Pest List for the Importation of Fresh Fruit of Litchi (Litchi 

chinensis), Longan (Dimocarpus longan), and Rambutan

(Nephelium lappaceum) into the Continental United States 

from ASEAN Countries

July 13, 2009

Rev. 02

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 i

Executive Summary

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of 

Agriculture (USDA) prepared this document to examine plant pest risks associated with the 

importation of fresh litchi (or lychee), Litchi chinensis Sonn., longan, Dimocarpus longan Lour., 

and rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum L. (Sapindaceae) fruit into the continental United States 

from the following member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): 

Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam.

We developed a list of pests reported in one or more of the ASEAN member countries and 

reported as attacking litchi, longan, and/or rambutan based on the scientific literature, port-ofentry pest interception data, and information provided by the countries. We determined which

pests are quarantine pests likely to follow the commodity pathway, and, consequently, are 

candidates for risk mitigation measures. Additionally, we determined if the agency-approved 

generic dose of irradiation (400 Gy), which mitigates the risk from all insect pests except for 

Lepidoptera pupae and adults, is adequate to provide phytosanitary security or if other 

phytosanitary measures may be required.

From the pest list, we identified 48 quarantine pests as likely to follow one or more of the 

commodity pathways from at least one ASEAN country:

Pest Taxonomy Pest Scientific Name Pathway

Arthropods

Acari: Eriophyidae Aceria litchii (Keifer) Litchi, Longan

Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) Longan

Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) Litchi

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock Rambutan

Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Ceroplastes rusci (Linnaeus) Litchi, Rambutan

Coccus discrepans Green Longan

Coccus viridis (Green) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Drepanococcus chiton (Green) Longan

Taiwansaissetia formicarii (Green) Longan (with stems)

Hemiptera: Kerridae Kerria greeni (Chamberlin) Longan (with stems)

Kerria lacca (Kerr) Litchi, Longan (with stems)

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Crisicoccus theobromae Williams & Watson Rambutan

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) Longan, Rambutan

Exallomochlus philippinensis Williams Longan, Rambutan

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Longan, Rambutan

Maconellicoccus multipori (Takahashi) Rambutan

Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Paracoccus interceptus Lit Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 ii

Pest Taxonomy Pest Scientific Name Pathway

Planococcus litchi Cox Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Planococcus minor (Maskell) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Pseudococcus aurantiacus Williams Rambutan

Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) Rambutan

Rastrococcus jabadiu Williams Rambutan

Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Williams Rambutan

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae Dichomeris indiserta Meyr. Rambutan

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen Rambutan

Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley Litchi, Longan

Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Deudorix diovis Hewitson Litchi, Longan

Deudorix epijarbas (Moore) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae Stathmopoda conioma Meyrick Rambutan

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Cryptoblabes gnidiella Millière Rambutan

Tirathaba mundella Walker Rambutan

Tirathaba ruptilinea Walker Rambutan

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Archips mimicus Walsingham Rambutan

Cryptophlebia illepida Butler Litchi, Rambutan

Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower) Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Gatesclarkeana erotias Meyrick Litchi

Lobesia aeolopa Meyrick Litchi

Ophiorrhabda cellifera Meyrick Rambutan

Thysanoptera: Thripidae Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood Longan

Fungi

Ascomycetes: Erysiphales Oidium nephelii Hadiwidjaja Rambutan

Oomycetes: Pythiales Peronophythora litchii Chen ex Ko, Chang, 

Su, Chen & Leu

Litchi

The irradiation treatment, along with standard post-harvest processing, is likely to mitigate the 

risks from all the insects listed above. Additional measures may be required to mitigate risks 

associated with the mite pest, Aceria litchii, and the fungal pathogens, Oidium nephelii and 

Peronophythora litchii. Irradiation should cause some mortality in these pests, but will not 

completely mitigate the risk.

Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are

part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 iii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary....................................................................................................................... i

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background.......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Standard Post-Harvest Processing ....................................................................................... 1

2. Pest Categorization ................................................................................................................... 2

2.1. Pests associated with litchi, longan, and rambutan.............................................................. 2

2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation .......................................................... 76

2.3. Quarantine pests that follow the pathway and are candidates for risk mitigation ............. 77

3. Authors and Reviewers........................................................................................................... 81

4. Literature Cited ...................................................................................................................... 81
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Plant Protection and Quarantine 

(PPQ) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) examined plant pest risks 

associated with the importation of fresh fruit of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), longan 

(Dimocarpus longan Lour.), and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) (Sapindaceae) into the 

continental United States from the following eight Association of Southeast Asian Nations 

(ASEAN) member countries: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, 

Thailand, and Vietnam (Figure 1). The two ASEAN countries not included in this list are Burma 

(Myanmar), and Singapore. Synonyms for the commodities are as follows: Nephelium litchi 

Cambess for litchi; N. longana Cambess., Euphoria longana Steud., and E. longana Lam. for 

longan; and E. nephelium DC. and Dimocarpus crinita Louri for rambutan (Morton, 1987).

Below we identified what pests are quarantine pests likely to follow the commodity pathway 

and, consequently, are candidates for risk mitigation measures. Additionally, we determined if 

the agency-approved generic irradiation treatment (400 Gy) is adequate to provide phytosanitary 

security or if other measures may be required. PPQ recognizes irradiation as an approved generic 

treatment for all imported fruits and vegetables for all plant pests of the class Insecta other than 

pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera (PPQ, 2008). 

1.2. Standard Post-Harvest Processing

Standard post-harvest processing is not available for all the country/commodity combinations 

assessed here. For litchi, longan, and rambutan from Vietnam, and for rambutan from Malaysia, 

the exporting countries state that the fruit will be sorted (culled) for quality and pest absence,

followed by packaging in specific materials, such as plastic film or containers (Othman et al., 

2004; PPD, 2005, 2007a, 2007b). Culling and packaging are expected standard practices for all 

commercial quality litchi, longan, and rambutan fruit (e.g., Biosecurity Australia, 2002; Holcroft 

et al., 2005; Lim and Diczbalis, 1998; Menzel and McConchie, 1998a; Nakasone and Paull, 

1998), so we assume that all three commodities from all eight ASEAN countries here will 

undergo, at a minimum, these two steps as part of post-harvest processing. These processes will 

be subject to verification and compliance checks. 
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 2

Figure 1. Map of the eight ASEAN member countries considered in this pest list document.

2. Pest Categorization

2.1. Pests associated with litchi, longan, and rambutan

Below we list the pests associated with litchi, longan, and/or rambutan that are reported in at 

least one of the countries on any host (Table 1). We identify—with pertinent references—the 

presence or absence of these pests in the United States; the affected plant part or parts; the 

quarantine status of the pest; and if the quarantine pests are likely to follow the pathway and 

enter the continental United States on commercial litchi, longan, and/or rambutan fruit. We 

developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, USDA port-of-entry pest interception 

data, and information provided by ASEAN member countries. Shaded pests are quarantine pests

likely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit shipments, and therefore are candidates for risk 

mitigation. We summarize these pests in a separate table (Table 2).

We do not provide information on plant part association and if the pest is likely to follow the 

pathway for non-quarantine pests. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, 

phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already occur in 

the continental United States. Therefore, for non-quarantine pests we indicate that information 

with N/A (not applicable). 
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 3

Table 1. Plant pests reported on litchi (Litchi chinensis), longan (Dimocarpus longan), and/or rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) (in any 

country) and present in one or more of the ASEAN member countries (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, 

Thailand, Vietnam) (on any host).

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

ARTHROPODS

Acari: Eriophyidae

Abacarus euphoriae Keifer TH (Davis et al., 1982) Amrine and 

Stasny, 1994; 

Davis et al., 

1982

L (Anonymous, 

2003)

Yes No

Aceria litchii (Keifer) 

(Syn.: Eriophyes litchi

Keifer)

TH (Waterhouse, 

1993); VN (Tru, 

2008); US (HI) 

(Amrine and Stasny, 

1994)

Waite and Elder, 

1999; Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

Taiwan, 2002 L, I, F (Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002)

Yes Yes

Aceria longana Boczek & 

Knihinicki 

TH (Anupunt, 2003a) Anupunt, 

2003a

young L, I

(Anupunt, 2003a)

Yes No

Acari: Tarsonemidae

Polyphagotarsonemus latus 

(Banks)

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(CABI, 2006); US 

(C.I.E., 1986)

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

N/A No N/A

Tarsonemus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007)

4 Yes Yes

 

1 BN=Brunei; KH=Cambodia; ID=Indonesia; LA=Laos; MY=Malaysia; PH=Philippines; TH=Thailand; VN=Vietnam; US=United States; HI=Hawaii; ASEAN*=Pest 

has been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry one or more times on plant commodities originating from one or more of the ASEAN countries in question (PestID, 2007).

*This organism may or may not occur in other countries within the ASEAN region; however, because this species is a non-quarantine pest, additional research to 

delimit the entire regional distribution was not warranted. **This organism may or may not occur in other countries within the ASEAN region; however, because this 

species does not follow the pathway, additional research to delimit the entire regional distribution was not warranted.

2

Plant Parts: Bk = Bark, Br = Branches, F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, L = Leaves/Foliage, R = Root, Sd = Seed, Sh = Shoot, St = Stem, Tr = Trunk, Tw = Twig, and W = 

Wood.

3 Brackets around the quarantine status designation indicate that the pest has a limited distribution in the continental United States and is either under official control or 

under consideration for official control.

4

Tarsonemus sp. was intercepted seven times at U.S. ports-of-entry on longan fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 4

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus californicus 

(Banks)

MY, PH, TH (CABI, 

2006); US (CABI, 

2005)

van den Berg et 

al., 2001

N/A No N/A

Brevipalpus phoenicis

(Geijskes)

ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2004; Jeppson 

et al., 1975)

CABI, 2006 Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002

N/A No N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae

Eutetranychus orientalis

(Klein) 

MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Bolland et al., 1998)

Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 

2004; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (CABI, 2004) Yes No

Oligonychus biharensis 

(Hirst) (Syn.: 

Paratetranychus

hawaiiensis)

MY, PH, TH (Bolland 

et al., 1998); US (HI) 

(Bolland et al., 1998)

Bolland et al., 

1998; Morton, 

1987; Moutia, 

1958

Wongsiri, 

1991

L (Moutia, 1958; 

Wongsiri, 1991)

Yes No

Oligonychus coffeae

(Nietner)

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Bolland et al., 1998); 

US (CABI, 2005)

Bolland et al., 

1998; Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

N/A No N/A

Oligonychus mangiferus 

(Rahman & Sapra)

TH (Bolland et al., 

1998; Waterhouse, 

1993); US (HI) 

(Jeppson et al., 1975)

Bolland et al., 

1998

L (Jeppson et al., 

1975)

Yes No

Oligonychus thelytokus 

Gutierrez

ID (Bolland et al., 

1998)

Bolland et al., 

1998; Gutierrez, 

1977

L (Gutierrez, 1977) Yes No

Tetranychus urticae Koch 

[Syn.: Tetranychus 

cinnabarinus (Boisd.)]

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Bolland et al., 1998); 

US (Bolland et al., 

1998; CABI, 2004)

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Tindall, 1994

N/A No N/A
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 5

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Acari: Tuckerellidae

Tuckerella knorri Baker 

and Tuttle

TH (Baker and Tuttle, 

1975); PH (CorpuzRaros, 1989); 

ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007)

5

;

(Lin, 1982)

6

Yes No7

Coleoptera: Anthribidae

Araecerus fasciculatus (De 

Geer)

ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007); TH, MY, ID, 

PH (Waterhouse, 

1993); US (CABI, 

2006)

PestID, 20078 N/A No N/A

Araecerus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No9

Coleoptera: Bostrichidae

Sinoxylon anale (Lesne) ID, PH, TH (EPPO, 

2005)

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002

N/A No10 N/A

Xylopsocus capucinus

Fabricius

KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (Woodruff et 

al., 2005); US 

(Woodruff et al., 2005)

Quilici et al., 

1988; Woodruff 

et al., 2005

Woodruff et al., 

2005

N/A No N/A

 

5

Tuckerella knorri was intercepted five times at U.S. ports-of-entry on fruit, including once on rambutan fruit (PestID, 2007).

6

Plant parts association for T. knorri is based on data at the genus level (Lin, 1982).

7

The only evidence that rambutan is a host of T. knorri is one interception on fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that this mite would 

regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

8 The only evidence that longan is a host of A. fasciculatus is one interception on longan at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2007); therefore, its association with longan is 

questionable.

9 Araecerus sp. was intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry only one time associated with longan (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that this beetle would regularly 

follow the pathway of commercial shipments of longan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

10 Sinoxylon sp. and S. anale are actionable only for HI, VI, and PR in the PPQ interception database; otherwise they are “non-reportable” (PestID, 2007).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 6

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Heterobostrychus aequalis 

Waterhouse

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a); ID, MY, PH, 

TH (CABI, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2006)

Anonymous, 

1965a

N/A No N/A

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae

Aristobia approximator

(Thomson)

VN (Kawabe and Ito, 

2003); TH (AFFA, 

2004)

AFFA, 2004 Br (AFFA, 2004) Yes No 

Dialeges sp. TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Anonymous, 

1965a

W (Beeson, 1922; 

Browne, 1949; 

Thapa, 1970)

Yes No

Niphonoclea albata 

Newman

PH (Waterhouse, 

1993)

Morton, 1987 Tw (CABI, 2006) Yes No

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Aulacophora femoralis

(Motschulsky)

VN (Waterhouse, 

1993)

AFFA, 2004 AFFA, 2004 L (AFFA, 2004) Yes No

Phyllotreta striolata 

(Fabricius)

ID, LA, MY, TH, VN 

(CABI, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2006)

AFFA, 2004 AFFA, 2004 N/A No N/A

Coleoptera: Coccinellidae

Henosepilachna 

vigintioctopunctata

(Fabricius) [Syn.: 

Epilachna 

vigintioctopunctata

(Fabricius)]

IN, LA, MY, TH, VT 

(CABI, 2006)

Anonymous, 

2003

L, I, F (CABI, 

2003)

Yes No11

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Apoderus javanica Jek. MY (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yunus and Ho, 

1980

L (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yes No

 

11 The eggs of H. vigintioctopunctata are laid on leaves, the pupae occur externally on leaves and stems, and both the larvae and adults are external feeders (CABI, 2006).

Because of its size and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 7

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Hypomeces squamosus

(Fabricius)

BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

TH, VN (CABI, 

2006); TH 

(Anonymous, 1965a); 

MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); US (CABI, 

2006)

Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

Anonymous, 

1965a; Anupunt, 

2003b; CABI, 

2006; Khoo et al., 

1991; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L, I (Anupunt, 

2003b); L

(Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Waterhouse, 1993; 

Wongsiri, 1991); 

L, growing points, 

R (CABI, 2006)

Yes No

Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae

Sitophilus zeamais

Motschulsky

ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006); 

ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007); US (CABI, 

2006)

PestID, 200712 N/A No N/A

Coleoptera: Elateridae 

Glyphonyx sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No13

Coleoptera: Nitidulidae

Carpophilus dimidiatus 

(Fabricius)

ID, MY, PH, TH 

(CABI, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2006)

Yunus and Ho, 

1980

N/A No N/A

Carpophilus marginelius 

Mot.

MY (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yunus and Ho, 

1980

N/A No14 N/A

Carpophilus mutilatus

Erichson

PH (CABI, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2005)

CABI, 2005 N/A No N/A

Carpophilus obsoletus

Erichson

ID, MY (CABI, 2006); 

US (CABI, 2006)

CABI, 2006 N/A No N/A

 

12 The only evidence that longan is a host of S. zeamais is one interception at U.S. ports-of-entry (PestID, 2007). Thus, the host association is questionable.

13 Glyphonyx sp. was intercepted once on rambutan at U.S. ports-of-entry (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that this beetle would regularly follow the pathway 

of commercial shipments of rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

14 Carpophilus marginelius is listed as a "non-reportable" pest in PestID (PestID, 2008).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 8

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Carpophilus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 200715 N/A No N/A

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Adoretus compressus

(Weber)

TH, VN, MY, BN, ID 

(Waterhouse, 1993)

Hill, 1983; Ooi et 

al., 2002

F (Hill, 1983) Yes No16

Adoretus sinicus

Burmeister (Syn.: A. 

tenuimaculatus

Waterhouse)

TH, VN, MY 

(Waterhouse, 1993); 

ID (CABI, 2006); US 

(HI) (CABI, 2006)

Wen et al., 

2002

L (Hill, 1983; Wen 

et al., 2002)

Yes No

Adoretus versutus Harold ID, MY (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006 R, Br, decaying 

vegetation, L, I

(CABI, 2005)

Yes No

Anomala antiqua ID, MY, TH, VN 

(Waterhouse, 1993)

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (Waterhouse, 

1993)

Yes No

Anomala cupripes Hope TH, VN, MY 

(Waterhouse, 1993)

Anonymous, 

1965b

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (Waterhouse, 

1993; Wen et al., 

2002); L, R (Wang 

and Liu, 1991)

Yes No

Anomala pallida Fabricius TH, MY, ID 

(Waterhouse, 1993)

Waterhouse, 

1993

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (Waterhouse, 

1993)

Yes No

Anomala sp. nr. variegata 

Hope.

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Anonymous, 

1965a

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Apogonia cribricollis 

Burmeister

MY (Khoo et al., 

1991; Waterhouse, 

1993); ID, MY (CABI, 

2006)

Anonymous, 

2003

Khoo et al., 1991; 

Ooi et al., 2002

L, St, R

(Anonymous, 

2003)

Yes No17

 

15 The only evidence that longan is a host of Carpophilus sp. is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2007). Thus, this host association is questionable.

