# Unmanned Aircraft System

Operations Manual January 2016**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

**1. PREFACE ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **...................... 1**  **2. PHILOSOPHY & MISS ION STATEMENT**  **................................ .............................**  **1 3. PROTECTION OF RIG** **HTS AND PRIVACY ................................**  **......................... 1**  **4. DEFINITIONS ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **.............. 2**  **5. ADMINISTRATION ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **.... 2**  5.1 operations manual
................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 2 5.2 organization
................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 2 5.3 personnel
................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 3 5.4 facilities
................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 4 5.5 scheduling
................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 4 5.6 miscellaneous
................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 4 **6. SAFETY ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **......................... 4**  6.1 safety policy
................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 4 6.2 operational hazard and occurrence report (ohor) and investigation
.......................... 5 6.3 safety officer

– operator/observer/coordinator
................................ .......................... 6 6.4 safety training
................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 6 6.5 medical factors
................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 6 **7. TRAINING ................................**  **................................ ................................**  **.................... 7**  7.1 objective
................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 7 7.2 instructors
................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 7 7.3 training plans
................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 7 7.4 initial training
................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 7 7.5 recurrent training
................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 8 7.6 miscellaneous
................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 8 **8. GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES**  **................................ ...............................**  **8** 8.1 request for uas support
................................ ................................ ............................... 8 8.2 call
- out procedure
................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 8 8.3 deploy

ment priorities
................................ ................................ ............................... 10 8.4 flight boundaries
................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 10 8.5 minimum personnel requirements
................................ ................................ ........... 10 8.6 personnel responsibilities for deploy ments ................................ ............................. 10 8.7 personal equipment
................................ ................................ ................................ .. 11 **9. PRE -** **FLIGHT/POST -** **FLIGHT ACTIONS ................................**  **.............................. 11**  9.1 inspections
................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 11 9.2 weather
................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 12 9.3 documentation
................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 129.4 planning
................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 12

9.5 checklists
................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 13 9.6 maintenance
................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 13 9.7 other
................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 13


### 1. Preface The following procedures are intended to promote safe, efficient and lawful operation of the SANDKASL IMAGING unmanned aerial system (UAS). Safety, above all else, is the primary concern in each and every operation, regardless of the nature of the mission. 

### 2. Philosophy & Mission Statement It shall be the mission of those personnel of SANDKASLIMAGING who are trained in the use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), to use this resource to real estate photography /video and commercial photography/video. It shall be the intent of every UAS operator to make reasonable effort to not invade a person's reasonable expectation of privacy when operating the UAS. When operating the UAS, SANDKASL IMAGING operators abide by all FAA Regulations for flight and receive the proper authorization for flight. 

### 3. **Protection of Rights and Privacy** UAS operators and observers ensure the protection of private individuals’ civil rights and reasonable expectations of privacy b efore deployingthe UAS. UAS operators and observers ensure and are held accountable for ensuring that operations of the UAS intrude to a minimal extent upon the private persons and businesses. To accomplish this primary goal, SANDKASL IMAGING observes the following:

 When the UAS is flown, the onboard cameras are turned so as to be facing away from occupied structures, etc. to minimize inadvertent video or still images of uninvolved persons or property.  SANDKASLIMAGING does not conduct random surveillance activities. The use of the UAS is tightly

controlled and regulated.  All authorized mis sions for SANDKASL IMAGING UAS are for:  real estate photography/video  commercial photography/video  A committee is formed and meets semi
- annually for the purpose of reviewing the existing UAS procedures as well new technologies, laws, and regulations on UAS usage. The committee consists of personnel from SANDKASL IMAGING and business partners and advisors.  SANDKASL IMAGING UAS operate strictly within the law and regulations. If in doubt, prior to operating the UAS we ensure that the proper forms and applications are appliedfor and obtained. We balance all operations with the need to accomplish the mis sion

while maintaining public privacy and the freedom from intrusion.


