1

Other reported cases include Torcise v. Community Bank of Homestead (In re Torcise ), 116

F.3d 860 (11th Cir.1997); Community Bank of Homestead v. Torcise (In re Torcise ), 187 B.R.

18 (S.D.Fla.1995); Torcise v. Community Bank of Homestead, 131 B.R. 503 (S.D.Fla.1991); 

Torcise v. Riff (In re Growers Packing Co.), 150 B.R. 82 (Bankr.S.D.Fla.1993); and Torcise v.

Cunigan (In re Torcise ), 146 B.R. 303 (Bankr.S.D.Fla.1992). 

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

No. 96-4598.

BEL-BEL INTERNATIONAL CORP., Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant,

v.

COMMUNITY BANK OF HOMESTEAD, Kenneth Graves, Vito Strano, Growers Packing

Company, Joseph Torcise, and Codelia Torcise, Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees.

Dec. 15, 1998.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 89-2510-

CIV-LCN), Lenore C. Nesbitt, Judge.

Before TJOFLAT and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and RONEY, Senior Circuit Judge.

TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:

This case is one of many arising out of the bankruptcy of a Florida tomato farming operation

owned by Joe Torcise.1 The case before us involves one set of creditors converting property that

was pledged as collateral to another creditor. We hold that there is no bar to requiring the

converting creditors to return the property they converted, and therefore affirm the judgment of the

district court.

I.

Joe Torcise owned two tomato farms—one in Homestead, Florida, and the other in

Immokalee, Florida. He also owned Growers Packing Company, which packed his tomatoes and

those of several other farmers.
 2

The Homestead farm yielded a winter crop; the Immokalee farm yielded both a fall and a

spring crop. 

 3

Bel-Bel actually made two separate loans to Torcise, one for $2 million and one for $500,000

two months later. Both loans were made on the same terms; they are treated as a single $2.5

million loan for the purpose of this opinion. 

2

In the late 1980s, Torcise began facing financial difficulties. In response, he started

"check-kiting"—he wrote checks from one bank account to another, and then wrote checks from the

second account back into the first, thus artificially inflating the balances of both accounts. In

November 1988, one of the banks involved in this process—Community Bank of

Homestead—discovered the check-kiting, but only after honoring $4.3 million of Torcise's bad

checks. In an attempt to recoup its losses, Community Bank persuaded Torcise to sign a promissory

note (dated November 18, 1988) for the amount of the overdrafts. The collateral for this note was

the accounts receivable (the "receivables") of the Homestead and Immokalee tomato crops for the

coming winter and spring, respectively.2

Torcise also sought to deal with his financial problems through more legitimate means,

namely, by seeking new sources of capital. Torcise received unsecured loans from a number of

sources, including defendants Kenneth Graves and Vito Strano, and Steven and Sam Torcise ("the

Brothers"). Another source of funding was Bel-Bel International Corporation, a small Panamanian

corporation created by a Venezuelan family for the purpose of investing in the United States. On

November 29, 1988, Bel-Bel loaned $2.5 million to Torcise and his wife, Codelia, secured by a first

priority security interest in the Homestead tomato crop for the coming winter—the same crop that

Torcise had pledged as collateral to Community Bank.3 The loan documents included a
 4

The district court held that this claim was never adequately established in the first instance; 

the repayment of the note makes the issue moot for the purposes of this appeal. 

 5

The $3.55 million loan thus operated in essence as a consolidation loan. 

3

representation by Torcise that the collateral was unencumbered, and provided that Torcise would

not further encumber this collateral without Bel-Bel's consent.

One of the terms of Bel-Bel's loan was that Torcise was to provide a "good standing letter"

from his other lenders indicating that his loans were not in default. Bel-Bel received such a letter

from Community Bank on December 8, 1988, stating that none of Torcise's loans were in default.

Conspicuously absent from the letter was any mention of Torcise's $4.3 million in overdrafts

resulting from his check-kiting activity, or of the loan given to cover those overdrafts.