16 The adults of A. compressus feed on the fruit of rambutan (Hill, 1983). Many scarabs feed on plant materials such as grasses, foliage, fruits, and flowers, and some are 

serious pests of various agricultural crops (Borrer et al., 1989). We assume that only the adults attack the fruit, as the literature does not mention larvae feeding on fruit 

(White, 1983). Because of the size and mobility of adults, this pest is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

17 Because of its size, biology, and mobility, A. cribricollis is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 9

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Apogonia expeditionis Rits. MY (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yunus and Ho, 

1980

L (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yes No

Aprosterna pallida F. TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Anonymous, 

1965a

Anonymous, 

1965a

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Lepidiota stigma Fabricius ID, MY, TH (CABI, 

2007)

Anonymous, 

2003

R (Anonymous, 

2003); R, L (CABI, 

2007)

Yes No

Maladera birmanica Brske. TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Anonymous, 

1965a

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Maladera sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No18

Xylotrupes gideon 

(Linnaeus)

BN, KH, ID, LA, PH, 

TH, VN (CABI, 2006)

CABI, 2006; 

Waite and Elder, 

2004; Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002

F (Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Waite and Elder, 

2004); R (Waite 

and Hwang, 2002)

Yes No19

Coleoptera: Scolytidae

Coccotrypes sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F, St (PestID, 

2007)

Yes No20

Euwallacea fornicatus

(Eichhoff) (Syn.: 

Xyleborus fornicatus

Eichhoff)

ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006); US 

(HI) (CABI, 2005)

CABI, 2005; Rai 

and Bhandary, 

1973; Wang and 

Yuan, 2003

Bk, St, W (CABI, 

2005); Tr, Br, F, Sd

(Wang and Yuan, 

2003); Br (Rai and 

Bhandary, 1973)

Yes No21

 

18 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of Maladera sp. is one interception with fruit at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that this 

beetle would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

19 Only the adults of X. gideon are reported to feed on fruit (Waite and Elder, 2004). Because of the size and mobility of adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the 

commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

20 Coccotrypes sp. was intercepted four times on rambutan at U.S. ports-of-entry, three times on fruit and one time on stem (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence 

that this beetle would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

21 Euwallacea fornicatus is reported on fruit once (Wang and Yuan, 2003); all other literature reports this species on bark, wood, branches, and stem. CABI (2005) states 

that fruit are "not known to carry the pest in trade/transport", and "plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport" include bark, stems, and wood. Because the 
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 10

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Hypothenemus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PIN309, 2006) Yes No22

Diptera: Cecidomyiidae

Contarinia sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No23

Lestodiplosis sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 N/A No24 N/A

Resseliella sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No25

Diptera: Tephritidae

Anastrepha sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No26

Bactrocera correcta 

(Bezzi)

TH (CABI, 2006; 

White and ElsonHarris, 1992)

Allwood et al., 

1999; CABI, 

2006

F (CABI, 2006) Yes Yes

 

larvae reach up to 3.5 mm long (CABI, 2005), they would be unlikely to feed on the small 5 mm stem attached to the litchi fruit. Thus, this beetle seems unlikely to 

follow the pathway of commercial quality litchi fruit.

22 Since 1985, Hypothenemus sp. was intercepted two times on longan (fruit) at U.S. ports-of-entry (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that pests of this genus 

would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of longan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

23 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of Contarinia sp. is two interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry with fruit, both in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is 

insufficient evidence that rambutan is a host; therefore, this organism is not likely to follow the pathway on rambutan.

24 Lestodiplosis sp. is listed as “non-reportable” in the PPQ interception database (PestID, 2007).

25 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of Resseliella sp. is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry with fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient 

evidence that rambutan is a host. Thus, this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

26 Anastrepha sp. was intercepted at a U.S. port-of-entry only once on rambutan from the ASEAN countries, and it has only been intercepted 11 times on any plant 

material from these countries (PestID, 2007). All but one of the 11 interceptions was in passenger baggage, the true origin of which is difficult to determine. This is 

insufficient evidence that this fruit fly is present in any of the ASEAN countries; therefore, it would not regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of 

rambutan fruit and associated fruit pedicels from these countries. We found no other evidence of this genus occurring in the ASEAN countries in question, on rambutan 

or any other plant.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 11

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Bactrocera cucurbitae

(Coquillett)

BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

PH, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006); US (HI) (CABI, 

2004)

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

McBride and 

Tanada, 1949; 

White and 

Elson-Harris, 

1992

F, I, R, L, St

(CABI, 2005)

Yes Litchi = Yes

Longan = 

No27

Bactrocera dorsalis

(Hendel) (Syn.: Dacus 

dorsalis Hendel)

KH, ID, LA, TH, VN 

(CABI, 2007); TH, 

LA, VN, KH (Drew 

and Hancock, 1994)

28; 

US (HI) (CABI, 2005)

CABI, 2006 Allwood et al., 

1999; CABI, 

2006

Allwood et al., 

1999; CABI, 

2006; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

F (CABI, 2005; 

Waterhouse, 1993)

Yes Yes

Bactrocera papayae Drew 

& Hancock

BN, ID, MY, TH 

(CABI, 2006)

Allwood et al., 

1999; CABI, 

2004

F (CABI, 2006) Yes Yes

 

27 We found only two references listing longan as a host of B. cucurbitae (McBride and Tanada, 1949; White and Elson-Harris, 1992). However, the listing of longan in B. 

cucurbitae's host range is based on old, unconfirmed Hawaiian records (White and Elson-Harris, 1992), and two other references list longan as a “doubtful” (McBride 

and Tanada, 1949) or “possible” host (Kunishi, 1998). Ron Heu, Survey Entomologist with the Hawaii Department of Agriculture, reports that he has no knowledge of 

B. cucurbitae attacking longan (Kunishi, 1998). Furthermore, since 1985, out of the nearly 3,000 pest interceptions on longans at U.S. ports-of-entry, B. cucurbitae has

never been intercepted (PestID, 2008). Thus, if longan is a host, it seems to be merely an incidental one that is rarely infested. Therefore, this fruit fly seems unlikely to 

follow the pathway of commercial quality longan fruit.

28 Bactrocera dorsalis has been reported in Malaysia (e.g., Khoo et al., 1991; Tan and Serit, 1994; Tan and Lee, 1982). However, most records of B. dorsalis from 

Malaysia and Indonesia were probably misidentifications (White and Elson-Harris, 1994). A detailed taxonomic study of the B. dorsalis complex had B. dorsalis

occurring in the following ASEAN member countries: Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia (Drew and Hancock, 1994). Recent literature now reflects this 

conclusion that B. dorsalis is not present in Malaysia. Neither the current version of the Crop Protection Compendium (CABI, 2007, citing EPPO, 2006), nor EPPO 

(EPPO, 2007), includes Malaysia in the distribution of B. dorsalis.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 12

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Bactrocera sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Ceratitis capitata

(Wiedemann)

TH, PH (PestID, 

2007)

29; US (HI) 

(CABI, 2005)

30

CABI, 2004; De 

Meyer et al., 

2002; Liquido et 

al., 1998; PPQ, 

2002; Thomas et 

al., 2005; Waite 

and Hwang, 

2002

PIN309, 200531;

Liquido et al., 

1998; PPQBATS, 1996

F (CABI, 2005) Yes No32

Dacus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No33

Xarnuta leucotela 

(Henning)

Southeast Asia 

(Allwood et al., 1999)

Allwood et al., 

1999

L (miner)

(Allwood et al., 

1999)

Yes No

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae

Aleurocanthus husaini 

Corbett

TH, MY, ID, KH 

(PestID, 2007)

34

Hill, 1983 L (Hill, 1983; 

PestID, 2007)

Yes No

 

29 Since 1985, C. capitata was intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry on plant material originating from Thailand one time (general cargo) and from the Philippines three times 

(passenger baggage) (PestID, 2007).

30 The distribution of C, capitata in the United States only includes the Hawaiian islands (CDFA, 2003). Although this pest has been introduced periodically into the 

United States in California and Florida, it has not become established in the continental United States (Bergsten et al., 1999). Ceratitis capitata infestations in 

California since 1975 have all been declared eradicated (Lance and Gates, 1994; Guidicipietro, 2003). A National Exotic Fruit Fly Detection Program helps prevent the 

establishment of C. capitata, thereby ensuring pest-free status (Bergsten et al., 1999; Lance and Gates, 1994).

31 Since 1985, C. capitata was intercepted twice at U.S. ports-of-entry on rambutan (in passenger baggage) (PIN309, 2005).

32 The only evidence that C. capitata occurs in the relevant ASEAN countries is that it has been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry on plant material originating from 

Thailand one time (general cargo), and from the Philippines three times (passenger baggage, where origin is difficult to determine) (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient 

evidence that this fruit fly occurs in any of these countries. Consequently, this fruit fly is unlikely to follow the pathway of any commodities from these countries.

33 Dacus sp. has been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry two times on litchi, two times on longan, and five times on rambutan from ASEAN countries, all in passenger 

baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that this organism would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of litchi, longan and rambutan 

fruits from ASEAN countries.

34 Aleurocanthus husaini was intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry on plant material originating from Thailand two times, from Malaysia one time, from Indonesia one time, 

and from Cambodia one time, all in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 13

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Aleurocanthus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 L (PestID, 2007) Yes No

Aleurocanthus spiniferus

Quaintance & Baker 

BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

PH, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006); US (HI) (CABI, 

2006)

Anonymous, 

1994

L (CABI, 2006) Yes No

Aleurocanthus woglumi

Ashby

KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (CABI, 2006); 

US (HI, FL, TX) 

(CABI, 2005)

CABI, 2005 L (CABI, 2005) [Yes]35 No

Aleurodicus dispersus 

Russell

BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (CABI, 2006); 

US (FL, HI) (CABI, 

2006)

Wen et al., 

2002

L (Wen et al., 

2002)

[Yes]36 No

Aleurotuberculatus 

murrayae Singh

TH (PestID, 2007)

37 Wen et al., 

2002

L (Wen et al., 

2002)

Yes No

Aleurotuberculatus psidii 

Singh 

TH, PH, MY (PestID, 

2007)

38

Anonymous, 

1965b, 1994

L (Wen et al., 

2002)

Yes No

Dialeurodes gemurohensis 

Corbett

MY (Evans, 2007) Evans, 2005 L (Hill, 1983)

39 Yes No

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Aphis craccivora Koch BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

PH, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006); US (CABI, 

2005)

Blackman and 

Eastop, 2000

N/A No N/A

 

35 Aleurocanthus woglumi is a quarantine-significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2003, 2004a).

36 Aleurodicus dispersus is a quarantine-significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States (Dooley, 2004; NIS, 2004a, 2004b).

37 Aleurotuberculatus murrayae was intercepted once at U.S. ports-of-entry on plant material originating from Thailand in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007).

38 Aleurotuberculatus psidii was intercepted four times at U.S. ports-of-entry on plant material originating from Thailand (two in baggage, two in permit cargo), twice 

from Malaysia (baggage, permit cargo), and from Indonesia four times (all in passenger baggage) (PestID, 2007).

39 Plant part association for D. gemurohensis is based on data at the genus level (Hill, 1983).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 14

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Aphis gossypii Glover BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

PH, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006); US (CABI, 

2005)

CABI, 2005; 

Hill, 1983

Anonymous, 

1994

N/A No N/A

Aphis spiraecola Patch BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (CABI, 2006); 

US (CABI, 2005)

Morton, 1987 N/A No N/A

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (CABI, 2006); 

US (CABI, 2006)

PestID, 200740 N/A No N/A

Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer 

de Fonscolombe)

KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (CABI, 2006); 

US (CABI, 2006)

Blackman and 

Eastop, 2000; 

Hill, 1983

Wongsiri, 1991 N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Cicadellidae

Batracomorphus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No41

Graminella expansa 

Linnavuori 

ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No42

Idioscopus clypialis 

(Lethierry) (Syn.: 

Idiocerus clypealis

Lethierry)

KH, ID, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006)

Li-zhong, 

2000

L, I (Wen et al., 

2002)

Yes No

 

40 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of M. persicae is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2007). Therefore, this association is questionable.

41 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of Batracomorphus sp. is one interception at U.S. port-of-entry with fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is 

insufficient evidence that rambutan is a host; therefore, this organism would not be likely to follow the pathway of commercial quality rambutan fruit and associated 

fruit pedicels.

42 Graminella expansa was intercepted only once with rambutan fruit, in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). We found no other source reporting rambutan as a host of this 

species. This is insufficient evidence that this species would likely follow the pathway of commercial quality rambutan fruit.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 15

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Ceroplastes ceriferus 

(Fabricius)

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

KH (CABI, 2006); US 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

CABI, 2006 Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 

2004

N/A No N/A

Ceroplastes floridensis

Comstock (Syn.: 

Paracerostegia 

floridensis Tang)

ID, MY, VN (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2007)

Lamberts and 

Crane, 1990

Wen et al., 

2002

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Ceroplastes 

pseudoceriferus Green

TH (Anupunt, 2003a) Anupunt, 2003a Anupunt, 

2003a; Coates 

et al., 2003

Anupunt, 2003a Br, St (Anupunt, 

2003a); Sh, L, Tw

(Ali, 1980)

Yes No

Ceroplastes rubens 

Maskell

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007);

ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007); US (FL, HI) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007; 

Hamon and Williams, 

1984)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; 

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002

Ben-Dov et al., 

2005; Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

PIN309, 2005

L, St, Tw, F

(CABI, 2005); St, 

Br, L (Hamon and 

Williams, 1984)

[Yes]43 Yes

Ceroplastes rusci

(Linnaeus)

ID (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); US (FL) (BenDov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 

2004

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

F, L, St (CABI, 

2005)

[Yes]44 Yes

Ceroplastes sinensis Del 

Guercio

PH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Coccus discrepans Green ID (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007), MY (Hill, 

1983)

Anonymous, 

1965b

L, St, F (CABI, 

2005)

45

Yes Yes46

 

43 Ceroplastes rubens is a quarantine-significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2003).

44 Ceroplastes rusci is a quarantine-significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2006).

45 Plant part association for C. discrepans is based on data at the genus level (CABI, 2005).

46 Related species (e.g., Coccus viridis, C. hesperidum) attack stems and/or fruit (CABI, 2002); therefore, we assume C. discrepans could follow the pathway.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 16

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Coccus hesperidum

Linnaeus

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2006; 

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Anonymous, 

1994; 

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002

CABI, 2006; 

PestID, 2007

N/A No N/A

Coccus longulus (Douglas) ID, PH, TH (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; Elder, 

2004

N/A No N/A

Coccus viridis (Green) ID, PH, TH, VN, KH

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

MY (Kwee and 

Chong, 1990); US (FL, 

HI) (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; 

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002

Biosecurity 

Australia, 200247; 

PestID, 200848; 

Hollingsworth, 

2000

L, F (Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002); L, 

St, F (CABI, 2002)

[Yes]49 Yes

Drepanococcus chiton 

(Green)

TH (Anupunt, 2003a); 

ID, MY, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

Anupunt, 

2003a

PestID, 2007 L, I, F (Anupunt, 

2003a)

Yes Longan = 

Yes 

Rambutan = 

No50

 

47 Biosecurity Australia (2002) cites Astridge (1999) that rambutan is a host of C. viridis, but we found the reference does not report C. viridis on rambutan. [Note: We 

received the Astridge article from the USDA’s National Agricultural Library (NAL), who received it from our counterpart in Australia. That group indicated that the 

reference should be cited as Astridge (2001) instead of Astridge (1999).]

48 Since 1985, C. viridis has been intercepted 19 times on rambutan at U.S. ports-of-entry, and 11 were in commercial fruit shipments (PestID, 2008). Adult males have 

never been recorded (Mau and Martin Kessing, 1992), so these were most likely females. Because C. viridis adult females are wingless and do not move (Mau and 

Martin Kessing, 1992), they would be very unlikely to have been hitchhikers on non-host plants. Therefore, we think these interceptions confirm the host status of 

rambutan fruit for C. viridis.

49 Coccus viridis is a quarantine-significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2003)

50 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of D. chiton are two interceptions in baggage since 1985 at U.S. ports-of-entry (PestID, 2008). Therefore, this species is

unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality rambutan fruit.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 17

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Drepanococcus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No51

Eucalymnatus tessellatus

(Signoret)

ID, MY, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007

N/A No N/A

Kilifia acuminata

(Signoret)

MY (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Milviscutulus mangiferae

(Green)

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007); US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

PestID, 200752 N/A No N/A

Parasaissetia nigra

(Nietner)

ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

N/A No N/A

Prococcus acutissimus

(Green) (Syn.: Coccus 

acutissimus Fernald)

ID, MY, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

US (FL, TX, HI) (BenDov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; Morton,

1987

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Pulvinaria polygonata

Cockerell (Syn.: 

Chloropulvinaria 

polygonata)

PH, VN (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Anonymous, 

1994

Tw, L

(Anonymous, 

1994)

Yes No

 

51 Since 1985, Drepanococcus sp. has been intercepted twice at U.S. ports-of-entry on litchi, three times on longan, and four times on rambutan from ASEAN countries, 

all in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that this organism would follow the pathways. In addition, the genus is accounted for by the 

presence of D. chiton in the list.

52 The only evidence that longan is a host of M. mangiferae is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2007). Therefore, this association is questionable.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 18

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Pulvinaria psidii Maskell 

[Syn.: Chloropulvinaria 

psidii (Maskell)]

BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, 

KH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2005; Waite, 

2004a; Waite 

and Hwang, 

2002

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002; PestID, 

2007

Astridge, 2001; 

PestID, 2007

N/A No N/A

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) 

[Syn.: S. hemisphaerica 

(Targioni)]

ID, PH, TH, VN, KH

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

BN, ID, KH, LA, MY, 

PH, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006); US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Ben-Dov and 

Hodgson, 1997; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2006; CABI, 

2004; Hill, 1983; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007

N/A No N/A

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007; 

PestID, 2007

N/A No N/A

Taiwansaissetia formicarii 

(Green) [Syn.: Coccus 

formicarii (Green)]

PH (Ben-Dov and 

Hodgson, 1997); ID, 

MY, TH (Ben-Dov, 

1993); MY, KH 

(PestID, 2007)

53

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007; Lizhong, 2000

St (PPQ, 1999) Yes Yes (with 

St)

 

53 Coccus formicarii was intercepted on plant material at U.S. ports-of-entry from Malaysia once, and from Cambodia once (PestID, 2007).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 19

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Leptocorisa acuta 

Thunberg

KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (CABI, 2006) 

Anonymous, 

2003

Sd, L (CABI, 

2006); L, Tw

(Anonymous, 

2003)

Yes No

Leptoglossus gonagra 

(Fabricius) [Syn.: L.

membranaceus

(Fabricius)]

TH, MY, BN, PH 

(CABI, 2006; 

Waterhouse, 1993); 

KH, ID, LA, VN 

(CABI, 2006)

Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

F (Anonymous, 

1965a); Tw, L, F

(Ondieki, 1975)

Yes No54

Riptortus linearis 

(Linnaeus)

ID, MY, PH (CABI, 

2006)

Anonymous, 

2003

L (Anonymous, 

2003)

Yes No

Hemiptera: Coreidae

Amblypelta lutescens

(Distant)

ID (Cassis and Gross, 

2002)

Astridge et al., 

2004; Waite, 

2005

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002; CABI, 

2006; Waite, 

2005; Waite 

and Hwang, 

2002

Astridge, 2001 F (Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Waite, 2005); I, F, 

L (Astridge et al., 

2004; CABI, 

2004); F, St, I

(Astridge, 2001)

Yes No55

Hemiptera: Cydnidae

Fromundus pygmaeus

(Dallas)

ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No56

Hemiptera: Delphacidae

Nilaparvata sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No57

 

54 Coreids are generally large, and nymphs are gregarious (Borrer et al., 1989), so these pests, such as L. gonagra, should be readily seen during harvest and eliminated 

from the pathway.

