UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

)

)

JEROME A. MAHER, )

)

Plaintiff, )

)

v. ) Case No. 16-cv-1646 (KBJ)

)

PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY 

CORPORATION,

)

)

)

Defendant. )

)

)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

On March 25, 2015, the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (“PBGC”) denied 

Plaintiff Jerome Maher’s claim for benefits under the Employee Retirement Income 

Security Act (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001–1461, in connection with a pension plan 

that was terminated in 1984. Maher filed this lawsuit to challenge the PBGC’s denial

(see Compl., ECF No. 1), and the parties have now filed cross-motions for summary 

judgment (see Mem. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 

29-1; Mot. to Deny Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. & Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s 

Mem.”), ECF No. 31). As explained fully below, this Court concludes that the PBGC’s 

decision was not arbitrary or capricious because substantial evidence supported the 

PBGC’s finding that Maher received the benefits to which he was entitled in 1984 when 

the pension plan was terminated. Accordingly, this Court will GRANT the PBGC’s 

motion for summary judgment and DENY Maher’s cross-motion for summary 

judgment. A separate Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will follow. 
2

I. BACKGROUND

A. The PBGC’s Role In Terminating Pension Plans Under ERISA

“The PBGC is a federal corporation charged with administering and enforcing

the plan termination insurance provisions of ERISA.” Deppenbrook v. PBGC, 778 F.3d 

166, 168 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see 29 U.S.C. 

§ 1302 (describing the PBGC’s powers and functions). Subject to various statutory 

limitations, the PBGC guarantees the payment of benefits under pension plans covered 

by ERISA. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1321–22b. The PBGC also supervises the termination 

process for covered pension plans, including plans whose assets are sufficient to cover 

all benefit liabilities and whose termination therefore does not trigger the PBGC’s 

insurance obligations. See PBGC v. LTV Corp., 496 U.S. 633, 638–39 (1990); see also 

29 U.S.C. § 1341(b). ERISA refers to these as “standard” terminations. 29 U.S.C. 

§ 1341(b). 1

 

A standard termination is initiated by a pension plan’s administrator, who must 

give all plan beneficiaries notice of intent to terminate the plan at least 60 days before 

the proposed termination date. See id. § 1341(a)(2); see also 29 C.F.R. 

§ 4041.23(a)(1).

2

 The plan administrator must also notify each plan participant of the 

benefits to which he is entitled and the basis for calculating that amount. See 29 U.S.C. 

 1 This opinion cites the statutory and regulatory provisions that apply to single-employer pension plans. 

See, e.g., 29 U.S.C. § 1341. ERISA and its implementing regulations contain separate provisions for 

multi-employer plans that are not applicable in this case. See, e.g., 29 U.S.C. § 1341a. 

2 Several of the statutory and regulatory provisions cited in this paragraph have been amended or 

renumbered since 1984 (the year that the pension plan at issue in this case was terminated). See 

generally 29 U.S.C. § 1341 (1982); 29 C.F.R. pts. 2616–17 (1984). All of the requirements that appear 

in this paragraph have remained substantively similar between 1984 and the present, and for 

convenience’s sake, the Court cites the current versions of both ERISA and the PBGC regulations,

except where otherwise noted. 
3

§ 1341(b)(2)(B); 29 C.F.R. § 4041.24. In addition to giving notice to all beneficiaries 

of a pension plan, the plan administrator must also file a standard termination notice 

with the PBGC, alerting the PBGC to the plan’s assets and benefit liabilities. See 29 

U.S.C. § 1341(b)(2)(A); 29 C.F.R. § 4041.25(a). Upon receiving this notice, the PBGC 

must review it and notify the plan administrator within 60 days if the PBGC believes

that the plan’s assets are not sufficient to cover all benefit liabilities. See 29 U.S.C. 

§ 1341(b)(2)(C)(i); 29 C.F.R. § 4041.31(a)(1)(iv). 

Absent receiving such a notice from the PBGC, the plan administrator 

commences distributing the plan’s assets to its beneficiaries in accordance with a 

priority order set forth in ERISA. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1341(b)(2)(D), 1344; 29 C.F.R. 

