CONDITIONALLY GRANT in Part, and DENY in Part; Opinion Filed April 5, 2019.

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-19-00050-CV

IN RE EVELYN NELKE, Relator

Original Proceeding from the 470th Judicial District Court

Collin County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 470-51760-2018

OPINION

Before Justices Brown, Schenck, and Reichek

Opinion by Justice Schenck

In this mandamus proceeding, relator Evelyn Nelke (Maternal Grandmother) seeks relief 

from the trial court’s November 29, 2018 temporary orders (Temporary Orders) in this suit 

affecting the parent–child relationship. After reviewing the parties’ briefs and the mandamus 

record, we have determined Maternal Grandmother is entitled to partial relief from the Temporary 

Orders. We therefore conditionally grant the writ in part and deny it in part.

BACKGROUND

Real party in interest Mother, Father, and Older Child1lived with real party in interest 

Paternal Grandmother for about a year. In February 2018, Father committed suicide, and Older 

Child and Mother, pregnant with Younger Child, moved out of Paternal Grandmother’s home and 

into Maternal Grandmother’s home. 

 

1 Both Older Child and Younger Child have initials K.E.K., so we will refer to them as Older Child and Younger Child throughout this 

opinion.
–2–

On March 23, 2018, Paternal Grandmother filed an original petition in suit affecting the 

parent–child relationship (SAPCR) regarding Older Child. That same month, Child Protective 

Services (CPS) received a referral regarding Older Child. 

In July 2018, Younger Child was born, and about that time, CPS received a referral

regarding Younger Child. Concerned about allegations of Mother’s drug use, CPS conducted an 

investigation, during which Mother tested positive for drug use. Mother agreed to a CPS parent–

child safety placement, which placed both children with Maternal Grandmother and required that 

Mother move out of Maternal Grandmother’s home and have only supervised visitation with the

children. 

On July 12, 2018, Maternal Grandmother filed a petition to intervene in Paternal 

Grandmother’s SAPCR regarding Older Child and filed an original SAPCR regarding Younger 

Child.2 In her original petition, Maternal Grandmother sought to be named the sole managing 

conservator of Younger Child. On July 24, 2018, Paternal Grandmother nonsuited her SAPCR 

regarding Older Child.3 On September 14, 2018, Paternal Grandmother petitioned to intervene in 

Maternal Grandmother’s original SAPCR regarding Younger Child, seeking conservatorship of, 

possession of, and access to Younger Child. 

On November 29, 2018, the respondent trial court judge held a temporary orders hearing, 

at the conclusion of which the trial court ruled that Paternal Grandmother would have some access 

and possession and be appointed a possessory conservator “because the elements of [family code 

section] 102.004(a)(1) were met.” That same day, the trial court signed the Temporary Orders, 

which appointed Maternal Grandmother as managing conservator and Mother and Paternal 

 

2

In the petition to intervene in the SAPCR regarding Older Child, Maternal Grandmother named a different man than Father as Older Child’s 

alleged father. 

3

Paternal Grandmother later testified that since filing the original SAPCR regarding Older Child she learned that her son was not the biological 

father of Older Child. 
–3–

Grandmother as possessory conservators, granted Paternal Grandmother an expanded standard

possession schedule, granted Mother supervised access at agreed times, and provided for health 

insurance and medical support of Younger Child. The trial court set trial on the SAPCR regarding 

Younger Child for March 7, 2019. 

On January 14, 2019, Maternal Grandmother filed this petition for writ of mandamus and 

a motion for emergency relief requesting this Court stay the underlying proceedings pending this 

Court’s ruling on her petition for writ of mandamus. By order dated January 18, 2019, this Court 

granted Maternal Grandmother’s motion for emergency relief, stayed the underlying proceedings, 

stayed the Temporary Orders, and requested that the real parties in interest respond by February 1, 

2019. Only Paternal Grandmother responded. 

In her petition for writ of mandamus, Maternal Grandmother raises two issues. First, she 

challenges Paternal Grandmother’s standing to file a petition to intervene in Maternal 

Grandmother’s pending original SAPCR regarding Younger Child. Second, Maternal 

Grandmother argues the trial court abused its discretion in awarding Paternal Grandmother 

possession of and access to Younger Child.