55 Because the nymphs and adults only feed externally on the fruit and because of their mobility (Astridge et al., 2004), A. lutescens is unlikely to stay on the commodity 

through harvest and standard handling and processing.

56 Since 1985, F. pygmaeus was intercepted only once with litchi fruit, in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). We found no other source reporting litchi as a host of this 

species. This is insufficient evidence that this species would likely follow the pathway of commercial quality litchi fruit.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 20

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Abgrallaspis cyanophylli 

(Signoret) 

ID, PH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2007)

PPQ-BATS, 1996 N/A No N/A

Andaspis hawaiiensis

(Maskell) 

PH (Lit, 1988); PH, 

VN (PestID, 2007)

58; 

US (HI, FL) (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Andaspis punicae (Laing) PH, TH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2009); US (FL) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2009)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2009

St, Tr (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2009)

[Yes]59 No

Aonidiella orientalis

(Newstead)

PH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); MY, PH, TH 

(CABI, 2006); US 

(FL) (Ben-Dov et al., 

2005; CABI, 2005)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Aulacaspis sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F, L, St (PestID, 

2007)

Yes Yes

Aulacaspis tubercularis 

Newstead

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007); US (FL) (Coile 

and Dixon, 2002a; 

Hodges et al., 2005)

PIN309, 2005 Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007

PestID, 2007 L, St, F (CABI, 

2005)

[Yes]

60 Litchi = 

No61

Longan =

Yes62

Rambutan = 

No63

 

57 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of Nilaparvata sp. is one port-of-entry interception in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that the 

pest would regularly follow the pathway. Additionally, because of its size, biology, and mobility, this pest is unlikely to follow the commodity through harvest and 

standard handling and processing.

58 Andaspis hawaiiensis was intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry on plant material from the Philippines once, and from Vietnam once (PestID, 2007).

59 Andaspis punicae is a quarantine-significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (PestID, 2009).

60 Aulacaspis tubercularis is a quarantine-significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2006; PestID, 2008).

61 The only evidence that litchi is a host of A. tubercularis is three interceptions in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that this pest would 

follow the pathway.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 21

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Chionaspis sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Chrysomphalus aonidium

(Linnaeus) (Syn.: C.

ficus Ashmead)

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(CABI, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2006)

Lamberts and 

Crane, 1990; 

Morton, 1987

N/A No N/A

Diaspis sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No64

Fiorinia sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No65

Fiorinia theae Green BN, ID, MY, PH , KH 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1994

N/A No N/A

Hemiberlesia lataniae 

(Signoret)

ID, PH, TH, VN (BenDov et al., 2007); US 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Quilici et al., 

1988; Tenbrick 

and Hara, 1992; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

PPQ-BATS, 1996 N/A No N/A

Hemiberlesia rapax 

(Comstock)

PH, VN (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2007)

PPQ-BATS, 1996 N/A No N/A

 

62 Armored scales (Diaspididae) may enter on commercial fruit for consumption, but they are highly unlikely to become established via this pathway. Please see detailed 

explanation after Table 1 for more information.

63 Aulacaspis tubercularis was intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry 20 times with rambutan; 18 were in baggage and two were in stores (PestID, 2008). We found no 

confirming reports of host association in the scientific literature, so we think this species is unlikely to follow the pathway of rambutan fruit.

64 The only evidence that longan is a host of Diaspis sp. is one interception in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that this scale species would 

follow the pathway.

65 The only evidence that longan is a host of Fiorinia sp. are two interceptions on in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that this scale species 

would regularly follow the pathway.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 22

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Howardia biclavis

(Comstock)

ID, PH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2006; 

Watson, 2005b)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2006; Watson, 

2005b

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007

PPQ-BATS, 1996 N/A No N/A

Ischnaspis longirostris

(Signoret)

ID, MY, PH (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2005; Quilici et 

al., 1988

N/A No N/A

Lepidosaphes 

laterochitinosa Green

MY, PH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

PestID, 2007 F, L (PIN309, 

2005)

Yes No66

Lopholeucaspis cockerelli

(Grandpré & Charmoy)

ID, PH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Morganella longispina

(Morgan)

ID, PH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2006; 

Watson, 2005c)

Mossler and 

Nesheim, 2002

N/A No N/A

Parlatoria cinerea Danne 

& Hadden (Syn.: P.

pseudopyri Kuwana)

ID, PH, TH, VN (BenDov et al., 2007)Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

L, Bk, F, Tw, Br, 

Tr (Kosztarab, 

1996)

Yes No67

Parlatoria pergandii

Comstock

ID, MY, PH, TH (BenDov et al., 2007); US 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

PestID, 200768 N/A No N/A

 

66 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of L. laterochitinosais are two interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is 

insufficient evidence for a host association. Consequently, this scale species is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial rambutan fruit.

67 We found no reports of P. cinerea or P. pseudopyri attacking any plants in the family Sapindaceae, and only two original references (Butani, 1977a; Butani, 1977b) for

litchi as a host. Those sources are general articles on litchi pests that provide no specific information on P. cinerea or P. pseudopyri (e.g., collector’s name, date and 

location of collection, etc.), they are not strong evidence of a regular host association. Indeed, they note that this pest and other listed scales do not severely damage 

litchi (Butani, 1977a; 1977b). The primary host of this pest is Citrus (e.g., Watson, 2005a; Williams and Watson, 1988a). Furthermore, since 1985, out of the 2,249 pest 

interceptions on litchi at U.S. ports-of-entry, the genus Parlatoria has never been intercepted (PestID, 2008). Consequently, litchi is likely rarely a host, if at all.

68 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of P. pergandii is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2007). Therefore, this association is questionable.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 23

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, 

VN, KH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); US (FL, HI) 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

PestID, 2007 F, St, L, Sh (CABI, 

2006)

[Yes]69 No70

Pinnaspis strachani 

(Cooley)

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN, 

KH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2008); US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2008)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

N/A No N/A

Pseudaonidia 

trilobitiformis (Green)

ID, PH, TH, VN, KH

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

TH, MY, LA (Watson, 

2005a); US (FL) (BenDov et al., 2007)

PIN309, 2005; 

Quilici et al., 

1988

Anonymous, 

1994; PestID, 

2007

PestID, 2007 Bk, St, L

(Kosztarab, 1996); 

L (PPQ, 2002); F, 

L (PIN309, 2004)

[Yes]71 Litchi = 

Yes62

Longan = 

Yes62

Rambutan 

=No

Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli 

(Cooley) [Syn.: 

Phenacaspis cockerelli 

(Cooley)] 

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN, 

KH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007; CABI, 2005)

Quilici et al., 

1988

N/A No N/A

Pseudaulacaspis 

pentagona (Targioni 

Tozzetti) MacGillivray 

ID, MY, VN (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2005)

Morton, 1987 N/A No N/A

Rutherfordia major 

(Cockerell) [Syn.: 

Pseudaulacaspis major

(Cockerell)]

ID (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); US (FL) (BenDov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2005; Lamberts 

and Crane, 1990; 

Morton, 1987; 

Quilici et al., 

1988

Ben-Dov et

al., 2007

N/A No N/A

 

69 Parlatoria ziziphi is a quarantine-significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2006).

70 The only evidence that longan is a host of P. ziziphi is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry on leaves in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient 

evidence that longan is a host of this species, so this scale is not likely to follow the pathway of commercial longan fruit.

71 Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis is a quarantine-significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2006).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 24

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Selenaspidus articulatus 

(Morgan)

PH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); US (FL) (BenDov et al., 2007); US

(CA) (CABI, 2004)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Thysanofiorinia nephelii 

(Maskell) (Syn.: Fiorinia 

nephelii Maskell)

TH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); US (HI) (BenDov et al., 2005); US

(FL) (Coile and Dixon, 

2002a, 2002b)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; 

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

PestID, 2007

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007; 

PestID, 2007

PestID, 2007 L (Wen et al., 

2002); F, St, L

(PIN309, 2003); L, 

F (PIN309, 2005); 

L (Cooper and 

Oetting, 1987); L

(Takagi, 1979); Br

(Mesbah et al., 

2001); L, St, and 

Bk (Kosztarab, 

1996)

[Yes]72 Litchi, 

Longan 

(with 

stem)=Yes73,

62

Rambutan=

No74

Unaspis yanonensis 

(Kuwana)

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2008)

Anonymous, 

1994

F, L, small Br

(CABI, 2006)

Yes Yes62

Hemiptera: Flatidae

Lawana imitata Melichar VN (Waterhouse, 

1993)

Li-zhong, 

2000; Wen et 

al., 2002

L (Wen et al., 

2002)

Yes No

Hemiptera: Kerridae

Kerria greeni (Chamberlin) PH, TH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Li-zhong, 

2000

St (PPQ, 1999) Yes Yes (with 

stems)

 

72 Thysanofiorinia nephelii is a quarantine-significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2003).

73 Since 1985, F. nephelii has been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry on fruit, but only in passenger baggage or in ship stores, never in commercial fruit (PIN309, 2005).

In the literature, this species and other species in the genus only attack leaves (e.g., Cooper and Oetting, 1987; Kosztarab, 1996; Takagi, 1979; Wen et al., 2002), 

branches (Mesbah et al., 2001), and bark or stems (Kosztarab, 1996). We found no report that this genus attacks fruit. Thus, this scale is unlikely to follow the pathway 

of fruit without stem.

74 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of T. nephelii are two interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence 

that this scale species would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruits.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 25

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Syn.: 

Laccifer lacca Kerr)

MY (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); ID (CABI, 

2006)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2005; Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Wongsiri, 1991

CABI, 2006 Br (Wongsiri, 

1991); St (Wen et 

al., 2002)

Yes Yes (with 

stems)

Hemiptera: Largidae

Lohita grandis (Gray) 

(Syn.: Macroceroea 

grandis Gray)

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a; Waterhouse, 

1993); ID (CABI, 

2006)

Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Hemiptera: Lecanodiaspididae

Psoraleococcus multipori 

(Morrison)

ID, PH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

Br (Bhumannavar 

and Jacob, 1989)

75

Yes No

Hemiptera: Lygaeidae 

Navarrus phaeophilus

(Walker)

ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No76

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Crypticerya sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No77

Drosicha sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No78

Icerya purchasi Maskell ID, MY, PH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Anonymous, 

1965b

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

PIN309, 2005

N/A No N/A

 

75 Plant part association for P. multipori is based on data for the genus (Bhumannavar and Jacob, 1989).

76 The only evidence that litchi is a host of N. phaeophilus is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence 

that this species would follow the pathway. Additionally, because of its size, biology, and mobility, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest 

and standard handling and processing.

77 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of Crypticerya sp. is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry with fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is 

insufficient evidence that rambutan is a host. Thus, this pest is unlikely to follow the pathway.

78 Since 1985, Drosicha sp. from an ASEAN country has been intercepted once at a U.S. port-of-entry on longan and once on rambutan, both in passenger baggage 

(PestID, 2008). This is insufficient evidence that this organism would regularly follow the longan and rambutan fruit pathways.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 26

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Icerya seychellarium 

(Westwood)

BN, ID, MY, PH, TH 

(CABI, 2006)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 

2004; Caresche 

and Brenière, 

1961; Lacoste, 

1970; Quilici et 

al., 1988; Waite 

and Hwang, 

2002

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 L, St (CABI, 

2003); L, Tw, Br, I, 

F (PPQ, 2002)

Yes No79

Icerya sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 Astridge, 2001; 

PestID, 2007

F, St (Astridge, 

2001)

Yes Yes

Hemiptera: Miridae

Campylomma sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No80

Hemiptera: Pentatomidae

Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

PH, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006); US (CABI, 

2005)

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002

N/A No N/A

Rhynchocoris humeralis 

(Thunberg) 

BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

TH, VN (CABI, 2006)

China, 1997 F (PPQ, 1999) Yes No81

Tessaratoma javanica 

(Thunberg)

ID, PH, TH, VN 

(Waterhouse, 1993)

Hill, 1983; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Waterhouse, 

1993

Wongsiri, 1991 F (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

81

 

79 The giant mealybug I. seychellarum is unlikely to be associated with commercial export quality fruit. Despite its wide geographical range and wide host range (CABI, 

2007; PPQ, 2002), this species has been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry on fruit only 11 times, and only one was with commercial fruit (PestID, 2008). We found no 

other report of this insect attacking fruit. It usually attacks leaves, twigs, and small branches, except in heavy infestations when it may also attack the petioles of flowers 

and fruits (PPQ, 2002). Even if individuals infest fruit or the fruit’s associated stem, the mealybug’s physical characteristics would make it easily detectable (see PPQ, 

2002). Therefore, infested fruit are likely to be culled during standard post-harvest fruit processing.

80 Because of its size, biology, and/or mobility, Campylomma sp. is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

Additionally, the only evidence that rambutan is a host of Campylomma sp. are two interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry with fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007).

This is insufficient evidence that rambutan is a host.

81 Because of its size, biology, and mobility, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 27

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Tessaratoma papillosa 

(Drury)

TH (Anupunt, 2003a; 

CABI, 2006; 

Waterhouse, 1993); 

ID, MY, PH, VN 

(CABI, 2006)

CABI, 2006; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

Anupunt, 

2003a; CABI, 

2006

Hill, 1983 young terminals, I, 

F (Anupunt, 

2003a); F, I, St

(CABI, 2006)

Yes No

81

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Cataenococcus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Crisicoccus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (Park and Hong, 

1992; PestID, 

2007)

Yes Yes

Crisicoccus theobromae

Williams & Watson

ID, MY, PH (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

F (Park and Hong, 

1992; PestID, 

2007)

82

Yes Yes

Dysmicoccus brevipes

(Cockerell)

BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN, KH (BenDov et al., 2007); US 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007; 

CABI, 2004)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007; 

PPQ-BATS, 1996

N/A No N/A

Dysmicoccus lepelleyi 

(Betrem) (Syn.: 

Pseudococcus lepelleyi

Betrem)

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN, 

KH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

PestID, 200783 L (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Yes No

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes

Beardsley

MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

US (HI, FL) (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2005; Miller and 

Miller, 2002)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; PestID, 

2007

R, St, I, L, F

(PestID, 2008); L, 

St, aerial R, I, F

(Martin Kessing et 

al., 2007)

[Yes]84 Yes

 

82 Plant part association information for C. theobromae are based on data for the genus (Park and Hong, 1992; PestID, 2007).

83 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of D. lepelleyi is one interception in baggage at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2007). Therefore, its association with rambutan 

is questionable.

84 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes is a quarantine-significant pest with limited distribution in the continental United States (PestID, 2009).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 28

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Dysmicoccus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Exallomochlus camur

Williams 

MY, PH, TH (BenDov et al., 2007)PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No85

Exallomochlus hispidus 

(Morrison) [Syn.:

Cataenococcus hispidus

(Morrison)]

TH, MY (Waterhouse, 

1993); ID, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); MY (Khoo 

et al., 1991)

PestID, 2007 Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007; 

PestID, 2007

CABI, 2006; 

Khoo et al., 1991; 

PestID, 2007; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

St, F (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Yes Longan, 

Rambutan=

Yes

Litchi=No86

Exallomochlus 

philippinensis Williams

PH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

F (PestID, 2007); 

St, F (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

87

Yes Yes

Exallomochlus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No88

Ferrisia sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Ferrisia virgata

(Cockerell)

TH (Anupunt, 2003b); 

BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, 

VN, KH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); BN, ID, 

KH, LA, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006); US 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2005; 

CABI, 2005)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2006; CABI, 

2004

PestID, 2007 Anupunt, 2003b; 

PestID, 2007

N/A No N/A

 

85 Exallomochlus camur was intercepted once at a U.S. port-of-entry on longan fruit in passenger baggage, and once on litchi fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007).

This is insufficient evidence that this species would follow the pathway. We found no other source reporting longan or litchi as hosts of this species.

86 The only evidence we found of Litchi chinensis being a host of Exallomochlus hispidus (synonym: Cataenococcus hispidus) is 6 interceptions on litchi at U.S. ports of 

entry, 4 in passenger baggage and 2 in ships stores (PestID, 2009; query June 18, 2009). This is insufficient evidence that this organism would regularly follow the 

pathway.

87 Plant part association is based on information for the genus (Ben-Dov et al., 2007).

88 Since 1985, Exallomochlus sp. has been intercepted once at a U.S. port-of-entry on rambutan from an ASEAN country, in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is 

insufficient evidence that this organism would regularly follow the pathway.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 29

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Hordeolicoccus eugeniae 

(Takahashi)

ID, MY (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

Tw (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

87

Yes No

Hordeolicoccus 

heterotrichus Williams

ID, MY, TH, VN, KH

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

Tw (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

87

Yes No

Hordeolicoccus invocatus

Williams

PH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

Tw (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

87

Yes No

Hordeolicoccus nephelii

(Takahashi) (Syn.: 

Phenacoccus nephelii

Takahashi)

MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; PestID, 

2007

Tw (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

87

Yes No

Maconellicoccus hirsutus

(Green)

BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

PH, TH, VN (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2007; CABI, 

2006); ID (CABI, 

2006); US (CA, FL, 

HI) (CABI, 2004; 

Meyerdirk, 2003)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 Bk, F, I, L, St

(CABI, 2004); F

(PIN309, 2005)

[Yes]89 Litchi = 

No90

Longan = 

Yes

Rambutan = 

Yes

Maconellicoccus multipori

(Takahashi)

ID, MY, PH, TH (BenDov et al., 2007)PestID, 2008 Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; PestID, 

2008

F (PestID, 2008); R

(Malsch et al., 

2001)

Yes Longan = 

No91

Rambutan = 

Yes

Maconellicoccus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Nipaecoccus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

 

89 Maconellicoccus hirsutus is a quarantine-significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2003).

90 The only evidence that litchi is a host of M. hirsutus are six interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry, of which five were with passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is 

insufficient evidence that litchi is a host of this scale species, so the pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial litchi fruit.

