Notice: This opinion is subject to correction before publication in the PACIFIC REPORTER. 

Readers are requested to bring errors to the attention of the Clerk of the Appellate Courts, 

303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email 

corrections@akcourts.us. 

THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA 

TIMOTHY JONES, 

Appellant, 

v. 

RANDALL WESTBROOK, 

Appellee. 

) 

) Supreme Court No. S-15951 

Superior Court No. 3PA-14-01350 CI 

O P I N I O N 

No. 7127 - September 23, 2016 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

) 

Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third 

Judicial District, Palmer, Gregory Heath, Judge. 

Appearances: Paul D. Kelly, Kelly & Patterson, Anchorage, 

for Appellant. Patricia R. Hefferan, Wasilla, for Appellee. 

Before: Stowers, Chief Justice, Winfree, Maassen, and 

Bolger, Justices. [Fabe, Justice, not participating.] 

MAASSEN, Justice. 

I. INTRODUCTION 

A client personally financed the sale of his business corporation. His 

attorney drafted documents that secured the buyer’s debt with corporate stock and an 

interest in the buyer’s home. Over seven years later the government imposed tax liens 

on the corporation’s assets; according to the client, it was only then he learned for the 

first time that his attorney had not provided for a recorded security interest in the 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

physical assets. The client sued the attorney for legal malpractice and violation of the 

Alaska Unfair Trade Practice and Consumer Protection Act (UTPA). 

The superior court held that the statute of limitations barred the client’s 

claims and granted summary judgment to the attorney. But we conclude that it was not 

until the tax liens were filed that the client suffered the actual damage necessary for his 

cause of action to be complete. We therefore reverse the judgment of the superior court 

and remand the case for further proceedings. 

II. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS 

A. Facts 

Timothy Jones owned Northern Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc., which 

did business under that name. In 2003 he retained attorney Randall Westbrook, who had 

done work for him in the past, to represent him in the sale of the corporation. According 

to Jones, Westbrook told him that he had been involved in a number of similar 

transactions and was confident he could handle this one. 

Jones decided to sell Northern Heating to his service manager, Mike 

Grunwald. Grunwald was unable to secure outside financing, so Jones decided to 

finance the sale himself. Westbrook prepared a stock purchase agreement, deed of trust, 

promissory note, and security agreement. The stock purchase agreement conveyed 

Northern Heating’s 1,000 shares of issued stock to Grunwald for $280,000. Grunwald 

gave Jones a $10,000 down payment and executed a promissory note for the remaining 

$270,000 at 8% interest with monthly payments of $3,816.90. The security agreement 

secured Grunwald’s payment of the promissory note with the “1,000 shares of common 

stock,” while the deed of trust gave Jones additional security in the home owned by 

Grunwald and his wife. Jones and the Grunwalds signed the documents on July 13, 

2004. 

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Jones and Westbrook both agree that they discussed “the perils of owner 

financing,” but they remember the conversation differently. According to Jones, he 

believed Westbrook would ensure that “the business assets [were] tied up in the sale” and 

that he would have “everything tied up, the stock, inventory, equipment, the assets of 

Northern Heating” as security. But according to Westbrook, Jones instructed him not 

to take a security interest in the physical assets because another creditor already had an 

interest in them. Westbrook also testified that he “would have encouraged [Jones] to 

take a security interest in those assets” if he had known that in fact no other security 

interest existed. 

Grunwald made payments on his debt to Jones, but he “was short” on some 

payments and requested extensions on others. Jones testified that when Grunwald 

missed payments the two men would meet, talk about the business, and work out a partial 

payment. Jones testified that the first time Grunwald came up short, in “mid[-]2005,” 

Jones “walked through the warehouse and offices, and noted the inventory and 

equipment, and knowing that the assets were secure, [he] felt comfortable with [the 

parties’] agreement.” On October 18, 2005, the manager of the escrow account through 

which Grunwald made his payments sent Jones his first official notice that Grunwald had 

missed one. But Grunwald continued to make payments of varying amounts through 

February 2012. 

