onm enta l C on se rv at io n (D E C ), b ur ni nga pp ro xi m at el y

te n po un ds o f ho us eh ol d tr as h inab ur n barrel re leases as m

uch air po llution as a m odern , w ell- controlled m unicipa l w aste in cinerator burnin g 400, 000 poun ds o f trash. 10 Altho ugh O WBs hav e no t been sub j ected to ex tensiv e testing , limited testin ghas indic ated th at emissions of fine particu late m atter (defin ed a s particulates s m aller than 2. 5 millionths of a m eter in diam eter, and referred to as PM 2 .5) from burningw ood in O WBs are ab out fo ur to 12 tim es h ig her th an th e emissions from indo or w oods tov es. C onv entiona l w ood stov es m anufac tured prior to 19 92, which were not 11 airtig ht an d h ad n o p ollution controls, g enerated an av erag e of 18. 5 gram s P M 2. 5 p er ho ur, whe reas th e new er E PA

- certified w ood stov es av erag ed a bout six gram s pe r ho ur. In similar tests, O WB e m issions 12T he se test s we re c o nd uc t ed eit he r b y E P A o r l ab o rato ries o n b eh alf o f m an ufac t ure rs. 13 O W B , c on v en t i on al w ood s t ov e, a n d EP A ce r t i f i ed wood s t ov e emi s s i on r at es f r om T abl e 2; e mi s s i on 14 r a t e s of 0. 07 g / h r a n d 0

. 04 g / h r f r om EP A E m i s s i on Fact ors AP

- 42 , F ift h E d iti o n , V o lum e I, a v a ila b le a t w w w . e pa . g ov / t t n / c h i e f / a p4 2/ c h 01 / i n de x . h t ml (la st a c c e sse d A u g u st 2 8 , 2 0 0 7 ); E P A , E m i s s i on St an da r ds R ef er ence G u id e o f He a v y -D u ty a n d N

o n ro a d E n g in e s, E P A 4 2 0 -F -9 7 -0 1 4 (S e p te m b e r, 1 9 9 7 ); E P A , F e d e ra l C e rtifi c a tio n Ex h a u st E m issio n S ta n d a rds fo r L ig h t-d u ty V e h ic le s (P a sse n g e r C a rs) a n d L ig h t-d u ty T ru c k s: F e d e ra l T

e st P ro c e d u re (F T

P ), C o ldC O , a n d H ig h w ay a n d Id le T e sts, E P A 4 2 0 -B -0 0 -0 0 1 (F e b ru a ry, 2 0 0 0 ).



### 9 rang ed f ro m 1 8 to 14 7 gram s P M 2
. 5 pe r ho ur and av er ag ed a bo ut 7 2 gram s pe r ho ur . In co m pari so n to 13 other em issions, on e O WB p roduc es ap proxim ately as m uch PM 2 .5 per h our as tw o h eavy duty diese l truck s, 45 passen g er cars, 10 00 oil furn aces, or 1800 g as furn aces. Acom parison of PM 2 .5 em issions 14 from v arious hom e he atingdev ices is shown in Figure 4
. (C oa l, whi le u se d ex te ns iv el y f or e le ctri ci ty produ ction, is n ot us ed e xtensiv ely in NewY ork

for hom e he ating .) A s ne w er , m or e ef fi ci ent d es igns are de vel op e d b y OW B manuf a c tur e r s , the le vel s of

PM 2. 5 e mis s i on s ar e an t i c i pa t e d t o d e c r e a s e , a l tho ugh on ly p re li m in ar

y te st in gh as b ee n co nd

uc te d. A s te st in go f ne wO WB m od el s by th e m anuf

ac ture rs continu es, m ore d ata w ill beco m e av ailable o n the EP A web site. 

## Figure 4: R elative Em issio ns of F ine P articulate Matte r

F ro m Ho m e He at in g D ev ic es

### 10



## Table 2: C om parison of Em issio ns fromVarious Wood C om bustion U nits
T y p e o f Wo odC om b u st io n U n it Particulate Matter, Ave rage (grams p er h our) Pol yc yc li c A ro ma ti c Hydroca rbon s, Ave rage (grams p er h our) OWB 71 .6 0.9 6 ii ii Conv entiona l (non

- EPA Certified) Wood Stov e i 18. 5 0 .36 iii iv
E P AC erti fi ed

C at al yti c Wood Stov e i 6.2 0. 15 iii iv
E P AC erti fi ed

N on - C at al yti c Wood Stov e i 6.0 0. 14 iii iv
EPAPh ase- I IC ertified Woodsto v e v 4.1 : E PAlim it for catalytic w oods tov es 7. 5: E P Ali m itf

or no n- cata lyti c woo dstov es N ot Av ai la bl e

E P AO WB Vo lunt ar

y Partners hip P rogram

G oal vi EPAv oluntary g oal o f 0.6 po unds of fine P M per million B TUs of heat in put N ot

Av ai la bl e

Ass umes 1. 0 kg/ hr bur n r at e. i T he r es ul t s f

r om manu f

act ur er s ’ t es t s an d E P A dat a. ii H o u c k , J. a n d T ie g s, P ., R es i dent i al W oo d C om bu s t i on Techno l og y Revi ew , V

o l u m e 1

. T

ec h n i ca lR ep o rt , EPA- iii 6 0 0 / R

- 9 8

- 1 7 4 a. (19 9 8 ). F ish e r, L ., et a l., Long- Te r m Per f or m ance of

EP A-Ce r t i

f i ed Phas e 2 Woods t ove s , Kl am at h Fal ls and Por t l and iv O re g o n : 1 9 9 8 /1 9 9 9

. E P A

- 6 0 0 / SR

- 0 0

- 1 0 0 (20 0 0 ). Su bpar t AAA- St an dar ds of Per f or man ce f

or N ew Res i den t i al W ood H ea t er s , 40 CFR §§ 60. 530- 60. 539b. v E P A w e b site: vi ht t p : / / www . ep a. go v/ o whh a c c e sse d M a rc h 3 , 2 0 0 8 . M o st c u rr e n t O W B s a re e stim a te d b y E P A to em i t 10 0 t o 30 0 g/ hr whereas m o st curr ent E P A

- cert i f i ed wo o d st o ves emit l ess t han 4 g/ hr and som e em i t l ess t han 2 g / h r . As of

M ar ch 2008, 2 O W B mode l s me et t h e v ol u n t ar y O W B Par t n er s h i p G oal of n o mor e t h an 0. 6 pou n ds of P M per mi l l i ons B T U s he at i nput
. See l i s t of E P A V ol un t ar y P r ogr am P ar t ner O W B manu f act ur er s at h ttp :// e p a .go v /w o o d h e a te rs /p a rtn e rs .htm (Acc ess ed Feb ruary 27 , 20 0 8 ).N ae h er , L. , e t a l

. , 2007, W oods mok e H ea l t h Ef f ec t s : A Rev i ew , I n h al at i on T ox i col og y , 19: 67- 106. 15
E P A , EP A A nnounce s Fi nalD es ignat i ons f or Fi rs tFi ne Par t i cul at e St andar d, Se pt ember 2006 16 h ttp :// w w w .e p a .go v /p m d e sig n a tio n s/d o c u m e n ts/M a r0 7 /fac tsh e e t.htm ( Acc es s ed Aug u s t 28, 2007)

N e w Y o rk S ta te D e p a rtm e n t o f H e a lth F a c t S h e e t, F i n e P a rt i cles ( P M 2 .5) Q u esti o n s a n d A n sw ers (June 17 2007) , a v a ila b le a t w w w .he a lth.sta te .ny.u s/n ysd o h /ind o o r/p m q

_ a .htm (la st a c c e sse d A u g u st 2 9 , 2 0 0 7 ).

W a sh ing to n S ta te D e p a rtm e n t o f E c o lo g y, A ir Q u a lit y P ro g ra m , H eal t h E f f ect s of W oo d Sm oke ( M ar ch 18 1 9 9 7 , upd at ed A ugust 20 0 4 ).

U SEP A, Ai r qu al i t y c r i t er i a f or pa r t i cu l at e mat t er , W as h i n g t on D C, O ct ober 2004. 19 71 Fe der al Reg i s t er 61, 144, O ct ober 17, 2006. 20 J o h n so n , P ., In-F ie ld A m b ie n t F ine P a rtic le M o n ito rin g o f an O u td o o r W o o d B o iler : P u b lic H e a lth 21 Conc er n s , H u man a n d Ecol og i ca l Ri s k As s es s men t , 12: 1153- 1170, 2006 

### 11 

## B . H u ma n H e a l t h I mp a c t s o f O W B S mo ke Exp osure to v arious com

pone nts o f w ood sm ok e an d the contam inants found in woo d sm ok e ha s be en as so ci at ed

w ith adv er se human

h ea lth im

pa ct s, a s di sc us se d be lo w . Th e li k el ih oo d of h ea lth ef fe ct s depen ds o n m any

factors , s uch as the am ount of sm ok e to whic h o ne is expo sed, the frequen cy and duration of expo sure, and the se nsitiv ity of the in div idual expo sed. Arecent rev iew publication found 15 th at e v en th ou gh w oo ds m oke is ‘ natura l, ’ itis f ar f ro m b en ign, w ith a gro w in gb od y o f ev id en ce th at

b oth acute and chron ic exp osures to w oods m ok e are associated w ith adv erse h ealth e ffects. Fine Particulate Matter (PM 2. 5) Exp osure to P M 2. 5 can ca use short- term

hea lth effects suc h as ey e, nose, throat, an d lun girritation, coughing , s neez ing , runny no se, and shortne ss of breath and can also a ffect lun gfun ction and wors en m edical cond itions s uch as asthm a an d h eart dise ase. While the u pper respiratory

sy stem w ill filter out particles larg er than

ten m illionths of a m eter (or m icrons), PM 2.5 can by pass the b ody ’s natural filtering m echan ism s to lodg e de ep in the lung s. S cientific stu dies h av e linked in creases in da ily PM 2.5 16 expo sure w ith in cr ea se d re sp ir at or y and c ar di ov as cu lar ho sp it al a dmis si on s, e m er g en cy d ep artm ent v is it s and deaths. R ecent studies sug g est that long

- term exp osure to P M 2. 5 m ay be associated

w ith incre ased r at e s o f b r o n c h i t i s an d

r e du c e d l un g f un c t i o n , an d

i n c r e a s e d

c an c e r r i s k. Pe o p l e wi thb r e a th i n g p r o b l e ms (such as asthm a, bronc hitis, em phy sem a, or p neum onia) and/or heart p roblem s, and certain m em bers o f the g eneral popu lation (s uch as ch ildren and the eld erly ) m ay be particularly

sen sitiv e to PM 2 .5. Mo re 17 than 60, 000 deaths each y ear in the United States can be attributed to exposure to air po lluted w ith P M 2.5
. E PAin its 20 04 Air Qua lity C riteria for Particulate Matter fo un d an a ss oc iati on

b etw ee n expo sure 18 to outdoor PM2. 5 an d d aily m ortality and m orbidity , and

sub seque ntly

strengthened

the annu al N ational 19 Am bient Air Qua lity

Stan dard (NAAQ S) fo r PM2. 5 from 35 microgram s pe r cub ic m eter to 15 m ic ro gram s pe r cu

bi c m et er ; the 2 4- ho ur

P M2
. 5 st an dard

is 3 5 m ic ro gram s pe r cu

bi c m et er . 20 In limited sam

plingcon ducted

near an operatin gO WB in central N ew York

State , PM2 .5 was m easured

21 at four sam

plingdistan ces o f 50 to 150 feet duringa v ariety of field co nditions

. PM2. 5 w as m easured ev ery 15 seco nds ov er a 4.3 ho ur p eriod (see Johnso n 2 006 for m ethodo log ical de tails). Mean P M2.5Z e liko ff , J., e t al., The To xi col og y of I nh al ed W

oo dsm oke , J. T o xi co l o gy and E nvi ronm ent al H eal t h, P art 22 B , 5 : 2 6 9 -2 8 2 (2 0 0 2 ).

K o e n ig, J ., et a l., P u lm o n a ry F u n c tio n C h a n g e s in C h ild re n A sso c ia te d w ith F in e P a rticu la te A ir 23 P o llu tio n , E n v iro n m e n ta l R e se a rc h 6 3 (1 ): 2 6 -3 8 (1 9 9 3 ); L a rs o n , R . an d K o e n ig, J ., W ood Sm oke : Em i s s i ons and No n c a n c e r R e sp ira to ry E ffec ts. A nnu. R ev. P ub l i c H eal t h 15 : 13 3

- 5 6 (19 9 4 ). A m e ric a n L u n g A sso c ia tio n , W o o d S m o k e A

ffec ts Y o u r H e a lth (1 9 9 0 ); A m m a n n , H ., Sum m ary O ver vi ew 24 of H eal t h Ef

f ec ts As s oci at ed wi t h Res i dent i alWood C om bus t i on: Heal t h Ef f ec t s I s s ue As s es s m ent , In te rn a l R e p o rt, E P A , R e se a rc h T ria n g le P a rk , N C (1 9 8 6 ); L a rs o n , T ., et a l., Ur ba n A i rToxi cs M i t iga t i on St ud y: Ph ase I, U n ive rs ity o f W a sh ing to n re p o rt su b m itt e d to the P u g e t S o u n d A ir P o llutio n C o n tro l A u tho rity (1 9 8 8 ); M o rr is, K ., et a l., W ood B u rn in g S to v e s a n d L o w e r R e sp ira to ry T ra c t In fe c tio n s in A m e ric a n In d ia n C h ild re n , A meri can Jour nal of D i s eas es o f C h ild re n 1 4 4 : 1 0 5 -1 0 8 (1 9 9 0 ); S te v e n s, R ., et a l., S o u rce s o f M u t a g en i c A cti vit

y in Urb a n F i n e P a rt i cles, T o xi co l

. Indust ri al H eal t h 6: 81

- 9 4 (19 9 0 ).

M en g , Q
. , e t a l

. , H ow D oes I n f i l t r at i on B eh av i or M odi f y t h e Compos i t i on of

Ambi en t PM 2. 5 i n I n door 25 Spa ce s ? An An al y s i s of RI O PA D at a, Env i r on men t al Sc i en ce a n d T ec h n ol og y , pu bl i s h ed on l i n e Se pt embe r 22, 2007. A g e n c y fo r T o x ic S u b sta n c e s a n d D ise a se R e g istry, T o x ic o lo g ic a l P ro

fil e fo r P o ly c

y c lic A ro m a tic 26 H yd ro ca rb o n s (A ugust 19 9 5 ). 

