Project No. 2755 

Ontario Landfill LFG to Energy Facility 

Engine No. 4 

Emission Compliance Test Program 

NYSDEC Permit ID 8-3244-00040/00001 
Prepared for: 

Mr. David J. D’Amico 

Director of Engineering 

Innovative Energy Systems 

2917 Judge Road 

Oakfield, New York 14125 

Submitted to: 

Ms. Michele A. Kharroubi, P.E. 

Environmental Engineer II 

Division of Air Resource 

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation 

6274 East Avon-Lima Road 

Avon, New York 14414-9519 

Date Submitted: February 2005
Table of Contents 

 

 Page 

1.0 Introduction..................................................................................1 

2.0 Source Description ......................................................................2 

3.0 Program Scope ...........................................................................3 

4.0 Test Location Description............................................................4 

5.0 Test Results Summary ................................................................5 

6.0 Test Methodologies .....................................................................7 

6.1 Cyclonic Flow...................................................................7 

6.2 Volumetric Flow Rate.......................................................7 

6.3 Moisture Content .............................................................8 

6.4 Gaseous Emissions Sampling System............................8 

6.4.1 Nitrogen Oxides ...................................................9 

6.4.2 Carbon Monoxide.................................................9 

6.4.3 NonMethane Compounds..................................10 

6.4.4 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide..............................11 

7.0 Quality Assurance/Quality Control......................................... 13 

7.1 S-Type Pitot Tubes........................................................13 

7.2 Dry Gas Meters and Orifice ...........................................13 

7.3 Thermocouples..............................................................14 

7.4 Labels ............................................................................15 

7.5 Chain-of-Custody Documentation..................................15 

7.6 Calibration Gases ..........................................................15 

Appendix A - Field Data 

Appendix B - Calculations 

Appendix C - Calibration Data 

Appendix D - Facility Operational Data 
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AirNova, Inc. 1 

1.0 Introduction 

AirNova, Inc. performed an emission compliance test program for four (4) lean burn 

reciprocating engines in operation at the Ontario Landfill LFG to Energy facility located in Stanley, 

New York (NYSDEC Permit ID. 8-3244-00040/00001) on February 8, 2005. The emission sampling 

was conducted for the purpose of demonstrating compliance with the requirements specified in 40 

CFR, Part 60, Subpart WWW - Standards of Performance for Municipal Solid Waste Landfills and 

the NYSDEC air permit. The test program was conducted in determination of emissions from one 

(1) of the four (4) engines with the most operating hours as of the date of the permit application. 

The unit is identified as Engine No. 4. The specific emission parameters determined at the engine 

exhaust stack included nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and nonmethane hydrocarbon 

compounds. 

AirNova, Inc. was responsible for all emissions testing, sample analysis, data reduction and 

final report preparation. This report contains a summary of the test program results in addition to all 

field data, sample calculations and supporting information. Any questions regarding the information 

contained in this report maybe addressed to: 

Mr. Mark D. Daly 

AirNova, Inc. 

5845 Clayton Avenue

Pennsauken, New Jersey 08109 

Telephone: 856-486-1500 

Telefax: 856-486-9896 

E-mail: daly@airnova.com 
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2.0 Source Description

Facility Name: Ontario Landfill LFG to Energy Facility 

Facility Contact: Mr. David J. D’Amico 

Director of Engineering 

Facility Phone: (585) 948-8580 

Facility Address: 3555 Post Farm Road 

Stanley, New York 14561. 

Source Identification: One (1) Caterpillar Model G3516 lean burn reciprocating engine fired 

with landfill gas 

Permit No.: 8-3244-0040/0001 

DEC Facility Code: 8324400040 

Applicable Regulation: 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart WWW and NYSDEC Air Permit 

The Ontario Landfill LFG to Energy facility operates a total of four (4) Caterpillar Model 

G3516 16 cylinder lean burn reciprocating engines at this site. Each unit is of 4-stroke design 

equipped with a turbocharger, aftercooler and microprocessor controlled timing. The four 

generators produce 3.2 MW of electricity. All units are fired by landfill gas collected from the 

adjacent landfill. The landfill gas is conditioned by a glycol scrubber prior to being supplied to the 

engines. All emission sampling was conducted at the individual exhaust stack associated with 