§ 4041.28(a)(1), pt. 4044. And once this distribution is complete, the plan 

administrator must certify in writing to the PBGC that the plan’s assets “have been 

distributed . . . so as to pay all benefit liabilities under the plan.” 29 U.S.C. 

§ 1341(b)(3)(B); see also 29 C.F.R. § 4041.29. In 1984, the year in which the pension 

plan at issue in this case was terminated, PBGC regulations also required that the plan 

administrator’s post-distribution certification to the PBGC contain “[t]he amount of the 

benefit provided” to “each participant or beneficiary to whom distribution was made[.]” 

29 C.F.R. § 2617.23(a)(1) (1984). 

B. Factual Background

Plaintiff Jerome Maher began working for First Federal Savings and Loan 

Association of Wilmette (“First Federal”) in 1963. (See Letter from Jerome A. Maher 

to Charles Korb, PBGC (Mar. 14, 2012), Admin. R. (“AR”), ECF Nos. 28-1 to 28-2, 
4

106.) 3

 See also Maher v. United States (Maher IV), 92 Fed. Cl. 413, 414 (2010). By 

1982, Maher was First Federal’s director and executive vice president. See Maher IV, 

92 Fed. Cl. at 414. Maher was also a participant in the company’s employee pension 

plan. See id. In 1982, at the behest of federal regulators, First Federal merged with

several other savings and loan associations to form Horizon Federal Savings Bank 

(“Horizon”), and Maher stayed on as Horizon’s executive vice president. See id. As 

part of the merger, Maher agreed to forfeit his existing First Federal pension plan with 

the understanding that Horizon would eventually create a comparable plan for him. See 

id. 4

On May 15, 1984, Horizon notified the PBGC that it intended to terminate First 

Federal’s pension plan over the course of the coming months. (See Form 5310, AR 10–

14.) Maher personally signed the notice form as Horizon’s executive vice president

(see id., AR 10), and an attachment to the form listed benefit amounts to be distributed 

to 25 individual beneficiaries, including $57,834 to Maher (see Form 6088, AR 15).

Shortly before providing the requisite notice to the PBGC, Horizon had sent Maher a 

letter notifying him of his entitlements upon the termination of the plan and prompting 

him to elect whether to receive his benefits in monthly annuity payments of $1,784 

 3 Page-number citations to the administrative record refer to the Bates numbers that appear at the 

bottom of each page. With respect to all other documents that the parties have filed, page-number 

citations refer to the page numbers that the court’s electronic filing system automatically assigns.

4 In several lawsuits across multiple courts, Maher and another former Horizon executive have sought 

to recover benefits under a deferred compensation plan that Horizon later established. See Maher IV, 

92 Fed. Cl. 413; Maher v. FDIC (Maher III), 441 F.3d 522 (7th Cir. 2006); Maher v. United States

(Maher II), 314 F.3d 600 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Maher v. Harris Trust & Sav. Bank (Maher I), 75 F.3d 1182 

(7th Cir. 1996). The plan at issue in those lawsuits was established in 1985 and is different from the 

First Federal employee pension plan under which Maher seeks to recover in this case, and which 

terminated in 1984. (See Letter from Jerome A. Maher to William F. Condon Jr. (Aug. 21, 2014), AR 

129 (explaining that Maher’s claims regarding the two plans “are completely separate”).)
5

beginning on his retirement date in 1999, or in a single lump-sum payment of $57,834

upon the plan’s termination, in which case the distribution could be rolled over “taxfree” into an individual retirement account. (Letter from Linda S. Sepp, Dir. of Human 

Res., Horizon, to Jerome Maher (Apr. 4, 1984), AR 57.) 