AVAILABILITY OF MANDAMUS REVIEW

Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy. See In re Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 235 S.W.3d 619, 623 

(Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding). Mandamus will ordinarily issue only to correct a clear abuse of 

discretion when there is no other adequate remedy at law. See In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 

148 S.W.3d 124, 135–36 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding). In the context of temporary orders 

affecting possession of and access to a child, the supreme court has held that a trial court abuses 

its discretion, warranting mandamus relief, if it grants possession of or access to a grandparent 

without proof sufficient to overcome the presumption that a parent acts in the child’s best interest

by proving that denial of the grandparent’s possession of or access to the child would significantly 
–4–

impair the child’s physical health or emotional well-being. See In re Scheller, 325 S.W.3d 640, 

646 (Tex. 2010) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam). 

DISCUSSION

I. Paternal Grandmother’s Standing

As a preliminary matter, we address Paternal Grandmother’s argument that we should not 

address Maternal Grandmother’s challenge to her standing on mandamus because Maternal 

Grandmother did not object to her standing in the trial court.

4

 However, subject matter jurisdiction 

cannot be waived or conferred by agreement and can be raised at any time. See In re D.S., 555 

S.W.3d 301, 314 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2018, pet. filed). Accordingly, we will address whether the 

trial court erred in concluding at the temporary orders hearing that Paternal Grandmother had 

standing.

Because the family code by its terms confers standing on parties, we begin by reviewing

whether a party has established standing within the framework of that code. See State v. Naylor, 

466 S.W.3d 783, 791 (Tex. 2015) (requiring mandamus petitioner intervening after final judgment 

to first establish its standing to present its argument on appeal); see also In re Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d 

327, 331–33 (Tex. 2007) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam) (analyzing whether party established 

standing as set forth in section 153.432 of family code). A grandparent may file an original suit 

requesting managing conservatorship under section 102.004(a), intervene in a pending suit under 

section 102.004(b), or file a suit to seek possession or access under section 153.432. TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. §§ 102.004(a), (b); 153.432. 

Here, the petition in intervention maintains that Paternal Grandmother has standing to 

intervene under section 102.004 of the family code because (1) she is related to the child within 

 

4 At the conclusion of the temporary orders hearing, Maternal Grandmother’s counsel stated, “We’re not arguing that [Paternal Grandmother] 

doesn’t have standing. But in order for the Court to grant the possession, the Court has to make the findings under [family code section] 153.” 
–5–

the third degree of consanguinity and (2) “the order is necessary because the child’s present 

circumstances would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development.” 

Further, the trial judge stated on the record at the November 29, 2018 hearing that she was granting 

Paternal Grandmother custody, possession, and access under section 102.004(a)(1), not under 

section 153.433(b), and that she believes the elements of 102.004(a)(1) were met. 

Section 102.004(a)(1) provides:

(a) In addition to the general standing to file suit provided by Section 102.003, a 

grandparent, or another relative of the child related within the third degree by 

consanguinity, may file an original suit requesting managing conservatorship if 

there is satisfactory proof to the court that:

(1) the order requested is necessary because the child’s present circumstances 

would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development . . 

. .

FAM. § 102.004(a)(1). 

Subsection (a), however, applies by its plain terms only to the filing of an “original suit,” 

which Paternal Grandmother did not file in connection with Younger Child; instead she filed a 

petition to intervene in Maternal Grandmother’s suit. See id. Paternal Grandmother could not, 

therefore, establish standing under section 102.004(a)(1) because it does not apply to an 

intervention. In re E.C., No. 05-17-00723-CV, 2017 WL 6505867, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 

20, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (foster parent’s standing to intervene governed by section 102.004(b) 

regardless of standing to bring original suit).