By the end of 1988, Torcise had fully repaid the $4.3 million note to Community Bank

(thereby extinguishing Community Bank's claim on the Homestead receivables4

), using receipts

from the Immokalee fall crop. This speedy repayment, however, strained Torcise's cash flow to the

point that it became difficult for him to meet his current operating expenses. Consequently, in

March 1989, Torcise lacked the resources to harvest the spring crop at his Immokalee farm, or to

keep Growers Packing operating such that any tomatoes picked at Immokalee could be marketed.

In response to this problem, Community Bank arranged a complex financing scheme with

Torcise and some of his creditors. Community Bank lent a total of $3.55 million to Strano ($1.5

million), Graves ($750,000), and the Brothers ($1.3 million). These individuals then gave the

money to Torcise. Over $3.2 million of this money was immediately returned to Strano, Graves,

and the Brothers as partial repayment for pre-existing debts.5

 Community Bank then created a

"lock-box" account into which the receivables for Torcise's Homestead crop would be deposited.
 6

This ratio was later changed to 70/30. 

 7

Bel-Bel also sued other persons, including the Brothers; these persons have since settled out

of the case. 

 8

Joe Torcise and Growers Packing filed for bankruptcy on November 30, 1989; Codelia

Torcise filed on December 7, 1989. The bankruptcy proceedings were jointly administered. 

 9

The commencement of bankruptcy proceedings automatically stays any pending litigation

against the debtors. See 11 U.S.C. § 362 (1994). 

4

Sixty percent of this account was to be used to repay the $3.55 million loan from Community Bank;

the remaining forty percent was to be released to Torcise for use in harvesting the Imokalee crop.6

At the time that this arrangement was made, all of the participants were aware that the receivables

from Torcise's Homestead crop had been pledged previously to Bel-Bel.

Between April 6 and May 24, 1989, approximately $5 million in receivables from the

Homestead crop was deposited into the lock-box account. Of this amount, almost $3.6 million was

used to repay the Community Bank loan.

The Bel-Bel note came due on June 1, 1989. Torcise was unable to pay. Consequently, BelBel agreed to extend Torcise's repayment schedule through August 18. Torcise was still unable to

pay. Bel-Bel then filed suit in the Southern District of Florida on November 13, 1989, against

Torcise and his wife, Growers Packing Company, Community Bank, Graves, and Strano.7 A few

weeks later, Torcise, his wife, and Growers Packing Company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.8 The

bankruptcy judge granted relief from the automatic stay of litigation proceedings against the

bankrupts, and allowed Bel-Bel's suit to proceed.9

Following a bench trial, the district court found Torcise and his wife liable to Bel-Bel for

payment of the $2.5 million note. Torcise was also found liable for fraudulent inducement based

on his representation that the Homestead tomato crop was unencumbered, when it had in fact
 10This holding was based on Florida Statutes chapter 679.306(2), a part of the Uniform

Commercial Code that governs a secured party's rights upon the disposition of its collateral. 

 11Growers Packing Company was also found to be part of this conspiracy. 

 12This sum was reduced slightly by settlement recoveries received by Bel-Bel from other

defendants. 

5

previously been pledged to Community Bank as collateral for the $4.3 million note to cover

Torcise's overdrafts. In addition, the court found that Bel-Bel still had a security interest in the

Homestead crop receivables, and therefore that Bel-Bel could demand those receivables from

Community Bank, Graves, and Strano in repayment of Torcise's debt.10 The district court

additionally found these defendants liable for impairment of collateral, tortious interference with the

contractual relationship between Bel-Bel and Torcise, civil conversion, and conspiracy to commit

these torts.11 Finally, Community Bank was held liable for fraudulent nondisclosure, based on its

failure to disclose Torcise's overdrafts in the "good standing letter."

The defendants were held jointly and severally liable for compensatory damages, consisting

of principal and accrued interest on the $2.5 million note at the time the lock-box account was

created, and prejudgment interest at the statutory rate from the date of the creation of the lock-box

account to the date on which the district court entered its "findings of fact and conclusions of law."12

In addition, punitive damages were assessed against Community Bank ($300,000), Graves

($50,000), and Strano ($50,000).