In August 2008 the Internal Revenue Service filed a tax lien against 

Northern Heating, but it released the lien in October of that year. According to 

Grunwald, he learned in 2009 that his bookkeeper had not been paying withholding 

taxes. He negotiated with the IRS and eventually thought he was “making . . . good 

headway on paying the back taxes,” but the IRS placed two more liens on the 

corporation’s assets in October and November 2011. In February 2012 the IRS notified 

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Grunwald it was closing Northern Heating and selling its assets. Grunwald informed 

Jones, who later attested that this “was the first time I heard that Northern Heating had 

any tax problems.” 

According to Jones, he met with Grunwald’s accountant the next day, and 

the two of them called the IRS. The IRS told Jones the amount of the tax lien and 

informed him it had no record that he had a security interest in Northern Heating’s 

physical assets. Jones contacted Westbrook, who confirmed the absence of a security 

interest. Jones asserts that this was when he first learned that Grunwald’s debt was not 

secured by the corporation’s physical assets. In August 2012, after Northern Heating 

was liquidated by the IRS, Jones terminated the escrow account. Grunwald still owed 

him $330,316.69, including interest. 

After Jones filed a complaint against Westbrook for legal malpractice, 

Westbrook admitted that he probably did not have malpractice insurance while 

representing Jones. Jones asserted that he would have found a different lawyer had he 

known Westbrook was uninsured but that Westbrook never gave him notice of that fact. 

Westbrook testified in a deposition that he could not find a written fee agreement signed 

by Jones and that he could not say whether he had provided his client with written notice 

that he lacked malpractice insurance, as required by the attorney ethics rules.1 

B. Proceedings 

Jones filed his complaint against Westbrook on December 19, 2013, 

alleging: (1) legal malpractice and violation of the Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer 

1 Alaska R. Prof. Conduct 1.4(c) (providing that “[a] lawyer shall inform an 

existing client in writing if the lawyer does not have malpractice insurance of at least 

$100,000 per claim and $300,000 annual aggregate” and “shall maintain a record of 

these disclosures for six years from the termination of the client’s representation”). 

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Protection Act (UTPA) based on Westbrook’s alleged failure to properly document the 

sale of Northern Heating; and (2) violation of the UTPA based on Westbrook’s alleged 

deception in holding himself out as experienced in selling businesses. Westbrook raised 

the statute of limitations as a defense. Jones later amended his complaint to claim that 

Westbrook also violated the UTPA when he failed to disclose his lack of malpractice 

insurance. The parties cross-moved for summary judgment; Jones requested an 

evidentiary hearing on the statute of limitations.2 

The superior court conducted an evidentiary hearing on the statute of 

limitations over two days in February and March 2015; both Jones and Westbrook 

testified. The court then granted Westbrook’s motion for summary judgment, holding 

that Jones’s claims had been filed too late. The court found that the date of injury for 

Jones’s UTPA and legal malpractice claims was July 13, 2004, the date he and Grunwald 

signed the sale documents. The court further found that the discovery rule tolled the 

statute of limitations until October 18, 2005 — the date the escrow manager first notified 

Jones of a late payment. At that point, the court reasoned, a “prudent businessman . . . 

would have reread the terms of the transaction to assure the assets were secured” and, 

finding that they were not, would have contacted his attorney. The court concluded that 

Jones’s claims accrued once he was on inquiry notice that Grunwald’s payments were 

not secured by the corporation’s physical assets. The court therefore held that Jones’s 

UTPA claim expired on October 18, 2007 (because of the two-year statute of limitations 

2 See Richardson v. Municipality of Anchorage, 360 P.3d 79, 91 (Alaska 

2015) (explaining that “when a factual dispute precludes entry of summary judgment [on 

a statute of limitations defense,] the dispute must ordinarily be resolved by the court at 

a preliminary evidentiary hearing in advance of trial” (quoting Cikan v. ARCO Alaska, 

Inc., 125 P.3d 335, 339 (Alaska 2005))). 