On September 28, 1984, Horizon’s plan administrator Dominic Cannon wrote to 

the PBGC certifying that “[e]ach participant elected in writing the alternative form of 

distribution”—i.e., a lump-sum payment. (Plan Admin.’s Certification for an 

Alternative Form of Distribution, AR 59). See 29 C.F.R. § 4044.73(a)(1) 

(characterizing a “lump sum” payment as an “alternative form of distribution”). 5

 Then, 

on January 16, 1985, Cannon again wrote to the PBGC, this time “certify[ing] that the 

Plan’s assets were allocated in accordance with” ERISA, and attaching a list of benefit 

distributions to individual beneficiaries, including a lump-sum benefit of $57,834 to 

Maher. (Letter from Dominic Cannon, Vice Chairman and Trustee of the Plan, 

Horizon, to Andrew Murphy, Case Officer, PBGC (Jan. 16, 1985) (“Certificate of 

Distribution”), AR 17; see also id. 19.) The benefit distribution list clarified that 

Maher received a “benefit” of $57,834 at a “cost” to Horizon of $58,754.59. (See

Certificate of Distribution, AR 19.) 6

 5 In 1984, PBGC regulations required that a plan administrator submit such a certification to the agency 

before distributing benefits in any form other than an annuity. See 29 C.F.R. § 2619.26(a) (1984) (“A 

benefit that is payable as an annuity under the provisions of a plan need not be provided in annuity 

form if . . . [t]he plan provides for an alternative form of distribution, and the plan administrator 

submits a statement to the PBGC in which he or she certifies that[,]” inter alia, “the participant elected, 

in writing, the alternative form of distribution[.]”). 

6 This difference likely reflected a change in distribution dates: Horizon had calculated benefit amounts 

assuming that interest would be credited to each individual’s lump-sum benefit at a rate of 7% from the 

proposed termination date of June 1, 1984, through the proposed distribution date of September 1, 

1984. (See Form 6088, AR 16.) But in its letter to PBGC certifying the distribution of benefits, 

Horizon explained that, at PBGC’s suggestion, it ultimately distributed benefits on November 28, 1984, 

not September 1, which would have allowed for more interest to accumulate. (See Certificate of 

Distribution, AR 17.) 
6

C. Procedural History

Beginning on March 14, 2012—more than 27 years after the termination of the 

First Federal pension plan and the purported distribution of its funds to the plan’s

beneficiaries—and continuing until May 24, 2013, Maher wrote a series of letters to the 

PBGC, claiming that he was never paid the $57,834 to which he was entitled under the 

First Federal pension plan and requesting that the PBGC pay him the guaranteed portion 

of that amount. (See, e.g., Letter from Jerome A. Maher to Mark Fifer, PBGC (Jan. 16, 

2013), AR 53 (“I never received a lump sum benefit or any other benefit from the First 

Federal Savings and Loan Association of Wilmette Retirement Plan.”).) The PBGC 

sent a letter to Maher on October 25, 2013, informing him of its “determin[ation] that 

there is no basis to support [his] allegations that [he is] owed an unpaid benefit from the 

Plan.” (Letter from Charles Korb, Manager, Processing and Technical Assistance 

Branch, PBGC, to Jerome A. Maher (Oct. 25, 2013), AR 63.) In reaching this decision, 

the PBGC relied on Horizon’s letter to the PBGC (dated January 16, 1985), which 

certified that all beneficiaries of the First Federal plan, including Maher, had received 

the benefits to which they were entitled. (See id. (observing that “one of the Plan’s 

trustees, Dominic P. Cannon, certified that a lump sum benefit of $57,834 was 

distributed to you”).) The PBGC decision further noted that Maher’s own assertion that 

he was never paid “provides no credible basis to determine that [he] did not receive a 

benefit from the Plan[,]” because “it is based on [his] recollection alone of events of 

almost 30 years ago[,]” and because it is unreasonable to infer that Maher was not paid 

given “the extensive role [he] played in the Plan’s termination and distribution of 

benefits, as an Executive Vice President” of Horizon. (Id.)
7

Maher appealed the PBGC’s denial of his request for benefits to the PBGC

Appeals Board in two separate letters dated three days apart in November of 2013. (See 

Letter from Jerome A. Maher to PBGC Appeals Board (Nov. 11, 2013) (“Nov. 11 

Appeal Letter”), AR 88–89; Letter from Jerome A. Maher to PBGC Appeals Board 

(Nov. 14, 2013) (“Nov. 14 Appeal Letter”), AR 55–56.) Maher’s appeal re-emphasized 

that he never received a lump-sum benefit in connection with the termination of the 