Engine No. 4. 
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3.0 Program Scope

Sampling was performed at the exhaust stack associated with Engine No. 4 in determination 

of nitrogen oxides (NOx) , carbon monoxide (CO) and nonmethane hydrocarbon compounds 

(NMHC) in accordance with EPA Reference Methods 7E, 10, 18 and 25A. The NMHC 

determinations were conducted to demonstrate that the emission source meets the emission 

standard of 20 ppmV as hexane corrected to 3% oxygen. Triplicate 1-hour test runs were 

performed in determination of all emission parameters for the engine. All emission determinations 

were performed concurrently. 
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4.0 Test Location Description

The emission point associated with the engine is an individual 12.25-inch diameter exhaust 

stack which terminates at approximately 25 feet above grade. There are two (2) 2-inch diameter 

sampling ports located 1.5 diameters upstream and 2.9 diameters downstream from the nearest 

flow disturbances. The sampling ports are located on the circumference of the exhaust stack at 90 

degrees to one another. These two (2) test ports were utilized for all emission sampling. 

The traverse points utilized for all sampling were located as follows: 

Table 4-1 

Ontario Landfill LFG to Energy Facility 

Emission Compliance Test Program 

Traverse Point Locations 

Point % Stack Diameter Location (inches) 

1 3.2 0.5* 

2 10.5 1.3 

3 19.4 2.4 

4 32.3 4.0 

5 67.7 8.3 

6 80.6 9.9 

7 89.5 11.0 

8 96.8 11.8* 

 

* Relocated in accordance with EPA Reference Method 2, Section 2.3.1.2. 
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5.0 Test Results Summary 

A complete summary of results for the test program conducted for Engine No. 4 at the 

Ontario Landfill LFG to Energy Facility is provided in tabular format on the following page. 

A summary of the average determined emission value for Engine No. 4 is provided below in 

addition to the respective NSPS Subpart WWW emission limit. 

Emission Source Average NonMethane Hydrocarbon Emission 

Concentration 

 (EPA Method 18/25A) 

Engine No. 4 13.0 ppmV @ 3% O2

NSPS Subpart WWW Limit 20 ppmV @ 3% O2
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Table 5-1 

Ontario Landfill LFG to Energy Facility 

Emission Compliance Test Program 

Test Data Summary - Engine No. 4 

Run No. 1 2 3 

Date 02/08/05 02/08/05 02/08/05 

Test Period 0910-1010 1025-1125 1137-1237 

Average 

Temperature (OF) 825 834 835 831 

Moisture Content (%) 8.4 7.7 8.6 8.2 

Velocity (FPS) 132 141 137 137 

Flow Rate (ACFM) 6,483 6,893 6,718 6,698 

Flow Rate (DSCFM) 2,378 2,531 2,442 2,450 

Oxygen (% - dry) 8.19 8.25 8.23 8.22 

Carbon Dioxide (% - dry) 10.43 10.6 10.64 10.56 

NonMethane Hydrocarbons (as Hexane)

Concentration (ppmV) 11.4 13.8 2.4 9.2 

Concentration (ppmV@3%) 16 19.5 3.4 13 

Emission Rate (lb/hr) 2.02 2.61 0.44 1.54 

Emission Rate (g/BHp) 0.811 1.047 0.167 0.675 

Nitrogen Oxides (as NO2)

Concentration (ppmV) 182 158 154 165 

Emission Rate (lb/hr) 3.1 2.87 2.69 2.89 

Emission Rate (g/BHp) 1.25 1.15 1.08 1.16 

Carbon Monoxide

Concentration (ppmV) 784 766 732 761 

Emission Rate (lb/hr) 8.14 8.46 7.8 8.13 

Emission Rate (g/BHp) 3.27 3.4 3.13 3.27
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Standard Conditions 68°F, 29.92 in Hg 

6.0 Test Methodologies 

The emission test program was conducted in determination of the following parameters 

utilizing the specified methodology:

Table 6-1 

Ontario Landfill LPG to Energy Facility 

Emission Compliance Test Program

Test Methodology Summary

Emission Parameter Sampling and Analytical Methodology 

Flow Rate EPA Reference Method 1 and 2

Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide EPA Reference Method 3A

Moisture Content EPA Reference Method 4

Nitrogen Oxides EPA Reference Method 7E

Carbon Monoxide EPA Reference Method 10

NonMethane Hydrocarbon 

Compounds

EPA Reference Method 18/25A

6.1 Cyclonic Flow 

The absence of cyclonic flow was demonstrated at the sampling location according to 

Section 11.4 of EPA Reference Method 1. An S-type pitot was connected to a manometer. The 

pitot tube was placed in such a position that the openings of the pitot tube were perpendicular to the 

stack gas flow. An angle finder was placed on the pitot tube which was rotated until a reading of 

zero (0) was obtained. The 'yaw' angle was then recorded. 

6.2 Volumetric Flow Rate

Traverses for volumetric flow rate determination were conducted in accordance with EPA 

Reference Method 2. Stack gas pressure differentials were determined with an S-type pitot tube 
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which was connected to an inclined manometer. The stack gas temperature was determined with a 

thermocouple which was connected to a digital temperature indicator. The thermocouple was 

attached to the pitot tube. A total of sixteen (16) traverse points were utilized for all sample and 

velocity traverses. The traverse points were located as indicated in Table 4-1.

6.3 Moisture Content

The moisture content of the exhaust gas stream was determined in accordance with the 

procedures outlined in EPA Reference Method 4. Gas samples were extracted at a constant rate 

and passed through a stainless steel probe maintained at 225°F. The gas sample then passed 

through an impinger train consisting of four (4) glass impingers immersed in an ice bath. The first, a 

modified Greenburg-Smith contained 100 mil of distilled water and the second, a Greenburg-Smith 

contained 100 ml of distilled water. A third impinger was initially dry. A fourth impinger contained 

silica gel for final drying of the gas sample. The sample volume was subsequently measured by 

passing it through a calibrated dry gas meter. 

The impinger contents were measured for increase in volume after each test run and 

discarded. The silica gel was returned to its original tared contained and reweighed to determine 

moisture gain. 

Minimum sample volumes of 30 DSCF were collected during each test run. All dry gas 

meters were calibrated in accordance with EPA Reference Method 5, Section 5.3. 

6.4 Gaseous Emissions Sampling System 

An extractive sampling system was used to continuously determine O2, CO2, NOx, CO, and 

total hydrocarbon compounds (THC) concentrations. A representative sample of flue gas is 

extracted through a heated (225°F) stainless steel probe and filter assembly, and is transported via 

a heat-traced Teflon sample line through a heated filter and a Teflon lined diaphragm sample pump 
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to a condensation removal trap located in the mobile laboratory. The condensation trap is cooled to 

approximately 37°F. The sample exits the trap free of moisture and particulates. The THC sample 

bypasses the condensation trap. The sample is introduced into a constant-pressure manifold 

constructed of stainless steel and Teflon for metered distribution to the respective analyzers. 

6.4.1 Nitrogen Oxides 

Nitrogen oxides concentrations were determined by EPA Reference Method 7E. The 

principle of this method is to continuously extract a gaseous sample of flue gas and introduce a 

portion of this sample into a chemiluminescent analyzer for determination of concentration. The 

principle of the analyzer is based on the following reaction: 

NO + O3 --> NO2 + O2 + a photon 

The photons emitted by the reaction are measured by a photomultiplier tube. The 

photomultiplier signal is proportional to the number of NO molecules; therefore, the photomultiplier 

signal is recorded as the concentration for NO. The sample flowrate is carefully controlled. NOx is 

comprised of NO and NO2. NO2 present in the sample gas is converted into NO prior to entering 

the reaction chamber by a NO2 to NO converter. The NO2 to NO converter breaks one (1) of the 

two (2) nitrogen-oxygen bonds by passing the sample gas through capillary tubing into an 

electronically controlled, heated catalytic converter. A converter efficiency check was performed 

prior to the start of sampling on each day of testing in accordance with Section 5.6.2 of EPA Method 

20. Calibration gases were 45-55% and 80-100% of span plus N2 (zero gas). A zero and midpoint 

bias calibration were performed from the sample probe both before and after each test run. Output 

signals were stored and processed by a PC based DAS system as well as a strip chart recorder. 