All defendants appeal, and Bel-Bel cross-appeals. Parts II and III of this opinion dispose of

some preliminary matters raised by the defendants—claims that the district court lacked subject

matter jurisdiction and that the case should have been dismissed for failure to join necessary parties.

Part IV addresses the substantive appeals of Community Bank, Graves, and Strano, focusing on the
 13In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), this court

adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to

October 1, 1981. 

6

district court's holding that they are liable for conversion. Part V discusses the issues raised by

Torcise on appeal, and part VI discusses Growers Packing's claim that the judgment against it is

void. Finally, part VII addresses the issues raised by Bel-Bel's cross-appeal.

II.

 The defendants' initial challenge to the district court's decision is that the parties in this case

are not completely diverse, and thus the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the

case. Federal jurisdiction in this case is premised on diversity of citizenship. See 28 U.S.C. §

1332(a) (1994). Diversity jurisdiction requires that the plaintiff be a citizen of a state (or nation)

different from that of any of the defendants. See Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 7 U.S. (3 Cranch) 267, 2

L.Ed. 435 (1806). For purposes of diversity jurisdiction, a corporation is "a citizen of any State by

which it has been incorporated and of the State where it has its principal place of business." 28

U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1) (1994). A corporation's principal place of business is determined by looking

at the "total activities" of the corporation. See Village Fair Shopping Ctr. Co. v. Sam Broadhead

Trust, 588 F.2d 431, 434 (5th Cir.1979).13

 Defendants concede that Bel-Bel is incorporated in Panama (and is therefore a Panamanian

citizen) and that none of the defendants are Panamanian citizens. Defendants argue, however, that

Bel-Bel's principal place of business is Florida, and therefore Bel-Bel, in addition to being a

Panamanian citizen, is a Florida citizen. The defendants point out that Bel-Bel's only investment

was in Florida, that Bel-Bel maintained a bank account in Florida, and that Bel-Bel had an

accountant and attorneys in Florida. Many of the defendants in this case are also Florida citizens;
7

therefore, the defendants argue that complete diversity is lacking and the district court did not have

jurisdiction. In response, Bel-Bel contends that its principle place of business is Venezuela (not

Florida), and therefore complete diversity is present. Bel-Bel points out that all of its shareholders

were Venezuelan citizens, that Bel-Bel was not involved in the day-to-day operation of the Florida

tomato farm, and that Bel-Bel's corporate decisionmaking took place in Venezuela. The district

court, after holding an evidentiary hearing on the matter, found that Bel-Bel's principle place of

business was Venezuela. We review this finding for clear error. See Vareka Invs., N.V. v. American

Inv. Properties, Inc., 724 F.2d 907, 910 (11th Cir.1984).

The evidence suggests that Bel-Bel is, in essence, a small corporation designed as a vehicle

through which a handful of Venezuelan investors could make loans to the Torcises' Homestead,

Florida, tomato farm. Thus, the money and the management were based in Venezuela. Bel-Bel's

operations in Florida, meanwhile, consisted of only those things necessary to monitor its investment.

In such a situation, the evidence was sufficient to support the district court's finding that Bel-Bel's

"principal place of business" was Venezuela. See id. (affirming the district court's finding of

diversity on similar facts).

 Furthermore, this is not the type of situation that section 1332(c)(1)'s "principal place of

business" doctrine was intended to address. That requirement was intended to prevent local

businesses from avoiding local trials simply because they were incorporated in Delaware (or another

foreign jurisdiction), and to reserve diversity jurisdiction for parties that are sufficiently foreign to

have a legitimate fear of local prejudice. See S.Rep. No. 1830 (1958), reprinted in 1958

U.S.C.C.A.N. 3099, 3102. In the case at hand, Bel-Bel has substantial indicia of being a foreign
 14Rule 19 actually contemplates a two-part inquiry. First, the court is to use the criteria in

Rule 19(a) to determine whether a party ought to be joined. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 19. If so, and if

joinder of that party is impossible, the court is to use the criteria in Rule 19(b) to determine

whether the court should nevertheless proceed in that party's absence. See id. Because the

district court did not find that the bankruptcy estates met the criteria of Rule 19(a), it did not

reach the Rule 19(b) question. 