Accordingly, we cannot sustain the trial court’s jurisdictional conclusion on the grounds 

asserted and found below. That does not end our inquiry, of course. Because standing is a 

component of subject matter jurisdiction and a question of law, we can conclude the trial court did 

not err in concluding Paternal Grandmother had standing on a subsection other than the one 

referenced by the trial court at the hearing. See In re M.P.B., 257 S.W.3d 804, 808 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2008, no pet.). The trial court could have relied on section 102.004(b) in concluding
–6–

Paternal Grandmother had standing to sue. See FAM. § 102.004(b). Section 102.004(b) applies to 

any person who seeks to intervene in a pending suit even if that person may have had standing to 

bring an original suit. See In re E.C., 2017 WL 6505867, at *4. Section 102.004(b) provides that 

the court may grant a grandparent or other person, subject to the requirements of 

Subsection (b-1) if applicable,5 deemed by the court to have had substantial past 

contact with the child leave to intervene in a pending suit filed by a person 

authorized to do so under this chapter if there is satisfactory proof to the court that 

appointment of a parent as a sole managing conservator or both parents as joint 

managing conservators would significantly impair the child’s physical health or 

emotional development. 

FAM. § 102.004(b). 

Maternal Grandmother urges that Paternal Grandmother could not establish the first 

requirement for standing under section 102.004(b) because Paternal Grandmother did not allege 

in her petition that she had substantial past contact with the child, and the evidence at the hearing 

showed she had no contact with the child before filing the petition to intervene. Paternal 

Grandmother argues in her response the “substantial past contact” requirement does not apply to 

a grandparent but instead applies only to “other person.” We agree. If section 102.004(b) affords 

grandparents standing only if they have substantial past contact with their grandchild, then the 

word “grandparent” in subsection (b) is rendered meaningless as “grandparents” are inevitably 

persons themselves and their separate inclusion in the text would be pointless. We presume the 

Legislature intended the words it used to have effect. See Spradlin v. Jim Walter Homes, Inc., 34 

S.W.3d 578, 580 (Tex. 2000). Further, under the last-antecedent doctrine, which we use to aid in 

interpreting statutes, a qualifying phrase should be applied only to the words or phrase immediately 

preceding it to which it may be applied without impairing the meaning of the sentence. Id. at 580–

81. 

 

5

Subsection (b-1) limits when a foster parent may be granted leave to intervene. See FAM. § 102.004(b-1).
–7–

Our conclusion is supported by more than just grammar. A grandparent is commonly and 

well understood to stand in a different relation to a child than members of the general public. See, 

e.g., Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 64 (2000) (citing States’ recognition of important role 

grandparents play in many cases, including that of parental nature); Bos v. Smith, 556 S.W.3d 293, 

296 (Tex. 2018) (“Grandparents have a special role in the family unit and often serve as safety 

nets for their children and grandchildren. Lending a hand, a heart, and an ear can be especially 

important when loved ones are experiencing the trauma of divorce.”); see also KINSHIP CARE, 

https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Kinship_Care/default.asp (last visited March 25, 

2019) (CPS program recognizing “significant roles” extended families have in rearing children 

and that “courts are required to consider a temporary placement with a relative” when children are 

removed from their homes); KINSHIP MANUAL, 

https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/Child_Protection/Kinship_Care/documents/KinshipManual.pdf (last 

visited March 25, 2019) (detailing Grandparent Grant, financial assistance specifically to help 

grandparents, great-grandparents, and great-great-grandparents buy initial items for children who 

move to live in applicant’s home). Further, the question of standing is just a first-level inquiry 

into who may be heard and not what is to be done. See In re H.S., 550 S.W.3d 151, 155 (Tex. 

2018) (reviewing a trial court’s grant of plea to jurisdiction on grandparents’ standing). 

Accordingly, we conclude the qualifying phrase “substantial past contact” modifies the second 

term rather than both items in the list of persons with standing. See In re C.J.N.-S., 540 S.W.3d

589, 592 (Tex. 2018) (applying last-antecedent test to family code section 154.303(a)(1)).

In reaching this conclusion, we note our prior opinion in which we applied the substantial 

past contact requirement to a grandmother. See In re J.R.W., No. 05-15-01479-CV, 2017 WL 

3083930, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 20, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.). However, in that case, 

we had no occasion to consider whether the statute required grandparents as opposed to “other 
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persons” to establish substantial past contact because we concluded the record contained sufficient 

evidence of substantial past contact. See id. Moreover, this Court has stated in more than one 

opinion that “under family code section 102.004(b), the trial court may grant leave to intervene to 

grandparents and those ‘deemed by the court to have had substantial past contact with the child.’” 