91 The only evidence that longan is a host of M. multipori is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry with fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 30

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Nipaecoccus viridis 

(Newstead) [Syn.: N.

vastator (Maskell)]

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

KH, ID, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006); US 

(HI) (Ben-Dov et al., 

2005)

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

PestID, 2007 Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; PestID, 

2007

F, L, Tw, Br

(CABI, 2005); Tw, 

Sh, L, I, F, Br, R

(Ben-Dov et al., 

2005)

Yes Yes

Paracoccus burnerae 

(Brain)

ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No92

Paracoccus interceptus Lit 

[Syn.: Planococcus 

morrisoni (Ezzat & 

Mconnell)]

BN, ID, KH, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; PestID, 

2007

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007; 

PestID, 2007

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Paracoccus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Paraputo banzigeri 

Williams

TH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007

R (Bekele, 2001; 

PestID, 2007)

Yes No

Phenacoccus madeirensis 

Green

PH, VN (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

N/A No N/A

Phenacoccus solani Ferris TH, VN (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2007)

PestID, 2007 N/A No N/A

Phenacoccus sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Planococcoides sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No93

 

92 The only evidence that longan is a host of P. burnerae is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry on fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient 

evidence that longan is a host of this scale species and, therefore, this scale is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial longan fruit.

93 Since 1985, Planococcoides sp. has been intercepted once at a U.S. port-of-entry on rambutan from an ASEAN country, in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is 

insufficient evidence that this organism would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruits from ASEAN countries.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 31

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Planococcus angkorensis

(Takahashi) (Syn.: P.

dorsospinus Ezzat & 

McConnell)

ID, PH, TH, VN, KH

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No94

Planococcus citri (Risso) ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

PestID, 2007 Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

PestID, 2007; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

N/A No N/A

Planococcus lilacinus

(Cockerell) (Syn.: 

Pseudococcus lilacinus

Cockerell)

PH (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); TH, VN 

(PestID, 2007); BN, 

KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (CABI, 2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007; 

Wen et al., 

2002

Morton, 1987; 

PestID, 2007

F (PestID, 2007); 

L, I, F (Wen et al., 

2002); F (CABI,

2005)

Yes Yes

Planococcus litchi Cox BN, PH, TH95, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

L (Kosztarab, 

1996); L, F

(PestID, 2007)

96

Yes Yes

Planococcus minor 

(Maskell)

BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, 

VN, KH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 I (Williams and 

Watson, 1988b); R, 

L (Cox, 1989); F

(PestID, 2007)

Yes Yes

 

94 The only evidence that litchi is a host of P. angkorensis is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry on fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient 

evidence that litchi is a host, and, therefore, this scale is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial litchi fruit.

95 Ben-Dov et al. (2007), citing Ben-Dov, 1994; Cox, 1989 and Williams, 2004, lists Thailand as part of Planococcus litchi’s distribution. All these references appear to 

base the Thailand report on interceptions at ports-of-entry in the United States and England. Since 1985, there have been 2 interceptions at U.S. ports-of-entry of this 

species on plant material in passenger baggage from Thailand. Because the true origin of plant material in passenger baggage is difficult to know, this interception data 

is not strong evidence that this organism occurs in Thailand. Also, the Thailand Department of Agriculture states that, based on extensive survey data, there is no 

record that the pest occurs in Thailand (Ross, 2004). Based on this evidence, we consider this organism to not be present in Thailand.

96 Plant part association information for Planococcus litchi is based on data for the genus (Kosztarab, 1996; PestID, 2007).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 32

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Pseudococcus aurantiacus

Williams

BN, ID, MY, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

R, L, F, St (BenDov et al., 2006); 

Sh, F (Williams

and Watson, 

1988b)

97

Yes Yes

Pseudococcus baliteus Lit 

in Lit & Calilung

ID, PH, TH, VN, KH 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; PestID, 

2007

Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007; 

PestID, 2007

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; PestID, 

2007

R (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Yes No

Pseudococcus comstocki

(Kuwana)

ID, MY, VN, KH

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007); 

US (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Hill, 1983; 

PestID, 2007

PestID, 2007 Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; PestID, 

2007

N/A No N/A

Pseudococcus cryptus

Hempel (Syn.: P.

citriculus Green) 

BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN, KH (BenDov et al., 2007); US 

(HI) (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

PestID, 2007 Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

R, L (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2006); Sh, F

(Williams and 

Watson, 1988b)

Yes Yes

Pseudococcus 

jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & 

Miller

BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 

2006; PestID, 

2007

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 

2006; PestID, 

2007

N/A No N/A

Pseudococcus longispinus

(Targioni Tozzetti)

BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (Ben-Dov et al., 

2007); US (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2005)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; PestID, 

2007

N/A No N/A

 

97 Plant part association for Pseudococcus aurantiacus is based on data at the genus level (Ben-Dov et al., 2006; Williams and Watson, 1988b).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 33

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Pseudococcus viburni 

(Signoret) [Syn.:

Pseudococcus affinis 

(Maskell)]

ID, PH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2007); US (BenDov et al., 2005)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2009

PPQ-BATS, 1996 N/A No N/A

Rastrococcus biggeri 

Williams & Watson

ID, PH (Ben-Dov et 

al., 2008)

PestID, 2008 F (PestID, 2008) Yes No98

Rastrococcus iceryoides

(Green) (synonym: 

Phenacoccus iceryoides 

Green)

BN, MY, TH (BenDov et al., 2007); ID 

(CABI, 2006)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007; CABI, 

2006

L, I, F, Sh, Tw

(CABI, 2007); L, 

St, F (Yunus and 

Ho, 1980)

Yes Yes

Rastrococcus jabadiu 

Williams

ID, PH, TH (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

L, St, I, F (CABI, 

2006)

99

Yes Yes

Rastrococcus spinosus

(Robinson) (Syn.s: 

Phenacoccus spinosus

Robinson, Puto spinosus

Morrison)

MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); BN, ID, LA, 

MY, PH, TH, VN, KH

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

Khoo et al., 1991 I, F (Otanes, 1936); 

L, St, I, F (CABI, 

2006)

100

Yes No101

Rastrococcus 

tropicasiaticus Williams

MY, PH, TH, VN 

(Ben-Dov et al., 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2007

L, St, I, F (CABI, 

2006)

99

Yes Yes

Hemiptera: Psyllidae

Neophacopteron euphoriae 

Yang (Syn.: 

Cornegenapsylla sinica 

Yang et Li)

TH (Anupunt, 2003a) Anupunt, 

2003a; 

Taiwan, 2002

L (Anupunt, 

2003a)

Yes No

 

98 Since 1985, Rastrococcus biggeri has been intercepted three times at U.S. ports-of-entry on rambutan, twice in passenger baggage and once in commercial cargo 

(PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that this organism would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of rambutan fruits.

99 Plant part association for this pest is based on data for the genus (CABI, 2006).

100 Plant part association for R. spinosus is based on data for the genus (CABI, 2006; Otanes, 1936).

101 We found only one reference listing rambutan as a host of R. spinosus (or Phenacoccus spinosus and Puto spinosus) (Khoo et al., 1991). This source notes that mango 

is the most common host, and is otherwise a very general reference on crop pests in Malaysia, which does not provide specific information on R. spinosus on rambutan. 

Hence, this mealybug may not attack rambutan regularly (Khoo et al., 1991). Furthermore, out of over 5,000 pest interceptions since 1985 on rambutan at U.S. ports-ofentry, R. spinosus has never been intercepted (PestID, 2008). Thus, rambutan is likely an incidental, rarely infested host.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 34

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Hemiptera: Scutelleridae

Cantao ocellatus

(Thunberg)

PH, ID, MY, TH, VN 

(Li-zhong, 2000)

Anonymous, 

2003

Anonymous, 

2003

L (Anonymous, 

2003)

Yes No

Hemiptera: Triozidae

Bactericera sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 F (PestID, 2007) Yes No102

Hymenoptera: Formicidae

Oecophylla smaragdina

(Fabricius)

ID, MY, VN (CABI, 

2007)

Hill, 1983 Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002

N/A No103 N/A

Lepidoptera: Arctiidae

Asuridia metaphaea 

Hampson

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Anonymous, 

2003; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Chionaema coccinea 

Moore

TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 

1991

L (Wongsiri, 1991) Yes No

Cyana coccinea Moore LA, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Anonymous, 

2003; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Bombycidae

Trilocha varians Walker MY, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (Forsyth, 

1966)

104

Yes No

 

102 The only evidence that litchi is a host of Bactericera sp. is that it was intercepted at a U.S. port-of-entry with fruit one time in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). This

is insufficient evidence that litchi is a host and, therefore, this organism is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial quality litchi fruit and associated fruit pedicels.

103 Oecophylla smaragdina is listed as a "non-reportable" pest in PPQ’s interception database (PestID, 2008).

104 Plant part association for T. varians is based on data for the genus (Forsyth, 1966).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 35

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Lepidoptera: Cossidae

Indarbela dea (Swinhoe) 

(Syn.: Lepidarbela dea

Swinhoe)

VN, ID (Zhang, 1994); 

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

CABI, 2004; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Zhang, 1994

CABI, 2006 Bk, W (CABI,

2006)

Yes No

Zeuzera coffeae Neitner TH (Anupunt, 2003a); 

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(CABI, 2006)

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Wongsiri, 1991

Anupunt, 

2003a; Waite 

and Hwang, 

2002

Bk, Br (Waite and 

Hwang, 2002); Br

(Wongsiri, 1991)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Drepanidae

Tridrepana fulvata Snellen MY, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Eucleidae

Belippa cyanopasta 

Hampson

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Anonymous, 

1965a; Robinson 

et al., 2005

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae

Eupterote amaena Walker MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Hill, 1983)

105 Yes No

Eupterote testacea Walker TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Nair, 1975) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Dichomeris indiserta Meyr. MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

McQuate et al., 

2000; Robinson 

et al., 2005; 

Yunus and Ho, 

1980

Sd (internal) 

(Robinson et al., 

2001), F (Yunus 

and Ho, 1980)

Yes Yes

 

105 Plant part association for E. amaena is based on data at the genus level (Hill, 1983).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 36

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Lepidoptera: Geometridae

Ascotis selenaria (Denis 

and Schiffermuller)

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2001

Robinson et 

al., 2001; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Aporandria specularia 

Guen.

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a), TH, MY 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Anonymous, 

1965a

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Biston suppressaria 

Guenée

ID (CABI, 2006); MY 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

CABI, 2004 L (CABI, 2006) Yes No

Cleora alienaria Walker ID, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008; Robinson 

et al., 2001

I, L (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Comibaena attenuata 

Warr.

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a); TH, MY 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Anonymous, 

1965a

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Gymnoscelis imparatalis 

Walker

TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Anonymous, 

2003; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, I (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Gymnoscelis tibialis Moore MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, I (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Hemithea tritonaria

Walker

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Anonymous, 

2003; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, I (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Hypomecis transcissa 

Walker

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

I (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 37

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Hyposidra talaca (Walker) BN, ID, MY 

(Waterhouse, 1993); 

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2001; Kuroko 

and Lewvanich, 

1993

Kuroko and 

Lewvanich, 

1993

Robinson et al., 

2005; 

Waterhouse, 

1993; Kuroko 

and Lewvanich, 

1993

L (Mukhtar et al., 

2003; Nasu et al., 

2004; Waterhouse, 

1993)

Yes No

Idiochlora androcmes 

Prout

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2001; Robinson 

et al., 2008

L (Borrer et al., 

1989)

106

Yes No

Jodis subtractata Walker TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Anonymous, 

2003; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Robinson et al., 

2005

I (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Oenospila flavifusata 

Walter

MY, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Anonymous, 

2003; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L (Anonymous, 

2003; Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Pingasa chlora Stoll TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

I, L (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Pingasa ruginaria Guenée MY, IN (Zhang, 

1994); TH 

(Anonymous, 1965a)

Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous, 

1965a

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Anonymous, 

1965a; Wongsiri, 

1991)

Yes No

Thalassodes depulsata

Walker

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Hill, 1983) Yes No

Thalassodes falsaria Prout TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 1991 Wongsiri, 

1991

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Wongsiri, 

1991); L, I (Ross, 

2004)

Yes No

Thalassodes immissaria 

Walker

LA, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Bud, L (Robinson 

et al., 2001)

Yes No

Thalassodes quadraria 

Guenée

TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 1991 Wongsiri, 

1991

L (Wongsiri, 1991) Yes No

 

106 Plant part association for I. androcmes is based on data at the family level (Borrer et al., 1989).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 38

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae

Acrocercops delicata 

Meyrick

ID (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Yes No

Conopomorpha cramerella 

Snellen (Syn.: 

Acrocercops cramerella 

Snellen)

MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); TH (Anupunt, 

2003a; Anupunt, 

2003b); BN, ID, MY, 

PH, TH (CABI, 2006), 

VN (PPD, 2007aa)

Bose et al., 2001 Anupunt, 

2003a

Anupunt, 2003b; 

CABI, 2004; 

Khoo et al., 1991; 

McQuate et al., 

2000; PestID, 

2007; Robinson 

et al., 2005; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

F (borer)

(Waterhouse, 

1993); L, F (Bose 

et al., 2001); Sd, 

Tw (Morton, 

1987); young 

terminals, F

(Anupunt, 2003a)

Yes Litchi,

Longan = 

No107

Rambutan = 

Yes

Conopomorpha litchiella 

Bradley

TH (Anupunt, 2003a) Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Zhang, 1994

Anupunt, 

2003a

young terminals 

(Anupunt, 2003a); 

L (Wongsiri, 1991)

Yes No

Conopomorpha sinensis 

Bradley

TH (CABI, 2006; 

Waterhouse, 1993); 

VN (PPD, 2005)

CABI, 2004; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

Waterhouse, 

1993

F, Sd (Wongsiri, 

1991); F borer 

(Waterhouse, 

1993)

Yes Yes

Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae

Gastropacha pardale 

Walker

BN, ID, TH (Robinson 

et al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Yes No

Paralebeda lucifuga

Swinhoe

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

108

Yes No

 

107 Although C. cramerella reportedly attacks litchi (e.g., Bose et al., 2001; Morton, 1987) and longan (Anupunt, 2003a), the insect identified on litchi in the past was not 

C. cramerella, but C. sinensis or C. litchiella (Waite and Hwang, 2002). Also, the host range of C. cramerella is restricted to rambutan and cocoa (Waite and Hwang, 

2002). Consequently, C. cramerella is unlikely to follow the pathway of litchi and longan fruit.

108 Plant part association for Paralebeda lucifuga is based on data for the genus (Yunus and Ho, 1980).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 39

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Suana concolor Walker PH (CABI, 2006); 

MY, ID (Zhang, 

1994); TH, MY 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

CABI, 2006 L (Hutson and 

Jardine, 1923)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Cheromettia sumatrensis 

Heylaerts

ID, MY, TH 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Idonauton apicalis Walker MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Anonymous, 

2003; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Miresa albipuncta HerrichSchäfferTH, MY, ID 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2001; Robinson 

et al., 2008

Robinson et 

al., 2001; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Robinson et al., 

2001; Robinson 

et al., 2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Parasa herbifera Walker MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Phocoderma velutina

Kollar

TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Scopelodes testacea Butler TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008); MY, VN 

(Waterhouse, 1993)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Scopelodes unicolor 

Westwood

ID (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

I (Robinson et al.,

2001)

Yes No

Setora fletcheri Holloway TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Limacodidae

Chalcocelis albiguttatus

(Snellen)

MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); ID, MY, TH 

(CABI, 2006)

Khoo et al., 1991; 

Ooi et al., 2002; 

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Ooi et al., 2002) Yes No
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 40

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Darna diducta (Snellen) ID, MY, PH, TH 

(CABI, 2006)

Anonymous, 

2003; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

CABI, 2004; 

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (CABI, 2006) Yes No

Griseothosea cruda Walker MY, ID (Zhang, 1994) Robinson et al., 

2005

L (CABI, 2006; 

Ooi et al., 2002; 

Waterhouse, 1993);

Br, Tr (Fang et al., 

2001)

109

Yes No

Parasa lepida (Cramer) MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); TH (Anupunt, 

2003b); KH, ID, LA, 

MY, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006)

CABI, 2006 Robinson et 

al., 2008; 

Wongsiri, 

1991

Anupunt, 2003b; 

Khoo et al., 1991; 

Robinson et al., 

2005; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (CABI, 2006; 

Waterhouse, 1993)

Yes No

Setora nitens Walker MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); BN, ID, LA, 

MY, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006)

Khoo et al., 1991; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (Waterhouse, 

1993)

Yes No

Setora sinensis Moore 

[Syn.: S. postornata

(Hamptson)]

MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); BN, ID, LA, 

MY, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006)

China, 1997 Br, Tr (Fang et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae

Acytolepis puspa Distant MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Anthene emolus Godart TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, F (Robinson et 

al., 2001); L

(Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yes No110

 

109 Plant part association information for G. cruda is based on data for the family (CABI, 2006; Fang et al., 2001; Ooi et al., 2002; Waterhouse, 1993).