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for UTPA claims3) and his legal malpractice claimexpired on October 18, 2008 (because 

of the three-year statute of limitations for professional malpractice claims4

). 

Jones appeals from the superior court’s grant of summary judgment, 

arguing that his claims did not accrue until he learned in February 2012 that the IRS was 

asserting a security interest in Northern Heating’s assets. He also appeals the superior 

court’s denial of summary judgment in his favor. 

III. STANDARDS OF REVIEW 

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo.5 A claim’s accrual date 

“is a factual question, which we review for clear error.”6 “When the superior court holds 

an evidentiary hearing to resolve factual disputes about when a statute of limitations 

began to run,” we review those findings for clear error.7 Clear error exists when the 

record as a whole “leaves us with ‘a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been 

3 AS45.50.531(f)(“Apersonmaynotcommenceanactionunder this section 

more than two years after the person discovers or reasonably should have discovered that 

the loss resulted from an act or practice declared unlawful by AS 45.50.471.”). 

4 Christianson v. Conrad-Houston Ins., 318 P.3d 390, 396 (Alaska 2014) 

(explaining that “Alaska applies a three-year statute of limitations for professional 

malpractice actions” and citing AS 09.10.053). 

5 Christensen v. Alaska Sales &Serv., Inc., 335 P.3d 514, 516 (Alaska 2014) 

(citing Hurn v. Greenway, 293 P.3d 480, 483 (Alaska 2013)). 

6 Gefre v. Davis Wright Tremaine, LLP, 306 P.3d 1264, 1271 (Alaska 2013) 

(citing Sengupta v. Wickwire, 124 P.3d 748, 752 (Alaska 2005)). 

7 Christianson, 318 P.3d at 396 (citing Williams v. Williams, 129 P.3d 428, 

431 (Alaska 2006)). 

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made.’ ”8 But “we review de novo the legal standard used to determine accrual dates.”9 

IV.	 DISCUSSION 

A.	 Jones’s LegalMalpracticeClaimDidNot AccrueUntil HeSufferedAn 

Appreciable Injury. 

A legal malpractice claim has four elements: duty, breach, causation, and 

damages.10 A plaintiff bringing such a claim must show: 

(1) that the defendant has a duty “to use such skill, prudence, 

and diligence as other members of the profession commonly 

possess and exercise,” (2) that the defendant breached that 

duty, (3) that the breach proximately caused the injury, and 

(4) that actual loss or damage resulted fromthe negligence.[11] 

The cause of action does not accrue until all four elements are satisfied.12 Thus, 

regardless of when the duty is breached, the cause of action does not accrue and the 

statute of limitations ordinarily does not begin to run until “the date on which the 

plaintiff incurs injury.”13 

8 Jarvill v. Porky’s Equip., Inc., 189 P.3d 335, 338 (Alaska 2008) (quoting 

John’s Heating Serv. v. Lamb, 129 P.3d 919, 922 (Alaska 2006)). 

9 Gefre, 306 P.3d at 1271. 

10 Stewart v. Elliott, 239 P.3d 1236, 1240 (Alaska 2010). 

11 Id. (quoting Shaw v. State, Dep’t of Admin., Pub. Def. Agency, 816 P.2d 

1358, 1361 n.5 (Alaska 1991)); see also Linck v. Barokas & Martin, 667 P.2d 171, 173 

n.4 (Alaska 1983). 

12 See Jarvill, 189 P.3d at 340 (“The essence of [defendant’s] argument . . . 

is that [plaintiff’s] cause of action accrued before all of its essential elements had ripened. 

But our previous decisions do not suggest such a rule.”). 

