# Patent

## Title
Method for detecting UWB pulse sequences and analog detection means suitable for this purpose

## Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for transmitting data in the form of at least one sequence of Np pulses over Np time windows Tf, each pulse being enclosed within a time chip Tc whose position within its relevant time window is defined by a chip number. The method according to the invention, includes at least one signal detection step, in the course of which Np detection windows Dj (for j=1 to Np) encompassing the time chips defined by the chip numbers are to be examined in search of an expected pulse sequence. The method according to the invention enables to limit the processing time and power needed for carrying out the detection step, which only requires to scan detection windows defined by the signature of a transmitter, instead of mapping the whole pulse sequence.

## Background
The present invention relates to a method for transmitting data in a telecommunication system including at least one transmitter and one receiver, said transceiver being intended to transmit a signal formed by at least one sequence of Np pulses over Np time windows, each pulse being enclosed within a time chip whose position within its relevant time window is defined by a chip number.
Such data transmission methods are currently studied with the aim of assessing the relevance of so-called Ultra-Wide Band telecommunication systems (further referred to as UWB systems). In such a system each transmitter may be identified by a signature formed by the above-mentioned chip numbers, which signature is in itself quite sturdy and may thus be reliably and accurately communicated to all potential receivers.
The pulses used in UWB systems are very short, having for example a duration lower than 0.1 nanosecond, which offers to such systems bandwidths at least as large as 10 GigaHertz, entailing high flexibility and hence numerous possible applications for such systems.
The above-described signal may form a carrying signal on which information can be encoded by modulation of said carrying signal, for example by performing phase or amplitude modulation of one or more pulse sequences.
A major problem which hinders development of such systems lies in the detection of incoming carrying signals by a receiver. In the present state of the art, signal detection is often performed by correlating a received signal delivered at the output of a receiving antenna, which received signal may be exclusively constituted by noise or, alternatively, may include an incoming carrying signal, with a gliding model of the waveform such a carrying signal should have.
Such a gliding correlation technique is not realistically applicable as such to the detection of sequences of Np pulses lasting less than 0.1 ns each and enclosed in time windows having each a width of roughly 100 ns. In such an example, with for example Np=128 and a sampling interval of 10 ps, the scanning of the whole duration of a pulse sequence would require 1.28.106 successive pulse sequences for its completion and would then last 16 seconds, which is not acceptable.
It should be also be noted that, during the considerable time required for performing the detection of a pulse sequence according to the technique described above, communication conditions between the transmitter and the receiver may change, i.e. a communication channel between these devices may be altered, for example due to movements of one or both devices, so that the detection conditions may be altered in the course of a single signal detection step, with adverse effects on the accuracy of the results yielded by said signal detection step. The signal carrying the pulse sequences may even disappear before its detection is completed.
The invention aims at solving the aforementioned problems, by providing a method for transmitting data as described above, which method includes at least one signal detection step which may be carried out far more quickly than currently used signal detection techniques.
Indeed, a method for transmitting data according to the opening paragraph is characterized according to the invention in that it includes at least one signal detection step, in the course of which Np detection windows encompassing the time chips defined by the chip numbers are to be examined in search of an expected pulse sequence.
In the detection step according to the invention, the received signal is not scanned exhaustively during the whole duration of an expected pulse sequence, as is done in the known gliding correlation technique. The scanning is instead restricted to selected portions of the expected pulse sequence. This restriction is a consequence of a difference in purpose between the detection step according to the invention and the detection steps already known in the art.
Indeed, a known detection step performed by means of a gliding correlation over the whole duration of an expected pulse sequence aims at identifying precisely the timing of the detected sequence, whereas the detection step according to the invention only aims at determining whether or not a given pulse sequence starts within a given time interval. The whole duration of a single sequence may thus be scanned stepwise, each step having a duration of the order of 10 ns in the same conditions as those described above, which means that the scanning of a duration of an expected sequence of Np=128 pulses will only require 1.28.103 successive pulse sequences for its completion and would last 16 milliseconds, i.e. one thousand times less than according to the gliding correlation technique described above.
The invention thus enables to limit the processing time and power required for carrying out the detection step by only scanning detection windows defined by the signature of the transmitter, which will have been communicated beforehand to the receiver.
Various techniques may be used for examining the detection windows in search of a pulse.
According to a first embodiment of the invention, the examination of each detection window involves the computation of a detection value defined by a mean value over all detection windows of a correlation between the received signal and a series of Np expected pulse forms, which detection value is to be compared to a predetermined threshold value.
The correlation value may advantageously be raised to any given power N greater than 1 in order to increase the statistical relevance of occurrences where pulses are detected in an expected configuration.
According to a second embodiment of the invention, the examination of each detection window involves the computation of a detection value defined by a mean value over all detection windows of a squared value of a correlation between the received signal and a series of Np expected pulse forms, which detection value is to be compared to a predetermined threshold value.
As will be explained hereinafter, the use of a squared correlation value will additionally allow an easy implementation of the computation of the detection value.
The above-mentioned predetermined threshold value will preferrably be independent of an amplitude of the received signal, in order to ensure that communication conditions such as channel attenuation have no significant impact on the outcome of the signal detection step.
According to one of its hardware-oriented aspects, the invention also relates to a telecommunication system including at least one transceiver and one receiver, said transmitter being intended to transmit a signal formed by at least one sequence of Np pulses over Np time windows, each pulse being enclosed within a time chip whose position within its relevant time window is defined by a chip number, system in which the receiver includes signal detection means intended to perform an examination of Np detection windows encompassing the time chips defined by the chip numbers in search of an expected pulse sequence.
According to a first embodiment of such a system, the detection means include computation means for computing a detection value defined by a mean value over all detection windows of a correlation between the received signal and a series of Np expected pulse forms, and comparison means for comparing said detection value to a predetermined threshold value.
According to a second embodiment of such a system, the detection means include computation means for computing a detection value defined by a mean value over all detection windows of a squared value of a correlation between the received signal and a series of Np expected pulse forms, and comparison means for comparing said detection value to a predetermined threshold value.
According to a preferred embodiment of such a system, the computation means include:

    
    
        a plurality of correlating modules, each of which being intended to be activated during the Np detection windows and to compute a correlation over said detection windows between a signal received by the receiver and a characteristic signal associated with said correlating module,
        a plurality of accumulating modules, each of which being intended to accumulate output values delivered by one of said correlating modules,
        a plurality of squaring modules, each of which being intended to produce a squared value of the contents of one of said accumulating modules, and
        an additioner intended to compute a sum of output values delivered by the squaring modules in order to produce a detection value which will be compared to the predetermined threshold value.
    
    


According to another of its hardware-oriented aspects, the invention also relates to a device intended to receive a signal formed by at least one sequence of Np pulses over Np time windows, each pulse being enclosed within a time chip whose position within its relevant time window is defined by a chip number, which receiver includes signal detection means intended to perform an examination of Np detection windows encompassing the time chips defined by the chip numbers in search of an expected pulse sequence.
The detection means included in such a receiver will thus be able to execute a signal detection step according to the above-described embodiments of the invention.



The characteristics of the invention mentioned above, as well as others, will emerge more clearly from a reading of the following description given in relation to the accompanying figures, amongst which:
FIG. 1 is a functional diagram depicting a telecommunication system in which the invention is used;
FIG. 2 is a chronogram depicting a pulse sequence constituting a carrying signal transmitted in such a telecommunication system;
FIG. 3 is a chronogram depicting a pulse model which may be used for generating such a sequence;
FIG. 4 is a chronogram depicting a data frame including a plurality of pulse sequences;
FIG. 5 is a chronogram depicting a signal detection step according to the invention; and
FIG. 6 is a block diagram depicting detection means according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.