8

corporation, and is thus not the type of organization that Congress, in enacting section 1332(c)(1),

intended to keep out of federal court.

Thus, in light of the policy behind 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1) and Bel-Bel's substantial

Venezuelan connections, we hold that the district court did not commit clear error in finding that

Bel-Bel's principle place of business was in Venezuela. The parties were therefore completely

diverse, and the district court properly exercised subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1332(a)(2).

III.

 The defendants also allege that the district court erred in denying Community Bank's motion

under Rule 19 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to require joinder of certain necessary parties.

Specifically, the defendants claim that the bankruptcy estates of the Torcises and Growers Packing

were necessary parties to this action under Rule 19(a)(2)(ii), which requires that parties be joined

in an action if disposition of the action in that party's absence may "leave any of the persons already

parties subject to a substantial risk of incurring double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent

obligations."14 Fed.R.Civ.P. 19(a)(2)(ii). The defendants argue that the receivables sought by BelBel are the same as those sought by the bankruptcy estates (on a fraudulent conveyance or

preference theory) in certain adversarial litigation in the bankruptcy court; not joining the estates

in Bel-Bel's suit thus created a substantial risk of double liability.
 15The panel reasoned that Bel-Bel was not a necessary party in the bankruptcy litigation

because (1) the suits alleged different causes of action—the bankruptcy litigation involved

fraudulent conveyance and preference claims, while this action involves tort claims; (2) the

responsible parties were different in each case—Strano and Graves were not in the bankruptcy

litigation; and (3) Community Bank had improperly acquired control over a sufficient amount of

receivables to be able to pay Bel-Bel $2.5 million and pay the estates $3.55 million without

incurring double liability. See Torcise v. Community Bank of Homestead (In re Torcise ), 116

F.3d 860, 866 (11th Cir.1997). 

 16This decision also controls our resolution of defendants' related claim that the judgment

rendered in the adversarial bankruptcy proceeding (based on the fraudulent conveyance and

preference allegations) is res judicata as to Bel-Bel's claims in this suit. According to the

defendants, Bel-Bel's claims in this suit are identical to those at issue in the adversarial

bankruptcy litigation. Thus, Bel-Bel should have raised those claims in the adversarial

bankruptcy litigation (even though it was a not party). Because Bel-Bel did not, and because the

adversarial bankruptcy proceeding resulted in a final decision on the merits, res judicata bars the

raising of the claims in this action.

This claim is essentially a restatement of the argument that Bel-Bel was a

necessary party in the bankruptcy litigation. Almost by definition, a party whose claim

would be extinguished by a decision in an action (under res judicata) is a necessary party

to that action under Rule 19. The prior panel decision in In re Torcise thus dictates that

we reject the res judicata claim. Cf. Bel-Bel Int'l Corp. v. Barnett Bank of S. Fla., N.A.,

158 B.R. 252, 257-58 (S.D.Fla.1993) (rejecting defendants' res judicata claim in this case

using reasoning similar to that by which In re Torcise rejected defendants' Rule 19

9

Community Bank made essentially the same argument in the bankruptcy court, there arguing

that Bel-Bel was a necessary party to the adversarial bankruptcy litigation, because a judgment for

both the estates and Bel-Bel would lead to double liability. The bankruptcy court rejected the

argument, and the district court affirmed the bankruptcy court on an interlocutory appeal.

Community Bank appealed that decision to the Eleventh Circuit, which also concluded that Rule 19

did not require the joinder of Bel-Bel in the adversarial bankruptcy litigation.15 See Torcise v.

Community Bank of Homestead (In re Torcise ), 116 F.3d 860, 865-67 (11th Cir.1997). This

decision is squarely "on point" with the issue raised in this appeal; we are therefore bound by it and

thus reject defendants' appeal of the district court's denial of Community Bank's Rule 19 motion.16
argument). 

10

See Cargill v. Turpin, 120 F.3d 1366, 1386 (11th Cir.1997) (holding that a prior panel decision is

binding on subsequent panels).