### 4. Definitions

 Aircraft: any contrivance invented, used, or designed to navigate, or fly in, the air.  Airport: a landing area used regularly by aircraft for receiving or discharging passengers or cargo.  Civil aircraft: an aircraft except a public aircraft.  Landing area: a place on land or water, including an airport or intermediate landing field, used, or intended to be used, for the takeoff and landing of aircraft, even when facilities are not provided for sheltering, servicing, or repairing aircraft, or for receiving or discharging passengers or cargo. 

### 5. Administration **5.1 Operations Manual**

 The policies and procedures contained in this manual are issued by SANDKASL IMAGING. As such it is an official business document of SANDKASL IMAGING.  This manual is not intended to be all
-inclusive, but as a supplement to other company guidelines, Federal Aviation Administration regulations, pre- flight safety checklists, aircraft manufacturers' approved flight manual, etc.  This manual is been written to addres s UAS operations as they existed when it was drafted. Equipment, personnel, environment (internal and external), etc., change over time. The management of change involves a systematic approach to monitoring organizational change and is a critical part of the risk management process. Given this, it is essential that this manual be continually updated as necessary. The entire manual must be reviewed, at a minimum, annually to assure it is up to date. Any changes to the manual will be communicated as currently dictated by company policy
.  A copy

o f the manual (electronic and/or paper) is issued to every person having UAS responsibilities. **5.2 Organization**

 The UAS unit is comprised of those personnel approved by SANDKASL IMAGING and includes operators, obs ervers and others deemed necessary and an have assignment as part of the UAS crew.  Assignment to the UAS crew is carefully selected by SANDKASLIMAGING from specially trained staff members of SANDKASLIMAGING with knowledge of the airspace within which the operation will take place and how that airspace fits into the National Airspace System (NAS).**5.3 Personnel**

 The UAS flight coordinator or pilot
-in
- command (PIC) is responsible for the overall direction and performance of the UAS unit and exercises command and control over it.  UAS Coordinator Responsibilities:  maintaining all training, flight and maintenance records for each operator and observer as well as individual airframes;  maintain contact with the FAA and regulations as they change  evaluate airframes based on mission needs;  Operators:  To be considered for selection as an operator, applicants must meet the requirements for and successfully pass a SANDKASLIMAGING administered UAS Operators Course in order to be accepted into the UAS crew.  Operators interacting with Air Traffic Control (ATC) or Terminal Radar Approach Control Facilities (TRAC ON) shall have sufficient expertise to perform that task readily. Operators must have an understanding of, and comply with FAA Regulations applicable to the airspace where the UAS operates.  An operator's primary duty i s the safe and effective operation of the UAS in accordance with the manufacturers' approved flight manual, FAA regulations and company policy

and procedures. Operators must remain knowledgeable of all FAA regulations; UAS manufacturer's flight manual and bulletins and company policy and procedures.  Operators may

b e temporarily removed from flight status at any time by the UAS coordinator, for reasons including performance, proficiency, physical condition, etc. Should this become necessary, the operator will be notified verbally and in writing of the reason, further action to be taken and expected duration of such removal.  The UAS Coordinator shall maintain a file for each operator which shall include copies of training records, flight incidents, etc. This file is reviewed in accordance with current company policy and procedures.  Observers  Observers must have been provided with sufficient training to communicate clearly to the operator any turning instructions required to stay clear of conflicting traffic and obstacles. Observers receive training on rules and responsibilities described in 14 CFR 91.111, Operating Near Other Aircraft, 14 CFR 91.13, Right
- of
-Way R ules, cloud clearance, in
- flight visibility, and the pilot controller glossary including standard ATC phraseology and communication. 14 CFR 91.17, Alcohol or Drugs, applies to UAS observers.  An observer's primary duty i s to operate the UAS's equipment including cameras, FLIR, radio communications with other crew members and property owners as well as be an observer for any thing that may

affect the operator's primary d uty (see and avoid).  The UAS Coordinator maintains a file for each observer, which includes copies of training records, UAS incidents, etc.**5.4 Facilities**

 UAS operations are housed and maintained at a facility designated by

S ANDKASL IMAGING.  Personnel must not leave the designated facility without making sure the UAS equipment is secured.  All personnel are equally responsible for maintaining the facility in a neat, clean and orderly fashion. **5.5 Scheduling**