13 Id. at 338 (quoting Russell v. MunicipalityofAnchorage, 743 P.2d 372, 375 

(Alaska 1987)). 

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In this case the superior court concluded that Jones’s injury occurred on 

July 13, 2004, when Jones and Grunwald signed the sale documents that Westbrook 

prepared. The court then applied the discovery rule, which tolls the statute of limitations 

until “the plaintiff has information sufficient to alert a reasonable person to the fact that 

he has a potential cause of action” or should begin to inquire about that possibility.14 The 

court found that Jones was on inquiry notice that the sale was not properly secured on 

October 18, 2005, when the escrow manager first notified himthat Grunwald had missed 

a payment. Applying the three-year statute of limitations applicable to professional 

malpractice claims,15 the court concluded that Jones’s complaint, filed in December 

2013, failed to meet the filing deadline by over five years. 

Jones contends on appeal that his cause of action did not accrue until the 

IRS asserted its lien in late 2011 because “[a]t any time up to that point, Jones could have 

secured the assets and maintained a priority position”; he argues that he suffered no 

appreciable injury until “he lost that option to the IRS lien.” Our prior cases support 

Jones’s position. 

14 Preblich v. Zorea, 996 P.2d 730, 734 (Alaska 2000) (quoting Pedersen v. 

Zielski, 822 P.2d 903, 908 (Alaska 1991)); see also Ranes & Shine, LLC v. MacDonald 

Miller Alaska, Inc., 355 P.3d 503, 509 (Alaska 2015) (explaining that under the 

discovery rule, “the relevant inquiry is the date when the claimant reasonably should 

have known of the facts supporting her cause of action” (quoting Gefre, 306 P.3d at 

1275)). 

15 Christianson v. Conrad-Houston Ins., 318 P.3d 390, 396 (Alaska 2014) 

(citing AS 09.10.053); see also Gefre, 306 P.3d at 1272-73 (applying statute of 

limitations for contract claims to legal malpractice claims); Lee Houston &Assocs., Ltd. 

v. Racine, 806 P.2d 848, 855 (Alaska 1991) (applying contract statute of limitations to 

professional malpractice claims involving economic loss). 

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The plaintiff in Austin v. Fulton Insurance Co. sought coverage in 1961 

against “all risk of loss” but received an insurance policy that did not cover earthquake 

damage.16 After the 1964 earthquake the plaintiff sued the insurance company for 

misrepresenting the policy; the company responded that his cause of action had accrued 

in 1961 when he received the policy with less coverage than he asked for.17 As basic 

principles we noted that “[t]he statute of limitation as to torts does not usually begin to 

run until the tort is complete” and that “[a] tort is ordinarily not complete until there has 

been an invasion of a legally protected interest of the plaintiff.”18 We identified the 

plaintiff’s legally protected interest in Austin as “being protected against earthquake 

loss”; we concluded that “[t]here was no invasion, or infringement upon or impairment 

of such interest until there had been a loss by earthquake, because until that event 

occurred such protection could avail appellant nothing.”19 We therefore held that the 

statute of limitations did not begin to run until 1964, when the plaintiff suffered loss as 

a result of the insurance company’s alleged negligence.20 

In Thomas v. Cleary the plaintiffs sued their accountants for mishandling 

the sale of their corporation and potentially exposing themto tax liability in the process.21 

We held that the malpractice action was premature because the plaintiffs had “not 

suffered the required injury or harm as a result of the defendants’ negligence” — the IRS 

16 444 P.2d 536, 537, 539 (Alaska 1968).
 

17 Id. at 539.
 

18 Id.
 

19 Id.
 

20 Id. at 539-40. 

21 768 P.2d 1090, 1091 (Alaska 1989). 

