UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

 

DEYSI CASTELLANOS-PINEDA, 

 Petitioner, 

v. 

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States 

Attorney General, 

 Respondent. 

No. 13-9519 

(Petition for Review)

 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

 

Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, ANDERSON, Circuit Judge, and BRORBY, Senior 

Circuit Judge. 

 

 

 Deysi Castellanos-Pineda petitions for review of the Board of Immigration 

Appeals’ (“BIA”) denial of her applications for restriction on removal and protection 

under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). Because we conclude we lack 

jurisdiction to review any of Ms. Castellanos-Pineda’s claims, we dismiss her 

petition for review. 

 

*

 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined 

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral 

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore 

ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding 

precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral 

estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with 

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

September 20, 2013

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court
- 2 - 

Background 

 Ms. Castellanos-Pineda is a native and citizen of El Salvador who entered the 

United States illegally in 2006. The Department of Homeland Security served her 

with a notice to appear, and she conceded removability. In 2010, she submitted 

applications for asylum, restriction on removal,1

 and protection under the CAT, 

claiming a fear of persecution in El Salvador based on her membership in a particular 

social group comprised of business owners. 

Ms. Castellanos-Pineda testified at a hearing before an immigration judge 

(“IJ”) that she had sold grains, sugar, beans, and rice out of her garage in 

El Salvador. In the summer of 2005, after she had operated her store for two years, 

members of the MS 18 gang approached her, showed her their guns, and demanded 

that she pay “rent.” She testified that she did not report the gang members’ demand 

for money to the police because they threatened to kill her if she refused to pay. She 

further testified that other shop owners were also required to pay rent to MS 18, and 

one shop owner was killed when he stopped making payments. 

Ms. Castellanos-Pineda continued to make weekly $50 payments to the gang 

for about six months. She stopped paying in January 2006 because she did not have 

 

1

 Ms. Castellanos-Pineda and the agency use the term “withholding of removal.” 

“[A]mendments to the Immigration & Naturalization Act made by the Illegal 

Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) changed 

the terminology to ‘restriction on removal.’ See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)[.] Since this 

case arose after the effective date of the IIRIRA, we refer to this provision as 

‘restriction on removal.’” Sidabutar v. Gonzales, 503 F.3d 1116, 1117 n.1 (10th Cir. 

2007) (citation omitted). 
- 3 - 

enough money. On the evening of the day that she refused to pay, she heard noises 

coming from her roof. She did not see what or who made the noises, but she believed 

it was members of the MS 18 gang trying to enter her home to harm her. The next 

morning, Ms. Castellanos-Pineda left for her mother’s house in another town about 

45 minutes away. She lived with her mother for four months before she decided to 

leave for the United States because she feared that the gang would come after her. 

Ms. Castellanos-Pineda initially left her son with her mother in El Salvador. She 

later brought him to the United States after gang members demanded money from her 

mother and threatened to kidnap her son because they knew she was living in the 

United States. After her son left El Salvador, the MS 18 gang has not contacted her 

parents, who continue to live in El Salvador, as do her grandmother and her brother. 

The MS 18 gang never physically harmed her. 

The IJ granted Ms. Castellanos-Pineda voluntary departure but denied all other 

relief. The BIA dismissed her appeal. 

Standards of Review 

 Because a single member of the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision in a brief order 

pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5), we review the BIA’s decision as the final order 

of removal. See Uanreroro v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 1197, 1204 (10th Cir. 2006). “We 

look to the record for substantial evidence supporting the agency’s decision . . . .” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted). We review legal questions de novo. Ferry v. 