FIG. 1 depicts a telecommunication system SYST in which the invention is embodied. This system SYST includes at least one transmitting device TRD and one receiving device RCD, which may for example be constituted by mobile phones. The transmitting device TRD is intended to transmit a signal Csg formed by at least one sequence of Np pulses pj (for j=1 to Np) over Np time windows, each pulse being enclosed within a time chip whose position within its relevant time window is defined by a chip number cj (for j=1 to Np).
The receiver REC is provided with detection means DET for detecting such an incoming signal Csg.
This signal Csg may form a carrying signal on which information can be encoded by the transmitting device TRD by means of a modulation of said carrying signal Csg, for example by performing phase or amplitude modulation of one or more pulse sequences.
FIG. 2 depicts such a carrying signal Csg in the form of a chronogram, according to which each pulse sequence has a total duration Tp divided into time windows having each a duration Tf, each time window being sub-divided into time chips Tc, a single time chip within each window being intended to enclose a pulse pj (for i=1 to Np), which single time chip is identified by means of a chip number cj. The transmitter of this carrying signal Csg will thus be identified by a signature Sg=(c1, c2 . . . cNp) jointly formed by all above-mentioned chip numbers cj (for i=1 to Np), which signature Sg is in itself quite sturdy and may thus be reliably and accurately communicated to all potential receivers.
FIG. 3 is another chronogram which depicts a possible shape p(t) which may be chosen for constituting the above-mentioned pulses. In the example depicted here, this pulse p(t) is defined as a derivative of the second order of a Gaussian function, which may be expressed mathematically as p(t)=A.[1−4π(t/Tw)2].exp(−2π(t/Tw)2). Other pulse shapes known to those skilled in the art may, of course, be used in this same purpose.
FIG. 4 is yet another chronogram which depicts a data frame DF formed by successive pulse sequences such as the one described above, each having a total duration Tp, a guard interval GI being periodically inserted between two such sequences in order to prevent alteration of a given sequence by a following one, which alterations could be caused, for example, by intermodulation products between said pulse sequences. This dataframe DF is thus constituted by successive frames having each a duration Tr, with Tr=Tp+GI, and including each a pulse sequence as described above.
A device intended to receive a data frame DF must thus be able to detect the beginning of a pulse sequence such as those described above during a given time interval ΔT.
FIG. 5 depicts how such a pulse sequence may advantageously be detected by a device intended to receive this sequence. According to the present invention, such a device will carry out a signal detection step DET in the course of which Np detection windows Dj (for j=1 to Np) encompassing the time chips defined by the chip numbers are to be examined in search of pulses belonging to an expected pulse sequence, which pulses are shown in dashed lines in this Figure. Each detection window Dj (for j=1 to Np) is wider than a single time chip duration Tc, and has a duration ΔT, which means that carrying out the detection step DET depicted here amounts to providing an answer to a problem consisting for a receiving device in determining if a pulse sequence transmitted under a known signature and intended to be received by said device has or not started during a given time interval ΔT.
The method according to the invention only requires to scan selected time windows Dj centered on moments tj (for j=1 to Np) defined by their respective associated chip numbers, in search of expected pulses.
This enables to determine in a single step if a given pulse sequence starts or not within a given time interval ΔT, whereas in the known detection technique, such a statement may only be established after performing numerous elementary correlations for achieving an exhaustive scanning of the whole duration Tp of said given sequence.
A possible way of carrying out the scanning of the detection windows Dj centered on given instants tj and defined by lower and upper bounds respectively equal to tj−ΔT/2 and tj+ΔT/2 is also shown in this Figure. In this example, a detection value defined by a mean value over all detection windows of a correlation between the received signal and a series of Np expected pulses Epj is computed. This detection value will then be compared to a predetermined threshold value.
The computation of this detection value is performed by successively shifting by an amount ε a series of Np patterns Epj representing each an expected pulse, from the lower bounds tj−ΔT/2 to the upper bounds tj+ΔT/2 of all scanned detection window Dj, and computing, for each value of ε, a scalar product between a vector representing said series of Np patterns Epj and the received signal, and accumulating the successive computed values of this scalar product, which constitutes a correlation between the received signal and the series of Np expected pulse forms Epj.
This correlation will preferably be squared so as to emphasize occurrences where a received pulse Rp is indeed present within detection window Dj, with respect to freak occurrences where a noise peak Fp may produce a significant value of the scalar product described above, the amplitude of such a noise peak being lower than that of an actually received pulse Rp.
The inventor has furthermore observed that the use of a squared correlation value also enables to simplify the implementation of the detection step, as will now be explained.
If the above-described squared correlation is noted (y|s(.−ε))2, where s and y are vectors representing the expected signal s(t) and the received signal y(t), respectively, the corresponding detection value may be expressed as a quadratic form given by:




  
    Q
    ⁡
    
      (
      y
      )
    
  
  =
  
    
      E
      ɛ
    
    ⁢
    
      {
      
        
          (
          
            y
            |
            
              s
              ⁡
              
                (
                
                  .
                  
                    -
                    ɛ
                  
                
                )
              
            
          
          )
        
        2
      
      }
    
  




The received signal y(t) will be deemed corresponding to a state H1 in which y(t)=A.s(t−ε)+n(t), t belonging to [−ΔT/2; Tp+ΔT/2], if Q(y) exceeds a predetermined threshold value noted Tv, the received signal y(t) will be deemed corresponding to a state H0 in which y(t)=n(t) where n(t) is constituted by noise, if Q(y)<Tv.
The predetermined threshold value Tv is defined on the basis of a chosen probability of false alarm noted Pfa, which is the highest possible value for the likelihood of having Q(y)>Tv while being in state H0, y(t) then being expressed as y(t)=n(t), which allows the threshold value Tv to be independent of the amplitude of the expected or received signal.
The inventor has found that the above quadratic form may be reduced in order to ease its implementation. Indeed, by observing that y|s(.−ε)=Ty.s(.−ε)=Ts(.−ε).y, where y and s are column matrixes, and Ty the transposed row matrix of column matrix y, Q(y) may be rewritten in the form Q(y)=Ty.Q.y, where Q is a matrix having components which do not depend on those of y.
The inventor has also observed that this matrix Q is quite hollow, and may be represented in the following form:




  
    Q
    =
    
      [
      
        
          
            0
          
          
            0
          
          
            0
          
          
            0
          
          
            0
          
        
        
          
            0
          
          
            M
          
          
            
              
            
          
          
            M
          
          
            0
          
        
        
          
            0
          
          
            
              
            
          
          
            
              
            
          
          
            
              
            
          
          
            0
          
        
        
          
            0
          
          
            M
          
          
            
              
            
          
          
            M
          
          
            0
          
        
        
          
            0
          
          
            0
          
          
            0
          
          
            0
          
          
            0
          
        
      
      ]
    
  
  ,




where M is a sub-matrix which may be computed solely on the basis of the shape of the expected pulse p(t), the position of each sub-matrix M in the matrix Q being defined by the positions of the afore mentioned detection windows Dj, i.e. each sub-matrix M is centered on a point aL,r of the matrix Q whose coordinates in this matrix are (tl; tr), with l and r=1 to Np.

If each pulse p(t) is as described in FIG. 3, each sub-matrix M may for example be defined by




  M
  =
  
    
      E
      ɛ
    
    ⁢
    
      
        {
        
          
            
              (
              
                Tw
                /
                2
              
              )
            
            2
          
          ⁢
          
            
              p
              ⁡
              
                (
                
                  .
                  
                    -
                    ɛ
                  
                
                )
              
            
            ⁢
            
              .
              T
            
            ⁢
            
              p
              ⁡
              
                (
                
                  .
                  
                    -
                    ɛ
                  
                
                )
              
            
          
        
        }
      
      .
    