 To facilitate the broad use of the UAS, it shall be made available to all UAS flight crew members.  To maintain a level of proficiency with the UAS, operators are required, as part of their acceptance into the UAS flight crew, to attend training every two months. Training is coordinated through the UAS flight crew and announced in advance for scheduling purposes. **5.6 Miscellaneous**

 Inquiries from the news media must be forwarded to the SANDKASL IMAGING Gary L. Kasl. Operators/Observers shall follow cur rently established company p olicy regarding interactions and inquiries from the media.  Requests for support from third
-parties will be responded to by the UAS coordinator. Should the request involve an immediate threat to life, or property, the operator is authorized to accept or decline the request. Proper policy and procedure, as well as FAA regulations must be followed when accepting mutual aid support for the UAS.  Complaints or inquiries regarding UAS operations must be referred to the UAS coordinator. 

### 6. Safety **6.1 Safety Policy**

 SANDKASLIMAGING is committed to having a safe and healthy workplace, including:  The ongoing pursuit of an accident free workplace, including no harm to people, no damage to equipment, the environment and property
.  A culture of open reporting of all safety hazards in which management will not initiate disciplinary

action against any personnel who, in good faith, disclose a hazard or safety occurrence due to unintentional conduct.  Support for safety training and awareness programs.  Conducting regular audits of safety policies, procedures and practices.  Monitoring the UAS community to ensure best safety practices are incorporatedinto the organization.

 It is the duty of every member within the UAS flight crew to contribute to the goal of continued safe operations. This contribution comes in many f orms and includes always operating in the safest manner practicable and never taking unnecessary risks. Any

safety hazard, whether procedural, operational, or maintenance related must be identified as soon as possible after, if not before, an incident occurs. Any suggestions in the interest of safety should be made to the UAS Coordinator.  If any member observes, or has knowledge of an unsafe or dangerous act committed by another member, the UAS coordinator is to be notified immediately s o that corrective action may

be taken. **6.2 Operational Hazard and Occurrence Report (OHOR) and Investigations**

 Occurrences are unplanned safety related events, including accidents and incidents that could impact safety. A hazard is something that has the potential to cause harm. The systematic identification and control of all major hazards is foundational to safety.  The OHOR concept provides a mechanism to report hazards and occurrences, real and perceived, to those responsible for UAS operations.  There is no specific format for the OHOR as the information provided is what is important, not the format and should be used without hesitation to report any anticipated, current, or experienced safety hazard, or occurrence. Further, the OHOR can be submitted anony

mously, and to whatever level in the chain of command, to get the matter proper attention, without fear of reprisal.  Written memorandums fully explaining the problem will be given to the UAS coordinator for investigation.  Every hazard and/or occurrence is investigated, with the results and corrective action taken communicated to all members. The investigation will be conducted by the UAS coordinator or any other member of the company who has the technical skill necessary to do it. The services of an independent subject matter expert may b e necessary

in some cases to assure a thorough and complete investigation.  Hazards requiring immediate attention will be brought to the attention of the UAS coordinator, verbally, without delay.  ALL MEMBERS ARE AUTHORIZED TO TAKE ACTION TO CORRECT A HAZARD if in that member's opinion delay will result in accident or injury. The UAS coordinator will be notified immediately in such situations. **6.3 Safety Officer -**  **Operator/Observer/Coordinator**

 In regards to safety, all members of the UAS flight crew are responsible for the following:  Ensuring all flight operations p ersonnel understand applicable regulatory requirements, standards and organizational safety policies and procedures.  Observe and control safety systems by

monitoring all operations.  Review standards and the practices of company p ersonnel as they

impact operational safety.  Communicate all reported safety related problems and the corrective action taken.If there were any in
- flight problems (or learned experiences), the proper procedures for handling that problem should be discussed.  Copy and circulate pertinent safety information.  Copy and circulate emergency safety bulletins.  Place any electronic copies of safety information or bulletins in a conspicuous location for all employees to access.  It is emphasized again that safety i s the responsibility

o f ALL members of the UAS unit. **6.4 Safety Training**

 All members shall receive training in the following subjects prior to operating the UAS:  Company

commitment to safety  Company

policy  UAS member's role in safety  Emergency

safety procedures  All members shall review the company s afety p olicy and procedures on an annual basis and that review shall be noted in their training history
. **6.5 Medical Factors**