The analyzer operating range is specified in Table 6-2. 

6.4.2 Carbon Monoxide 
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Carbon monoxide concentrations were determined by gas filter correlation 

spectroscopy. A representative sample of stack gas is directed to the analyzer via the sample 

transport system described above. The sample enters the analyzer and is passed through the 

sample cell. Radiation from an infrared source is chopped then passed through a gas filter which 

alternates between CO and N2 due to the rotation of the filter wheel. The radiation then passes 

through a narrow band pass interference filter and enters a multiple optical cell where absorption by 

the sample gas occurs. The IR radiation then exits the sample cell and is focused on the detector. 

The CO gas filter acts to produce a reference beam which cannot be further attenuated by CO in 

the sample cell. The N2 side of the gas filter is transparent to the IR radiation. This beam is 

absorbed by CO present in the sample. Absorption of the IR beam by CO in the sample causes a 

proportional difference in the signals from the sample and reference cell beams. This difference is 

converted electronically into an output signal that is linearly proportional to the concentration of CO 

in the sample. Before and after each sample run, the analyzer was calibrated with NIST traceable 

calibration gases. Calibration gases were 20-30%, 45-55% and 80-100% of span plus N2 (zero 

gas). A zero and midpoint bias calibration was performed from the sample probe both before and 

after each test run. Output signals were stored and processed by a PC based DAS system as well 

as a strip chart recorder. The analyzer operating range is specified in Table 6.2. 

6.4.3 NonMethane Hydrocarbon Compounds

NMHC emissions were determined by directing a portion of the sample into a total 

hydrocarbon analyzer equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). With the total hydrocarbon 

analyzer, sample gas is transported to the FID via a heated sample train. All hydrocarbon species 

present are ionized simultaneously to produce the signal output. The THC-FID was calibrated with 

Protocol 1 grade methane calibration gases. Three (3) calibration gases of 20-30%, 45-55% and 
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80-100% of span were utilized. A zero and midpoint bias calibration was performed for the 

continuous FID both before and after each test run. The concentration of methane and total 

hydrocarbons was determined for each test. Output signals from the THC-FID were stored and 

processed by a PC based data acquisition system and a strip chart recorder. The analyzer 

operating range is specified in Table 6.2. 

Utilizing the system described above, a sample was extracted from the exhaust gas 

stream after transport through a condensation trap for determination of methane content. The 

sample was collected into a Tedlar bag for analysis by a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization 

detector (GC-FID). The difference between the methane and total hydrocarbon concentration is 

identified as NMHC for each test period. Output signals from the GC-FID were processed by an 

integrator. 

6.4.4 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

The oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the stack gases were determined 

by EPA Reference Method 3A. The sampling system was the same as described above. Oxygen 

concentrations were determined using a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer. A non-dispersive infrared 

analyzer was utilized to measure carbon dioxide concentrations. Calibration gases included 

nitrogen and two (2) upscale span gases of CO2/O2 in nitrogen. The upscale span gases were 45-

55% and 80-100% of span. A zero and midpoint bias calibration was performed both before and 

after each test run from the sample probe. Carbon dioxide and oxygen samples were collected 

simultaneously with all sampling events. Output signals from the analyzers were stored and 

processed via a DAS as well as strip chart recorders. The analyzer operating range is specified in 

Table 6-2. 
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AirNova, Inc. 12 

Table 6-2 

Ontario Landfill LPG to Energy Facility 

Emission Compliance Test Program 

Calibration Gas Summary

Parameter: Oxygen Range: 0-25% 

Actual Gas Concentration % of Range 

Mid Calibration Gas 12.49 50 

High Calibration Gas 22.3 89.2 

Parameter: Carbon Dioxide Range: 0-15% 

Mid Calibration Gas 7.74 51.6 

High Calibration Gas 12.53 83.5 

Parameter: Nitrogen Oxides Range: 0-500 ppmV 

Mid Calibration Gas 246 49.2 

High Calibration Gas 447 89.4 

Parameter: Carbon Monoxide Range: 0-1000 ppmV 

Low Calibration Gas 244.7 24.5 

Mid Calibration Gas 444.2 44.4 

High Calibration Gas 955.5 95.6 

Parameter: Total Hydrocarbons (as CH4) Range: 0-2500 ppmV 

Low Calibration Gas 890 35.6 

Mid Calibration Gas 1265 50.6 

High Calibration Gas 2000 80 
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AirNova, Inc. 13 