  




The inventor has observed that each sub-matrix M may be written in the form of a diagonal matrix having diagonal components formed by eigenvalues corresponding to respective eigenvectors Vi (for i=1 to k), so that the quadratic form Q(y) may be rewritten as:




  
    
      Q
      ⁡
      
        (
        y
        )
      
    
    =
    
      
        ∑
        
          i
          =
          1
        
        k
      
      ⁢
      
        
          (
          
            
              ∑
              
                j
                =
                1
              
              Np
            
            ⁢
            
              
                ∫
                Dj
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  Vi
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    
                      t
                      -
                      tj
                    
                    )
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  y
                  ⁡
                  
                    (
                    t
                    )
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  d
                  t
                
              
            
          
          )
        
        2
      
    
  
  ,




which may be implemented by feeding the received signal y(t) to k correlating modules, each of which being intended to be activated during the Np detection windows and to compute a correlation over said windows between said received signal y(t) and a characteristic signal representative of a eigenvector Vi associated with said correlating module, output values delivered by said correlating modules being then accumulated and squared before being summed together in order to produce a value of Q(y) forming the detection value which will be compared to the predetermined threshold value p.
FIG. 6 schematically shows detection means DET in which the above quadratic form Q(y) is computed by computation means CP in order to produce a detection value Dv, which is to be compared to the threshold value Tv by comparison means CM which may be formed by a simple operational amplifier intended to deliver a two-state output signal OS whose value will determine whether an incoming pulse has been detected or not. The computation means CP are to be activated by means of an enabling signal EN during successive detection windows Dj and include:

    
    
        a plurality of correlating modules CRMi (for i=1 to k), each of which being intended to be activated during the Np detection windows and to compute a correlation over said detection windows between a signal Y received by the receiver and a characteristic signal representative of an eigenvector Vi associated with said correlating module CRMi,
        a plurality of accumulating modules ACMi (for i=1 to k), each of which being intended to accumulate output values delivered by one of said correlating modules CRMi,
        a plurality of squaring modules SQMi (for i=1 to k), each of which being intended to produce a squared value of the contents of one of said accumulating modules ACMi, and
        an additioner ADD intended to compute a sum of output values delivered by the squaring modules SQMi in order to produce the detection value Dv which will be compared to the predetermined threshold value Tv.
    
    


Such an implementation is quite easy and may be done at a very low cost. Furthermore, all above-described modules may be formed by analog circuits. A commuted filter associated with a Gilbert cell may for example advantageously form each correlating module, the squaring modules may be formed by a Gilbert cell fed with identical input signals, etc. Analog circuits are known for their high processing speed and do not require any sampling, which will enable to further reduce the processing power and the time required for performing a signal detection step according to this embodiment of the invention.

## Claims

1. A method for transmitting data in a telecommunication system including at least one transmitter and one receiver, the method comprising:
transmitting a signal from said transmitter to the receiver, the signal including at least one sequence of an integer number Np of pulses over Np time windows, each pulse being enclosed within a time chip having a position within a relevant time window defined by a chip number;
evaluating, for only one detection window in each of the Np time windows, a correlation between the received signal and a pulse in an expected pulse sequence, each detection window being shorter in duration than each of the Np time windows and longer in duration than the time chip; and
determining, at the receiver, that the detection windows in the Np time windows include the expected pulse sequence based on the correlation of the one detection window in each of the Np time windows.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
computing a mean value of the correlation evaluated for the detection window in each of the Np time windows;
computing a detection value defined by the mean value of the correlation evaluated for each of the Np time windows; signal and a series of Np expected pulse and
the determining further comprises comparing the detection value to a predetermined threshold value.

3. A method for transmitting data in a telecommunication system including at least one transmitter and one receiver, said transmitter configured to transmit a signal formed by at least one sequence of an integer number Np of pulses over Np time windows, each pulse being enclosed within a time chip having a position within a relevant time window defined by a chip number, the method comprising at least one signal detection step of examining Np detection windows encompassing the time chips defined by the chip numbers in search of an expected pulse sequence,
wherein the examining Np detection windows includes computing a detection value defined by a mean value over all detection windows of a squared value of a correlation between the received signal and a series of Np expected pulse forms, and the method further comprises comparing the detection value to a predetermined threshold value.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
computing a mean value of a square value of the correlation evaluated for the detection window in each of the Np time windows; and
the determining further comprises comparing the computed mean value to a predetermined threshold.

