IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs July 16, 2003

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CHARITY H. KEITH

Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Williamson County

No. II-900-272-B Timothy L. Easter, Judge

No. M2002-02386-CCA-R3-CD - Filed December 5, 2003

Defendant, Charity H. Keith, appeals from the revocation of her probation, arguing that the trial court

erred in ordering her original sentence to run consecutively to her subsequent sentences in Davidson

County. We affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Trial Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOE G. RILEY and ALAN E.

GLENN, JJ., joined.

John H. Henderson, District Public Defender; Eugene J. Honea, Assistant Public Defender, for the

appellant, Charity H. Keith.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Jennifer L. Bledsoe, Assistant Attorney General;

Ronald L. Davis, District Attorney General; and Derek K. Smith, Assistant District Attorney

General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

On April 23, 2001, Defendant pled guilty to theft of property over $1,000, a Class D felony,

and the Williamson County Circuit Court sentenced her as a Range I, standard offender to four years,

which were suspended. Defendant was ordered to serve her sentence on intensive probation.

A violation of probation warrant was issued on May 21, 2001, because Defendant had failed

to report to or contact her probation officer since being placed on probation. An amendment to the

warrant was issued on June 7, 2002, stating that Defendant was in violation of the rules of her

probation because she had (1) failed to obey the law; (2) failed to report her subsequent arrests and

convictions; and (3) failed to pay the required court costs and fines. 

At the probation revocation hearing, Taz Farmer, Defendant’s probation officer, testified that

Defendant had not called or contacted him since she was placed on probation on April 23, 2001. Mr.
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Farmer also said that Defendant had not paid the fines and costs associated with her 2001 conviction.

In addition, Defendant had been convicted of four offenses in Davidson County since her

probationary period commenced. Defendant was convicted of criminal impersonation, a Class B

misdemeanor, on January 14, 2002, and received a sentence of thirty days. Defendant was convicted

of theft of merchandise of less than $500, a Class A misdemeanor, on March 6, 2002, and received

a sentence of forty-five days. Defendant was convicted of driving under the influence, a Class A

misdemeanor, on May 23, 2002, and was sentenced to eleven months, twenty-nine days, all

suspended but four days, with eleven months, twenty-nine days to be served on probation.

Mr. Farmer testified that Defendant was arrested for child abuse of a child under the age of

six on January 27, 2002, and the case was bound over to the Davidson County grand jury on

February 2, 2002. No judgment of conviction for this offense, however, was made a part of the

record on appeal. Mr. Farmer testified that, according to the Davidson County clerk’s records,

Defendant pled guilty to the lesser offense of attempted child abuse of a child under the age of six,

a Class E felony. Mr. Farmer said that Defendant received a two-year sentence, with all but 180 days

suspended, and a two-year probation. As of the time of the revocation hearing, Defendant had served

her 180-days and was currently serving her two-year probationary period.

Defendant, who lived in Alabama at the time of her 2001 conviction, testified that she did

not report to Mr. Farmer because she was afraid her abusive boyfriend would take away her children

if she came to Tennessee. Defendant said that she did not attempt to call Mr. Farmer later because

she thought Mr. Farmer would not understand her situation. Defendant confirmed that she pled

guilty to the charges of criminal impersonation, DUI and attempted child abuse but denied that she

pled guilty to the theft charge.

Defendant moved to Tennessee at some point in time and stayed at a Nashville hotel.

Defendant said that the criminal impersonation charge arose because she gave a false name to the

police when she was stopped for expired tags. Defendant said that she left her two-year-old son with

a woman, who also lived at the hotel, while Defendant went to work. The woman apparently left

the hotel, leaving the child alone. When Defendant returned from work, the child had already been

placed in state custody, and Defendant was arrested for child abuse. Defendant said that someone

told her if she pled guilty to the charge they would help Defendant regain custody of her son. After

her son was placed in state custody, Defendant was stopped and charged with driving under the

influence while she was taking a friend home. Defendant denied that she was guilty of the theft

offense. Defendant admitted that she had prior convictions for statutory rape and shoplifting.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court revoked Defendant’s probation on the basis

that she had failed to report to her probation officer as required by the terms of her probation and

because she had incurred new criminal convictions while on probation. Based on the testimony

presented at the hearing, the trial court found that Defendant evidenced a lack of appreciation for the

seriousness of the probation granted her. The trial court ordered that Defendant’s original sentence

of four years be served consecutively to Defendant’s sentence for attempted child abuse.
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Defendant appeals the trial court’s order of consecutive sentencing. Because probation is a

suspended sentence, Defendant contends that there is no subsequently “imposed sentence” to which

Defendant’s original conviction for theft in Williamson County may be consecutive. Defendant

further argues that Davidson County is potentially the last sentencing court, and the Williamson

County trial court’s order of consecutive sentencing impermissibly preempts the Davidson County

court’s decision as to whether Defendant’s sentences should be served consecutively should the

Davidson County court at some point in time revoke Defendant’s probation for the attempted child

abuse conviction. Defendant also argues that even if the trial court correctly ordered Defendant to

serve her sentence for theft consecutively to the Davidson County sentence for attempted child

abuse, the trial court failed to consider the principles of sentencing embodied in the Tennessee

Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 when making its determination. Based upon our review

of the record, we find that the trial court committed no reversible error.