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had not yet determined whether the plaintiffs were actually liable for the taxes at issue.22 

We held that “nominal damages, speculative harm, or the threat of future harm” was not 

enough to establish a cause of action.23 

We addressed the issue again in Christianson v. Conrad-Houston 

Insurance, in which an insured was sued by an injured employee.24 The insurer notified 

the insured that it was investigating whether the claim was covered by his policy and that 

in the meantime he must pay for his own defense.25 The insured hired an attorney and 

began incurring legal fees; eighteen months later the insurer denied coverage.26 Another 

two years later the insured sued his insurance broker for allegedly failing to acquire 

adequate coverage, but the superior court held that the statute of limitations had expired, 

having begun to run when the insured first incurred legal expenses.27 We affirmed, 

holding that the insured’s payment of the legal fees — an out-of-pocket loss that he was 

22 Id. at 1093. 

23 Id. at 1092 (quoting Budd v. Nixen, 491 P.2d 433, 436 (Cal. 1971)). The 

Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers likewise concludes that “the statute 

of limitations does not start to run until the lawyer’s alleged malpractice has inflicted 

significant injury.” RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW GOVERNING LAWYERS § 54 

cmt. g (AM. LAW INST. 2000). According to the Restatement, a client is not injured by 

an arguably unenforceable contract “until the other contracting party declines to perform 

or the client suffers comparable injury” because “[u]ntil then, it is unclear whether the 

lawyer’s malpractice will cause harm.” Id. 

24 318 P.3d 390, 393 (Alaska 2014). 

25 Id. at 394. 

26 Id. 

27 Id. at 395-96. 

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aware might not be reimbursed — satisfied the damage element of his malpractice cause 

of action.28 

In this case the superior court found that Jones was injured when he and 

Grunwald signed a sale document that failed to secure Jones’s interest in the business 

assets. The court reasoned that once Jones had contracted for an inadequate security 

interest, the attorney’s alleged failure to meet his professional duty of care had injured 

Jones and the malpractice claim accrued. 

But Jones did not suffer any appreciable injury at the time the sale 

documents were signed in 2004. Like the plaintiffs in Austin, Jones received a contract 

that was less than he allegedly expected it to be, since it failed to give him a security 

interest in the corporation’s physical assets. But as long as Grunwald substantially 

abided by his contractual obligations, Jones had no reason to execute on a security 

interest and therefore suffered no actual injury from being unable to do so.29 

Nor did Jones suffer an appreciable injury in October 2005, when the 

escrow manager first notified him that Grunwald had missed a payment. Jones agreed 

to extend Grunwald’s payments at that time and to work out an alternative arrangement 

rather than foreclose on the debt. Because the stock purchase agreement allowed this 

28 Id. at 398-400. 

29 The Iowa Supreme Court recently analyzed a similar case to reach the same 

legal conclusion. In Vossoughi v. Polaschek, the plaintiffs sued their attorney for legal 

malpractice after a buyer defaulted on a sale that was not properly secured. 859 N.W.2d 

643, 646-647 (Iowa 2015). The court held that until the buyer stopped paying, “it was 

entirely possible the plaintiffs would have continued collecting contract payments 

without disruption” and that the defect “would cause the sellers no actual injury”; as long 

as the buyer made payments, “the plaintiffs suffered only the prospect of future harm.” 

Id. at 652-53. The court found that the earliest “plaintiffs’ injuries became actual and 

nonspeculative” was when the buyer defaulted. Id. at 654. 

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forbearance without waiving “any obligation of Debtor or right of Secured Party,” Jones 

again suffered no injury. And Grunwald continued to make at least partial or late 

payments through February 2012. Jones was satisfied with the parties’ arrangement and 

did not attempt to use any remedies he would have had as a secured party; he therefore 

continued to suffer no harm from his lack of a security interest.30 

Jones did suffer an appreciable injury in late 2011. The IRS recorded liens 

on Northern Heating’s physical assets on October 31 and November 14 of that year; at 

that time Jones lost his ability to acquire anything greater than junior lienholder status. 