 Operator and Observers shall only deploy the UAS when rested and emotionally prepared for the tasks at hand.  Physical illness, exhaustion, emotional problems, etc., seriously impair judgment, memory and alertness. The safest rule is not to act as an operator or ob server when suffering from any of the above. Members are expected to "stand down" when these problems could reasonably be expected to affect their ability to perform flight duties.  A self
- assessment of physical condition shall be made by all members during pre- flight activities.  Performance can be seriously hampered by

prescription and over-the
- counter drugs. The UAS Coordinator must be advised any time such drugs are being taken. If it is determined that the medication being taken could hamper an operator or observer, that member shall be prohibited from the deploy ment or exercise.  No member shall act as an operator or observer within eight hours after consumption of any alcoholic beverage, while under the influence of alcohol, or while having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 (FAR 91.17)


### 7. Training **7.1 Objective**

 The key

to continued safe operations is by maintaining a professional level ofcompetency. The first step in this process is establishing minimum qualifications for

selecting members, and the second step involves training those personnel. **7.2 Instructors**

 If any members are FAA certified flight instructors, they are given instructor duties. Such duties can include developing training courses, provide training, and student evaluation and documentation.  Duties of instructing new members shall fall upon those who have the most flight time and knowledge of UAS operations. Instructors are designated by those within the unit and approved by the UAS Coordinator. **7.3 Training Plans**

 All members have a training plan on file that outlines training objectives for the upcoming ye ar. This training plan will b e held in conjunction with the member's normal training file per company policy
.  The approved training plan is developed by the UAS coordinator.  All deploy

ments or exercises are documented and count toward a member's training.  It is the member's resp onsibility to verify

their training file contains all pertinent information. **7.4 Initial Training**

 Observers and Operators must have completed sufficient training to communicate to the pilot any instructions required to remain clear of conflicting traf fic. This training, at a minimum, shall include knowledge of the rules and responsibilities described in 14 CFR 91.111, Operating Near Other Aircraft; 14 CFR 91.113, Right
- of
-Way R ules: Except Water Operations; and 14 CFR 91.155, Basic VFR Weather Minimums ; knowledge of air traffic and radio communications, including the use of approved ATC/pilot phraseology; and knowledge of appropriate sections of the Aeronautical Information Manual.  In conjunction with fulfilling all training requirements for operator/observer duties, the new member must also become familiar with UAS operations, the aircraft and its equipment.  Any new member who fails to successfully complete the initial training may b e denied as a member of the UAS flight crew.  Before a member can fly as an operator, they

must complete at least 20 hours of flight training with the UAS instructors to show proficiency o f the flight training exercises and the airframe. This must be accomplished to show their ability and knowledge of the UAS. **7.5 Recur rent Training** 

 All members within the unit shall maintain proficiency in their operator/observer abilities. Members who do not have any documented training or flight time within a span of 90 days will have to show proficiency b efore being an operator/ob server during a deploy ment or exercise. Recurrent training is not limited to actual operating/observer skills but includes

knowledge of all pertinent UAS/aviation matters.  Failure to prove proficiency can result in removal from UAS responsibilities. **7.6 Miscellaneous**

 Depending on the nature of the training request, all efforts are made to accommodate the hours of training so as little impact is made to staffing levels.  All requests for training shall be approved through the member's chain of command and timekeeping during those training hours are marked by the UAS coordinator.  Members are encouraged to attend, and forward information on FAA sponsored safety seminars.  Training shall only

b e conducted at approved locations and follow the provisions within the approved FAA regulations. 