See In re A.G., No. 05-18-00725-CV, 2018 WL 6521893, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 12, 2018, 

no pet.) (mem. op.) (applying section 102.004(b) to non-parent with whom child had been placed 

by CPS for two weeks); In re L.S.B., No. 05-17-00929-CV, 2018 WL 3598958, at *1 (Tex. App.—

Dallas July 27, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (applying section 102.004(b) to non-parent with whom 

child had been placed by CPS for three months). 

We also recognize the opinion of one of our sister courts of appeals concluding intervening 

grandparents lacked standing because they failed to establish substantial past contact, but that 

opinion did not include any analysis as to whether grandparents as opposed to “other persons” 

should be required to do so. See In re Tinker, 549 S.W.3d 747, 751–52 (Tex. App.—Waco 2017, 

orig. proceeding [mand. denied]); see also In re Clay, 02-18-00404-CV, 2019 WL 545722, at *4–

5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Feb. 12, 2019, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]) (similarly interpreting 

section 102.004(b) to require grandparents to show “substantial past contact”).

6

 As noted above, 

we believe the text compels a different reading. A contrary interpretation of section 102.004(b)

would also lead to absurd results. If an orphaned child were removed from the care of an abusive 

non-parent, for example, a grandparent who only learned of the existence of the child after CPS 

filed a SAPCR would not have standing to intervene, but the abusive non-parent with substantial 

contact with the child would, leaving the court in a position to hear only from the abuser or the 

 

6

In In re Clay, the Fort Worth Court of Appeals held that, despite their involvement in caring for a child before the mother’s death, maternal 

grandparents lacked standing to intervene because they set forth insufficient amount of evidence that the father’s sole managing conservatorship 

would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development. In re Clay, 02-18-00404-CV, 2019 WL 545722, at *4–5 (Tex. 

App.—Fort Worth Feb. 12, 2019, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]). Like the court in In re Tinker, the Clay court did not include any analysis of 

whether grandparents as opposed to “other persons” must show substantial past contact but instead parenthetically described section 102.004(b) as 

“conferring standing on grandparent with ‘substantial past contact with child’ to intervene in pending SAPCR only with proof of substantial 

impairment.” See id. at *5.
–9–

government as it determined the child’s best interest. We cannot conclude the Legislature intended 

this result. 

Having concluded Paternal Grandmother did not need to establish substantial past contact, 

we will now address whether Paternal Grandmother presented the statutorily required satisfactory 

proof that appointment of Mother as a sole managing conservator would significantly impair 

Younger Child’s physical health or emotional development. See FAM. § 102.004(b); In re E.C.,

2017 WL 6505867, at *3 (“under section 102.004(b) of the family code, a person seeking to 

intervene in a suit affecting the parent–child relationship, must request leave and make an 

evidentiary showing”). As detailed below, Paternal Grandmother offered evidence sufficient to 

support that showing.

Here, the record showed Mother agreed to place both children with Maternal Grandmother 

pursuant to a CPS parent–child safety placement after she had tested positive for drug use. The 

safety placement required that Mother not live with Maternal Grandmother, limited Mother to 

supervised visitation, and was still in place at the time of the hearing. The CPS employee testified 

that its investigation was closed, but that CPS did not feel it was safe for Mother to live with the 

children until she had started services, Mother had not started services at the time of the hearing, 

and CPS would still be concerned to have her living with Maternal Grandmother. Further, Mother 

testified that she had engaged in drug use while living with Older Child and while pregnant with 

Younger Child, and, although she had been seeking treatment and therapy prior to the hearing, she 

agreed her children needed to live with Maternal Grandmother. From the foregoing, we conclude 

the record contains satisfactory proof that appointment of Mother as sole managing conservator 

would significantly impair Younger Child’s physical health or emotional development. See FAM.

§ 102.004(b). 
–10–

We conclude the trial court did not err in concluding that Paternal Grandmother had 

standing to intervene, although we find that standing to be supported under section 102.004(b). 