Gonzales, 457 F.3d 1117, 1126 (10th Cir. 2006). 
- 4 - 

Denial of Asylum 

 The Attorney General initially argues that we should dismiss 

Ms. Castellanos-Pineda’s petition for lack of jurisdiction to the extent that she 

challenges the BIA’s denial of her asylum application. The BIA denied asylum 

because she failed to file her application by the one-year statutory deadline. The BIA 

further concluded that she did not establish eligibility for an exception to the time 

limit by presenting evidence of changed circumstances in El Salvador or 

extraordinary circumstances. We agree with the Attorney General that we lack 

jurisdiction to review these determinations. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3). But we do 

not construe Ms. Castellanos-Pineda’s petition as raising any claim regarding the 

BIA’s denial of asylum. Rather, she challenges only the BIA’s denial of restriction 

on removal and protection under the CAT. We address below why we lack 

jurisdiction to review the claims that she asserts with respect to the BIA’s denial of 

those forms relief. 

Denial of Restriction on Removal and Protection Under the CAT 

 Ms. Castellanos-Pineda may not be removed to El Salvador “if the Attorney 

General decides that [her] life or freedom would be threatened in that country 

because of [her] race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, 

or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A). In order to be eligible for restriction 

on removal, Ms. Castellanos-Pineda must establish a clear probability of persecution 

on account of one of the protected grounds. See Woldemeskel v INS, 257 F.3d 1185, 
- 5 - 

1193 (10th Cir. 2001). A “clear probability” means the persecution is “more likely 

than not” to occur upon return to the country of removal. Id. “And the persecution 

must be committed by the government or forces the government is either unable or 

unwilling to control.” Neri-Garcia v. Holder, 696 F.3d 1003, 1009 (10th Cir. 2012) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). “An alien can establish a presumptive 

entitlement to restriction on removal on the basis of past persecution.” Id. “To 

receive the protections of the CAT, an alien must demonstrate that it is more likely 

than not that [s]he will be subject to torture by a public official, or at the instigation 

or with the acquiescence of such an official.” Sidabutar v. Gonzales, 503 F.3d 1116, 

1125 (10th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).

 The BIA affirmed the IJ’s denial of Ms. Castellanos-Pineda’s application for 

restriction on removal, stating, “We agree with the Immigration Judge that the 

respondent did not demonstrate . . . that she suffered harm rising to the level of 

persecution or a nexus between the harm which she suffered and fears and a protected 

ground under the Act.” Admin. R. at 4. In affirming the IJ’s denial of protection 

under the CAT, the BIA stated, “We also agree with the Immigration Judge’s 

conclusion that the respondent . . . failed to show that she is more likely than not to 

be tortured in El Salvador, by or with the acquiescence (to include the concept of 

willful blindness) of a government official upon return.” Id. (internal quotation 

marks omitted). 
- 6 - 

Ms. Castellanos-Pineda’s three contentions of error all similarly assert that the 

IJ and the BIA failed to make specific findings regarding her applications for relief. 

She maintains that, because the BIA summarily affirmed the IJ’s decision, this court 

is therefore unable to conduct a meaningful review. 

She first argues that she established “membership in a particular social group” 

under § 1231(b)(3)(A), based on her status as a business owner in El Salvador. She 

complains that neither the IJ nor the BIA made a specific finding on this issue, and 

she seeks a remand to allow the BIA to consider and decide whether she is eligible 

for restriction on removal because she belonged to a particular social group. She also 

asserts that the IJ never articulated a reason for denying her application for restriction 

on removal. More specifically, she claims that the IJ failed to address whether she 

suffered past persecution and whether there is a clear probability that she would 

suffer persecution upon returning to El Salvador. She seeks a remand to allow the IJ 

to consider her eligibility for restriction on removal, or to make a finding regarding 

his basis for denying that relief. Finally, regarding her application for protection 

under the CAT, Ms. Castellanos-Pineda argues that the IJ failed to articulate why she 

did not demonstrate that she would be subject to torture in El Salvador. She asks us 

to remand to allow the IJ to consider her eligibility for CAT protection based on 

mental torture, or to articulate whether he considered mental torture in denying her 

application. 
- 7 - 

The Attorney General argues that the IJ’s failure to make the findings alleged 

by Ms. Castellanos-Pineda does not hamper this court’s review because the BIA 

reviewed the relevant aspects of the IJ’s decision de novo. We note there is tension 

between the government’s position and this court’s precedent with regard to whether 

certain determinations are factual or legal. Compare Matter of A-S-B-, 24 I. & N. 