### 12 le v el s rang ed

f ro m 5 8 to 1 , 10 0 m ic ro gram s pe r cu bi c m et er at 5 0 fe et , 1 30 to 3 49 mic ro gram s pe r cu bi c m eter at 100 feet, 92 to 13 4 microgram s pe r cub ic m eter at 130 feet, and, 13 0 to 133 at 15 0 fee t. The 95 th percentile PM2. 5 lev els w ere 8 5 to 4,4 50 m icrogram s pe r cub ic m eter at 50 feet, 476 to 1, 518 m ic ro gram s pe r cu

bi c m et er at 1 00 f ee t, 6 94 to 8 75 mic ro gram s pe r cu bi c m et er at 1 30 f ee t, and 3 51 to 36 8 m ic ro gram s pe r cu

bi c m et er at 1 50 f ee t. Th es e m on it or in gd at a in di cate P M2
. 5 le v el s ar e li k el y to ex ce ed th e 24

- ho ur

N A A Q S ( al th ou gh m ea sure d inad if fe re nt m anne r th an

f or c om pl ianc e w ith NAAQ S). Resp iratory

and card iov ascular diseases hav e be en a ssociated directly w ith w ood sm ok e emissions. 22 F or e xam pl e, aS eatt le are a st

ud y n ot ed in cr ea se s ina sthm a an d othe r re sp ir at or y d is ea se and

d ec li ne s in lungfun ction am ongchild ren e xpos ed to w ood sm ok e. L ong term exp osure to w ood sm ok e, lik e oth er 23 em issions contain ingPM 2.5 , c an lea d to chron ic bro nchitis, ob structiv e lun gdisea se, and an in creased ri sk o f canc er . In ad dition to creatingPM2 .5 outdo ors, fine p articulate m atter is k nown to enter h om es 24 and other structures through w indow s, doors, crack s, and v entilation intak es, causingelev ated le v els of PM 2. 5 i nd oo r s , r e s ul t i ng i n c hr on i c ex po s ur e to pe op l e who li ve andwor k ne ar by. 25 Pol yc yc li c A ro ma ti c Hy d ro ca rb on s (PA Hs) PA Hs are a group of ch em icals that are form ed d uringthe incom

plete c om bustion of coal, oil, g as, woo d, g arbag e, and other org anic s ubstan ces su ch a s tob acco. P AH s g enerally occ ur as com

plex m ixtures often contain inghundred s of different PA Hs. Tests o n mice sh ow that ex posure to PA Hs duringpregnancy results in higher rate s of birth d efects, lowe r birth weights, and difficulty repro ducing

. Anim al stud ies hav e al so s ho wn th at

b oth sh ort- te rm

and lo ng - te rm

e xp os ur e to P A H s can inhi bi t the b od y ’s a bi li ty to fig ht dis ease. S om e P AH s hav e be en c ateg oriz ed a s pro bable hum an c arcinog ens (cancer causing chemicals) by

the U. S. Dep artm ent o f H ealth and Hum an S erv ices, and by the Internation al A g ency for R es earc h on

C an ce r. 26EPA , In d o o r A ir Q u a lit y T o o ls fo r S c h o o ls K it , IA Q C o o rd ina to r' s G u id e , Ju ly 2 0 0 7 , avai l abl e at 27 w w w . e pa . g ov / i a q/ s c h oo l s / t f s / g u i de e . h t ml (la st a c c e sse d A u g u st 2 9 , 2 0 0 7 ). A g e n c y fo r T o x ic S u b sta n c e s a n d D ise a se R e g istry, Toxi col og i calP r of i l e f or B enz ene, P u b lic H e a lth 28 Stat em ent (S e p te m b e r 1 9 9 7 ).

A g e n c y fo r T o x ic S u b sta n c e s a n d D ise a se R e g istry, Tox i col ogi cal Pr of i l e f or Chl or i nat ed D i benz o- p- 29 D i oxi ns , P ub l i c H eal t h Stat em ent (D ecem b er 19 9 8 ).

A g e n c y fo r T o x ic S u b sta n c e s a n d D ise a se R e g istry, TOXF AQ s f or For m al dehy de (J u n e 1 9 9 9 ), Sul f ur 30 D i oxi de ( Ju n e 1999) , a n d Ni t r og en O xi de (A p ri l 20 0 2 ). 

### 13 Car bon Mon ox ide A t l owc on ce ntrati on s, c ar bo n m on ox id e can caus e fati gue in h ea lthy p eo pl e an d ch es t p ai n inp eo pl e with heart d isease. At higher c oncentrations, it can ca use im paired v ision and coord ination, hea dache s, ang ina (ch est pa in du e to the h eart m uscle not re ceiv ingeno ugh o xy g en), diz z iness, con fusion, and na us ea . E xp os ur e can caus e fl u- li k e sy m pt om s th at

s to p af te r expo sure e nd s. It c an a ls o be f at al at v er y high co ncentratio ns, due to the form ation of carboxy hem og lobin in the bloo d, whic h inh ibits oxy g en uptak e. 27 Benz ene E xp os ur e to b en z en e ca

n caus e bo ths ho rtand

lo ngte rm

h ea lth ef fe ct s. At h igh co nc entr at io ns , e xp os ur e to b en z en e can caus e dr ow si ne ss , d iz z in es s, r ap id h eartr at e, h ea da ch es and tr em or s. L on gte rm

e xp os ur e to low er lev els are associated w ith adv erse effe cts in the b lood and bone m arrow(leukem ia), th e im m une s yst e m, th e re pr oduc t i ve s yst e m, an d i nc r e a s e d c anc e r ri s k. 28 Ch lorina ted Diox ins Chlo rinated dibenz o- p- dioxin s (C DD s) are a family of 75 different com

poun ds w ith v ary ingharm ful effects. C DD s are released to the env ironm ent d uringcom

bustion of fossil fu els (co al, o il, n atural g as) and woo d, and duringincin eration process es. B urningm aterials that m ay contain ch lorine, suc h as plastics, w ood treated with pentach loroph enol, pes ticides, poly chlorinated b ipheny ls (PC Bs), and ev en bleache d p aper can produ ce C DD s. Exposure to CD Ds g enerally occ urs through b reathingcontam inated ai r, o r thro ugh skinc onta ct w ith m at er ia ls c onta in in gC D D s. E ff ec ts o f expo sure d ep en d on th e am ount , but c an rang e from

skin dis ease, chang es in blood , urine, and liv er ch em istry , a s w ell as potential reprodu ctiv e or dev elopm ental e ffects. C ertain C DD s hav e be en d eterm ined to be lik ely carcin og ens. 29 Oth erC h em ic al s Wood sm ok e co ntains inorg anic and org anic irritants suc h as form aldehy de and other aldehy des, nitrog en oxides and

sulfur ox ides. Inhalation of woo d sm ok e co ntainingirritants can lead to inflam m ation and swellin gof the lungtissue and can contribute to respiratory distress

. Irritants can inte rfere w ith the norm al flowof m

ucus that rem ov es p articles from the respiratory

tract, thereb y

increa singthe am ounts of particulate m atter enteringthe lung s. These irritants can also contribute to allerg ic reactio ns. 30C o m p l aints ha ve b ee n re ce i ve d f ro m p eo p l e in t he f

o l l o w i ng co un t i es: B ro o m e, C att ara ug us, 31 C hau t auqua , Chemung , Chena ng o, Cl i nt on, D ut che s s , Fr ank l i n, Jef f er s on, O nondaga , Sar at oga, St
. Lawr enc e, S u ff o lk, T io g a , U lster , W a rr e n , an d W yo m ing . O n e O W B w a s a d ja c e n t t o a p u b lic sc h o o l. 

### 14 

## C . N e i g h b o r h o o d P r o b l e ms C r e a t e d b yO W B S mo ke D ur in gs um

m er m onth s an d ca lm

w inte r day s, w oo d sm oke is s lo wto r is e an d di sp er se . W ith O WB chim ney s no t high en ough to carry the sm ok e pa st the heights o f surro undin gho m es an d loc al terrain, woo d sm ok e, soot, and

toxin s m ay

enter hom es an d y ards o f owners and neighbors who are situated close to O WBs. Wo od sm ok e particulates, due to the ir sm all siz e, can rem ain su spend ed in the air for long pe ri od s of

ti m e, c an c au se as m okey

h az e, and

c an e as il y e nt er h om es thro ugh ai r intak es , c ra ck s, d oo rs an d w in do w s. E ff

ec ts o n ne ighb or s ar e es pe ci al ly a pp ar ent whe n O WB s ar e in st al le d inc lo se p ro xi m ity to ho m es an d o ther b uilding s (sch ools and busine sses) o n ad j acent prope rties. Sm ok e from O WBs can also c ause adv erse env ironm ental c ondition s an d p rev ent p eople from enjoy ingthe outdo ors, and can cause v isibility

pro blem s on

road s. The OA G has receiv ed m ore th an 5 0 co m plaints from

indiv iduals who are affected by O WB- g enerated sm oke an d od or s. Th e co m pl ai nt s fi le d w ith th e O A Gn ot e th e fo ll ow in g : 31 1. Sm ok e from

O WBs has led to a v ariety of sym ptom s inclu dingup set stom ach, hea dache s, diz z iness, respiratory

effects, and

throat and

ey e irritation. 2. S m oke fr om

O WB s ha s pr ev ente d re si de nt s fr om e njo y in ga ct iv it ie s in si de and aro un d th ei r hom es. R esidents hav e be en unable to us e their porch es an d b ack y ards o r con duct norm al activ ities suc h as w alkingthe dog , g ardenin g , o r han g inglaun dry outside. So m e resid ents d o n ot allow their ch ildren to play outside b ecause of the sm ok e. 3. Sm ok e from

O WBs has forced residents to clo se the ir w indow s, doors, and air c ondition ing un i t s , i n a n e f

f or tto kee p the smoke an d s moke o do r s fr om en t e r i ng the i r ho mes . Re s i de nt s ha ve com plained of woo d sm ok e od ors o n item s insid e the hom e, such as clo thing , c urtains and up ho l s t e ry. Smoky co nd i t i on s in do or s ha ve s ome t i mes se tof f ca r bo n mon ox i de an d/ orsmoke detectors. 4. Materials be sides natural woo d are burned in the O WBs, pro ducingev en greater am ounts of noxio us sm ok e an d o dors. 5. In a few cases, the unhe althy and nu isance cond itions c reated by O WBs hav e cau sed com plainants to sell their hom es.Exc er pt ed l an g u ag e i s f r om a n EP A ex empt i on l et t er pr ov i ded t o a n O W B ma n u f ac t u r er i n r es pon s e t o a 32 r eques t f or det er mi nat i on of

ex emp t s t at us i n 1999
. Let t er f r om E P A O f

f i ce of E nf orce ment an d C om pl i anc e, Ene r g y a n d T r an s por t at i on D i v i s i on , J
. Ras n i c, D i r ec t or , da t ed N ov embe r 30, 1999.

A S T M , E 0 6 .54 .08 , T

a sk G ro u p o n O u t d o o r W

o o d -F i red H

yd ro n i c H ea t ers , Sherat o n H o t el and 33 C o n v e n t i o n C e n t e r , M a d i s o n W i s c o n s i n , De c e m b e r 1

- 2 , 2 0 0 4
. Th e c o m m i t t e e , w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m OW B manuf act ur er s , an d s t at e a nd f eder al gove r nment s , i s i n t he proces s of deve l op i ng t es t i ng met hods t hat ca n be a pp l i ed t o O W B s. W hi l e general l y agreei ng t hat a s t and ard t est m et ho d s ho ul d be ad o p t ed , co m m i t t ee m em b ers are d el i b erat i ng t he q uant i t y , qua l i t y , m o i st ure content , and s t acki ng po si t i o n of t he wo o d f o r t he t est burns. I d eal l y t he ad o p t ed t est m etho d wil l b e re ali st i c a nd rep ro d uc i b l e, t o en ab l e “facto ry- t ested ” c o m p ara b l e re sult s am o ng O W B s.

E P A , R e sid e n tia l W

o o d C o m b u stio n T

e c h n o lo g y R e v ie w , V ol u me I
. T ec h n i ca l Repor t
. EP A- 600/ R- 98- 34 1 7 4 a. ( D ecem b er 19 9 8 ). 

### 15 

## III. OWB E fficien cy, C osts, and Pe rform ance O WB s ar e “d es igne d to b e in st al le d outs id e of th e ho m e, and

to h eat b y

an in di re ct

m etho d, and

are exem pt from the EPAregulation(s)” that cov er ind oor woo d sto v es. Approa ched by the Hearth , P atio, 32 and Barb ecue Asso ciation (HP BA ) in an e ffort to m ak e test data o n O WBs com parable, the Asso ciation for S tandard s an d TestingMaterials (AS TM) dev eloped a con sensus - based

stand ard tes tingm ethod for OWB s. An an alytical test m ethod (for the labo ratory no t field use ) w as d ev eloped

to ev aluate the 33 perform ance of O WBs for P M2.5 em issions and OWB efficienc y . A s datab ec om e av ai la

bl e fr om s uc h te st in g , O WB m anuf ac ture rs and

E P Aw il l b e ab le to b ette r ev al uate em issions, and

O WB m anufac turers c an d ev elop im prov ed d esigns to increa se efficien cy and dec rease em issions. Mo st O WBs currently av ailable are less env ironm entally sound, less efficient, and less econo m ical than

othe r com

m on heatingsources, such as ind oor woo d sto v es, and g as- or oil- fueled furnaces

. With im

prov em ents in

des ig n, the efficie ncies of O WBs are expected to im prov e. 

## A. Heating E fficien cy Heatin gefficienc y

is a m easure of h eat output re lativ e to the in put v alue o f the fuel –

the actual heat output in com

parison to the p otential heat o utput of the fuel. The EPAhas found heatingefficienc ies of ab o ut5 4 p e r c e n tf

o r c o nve n t i o n a l wo o d

s t o ve s , an d

6 8 t o 7 2 p e r c e n tf

o r EP A -c e rt i f

i e d wo o d s t o ve s . In

34 com parison , d ata ob tained from m anufac turers o n tests cond ucted on OWB s found that the y hav e he ating ef fi ci en ci es r an g in gf

ro m 2 8 to 5 5 pe rc ent, w ith an av er ag e of

4 3 pe rc ent ( se e App en di x B ). An O WB th at is 4 0% e ff

ic ie nt b ur ns tw ic e as m

uc h w oo d to p ro du ce th e sam e am ount o f he at a s an O WB th at

is 80 % e ff ic ie nt
. 

## B. C ost s Th e in it ia l c os t o f O WB s is s igni fi cant ly h ighe r th an

th at o f othe r he at in gd ev ic es s uc h as g as and o il furnaces (see Table 3), m any of whic h w ill already

be installed in the ho m e. In ad dition, the cost o f purch asingor harv estingw ood fuel can b e su bstantial. Table 4 sh ows the relativ e co sts to purch ase and fuel a v ariety

of heatingun its.