We therefore overrule Maternal Grandmother’s first issue.

II. Trial Court’s Grant of Possession to Paternal Grandmother 

In her second issue, Maternal Grandmother argues the trial court abused its discretion in 

entering a temporary order awarding Paternal Grandmother possession of and access to Younger 

Child. Maternal Grandmother points to section 153.433’s presumption that a parent acts in the 

best interest of the parent’s child and urges that the record does not support a contrary finding. A 

trial court abuses its discretion if it issues temporary orders giving possession to a grandparent who 

has not overcome the statutory presumption of section 153.433 that a parent acts in her child’s best 

interest. See In re Scheller, 325 S.W.3d at 646. Such error is “irremediable” and warrants

mandamus relief. See id.

On these facts and in looking at the statute, we question whether the parental presumption 

remains extant.

Section 153.433 provides what facts a grandparent must establish in order to allow a trial 

court to order reasonable possession of or access to a grandchild by a grandparent, including, 

among other things:

the grandparent requesting possession of or access to the child overcomes the 

presumption that a parent acts in the best interest of the parent’s child by proving 

by a preponderance of the evidence that denial of possession of or access to the 

child would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional well-being

. . . .

See FAM. § 153.433(a)(2); In re Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d at 333 (“As amended, section 153.433 now

echoes the United States Supreme Court’s plurality opinion in Troxel, 530 U.S. at 68, that a trial 

court must presume that a fit parent acts in his or her child’s best interest.”). 
–11–

As noted, in order to establish standing to intervene under section 102.004(b), Paternal 

Grandmother had to present satisfactory proof that appointment of Mother as a sole managing 

conservator would significantly impair Younger Child’s physical health or emotional 

development. See FAM. § 102.004(b). The question on the merits, however, contemplates a 

different factual inquiry of whether denial of Paternal Grandmother’s possession of or access to 

Younger Child would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional well-being (and 

thus overcome the statutory presumption that Mother is acting in the best interest of Younger 

Child). See id. § 153.433(a)(2).

We will begin with the observation that the status of the parental presumption at this stage 

is less than clear. Given the unique positions here, it is arguable—as at least one other court of 

appeals has determined—that the parental presumption is no longer extant. See In re Smith, 260 

S.W.3d 568, 574 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, orig. proceeding) (declining to extend 

parental presumption to non-parents grandfather and wife appointed as joint managing 

conservators in prior agreed decree). 

At present, Mother retains only supervised access to Younger Child as a possessory 

conservator while Maternal Grandmother acts as managing conservator. This arrangement is a 

product of Mother’s own agreement and arguably reflects in itself a manifestation of the 

presumption that she is in fact acting in the child’s best interest as the case proceeds toward its 

final disposition. Meanwhile, of course, Mother is not seeking appointment as managing 

conservator. Maternal Grandmother is. Mother’s decisions to this point of the proceedings may 

not result in her presently or ultimately becoming managing conservator of Younger Child. But 

that is not the object of our inquiry. It is, instead, whether Mother is acting in the child’s best 

interest. Section 153.433, as written, requires a grandparent to overcome the presumption the 

parent acts in the child’s best interest and does not reference whether that parent must presently 
–12–

(or temporarily) be acting in the capacity of a managing conservator. See id.; see also FAM. § 

153.433(a)(3) (requiring the grandparent establish that the parent of the child is incarcerated, 

incompetent, dead, or does not have actual or court-ordered possession of or access to the child). 

Regardless of whether the parental presumption remains applicable here, Paternal 

Grandmother must show either that (1) denial of her possession or access to Younger Child would 

significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional well-being (so as to overcome the 

parental presumption if it applies) or (2) awarding her possession of and access to Younger Child 

was in the child’s best interest. See FAM. § 153.002; In re Smith, 260 S.W.3d at 574 (applying 

best-interest test after concluding parental presumption did not apply because child’s managing 

conservators were grandfather and his wife, not child’s parents). For the reasons set forth below, 

we conclude that she showed neither of these things. 