Dec. 493, 497 (BIA 2008) (characterizing question whether facts are sufficient to 

show a well-founded fear of persecution as a legal conclusion), and Sidabutar, 

503 F.3d at 1122 n.6 (acknowledging that preamble to regulations enacting 8 C.F.R. 

§ 1003.1 “suggests that the BIA is not limited to the IJ’s determinations of ‘past 

persecution’ and the like”), with Vicente-Elias v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1086, 1091 

(10th Cir. 2008) (“In this circuit, the ultimate determination whether an alien has 

demonstrated persecution is a question of fact, even if the underlying factual 

circumstances are not in dispute and the only issue is whether those circumstances 

qualify as persecution.”). We need not resolve this tension because we conclude that 

Ms. Castellanos-Pineda failed to exhaust her administrative remedies by raising her 

claims before the BIA. We therefore lack jurisdiction to consider them. 

Neither party addresses this issue, but we have an independent duty to examine 

our own jurisdiction. Sierra v. INS, 258 F.3d 1213, 1216 (10th Cir. 2001). “This 

Court may only retain jurisdiction over claims challenging a final order of removal 

‘if the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies available . . . as of right.’” 

Sidabutar, 503 F.3d at 1118 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1)). “[W]e generally assert 
- 8 - 

jurisdiction only over those arguments that a petitioner properly presents to the BIA.” 

Id.

Ms. Castellanos-Pineda did not raise in her BIA appeal any issue regarding the 

IJ’s failure to make findings. She devoted much of her BIA appeal brief to arguing 

that the IJ erred in denying her asylum application as untimely. See Admin. R. at 

23-24. She next argued that her testimony established that she had suffered past 

persecution and that she harbors a well-founded fear of future persecution. See id. at 

24-25. Lastly, she challenged the IJ’s determination that her testimony was suspect. 

See id. at 25. These are the claims she preserved for review by this court (to the 

extent that we otherwise have jurisdiction to do so). 

Ms. Castellanos-Pineda did not ask the BIA to remand to the IJ for a 

determination whether business owners in El Salvador constitute a particular social 

group, or for an explicit finding on past persecution and the likelihood of future 

persecution. Indeed, based on her argument to the BIA that her evidence established 

past persecution, she evidently believed that the IJ had made a determination against 

her on that issue. And while she stated that she was appealing the BIA’s denial of 

protection under the CAT, she made no specific argument in her appeal brief why the 

IJ’s denial of that relief was in error. 

Although we can assert jurisdiction over claims not raised by an alien in her 

BIA appeal if the BIA sufficiently considered them in its final order, see Sidabutar, 

503 F.3d at 1122, that narrow rule does not apply in this case. 
- 9 - 

[T]he BIA must: (1) clearly identify a claim, issue, or argument not 

presented by the petitioner; (2) exercise its discretion to entertain that 

matter; and (3) explicitly decide that matter in a full explanatory opinion 

or substantive discussion. Only then may a petitioner take an argument 

to court that [s]he never pursued before the BIA. 

Garcia-Carbajal v. Holder, 625 F.3d 1233, 1235 (10th Cir. 2010). Here, the BIA did 

not address sua sponte any of the issues that Ms. Castellanos-Pineda now seeks to 

raise in her petition for review. 

Ms. Castellanos-Pineda also failed to exhaust her claim that the BIA did not 

rule on whether she demonstrated membership in a particular social group. That 

claim “should have been brought before the BIA in the first instance through a 

motion to reconsider or reopen.” Sidabutar, 503 F.3d at 1122 (holding court lacked 

jurisdiction over challenge to BIA’s de novo fact-finding on past persecution, where 

IJ made no finding on that issue, because alien failed to exhaust that claim in a 

motion to reconsider or reopen). 

 Because Ms. Castellanos-Pineda failed to exhaust her administrative remedies 

with respect to any of the claims she raises in her petition for review, we are without 

jurisdiction to consider them. The petition for review is dismissed. 

 Entered for the Court 

 Wade Brorby 

 Senior Circuit Judge