First Federal plan in 1984. (See Nov. 14 Appeal Letter, AR 56.) Maher also contended

that the PBGC’s initial denial decision was wrong both to doubt his recollection (see 

Nov. 11 Appeal Letter, AR 88 (“I think I would remember if I received an additional 

$57,834 in 1984”)), and to infer that he must have been paid from the fact that he 

personally played a significant role in the plan’s termination (see id., AR 89 (stating 

that “my only role in the termination of the Pension Plan” was to “sign[] a power of 

attorney” to Horizon’s accountants “to provide the actuarial report to satisfy the 

[PBGC] that the Plan had sufficient assets to fund the pension obligations”)). Finally, 

Maher argued that the September 28, 1984, and January 16, 1985, certification letters

from Cannon to the PBGC are dubious on their face because they state that, with two 

exceptions, all participants in the First Federal plan (including Maher) elected to 

receive immediate lump-sum payments rather than annuities upon retirement. (See 

Nov. 11 Appeal Letter, AR 89; Nov. 14 Appeal Letter, AR 56.) Maher contended that it 

would have been unreasonable for each plan participant to have elected a lump-sum 

distribution “due to the adverse tax consequences of such a decision[,]” and stated that 

he “d[id] not recall doing” so. (Nov. 14 Appeal Letter, AR 56.) 
8

The PBGC Appeals Board denied Maher’s appeal in a written opinion on March 

25, 2015. (See Letter from William D. Ellis, Appeals Board Member, PBGC, to Jerome 

Maher (Mar. 25, 2015) (“PBGC Appeal Decision”), AR 2–9.) The Board noted that 

Maher’s appeal “hinge[d] on a factual question, namely whether [he] already received 

in 1984 the lump-sum value of [his] Plan benefit.” (Id., AR 5.) In considering that 

question, the Board relied primarily on Cannon’s January 16, 1985, certification letter 

to the PBGC, which, in the Board’s view, “show[ed that Maher] received [his] benefit 

in a lump sum.” (Id., AR 6; see also id., AR 8.) The Board also discounted Maher’s 

tax-consequences reasoning, because as Horizon’s April 4, 1984, letter to Maher 

explained, any beneficiary who selected a lump-sum payment would have been eligible 

for “a non-taxable rollover into another deferred-tax retirement plan[.]” (Id., AR 6.) 

The Board also reaffirmed the logic of the initial PBGC denial decision—i.e., that given

Maher’s senior position at Horizon and direct involvement in the termination of the 

First Federal pension plan, he would have been in a position to know about and to 

correct any error in the distribution of his benefits. (See id., AR 7.) And the Board 

reasoned further that Maher’s failure to take any corrective action in 1984 at the time of 

the plan’s termination—or even in 1999, when he should have started receiving annuity 

payments under his theory that he never selected a lump-sum distribution—discredits 

his contention that he did not receive the benefits to which he was entitled. (See id.) 

Ultimately, the Board concluded that “[t]he evidence shows [that Maher] received [his]

Plan benefit in a lump sum in 1984.” (Id., AR 8.)

Maher filed the complaint in the instant lawsuit on August 27, 2015, challenging 

the PBGC Appeals Board’s decision. (See Compl., ECF No. 1.) See also 29 U.S.C. 
9

§ 1303(f) (providing that adverse decisions of the PBGC may be challenged in federal 

district court). 7 The parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment (see Def.’s 

Mem.; Pl.’s Mem.), which are now ripe for the Court’s review (see Def.’s Opp’n to 

Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. & Reply to Pl.’s Opp’n to PBGC’s Mot. for Summ. J. 

(“Def.’s Reply”), ECF No. 32; Pl.’s Reply to Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. 