We also note that the risk of double liability in this case is largely illusory. If Bel-Bel

obtains relief as a creditor in the bankruptcy proceedings before the defendants have satisfied BelBel's judgment in this case, the defendants can challenge Bel-Bel's attempt to obtain satisfaction of

the judgment on that ground and presumably reduce their payments by whatever amount Bel-Bel

obtains in bankruptcy. See Hurley v. Gaertner (In re Hurley ), 158 B.R. 115, 122 (N.D.Ill.1993)

(noting that "courts possess the power "in all cases to compel credits on judgments or executions,

where it would be illegal or inequitable to proceed to collect the amount claimed' ") (quoting

Sandburg v. Papineau, 81 Ill. 446 (1876)). If Bel-Bel has not obtained relief as a creditor in the

bankruptcy proceedings when the defendants satisfy the judgment, then the defendants can claim

an equitable lien or constructive trust on whatever amount from the estates is allocated to Bel-Bel.

Cf. United States v. Cannistraro, 694 F.Supp. 62, 72 n. 11 (D.N.J.1988), vacated in part, 871 F.2d

1210 (3d Cir.1989) (noting that constructive trusts are applied in numerous contexts to prevent

unjust enrichment). In either case, the defendants would not be subject to double liability.

IV.

 Bel-Bel's primary claim against defendants Community Bank, Graves, and Strano was

conversion. Conversion is "the exercise of wrongful dominion or control over property to the

detriment of the rights of the actual owner." Seymour v. Adams, 638 So.2d 1044, 1046-47 (Fla. 5th

DCA 1994). A lienholder is considered to be an "owner" for the purposes of conversion if he has

a present right of possession. See Farmer's Home Admin. v. Dino (In re Dino ), 17 B.R. 316, 318
 17The security agreement between Bel-Bel and Torcise gave Bel-Bel the right to take control

of the receivables in the event of default. The district court found that, at the time the "lock-box"

arrangement was instituted, Torcise had "numerous prior defaults." This finding is not

challenged. 

11

(Bankr.M.D.Fla.1982); Dekle v. Calhoun, 60 Fla. 53, 53 So. 14, 15 (Fla.1910). Bel-Bel had a

present right of possession to the receivables from the Homestead tomato crop by virtue of Torcise's

defaults.17 Community Bank, Graves, and Strano exercised control over these receivables. The

exercise of control was wrongful because the receivables had been previously pledged to Bel-Bel

as security, and (under the security agreement) the defendants did not have the right unilaterally to

take control of those receivables. The exercise of control was also to the detriment of Bel-Bel,

which lost the money that otherwise would have provided repayment for the loan. Thus, Bel-Bel

had a strong claim for conversion.

 The defendants, however, argue that Bel-Bel's conversion claim was barred by the "specific

fund" requirement: "To state a claim for the conversion of money, there must exist a specific fund

capable of separate identification." Bankest Imports, Inc. v. ISCA Corp., 717 F.Supp. 1537, 1542

(S.D.Fla.1989). According to the defendants, the money received by Torcise for the Homestead

tomato crop was dispersed among several parties, and as a result there is no specific fund that BelBel can claim was converted. The cases upon which the defendants rely, however, all involve

contractual rights to payments for which no particular source was specified—i.e., the payment

money could come from anywhere. See Advanced Surgical Technologies, Inc. v. Automated

Instruments, Inc., 777 F.2d 1504, 1505 (11th Cir.1985); Gambolati v. Sarkisian, 622 So.2d 47, 50

(Fla. 4th DCA 1993); Belford Trucking Co. v. Zagar, 243 So.2d 646, 648-49 (Fla. 4th DCA 1970).

In the case before us, there was a specific, identifiable fund—the receivables from the Homestead
 18Each of these defendants was also held liable for punitive damages, see supra part I; those

holdings are not challenged. 

 19The joint and several liability results from the district court's holding that the defendants

were liable for conspiracy to commit the alleged torts. This holding is not challenged. 

12

crop—in which Bel-Bel had a property right and from which Bel-Bel was entitled to be repaid when

Torcise defaulted. The specific fund requirement thus placed no bar on Bel-Bel's claims. Cf. Allen

v. Gordon, 429 So.2d 369, 371 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983) (allowing a conversion action for a specific sum

of money improperly transferred from one bank account to another).