5. A method as claimed in any one of claims 2 or 3, wherein the predetermined threshold value is independent of an amplitude of the received signal.

6. A telecommunication system comprising:
at least one transceiver including a transmitter; and
one receiver,
said transmitter is configured to transmit a signal including at least one sequence of an integer number Np of pulses over Np time windows, each pulse enclosed within a time chip having a position within a relevant time window defined by a chip number, and
the receiver includes a signal detector configured to receive the signal, evaluate, for only one detection window in each of the Np time windows, a correlation between the received signal and a pulse in an expected pulse sequence, each detection window being shorter in duration than each of the Np time windows and longer in duration than the time chip, and determine that the detection windows in the Np time windows include the expected pulse sequence based on the correlation of the one detection window in each of the Np time windows.

7. A telecommunication system as claimed in claim 6, wherein the signal detector includes a computation device configured to compute a mean value of the correlation, compute a detection value defined by the mean value of the correlation, and compare said detection value to a predetermined threshold value to determine that the detection windows in the Np time windows include the expected pulse sequence.

8. The system of claim 6, wherein the signal detector is further configured to compute a mean value of a square value of the correlation evaluated for the detection window in each of the Np time windows; and
compare the mean value to a predetermined threshold value to determine that the detection windows in the Np time windows include the expected pulse sequence.

9. A telecommunication system comprising:
at least one transceiver including a transmitter; and
one receiver,
said transmitter is configured to transmit a signal formed by at least one sequence of an integer number Np of pulses over Np time windows, each pulse enclosed within a time chip having a position within a relevant time window defined by a chip number, and the receiver includes a signal detector configured to receive the signal, and examine Np detection windows encompassing the time chips defined by the chip numbers in search of an expected pulse sequence, wherein the signal detector includes a computation device configured to compute a detection value defined by a mean value over the Np detection windows of a squared value of a correlation between the received signal and a series of Np expected pulse forms, and a comparison device configured to compare said detection value to a predetermined threshold value.

10. A telecommunication system as claimed in claim 9, in which the computation device includes:
a plurality of correlating modules, each of which configured to be activated during the Np detection windows and to compute a correlation over said detection windows between the signal received by the receiver and a characteristic signal associated with said correlating module,
a plurality of accumulating modules, each of which is configured to accumulate output values delivered by one of said correlating modules,
a plurality of squaring modules, each of which configured to produce a squared value of the contents of one of said accumulating modules, and
an additioner configured to compute a sum of output values delivered by the squaring modules in order to produce a detection value which will be compared to the predetermined threshold value.

11. A device configured to receive a signal including at least one sequence of an integer number Np of pulses over Np time windows, each pulse enclosed within a time chip having a position within a relevant time window defined by a chip number, the device comprising:
a signal detector configured to evaluate, for only one detection window in each of the Np time windows, a correlation between the received signal and a pulse in an expected pulse sequence, each detection window being shorter in duration than each of the Np time windows and longer in duration than the time chip, and
determine that the detection windows in the Np time windows include the expected pulse sequence based on the correlation of the one detection window in each of the Np time windows.

12. The device of claim 11, wherein the signal detector is further configured to compute a mean value of the correlation evaluated for the detection window in each of the Np time windows, and compare the mean value to a predetermined value to determine that the detection windows in the Np time windows include the expected pulse sequence.

13. A method for transmitting data in a telecommunication system including at least one transmitter and one receiver, the method comprising:
transmitting a signal from said transmitter to the receiver, the signal including at least one sequence of an integer number Np of pulses over Np time windows, each pulse being enclosed within a time chip having a position within a relevant time window defined by a chip number;
evaluating, for only one detection window in each of the Np time windows, a correlation between the received signal and a pulse in an expected pulse sequence, each detection window being shorter in duration than each of the Np time windows and longer in duration than the time chip;
computing a sum of the correlation evaluated for the detection window in each of the Np time windows; and
determining, at the receiver, that the detection windows in the Np time windows include the expected pulse sequence based on the computed sum.