(“Pl.’s Reply”), ECF No. 35). In its motion, the PBGC asserts that each element of the 

Appeals Board’s opinion was reasonable, and that the Board’s ultimate “rejection of 

Plaintiff’s claim that he never received his Plan benefit is based on a complete and 

reasonable consideration of the evidence.” (Def.’s Mem. at 10.) In his motion, Maher 

chiefly contends that the Appeals Board based its conclusion that he already received 

his benefits on a misinterpretation of the letter Horizon sent to the PBGC on January 

16, 1985. (See Pl.’s Mem. at 3–4.) 

II. LEGAL STANDARD

When evaluating a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of 

Civil Procedure 56, a district court must “grant summary judgment if the movant shows 

that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In lawsuits challenging agency 

action under the APA, a district court acts as an appellate tribunal and evaluates 

whether the agency action under review complies with the law and is supported by the 

record. See Remper v. Sharfstein, 583 F.3d 860, 865 (D.C. Cir. 2009). Because this 

exercise typically involves evaluation of a pure question of law, see id., a district court 

 7 Maher initially brought this lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (see 

Compl. at 1), but that court determined that venue was improper and transferred the case to the U.S. 

District Court for the District of Columbia (see Mem. Op. & Order, ECF No. 17). 
10

presented with cross-motions for summary judgment in an APA case generally does not 

focus on whether there is a “genuine dispute as to any material fact[,]” but rather on 

whether “the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law” under the applicable 

APA standard of review. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see, e.g., New England Anti-Vivisection 

Soc’y v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 208 F. Supp. 3d 142, 154 (D.D.C. 2016); Ass’n of 

Private Sector Colleges & Univs. v. Duncan, 110 F. Supp. 3d 176, 184 (D.D.C. 2015).

As relevant here, under the APA, a district court must set aside agency action if 

it is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with 

law[.]” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); see also LTV Corp., 496 U.S. at 654–56 (reviewing an 

informal adjudication of the PBGC under the APA’s arbitrary-or-capricious standard). 

“Under that standard, [courts] will uphold agency findings that are supported by 

substantial evidence, even if [the court] might have reached a different conclusion in 

the first instance.” Epsilon Electronics, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of the Treasury, 857 F.3d 

913, 918 (D.C. Cir. 2017); see also Safe Extensions, Inc. v. FAA, 509 F.3d 593, 604 

(D.C. Cir. 2007) (explaining that even an agency’s decision in the context of an 

informal adjudication must be supported by substantial evidence). “The APA’s

substantial evidence standard requires more than a scintilla, but can be satisfied by 

something less than a preponderance of the evidence.” Epsilon Electronics, 857 F.3d at 

925 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). An agency’s factual finding is 

supported by substantial evidence if “there is such relevant evidence as a reasonable 

mind might accept as adequate to support the [agency’s] conclusion.” Mach Mining, 

LLC v. Sec’y of Labor, 809 F.3d 1259, 1263 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks 

and citation omitted). 
11

III. DISCUSSION

Substantial evidence in the record supports the PBGC’s factual finding that 

Maher received the benefits to which he was entitled in 1984, when the First Federal 

plan was terminated. In making its finding, the PBGC Appeals Board relied in large 

part on a letter that Dominic Cannon (the administrator of the First Federal pension 

plan) sent to the PBGC on January 16, 1985, notifying the PBGC that the benefits were 

distributed. (See PBGC Appeal Decision, AR 3, 6, 8.) That reliance was entirely 

reasonable, because the letter expressly “certif[ied] that the Plan’s assets were allocated 

in accordance with” ERISA (Certificate of Distribution, AR 17), and it specifically and 

unequivocally listed Maher’s “lump sum” benefit of $57,834 in an attached schedule of 

benefit distributions (id., AR 19). There is no question that this certification letter, 

standing alone, is “relevant evidence” that “a reasonable mind might accept as adequate 

to support the [PBGC’s] conclusion.” Mach Mining, 809 F.3d at 1263 (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted). And when one adds to this the fact that Maher—

a Horizon executive who had at least certain responsibilities vis-à-vis the retirement 

plan and who unquestionably knew about the scheduled plan termination and 

distribution of benefits in the mid-1980s—waited more than 27 years to take any steps 

to recover the $57,834 amount that was still allegedly owed to him, it is clear to this 

Court that the PBGC’s findings and its denial of Maher’s appeal were well-supported. 