110 Because it feeds externally on the fruit (Robinson et al., 2001), this pest is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 41

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Deudorix diovis Hewitson 

(Syn.: D. epijarbas 

diovis Hewitson)

ID (Edwards et al., 

1999)

Edwards et al., 

1999; Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002; Waite 

and Hwang, 

2002

F (Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Waite and Hwang, 

2002)

Yes Yes

Deudorix epijarbas 

(Moore)

TH (Anupunt, 2003a); 

ID (CABI, 2006); MY 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Storey and 

Rogers, 1980; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Anonymous, 

1965b; 

Anupunt, 

2003a

CABI, 2004; 

Robinson et al., 

2005

F (Anupunt, 2003a; 

Storey and Rogers, 

1980; Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; Wen 

et al., 2002)

111; F, I

(Verma, 1985); Sd

(Wongsiri, 1991)

Yes Yes

Hypolycaena erylus Godt. TH (Anonymous, 

1965a); TH, MY 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Anonymous, 

1965a

Anonymous, 

1965a

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Nacaduba kurava (Moore) TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

I, Sh (HerbisonEvans and 

Crossley, 2005)

Yes No

Prosotas dubiosa (Semper) MY, ID (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Storey and 

Rogers, 1980

I (Storey and 

Rogers, 1980)

Yes No

Rapala dieneces Hewitson TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

I (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Rapala iarbus (Fabricius) ID (CABI, 2006); TH, 

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

CABI, 2006; 

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, I, F (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No110

Rapala manea Hewitson PH, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Robinson et al., 

2008

I, F (Robinson et 

al., 2001); I

(Johnson et al., 

1980)

Yes No110

 

111 Larvae of D. epijarbas feed on seeds within litchi fruit by burrowing through the outer edible fruit tissue (Storey and Rogers, 1980).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 42

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Rapala pheretima

(Hewitson)

MY (Waterhouse, 

1993); TH 

(Anonymous, 1965a)

Ross, 2004 Anonymous, 

1965a; CABI, 

2004; Robinson 

et al., 2005; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (Anonymous, 

1965a); I

(Waterhouse, 

1993)

Yes No

Rapala varuna Horsfield TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Lambkin, 1983; 

Storey and 

Rogers, 1980

Robinson et al., 

2005

I, young green St

(Lambkin, 1983); I

(Storey and 

Rogers, 1980); I, 

Sh (HerbisonEvans and 

Crossley, 2005); L

(Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yes No

Remelana jangala 

Horsfield

ID, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008); TH, MY, 

PH, ID (Young, 2000)

Young, 2000 Robinson et 

al., 2008

L, I (Young, 2000) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae

Arctornis perfecta Walker MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

112

Yes No

Dasychira mendosa

(Hübner) 

BN, KH, MY, PH 

(CABI, 2006)

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002

Wongsiri, 

1991

L (PIN309, 2005; 

Wongsiri, 1991)

Yes No

Euproctis fraterna Moore VN (Zhang, 1994); TH 

(CABI, 2006)

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L (Anonymous, 

2003)

Yes No

Euproctis scintillans

(Walker) (Syn.: 

Porthesia scintillans

Walker)

ID, MY, TH, VN 

(CABI, 2006)

CABI, 2006; Hill, 

1983; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (Hill, 1983; 

Waterhouse, 1993)

Yes No

Euproctis varians Walker MY, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Anonymous, 

2003

I, L (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

 

112 Plant part association for A. perfecta is based on data for the genus (Robinson et al., 2001).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 43

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Leucoma cygna Moore TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Lymantria mathura Moore TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

CABI, 2004; 

Hill, 1983

I (Morton, 1987) Yes No

Nygmia fraterna Moore TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 

1991

L (Wongsiri, 1991) Yes No

Olene mendosa Hübner ID, LA, MY, VN, TH 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Orgyia osseata Walker MY, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L, I (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Orgyia postica (Walker) 

(Syn.: Notolophus 

australis posticus

Walker) 

BN, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (CABI, 2006)

CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 CABI, 2006 L (CABI, 2006) Yes No

Orgyia turbata Butler MY, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006)

Wongsiri, 

1991

L (Wongsiri, 1991) Yes No

Orvasca subnotata Walker BN, MY, TH 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

I, L (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Somena scintillans Walker TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, I (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae

Indarbela disciplaga

Swinhoe

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

Bk (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Indarbela obliquifasciata

Mell

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L, Bk, W

(Robinson et al., 

2001)

113

Yes No

Indarbela quadrinotata

Walker

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

CABI, 2004; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Zhang, 1994

L, Bk, W

(Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

 

113 Plant part association for Indarbela obliquifasciata is based on data for the genus (Robinson et al., 2001).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 44

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Indarbela tetraonis Moore TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Bose et al., 

2001; Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Zhang, 1994

PPQ, 1999 Robinson et al., 

2005

Bk, Br (Bose et al., 

2001); Tr (Morton, 

1987)

Yes No

Squamura disciplaga 

(Swinhoe)

MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); MY, ID, PH 

(Zhang, 1994)

Khoo et al., 1991 W, Bk (Khoo et al., 

1991)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Achaea janata (Linnaeus) KH, ID, LA, MY, PH, 

TH, VN (CABI, 2006);

BN, ID (Robinson et 

al., 2008); US (HI) 

(CABI, 2005)

Astridge and 

Fay, 2003b; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002

Astridge, 2001; 

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Astridge and 

Fay, 2003b; 

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Waite and Hwang, 

2002); L, F (CABI, 

2005); L (Storey 

and Rogers, 1980)

Yes No114

Athyrma bubo Hubn. TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Anonymous, 

1965a

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Autoba abrupta Walker LA, MY, TH 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Robinson et al., 

2008

I, L (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Autoba brachygonia

Hampson

TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Robinson et al., 

2005

I, F (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No110

Avatha discolor (Fabricius) MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Herbison-Evans 

and Crossley, 

2005)

Yes No

Chlumetia transversa

(Walker) (Syn.: 

Salagena transversa)

ID, MY, PH, TH 

(CABI, 2006)

Hill, 1983; 

Morton, 1987

Sh (Morton, 1987) Yes No

Erebus ephesperis Hübner TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

F (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No110

 

114 Only the adult stage of Achaea janata feeds on the fruit (CABI, 2004). Because of its mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest 

and standard handling and processing.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 45

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Erbeus erepuscularis L. TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Anonymous, 

1965a

F (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No115

Eublemma abrupta

(Walker) (Syn.: Autoba 

abrupta)

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a); TH, MY 

(Waterhouse, 1993)

Ross, 2004 Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

Anonymous, 

1965a; CABI, 

2004; Robinson 

et al., 2005;

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (Anonymous, 

1965a); I

(Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Waterhouse, 1993; 

Wongsiri, 1991)

Yes No

Eublemma brachygonia

Hampson (Syn.: Autoba 

brachygonia)

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a); TH, MY 

(Waterhouse, 1993)

Ross, 2004 Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

Anonymous, 

1965a; CABI, 

2004; Robinson 

et al., 2005; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

I (Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Waterhouse, 1993)

Yes No

Eublemma versicolor

Walker (Syn.: Autoba 

versicolor Walker)

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a); ID, MY, PH, 

TH (Waterhouse, 

1993)

Storey and 

Rogers, 1980; 

Wongsiri, 1991

Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

Anonymous, 

1965a; CABI, 

2004; Robinson 

et al., 2005; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

I (Wongsiri, 1991); 

F, I, St (Yunus and 

Ho, 1980); I, F

(Storey and 

Rogers, 1980)

Yes No116

 

115 Erbeus erepuscularis is a fruit-sucking moth (Anonymous, 1965a). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity 

through harvest and standard handling and processing.

116 Eublemma versicolor apparently feeds on the inside of litchi fruit (Storey and Rogers, 1980), but most reports indicate the species and genus feed externally on leaves, 

flowers, and/or fruit of its hosts (Anonymous, 1965a; Robinson et al., 2001; Wongsiri, 1991). Related species (e.g., Eublemma olivacea, E. rivula, Autoba sp.) also feed 

externally on leaves of their hosts (Hill, 1983). Finally, since 1985, Eublemma spp. has only been intercepted twice, neither time on fruit or in permit cargo (PIN309, 

2006). Thus, this species is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 46

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Eudocima fullonia (Clerck) 

(Syn.: Othreis fullonia 

Clerck, O. fullonica 

Linn.)

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a; Anupunt, 

2003b; CABI, 2006); 

BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

PH, VN (CABI, 2006); 

US (HI) (CABI, 2006; 

Zhang, 1994)

Astridge and 

Fay, 2003a; 

CABI, 2005; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002; CABI, 

2006; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

Anonymous, 

1965a; Anupunt, 

2003b; CABI, 

2006; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

F (borer)

(Waterhouse, 

1993); F

(Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

CABI, 2004; 

Menzel and 

McConchie, 

1998b; Waite and 

Hwang, 2002); F

(piercer)

(Anonymous, 

1965a; Anupunt, 

2003b)

Yes No117

Eudocima hypermnestra 

Stoll

TH (Zhang, 1994) Robinson et 

al., 2008; 

Zhang, 1994

F (Zhang, 1994) Yes No118

Eudocima salaminia

(Cramer)

TH (Zhang, 1994); 

BN, VN, TH (CABI, 

2006)

Astridge and 

Fay, 2003a; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002

Astridge, 2001 F (Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Menzel and 

McConchie, 

1998b); F (piercer)

(Astridge, 2001)

Yes No119

 

117 Eudocima fullonia is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export quality fruit, as only the adults feed on fruit, and only externally (CABI, 2004; Menzel and 

McConchie, 1998b; Waite and Hwang, 2002). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and 

shipping. Furthermore, this species is reported to feed on the fruit at night (CABI, 2004), decreasing even further the likelihood of this insect being associated with fruit 

at harvest and, therefore, following the pathway.

118 Eudocima hypermnestra is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export quality fruit, as only the adults feed on fruit, and they only feed on the fruit externally 

(Zhang, 1994). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

119 Eudocima salaminia is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial export quality fruit, as only the adults feed on fruit, and they only feed on the fruit externally 

(Menzel and McConchie, 1998b; Waite and Hwang, 2002). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through 

harvest and standard handling and processing.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 47

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Homodes bracteigutta

(Walker) (Syn.:

Lophoruza chalcocosma

Turner)

MY (Zhang, 1994); 

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et 

al., 2001

Robinson et al., 

2001; Robinson 

et al., 2005

I (Herbison-Evans 

and Crossley, 

2005); F (Robinson 

et al., 2001; 

Robinson et al., 

2005)

Yes No120

Homodes perilitha

Hampson

TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

I (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Ischyja manlia Cramer MY (Zhang, 1994); 

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Wongsiri, 1991 Anonymous, 

1965a

L (Wongsiri, 

1991); F

(Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No121

Mecodina subcostalis

Walker

TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Mocis undata Fabricius MY, ID, TH 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Ophiusa coronata

(Fabricius)

ID (Zhang, 1994); TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006); TH, 

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

F (Herbison-Evans 

and Crossley, 

2005)

Yes No122

 

120 We found no specific information about H. bracteigutta or L. chalcocosma (Herbison-Evans and Crossley, 2005). We assumed the species would behave like other 

members of the subfamily Catocalinae, which often pierce fruit as adults and feed on foliage as larvae (Nielson and Common, 1991). Homodes bracteigutta is, 

therefore, unlikely to follow the pathway because minimal processing of the commodity would likely remove the adult prior to shipment.

121 Ischyja manlia is a fruit-piercing moth (Anonymous, 1965a). Because of the size and mobility of the adults, this pest is not expected to stay on the commodity through 

harvest and standard handling and processing.

122 Adults of Ophiusa coronata pierce the fruit to suck juice (Herbison-Evans and Crossley, 2005). Because this species only feeds externally on the fruit and because of 

its size and mobility, it is not expected to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 48

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Oxyodes scrobiculata

Fabricius

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a; Anupunt, 

2003a; Anupunt, 

2003b; Waterhouse, 

1993); MY 

(Waterhouse, 1993)

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Wongsiri, 1991

Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Anupunt, 

2003a; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

Anonymous, 

1965a; Anupunt, 

2003b; CABI, 

2004; Robinson 

et al., 2005; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (Anonymous, 

1965a; Anupunt, 

2003a; Wongsiri, 

1991)

Yes No

Pericyma cruegeri (Butler) MY, ID, PH (Zhang, 

1994); TH, MY 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Reddy et al., 

1985; Robinson et 

al., 2005)

Yes No

Pseudathyrma bubo Geyer TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, I, F (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No110

Pseudathyrma complens

Walker

TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Pseudathyrma perficiens

Walker

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Yes No

Serrodes campana Guenée TH (Anonymous, 

1965a); MY (Yunus 

and Ho, 1980)

Anonymous, 

1965a; Robinson 

et al., 2005

I, F (HerbisonEvans and 

Crossley, 2005); L

(Anonymous, 

1965a; Robinson et 

al., 2005); I, L

(Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yes No123

Spodoptera litura

(Fabricius) (Syn.: 

Prodenia litura

Fabricius)

BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

PH, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006); US (HI) (CABI, 

2006)

Robinson et al., 

2006

Wen et al., 

2002

L, R, F (CABI, 

2005); L, I, Sh, F

(PPQ, 2002) 

Yes No124

 

123 Only adults of Serrodes campana are reported to feed on fruit, and they feed on damaged ripe fruit (Herbison-Evans and Crossley, 2005). Because of that and their size 

and mobility, this pest is highly unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

124 Spodoptera litura is primarily a leaf-feeder (CABI, 2005; CABI/EPPO, 1997; PPQ, 2002), but apparently sometimes feeds on fruit, reportedly causing 5-10 percent

fruit damage in grapes (CABI , 2005). We found no reports of it feeding on litchi or longan fruit. Also, since 1985, the genus Spodoptera has never been intercepted 
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 49

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Sympis rufibasis Guenée MY (Yunus and Ho, 

1980), TH (Kuroko 

and Lewvanich, 1993)

Kuroko and 

Lewvanich, 

1993

Anonymous, 

2003; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008;

Kuroko and 

Lewvanich, 

1993

Yunus and Ho, 

1980; Kuroko 

and Lewvanich, 

1993

L (Yunus and Ho, 

1980); I, L

(Kuroko and 

Lewvanich, 1993)

Yes No

Trigonodes hyppasia

(Cramer) (Syn.: 

Chaciope deliana)

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2005; Singh and 

Goel, 1986)

Yes No

Vescisa commoda Walker TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

F (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No110

Zurobata vacillans Walker MY, TH, ID 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Anonymous, 

2003; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Nolidae

Erizada semifervens

Walker

TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, Bk (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Nola analis Wileman & 

West

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Selepa celtis Moore TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Notodontidae

Dudusa distincta Mell. TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Anonymous, 

1965a; Robinson 

et al., 2005

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

 

with litchi or longan at U.S. ports-of-entry, and the great majority of interceptions of this genus have been with flowers and leaves (PIN309, 2006). Of the interceptions 

with fruit, 38 percent were with Capsicum sp., and other hosts only had 1 to 3 interceptions. Thus, this species is unlikely to follow the litchi and longan fruit pathways.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 50

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Dudusa nobilis Walker TH (Anonymous, 

1965a); ID, MY 

(CABI, 2006)

CABI, 2004; 

Anonymous, 

1965a; Robinson 

et al., 2005

L (Anonymous, 

1965a; Wongsiri, 

1991)

Yes No

Dudusa synopla Swinhoe TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Hyperaeschrella insulicola

(Kiriakoff)

MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); TH, MY 

(Waterhouse, 1993)

CABI, 2004; 

Khoo et al., 1991; 

Ooi et al., 2002; 

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Waterhouse, 

1993)

Yes No

Neostauropus alternus 

Walker

BN, ID, MY, PH, VN, 

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Anonymous, 

2003; Robinson 

et al., 2008

Anonymous, 

2003; 

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Robinson et al., 

2008

Br, L (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Stauropus alternus 

(Walker)

ID, MY, PH, VN 

(CABI, 2006)

Anonymous, 

1965b

CABI, 2006 L (Hill, 1983) Yes No

Tarsolepis remicauda

Butler

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Yes No

Tarsolepis sommeri Hbn. ID (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2006 L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

125

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae

Melanitis leda ismene

Cramer

ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006)

CABI, 2004 L (CABI, 2004) Yes No

Polyura schreiber Godart TH, MY, ID, PH 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

CABI, 2004; 

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae

Athrypsiastis symmetra

Meyrick

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, I, St (Borrer et 

al., 1989)

126

Yes No

 

125 Plant part association for this pest is based on data for the genus (Robinson et al., 2001).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 51

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Stathmopoda conioma 

Meyrick

ID, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

I, F (internal), Sd, 

pods, Tw, Sh

(Robinson et al., 

2001)

125

Yes Yes

Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae

Argyroploce discana 

Felder.

TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Anonymous, 

1965a

Anonymous, 

1965a

L, I (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Pieridae

Delias hyparete Linnaeus TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Psychidae

Clania minuscula Butler 

(Syn.: Eumeta minuscula 

Butler)

VN (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 

1994

L, Sh (Simbolon 

and Yukawa, 1993)

Yes No

Dappula tertia Templeton ID, MY (CABI, 2006) Anonymous, 

1994

L, Bk (Das, 1956) Yes No

Eumeta variegata (Snellen) 

(Syn.s: Clania variegata 

Snellen, Clania pryeri 

Leech)

VN (CABI, 2006); TH, 

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Anonymous, 

1994

L (Sun et al., 1999) Yes No

Heylaertsia griseata

Hampson

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Manatha albipes Moore MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Pagodiella hekmeyeri 

Heylaerts

ID, MY, TH 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Pteroma pendula Joannis MY, ID (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Pteroma plagiophleps 

Hmps.

ID, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Hill, 1983 L (Hill, 1983) Yes No

 

126 Plant part association for A. symmetra is based on data for the family (Borrer et al., 1989).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 52

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

Cadra cautella (Walker) 

(Syn.: Ephestia cautella

Walker)

BN, ID, MY, PH, TH, 

VT (CABI, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2005)

Kumar and Lall, 

1984

N/A No N/A

Conogethes punctiferalis 

(Guenée) (Syn.: 

Dichocrocis punctiferalis

Guenée)

BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

PH, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006); MY (Khoo et 

al., 1991); TH 

(Anonymous, 1965a); 

ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002

Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002; PestID, 

2007; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

Anonymous, 

1965a; Astridge, 

2001; CABI, 

2004; Khoo et al., 

1991; McQuate et 

al., 2000; 

Robinson et al., 

2005; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

F (Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002); F

(PIN309, 2005); I

(Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Waterhouse, 1993); 

F, St, L, Bk (CABI, 

2005); F (CSIRO, 

1991; Gupta and 

Arora, 2001; Ooi et 

al., 2002; 

Wongsiri, 1991); F

(borer)

(Anonymous, 

1965a; 

Waterhouse, 1993); 

F

127,

(Storey and 

Rogers, 1980)

128

Yes Yes

Cryptoblabes gnidiella 

Millière

TH (CABI, 2006); MY 

(Robinson et al., 

2008); US (HI) (CABI, 

2006)

PestID, 2007 PestID, 2007 McQuate et al., 

2000

F (internal) 

(McQuate et al., 

2000); F (internal), 

L, St (internal) 

(CABI, 2006)

Yes No (litchi, 

longan)129; 

Yes 

(rambutan)

Doloessa ochrociliella 

Ragonot

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Yes No

 

127 Larvae of C. punctiferalis feed on litchi seeds within fruit by burrowing through the edible fruit tissue (Storey and Rogers, 1980).