### 16



## T a b l e 3 : I n i t i a lCo s to f

Va r i o u s H e a t i n g S y s t e ms
T yp e of He at in g S ys te m A ve ra ge C os t i Outd oor Wood Boiler (4 3% Efficient) $7, 660 ii Indoo r Wood

Sto v e ii ( 68 % t o 72 % E ff

ic ie nc y ) $3, 000
G as o r O il F ur

na ce ( 83 % E ff

ic ie nt ) iii G as O il $2, 100 $2, 300 G as o r O il F ur

na ce ( 90 % E ff

ic ie nt ) iii G as O il $3, 300 $4, 500
H ot Wate r B oi le r ( 84 % E ff ic ie nt ) iii Gas O il $3, 500 $3, 300
Cos t s a r e es t i mat ed bas ed on a v er ag e cos t s of h ea t i n g u n i t s . I n cl u des t h e es t i mat ed cos t of i n s t al l at i on , bu t doe s n ot i . inc lud e c o st o f i n te rn a l ho m e p ip ing o r d u c t wo rk . A c tua l co sts m a y va ry w id e ly b a se d o n m a n u fac tur e r, e ff ic ie n c y, a n d re g io n o f t h e U n ited S ta te s. T he est i m at ed i ni t i al co st of an O W B i s t he average o f f o r r esi d ent i al uni t s o f

ei ght m anuf

act urers plus t he average ii c o s t o f i n s t a l l a t i o n , b a s e d o n i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d b y OA G f r o m m a n u f

a c t u r e r s ’ w e b s i t e s , a n d f r o m NYS ER DA (N Y S O A G re se a rc h , Ja n u a ry 2 0 0 8 ). T he average co st s o f

t he gas and o i l s y st em s are ba sed o n R S M eans data and a sur vey o f hom e heat i ng co nt ract o rs iii co nd uct ed by t he C o nsumer E nergy C o unci l of A m eri ca, repo rt ed i n “Sm ar tChoi ce s f or c ons um ers : Anal

ys i s of t he b e st w ay s to re d u c e h ig h h e a tin g c o sts,” (W a sh in g to n , 2 0 0 5

). h t t p: / / ww w. ce ca r f

. or g / Publ i ca t i on s / M i s cPu b/ Sma r t Choi ce s H ea t i n g An al y s i s . pdf (L a st a c c e sse d M a rc h 3 , 2 0 0 8 ).

### 17



## T a b l e 4 : Fu e lCo s t s f

o r Va r i o u s H e a t i n g S y s t e ms

T ype of Fu el F uel P ri ce i P ri ce per mi l l i on B TU (D o l l a rs) Eff

i ci en cy ii P ri ce per

mm B TU adj us t ed f

or ef f i ci ency (D o l l a rs) Tot al

H o u se h o ld E n er g y C o st pe r year (D o l l a rs) iii Wood (f or us e in OW B) $190

pe r co rd $8. 64 43% $20. 08 $2, 008
Wood (f or u se in c at al yti c indoo r w ood stov e) $190 per c ord $8. 64 72% $11. 99 $1, 199
Wood (for us e in noncatalytic indo or w ood stov e) $190 pe r co rd $8. 64 68% $12. 70 $1, 270

Oil $2. 47 per g allon $17. 81 78% $22. 83 $2, 283 Gas $1. 39 pe r th erm $1. 90 81% $17. 71 $1, 771 Electricity $0. 105 per kil ow att hour $30. 86 97% $31. 82 $3, 182

A verage ef

f i ci enci es and p ri ce p er mil l i o n B T U f o r oi l , gas, and el ect ri ci t y ba sed o n cal cul at i o ns b y t he E nergy i In fo rm a tio n A d m inistra tio n , U n ited S ta te s D e p a rtm e n t o f E n e rg y. “ H o w d o I c o mp a re H e a tin g F u e ls ” ( N ovemb er 8 , 2 0 0 7 ), avai l abl e atw w w . e i a . do e . g ov / n e i c / e x pe r t s / e x pe r t a n s w e r s . h t ml (la st a c c e sse d D e c e m b e r 2 4 , 2 0 0 7 ). W e n ot e t h at w ood pr i ce s ma y v ar y w i del y c ompar ed t o oi l , g as a n d e l ec t r i ci t y . T h e h ea t i n g f u el c ompar i s on c al cu l at or (R e v H -c 4 /2 1 /0 5 ) is a v a ilab le fo r d o w n lo a d in M ic ro so ft E x c e l f o rm a t, avai l abl e at w w w .e ia .d o e .go v /ne ic /e x p e rts/h e a tc a lc .xls

. Av e r a g e w oo d e f

f i c i e n c y ba s e d o n OW B e f f i c i e n c y t e s t i n g pr ov i de d i n Ap pe n di x B of t h i s r e po r t , a n d EPA, ii R e sid e n tia l W

o o d C o m b u stio n T

e c h n o lo g y R e v ie w , V

o lu m e I. T

e c h n ic a l R e

p o rt. EP A

- 60 0/ R

- 98

- 17 4a. ( D ece mb er 1 9 9 8 ). T he as s umed approxi mat e h ous ehol d ene r gy cons umpt i on per y ear ( 10 0 m i l l i on B T U ) i s bas ed on t he 20 03 Annu al iii E n e rg y R e v ie w b y the E n e rg y In fo rm a tio n A d m inistra tio n o f t h e U n ited S ta te s D e p a rtm e n t o f E n e rg y, avai l abl e at w w w . e i a . do e . g ov / e me u / a e r / c on s u mp . h t ml (l ast accessed O ct o b er 31 , 20 0 7 ).E P A webs i t e 35 h ttp :// w w w .e p a .go v /w o o d h e a te rs /b e stp ra c tice s.h tm a cc es s ed 10/ 05/ 07. F ish e r, L ., et a l., Long- Te r m Per f or m ance of

EP A-Ce r t i

f i ed Phas e 2 Woods t ove s , Kl am at h Fal ls and 36 Por t l and, O r egon: 1998/ 1999 , EP A/ 600/ SR- 00/ 100 ( 2000) ; s ee a l s o, Su bpar t AAA - St an dar ds of Per f or man ce f

or N ew Res i den t i al W ood H ea t er s , 40 CFR §§ 60. 530- 60. 539b.

E P A webs i t e 37 ht t p : / / www . ep a. go v/ wo o d heat ers a cc es s ed 10/ 04/ 07. 6 N Y CR R § 211. 2. 38 

### 18 

## C. Environm ental P erform ance A ny c om bu st io n de v ic e w il l c re at e g as eo us and p arti cu late e m is si on s an d al l w oo d co m bu st io n w il l create a sh req

uiringdisp osal. OWB s often cau se sm oldering(oxy g en d epriv ed c om bustion ) which g enerates heavy

sm ok e duringthos e co nditions . Wh en O WBs are filled with larg e w ood loads, they can burn for up to 48 hours, w ith sm olderinglik ely . E v en b urningseaso ned hardw ood can g enerate sm ok e, but b urningrottenw ood, freshly cut and green woo d, old b uildingscrap s, woo d sc raps, new spape rs, corrug ated c ardbo ard b oxes, pine con es, grass, y ard trim m ing s, and sawd

ust can p roduc e w orse co nd it io ns . S om e O WB o wne rs a ls o burnh ou se ho ld w as te and

g ar ba g e, whi chs ho ul d no t b e burn ed in an O WB. EP A prov ides guidanc e on pro per fu els for OWB s to reduce sm ok e emissions. E PAadv ises 35 nev er to start a fire w ith g asoline, k erosene , c harcoa l starter, or a pro pane torch. E PAfurthe r adv ises that safe w ood burnin gprac tices inc lude precautions nev er to burn hous ehold g arbag e or cardbo ard, plastics or m aterials w ith co lored ink , p ainted or p ressure- treated woo d, plywoo d, particle b oard or any w ood with g lue o r w et, ro tted, diseased or m oldy w ood. 

## IV. C urre nt R egulation of OWBs A. F eder al and State Re gulations EPAdo es n ot currently

regulate th e m anufac ture, sale, or efficien cy claim s of OWB s. O WBs are not subject to th e fed eral regulations g ov erningindo or sto v es an d firep laces, whic h are tested and re gulated by the EPAfor safety , e m issions, and efficienc y . Any

newreside ntial w ood stov e so ld in the United S t at e s a f t e r J u l y 1 , 1 9 9 2 mus tb e “ P h a s e 2 ” c e rt i f i e d , mea n i n g th a ti td o e s n o te mi tmor e th an4
. 1 gr ams of p arti cu late m atte r pe r ho ur f or c at al yti c st ov es and

7
. 5 gram s of

p arti cu late m atte r pe r ho ur f or no nc at al yti c st ov es . M os t O WB s te st ed to d at e fo r P M ( se e Tab le 2 ) ex ce ed th e P M l imit s th at

a pp ly to 36 EPA

- certified w ood stov es. A s parto f it s ef

fo rt to r ed uc e th e harm fu l e ff

ec ts o f O WB s, E P Ah as c re at ed av ol untary

p artn er sh ip pr ogram w ith O WB m anuf

ac ture rs to r ed

uc e ai r po ll ut io n fr om

O WB s. Und er

th is p ro gram , O WB m anufac turers n eed only

pro duce one m odel that co m plies w ith this program . The EP A believ es the v oluntary pro gram w ill bringsignificantly

clean er O WBs to the m ark et in 2007
. H owe v er, becau se the 37 volunt ary pro gram

has no en for cement co m pone nt, is li m it ed inscop e, andhas wea k emissi on goals , we ar e co nc e rne d tha tth i s pr ogr am wi l l no tre du c e OW B p ol l ut i onsubs t ant i a l l y. In N ewY or

k S tate , th er e ar e no r egul at io ns d ir ec te d sp ec if ic al ly to O WB s. D E C r egul at io ns p ro v id e th at “no person

sha ll caus e or allow em issions of air contaminants to the outdoor atm osph ere o f such qu anti ty , c hara ct er is ti c or d ur at io n whi chare in

juri ou s to hum an , p lant , o r an im al li fe o r to p ro pe rty , o r whic h unreason ably

interfere with the co m fortable enjoym ent o f life o r prop erty .” O perationof OWB s 38 m ay also v iolate th e D EC sm ok e regulation whic h state s, in part, th at “no perso n sh all op erate a stationary com bustion installatio n which exhibits greater than tw enty perc ent o pacity , e xcept for on e six-6 N Y C R R § 2 2 7

- 1
. 3
. O p aci t y i s d ef i ned as: “ T he d egree t o whi ch em i ss i o ns o t her t han wat er r ed uce t he 39 tra n sm issio n o f l igh t an d o b sc u re the vie w o f an o b je c t i n the b a c k g ro u n d .” 6 N Y C R R § 2 0 0 .1 (a y). T h e ge n e ra lly a p p lica b le o p a c ity lim it o f t w e n ty p e rc e n t i s ro u g h ly eq u iva le n t t o a li g h t gr e y sm o k e .

V e rm o n t A ir P o llutio n R e g u la tio n , se c tio n 5 -2 0 4 , O u td o o r W o o d F ire d B o iler s, a d o p te d A p ril 2 0 0 7
. 40 W a sh ing to n A d m inistra tive C o d e 1 7 3 -4 3 3 -1 0 0 (3 ), S o lid F u e l B u rn ing D e v ic e s (J a n u a ry 1 9 9 5 ). 41 

### 19 m inute period per h our of n ot m ore th an tw enty
- sev en p ercent opacity .” D EC has tak en e nforcem ent 39 actions inv olv ingO WB o wne rs on som e oc casions bas ed o n the se regulations. In 2 008, D EC plan s on propo singregulations specifically pertain ingto OWB s. The states of Verm ont and Washington re gulate O WBs. The Verm ont re gulations inclu de th e 40 fo ll ow in gp ro v is io ns : (1) Installation of an O WB m ust b e at least 2 00 feet from the nearest neighborin greside nce no t o wne d by

th e O WB o wne r; (2) The stack

on the furnace m

ust b e higher th an th e roo f line if the OWB is b etwee n 2 00 fe et and 5 00 f ee t f ro m th e ne ar es t n ei ghb or in gh om e; (3) The OWB m

ust co m ply w ith loca l ordin ances and its op eration m ust n ot create a nu is an ce ; (4 ) D ea le rs and

s el le rs o f O WB s m

us t p ro v id e buy er s w ith a le g al n ot ic e st at in gth at : o nl y untreated natural w ood m ay

be burne d; ins tallation is sub j ect to the d istance and stack he i ghtre qu i r e men t s st at e d abo ve; an d tha tth e OW B, eve n i f m e e t i ng the ab ove requirem ents, m ay

no t be used if the terrain is inappro priate and renders the O WB to be a nu isance or p ublic health haz ard. This leg al no tice m ust b e signed by

bo th the buy er an d se ll er and f il ed w ith th e A ir

P ol luti on C ontr ol D iv is io n of

Ve rm ont p ri or

to d el iv er

y of th e O WB to th e buy er . The Washington re gulation estab lishes e m ission standard s, certification standard s an d p rocedures, 41 curtailm ent ru les, and fuel res trictions fo r solid fuel b urningdev ices. O WBs are co nsidered solid w ood burnin gdev ices, whic h, after January 1, 19 95, m

ust b e sh own

to com ply w ith an emission standard

of 4.5 gram s P M p er

h our be fo re th ey

c an b e of fe re d fo r sa le in

th e S tate o f Wa sh in g to n. P ro hi bi te d fu el s in cl ud e g ar

ba g e, tr eate d w oo d, p la st ic and p la st ic p ro du ct s, r

ub be r pr od

uc ts , ani m al c ar ca ss es , a sp ha lt ic produ cts, waste petro leum pro ducts, paints and

che m icals, and any

sub stance that n orm ally

emits den se sm oke or o bn ox io us o do rs . O WB s, li k e othe r so li d fu el b ur ni ngd ev ic es , m

us t c om pl y w ith an o pa ci ty standard no t to exceed

an av erag e of 20 percent opa city for six co nsecutiv e minutes in any on e- hour period. R etailers m

ust p rov ide in form ation on the p roper operatio n o f the unit, includin ginform ation that o pacity

lev els of ten p ercent or less are attainable through p roper operatio n. 

## B. Local Re quire m ents S om e lo ca l g ov er

nm ents in N ewY or k S tate h av e de em ed

O WB s a nu is an ce b ec au se o f sm oke an d to xi c em issions. Mo re than

60 towns a

nd v illag es h av e plac ed re strictions on OWB s rang ingfrom m eeting certain requirem ents fo r setba ck distan ces, chim

ney height, terrain, popu lation d ensity and othe r factors, to outrig ht bans. These m unicipa l requ irem ents are sho wn in Table 5 and Appen dix A

.