Since the legally protected interest at issue was Jones’s ability to recover the 

corporation’s physical assets in case of the buyer’s default, this was clearly an 

appreciable injury. We conclude that Jones’s professional malpractice claim accrued on 

October 31, 2011.31 

The three-year statute of limitations for the malpractice claim therefore 

expired on October 31, 2014. Because Jones filed his complaint in December 2013, 

within the time allowed, it was clear error to find the action barred by the statute of 

limitations.32 

30 Cf. id. at 652. 

31 The IRS also recorded a lien on August 8, 2008, but released it two months 

later. Westbrook does not argue that Jones was aware of the 2008 lien, and it did not 

alter Grunwald’s payment habits. It therefore caused Jones no appreciable injury. 

32 Jones contends that he did not have notice of the 2011 IRS liens until 

February 2012, when Grunwald informed him of the impending liquidation of the 

business. Because we decide that Jones’s malpractice claimaccrued less than three years 

before he filed suit, we need not address whether the discovery rule could have extended 

the limitations period in this context. We address it below in the context of the two-year 

statute of limitations on UTPA claims, where it could make a difference to the result. 

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B.	 Jones’s UTPA Claims Accrued When He Suffered Ascertainable Loss 

Of Property Or Money, But The Limitations Period May Be Extended 

By The Discovery Rule. 

The Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Act (UTPA), 

AS 45.50.471-.561, regulates deceptive acts or unfair practices in the conduct of trade. 

Attorneys are not exempt from liability under the UTPA; its regulatory system coexists 

with the mandates of the Alaska Rules of Civil Procedure and Rules of Professional 

Conduct.33 

The UTPA provides that “[a] person who suffers an ascertainable loss of 

money or property” as a result of an unlawful act as defined by AS 45.50.471 may bring 

a civil action for recovery.34 Such actions are governed by a two-year statute of 

limitations, which begins to run “after the person discovers or reasonably should have 

discovered that the loss resulted from an act or practice declared unlawful by 

AS 45.50.471.”35 The statute of limitations begins to run once the injury is discovered 

or reasonably discoverable, regardlessofwhether theplaintiffknowsthat thedefendant’s 

conduct was illegal.36 However, as noted above, the statute of limitations may be tolled 

by the discovery rule until “the plaintiff has information sufficient to alert a reasonable 

33	 Pepper v. Routh Crabtree, APC, 219 P.3d 1017, 1023-25 (Alaska 2009). 

34 AS 45.50.531(a); see also State v. O’Neill Investigations, Inc., 609 P.2d 

520, 524 (Alaska1980) (noting that “[t]heAttorney General is charged with enforcement 

of the Act” but that private actions are authorized “for recovery of actual damages”). 

35 AS 45.50.531(f). 

36 Weimer v. Cont’l Car & Truck, LLC, 237 P.3d 610, 614 (Alaska 2010). 

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person to the fact that he has a potential cause of action.”37 “[T]he discovery rule 

operates only to lengthen — and never to shorten — the limitations period.”38 

Jones alleges three violations of the UTPA: (1) that Westbrook 

misrepresented himself “as an attorney with legal expertise in the sales of businesses”; 

(2) that Westbrook failed to informJones in writing that he lacked malpractice insurance; 

and (3) that Westbrook failed to properly advise and document the sale of Northern 

Heating. As it did in its analysis of Jones’s malpractice claim, the superior court held 

that any injury Jones suffered for purposes of the UTPA occurred in July 2004, when he 

signed the sale documents, but that the limitations period was extended by the discovery 

rule to October 2005, when Jones was first notified by the escrow manager that 

Grunwald had missed a payment. 