128 Because we could not locate D. punctigeralis elsewhere in the literature, we assume the name in Storey and Rogers (1980) is a misspelling of D. punctiferalis.

129 The only evidence that litchi and longan are hosts of C. gnidiella is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry on litchi in passenger baggage and one interception on 

longan in mail (PestID, 2007). This is insufficient evidence that this species would regularly follow the pathway of commercial shipments of litchi or longan fruits.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 53

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Ectomyelois ceratoniae

(Zeller)

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008); US (HerbisonEvans and Crossley, 

2007; Robinson et al., 

2008)

PestID, 

2008130

N/A No N/A

Hedylepta barcalis Walker TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Anonymous, 

1965a

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Hendecasis duplifascialis 

Hampson

ID, PH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

PestID, 2008131 I (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Herpetogramma 

licarsisalis Walker

MY, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008), PH (CABI, 

2007); US (HI) 

(Herbison-Evans and 

Crossley, 2005)

Robinson et al., 

2001; Robinson 

et al., 2008

L (Herbison-Evans 

and Crossley, 

2005; Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Heterocrasa expansalis

Warren

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005; Yunus and 

Ho, 1980

L (Yunus and Ho, 

1980)

Yes No

Hypsipyla robusta Moore ID, MY (Zhang, 

1994); TH (Robinson 

et al., 2008)

Zhang, 1994 Sh (Cunningham 

and Floyd, 2004; 

Hossain et al., 

2004); F (Sangha, 

2000; Verma and 

Nutul, 2000); 

seedlings (Nguyen 

Van, 2001); Sh, I, 

F, Bk (Griffiths, 

2001); Br (Chen 

and Cha, 1998)

Yes No132

 

130 The only evidence that longan is a host of E. ceratoniae is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2007). Thus, its association with longan is questionable.

131 The only evidence that litchi is a host of H. duplifascialis is one interception at U.S. ports-of-entry (PestID, 2007). Thus, its association with litchi is questionable.

132 Hypsipyla robusta is unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial litchi fruit because of the questionable host status. Pyralids in Hypsipyla generally attack plants in 

the family Meliaceae, subfamily Swietenioideae (Biosecurity Australia, 2007; Griffiths, 2001). Although this genus reportedly feeds on plants in other groups, these 

reports “probably constitute misidentification of the insects and/or misinterpretation of the damage,” and “some records may represent chance feeding events” 
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 54

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Nacoleia octasema

(Meyrick)

ID (Zhang, 1994); ID, 

MY (CABI, 2006); 

TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

I, L, St, F (CABI, 

2004); F (Robinson 

et al., 2005)

Yes No133

Prasinoxena monospila

Meyrick

TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

Bk (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No

Psara basalis Walker ID, TH, MY 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

I (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Pycnarmon quinquepuncta

Swinhoe

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

125

Yes No

Tirathaba mundella Walker ID, MY (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2004; 

Robinson et al., 

2005; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

F (borer)

(Waterhouse, 

1993); F (internal), 

growing points, I

(CABI, 2006)

Yes Yes

Tirathaba rufivena Walker MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); ID, MY, PH, 

TH (CABI, 2006)

Storey and 

Rogers, 1980

Khoo et al., 1991; 

McQuate et al., 

2000; Robinson 

et al., 2005; 

Waterhouse, 

199398

I, growing points, 

young F (CABI, 

2005); F (Yunus 

and Ho, 1980); F

(Storey and 

Rogers, 1980)

Yes No134

Tirathaba ruptilinea 

Walker

ID, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

F (internal) 

(Robinson et al., 

2001; Wongsiri, 

1991)

Yes Yes

 

(Griffiths, 2001). Besides the report by Zhang (1994) (which is simply a catalog, not an original reference source), we found no other report of litchi as a host of H. 

robusta. Finally, since 1985, the genus Hypsipyla has never been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry on litchi or any other Sapindaceae plants (PestID, 2007).

133 Larvae of Nacoleia octasema feed externally on the fruit (CABI, 2004). Because of the size and mobility of the larvae, this pest is not expected to stay on the 

commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

134 Field surveys found T. rufivena damaging litchi fruit by burrowing through the outer edible fruit tissue to feed on the seed, which causes the fruit “to drop if young, or 

makes it unmarketable” (Storey and Rogers, 1980). Any such fruit will likely be detected during post-harvest processing. Also, the larvae of this species are relatively 

large (up to 30 mm) and very active when disturbed, and they cause immature fruit to abort (CABI, 2005). Thus, this species is highly unlikely to follow the pathway.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 55

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Lepidoptera: Saturniidae

Attacus atlas (Linnaeus) MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); BN, KH, ID, 

LA, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(CABI, 2006)

CABI, 2004 CABI, 2004; 

Khoo et al., 1991; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (CABI, 2006; 

Waterhouse, 1993)

Yes No

Cricula trifenestrata

(Helfer)

BN, KH, ID, LA, MY, 

PH, TH, VN (CABI, 

2006)

CABI, 2004 L (CABI, 2006) Yes No

Lepidoptera: Scythrididae

Eretmocera impactella

Walker

TH (Zhang, 1994) Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Baloch et al., 

1978; Srivastava 

and Pant, 1974)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae

Cephonodes picus Cram. TH (Anonymous, 

1965a; Robinson et al., 

2008)

Anonymous, 

1965a

L (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Theretra latreillii

(Macleay)

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

F (Robinson et al., 

2005); L, St

(Hawkeswood, 

1993)

Yes No135

Lepidoptera: Thyrididae

Striglina asinina Warren TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Yes No

Striglina divisata Warr. TH (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Anonymous, 

1965a; Robinson 

et al., 2005

I (Anonymous, 

1965a)

Yes No

Lepidoptera: Tineidae

Erechthias leucopogon

Meyrick

TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Bk, Sd (Robinson 

et al., 2001)

Yes No136

 

135 Theretra spp. feed externally on host plants (CABI, 2004) and the adults and larvae are large and mobile. Therefore, T. latreillii is highly unlikely to stay on the 

commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 56

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Adoxophyes fasciculana

Walker

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et 

al., 2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

125

Yes No

Adoxophyes perstricta 

Meyrick

ID (CABI, 2006) Meijerman and 

Ulenberg, 2000

L (Waterhouse,

1993); L, F (Hill, 

1983)

Yes No137

Adoxophyes privatana

Walker

MY (Khoo et al., 

1991); ID, MY, VN 

(Waterhouse, 1993); 

TH, MY, PH 

(Meijerman and 

Ulenberg, 2004)

Taiwan, 2002 CABI, 2004;

Khoo et al., 1991; 

Ooi et al., 2002; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (Waterhouse, 

1993)

Yes No

Archips dispilana Walker MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Archips machlopis Meyrick MY (Waterhouse, 

1993); TH, MY 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Ross, 2004 Robinson et al., 

2005; 

Waterhouse, 

1993; Wongsiri, 

1991

L (Waterhouse, 

1993; Wongsiri, 

1991)

Yes No

Archips micaceana

(Walker)

TH (Anupunt, 2003a); 

LA, MY, TH, VN 

(CABI, 2006)

Anupunt, 2003a; 

Hill, 1983; 

Robinson et al., 

2001

Anupunt, 

2003a; 

Robinson et 

al., 2001

Robinson et al., 

2001; Robinson 

et al., 2005; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L, I (Anupunt, 

2003a; Robinson et 

al., 2001); L

(Waterhouse, 1993; 

Wongsiri, 1991)

Yes No

Archips mimicus

Walsingham

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, I, F (internal) 

(Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes Yes

Archips tabescens Meyrick MY (Waterhouse, 

1993)

Zhang, 1994 L (Zhou and Deng, 

2004)

Yes No

 

136 E. leucopogon attacks only the bark, not the seed, of longan (Robinson et al., 2001). Therefore, this species is unlikely to follow the pathway on longan.

137 Plant part association for A. perstricta is based on data for the genus. Adoxophyes larvae feed only on the leaves and the surface of fruit (Hill, 1983), so this pest is 

unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 57

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Cerace sardias Meyrick TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Cnesteboda celligera 

Meyrick

ID, MY, TH 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2001; Robinson 

et al., 2008

PPQ, 1999 Robinson et al.,

2001; Robinson 

et al., 2008

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Cryptophlebia illepida

Butler

TH, MY, US (HI) 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

CABI, 2004 McQuate et al., 

2000

F (internal) 

(McQuate et al., 

2000)

Yes Yes

Cryptophlebia ombrodelta

(Lower)

KH, ID, LA, PH, TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006); 

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008); US (HI) 

(Chang, 1995; 

McQuate et al., 2000)

Hill, 1983; 

Waite, 2004b; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Zhang, 1994

Biosecurity 

Australia, 

2002; Hyde, 

2000; PestID, 

2007; Waite 

and Hwang, 

2002

McQuate et al., 

2000

F (Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Hill, 1983; Waite, 

2004b; Waite and 

Hwang, 2002)

Yes Yes

Dudua aprobola Meyrick 

(Syn.: Platypeplus 

aprobola Meyrick, 

Argyroploce aprobola

Meyrick)

VN (Kuznetzov, 

2003); BN, TH, MY 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Bose et al., 

2001; Morton, 

1987; Waite and 

Hwang, 2002; 

Zhang, 1994

Anonymous, 

1994

I (Abraham and 

Jayanthi, 1999; 

Bose et al., 2001); 

L (Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002; 

Bose et al., 2001; 

Mann and Singh, 

1984; Punnaiah 

and Devaprasad, 

1996; Wen et al., 

2002); L, I (Storey 

and Rogers, 1980)

Yes No

Gatesclarkeana erotias 

Meyrick

ID (Zhang, 1994) Robinson et al., 

2001; Zhang, 

1994

L, Sh, I, F

(internal) 

(Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes Yes

Gatesclarkeana idia 

Diakonoff

TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, I (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 58

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Homona coffearia

(Nietner)

ID, MY, PH, VN 

(CABI, 2006); TH 

(Robinson et al., 2008)

CABI, 2004; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Anonymous, 

1994

CABI, 2004; 

Robinson et al., 

2005; 

Waterhouse, 

1993

L (CABI, 2004; 

Hill, 1983; 

Waterhouse, 1993); 

I (Storey and 

Rogers, 1980)

Yes No

Homona difficilis Meyrick TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Anonymous, 

2003; Waite, 

2005

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

L (Robinson et al., 

2001; Waite, 2005)

Yes No

Homona eductana Walker MY, TH (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2008

Robinson et 

al., 2008

Robinson et al., 

2008

I (Wongsiri, 1991), 

L (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Lobesia aeolopa Meyrick MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Zhang, 1994 F (internal), L, I

(Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes Yes

Lobesia genialis Meyrick TH (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et 

al., 2008

I (Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes No

Ophiorrhabda cellifera

Meyrick

MY (Robinson et al., 

2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

L, F (internal) 

(Robinson et al., 

2001)

Yes Yes

Statherotis discana (Felder 

& Rogenhofer)

LA (CABI, 2006; 

Waterhouse, 1993); 

ID, MY, PH, TH, VN 

(CABI, 2006)

CABI, 2006 Robinson et 

al., 2008; 

Waterhouse, 

1993; 

Wongsiri, 

1991

CABI, 2006 L (CABI, 2006; 

Waterhouse, 1993)

Yes No

Statherotis leucaspis

Meyrick (Syn.s: 

Argyroploce leucaspis

Meyrick, Olethreutes 

leucaspis Meyrick)

TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Bose et al., 

2001; Hill, 1983; 

Morton, 1987; 

Zhang, 1994

Robinson et 

al., 2008; 

Wongsiri, 

1991

Robinson et al., 

2005

L (Bose et al., 

2001; Wongsiri, 

1991); I (Bose et 

al., 2001)

Yes No
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 59

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae

Comocritis pieria Meyrick TH, MY (Robinson et 

al., 2008)

Robinson et al., 

2005

Bk, F (Robinson et 

al., 2001)

Yes No138

Orthoptera: Acrididae

Chondracis rosea (De 

Geer)

ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006)

Anonymous, 

2003

CABI, 2006 L (Anonymous, 

2003)

Yes No

Locusta migratoria 

manilensis (Meyton)

KH, ID, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006)

Anonymous, 

2003

L, growing points, 

I, Sd, F, St (CABI, 

2006)

Yes No139

Orthoptera: Gryllidae

Tarbinskiellus portentosus 

(Lichtenstein) (Syn.:

Brachytrupes 

portentosus Lichtenstein)

VN (CABI, 2007), KH 

(Nickel, 1979)

Anonymous, 

1994

Anonymous, 

1994, 2003

seedling (Hill, 

1983)

Yes No

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae

Haplothrips gowdeyi 

Franklin

MY, PH, TH (CABI, 

2006); US (CABI, 

2006)

PestID, 

2007140

N/A No N/A

Haplothrips sp. ASEAN* (PestID, 

2007)

PestID, 2007 Ross, 2004 I, L (Ross, 2004) Yes No

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Chaetanaphothrips orchidii

(Moulton) 

ID, MY (CABI, 2006); 

US (CABI, 2005)

CABI, 2005 N/A No N/A

Ermothrips lobatus Bhatti TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 1991 I (Wongsiri, 1991) Yes No

Frankliniella intonsa 

Trybom

PH, TH (CABI, 2006); 

US (WA) (CABI, 

2006)

PestID, 2007141 N/A No N/A

 

138 Comocritis pieria feeds externally on the fruit (Robinson et al., 2001), so it is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

139 Because of its size, biology and mobility, L. migratoria manilensis is unlikely to stay on the commodity through harvest and standard handling and processing.

140 The only evidence that longan is a host of H. gowdeyi is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2007). Therefore, its association with longan is questionable.

141 The only evidence that litchi is a host of F. intonsa is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry (PestID, 2007). Therefore, its association with litchi is questionable.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 60

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Frankliniella schultzei 

(Trybom) 

ID, MY, PH, TH 

(CABI, 2006); US (FL, 

HI) (CABI, 2004; 

Nakahara, 1997)

PestID, 2007 I, L, developing F

(CABI, 2006)

[Yes]142 No143

Megalurothrips distalis

(Karny) (Syn.: 

Taeniothrips distalis

Karny)

ID, PH, TH (CABI, 

2006)

CABI, 2004; 

Hill, 1983; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

L, I (CABI, 2004); 

I (Morton, 1987)

Yes No

Rhipiphorothrips 

cruentatus Hood

TH (Waterhouse, 

1993; Wongsiri, 1991); 

ID (Li-zhong, 2000)

Wen et al., 

2002

L (CABI, 2003; 

Wen et al., 2002); 

F (Gima et al., 

2001)

Yes Yes

Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood TH (Anupunt, 2003a; 

Anupunt, 2003b); BN, 

ID, MY, PH, TH 

(CABI, 2006); US (FL, 

HI) (CABI, 2006)

Li et al., 2004; 

Waite and 

Hwang, 2002

Anupunt, 

2003a

Anupunt, 2003b; 

Wongsiri, 1991

Sh (Waite and 

Hwang, 2002); Bk, 

L, Sh (Li et al., 

2004); Sh, L, F, I

(CABI, 2004); I

(Wongsiri, 1991); 

L, I, young F

(Anupunt, 2003a)

Yes No144

Selenothrips rubrocinctus 

(Giard) 

ID, MY, PH, TH 

(CABI, 2006); US (HI, 

FL) (CABI, 2006)

Anonymous, 

1994

Astridge, 2001 N/A No N/A

Thrips coloratus Schmutz TH (Wongsiri, 1991) Wongsiri, 1991 Wongsiri, 

1991

L (Wongsiri, 1991) Yes No

Thrips hawaiiensis Morgan ID, LA, MY, PH, TH, 

VN (CABI, 2006); US 

(CABI, 2006)

Wongsiri, 1991 Wen et al., 

2002

Wongsiri, 1991 N/A No N/A

 

142 Frankliniella schultzei is a quarantine-significant species with a limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2003).

143 The only evidence that rambutan is a host of F. schultzei is one interception at a U.S. port-of-entry on fruit in passenger baggage (PestID, 2007). We considered this

insufficient evidence that rambutan is a host of this thrips species.

144 Scirtothrips dorsalis only attacks immature fruit (CABI/EPPO, 1997). Therefore, this species is highly unlikely to be on harvested fruit and follow the pathway.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 61

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Thrips imaginis Bagnall PH (PestID, 2007)

145 Biosecurity 

Australia, 2002

I (CABI, 2004; 

Waite and Hwang, 

2002)

Yes No

PATHOGENS

Nematodes146

Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi Steiner 

[Aphelenchoididae]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Criconemella sp. De Grisse 

& Loof

[Criconematidae]

TH (CABI, 2006) CABI, 2007; 

PPQ, 2007

PPQ, 2007 R (CABI, 2007) Yes147 No

Discocriconemella 

limitanea (Luc) De 

Grisse & Loof 

[Criconematidae]

TH (Ross, 2004)** PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 R (PPQ, 2007) Yes No

Helicotylenchus dihystera 

(Cobb) Sher 

[Hoplolaimidae]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus exallus 

Sher [Hoplolaimidae]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(PestID, 2009; USDAARS, 2007)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus 

multicinctus Golden 

[Hoplolaimidae]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus 

pseudorobustus Golden 

[Hoplolaimidae]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

 

145 Thrips imaginis has been intercepted once in passenger baggage at U.S. ports-of-entry on plant material originating from the Philippines (PestID, 2007).

146 Taxonomy according to Nickle, 1991)

147 “Criconemella sp.” is reportedly present in both Thailand and the United States (CABI, 2007), but because species were not reported we do not know if they are the 

same species in both countries. 
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 62

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Hemicriconemoides 

mangiferae Siddiqi

[Criconematidae]

TH (Ross, 2004), VN

(PPD, 2005)** (CABI, 

2006); US (CA, FL)

(MacGowan, 1984)

Ploetz et al., 

2003; PPD, 

2005; PPQ, 2007

Liu and 

Zhang, 1999; 

PPQ, 2007

R (CABI, 2006; 

Ploetz et al., 2003)

[Yes]

148 No

Hemicriconemoides sp. 