### 20

### 21



## Table 5: Mun icipalities w ith R equir em ents P ertaining t o OWBs A s of Jan ua ry , 200 8
Town / V illage a nd Cou nty Date Reg ulate Ban Roc kland County

–Modified Sanitary

C ode* Apr 20 06 X Suffolk C ounty –Lo cal L aw* J ul 20 07 X Adam s, Village of (J efferson County )* J ul 2 004 X Bain bridg e, Village of (Che nang o C ounty)** Mar 2 006 X Barn ev eld, Village of (One ida C ounty)** Apr 2 005 X Beek m an, Town of (D utchess C ounty)** Apr 2 006 X Bingham ton, City of (Broo m e C ounty)* J an 2006 X Broo k hav en, Town of (S uffolk

C ounty)** Aug 2006 X Brownv ille, Town o f (Jefferson C ounty)* Oct 2 005 X Burke, Village of (Franklin C ounty)** J ul 2 004 X Cam den, Townof (One ida C ounty)** Dec 20 03 X Cam den, Villag e of (One ida C ounty)** J un 1 999 X Canton, Town of (S t. L awren ce C ounty)** Dec 2003 X Cap e Vincent, Villag e of (J efferson County )** Sep 2005 X Cartha g e, Village of (J efferson County )+ Sep 2006 X Cham pion, Townof (J efferson County )* Oct 2005 X Chateaug ay , Villag e of (Franklin C ounty)** Apr 2004 X Che nang o, Town of (B room e C ounty)* Sep 2005 X Clayton, Village of (J efferson County )** Oct 2004 X Con stablev ille, Villag e of (Lew is C ounty)* Mar 20 06 X Cop enhag en, Village of (Lew is C ounty) ** J ul 2005 X Dickinson, Townof (Franklin C ounty)** Mar 2006 X Dolg ev ille, Villag e of (Fulton C ounty)** Dec 2005 X Edw ards, Village of (St. Lawrence County )** J une 2003 XTown / V illage a nd Cou nty Date Reg ulate Ban



### 22 Elba, Townof (Gen esee County )* J une 2 001 X Elm ira H eights, Village of (Che m ungC ounty)** J an 2006 X Fento n, Town of (B room e C ounty)* Aug 20 05 X Fort Cov ing ton, Town of (F ranklin C ounty)* J an 2006 X Gen ev a, City

of ( O ntario County ) Oct 2006 X Gouv erneur, Villag e of (St. Lawrence County )** Apr 2004 X Greenwoo d, Town of (S teuben C ounty)* J un 2005 X Herkim er, Village of (Herkim er C ounty)** Feb 2004 X Herm on, Villag e of (St. Lawrence County )* Feb 2006 X Heuv elton, Villag e of (St. Lawrence County )** Nov 2003 X Hollan d P atent, Village of (One ida C ounty)** Apr 2005 X Hurle y , Town o f (U lster C ounty) J an 2007 X King sbury , Town o f (Washin g ton C ounty)* Oct 2004 X Kirkw ood, Townof (Broo m e C ounty)* Aug 20 06 X LeR oy , Villag e of (Gen esee County )* J an 2007 X Lowv ille, Villag e of (Lew is C ounty)** Dec 2001 X Malone, Villag e of (Franklin C ounty)** Mar 20 04 X Marcellus, Town of (O nond ag a C ounty)* J an 2004 X Martinsburg , Town o f (Le wis County )* J un 2005 X Moreau, Townof (Saratog a C ounty) (prop osed)* Oct 2004 X New port, Village of (Herkim er C ounty)** Apr 2004 X New stead, Townof (Erie C ounty)* J uly 20 07 X Oteg o, Village of (Otseg o C ounty)** Mar 2001 X Ow eg o, Village of (Tioga C ounty)* J une 2 007 X Pierrepo nt, Town of (S t. L awren ce C ounty)* Oct 2005 X Prosp ect, Village of (One ida C ounty)** Mar 2005 X Que ensbury , Town o f (Warren County )* May 2004 XTown / V illage a nd Cou nty Date Reg ulate Ban



### 23 Red H ook , Town o f (D utchess C ounty)** J une 2 006 X Ren sselaer Falls, Villag e of (St. Lawrence County )** J an 2004 X Richv ille, Villag e of (St. Lawrence County )** May 2004 X Rod m an, Town of (Jefferson C ounty)* Nov 20 05 X Rutlan d C enter, Village of (J efferson County )* Sep 20 06 X South G lens F alls, Village of (Saratog a C ounty)* Dec 2003 X Unio n, Town of (B room e C ounty)* Mar 2006 X Warwick , Town o f (O rang e C ounty)* J an 2006 X Watertown , C ity

of (J efferson County )* Oct 2003 X Watertown , Town o f (Jefferson C ounty)* Aug 20 06 X Way land, Villag e of (Steub en C ounty)** Mar 20 06 X Whitney Po int, Village of (Broo m e C ounty)** Mar 20 06 X

* S ee App en di x Af

or f urth er d et ai ls o n re qu ir em ents . **O WBs m ay

no long er be bu ilt or e xpan ded as o f filingdate. N on- confo rm inguse s w ill be allowe d, unde r spec ific guidelines

. + 6 m onth m oratorium , n one allowe d. 

## V. R ecom m endations A. D evelop F eder al and State Re gulations The a do pt io n of

f ed er al r egul at io ns is th e be st w ay to a dd re ss e ff ec ti v el y th e pr ob le m s id enti fi ed

in th is report. I deally , s uch regulations wou ld req uire emissions testing , p erform ance standard s, and control te chno lo g ie s to e ns ur e th at O WB s ar e env ir onm enta ll y s ound and d o no t p os e a he al thh az ar d to u se rs an d ne ighb or s. G iv en

th e co m pl ex it ie s of

e st ab li sh in gte st in gp ro to co ls and e m is si on li m it s, th er e ar e significant adv antag es to m anufac turers o f federa l regulation, instea d o f a m ultitude of state and local lim its. Con sistent w ith all other Clean A ir A ct pro gram s, how ev er, it m ust b e clear that any

fede ral regulations only

set a floo r for health protection s, and that state s are free to enact stricter pro tections. The EP A v oluntary

incentiv e pro gram

is g eared toward ev aluatingexistin gand newO WB m odels so m anufac turers c an im

prov e de sign an d efficien cy . While this is a step in the rig ht dire ction, it d oes not replace the n eed for fed eral regulation to pro tect the env ironm ent an d p ublic health. In th e ab se nc e of

f ed er al r egul at io ns , D E C p lans to f il l the r egul at or

y v oi d by d ev el op in gan ai r qu al ity regulatory

pro gram that wou ld effec tiv ely

add ress O WB p roblem s acro ss the state. D EC m ay estab lish siting , o peration , and em ission lim its. A DE C rulem akingw ould offer th e ad ditional adv antag e of

### 24

prov idingthe public and affected parties w ith the oppo rtunity to shape po licy

throu gh su

bm ission of com m ents and participation

in rulem akinghearing s. 

## B. Ad opt Local R equir em ents Towns and v illag es can ev aluate the su itability of OWB op eration in the ir jurisdictions. Just as lo cal z oningcod es can ad dress activ ities that create n uisance s an d req

uire p erm its or establish cond itions fo r ce rt ai n ac ti v it ie s, c om

m un it ie s can co ns id er

r eq ui ri ngp erm it s be fo re in st al lati on o f an O WB , e sp ec ia ll y in m ore d ensely

settled areas. In ev aluatingpermit app lications, determinations can be m ade whe ther local c ondition s suc h as setba ck distan ces, terrain, and sensitiv e ne ig hbors such as sch ools, ho spitals and residenc es are com

patible with OWB op eration. Loca l requ irem ents c ould lim it accep table fu el to dry , n atural, and untreated w ood. Ado cum ent ac k no w le dg in gth at

li m it at io n, s igne d by

th e O WB p ur ch as er , c ou ld b e fi le d w ith th e lo ca l c od e of fi ce r, th er eb y b ec omin gan en fo rc ea

bl e co nd it io n of

th e us ag e of

th e O WB
. Th e Town of Q ue en sb ur

y ’s ordinan ce is shown in App endix D, as an e xam ple. 

## C. P rovide A dequ ate En forcem ent Wh ethe r F ed er al , S tate o r lo ca l, r egul at io ns and r es tr ic ti on s re g ar di ngth e si ti ngand u sa g e of O WB s ar e on ly e ff ec ti v e if e nf or ce m ent a cc om

pani es th em . O ff

ic ia ls are o ft en

r el uc tant to is su e v io lati on s to ho m eo wne rs u si ngan O WB a s th ei r pr im ar y h eati ngs ourc e. H ow ev er , if th e sm oke fr om

an O WB is causinghea lth or env ironm ental p roblem s, action shou ld be tak en to resolv e the situation. This m ay entail w orkingw ith the OWB owner to redu ce the adv erse im pacts of the O WB b y

increa singthe stack height, m ov ingthe OWB to a differe nt loc ation on the p roperty , e nsuringthat season ed w ood is bein g us ed a s fu el , o r ad di ngp ol luti on c ontr ol s. S om et im es s m al l l ot s iz e an d/ or

te rr ai n m ake th e O WB unsu itable fo r that location, suc h as in rural v illag es where neighbors are clo se to each other. Ev en when cl ean dr y w oo d is b ur

ne d, O WB s th at

are in s uc h lo cati on s of

te n re su ltin

s m okey s ituati on s un ac ce pt ab le to ne arby neighbors. In N ew York

State , th e D EC has prim ary enfo rcem ent res pons ibility un der th e E nv ironm ental C on se rv at io n L awand

s ho ul d be th e fi rs t a g en cy c onta ct ed

whe n th er e is ap ro bl em . H ow ev er , c ounty and state H ealth D epartm ents, and local fire departm ents and code officials m ay also be a ble to asses s h e a l than d

e nvi r o nme n t a l c o n d i t i o n s t o d e t e rmi n e wh e th e r ah e a l tho r

e nvi r o nme n t a l nu i s an c e e x i s t s . If the situ ation canno t be resolv ed s atisfactorily , th e N ew York State O ffice of the Attorney G eneral can be contacte d to assist. Alist o f contacts is prov ided at the end of this report. 

## D. Im prove P erform ance of and Inform ation Ab out OWBs In the abs ence of regulation, m anufac turers c an take step s to reduce O WB e m issions by add ingpo llution control dev ices, installingtaller s tack s for sm ok e disp ersal, or re- designingO WB units to m inim iz e the sm ol de ri ngand

s m oke th at

are inhe re nt

in th e m ajor ity

o f th e O WB s curr entl y

o n th e m ark et
. E P A ’s v ol untary in ce nt iv e pr ogram

is d es igne d to e nc oura g e su chp ol luti on c ontr ol d ev el op m ent. Manufacturers sh ould ensure that the ir adv ertisingand m ark etingm aterials reflec t the basis for any claim s ab out e fficiency , c ost, and env ironm ental p erform ance and that h andlinginstruc tions m ak e clear that o nly dry seaso ned woo d b e burned. R etailers sh ould help prospe ctiv e cu stom ers ass ess th e

### 25

su it ab il ity o f an O WB in li ght o f th e cu st om er ’s p ro pe rty , takin ginto a cc ount s uc h fa ct or s as p ro xi m ity of n eighborin greside nces, terrain, and nearby pro perty use s (reside ntial, com

m ercial, industrial, siz e of OWB , e tc.). Finally , O WB m anufac turers and distributors sho uld c om m it to p rov ide tec hnical assistance in the ev ent that an O WB c reates a

sm ok e nu isance for an

O WB o wne r or neighbors, or is no t perfo rm ingas adv ertised. The m anufac turer o r distributor, by ph one or p ersonal v isit, sh ould ev aluate the situ ation and recom m end technica l solutions, suc h as exten dingthe sm ok e stack to a he ig ht that is greater than the height of the n eighborin groo f line or the installatio n o f a control apparatus, such as a catalytic dev ice. 

## E. Incre ase Consum er Aw areness: B uyer Be w are B ef or e purc ha si ngan O WB , p ot enti al b uy er s sh ou ld c on si de r th e si z e an d lo cati on o f th ei r pr op erty , th ei r he at in gn ee ds , and

s ui ta bl e w oo d av ai la

bi li ty in a dd it io n to lo ca l l aw s an d re gul at io ns . C on sum er s shou ld care fully

scrutin iz e m anufac turer claim s. Fo r pe op l e who ha ve a l r e a dy p ur c ha s e d a n OW B o r who li ve n e ar

anOW B tha tis cr e a t i ng s moky co nd it io ns , th es e st ep s m ay h el p re so lv e th e si tu at io n: ( 1 ) O W B o wn e r s s h o u l d mak e s ur e th e y ar e o p e r a t i n g th e OW B o n l y wi ths u i t ab l e mat e r i a l s . I f sm ok y con ditions persist d espite burnin gof prope r m aterials, contact the m anufac turer o r distributor of the O WB unit. The m anufac turer m ay be able to asses s, adjust, and /or retrofit the unit to redu ce the sm ok e or em issions problem by , fo r exam

ple, installinga taller sm ok e stack and/or catalytic dev ice. (2) I f the m anufac turer o r distributor cannot o r w ill not prov ide as sistance, or if the OWB op erator will n ot co ntact th e m anufac turer o r distributor, contact the reg ional DE C office th at serv es the county
. The DE C m ay

be able to assist in ev aluatingthe sm ok e op acity to determine whether excessiv e sm ok e is present and m ay be able to sug g est w ay s to im prov e the situation. C ontact in fo rm at io n fo r lo ca l o ff

ic ia ls , r eg io na l o ff

ic es o f th e D E C , and

c ounty h ea lth de partm ents is li st ed inAppend ix C. (3) OWB s sho uld n ot be use d to burn pressure treated w ood, painted w ood, ho useho ld g arbag e or other waste m aterials. Lo cal z oningor buildingcod e office rs, lo cal fire officials, a reg ional DE C office, or co unty

hea lth de partm ents s hould be called for ass istance. (4) I f y ou are an

owner o r a neighbor experien cingcon ditions detrim ental to hea lth (sm ok e in the hom e cau singrespiratory difficulties , fo r exam

ple), contact the p ublic health departm ent th at se rv es th e co unty

( S ee c onta ct

li st in App en di x C ). Th e co unty o r st at e D O H m ay

b e ab le to assist inev aluatingthe situation to de term ine if a co ndition exists th at is detrim ental to life o r health. (5) I f neith er D EC no r D OHis a ble to assist, contact the Env ironm ental P rotection Bure au at the N ewY or k S tate O ff ic e of th e A tt or ne y G en er al f

or f urth er a dv ic e an d as si st an ce at 1- 518- 474- 8096 or 1- 800- 771- 7755
.