### 8. General Operating Procedures **8.1 Request for UAS Support**

 Requests for UAS support shall be made through the UAS coordinator who has the most current list of UAS operators and observers to contact.  Requests for UAS support can be made at any time during the day or night.  The UAS coordinator will submit a written Plan of Activities to the local FAA FSDO three days before the proposed mission.  If a request is made for UAS support during the night, SANDKA SLIMAGING must contact the local FAA FSDO for approval. **8.2 Call -** **out Procedure**

 The UAS coordinator will screen all initial requests to use a UAS.  The UAS coordinator will then contact the PIC to request the deployment of the UAS.  The UAS Coordinator will also contact the UAS flight crew who will screen the request using the following factors:  Is the proposed use of UAS within the capabilities of the UAS equipment and personnel to perform?  Does the proposed use of the UAS fall within the FAA and department policies and regulations for UAS usage?  Can the UAS be deploye d safely given current weather conditions?  If the UAS deployment requires a warrant has one been requested and approved?  Are sufficient trained and qualified personnel available to safely operate the UAS?  The UAS flight crew will either accept or decline the request for UAS support. If the request is denied the UAS flight crew will provide a reason for declining the support request to the UAS Coordinator who will provide the requestor this information along with the reason for declining. If the UAS Coordinator accepts the support request theywill contact a UAS operator who will be provided all available mission information.

 The UAS operator will contact a certified observer from the list of available trained observers. The UAS operator is responsible for transporting the UAS and all required equipment to the scene. Upon arriving at the requested location the UAS operator will contact the requestor to check in and receive a briefing on the mission requested
. The UAS operator will make an on scene determination of the ability o f the UAS to perform the requested mission safely and within company

and FAA policies and procedures.  If the UAS operator determines that the use of the UAS would violate company p olicy or directives then the UAS operator will inform the requestor of the potential conflict along with recommendations for modifying the requested mission to conform to company policies and procedures. As this is a change from the original approved mission the UAS operator will contact the UAS coordinator for direction on how to proceed. As soon as possible after the completion of the mission, the UAS operator will make a full report of the circumstances and their concern through the UAS coordinator.  UAS operators will have sole discretion for declaring safety or violation of FAA rules. If the UAS operator determines that a requested mission would violate FAA rules or endanger person or property, then the UAS operator will respectfully inform the requestor of the reasons for refusing to operate the UAS and contact the UAS coordinator immediately
. The UAS will not be flown in this circumstance and the authority o f the UAS operator is absolute.  If the UAS operator determines that the requested mission will p otentially damage the UAS or its associated equipment the UAS operator will inform the requestor of their concerns. The UAS operator will fully document and send a report to the UAS coordinator. **8.3 Deployment Priorities**

 The UAS shall not be used for the purpose of random surveillance.  If several separate requests for UAS support are received simultaneously, they shall be prioritized.  In general terms, requests for UAS support are prioritized as:  real estate photography/video  commercial photography/video **8.4 Flight Boundaries**

 Although there may

b e requests for UAS support in restricted airspace, FAA regulations for UAS restrict UAS deploy ment inside restricted airspace.  At no time shall UAS support be granted inside restricted airspace without first obtaining permission from the local FAA FSDO and approval by local authorities.  Maximum altitude shall not be set more than 400 feet per the FAA regulatory standards.  The operator will obtain the consent of all persons involved in the mission and ensure that only consenting persons will be allowed within 100 feet of the flight operation, and this radius may

b e reduced to 30 feet based upon an equivalent level of safety determination.**8.5 Minimum Personnel Requirements**

 Due to the nature of the mission, the minimum personnel required on ALL missions will be an operator and observer. Under no circumstances will an operator attempt to complete a deployment alone.  Although training is not considered a mission, an observer shall be used. **8.6 Personnel Responsibilities for Deployments** OPEN COMMUNICATION ACHIEVES SAFE OPERATIONS