[Criconematidae]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 R (PPQ, 2007) Yes No

Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Luc

[Hoplolaimidae]

TH (Ross, 2004), PH 

(CABI, 2006)**

PPQ, 2007 R (PPQ, 2007) Yes No

Meloidogyne javanica 

(Treub) Chitwood 

[Heteroderidae]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Paralongidorus sacchari 

Siddiqi Hooper & Khan

[Longidoridae]

TH (Ross, 2004)** PPQ, 2007 R (PPQ, 2007) Yes No

Paratrichodorus minor 

(Colbran) Siddiqi 

[Trichodoridae]

VN (PPD, 2005), PH 

(CABI, 2006)*; US 

(CABI, 2006)

PPD, 2005 N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus zeae Graham 

[Pratylenchidae]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Radopholus similis (Cobb) 

Thorne [Pratylenchidae]

TH, PH, ID, BN

(CABI, 2007)**; US 

(FL, HI, LA, TX) 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPQ, 2007 R (PPQ, 2007) [Yes]

149 No

Rotylenchulus reniformis 

Linford Olievera 

[Hoplolaimidae]

TH (Ross, 2004),VN

(PPD, 2005)*; US 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPQ, 2007; 

PPD, 2005

PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

 

148 Hemicriconemoides mangiferae is a quarantine-significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2008). 

149 Radopholus similis is a quarantine-significant species with limited distribution in the United States continental (NIS, 2008).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 63

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Tylenchorhynchus 

clavicaudatus Seinhorst 

[Belonolaimidae]

TH (Ross, 2004)** PPQ, 2007 R (PPQ, 2007) Yes No

Tylenchorhynchus 

crassicaudatus 

[Belonolaimidae]

TH (Ross, 2004)** PPQ, 2007 R (PPQ, 2007) Yes No

Tylenchorhynchus 

dactylurus Das. 

[Belonolaimidae]

TH (Ross, 2004)** PPQ, 2007 R (PPQ, 2007) Yes No

Tylenchorhynchus sp.

[Belonolaimidae]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 R (PPQ, 2007) Yes No

Tylenchulus semipenetrans 

Cobb [Tylenchulidae]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Xiphinema americanum 

Cobb [Longidoridae]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPQ, 2007; 

Raabe, 1981

N/A No N/A

Xiphinema radicicola 

Goodey [Longidoridae]

TH (Ross, 2004)**; 

US (FL) (Westcott and 

Horst, 2001)

PPQ, 2007 R (PPQ, 2007) [Yes]

150 No

Algae

Cephaleuros sp. TH (Ross, 2004), VN 

(PPD, 2005)

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 L (CABI, 2006) Yes No

 

150 Xiphinema radicicola is a quarantine-significant species with limited distribution in the continental United States (NIS, 2009c).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 64

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Cephaleuros virescens

Kunze 

TH (PPRDO, 2003; 

Ross, 2004; 

Salakpetch, 2005), BN 

(Peregrine and Bin 

Ahmad, 1982; Ross, 

2004)*; US (Alfieri Jr. 

et al., 1984; Brannen, 

2004; Mossler and 

Nesheim, 2003

Ploetz et al., 

2003; PPQ, 2007

Anonymous, 

2002; Ploetz et 

al., 2003; 

PPQ, 2007; 

PPRDO, 2003

Lim and 

Diczbalis, 1998; 

Peregrine and Bin 

Ahmad, 1982; 

Ploetz et al., 

2003; Salakpetch, 

2005

N/A No N/A

Bacteria151

Rhizobium radiobacter

(Beijerinck & van 

Delden) Young [Syn.: 

Agrobacterium 

tumefaciens (Smith & 

Townsend) Conn; A. 

radiobacter (Beijerinck 

& van Delden) Conn]

[Rhizobiales]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(CABI, 2007)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Pseudomonas syringae pv. 

syringae van Hall 

[Pseudomonadales]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(CABI, 2006)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Fungi and Chromistans152

Alternaria sp. 

[Ascomycetes : 

Pleosporales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 panicle (Ross, 

2004)

Yes Yes

Aspergillus niger van 

Teighem [Ascomycetes : 

Eurotiales]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US

(CABI, 2007)

PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

 

151 Taxonomy according to Euzeby, 2009

152 Taxonomy according to Farr et al., 2009
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 65

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Botryosphaeria rhodina 

Berk. & M.A. Curtis 

(Anamorph: 

Botryodiplodia 

theobromae Pat.; Syn.:

Diplodia theobromae 

(Pat.) W. Nowell; 

Lasiodiplodia 

theobromae (Pat.) Griff. 

& Maubl.) 

[Ascomycetes : 

Dothideales]

TH (Ross, 2004), BN 

(Peregrine and Bin 

Ahmad, 1982)*; US

(CABI, 2007)

Ploetz et al., 

2003; PPQ, 

2007; Rawal, 

1998

Ploetz et al., 

2003

Lim and 

Diczbalis, 1998; 

Peregrine and Bin 

Ahmad, 1982; 

Ploetz et al., 

2003; Rawal, 

1998; Turner, 

1971

N/A No N/A

Botrytis sp.

[Ascomycetes : 

Helotiales] 

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 I (Ross, 2004) Yes No

Brachysporium sp. 

[Ascomycetes : Incertae 

sedis]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 St (Ross, 2004) Yes No

Capnodium ramosum 

Cooke [Ascomycetes : 

Capnodiales] 

TH (PPRDO, 2003; 

Ross, 2004)*

PPQ, 2007; 

PPRDO, 2003

N/A No153 N/A

Chaetomium sp. 

[Ascomycetes : 

Sordariales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 R (Ross, 2004) Yes No

Cercospora sp. 

[Ascomycetes]

MY (Johnston, 1960) Johnston, 1960 L (Johnston, 1960) Yes No

 

153 This species belongs to the Capnodiaceae family; members of this family are considered true “sooty mold” species that live saprobically on the honeydew excrement of 

sap feeding insects (Alexopoulos et al., 1996; Cannon and Kirk, 2007). These fungi can be rubbed or washed off from the surface of plant tissues since they do not 

penetrate the host tissues (Nameth et al., 2003). Presence of sooty molds is in indication of sap feeding insect infestation. Quarantine action is not taken on these types 

of organisms (NIS, 2009b).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 66

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Cladosporium 

cladosporioides (Fresen) 

De Vries [Ascomycetes : 

Mycosphaerellales]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US

(Farr et al., 2009)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Cladosporium sp.

[Ascomycetes : 

Mycosphaerellales]

TH (Ross, 2004); VN 

(PPD, 2005)

PPQ, 2007; 

PPD, 2005

PPQ, 2007 L (Ross, 2004) Yes No

Colletotrichum sp.

[Ascomycetes : Incertae 

sedis]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 L (Ross, 2004) Yes No

Corynespora cassiicola 

(Berk. & Curtis) Wei 

[Ascomycetes : 

Pleosporales]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US

(Farr et al., 2009)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. 

Nelson & Haasis 

(Anamorph: Curvularia 

lunata (Wakker) Boedijn 

[Ascomycetes : 

Pleosporales]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US

(Farr et al., 2009)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Curvularia sp. 

[Ascomycetes : 

Pleosporales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 F (Coates et al., 

2003)

Yes Yes

Cyphella sp. 

[Basidiomycetes : 

Agaricales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 St (Ross, 2004) Yes No

Diplodia sp. [Ascomycetes 

: Dothideales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Sd (Ross, 2004) Yes Yes
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 67

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Dolabra nepheliae C. 

Booth & W.P. Ting 

[Ascomycetes : 

Dothideales]

MY (Booth and Ting, 

1964; Rossman et al., 

2007); US (HI, Puerto 

Rico) (Rossman et al., 

2007)

Rossman et al., 

2007

Booth and Ting, 

1964; Lim and 

Diczbalis, 1998; 

Rossman et al., 

2007

St (Booth and 

Ting, 1964; Lim 

and Diczbalis, 

1998; Rossman et 

al., 2007; Tindall, 

1994)

Yes No

Erythricium salmonicolor 

(Berk. & Broome) 

Burdsall [Syn.: 

Corticium salmonicolor 

Berk. & Broome) 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales]

TH (CABI, 2006; 

Salakpetch, 2005), 

VN, MY, PH, KH

(CABI, 2006); BN 

(CABI, 2006; 

Peregrine and Bin 

Ahmad, 1982)*; US 

(CABI, 2006)

PPQ, 2007; 

PPD, 2005

PPQ, 2007; 

Turner, 1971

Peregrine and Bin 

Ahmad, 1982;

Ploetz et al., 

2003; PPQ, 2007; 

Turner, 1971

N/A No N/A

Fusarium sp.

[Ascomycetes : 

Hypocreales]

TH (Ross, 2004), VN

(PPD, 2005)

PPQ, 2007; 

PPD, 2005

PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 F (Ross, 2004) Yes Yes
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 68

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Galactomyces geotrichum

(Butler & Peterson) 

Redhead & Malloch 

(Syn.: Dipodascus 

geotrichum (Butler & 

Peterson); Anamorph: 

Geotrichum candidum 

Link) [Sacchromycetes: 

Saccharomycetales]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(Farr et al., 2007)

Anonymous, 

2002; Tsai and 

Hsieh, 1998

PPQ, 2007; 

Tsai and 

Hsieh, 1998

Liu, 1977 N/A No N/A

Gliocephalotrichum 

simplex (J.A. Mey.) B. 

Wiley & E.G. Simmons 

(Syn.: Cylindrocladium 

simplex J.A. 

Mey.)[Ascomycetes : 

Hypocreales]

MY (Liu, 1977); US 

(FL, HI) (Alfieri Jr. et 

al., 1984; Nishijima et 

al., 2002)

Liu, 1977 N/A No (NIS, 

2007)

154

N/A

Gliocephalotrichum sp. 

[Ascomycetes : 

Hypocreales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 N/A No (NIS, 

2007)

154

N/A

Gloeosporium sp.

[Ascomycetes : 

Helotiales]

TH (Ross, 2004); VN

(PPD, 2005)

PPQ, 2007; 

PPD, 2005

F, L (Ross, 2004) Yes Yes

Glomerella cingulata

(Stoneman) Spauld. & 

Schrenk (Anamorph: 

Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides (Penz) 

Sacc.)

[Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis]

VN (PPD, 2005); TH

(Ross, 2004), BN 

(Peregrine and Bin 

Ahmad, 1982)*; US 

(CABI, 2006)

Anonymous, 

2002; Ploetz et 

al., 2003; PPD, 

2005; Rawal, 

1998

Anonymous, 

2002; PPQ, 

2007

Lim and 

Diczbalis, 1998; 

Ploetz et al., 

2003; PPQ, 2007

N/A No N/A

 

154 Gliocephalotrichum is the anamorph of Leuconectria spp. Leuconectria spp. are members of the family Bionectriaceae within the order Hypocreales. Members are 

associated with dead plant material or other fungi and are cosmopolitan. Rarely are they pathogenic (NIS, 2007).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 69

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Haematonectria 

haematococca (Berk. & 

Broom) Samuels & 

Rossman (Anamorph: 

Fusarium solani (Mart.) 

Sacc.) [Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales]

VN (PPD, 2005), TH 

(PPQ, 2007)*; US 

(Farr et al., 2007)

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Lasiodiplodia sp.

[Ascomycetes : 

Dothideales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 N/A No155 N/A

Leuconectria clusiae 

(Samuels & Rogerson) 

Rossman, Samuels & 

Lowen (Anamorph: 

Gliocephalotrichum 

bulbilium Ellis & 

Hesselt)

[Ascomycetes : 

Hypocreales]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US 

(HI) (Farr et al., 2007)

PPQ, 2007 N/A No154 N/A

Macrophoma sp. 

[Ascomycetes : 

Botryosphaeriales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 L, F (Ross, 2004) Yes Yes

Marasmiellus scandens

(Massee) Denis & D.A. 

Reid (Syn.: Marasmius 

scandens Massee) 

[Basidiomycetes : 

Agaricales]

MY (Turner, 1971) Turner, 1971 

(one record)

Turner, 1971 L, St (CABI, 2007) No156 N/A

 

155 The genus Lasiodiplodia is not of quarantine concern in the United States (NIS, 2007).

156 Marasmiellus is not listed in the pest identification database, but action would not likely be taken on the genus, which typically infests downed trees and plant debris 

(NIS, 2009b). 
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 70

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Marasmius equicrinis F. 

Muell. ex Berk. 

[Basidiomycetes : 

Agaricales]

MY (Turner, 1971) Turner, 1971 L, St (CABI, 2007) No156 No

Marasmius 

sp.[Basidiomycetes : 

Agaricales] 

MY (Johnston, 1960) Johnston, 1960 L, St (CABI, 2007) No156 No

Meliola nephelii Sacc. var. 

singalensis Hansf. 

[Ascomycetes : 

Meliolales]

MY (Turner, 1971); 

TH (Ross, 2004)*

PPQ, 2007;

Turner, 1971

N/A No157 N/A

Meliola sp. [Ascomycetes : 

Meliolales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 N/A No157 N/A

Microsphaeropsis sp.

[Ascomycetes]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 L (Ross, 2004) Yes No

Mycosphaerella sp.

[Ascomycetes]

TH (Ross, 2004); VN

(PPD, 2005)

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 L (Ross, 2004; 

PPD, 2005)

Yes No

Nectria pseudotrichia

Berk. & M.A. Curtis 

(Syn.: Thyronectria 

pseudotrichia (Berk. & 

M.A. Curtis) Seeler; 

Anamorph: Tubercularia 

lateritia (Berk) Seifert) 

[Ascomycetes : 

Hypocreales]

MY (Johnston, 1960; 

Turner, 1971); US 

(Farr et al., 2009) 

Johnston, 1960; 

Lim and 

Diczbalis, 1998; 

Turner, 1971

N/A No N/A

 

157 Members of this order of fungi (Meliolales) are among the least economically important of the plant parasitic fungi (Alexopoulos et al., 1996). Meliolales species grow 

on plant surfaces, forming dark, superficial coverings (Alexopoulos et al., 1996; Moore-Landecker, 1982). Heavy infestations may cause leaf chlorosis due to the black 

growth blocking sunlight and reducing photosynthesis, but rarely kills plant cells (Moore-Landecker, 1982; Nameth et al., 2003). This species is a sooty mold that 

grows on the honeydew excrement of plant sucking insects and mites (Coates et al., 2003). Quarantine action is not taken on these fungi (NIS, 2009a).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 71

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Oidium nephelii

Hadiwidjaja 

[Ascomycetes :

Erysiphales]

TH (Ross, 2004; 

Salakpetch, 2005); BN 

(Peregrine and Bin 

Ahmad, 1982); ID, 

PH, MY (Farr et al., 

2007)

PPQ, 2007; 

Rawal, 1998; 

Salakpetch, 2005; 

Turner, 1971

I, L, F (Coates et 

al., 2003; Rawal, 

1998); young Sh

(Rawal, 1998)

Yes Yes158

Oidium sp. [Ascomycetes : 

Erysiphales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 F, I (Coates et al., 

2003)

Yes Yes

Peronophythora litchii

Chen ex Ko, Chang, Su, 

Chen & Leu 

[Oomycetes : Pythiales] 

TH, VN (Coates et al., 

2003)

159

Anonymous, 

2002; Ko et al., 

1978; PPQ, 

2007; PPD, 2005

F, I, L (Coates et 

al., 2003; Ross, 

2004)

Yes Yes

Pestalotia sp. 

[Ascomycetes : 

Xylariales]

TH (Ross, 2004) Ross, 2004 PPQ, 2007 F (Farr et al., 2007) Yes Yes

Pestalotiopsis cruenta

(Syd.) Steyaert 

[Ascomycetes : 

Xylariales]

MY (Johnston, 1960) Johnston, 1960 L (Johnston, 1960) Yes No

Pestalotiopsis disseminata 

(Thum.) Steyaert

[Ascomycetes : 

Xylariales]

MY (Liu, 1977); US 

(FL) (Alfieri Jr. et al., 

1984); US (VA) 

(Roane and Roane, 

1996)

Liu, 1977 L (Farr et al., 2009; 

Liu, 1977) 

Yes No

 

158 Powdery mildews are primarily foliar pathogens but may sometimes occur on fruits (Cooke, 1975; Ploetz et al., 1994). This disease, however, is the most serious 

disease of rambutan in the field and affects mainly young and actively growing leaves, inflorescences and fruit.

159 We found no evidence that P. litchii occurs in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, or the Philippines, but—unless additional data is provided—we assume

the pest is present in these countries due to their proximity to Vietnam and Thailand, where the pathogen is present (Coates et al., 2003).
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 72

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Pestalotiopsis pauciseta 

(Sacc.) Chen (Syn.: 

Pestalotia pauciseta

Sacc.)

[Ascomycetes : 

Xylariales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007; 

Rawal, 1998

Farr et al., 

2007; Zhang 

and Qi, 1996

L, St (Farr et al., 

2007)

Yes No

Pestalotiopsis sp. 

[Ascomycetes : 

Pleosporales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 Farr et al., 2007; 

PPQ, 2007

I, L, F (Coates et 

al., 2003)

Yes Yes

Pestalotiopsis theae (Saw.) 

Stey. [Ascomycetes : 

Xylariales]

TH (Ross, 2004); BN 

(Peregrine and Bin 

Ahmad, 1982); ID, 

PH, MY (Farr et al., 

2007)

PPQ, 2007 L (Farr et al., 2009; 

Ross, 2004)

Yes No

Phaeosphaeria sp.

[Ascomycetes : 

Pleosporales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 F (Ross, 2004) Yes Yes

Phellinus noxius (Corner) 

G. Cunn (Syn.: Fomes 

noxius Corner)160

[Basidiomycetes: 

Hymenochaetales]

VN (PPD, 2005); ID, 

MY (CABI, 2006)**

Anonymous, 

2002; PPD, 2005

Anonymous, 

2002

Turner, 1971 R, Tw (Farr et al., 

2007)

Yes No

Phialophora sp.

[Ascomycetes]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 L (Ross, 2004) Yes No

Phoma sp. [Ascomycetes : 

Pleosporales]

TH (Ross, 2004); VN

(PPD, 2005)

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 F, St (Ross, 2004; 

PPD, 2005)

Yes Yes

Phomopsis sp. 