### 26



## AP PE ND IX A : SP ECIF IC M UN ICIP AL REQ UIREME NTS Spe cif ic R equ irements Reg ardin g OWBs. C onta ct the loca lity for the f ull re gulatio n o r co de. Cou nty Reg ulation s: R oc kla n d C ou n ty - Mo di fi ed Roc kland

C ounty S an it ar y C od e. N o pe rs on

s ha ll o pe rate an O WB unt il guidelines and

stand ards are pro m

ulg ated b y

N YS DE C or U SEP A. Waiv ers for existingun its canbe requeste d. A

pplies to all j urisdiction s in Roc kland county
. S u ff ol k C ou n ty - Prop osal to regulate O WBs in S uffolk county w as p assed by

the leg islature and signed by the County

Ex ecutiv e. The leg islation requires com pliance with the fo llowin gthrou gh D ec 3 1, 2009 : (1) O WB o perationon ly

betw een Octo ber 1 throu gh May 1, (2) set ba ck

of at least 200 feet from hosp itals, s choo ls, d ay

care center or nursingho m e, or resid ential b uildingno t serv ed b y an OWB , (3 ) fu el ed b y n at ur al w oo d on ly , ( 4) c hi m ne y h ei ght o f at le as t 1 5 fe et , and

( 5) in st al le d ac co rd in gto m anufac turer’s in structions and com pliance with local o rdinanc es. After J anuary

1, 20 10, no perso n sh all op erate an O WB e xcept in the case of an e m erg ency or natural disaster. Pe nalties n ot to exceed $2 50 per d ay

that the v iolation continu es. Mu n ic ip alR eg u la ti on s: V il la ge o f A d am s- Installation of an O WB re quires a pe rm it and m eet the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1) ins talled, operated

and m aintained

acco rdingto m anufac turer ins tructions, (2) fueled by natural untreated w ood, pro pane, natural g as, or any com bination thereo f, (3 ) set back

at le ast 10 0 fee t from

road an d 20 f ee t f ro m s id e an d re ar

lo t l in e, ( 4) min im

um c hi m ne y h ei ght o f 15 f ee t, and ( 5) u se O ct ob er

1 through April 30 on ly

. V il la ge o f Bai n b ri d ge - Proh ibits ne w uses. N onco nformingun its m ay continue certain to the follow ing lim itations: (1 ) The furn ace s hall n ot be exten ded or en larg ed, (2) Any furna ce which is abandon ed o r discontinued for a one y ear p eriod shall n ot be reestab lished and m ust b e im m ediately rem ov ed b y

the pr op erty o wne r, and

( 3) Any f ur na ce whi chb ec om es d am ag ed b y n at ur al c au se s to th e ex te nt

o f m or e th an 7 5% o f it s v al ue s ha ll n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t. V il la ge o f Bar n ev el d - Pro hibits n ew uses and there are no no n- confo rm inguse s. Town of Beekman- Pro hibits n ew uses. N onco nformingun its (pre- exitingO WBs) m ust m eet the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1 ) installed , o perated and m aintained acco rdingto m anufac turer ins tructions, (2) fue led b y

natural untreated woo d o r fuels specifically permitted by

the m anufac turer ex cludingno nwoo d p roduc ts, kerosene , g arbag e, painted or treated woo d, (3) N o b urn period May 1 through O ctober 1, (4) minim um chim ney height of 15 feet, and (5) m ust b e eq uipped w ith sp ark

arresto r. Curre nt furn aces are n ot to be e xtende d o r enlarg ed, any furna ce which is unused, abandon ed o r disco ntinued for sev en m onths m ust b e im m ediately rem ov ed b y

the own er, and any

furna ce which becom es d am ag ed b y natural caus es to th e ex te nt

o f m or e th an

7 5% o f it s v al ue s ha ll n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t. C it y of Bi n gh am to n - Installation of an O WB re quires a pe rm it and m eet the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1 ) only firew ood and untreated

lum ber are pe rm itted to be b urned , (2 ) O WBs perm itted on ly in the Indus trial z oningdistricts, (3) m inim um lot siz e of 3 ac res or m ore, (4) set back at le ast 20 0 fee t from

the

### 27

ne ar es t l ot

li ne , ( 5) u se b etw ee n S ep te m be r 1 and

May 3 1 o nl y , ( 6) m

us t b e eq ui pp ed w ith a sp ark st st ar re st or . P erm it s m ay

b e su sp en de d if

2 0% o pa ci ty

is v io late d as p ro v id ed

in N Y C RR 2 27

- 1. 3( b) ; o r if m al od or ou s ai r co nt amin ants are d et ec ta bl e be y on d pr op erty

o f O WB lo cati on ; o r if

e m is si on s inte rf

er e w ith th e re as on ab le e njo ym ent o f li fe o r pr op erty , d am ag e v eg et at io n or p ro pe rty , o r ar e harm fu l t o hum an o r anim al hea lth. Under certain cond itions, waiv ers m ay be issued. Town of Brookha ven- Pro hibition, pen alties for v iolations. Town of Brow nville- Installation of an O WB re quires a pe rm it and m ust m eet the follow ing requirem ents: (1) follo w all m anufac turer ins tructions, (2) fueled only by fuels recom

m ended by the m anufac turer ex cludingtrash, plastics , g asoline, rub ber, naphtha, hous ehold g arbag e, m aterial treated with petroleum

pro ducts, leav es, paper produ cts an d cardboa rd, (3) set back

at le ast 50 feet from

any prope rty line, (4) chim

ney height req

uirem ents b ased on distance from no n- usingreside nces, (5) use Septem ber 1 to May

31 un less u sed to pro v ide d om estic w ater serv ice, and (6) m ust co m ply w ith any other county , S tate or Fede ral guidelines

. Town of Burke - N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted acc ordingto the fol lowi ng guidel ine s: (1) May only be usedforburn ing wood, al l othersubs ta nce s ar e pro hib it ed, ( 2) No furnace shall b e ex tended or enlarg ed, (3) Any

furna ce which is abandon ed o r disco ntinued for 7 m onths shall b e im

m ediately rem ov ed b y

owner, and (4) Any

furna ce which has been dam ag ed b y natural cau ses m or e th an

7 5% o f it s v al ue s ha ll n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t. T own of C am d en - Newuse s are prohib ited in Resid ential Z oningD istricts. Non

- confo rm inguse s m ay continu e pro v ided that rep lacem ent o f any existin gfurna ce sh all be prohib ited. Variances m ay be allowe d. Villag e of Ca mden - N ew uses are p rohibited and there are n o n on- confo rm inguse s. Villag e of Ca nton
- N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted acc ordingto the follow ingguidelines :(1) N o furnace shall b e ex tended or enlarg ed, (2) Any

furna ce which is abandon ed or d iscontinu ed fo r 7 m onths shall b e im m ediately rem ov ed b y

owner, and (3) Any

furna ce which has be en d am ag ed b y n at ur al c au se s m or e th an

7 5% o f it s v al ue s ha ll n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t. V il la ge o f C ap e V in ce n t
- N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted for a on e y ear pe ri od s ub ject to th e fo ll ow in ggui de li ne s, a ft er o ne y ear th e us e m

us t b e di sc onti nu ed

o r br ou ght

into co m pl ianc e w ith th e L aw : ( 1) N o furn ac e sh al l b e ex te nd ed o r en larg ed , ( 2) Any

f ur na ce whi chis aband oned

or discontinued for 7 m onths shall b e im m ediately rem ov ed b y

owner, and (3) Any

furna ce whi chh as b ee n dam ag ed b y n at ur al c au se s m or e th an

7 5% o f it s v al ue s ha ll n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t. V il la ge o f C ar th ag e - All u ses are currently pro hibited duringa six m onth m oratorium . Town of Cha mpion- Installation of an O WB re quires a pe rm it and m eet the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1 ) fo ll owa ll m anuf

ac ture r in stru ct io ns , ( 2) o nl y f ir ew oo d, untre at ed

lum be r, f os si l f ue ls and c or n ar e perm itted, (3) minim

um set back s sha ll followapp licable z oningdistrict, and (4) chim ney height requirem ents b ased on distance to next nearest hous e. Villag e of Ch ateau gay - N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted su bject to the fol lowi ng guidel ine s: (1) M ay only be used f or bu rni ng wood, al l othersubs ta nce s ar e pro hib it ed, ( 2) No

### 28

furnace shall b e ex tended or enlarg ed, (3) Any

furna ce which is abandon ed o r disco ntinued for 7 m onths shall b e im

m ediately rem ov ed b y

owner, and (4) Any

furna ce which has been dam ag ed b y natural cau ses m or e th an

7 5% o f it s v al ue s ha ll n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t. Town of Chen ang o- Installation of an O WB re quires a pe rm it and m eet the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1 ) on ly f ir ew oo d an d untr eate d lum be r m ay b e burn ed , ( 2) p erm itte d on ly in A gri cu ltur al Z on e (A ) w ith a minim um of two acres o r m ore, (3) set back a m inim um of 50 feet from

nearest pro perty

line and 50 feet from nearest pu

blic ro ad, (4) m

ust b e eq uipped w ith sp ark

arresto r, (5 ) chim

ney height at least n ine feet ab ov e the ground

of the furnace and other requirem ents b ased on distance , (6 ) a perm it m ay be suspen ded if emissions interfere w ith the reasona ble en j oym ent o f life, safety

or prope rty , o r if the em issions cause dam ag e to v eg etation or p roperty , o r if the emissions are unreason ably m alodoro us a s j udg ed b y

the Ordin ance Officer. Villag e of Cla yton
- N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted acc ordingto the follow ingguidelines : (1) No furnace shall b e ex tended or enlarg ed e xcept that stac k height m ay

be ch an g ed b as ed o n di st an ce f

ro m n on - us in gr es id en ce and in c om pl ianc e w ith m anuf

ac ture r’ s sp ec if ic at io ns , ( 2) Any

f ur na ce whi chis a

band on ed o r di sc onti nu ed

f or 7 m onth s sh al l b e im

m ed iate ly re m ov ed b y o wne r, and

( 3) Any f ur na ce whi chh as b ee n dam ag ed b y n at ur al c au se s m or e th an

7 5% o f it s v al ue s ha ll n ot

b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t. Villag e of Co nstab leville- Installation is pro hibited within the Village

. Pre- existingun its m ust m eet the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1 ) m ay op erate o nly

betw een Septem

ber 1 and May 31 , (2) be e quipp ed w ith a spark arresto r, (3 ) replac em ent o r enlarg em ent is prohib ited, (4) emissions shall n ot interfe re w ith the reasona ble en j oym ent o f life o r prop erty , (5 ) emissions shall n ot be harm ful to hum an o r anim al hea lth, (6) firew ood and untreated lum ber u sed for fue l, an d (7 ) shall not e m it emissions greater than 2 0% opacity (6 m inute av erag e). V il la ge o f C op en h ag en - Newand replac em ent u ses are pro hibited. N on- confo rm inguse s are perm itted accord ingto the fo llowin gguidelines : (1) Must be in com pliance with state an d fed eral regulations, (2) Ope rated o nly

betw een Septem

ber 1 and

May 31 , (3 ) eq

ui pp ed w ith pr op er ly

f un ct io ni ngs park st st arr e s t or s equa l to orex c e e di ng tho s e sp e c i f i e d b y it s m anu f

a c tur e r , ( 4) sh a l l no temi temi s s i on s ha vin g a gre at er th an 2 0% o pa ci ty

d ur in gany s ixminut e av er ag e of

ti m e, ( 5) n o m al od or ou s ai r co nt amin ants shall b e de tectable bey ond the b ound ary of the p roperty

on which it is lo cated, (6) em issions shall n ot interfere w ith the reasona ble en j oym ent o f life o r prop erty of the res idents of the Villag e, (7) emissions shall n ot cau se d am ag e to v eg etation or p roperty , (8 ) emissions shall n ot be harm ful to hum an o r anim al health, and

(9) replacem ent o f any

furna ce is strictly

pro hibited. Town of Dickin son - N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itt e d a c c or di ng to the follow ingguidelines : (1) No furnace shall b e ex tended or enlarg ed e xcept that stac k height m ay

be chang ed based on distan ce from non- using residenc e and in com pliance with m anufac turer’s sp ecifications, (2) Any furnace whic h is aband oned or d iscontinu ed fo r on e y ear sh all be im m ediately rem ov ed b y

owner, and (3) Any furna ce which has been dam ag ed b y natural causes m ore than 75% of its v alue s hall n ot be repa ired o r re bu il t. V il la ge o f D ol ge vi ll e - N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted su bject to the follow ingguidelines : (1) com pliance with m anufac turer’s guidelines , (2 ) N o furnaces shall b e ex tended or en larg ed, (3) any

f ur na ce whi chis a

band on ed o r di sc onti nu ed

f or 7 m onth s sh al l b e im

m ed iate ly re m ov ed b y o wne r, ( 4) any

f ur na ce whi chh as b ee n dam ag ed b y n at ur al c au se s m or e th an

7 5% o f it s

### 29

v alue s hall n ot be repa ired o r rebu ilt, (5) all furna ces are sub j ect to rando m

testingand

installatio n v erification to en sure c om pliance, (6) no operatio n b etwee n June 1 and August 3 1 , (7 ) burn o nly natural st and prope rly

seaso ned woo d, and (8) sm ok estack sha ll be higher th an any

bu ildingw ithin 5 0 fee t of furnace. Villag e of Ed w ards

- N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted su bject to the follow ingguidelines : (1) no furnace shall b e ex tended or enlarg ed and (2) any

furna ce which has been dam ag ed b y n at ur al c au se s m or e th an

7 5% o f it s v al ue s ha ll n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t. T own of E lb a- Z oningLaw Section 41 1. OWB s sha ll not be in stalled w ithin 5 00 feet of the m unicipa l boun dary of the Villag e of Elba or w ithin 5 00 feet of an e xistingreside nce in the Townof Elba, outside the Villag e. When

installed outside th e req

uired 500- foot b uffer, such units shall b e insta lled an d operated in accord ance with the m anufac turers in structions so as to not a llow sm ok e or fum es to enter building s on

surro undin gpro perties. V il la ge o f E lmi raHe ig h ts - N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted su bject to the follow ingrestriction s: (1) No furnace shall b e ex tended or enlarg ed, (2) burn o nly dry , n atural, untreated woo d, (3) pro perly

installed spark arresto rs, (4 ) a sm ok estack at le ast 15 ft inheight, (5) U se from Octo ber 1 throu gh March31 , (6 ) any c ur re nt f ur na ce m ay n ot b e re pl ac ed , ( 7) m

us t c om pl y w ith st st federal, state and county

rules and regulations, (8) operatio n is person al and cannot b e trans ferred, and (9 ) m us t o bt ai n a pe rmit