Maher’s chief argument to the contrary is that Horizon’s certification letter of 

January 16, 1985, was actually a schedule of plan benefit liabilities yet to be paid, and 

not a certification of benefit distributions that Horizon had already made. (See Pl.’s 

Mem. at 3–4.) But that argument misreads the administrative record in two key 

respects. First, Maher contends that the letter could not be a certification of benefits 
12

already paid because it “was written January 15, 1984, six months before the Pension 

Plan received permission to terminate the Plan.” (Id. at 3 (emphasis added).) In this 

regard, Maher simply gets the date wrong: the letter was actually written on January 16, 

1985—after the Plan’s distribution date of November 28, 1984. (See Certificate of 

Distribution, AR 17.) Second, Maher contends that the list of benefit amounts attached 

to the letter appeared on IRS Form 6088, which is a form that ERISA plan 

administrators must submit to the PBGC when initiating the plan termination process in 

order to facilitate the PBGC’s review of the sufficiency of the plan’s assets, and which 

does not serve as a certification of distributions already made. (See Pl.’s Mem. at 3–4.) 

But again, Maher’s factual premise is simply incorrect: the schedule of benefit 

payments that Cannon attached to his letter to the PBGC was not on IRS Form 6088; 

rather, it was a bare, untitled spreadsheet listing each beneficiary’s name, address, 

telephone number, sex, date of birth, social security number, benefit amount, the cost to 

Horizon of providing that benefit, and the form in which the benefit was provided. (See 

Certificate of Distribution, AR 19.) 8

 

What is more, the spreadsheet that was attached to the January 16, 1985, letter is 

entirely consistent with a ‘certification’ that benefits had already been distributed, 

because it lists exactly the information that a plan administrator was required to submit 

to the PBGC “after the plan administrator has completed the distribution of assets” 

under the regulations in place at that time. 29 C.F.R. § 2617.23(a) (1984) (emphasis 

 8 Maher is correct that IRS Form 6088 appears in the administrative record, but that is because Horizon 

submitted Form 6088 as an attachment to its May 15, 1984, notice to the PBGC that Horizon intended 

to terminate the First Federal pension plan in the ensuing months (see Form 6088, AR 15)—a notice 

that Maher himself signed (see Form 5310, AR 10). Horizon did not include Form 6088 with its 

January 16, 1985, letter to the PBGC. (See Certificate of Distribution, AR 17–19.)
13

added); see also id. (requiring, “[f]or each participant or beneficiary to whom 

distribution was made[,]” a “[n]ame;” “[a]ddress;” “[t]elephone number;” “[s]ex;” 

“[d]ate of birth;” “[s]ocial security number;” “[t]he amount of the benefit provided[;]” 

“[t]he cost of providing the benefit;” and “[t]he form in which the benefit was 

provided”). And even more fundamentally, Maher’s argument ignores the basic fact 

that the letter to which the spreadsheet was attached expressly stated that “[t]his letter 

is to certify that the Plan’s assets were allocated in accordance with” ERISA. 

(Certificate of Distribution, AR 17 (emphasis added).) 

Thus, this Court finds that the certification letter itself provides ample support 

for the PBGC Appeals Board’s conclusion that Maher received the benefits to which he 

was entitled, and it agrees with the Board that Maher’s failure to take any prior 

corrective action further demonstrates that there is no factual basis for his current 

claim. 

IV. CONCLUSION

The PBGC denied Maher’s claim for benefits under a pension plan that was 

terminated in 1984 because it found, as a matter of fact, that Maher already received the 

benefits to which he was entitled under that plan. That factual finding was supported 

by substantial evidence in the administrative record, and therefore the PBGC’s decision 

cannot be set aside as arbitrary or capricious under the APA. See 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). 

Consequently, as set forth in the separate Order that accompanies this Memorandum
14

Opinion, the PBGC’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED and Maher’s crossmotion for summary judgment is DENIED. 

DATE: September 26, 2017 Ketanji Brown Jackson

KETANJI BROWN JACKSON

United States District Judge