7.0 Quality Assurance/Quality Control Procedures 

All of the source sampling and analytical procedures were performed in accordance with the 

US EPA's 'Good Laboratory Practice' guidelines. AirNova, Inc. followed the requirements of the 

individual test methods to ensure the precision and accuracy of the source testing procedures. In 

addition, AirNova, Inc. followed the procedures provided in the 'Quality Assurance Handbook for Air 

Pollution Measurement Systems, Volume III, Stationary Sources'. Sampling equipment that was 

utilized in the test program was calibrated prior to the test performance. The following procedures 

were utilized. 

7.1 S-Type Pitot Tubes 

The S-type pitot tubes were visually inspected to verify dimension requirements. Pitot tubes 

meeting requirements were assigned a pitot tube coefficient of 0.84. Pitot tubes which did not meet 

the requirements were not utilized. 

7.2 Dry Gas Meters and Orifice 

All dry gas meters used in the field were calibrated against a transfer standard dry gas meter 

that is maintained in AirNova's calibration data. The transfer standard gas meter is calibrated 

annually and certified against an NIST traceable Bell-type Prover which operates by liquid 

displacement. 

Field dry gas meters and orifice meters are calibrated at two month intervals at the following 

orifice meter settings: 

• 0.5 in. H2O 

• 1.0 in. H2O 

• 2.0 in. H2O 

• 3.0 in. H2O 

• 4.0 in. H2O 

• 5.0 in. H2O 
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The initial and final volume readings and temperature readings were recorded for the dry 

gas meter and the secondary standard test meter at each orifice meter setting. A dry gas meter 

correction factor (DGMCF) was calculated for each setting and the average DGMCF was recorded. 

All calibration documentation is stored in a designated filing cabinet for future reference. All 

repair and maintenance documentation for each meter is stored in files that provide a history of 

each meter and aid in our preventative maintenance program. 

AirNova, Inc. also participates in the EPA Method 5 dry Gas Meter Audit Program. 

7.3 Thermocouples

Thermocouples and thermometers utilized in the sampling program were calibrated 

according to section 3.4.2 of the "Quality Assurance for Air Pollution Measurement Systems: 

Volume III" every two months. The calibration method includes comparing each field thermometer 

and thermocouple at different temperatures to an ASTM certified mercury-in-glass thermometer. 

The temperatures must agree within the tolerances mentioned for the type of sampling equipment 

being calibrated. All the calibration data is stored in a designated filing cabinet for future reference. 

1. Stack Gas and Filter Housing Thermocouples and Thermometers 

Three temperatures are measured and extrapolated over the range of temperatures 

encountered in field operations. The three temperatures used for calibration are: 

1. Ice bath 

2. Boiling point of water 

3. Boiling point of cooking oil (or equivalent in solid salt bath) 

2. Impinger Thermometers and Thermocouples 

Two temperatures are required to calibrate: 

1. Ice bath 

2. Stabilized room temperature 

3. Dry Gas Thermometers 

Two temperatures are required to calibrate: 

1. Stabilized hot water bath at approximately 104 - 122°F (40 - 50°C) 

2. Stabilized room temperature 
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7.4 Labels 

All samples collected as part of the sampling program (silica gel desiccant samples) were 

affixed with labels which identify the following: 1) Project No., 2) Date, 3) Type of sample, 4) Run 

No., 5) Sample location, and 6) Sample fraction. 

7.5 Chain-of-Custody Documentation 

Chain-of-custody documentation for all samples was implemented at the completion of 

sampling and sample clean-up and was documented until the samples were received by the 

laboratory for analysis. 

7.6 Calibration Gases 

• NIST Traceable Protocol 1 grade (1%) gas standards were utilized for 

calibration of the NOx, O2, CO2, THC and CO analyzers. 
Appendix A 

Field Data 
Appendix B 

Calculations 
Appendix C 

Calibration Data 
Appendix D 

Facility Operating Data