. T own of Fe n to n - No person sha ll ope rate an

O WB w ithout a pe rm it issued by the Town Build ing Inspec tor an d a certificate o f com pliance issued by

the Build ingInspec tor. Applicants for a pe rm it m ust showthat the in stallation wou ld m eet m anufac turer’s rec om m endatio ns, showsite plan and boun daries, andprop ose d OWB lo cat ion . Exist ing unit s sha ll com ply with Sect ion105- 5 whic h st at es: (1) OWBs mu s th ave s p ark arr e s t o r , ( 2 ) No OW B s h a l l b e c l o s e th an3 5 0 f e e tt o th e n e ar e s tn e i ghb o r i n g dw e l l i n g. I f m ore th an 3 50 feet but less than 500 feet, the ch im ney sha ll be at least as h ig h as the roof o f the neighborin gdw elling , (3 ) on ly untreated natural woo d sh all be burne d, (4) N o O WB s hall b e clos er than 10 feet from

any structure, (5) I f po ssible, OWB s sha ll be located to minim iz e the effect o f sm ok e, g iv en the p rev ailingw ind d irection, (6) No OWB sha ll be operated in a R esidential A or R esidential B z oning di stri ct , ( 7) P ro v id ed

th at u se d oe s no t c re at e a nu is an ce , O WB s m ay b e us ed y ear ro un d. H ow ev er , indiv iduals who use O WBs duringthe sum m er m onths shall take ex tra care to ins ure th at adv erse con sequen ces to nei ghbors are mini m ized, i ncl udi ng li m it ing the hour s or f re que ncy of use , (8) OWBs shall b e insta lled in accord ance with m anufac turer’s rec om m endatio ns. There are also prov isions that OWB s no t create nuisan ce co nditions

. I f a nuisan ce is created, the perm it can be re v ok ed. T own of Fo rtC ov in gt on - A perm it is req uired for ins tallation and m ust m eet the follow ing requirem ents: (1 ) m inim

um of 150 feet from

pro perty line of n earest n eighbor, (2) chim ney at le ast 12 feet ab ov e roo f of the furnace, (3) used to burn o nly w ood, (4) pre- existingun its m ust h av e ch im

ney at least 1 2 fee t abo v e roo f of furnace by Se ptem ber 1 , 2 006. Villag e of Go vern eur - N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted su bject to the follow ingrestriction s: (1) no furnace shall b e ex tended or enlarg ed, but th e stack height m ay

be increased w ith pe rmis si on , ( 2) s ta ck h ei ght s ub ject to d is tanc e fr om

n on - us in gr es id en ce s, ( 3) c om pl ianc e w ith m anuf ac ture r’ s sp ec if

ic at io ns , ( 4) any

f ur na ce a band on ed o r un us ed f or 8 month s m

us t b e im m ed iate ly rem ov ed and m ay

no t be reestablish ed, and (5) any furna ce d am ag es greater than 7 5% or otherw ise in ca pa bl e of s af e op er at io n m ay

n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t.

### 30

T own of G re en w oo d - A perm it is req uired for ins tallation and m ust m eet the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1) on ly firew ood and untreated

lum ber m ay be burne d, (2) O WBs shall b e pe rm itted on ly in the p ortion of th e to wn outs id e th e Wate r D is tr ic t, (3) pe rm itted on ly on lots of thre e acre s or m ore, (4) set back no t less than 4 00 feet from

nearest dw ellingno t serv iced b y the OWB , (5 ) permit m ay be suspen ded if the Town Cod e E nforcem ent O fficer de term ines o ne o f the follow ingcon ditions: em issions opacity exc eeds 20% (6 m inute av erag e), m alodoro us e m issions are d etectable outside pro perty where OWB is lo cated, em issions interfere w ith the reasona ble en j oym ent o f life o r prop erty , e m issions dam ag e v eg etation or prope rty , o r emissions are o r m ay be harm ful to hum an o r anim al hea lth. Villag e of Herkimer

- N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted su bject to the follow ingguidelines : (1) no furnace shall b e ex tended or enlarg ed , (2) any

furna ce which has been ab an do ne d or

d is co nt inue d fo r 7 m onth s sh al l b e im m ed iate ly r emov ed b y th e owne r, and (3) any

furna ce whi chh as b ee n dam ag ed b y n at ur al c au se s m or e th an

7 5% o f it s v al ue s ha ll n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t. V il la ge o f Her ma n - OWB s m ust b e reg istered w ith the Cod e E nforcem ent O fficer an d p rov ide installation instruction s an d all literature p rov ided by the m anufac turer when purch ased. O WBs m ust m eet the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1 ) locatio n sh all be a minim um of 100 feet from

all n eighborin g structures, (2) chim

ney height is determined by

the distance to the n earest re sidence , (3 ) on ly natural untreated w ood m ay

be burne d, (4) all furnaces m ust h av e a chim

ney cap and spark arresto r. Villag e of Heuvelton - N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted su bject to the follow ingguidelines : (1) only burn w ood, (2) no furnace shall b e ex tended or enlarg ed , (3) any

furna ce whi chh as b ee n ab an do ne d or d is co nt inue d fo r on e y ear sh al l b e im m ed iate ly r em ov ed b y th e owne r, and (4) any furna ce which has been dam ag ed b y natural cau ses m ore th an 7 5% of its v alue s hall n ot be re pa ir ed o r re bu il t. Villag e of Holland Patent- N ew uses are p rohibited and there are n o n on- confo rm inguse s. T own of Hu rl ey - E xi st in gO WB s m us t h av e pe rmitw ithi n 2 m onth s of r egul at io n, f

ue le d on ly

w ith firewoo d o r untreated lum ber kept under cov er, m inim um lot siz e of 4 ac res, set ba ck of not le ss than 3 00 feet from nearest dw ellingno t on sam e pro perty , o perationon ly betw een Octo ber 1 and

May 1, stack height 2 feet ab ov e the peak of neighborin gho m e. Various w aiv ers an d p enalties are d etailed. T own of Ki n gs b u ry- Installation of an O WB re quires a pe rm it and m ust m eet the follow ing requirem ents: (1) ins talled, operated , and m aintained acco rdingto m anufac turer ins tructions, (2) fueled with natural untreated

w ood, (3) set ba ck

at le ast 25 feet from

nearest pro perty

line, and (4) m inim

um chim ney height of 15 feet. Town of Kirkw ood - P erm itr eq ui re d fr om

th e Town C od e E nf

or ce m ent O ff

ic e, w ith on e y ear no ti ce to co nf or m f or e xi st in guni ts ( othe r th an s et ba ck r eq ui re m ents ). O th er

r eq ui re m ents in cl ud e: ( 1) O nl y firewoo d an d untreated lum ber are pe rm itted to be b urned . B urningof all othe r m aterials su ch a s rub bish, g arbag e, paint, treated

or stained woo d (an d o thers listed) is s trictly pro hibited, (2) all O WBs are req uired to hav e a stabiliz ed s m ok e stack that extend s a m inim

um of 17 feet ab ov e ground

lev els of the O WB, and extend s ab ov e the peak

of any bu ildingon

neighborin gpro perty

if w ithin 1 50 feet, (3) O WBs shall b e set back a m inim um of 50 feet from

the nearest prope rty

line and 60 feet from

the nearest public road, (4) the pipe carry ingthe hot w ater pro duced m ust b e at least 4 8 inc hes belowground , (5 ) perio d o f op eration shall b e on ly

betw een Septem

ber 1 5 an d May

15
. A perm it m ay

be rev ok ed b y

the Town Board u

pon recom m endatio n o f the Cod e E nforcem ent O fficer if th e B oard determines it to be nec essary to protect

### 31

th e pu bl ic h ea lth, s af

ety and w el fare o f re si de nt s if

any o f th e fo ll ow in go cc ur : e m is si on s inte rf er e w ith reasona ble en j oym ent o f life, health, safety or prope rty , e m issions cause dam ag e to v eg etation or prope rty , em issions are m alodoro us. There is an app eals an d v ariance proced ure. Pena lties for v iolation include a fine o f no t m ore th an $ 500 or im prisonm ent fo r no t m ore th an 1 0 d ay s for the first offence; subseq uent offences are punish able b y fines of n ot m ore th an $ 1,0 00 or im prisonm ent o f no t m ore th an 30 day s. Villag e of LeR oy - Ins t a l l at i on , c on s truc t i onan d o pe r a t i onis pr oh i bi t e d wi thi n the V i l l a ge o f Le Ro y, other than those installed and operatio nal p rior to J anuary 24 , 2 007. Any

suc h p re- existingun it m ay be operated on ly betw een Dece m

ber 1 and April 30 , and m

ust b e insta lled n o clo ser than 2 0 fee t from any of the p roperty

lines, and

no close r than

30 0 fee t from

any reside nce. The stack

m ust ex tend to a height at least 5 feet higher th an th e highest p oint o n the roo f line of any adjacent resid ence within 50 0 fee t of the furnace location. O nly

suitab le fuels m ay

be used. Villag e of Malone - N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted on ly acco rdingto the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1 ) on ly burn w ood, (2) no furnace m ay be extend ed o r enlarg ed, (3) any furna ce aband oned

or discontinued for 7 m onths m ust b e im m ediately rem ov ed b y

the own er, and (4) any

furna ce dam ag ed b y n at ur al c au se s be y on d 75 % o f it s v al ue s ha ll n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t. Town of Marcellus - Z on in go rd in an ce S ec ti on 2 4 K, O WB s us in gw oo d or o th er s ol id f ue ls are prohib ited in all z ones. T own of M ar ti n sb u rg - Installation m ust co m ply w ith the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1 ) m inim um set back of 5 0 fee t from

any pro perty line, (2) use m

ust fo llow m anufac turer’s in structions , (3 ) stack height determined by

distan ce an d n earest n eighbor roof lin e. Town of Moreau (prop osed) - A perm it, issu ed b y the Town Build ingInspec tor or Cod e E nforcem ent O ff ic er , is r eq

ui re d fo r op er at io n of

an O WB and

m us t m ee t the f

ol lo w in gr eq

ui re m ents : (1 ) on ly firewoo d an d untreated lum ber m ay be burne d, (2) m ay

be installed only

in perm itted z ones, (3) m ust b e installed on a lot of thre e acre s or m ore, (4) m ust b e set back

at le ast 50 0 fee t from

nearest lot line, (5) m ay o nl y b e op er at ed

b etw ee n S ep te m

be r 1 and

May 3 1 , and ( 6) m us t b e eq ui pp ed w ith a pr op er ly st st function ingspark

arresto r. V il la ge o f N ewpo rt
- N o o wne r or tenant of real prope rty sha ll install or m aintain an o utdoo r furna ce within the v illag e limits. Town of New stead - Apermit is req uired for ne wly

installed O WBs. E xistingun ites sha ll be perm itted to rem ain in

op eration and shall n ot req uire a perm it until such tim e as a v alid written co m plaint is m ade. Permitted fue ls are designated (firewoo d an d untreated lum ber), lot siz e of one acre o r m ore, setback s of no t l es s th an

1 50 f ee t f ro m n eare st dw el li nglo cate d of

f th e lo t s erv ic ed

b y th e O WB
. R ev ie wo f pe rmit if the Cod e E nforcem ent O fficer ob serv es an d d eterm ines any of the fo llowin gcon ditions: (1) m al od or ou s ai r co nt amin ants f ro m th e O WB are d et ec ta

bl e outs id e th e pr op erty

whe re th e O WB is located, (2) em issions interfere w ith the reasona ble en j oym ent o f life o r prop erty , (3 ) emissions from the O WB are o r m ay

b e harm fu l t o hum an

o r an im al h ea lth, ( 4) e m is si on s fr om th e O WB c au se d am ag e to v eg etation or p roperty , o r, (5 ) v iolation of the N YS DE C opacity regulation. F ailure to com ply w ith any of the pro v isions shall b e punishab le by a fine o f no t m ore th an $ 500 or im prisonm ent o f no t m ore th an 10 day s. En forcem ent afte r the 4 com plaint w ithin 1 2 m onths will re sult in suspen sion of the op erating th perm it and

requ ires rem ov al of the O WB at the own er’s expense .

### 32

Villag e of Otego

- N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted on ly acco rdingto the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1 ) no furna ce m ay be extend ed o r enlarg ed, (2) any furna ce ab ando ned or discontinued for 7 m onths m ust b e im m ediately rem ov ed b y

the own er, and (3) any

furna ce d am ag ed b y natura l c au se s be y on d 75 % o f it s v al ue s ha ll n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t. Villag e of Ow ego - A l l n e wc o n s tru c t i o nan d u s e o f O W B s i s p r o h i b i t e d

e x c e p ti ni n du s tr i a l z o n e s . T o use an O WB in

an industrial z one, the furnace or b oiler m ust: (1) be s etback

a m inim um of 200 feet from any othe r z one; (2) the fuel used shall o nly be natural untreated

w ood; (3) the O WB m

ust b e in strict com pliance with the m anufac turer’s sp ecifications for ins tallation, operatio n, and m aintenan ce; (4) the m inim um chim ney height m ust b e 15 feet abov e the furnace; (5) m ust b e eq uipped w ith a function ing spark arresto r; (6) and the o perator of the O WB m ust o btain a pe rm it from

the Cod e E nforcem ent O fficer of the Villag e of Ow eg o. I f an OWB is in com pliance but g oes unus ed o r abandon ed fo r a period of sev en c onsec utiv e m onths will n ot be able to be reestab lished as a preexistin guse , and m ust b e im m ed iate ly r em ov ed f ro m th e pr op erty

b y th e pr op erty

o wne r. A pre- existingO WB th at w as ins talled an d in operatio n p rior to the effe ctiv e date of this ch apter (6/25/0 7) is perm itted to continu e as longas it is incom pliance with the req

uirem ents s tated a

bov e. I f an existingO WB g oes unus ed o r is a band oned for sev en c onsec utiv e m onths, it w ill no long er be con sidered a pr e- ex is ti ngu se , and

c anno t b e re es ta

bl is he d as o ne and

m us t b e im m ed iate ly r em ov ed b y th e pr op erty own er from

the prem ise. T own of Pi er re p on t- O WB s m us t b e re g is te re d w ith th e C od e E nf or ce m ent O ff

ic er , r eq ui re ap erm it , and m eet the follow ingrequ irem ents: (p re- existingun its m ust m eet all but s etback

requ irem ents), (1) m inim um of 100 feet from

any pro perty line in the hamlet, and 30 feet in other z oningdistricts, (2) chim ney height is determined by

distan ce from

nearest resid ence and roof h eight, (3) m ust h av e ch im

ney ca p an d sp ark

arr es to r. Villag e of Prospect- N ewu se s ar e pr oh ib it ed

. N on - co nf or m in gu se s ar e pe rmitte d on ly a cc or di ngto the fo llowin grequ irem ents: (1 ) no furna ce m ay be extend ed o r enlarg ed and (2) any furna ce ab ando ned or d is co nt inue d fo r 7 m onth s m us t b e im m ed iate ly r em ov ed b y th e owne r. Town of Queensb ury- Apermit is req uired for op eration of an

O WB and m

ust m eet the follow ing re qu ir em ents : ( 1) o nl y

f ir ew oo d an d untr eate d lum be r m ay b e burn ed , ( 2) m ay

b e in st al le d on ly

in perm itted z ones, (3) m

ust b e insta lled o n a lot of three a cres o r m ore, (4) m ust b e set back

at le ast 20 0 feet from nearest lot line, (5) m ay

on ly be operated

betw een Septem

ber 1 and

May 31 , and (6) m

ust b e st st equipp ed w ith a prope rly fun ctioningspark

arresto r. V il la ge o f R en ss el ae r Fal ls - A ll furnac es are prohib ited ev en if enclose d in a bu ildingand there are n o non- confo rm inguse s. V il la ge o f Ric h vi ll e - N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted su bject to the follow ingrestriction s: (1) no furnace shall b e ex tended or enlarg ed, but th e stack height m ay

be increased w ith pe rmis si on , ( 2) s ta ck h ei ght s ub ject to d is tanc e fr om

n on - us in gr es id en ce s, ( 3) c om pl ianc e w ith m anuf ac ture r’ s sp ec if

ic at io ns , ( 4) any

f ur na ce a band on ed o r un us ed f or 8 month s m

us t b e im m ed iate ly rem ov ed and m ay

no t be reestablish ed, and (5) any furna ce d am ag es greater than 7 5% or otherw ise in ca pa bl e of s af e op er at io n m ay

n ot b e re pa ir ed

o r re bu il t.