[Ascomycetes : 

Diaporthales]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 PPQ, 2007 L, St (Ross, 2004) Yes No

 

160 Synonym for P. noxius is from Index Fungorum: http://www.indexfungorum.org/.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 73

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Phyllosticta sp.

[Ascomycetes]

TH (Ross, 2004);

another Phyllostickta 

sp. was reported in 

MY (Johnston, 1960)

PPQ, 2007 Johnston, 1960; 

PPQ, 2007

L (Johnston, 1960; 

Ross, 2004)

Yes No

Phytophthora botryosa

Chee [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

TH (Ross, 2004); MY, 

VN (CABI, 2006)**

PPQ, 2007; 

Rawal, 1998

L, St, R (Ross, 

2004)

Yes No

Phytophthora capsici

Leonian [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

TH (PPRDO, 2003; 

Ross, 2004)*; US 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPQ, 2007; 

PPRDO, 2003

N/A No N/A

Phytophthora cinnamomi 

Rands [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

TH (Ross, 2004); VN

(PPD, 2005)*; US 

(Westcott and Horst, 

2001)

PPD, 2005 PPQ, 2007 N/A No N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae

Breda de Hann var. 

parasitica (Dastur) G.M. 

Waterhouse [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales]

TH (Ross, 2004)*; US

(Farr et al., 2009)

PPQ, 2007; 

Rawal, 1998

N/A No N/A

Phytophthora palmivora

(Butler) Butler

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

TH (PPRDO, 2003; 

Ross, 2004); PH, MY, 

ID, VN (Farr et al., 

2007)*; US (AZ, CA, 

FL, HI) (CABI, 2006)

PPQ, 2007 Ploetz et al., 

2003; PPQ, 

2007; PPRDO, 

2003

N/A No N/A

Phytophthora sp. 

[Oomycetes: Pythiales]

VN (PPD, 2005); TH 

(Coates et al., 2003)

PPD, 2005 Coates et al., 

2003

Coates et al., 

2003

L, F (Coates et al., 

2003)

Yes Yes

Pseudoperonospora sp. 

[Oomycetes: 

Peronosporales]

VN (PPD, 2005) PPD, 2005 I, F (PPD, 2005) Yes Yes

Pythium sp. [Oomycetes: 

Pythiales] 

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 R (Ross, 2004) Yes No
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 74

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Rhabdospora sp. 

[Ascomycetes]

TH (Ross, 2004) PPQ, 2007 branch, Tw (Ross, 

2004)

Yes (NIS, 

2007)

No

Rhizoctonia sp. 

[Basidiomycetes]

TH (Ross, 2004); US 

(Agrios, 1997)

PPQ, 2007 R (Ross, 2004) No No

Rigidoporus microporus

(Fr.) Overeem (Syn.: 

Fomes lignosus 

Klotzsch)161

[Basidiomycetes : 

Polyporales] 

TH (Ross, 2004); VN, 

PH, MY (CABI, 

2006)*; US (CABI, 

2006)

PPQ, 2007; 

Rawal, 1998; 

Turner, 1971

N/A No N/A

Septobasidium sp. 

[Urediniomycetes : 

Septobasidiales]

MY (Turner, 1971) Turner, 1971 Bk (Turner, 1971) Yes No

Sphaeropsis sp. 

[Ascomycetes]

VN (PPD, 2005) PPD, 2005 L, St, F (Coates et 

al., 2003)

Yes Yes

Thanatephorus cucumerus

(Frank) Donk. 

(Anamorph: Rhizoctonia 

solani Kühn) 

[Basidiomycetes: 

Ceratobasidiales]

TH (CABI, 2006; 

Ross, 2004); VN

(CABI, 2006; PPD, 

2005); PH, MY 

(CABI, 2006)*; US 

(Agrios, 1997; CABI, 

2006)

PPD, 2005; 

PPQ, 2007

N/A No N/A

Uredo nephelii (S. Ito & 

Muray.) Hirats. f. (Syn.: 

Skierka nephelii S. Ito & 

Muray.)[Urediniomycete

s : Uredinales]

TH (Ross, 2004)** Anonymous, 

2002; Farr et al., 

2007; PPQ, 2007

L (Farr et al., 

2007); St (Ross, 

2004)

Yes No

Disease of unknown etiology

 

161 Synonym for Rigidoporus microporus is from Index Fungorum: http://www.indexfungorum.org/.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 75

Pest Scientific Name ASEAN & U.S. 

distribution1

Reported on Plant part(s) 

association2

Quarantine pest3Follow 

Litchi Longan Rambutan pathway

Witches’ broom disease162 TH (Batten, 1986; 

Coates et al., 2003)

Koizumi, 1995 Batten, 1986; 

Coates et al., 

2003

Potentially whole 

plant via systemic 

movement (Agrios, 

1997; Siddique et 

al., 1998; 

Waigmann et al., 

2004)

Yes No163

 

162 Scientists debate whether or not witches’ broom disease is a phytoplasma or virus (Coates et al., 2003).

163 Coates et al. (2003) report that the pathogen for witches’ broom disease causes crowded panicles that lose flowers prematurely. If flowers drop prematurely, fruit 

would not be produced. Even if fruit were able to develop, these types of disease agents are typically moved to new hosts by insect vectors or propagative measures 

such as grafting, budding or cuttings (Coates et al., 2003; Agrios, 1997). This pathogen is unlikely to follow the pathway fruit for consumption.
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 76

2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation

Quarantine pests not listed could be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but we do not 

consider them for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they may be mainly 

associated with plant parts other than the commodity; associated with the commodity, but not 

likely to remain with the commodity through standard harvest and post-harvest processing; they 

have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during U.S. agricultural 

port-of-entry inspection, but are not likely to be present in commercial shipments; or the 

organism was identified only to the genus level, and the genus in question occurs in the 

continental United States.

Generally, we do not consider risk mitigation measures for organisms identified only to the 

genus level if the genus in question is reported in the United States. Often there are many species 

within a genus, and we cannot know if the unidentified species occurs in the United States and, 

consequently, whether it meets the definition of a quarantine pest for the United States. In this 

pest list document, the above statement applies to the arthropods Tarsonemus sp. (Acari: 

Tarsonemidae), Aulacaspis sp, Chionaspis sp. (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), Icerya sp. (Hemiptera: 

Margarodidae), Cataenococcus sp., Crisicoccus sp., Dysmicoccus sp., Ferrisia sp., 

Maconellicoccus sp., Nipaecoccus sp., Paracoccus sp., and Phenacoccus sp. (Hemiptera: 

Pseudococcidae). All of these genera are reported to occur in the United States, including the 

continental United States (Ben-Dov et al., 2008; CABI, 2007; Hill, 1987). The above statement 

also applies to the following fungi: Alternaria sp., Curvularia sp., Diplodia sp., Fusarium sp.,

Gloeosporium spp., Macrophoma sp., Oidium sp., Phoma sp., Pestalotia sp., Pestalotiopsis sp.,

Phaeosphaeria sp., and Sphaeropsis sp. (Ascomycetes), as well as Phytophthora sp. and 

Pseudoperonospora sp. (Oomycetes). All of these genera are reported to occur in the United 

States, including the continental United States (Westcott and Horst, 2001; Agrios, 1997; CABI, 

2007; Farr et al., 2009). Lack of specific identification may indicate the limits of current 

taxonomic knowledge, the life stage, or the quality of the specimen submitted for identification.

By necessity, pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological information is 

available. Lack of specific identification does not rule out the possibility that a high risk 

quarantine pest was intercepted. Conversely, the development of detailed assessments for known 

pests that inhabit a variety of ecological niches, such as internal fruit feeders or foliage pests, 

allow effective mitigation measures to eliminate the known organisms as well as similar but 

incompletely identified organisms that inhabit the same niche. If pests identified to higher taxa 

are intercepted in the future, we may reevaluate their risk.

Also, the four armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) identified in this risk assessment as 

quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway—Aulacaspis tubercularis, Pseudaonidia 

trilobitiformis, Thysanofiorinia nephelii, and Unaspis yanonensis—are not potential candidates for 

mitigation measures because, although armored scales may enter on commercial fruit for 

consumption, they are highly unlikely to establish via this pathway (Miller et al., 1985; PERAL, 

2007). A critical review of the literature, APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine operational 

data, and expert opinion concludes that, even assuming high quantities of imported fruit infested 

with armored scale species that could be parthenogenic, highly fecund, polyphagous, invasive,

theoretically able to survive in most of the United States, and capable of causing high level 

consequences, the specific pathway represented by commercially produced fruit shipped without 
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 77

leaves, stems, or contaminants constitutes an extremely low risk (PERAL, 2007). This low risk is 

explained by poor ability of armored scales to disperse to new host plants from fruits for 

consumption, and consequently, by their low probability of establishment (PERAL, 2007). The 

following characteristics of armored scales contribute to their poor dispersal capabilities:

Legs and wings are absent in females and in feeding immature forms. Males possess wings 

but are short-lived, do not feed, and tend to mate with nearby females.

Self-dispersal of armored scales occurs by immature forms, or “crawlers.” They are the most 

vulnerable life stage; their survival decreases with long-distance wind dispersal. Crawlers can 

be passively dispersed by wind from one plant to another only during a period of 

approximately 24 hours. No further dispersal is possible after the crawlers start feeding as 

they lose their legs during the first molt and their mouthparts are deeply inserted in the host, 

anchoring them firmly to the substrate.

Dispersal from fruit discarded in the environment is considered very unlikely because of low 

wind speeds at ground level and low survival rate of crawlers on the ground or on decaying 

fruit or fruit peel. There is a low probability of active dispersal of crawlers by walking from 

their natal host since they are not capable of rapid movement over bare soil or rough 

surfaces.

2.3. Quarantine pests that follow the pathway and are candidates for risk mitigation

We identified 48 quarantine pests that are likely to follow one or more of the commodity 

pathways (Table 2). All of these pests are potential candidates for mitigation measures.

For each quarantine pest of concern, we provide the reported distribution in the ASEAN region 

(Table 3). We found no evidence that all these pests occur in all the ASEAN member countries. 

However, due to the close proximity of the countries to each other, if a pest occurs in two or 

more countries, APHIS assumes the pest potentially can occur in other countries in the region, 

unless, of course, we have relevant data (e.g., survey or taxonomic data, proof of phytosanitary 

border controls) to support a different approach. 

For example, we determined that Bactrocera dorsalis is not present in Malaysia. Bactrocera 

dorsalis occurs in Malaysia (e.g., Khoo et al., 1991; Tan and Serit, 1994; Tan and Lee, 1982), 

but most records of B. dorsalis from Malaysia were probably misidentifications (White and 

Elson-Harris, 1994). A detailed taxonomic study of the B. dorsalis complex, placed 52 species in 

the B. dorsalis complex in Asia, 12 species were revised, and 40 new species were described

(Drew and Hancock, 1994). In that study, B. dorsalis was not present in Malaysia, and that is 

reflected in the recent literature. For example, neither the current version of the Crop Protection 

Compendium (CABI, 2007, citing EPPO, 2006), nor EPPO (2007) include Malaysia in the 

distribution of B. dorsalis. Consequently, we do not consider B. dorsalis present in Malaysia.

As noted in the Introduction, PPQ recognizes 400 Gy irradiation as an approved treatment for all 

plant pests of the class Insecta other than pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera for all 

imported fruits and vegetables (PPQ, 2008).

Although the generic irradiation treatment is not approved for Lepidoptera pupae and adults, 

those life stages are unlikely to be associated with the commodities here. Due to their mobility, 
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 78

free-living adults of Lepidoptera are unlikely to be in the pathway of commercially produced 

litchi, longan, and rambutan fruits. As for the pupal stage, in most of the genera of concern

(Archips, Conogethes, Conopomorpha, Cryptoblabes, Cryptophlebia, Deudorix, Dichomeris,

Lobesia, Tirathaba), the pupae are either associated with plant parts other than fruit or they occur 

externally on their host’s plant parts (Ahmed, 1977; Avidov and Harpaz, 1969; CABI, 2007; 

Hall, 1931; Hill, 1987; Hwang and Hsieh, 1989; IPM DANIDA, 2003; Nair, 1975; Ohta, 1940; 

Ooi et al., 2002; Popich et al., 1995; Underhill, 1943; van den Berg et al., 2001; Verma, 1985). 

Or, if the pupae occur inside the fruit or seed of their host plants (Atwal, 1976; CABI, 2007; 

Franssen, 1936; Gupta et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2002; Verma, 1985; Waite and Hwang, 2002; 

Zaka ur Rab, 1980), they would be associated with premature fruit drop and/or obvious damage 

and symptoms (CABI, 2007; Gupta et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2002; Waite and Hwang, 2002), 

thereby making it likely for the fruit to be culled during standard harvest or post-harvest handling 

and processing. We found no information on pupation behavior of the genera Gatesclarkeana, 

Ophiorrhabda, and Stathmopoda. However, since 1985, inspectors at U.S. ports-of-entry have 

never intercepted pupae of these three genera associated with commercial fruit shipments (of any 

kind), and they have never intercepted them with litchi, longan, or rambutan in any pathway, 

commercial or non-commercial (PestID, 2009). Also, except for two interceptions of 

Conopomorpha in permit cargo with litchi fruit, inspectors at U.S. ports-of-entry have never 

intercepted pupae of the other Lepidoptera genera of concern associated with commercial fruit 

shipments (of any type of fruit) (PestID, 2009). This lack of interception is evidence of the low 

likelihood of any of the Lepidoptera pupae following the pathway of commercial fruit.

Overall, the irradiation treatment, along with standard postharvest processes, will likely mitigate 

the risks from all the insects listed above. Additional measures may be required to mitigate risks 

associated with the mite pest Aceria litchii and the fungal pathogens Oidium nephelii and 

Peronophythora litchii. Irradiation will likely cause some mortality in these pests, but will not 

completely mitigate the risk.

Detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk are 

part of the pest risk management phase within APHIS and are not addressed in this document.

Table 2. Quarantine pests identified as likely to follow the pathway of fresh litchi, longan, and/or 

rambutan fruit imported from one or more of the ASEAN member countries into the United 

States

Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name Pathway

Arthropods

Acari: Eriophyidae Aceria litchii Litchi, Longan

Diptera: Tephritidae Bactrocera correcta Longan

Bactrocera cucurbitae Litchi

Bactrocera dorsalis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Bactrocera papayae Rambutan

Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes rubens Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Ceroplastes rusci Litchi, Rambutan

Coccus discrepans Longan
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 79

Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name Pathway

Coccus viridis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Drepanococcus chiton Longan

Taiwansaissetia formicarii Longan (with stems)

Hemiptera: Kerridae Kerria greeni Longan (with stems)

Kerria lacca Litchi, Longan (with stems)

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae Crisicoccus theobromae Rambutan

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Exallomochlus hispidus Longan, Rambutan

Exallomochlus philippinensis Longan, Rambutan

Maconellicoccus hirsutus Longan, Rambutan

Maconellicoccus multipori Rambutan

Nipaecoccus viridis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Paracoccus interceptus Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Planococcus lilacinus Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Planococcus litchi Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Planococcus minor Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Pseudococcus aurantiacus Rambutan

Pseudococcus cryptus Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Rastrococcus iceryoides Rambutan

Rastrococcus jabadiu Rambutan

Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus Rambutan

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae Dichomeris indiserta Rambutan

Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae Conopomorpha cramerella Rambutan

Conopomorpha sinensis Litchi, Longan

Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae Deudorix diovis Litchi, Longan

Deudorix epijarbas Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae Stathmopoda conioma Rambutan

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Conogethes punctiferalis Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Cryptoblabes gnidiella Rambutan

Tirathaba mundella Rambutan

Tirathaba ruptilinea Rambutan

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Archips mimicus Rambutan

Cryptophlebia illepida Litchi, Rambutan

Cryptophlebia ombrodelta Litchi, Longan, Rambutan

Gatesclarkeana erotias Litchi

Lobesia aeolopa Litchi

Ophiorrhabda cellifera Rambutan

Thysanoptera: Thripidae Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Longan

Fungi

Ascomycetes: Erysiphales Oidium nephelii Rambutan

Oomycetes: Pythiales Peronophythora litchii Litchi
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 80

Table 3. Distribution in the ASEAN countries of the quarantine pests identified as potential 

candidates for mitigation measures. Key:  = present; BN =Brunei; KH = Cambodia; ID = 

Indonesia; LA = Laos; MY = Malaysia; PH = Philippines; TH = Thailand; VN = Vietnam

Pest BN KH ID LA MY PH TH VN

Aceria litchii  

Archips mimicus 

Bactrocera correcta 

Bactrocera cucurbitae        

Bactrocera dorsalis     

Bactrocera papayae    

Bactrocera sp. 

Ceroplastes rubens     

Ceroplastes rusci 

Coccus discrepans  

Coccus viridis      

Conogethes punctiferalis        

Conopomorpha cramerella      

Conopomorpha sinensis  

Crisicoccus theobromae   

Cryptoblabes gnidiella  

Cryptophlebia illepida  

Cryptophlebia ombrodelta       

Deudorix diovis 

Deudorix epijarbas   

Dichomeris indiserta 

Drepanococcus chiton    

Dysmicoccus neobrevipes    

Exallomochlus hispidus     

Exallomochlus philippinensis 

Gatesclarkeana erotias 

Kerria greeni  

Kerria lacca  

Lobesia aeolopa 

Maconellicoccus hirsutus        

Maconellicoccus multipori    

Nipaecoccus viridis      

Oidium nephelii     

Ophiorrhabda cellifera 

Paracoccus interceptus       

Peronophythora litchii  

Planococcus lilacinus        

Planococcus litchi   

Planococcus minor       

Pseudococcus aurantiacus     

Pseudococcus cryptus        

Rastrococcus iceryoides    
Pest List for ASEAN Litchi, Longan, and Rambutan

Rev. 02 July 13, 2009 81

Pest BN KH ID LA MY PH TH VN

Rastrococcus jabadiu   

Rastrococcus tropicasiaticus    

Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus  

Stathmopoda conioma  

Taiwansaissetia formicarii     

Tirathaba mundella  

Tirathaba ruptilinea  

3. Authors and Reviewers

Authors:

Leah C. Millara(primary contact; entomology)

Jeanne M. VanDersalb(plant pathology)

Reviewers:

Heather M. Hartzoga(plant pathology)

Robert G. Aherna(entomology)

Contributors:

Glenn Fowlera(production of map)

aUSDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

bUSDA-APHIS, Policy and Program Development

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