 Furthermore, the policy underlying the specific fund requirement makes it inapplicable to

Bel-Bel's claim. The specific fund requirement is an exception to the general rule that an obligation

to pay money cannot be enforced through an action for conversion. See Capital Bank v. G & J Invs.

Corp., 468 So.2d 534, 535 (Fla. 3d DCA 1985). This general rule is an expression of the principle

that "an action in tort is inappropriate where the claim is based on a breach of contract." Douglas

v. Braman Porsche Audi, Inc., 451 So.2d 1038, 1039 (Fla. 3d DCA 1984). There was no contractual

relationship between Bel-Bel and the persons who converted the receivables from the Homestead

tomato crop; therefore, Bel-Bel's claim could not be characterized as an attempt to transform a

breach of contract action into a tort action. Bel-Bel's claim was thus not the type of claim to which

the specific fund requirement was intended to apply.

In addition to being held liable for conversion, Community Bank, Graves, and Strano were

held liable for tortious interference and impairment of collateral, and Community Bank was held

liable for fraudulent nondisclosure.18 The remedy granted for each of these torts, however, was

identical to the remedy granted for conversion—joint and several liability for the $2.5 million for

which Bel-Bel was secured, plus interest.19 In essence, Bel-Bel sought the same relief on a variety
 20The district court found that Torcise had misled Bel-Bel as to the status of its collateral (the

Homestead tomato crop) by claiming in the loan documents that the collateral was

unencumbered, when it had in fact been pledged to Community Bank as security for the $4.3

million note to cover Torcise's overdrafts. The district court also found that this

misrepresentation had induced Bel-Bel to make the loan. 

13

of legal theories. Therefore, in light of our affirmance of the district court's holding regarding

conversion, we do not need to reach the defendants' appeals regarding Bel-Bel's other claims.

V.

 Defendants Joseph and Codelia Torcise were held liable for payment of the $2.5 million note

plus interest. The Torcises challenge this holding on two grounds. First, they claim that the

bankruptcy court's relief from the automatic stay did not give Bel-Bel leave to pursue its claim on

the note; rather, the relief from stay permitted Bel-Bel to pursue only its fraud claim. Second, the

Torcises argue that Bel-Bel was not entitled to any interest on this claim that accrued after they filed

for bankruptcy.

The bankruptcy court's order granting relief from stay concluded, without exception, that

Bel-Bel's suit in district court should proceed. This suit included Bel-Bel's contractual claim against

the Torcises for repayment of the note. We therefore hold that the district court did not err in

entertaining this claim. In addition, Bel-Bel, as a secured creditor, was entitled to post-petition

interest on its claim. See 11 U.S.C. § 506(b); Orix Credit Alliance, Inc. v. Delta Resources, Inc. (In

re Delta Resources, Inc.), 54 F.3d 722, 727 (11th Cir.1995). The district court therefore properly

held the Torcises liable for interest that accrued on their debt after they filed their bankruptcy

petition.

Joe Torcise also challenges the district court's holding that he is liable for fraudulent

inducement.20 The relief granted on this claim, however, was the same as that for the contractual
 21The issue of whether Growers Packing was included in the relief from the automatic stay

should have been raised in a motion to amend Growers Packing's answer, not in a motion to

amend the judgment. If Bel-Bel was not in fact granted relief from the automatic stay as to

Growers Packing, then Bel-Bel violated the stay by filing a lawsuit against Growers Packing. 

Such a violation would be an affirmative defense for Growers Packing. See, e.g., Barr v.

Overmyer (In re Overmyer ), 121 B.R. 272, 275-76 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1990); Redmond v.