The record at this stage shows Younger Child was safe, “happy and doing well” with 

Maternal Grandmother in a placement agreed to by CPS and Mother. The CPS employee testified

and Paternal Grandmother admitted that Younger Child was safe with Maternal Grandmother with 

Mother remaining engaged. The CPS employee expressed concerns about placing Younger Child 

with Paternal Grandmother because both Mother and Father had used drugs while living with 

Paternal Grandmother and Older Child, and Paternal Grandmother had not acted to protect Older 

Child at that time. 

Maternal Grandmother testified she had been caring for Younger Child since she brought 

the child home from the hospital, and that she was concerned that Paternal Grandmother did not 

protect Older Child from exposure to the drugs Mother and Father used while living with Paternal 

Grandmother. Maternal Grandmother testified that she was also concerned Paternal Grandmother 

would not relinquish custody of Younger Child because, in February 2018, Paternal Grandmother

had previously refused to return Older Child to Maternal Grandmother or Mother. Maternal 
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Grandmother testified Paternal Grandmother had not contacted her to see Younger Child or to ask 

how the child was doing. 

Mother testified she did not want Paternal Grandmother to have any access to Younger 

Child and that she did not think it would be in the best interest of the children to be with anyone 

other than Maternal Grandmother. Mother also stated “the best decision I made was leaving” the 

children with Maternal Grandmother, the children are happy and doing well in school, and that 

Mother is still a part of their lives. Mother testified that she had used drugs while living with 

Paternal Grandmother despite the fact that Paternal Grandmother was aware that she and Father 

were drug users. 

Paternal Grandmother explained that she had refused to return Older Child to Mother and 

Maternal Grandmother in February 2018 because she wanted to establish “evidence that I was 

doing everything I could to protect” the child. Paternal Grandmother admitted she knew Father 

was using drugs while living with her, but stated he was using them on the weekend when he was 

in jail. She denied knowing that Mother was using drugs until Father told her so shortly before his 

death. Paternal Grandmother testified that, if the trial court allowed her to have contact with 

Younger Child, she would be willing to help Younger Child with “everything,” including the 

child’s education, living, care, and other needs. Paternal Grandmother testified she had contacted 

Maternal Grandmother and Mother multiple times to see Older Child, but did not recall if she had 

asked to see Younger Child. 

On this record, there is no evidence that denial of Paternal Grandmother’s possession of or 

access to Younger Child would significantly impair Younger Child’s physical health or emotional 

well-being sufficient to satisfy Paternal Grandmother’s statutory burden under section 153.433. 

See FAM. § 153.433(a)(2). Moreover, on this record and at this stage of the proceedings, we cannot 

conclude awarding Paternal Grandmother possession of or access to Younger Child would be in 
–14–

the child’s best interest.7 See FAM. § 153.002; In re Smith, 260 S.W.3d at 574 (applying bestinterest test after concluding parental presumption did not apply where child’s managing 

conservators were grandfather and his wife and grandmother sought access to and possession of 

child). Accordingly, we conclude the trial court abused its discretion in awarding Paternal 

Grandmother possession of and access to Younger Child. 

We sustain Maternal Grandmother’s second issue. We therefore direct the trial court to 

vacate the portions of the Temporary Orders that award Paternal Grandmother possession of and 

access to Younger Child. 

CONCLUSION

We deny in part and conditionally grant in part Maternal Grandmother’s petition for writ 

of mandamus. We deny Maternal Grandmother’s petition for writ of mandamus on her issue

concerning Paternal Grandmother’s standing. We conditionally grant the petition for writ of 

mandamus on the issue of the grant of possession to Paternal Grandmother. We order the trial 

court to vacate the portions of the Temporary Orders appointing Paternal Grandmother a 

possessory conservator and awarding her possession of Younger Child. A writ will issue only in 

the event the trial court fails to comply with this opinion and the order of this date. We lift the 

stay issued by this Court on January 18, 2019.

190050F.P05

 

7 The trial court did not make any findings on whether award of possession or access to Paternal Grandmother was in Younger Child’s best 

interest, nor does the record support any such implied findings.

/David J. Schenck/

DAVID J. SCHENCK

JUSTICE