Consistent with our discussion above, however, we conclude that Jones did 

not suffer an “ascertainable loss of money or property” for purposes of AS 45.50.531(a) 

in either July 2004 or October 2005. When Jones became bound by the sale documents 

in 2004 he suffered only the threat of future damage; and he suffered no ascertainable 

loss in 2005 because he never sought to employ the lienholder remedies he mistakenly 

thought had been reserved for his use. Jones’s first “ascertainable loss” occurred when 

the IRS recorded its security interest in Northern Heating’s physical assets in October 

37 Preblich v. Zorea, 996 P.2d 730, 734 (Alaska 2000) (quoting Pedersen v. 

Zielski, 822 P.2d 903, 908 (Alaska 1991)); see also Christianson v. Conrad-Houston 

Ins., 318 P.3d 390, 397 (Alaska 2014) (“[A] person reasonably should know of his cause 

of action when he has sufficient information to prompt an inquiry into the cause of 

action.” (quoting Cameron v. State, 822 P.2d 1362, 1366 (Alaska 1991))). 

38 Gefre v. Davis Wright Tremaine, LLP, 306 P.3d 1264, 1274 (Alaska 2013) 

(citing Jarvill v. Porky’s Equip., Inc., 189 P.3d 335, 339 (Alaska 2008)). 

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2011, preempting Jones’s ability to fix the alleged mistake in the sale documents and 

properly secure Grunwald’s payments on the promissory note.39 

Jones contends that he was not aware of Northern Heating’s tax problems 

or that the IRS had asserted liens on the corporation’s assets until February 2012, several 

months after the liens were recorded. We have held that a plaintiff should not be charged 

“with constructive notice of publicly recorded facts absent a finding that the plaintiff was 

already on inquiry notice.”40 Because the superior court’s findings about inquiry notice 

focused on Grunwald’s missed payment in 2005, the factual record is undeveloped as to 

whether Jones had inquiry notice of the IRS liens before Grunwald told him about them 

in February 2012. But absent a finding that he had earlier inquiry notice, Jones’s 

complaint filed in December 2013 was within the two-year statute of limitations for 

UTPA claims. 

Finally, we note that even Jones’s notice of the IRS liens would not seem 

sufficient to put him on inquiry notice as to one of his claims: that Westbrook violated 

the UTPA by failing to inform his client in writing that he lacked malpractice insurance. 

39 We recognize that there may well be a difference in value between a 

secured promissory noteand an unsecured promissory notefor thesameamount, and that 

this difference in value may sometimes be “ascertainable” — albeit nominal or largely 

speculative — before the debtor has defaulted and the unsecured creditor suffers the 

appreciable loss necessary to a cause of action for professional negligence. There is no 

evidence of the documents’ intrinsic value in this case. And even if Jones suffered an 

“ascertainable” loss when the loan documents were signed in 2004, the discovery rule 

would toll the limitations period until Jones had reason to know of Grunwald’s IRS liens. 

See Weimer, 237 P.3d at 615 (holding that “the UTPA’s statute of limitations begins to 

run when a consumer discovers or reasonably should have discovered [that] the 

prohibited conduct caused a loss”). 

40 Ranes & Shine, LLC v. MacDonald Miller Alaska, Inc., 355 P.3d 503, 510 

(Alaska 2015). 

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Absent evidence not apparent from the record, the earliest Jones could reasonably have 

discovered this claim was after he filed the complaint and requested insurance 

information from Westbrook; until then, having received no written disclaimer, Jones 

could reasonably assume that Westbrook was insured against malpractice claims. 

C.	 We Decline To Reach The Merits Of Jones’s Motion For Summary 

Judgment Against Westbrook. 

Jones also appeals the superior court’s denial of his motion for summary 

judgment on his claims against Westbrook, in which he sought to establish as a matter 

of law both Westbrook’s liability and the amount of his own damages. From the context 

of the summary judgment order, we conclude that the superior court simply denied 

Jones’s motion as moot without considering its substance, having decided the case in 

Westbrook’s favor on statute of limitations grounds. We decline to address Jones’s 

motion before the superior court has done so, and we express no view on its merits. 

V.	 CONCLUSION 

We REVERSE the superior court’s grant of summary judgment and 

REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

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