Redmond, 123 Md.App. 405, 718 A.2d 668, 676 (Md.Ct.Spec.App.1998). Growers Packing did

not, however, assert this affirmative defense in its answer. Thus, the proper course for the

district court to have taken would have been to recognize Growers Packing's argument as an

attempt to amend its answer. Such an attempt might have been denied as untimely. If the

motion had been granted, but followed by a rejection of the argument on the merits, we would be

presented with a question of law (the interpretation of the bankruptcy court's relief from stay

order) that we would review de novo. Our conclusion would nevertheless be the same—that

Growers Packing was included in the relief from stay, and therefore the district court was correct

in permitting Bel-Bel's claims against Growers Packing to proceed. Thus, the district court's

procedural error was harmless. 

14

claim—$2.5 million plus interest. Fraudulent inducement thus operated as an alternative holding;

having affirmed on the primary holding (the contractual claim), we do not need to address the

alternative legal theory on which the district court granted relief.

VI.

 Growers Packing Company was held to be part of the conspiracy to convert funds belonging

to Bel-Bel, see supra note 11, and was therefore held jointly and severally liable for the $2.5 million

note, plus interest. In response, Growers Packing argues that Bel-Bel was not granted relief from

the automatic stay against litigation as to Growers Packing, and thus any judgment against it is void.

 Growers Packing raised this issue for the first time after the district court issued its "findings

of fact and conclusions of law," but before the district court issued a final judgment. The final

judgment was issued without reference to Growers Packing, but the district court withheld

jurisdiction to determine whether Growers Packing should be added to the judgment. Bel-Bel then

filed a motion to amend the judgment to include Growers Packing; the motion was granted.21
 22There were two "final" judgments in this case—the "final judgment" and the "amended final

judgment." The amended final judgment disposed of certain motions that were made after the

final judgment was entered. 

15

 We review the grant of a motion to amend a final judgment for an abuse of discretion. See

Barnes v. Southwest Forest Indus., Inc., 814 F.2d 607, 611 (11th Cir.1987). We find no such abuse

here. Growers Packing was a party to this action when the motion for relief from stay was before

the bankruptcy court. Growers Packing was also a party to the jointly-administered bankruptcy

actions. The stay order did not omit Growers Packing when declaring that Bel-Bel's district court

litigation would be permitted to proceed. It was therefore reasonable for the district court to

conclude that Growers Packing was included in the relief from stay order, and that judgment against

Growers Packing was therefore appropriate.

VII.

 Bel-Bel cross-appeals the denial of a motion to amend its complaint to add an allegation of

civil theft. The amendment of pleadings is left to the discretion of the trial court. See Technical

Resource Servs., Inc. v. Dornier Med. Sys., Inc., 134 F.3d 1458, 1463-64 (11th Cir.1998). In this

case, the district court found that the proposed amendment was untimely and redundant. In light of

the numerous counts alleged in the complaint and the fact that the motion to amend came several

years after the initial complaint was filed, the district court's finding did not constitute an abuse of

discretion.

 Bel-Bel also appeals the calculation of interest on the amended final judgment.22 The

amended final judgment stated that prejudgment interest would run through August 30, 1995 (the

date on which the district court issued its "findings of fact and conclusions of law"), and that

postjudgment interest would begin accruing as of the date of the amended final judgment (April 16,
 23Furthermore, Bel-Bel explicitly raised the issue of the appropriate dates for prejudgment

interest in its reply to the defendants' post-trial motions. 

16

1996). This resulted in a gap of nearly eight months for which Bel-Bel was awarded neither

prejudgment nor postjudgment interest.

 A prevailing party is entitled, under Florida law, to prejudgment interest. See Argonaut Ins.

Co. v. May Plumbing Co., 474 So.2d 212, 214-15 (Fla.1985). Prejudgment interest is, by definition,

interest that accrues until judgment is rendered. Because final judgment was not rendered in this

case until April 16, 1996, Bel-Bel was entitled to prejudgment interest at the statutory rate that had

accrued until that date.

 The defendants argue that Bel-Bel waived this objection to the amended final judgment by

not raising it in the district court. We disagree. Bel-Bel properly raised the issue of interest simply

by requesting it;23 Bel-Bel is now entitled to raise on appeal any errors concerning the district

court's resolution of its request.

VIII.

We remand this case to the district court with instructions to provide for prejudgment interest

accruing until the date of the amended final judgment. In all other respects, the judgment of the

district court is AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.