### 33

T own of R od ma n - A perm it is req uired from

the Town Z oningO fficer an d m eet the follow ing requirem ents: (1 ) op erate ac cordingto m anufac turer’s in structions , (2 ) use only fuels recom

m ended by the m anufac turer, (3) minim um set back of 100 feet from

the edg e of any

road right- of- way

and 50 feet from any reside nce not s erv iced b y the OWB , o perated only from Se ptem ber 1 5 to May

15 , (4 ) chim

ney height ba sed on distance to next residenc e an d ro of h eight. Villag e of Ru tland C enter
- Ex istingO WBs m ay rem ain, but n o n ew OWB m ay be closer to the road than the h ouse it is se rv ing

. OWB s in the to wn can be o perated all y ear ex cept in areas z oned

as ham lets, as w el l a s th e Tay lo r P ark , P er cy - C hi ck s, P in e A cr es and C ro ss s ub di v is io ns . Th e ch im ne y o n any O WB less than 5 0 fee t from

an unserv ed re sidence m ust b e at least 2 feet higher th an th e eav e line of the unserv ed re sidence (and

othe r height req

uirem ents b ased on distance ). Only firew ood, untreated lum

ber andothe r fu el s app roved by the fu rna ce manufa cture r ar e permit te d. Owners of new an d exi st ing OWBs will h av e to apply

for a free perm it from

the z oningofficer. R eques ts for v ariances can be b rought to the Z oningB oard of Appeals. V il la ge o f So u th G le n s Fal ls - Installation of any O WB m ust m eet the follow ingrequ irem ents: (1) stac k m ust ex ceed four fe et and

be higher th an any

adjacent stru cture w ithin 5 0 fee t of the furnace, (2) m ust b e installed at least 200 feet from the closest residential prope rty line, (3) m ay

on ly burn w ood, and

(4) m ay no t b e us ed

a s a w as te in ci ne rato r. T own of U n io n - A perm it is req uired from

the Town Build ingO fficial and m ust m eet the follow ing re qu ir em ents : ( 1) o nl y

f ir ew oo d an d untr eate d lum be r ar e pe rmitte d to b e burn ed , ( 2) O WB s ar e perm itted on ly

in the agricultural z oningdistrict, (3) m inim um lot siz e of 3 ac res, (4) setb ack no t less than 1 00 fe e tfr om th e ne ar e s tlo tli ne an d t o the re ar of th e pr i nc i pl e bu i l di ng. T own of W ar w ic k- A perm it is req uired from

the Town Fire Marsh al and m ust m eet the follow ing re qui re m ent s: (1) only fir ewoodand unt re at ed lu m berm ay be burne d, (2) OWBs ar e perm it te d in the RU, MT, CO and

A IZ oningD istricts, (3 ) m inim um lot siz e of 3 ac res, (4) setb ack of not le ss than 2 00 feet from the nearest adjoiningor neighborin gdw elling , and a minim um of 150 feet from

the adjoining prope rty line, (5) use betw een Septem ber 1 and May 31 on ly , (6 ) chim

ney height m ust b e a m inim

um of 4 fe et a bo v e th e furn ac e owne r’ s ho m e ro of li ne , and m us t h av e a sp ark

arr es to r. City of Watertow n- N o p erson shall o perate, in the C ity , any free standin gfuel-burnin gheat- produ cing eq ui pm ent, n ot

e nc lo se d inas tr

uc ture , whi chis d es igne d to p ro v id e ho t w at er o r he at s ourc e fo r a structure on the p roperty
. T o wn o f W a t e r t o wn - O ut do or w oo d-burn in gf

ur na ce s ar e pr oh ib it ed

in o v er lay z on es ( z on es w ith de ns er p op ul at io ns ). O ut do or

w oo d-burn in gf

ur na ce s ar e al lo w ed

in und er ly in gz on es whe n a pe rmitis obtaine d from

the z oningofficer. N on- confo rm inguse s m ust o btain a pe rm it with in on e y ear. A ll (new or n on- confo rm ing ) furna ces sh all com ply w ith the follow ingrules and regulations: (1) m ust b e insta lled, operated and m aintained

per the m anufac turer’s in structions , (2 ) on ly firew ood and untreated

lum ber m ay be b urned , (3 ) set back s as follow s: 10 0 fee t from the front lo t line, 75 feet from rear and side lo ts and 150 feet from

reside ntial struc tures o n ad j acent prope rties, (4 ) op eration only betw een Septem

ber 1 5 th and J une 1 , (5 ) chim

ney height is determined by

distan ce to structures, and (6) if replace d o r up graded, a st perm it m ust b e ob tained. Villag e of Waylan d

- N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted on ly when com ply ingw ith the follow ingspe cifications: (1) no furna ce m ay be extend ed o r enlarg ed, (2) any furna ce

### 34

aband oned

or discontinued for 7 m onths m ust b e im m ediately rem ov ed b y

the own er, (3) no furna ce dam ag ed greater than 7 5% m ay be repaired or reb uilt, (4 ) burn o nly firew ood or untreated lum ber, and (5 ) op er at io n of

o r emis si on s fr om

an outd oo r w oo d burn in gf ur na ce s ha ll n ot

unr ea so na

bl y inte rf er e w ith th e pu bl ic h ea lth, s af

ety and w el fare o f th e re si de nt s no r sh al l s am e pr ev ent r es id ents f ro m th e re as on ab le enjoym ent o f their life and pro perty
. Vi l l ag e o f

W hitneyPoint- N ew uses are p rohibited

. Non

- confo rm inguse s are perm itted when the follow ingrequ irem ents are m et: (1) no furnace shall b e extend ed or en larg ed and (2) any furna ce ab ando ned or d iscontinu ed fo r on e y ear sh all be im m ediately remov ed b y

the own er.

### 35



## AP PE ND IX B: N EW Y ORK STA TE C ONT AC TS F OR OWB P ROB LEM S (1) L ocal Z onin g, Health, and C ode En f orcemen t Of

f icials NewY ork

State C ounty , C ity , Town, and Village C ontact Inform ation is av ailable in local teleph one directories or is availab le at ww w. nys gov. c om/ c i t gui de .c f m?c on t e xt = c i t gui de &c on t e nt = muni byc ou nt y1 (2) R egion al D epar tment of En viron mental C onse rvation (D EC ) Of f ices Reg ion Cou nty DE C Reg ional Of f ice 1 Nass au and Suffolk 631- 444- 0205 2 Bronx, Broo klyn, Manhattan , Q ueens , and Staten I sland 718- 482- 4944 3 Dutc hess, O rang e, Putnam , R ockland, Su lliv an, Ulster, and

Westchester 845- 256- 3045
4 Al ba ny, Co l umbi a , De l awa r e , Gr e e ne , M on t gomery,

Otseg o, Ren sselaer, Sc hoharie, and Sche nectady 518- 357- 2350
5 Clinto n, Essex , F ranklin, Fulton , H am ilton, Saratog a,

Warren, and Washington 518- 623- 1212
6 Herkim er, J efferson, Le wis, O neida, and St. Lawren ce 315- 785- 2513 7 Broo m e, Cay

ug a, Che nang o, Cortlan d, Madison, Ono ndag a, Osw eg o, Tiog a, and Tom pkins 315- 426- 7552
8 Che m

ung , G enesee , L iv ing ston, Monro e, Ontario, Orlean s, Schuy ler, S eneca, Steu

ben, Way ne, and Yates 585- 226- 5311
9 Alleg any , C attaraugus, Cha utauqu a, Erie, Niag ara, and Wy om ing 716- 851- 7130

### 36

(3 ) C ou n tyHe al th D ep ar tme n ts Cou nty Health D epar tment Cou nty Health D epar tment Albany 518- 447- 4620 Niag ara 716- 439- 7444 Alleg any 585- 268- 9250 One ida 315- 798- 5064 Bronx (NY C) 212- 268- 7185 Ono ndag a 315- 435- 6623 Broo m e 607- 778- 2887 Ontario 315- 789- 3030 Cattarau gus 716- 373- 8050 Oran g e 845- 291- 2331 Cay ug a 315- 253- 1405 Orlean s 585- 589- 3272 Cha utauqu a 716- 753- 4481 Osw eg o 315- 349- 3564 Che m ung 607- 737- 2019 Otseg o 607- 432- 3911 Che nang o 607- 337- 1673 Putnam 845- 278- 6130 Clinto n 518- 565- 4870 Que ens (N YC ) 212- 268- 7185 Colum bia 518- 828- 3358 Ren sselaer 518- 270- 2674 Cortlan d 607- 753- 5035 Richm ond (NY C) 212- 268- 7185 Delaw are 607- 432- 3911 Roc kland 845- 364- 2608 Dutc hess 845- 486- 3404 St. Lawrence 315- 386- 1040 Erie 716- 858- 7677 Saratog a 518- 793- 3893 Essex 518- 891- 1800 Sche nectady 518- 386- 2818 Franklin 518- 891- 1800 Scho harie 518- 295- 8382 Fulton 315- 866- 6879 Schuy ler 607- 324- 8371 Gen esee 585- 344- 8506 Sene ca 315- 539- 1945 Green e 607- 432- 3911 Steub en 607- 324- 8371 Hamilton 518- 891- 1800 Suffolk 631- 853- 3058 Herkim er 315- 866- 6879 Sulliv an 845- 794- 2045 J efferson 315- 785- 2277 Tiog a 607- 687- 8566 King s (NY C) 212- 268- 7185 Tom pkins 607- 274- 6688 Lew is 315- 785- 2277 Ulster 845- 340- 3150 Liv ing ston 585- 243- 7280 Warren 518- 793- 3893 Madison 315- 366- 2526 Washington 518- 793- 3893 Monroe 585- 274- 6067 Wayne 315- 789- 3030 Montg om ery 315- 866- 6879 Westchester 914- 813- 5000 Nass au 516- 571- 3410 Wy om ing 585- 786- 8894 NewY ork

(N YC ) 212- 268- 7185 Yates 315- 789- 3030 (4) New York Sta te Of f ice of the Attor ney Gen eral Env ironm ental P rotection Bure au: 800- 771- 7755

### 37



## APPENDIX C: TOW N OF QUEENSB URY ORDINANCE LOCA L LAW N O.: __

_ OF 200 4 A LOCAL LAW TO AMEND TH E QUEENSB URY TO WN CODE B Y REPLACI NG CHAP TER 11 9 E N T IT L E D “ OU T D OOR FU RN A C E S ” WI T H AN E W C HA PT E R 1 19 RE G U L A T IN GT HE U S E OF OU T D OOR

FU RN A C E S I N T HE T OWNOF QU E E N S BU R Y. B E IT ENACTED B Y THE TOW N BO ARD OF THE TOW N OF QUEENSB URY AS FOL L OWS : 1. T itle an d A utho rity – This Loc al L aw shall b e k nown as the Town of Q ueens bury O utdoo r Furn ace L ocal L aw. It is a dopted pu rsuant to Mun icipal H om e R ule L aw § 1 0. 2. L egislative In tent – A ltho ugh outd oo r furn ac es m ay p ro v id e an

e co no m ic al a lt er

nati v e to co nv enti on al h eati ngs y st em s, c on ce rn s hav e be en r ai se d re g ar di ngth e sa fe ty and e nv ir onm enta l i m

pa ct s of the se h eatingdev ices, particularly the produ ction of o ffensiv e od ors an d p otential health effects o f unco ntrolled em issions. This L ocal L aw is inten ded to en sure th at outdoor furnaces are utiliz ed in a m anner that d oes not c reate a nuisan ce an d is not d etrim ental to the health, safety and g eneral welfare of the res idents of the Town
. 3. D ef initions – "O ut do or

F ur na ce " m eans any

e qu ip m ent, d ev ic e or

a pp ar at us , o r any p art th er eo f, whi chis in st al le d, a ff ix ed o r si tu at ed

o ut do or s fo r th e pr im ar

y p ur po se o f co m

bu st io n of

f ue l t o produ ce h eat or energy

use d as a com

pone nt of a he atingsy stem pro v idingheat for any

interior space. “Untreated Lum

ber” m eans dry

w ood whic h h as b een m illed an d d ried b ut which has not b een treated or co m

bined with any

petro leum

pro duct, che m ical, preserv ativ e, g lue, adhes iv e, stain, paint or other substan ce. “Firew ood” m eans trunk s an d b ranche s of trees an d b ushes but d oes not in clude leav es, needles , v ines o r brus h sm aller than three inches (3”) in

diam eter. 4. Permit Req uired – N o p erson shall c ause, allowor m aintain the u se o f an Outd oor Furn ace within the Town of Q ueens bury w ithout first hav ingob tained a pe rm it from the Town Fire Marsh al. App lication for pe rm it shall be m ade to the Fire Marshal o n the form s pro v ided. 5. Ex isting Outdoo r Furna ces – A ny O ut do or F ur na ce in e xi st en ce o n th e ef

fe ct iv e date o f th is Loca l Law shall b e pe rm itted to rem ain p rov ided that the owner a pplies for an d rec eiv es a perm it from the Town F ire Marshal within on e (1) y ear o f such

effectiv e date; pro v ided, ho wev er, that u pon the ef fe ct iv e date o f th is L oc al L awa ll th e pr ov is io ns h er eo f ex ce pt p ar agra ph s 6( B ), ( C ) an d (D ) sh al l im m ediately app ly to existingO utdoo r Furnaces. A ll of the p rov isions of this Loca l Law shall c ontinu e to ap ply to existingO utdoo r Furnaces whic h rec eiv e pe rm its exc ept p aragraphs 6(B), (C ) and (D ). I f the owne r of an ex is ti ngO ut do or

F ur na ce d oe s no t r ec ei v e a pe rmitw ithi n on e (1 ) y ear of th e ef fe ct iv e date of this Loca l Law, the Outd oor Furn ace s hall b e rem ov ed. “E xisting ” or “in ex istence” m eans that the Outd oor Furn ace is in pla ce o n the site. 6. Spe cif ic R equ irements – A. Permitted Fuel – Only Firew ood and Untre ated Lum ber are perm itted to be b urned in any O utdoo r Furnace. B urningof any a nd all o ther m aterials in an O utdoo r Furn ace is prohib ited.