When a defendant challenges the length, range or manner of service of a sentence, this Court

conducts a de novo review with a presumption that the determinations made by the trial court are

correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). This presumption is “conditioned upon the affirmative

showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts

and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). The burden is on Defendant

to show the impropriety of her sentence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401, Sentencing Commission

Comments.

Our review requires an analysis of (1) the evidence received at the hearing; (2) the

presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and the arguments of counsel relative to

sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the offense; (5) any mitigating or

enhancing factors; (6) any statements made by the defendant in his or her own behalf; and (7) the

defendant’s potential for rehabilitation or treatment. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102, -103, and -210.

As Defendant points out, this Court has previously concluded that, in general, the “last

sentencing court should have the responsibility to determine whether or not a sentence should be

served consecutively.” State v. Arnold, 824 S.W.2d 176, 178 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). If, for

example, the first sentencing court orders a defendant’s sentence to be served consecutively to any

other sentence which may be imposed in the future by the second sentencing court, “the first

sentencing court’s action would be preemptive of the last court’s function and power to impose a

sentence which is based upon all that has gone before.” Id.; see also Thompson v. State, 565 S.W.2d

889, 890 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1977).

This is not the situation present, however, in this matter. Defendant was sentenced in

Davidson County for the commission of the attempted child abuse offense prior to the revocation

of her probation in Williamson County. The Davidson County conviction served as one of the bases

for revoking Defendant’s probation in Williamson County. Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-

35-310 provides that:
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in any case of revocation of suspension on account of conduct by the defendant

which has resulted in a judgment of conviction against the defendant during the

defendant’s period of probation, the trial judge may order that the term of

imprisonment imposed by the original judgment be served consecutively to any

sentence which was imposed upon such conviction.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-310.

The thrust of Defendant’s argument is that a sentence of probation is not an “imposed”

sentence as contemplated by this provision. Rather, Defendant’s sentence of incarceration was

partially suspended by the Davidson County court for the offense of attempted child abuse. She

contends that until the Davidson County court in the future revokes Defendant’s probation and

reinstates her original judgment of sentencing, the Williamson County court is without power to

order consecutive sentencing. We respectfully disagree.

Upon a verdict or plea of guilty, it is the duty of the trial court to determine and impose a

defendant’s sentence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-203. An “imposed sentence” is a “specific

penalty imposed for a specific offense.” State v. Langston, 708 S.W.2d 830, 832 (Tenn. 1996). In

making its sentencing determinations, the trial court must determine how the defendant’s sentence

will be served. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-212. If the sentence actually imposed is eight years

or less, a defendant may be eligible to serve his or her sentence through probation rather than

incarceration. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-212(a) and -303. “If the court determines that a period

of probation is appropriate, the court shall sentence the defendant to a specific sentence but suspend

the execution of all or part thereof and place the defendant on supervised or unsupervised probation

. . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(c). The granting of probation does not, however, mean that

the defendant has not had a penalty imposed for a specific offense. The “sentence” received when

the trial court grants the defendant the privilege of probation is “the period of time that the defendant

could be incarcerated.” Young v. State, 101 S.W.3d 430, 432 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2002); see also

State v. Pettus, 986 S.W.2d 540, 544 (Tenn. 1999) (recognizing that “probation and community

corrections sentences are alternatives to incarceration.”)

As the State points out, this Court has previously concluded that the revoking trial court has

the discretion to order its revoked sentence to run consecutively to a previously imposed sentence

when the defendant is convicted of a crime while on probation. State v. Kevin Wayne Brim, No.

M1999-01925-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 166362, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, Feb. 9, 2001),

perm. to appeal denied (Tenn. June 4, 2001); see also State v. George Cantrell, III, No. M1998-

00104-CCA-R3-CD, 1999 WL 1203822, (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, Dec. 16, 1999). A trial

judge may order a sentence of incarceration to run consecutively to a suspended sentence. State v.

Malone, 928 S.W.2d 41, 44 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). In that event, the probationary term begins

upon completion of the intervening custodial sentence. Id.

Defendant argues that even if the trial court is permitted to order consecutive sentencing

under Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b)(6), the trial court failed to make specific
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findings that “an extended sentence is necessary to protect the public” and is “reasonably related to

the severity of the offenses committed” as required by State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933 (Tenn.

1995). Defendant’s reliance on Wilkerson, however, is misplaced. These specific findings are

required only in the consecutive sentencing of “dangerous offenders.” State v. Lane, 3 S.W.3d 456,

461 (Tenn. 1999). The trial court in this instance imposed consecutive sentences because Defendant

was sentenced for an offense while on probation. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(6).

Subsection (b)(6) describes a category of offenders “deserving of consecutive sentencing.”

Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d at 936-37. We note also that the record not only supports the trial court’s

finding but also supports a finding that Defendant has an extensive record of criminal activity. Tenn.

Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(2). Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

____________________________________

THOMAS T. WOODALL, J.