 Operator  The operator is directly responsible for, and is the final authority over the actual operation of the UAS.  Operators have absolute authority to reject a flight based on personnel safety or violation of FAA regulations. No member of SANDKASLIMAGING, regardless of status, shall order an operator to make a flight when, in the opinion of the operator, it poses a risk to personnel or is in violation of FAA regulations.  Operators are responsible for compliance with this manual, company p olicy and procedure and FAA regulations.  The operator's main duty during the deploy ment of the UAS is to operate the UAS safely while accomplishing the goals of the deploy ment.  Operators shall see - and
- avoid any obstacle that will lessen safety during the mission.  Operators shall be responsive to the requests of the observer in order to accomplish the deployment.  Operators shall be responsible for documentation for mission training and updating of flight books.  Observer  Observers shall see - and
- avoid any obstacle that will lessen safety during the mission.  Observers are responsible for the operational aspect of the deployment.  Observers shall operate any attachments to the UAS, allowing the operator to maintain complete focus on the operation of the UAS.  Observers shall remain alert for suspicious persons or activities on the ground and coordinate response by other UA S flight crewmembers.  Observers shall assist the operator in the main objective of safe operations of the UAS.  Observers shall be responsible for documentation for mission training and updating of flight books. **8.7 Personal Equipment**

 Operators/Observers shall wear eye protection at all times while the UAS is in flight.  Although there is no specific uniform for the UAS unit or required for proper operationof the UAS, the operator/observer should take necessary measures to deploy in a professional matter, wear Hi
-Visible vests when appropriate, and take into consideration that all deploy

ments are subject to media requests.  Operators/Observers will take into consideration the current weather conditions when planning to deploy, and wear appropriate clothing to deploy comfortably.  There are no documented issues with the use of the radio or cellular phones during the deploy ment of the UAS, but the operator/observer should at all times take into consideration safe operation of the UAS when using a radio or another device (use of the radio or other device is strictly prohibited by

the operator during flight).  Operators/Observers shall wear clothing that easily identifies them as SANDKASL IMAGING UAS Flight Crew members. 

### 9. Pre**- Flight/Post** **- Flight Actions**  **9.l Inspections**

 Operators/Observers are both responsible for a thorough preflight inspection of the UAS.  Before and after each deploy ment (whether a mission or training), the operator and observer shall conduct a thorough inspection of the UAS in accordance with the instructions contained in the manufactures user's manual.  Any i ssues found that will put in jeopardy the safe operation of the UAS shall be documented and resolved immediately prior to flight.  It has been recognized that the use of a checklist is a significant method to combat UAS accidents. A pre - flight checklist is contained with each UAS Base Station and is utilized prior to each flight.  Any physical equipment that cannot be resolved on- site, and which have an impact on safety or the mission, will override the deployment. These issues will be resolved before flight. **9.2 Weather**

 Before each deploy

ment the operator/observer will ensure that he/she gathers enough information to make themselves familiar with the weather situation existing throughout the area of deployment. The operator shall utilize FAA approved weather resources to obtain the latest and most current weather conditions.  An anemometer should be utilized in order to better estimate the wind speed and determine if it is within the capabilities of the airframe being flown.  Operators/Observers should use the Beaufort Scale when making deployment decisions in regards to wind conditions.  The weather conditions reported for the operation shall be recorded in the pre- flight checklist.  The operator shall ensure that the flight will occur within FAA VFR weather requirements. **9.3 Documentation** Inspection and weather will be documented prior to flight within the log book.

 After each flight, the operator will complete a statement documenting the UAS operations. **9.4 Planning**

 The operator/observer shall familiarize themselves with all available information concerning the deploy

ment including, but not limited to, the weather conditions, hazards, description of the incident, deploy ment goals, etc.  Operators will ensure that the location for take
- off and emergency landing is adequate for a safe deployment.  The take
- off/landing area should be clearly marked and identifiable with short cones.  At least one emergency landing area should be identified per deploy ment.  Operators will ensure that they are aware of their surroundings in the event that an emergency

landing is necessary. This includes the ability to recover the UAS. **9.5 Checklists**

 Operators shall utilize pre- flight checklists to ensure the highest level of safety for deploy ment.  Prior to flight, the flight log shall be initiated. **9.6 Maintenance**

 Although there are few parts on the UAS that need servicing, it is necessary that the manufacturer's maintenance schedule is followed and properly documented.  Any i ssues that arise during maintenance that cannot be resolved by routine methods shall be forwarded to the manufacturer for further technical support. **9.7 Other**

 Operators/Observers will ensure that no items are attached to the UAS prior to flight that are not required for safe operation and to complete the mission goal.