### 38 B. Perm it te d Z one s – Outd oorFurna ces shal l be pe rmitt ed onl y in the LC- 10A, LC42A , R R- 5A z oningdistricts as sh own on the Town’s Z oningMap. C. Minim

um Lo t Siz e – Outd oor Furn aces shall b e pe rm itted on ly on lots of thre e (3) acre s or m ore. D. Setbac k s – Outd oor Furn aces shall b e set back no t less than 200 feet (20 0’) from the n earest lo t line. E. Months of O peration– Outd oor Furn aces shall b e op erated only betw een Septem ber 1 and May

31
. stst F
. S park

Arr es to rs –

A ll O ut do or

F ur na ce s sh al l b e eq

ui pp ed w ith pr op er ly function ingspark

arresto rs. 7
. S u sp en si on o f Per mit – Apermit issued pursuant to this Loca l Law m ay be suspen ded as the Fire Marsh al m ay

determine to be necessary to protect the p ublic health, safety and w elfare o f the re si de nt s of

th e Town of

Q ue en sb ur

y if any o f th e fo ll ow in gc on di ti on s oc curs : A
. E m is si on s fr om th e O ut do or

F ur na ce e xh ib itgre at er

th an 2 0 pe rc ent ( 20 %) opacity (six m inute av erag e), excep t for one continu ous six- m inute period per hour of n ot m ore th an 2 7 p ercent (27%) op acity , which shall b e de term ined as pr ov id ed in 6 N Y C RR

2 27

- 1. 3( b) ; B. Malodoro us a ir contam inants from the Outd oor Furn ace are de tectable outside th e pr op erty

o f th e pe rs on

o n who se land

th e O ut do or

F ur na ce is lo cate d; C
. The e m is si on s fr om th e O ut do or

F ur na ce inte rf

er e w ith th e re as on ab le en joym ent o f li fe o r pr op erty ; D. The em issions from the Outd oor Furn ace c ause dam ag e to v eg etation or pr op erty ; o r E. The em issions from the Outd oor Furn ace are or m ay be harm ful to hum an o r anim al hea lth. As us pe nd ed

p erm itm ay

b e re in st at ed

o nc e th e co nd it io n whi chr es ul te d ins us pe ns io n is re m ed ie d an d re as on ab le a ss ur an ce s ar e g iv en th at s uc h co nd it io n w il l n ot

r ec ur . R ec ur

re nc e of a co nd it io n whi chh as p re v io us ly r es ul te d ins us pe ns io n of ap erm its ha ll b e co ns id er ed av io lati on

o f th is Loca l Law subject to th e pe nalties p rov ided in paragraph 9 h ereof. 8. Waivers; Board of Health R atif ication – Whe re the Town Board o f H ealth fin ds th at extraord inary

and unnecessary

hard ships m ay

result from

strict c om

pliance with this L ocal L aw, it m ay v ary the regulations so th at sub stantial justice m ay be done and

the public interest s ecured , p rov ided that such v ariations will n ot hav e the effect o f nu llify ingthe intent and purpo se o f this Loca l Law or o f jeop ar di z in gth e he al th , s af ety o r w el fare o f th e pu

bl ic

. In v ar

y in gany r egul at io ns , th e B oard

o f H ea lth m ay im po se s uc h co nd it io ns and r eq ui re m ents a s itd ee m s re as on ab le and p ru de nt
. Th e B oard

o f H ea lth m ay , at its d iscretion, ho ld a public hearingas part o f its rev iew. I f the Board o f H ealth grants th e waiv er, a pe rm it shall be iss ued for the O utdoo r Furnace. I f the Board o f H ealth d enies the w aiv er, the O ut do or F ur na ce m us t e ithe r be b ro ught

into c om pl ianc e w ith th is L oc al L awo r re m ov ed

. I f th e B oard

### 39

of H ealth d oes not tak e any action w ith resp ect to the w aiv er w ithin six ty (60 ) day s from

its rec eipt o f an applicatio n fo r w aiv er, the w aiv er sha ll be deem ed d enied. 9. E n for ce me n t; R ev oc at io n o f Per mit – F ai lure to c om pl y w ith any o f th e pr ov is io ns o f th is L oc al L aws ha ll b e a v io lati on and , u po n co nv ic ti on

th er eo f, s ha ll b e puni sh ab le b y af in e of n ot m or e than $500 or im

prisonm ent fo r a period of n ot m ore th an ten (10 ) day s, or b oth, for the first o ffense. Any subseq uent offense shall b e punishab le by a fine o f no t m ore th an $ 1,0 00 or im prisonm ent fo r a period of not m ore th an th irty

(30 ) day s, or b oth. In ad dition, any permit issued

pursuant to this Loca l Law shall b e rev ok ed u pon conv iction o f a secon d o ffense and the su bject Outdo or F urnace sha ll not be e lig ible fo r anothe r permit. Eachday that a v iolation occurs shall c onstitute a sep arate o ffense. The own ers of pr emis es u

po n whi chp ro hi bi te d ac ts o cc ur s ha ll b e jointl y

and s ev er al ly li ab le f or v io lati on s of

th is Loca l Law. Any

fine im posed here unde r shall constitute a lien u pon the rea l prop erty

where the O utdoo r Furn ace is located until p aid. 10. E f f ect o f Other Reg ulation s – N othingcontained herein shall a uthoriz e or allow burnin g whic h is prohib ited b y

cod es, laws, rules or regulations prom ulg ated b y

the United

State s E nv ironm ental P ro te ct io n A g en cy , N ewY or k S tate D ep artm ent o f E nv ir onm enta l C on se rv at io n, A di ro nd ac k P ark Ag ency , L ak e G eorg e P ark C om m ission any

othe r federa l, state, re g ional or loc al ag ency . Outd oor Furn aces, and

any electrical, plum

bingor other apparatus o r dev ice us ed in connection

w ith an O utdoo r Furn ace, shall b e insta lled, operated and m aintained

in confo rm ity

w ith the m anufac turer’s sp ecifications and any and all lo cal, State and Fede ral cod es, laws, rules and regulations. In ca se o f a conflict betw een any pro v ision of this Loca l Law and any app licable F ederal, State or local o rdinanc es, codes , law s, rules or regulations, the m ore res trictiv e or string ent p rov ision or req uirem ent sh all prev ail. 11. S ev er ab il it y– The inv alidity of any claus e, sentenc e, paragraph or p rov ision of this Loca l L aws ha ll n ot

inv al id at e any

o th er c laus e, s ente nc e, p ar agra pho r partth er eo f. 12. R epea ler – All L ocal L aws or o rdinanc es o r parts of L ocal L aws or o rdinanc es in conflict with any part of this Loca l laware hereby repe aled. 13. Eff ective Date – Thi s L oc al L aws ha ll tak e ef fe ct u po n fi li ngin

th e of fi ce o f th e N ewY or

k State Secretary

of State or as otherw ise pro v ided by law

.

### 40



## AP PE ND IX D : REF ERE NC ES A ND AD DITION AL INF ORM ATION Am erican Lun gA ssociation , W oo d Sm ok e A ff ec ts y ou r H

ea lth (Se ptem

ber 1 990). Basc om , R ., Hea lth effects of ou tdoor air p ollution , Am J R es pi r C ri t C ar e Me d 15 3: 47 7- 49 8 (1 99 6)

. Broo k , R ., et al. , Am erican Heart Asso ciation, AH A S cientific S

tateme nt: A ir Po llution and Car diovas cular Disea se. A statem ent fo r H ealthca re Profession als fro m the E xpert Pan el on Po

pulation and Preve ntion Scienceof the A meric an Hea rt Association , 109: 26 55- 2671 (June , 2004 ), av ai la ble at http://circ.ahajournals.org/cg i/reprint/109 /21/26 55 Con sum er E nergy

C ounc il of Am erica. “ Oil, Gas, o r.. .? An Evalu ation of theEc onom ics of Fuel Switch ing V

ersus Hom e E

nergyC onserv ation. ”F in al R ep ort ( Marc h 20 01 ), ava ilable a t www. cecarf.o rg/Publications/MiscPu b/Fue lSw itching Rep ort.pd f Doc k ery , D . and Pop e, C. , Acuteresp iratory effects o f par ticulate air p ollution , Ann u R ev P ub li c H ea lth 15 : 10 7- 13 2 (1 99 4)

. Energy Inform ation Administration, United States Dep artm ent o f En ergy . Heatin gFu el C ost Com parison C alculator, availab le at www . ei a. do e. g ov /n ei c/ expe rt s/he at ca lc

. xl s Fairley , D ., The relations hip o f daily mor tality to suspen ded particu lates in Sa nta C lara Cou nty, 1980 -1986

, Env iron H ealth P erspect 89: 159- 168 (1990 ). Johns on , P
. , In- F ie ld

Am bi ent F in e P arti cl e Mo ni to ri ngo f an O ut do or Wo od B oi le r: P ub li c H ea lth C on ce rn s, H um an

and E co lo g ic al Ris k

A ss es sm ent, 1 2: 1 15 3- 11 70 ( 20 06 ). NE SC AU M (No rtheast S tates C oordin ated A ir U se Mana g em ent), Asse ssm ent o f O utdoo r Wood

- fired Boilers , March

20 06 Ostro, B ., Fine particu late a ir po llution and mor tality in two South ern Califo rnia coun ties , E nv iron R es 70 : 98

- 10 4 (1 99 5)

. Pop e, C. , e t al., Daily mor tality an d P M10 p ollution in U

tah V alley, Arch E nv iron H ealth 4 7: 211- 217 (1 99 2)

. Pop e, C. , e t al., Particu late a ir po llution and daily mor tality on U tah's W asatch Front , E nv ir on

H ea lth P er sp ec t 1 07 : 56 7- 57 3 (1 99 9)

. Sam et, J., et al. , Fine particu late a ir po llution and mor tality in 20 U. S. cities, 1987 -1994 , N ew Eng land Journ al o f Me di ci ne 3 43 : 17 42

- 17 49 ( 20 00 ). Schw artz , J., Air

poll uti on and

dail y mort ali tyin Birmingham, Alabama , Am J E pi de m io l 1 37 : 11 36

- 11 46 ( 19 93 ). Schw artz , J., W

hat a re p eople dying of on high air pollution da ys? E nv ir on

R es 6 4: 2 6- 35 ( 19 94 ). Schw artz , J., et al. , Is da ily m ortality associa ted sp ecifically w ith fine particles? , J A ir Waste Man ag A ss oc 4 6: 9 27

- 93 9 (1 99 6)

. Tesfaig z i, Y ., et al. , Hea lth effects of su bchro nic ex posu re to low levels o

f w ood smo ke in rats,

### 41

Tox ic ol og ic al S ci en ce s 65 : 11 5- 12 5 (2 00 2)

. Vedel S. , Am bient particles and health: lines th at div ide , J A ir Wa st e Mana gA ss oc 4 7: 5 51

- 58 1( 19 97 ). Wordley , J., et al. , Sh or t ter m v ar ia ti on s in h os

pi ta l a dm is si on s an d m or ta li tya nd p ar ti cu la tea ir pollution , O ccup Env iron Med 54 : 1 08- 116 (1997 ). Z elik off, J ., et al. , The toxicolog y of inhaled

w oods mok

e , J To xic olo gy

and Enviro nm ent al Heal th, PartB, 5: 2 69

- 28 2 (2 00 2)

. 

## Se le ctWe bs it es an d Li nks f orM or e In fo rm at ion Am erican Lun gA ssociation , availab le at www . lungus a. or g W oo db urni ng, ava ilable a t www. lungusa. org/site/pp. asp?c=d v LU K9O0E &b =233 54 Clean A ir Re v iv al, Inc., B urningI ssues, availab le at www .B urning I ssues. com Dep artm ent o f Env ironm ental C onserv ation, N ew York State , availab le at www. dec. state.ny .us Env ironm ental P rotection Ag ency , United States. M a i n W e b P a ge , a vailable at www. epa. g ov Fine Particulate Matter, av ai la ble at www . ep a. g ov /p m de si gnati on s/ in de x. htm Outd oor Wood Boilers , availab le at www . ep a. g ov /w oo dh eate rs Pug et So und Clean

A ir A g ency , availab le at www . ps cl eana ir

. or g Hearth , P atio, and Barb ecue Asso ciation, availab le at www . hp ba

. or g Sm ok e Troublesh ootingC hecklist for OWB s, availab le at http://www. hpba .org/fileadm in/PD Fs/troub leshoo ting Guid lines.p df North east S tates C oordin ated A ir U se Mana g em ent, Outd oor Wood Boiler report, av ailable at www . ne sc aum . or g/d oc um ents /a ss es sm ent- of

- outd oo r- w oo d- fi re d bo il er s Office of the A ttorney Gen eral, NewY ork

State , availab le at www. oag .state. ny .us
W a s hi ngt onSt at e De pa rtmen tof Ec ol ogy Outd oor Burn ing , availab le at www. ecy .w a.g ov/pubs/9 204. pdf HealthEffe cts of Wood Sm ok e, availab le at www . e c y. w a . go v/ b i b l i o / 9 2 0 4 6
. h tml