# Advancements **in a NIST -**  **Tr aceable**  **Quantitative Aerosol Generator**  **Tr oy**  **C. Pittenger**  **Cooper Environmental Services LLC** 

**There is no NIST -**  **Tr aceable**  **calibration and audit**  **standard to challenge PM CEMS** 

**Evaluate and develop CES’ NIST**  **- Tr**  **aceable quantitative**  **aerosol generator (QAG)**  **to calibrate PM CEMS over a large range of PM concentrations.** 

• **Focus research on the two main PM CEMS’ technologies,**  **light scattering and beta attenuation**  **while increasing the utility o**  **f the QAG.** 

• **Evaluate the QAG**  **with light scattering and beta**  **attenuation PM CEMS** 

• **Identify possible**  **issues**
**– aerosol**  **characteristics**

• **Modify the QAG**  **to fit specific application needs** 



# APPROACH **PROBLEM Light scattering PM CEMS**  **Initial evaluation** 

• **Field evaluated w ith**  **3 different PM CEMS**

• **Highly linear relationship (r**  **2** 

# > 0.95)

• **PS -**  **11 and QAG correlations very**  **d ifferent** 

• **Aerosol characteristics need adjustment**

**Recent advancements**

• **Δ particle size distribution** 

• **Increase precision of nebulizer** 

# RESUL **TS Overall utility**  **of the QAG**

• **The aerosol generated**  **is much more predictable and**  **precise using the new**  **n ebulizer (low**  **er frequency**  **).**

• **The Overall size of QAG has been reduced** 

• **Eliminate vapor correction**  **and balance.**



# • **The QAG**  **can generate**  **an aerosol**  **that closely**  **matches the**  **size distribution**  **downstream of**  **environmental controls**  **on a**  **CFPP**

**.**

• **The QAG**  **had excellent**  **comparison with**  **beta attenuation**  **PM CEMS’**  **factory calibration** 

**.**

• **The QAG can be used to calibrated a beta**  **attenuation monitor if the appropriate protocols**  **are followed.** 

# CONCLUSION **RESUL TS (cont.)** 

1. Chuck Dene (EPRI) 2. Craig Clapsaddle (MSI) 3. Jamie Berg & John Cooper (CES ) 4. Morgan Jones (FirstEnergy) 5. Baron, A, P ., Willeke , K. (2005). Aerosol Measurement Principles, T

echniques, and Applications . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley

- Interscience

. 6. We n - Fu , T. , Jenn

- DerL ., Ye e - lin W. (201 1). An Analysis of Extinction Coef

ficients of Particles and W ater Moisture in the Stack after Flue Gas Desulfurization at a Coal

Fired Power Plant. AW MA, 61, 815

- 825. 

# REFERENCES/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



# OBJECTIVES

**OPERA TING**  **PRINCIPLE Beta attenuation PM CEMS**  **Initial evaluation at FirstEnergy**  **’s Bruce**  **Mansfield Pow er**  **Plant**

• **Near 1:1 comparison betw een factory**  **calibration and QAG on 3 different units**

• **Good comparison w ith**  **2 out of 3 PS -**  **11 correlations** 

• **Model developed explaining difference in 3 rd**  

# PS **- 11**  **correlation (Beta # 3)** Key parameters CFPP QAG Density (g/cm 3 

## ) 2.0 1.98 Refractive index 1.50 1.49 MMD (μm) 4.0 0.5

0 10 20 30 40 50**0 .** **3 -** **0 .** **5 0** **. 5** **- 0** **. 7** **0 .** **7 -** **1 .** **0 1** **. 0** **- 2** **. 5** **2 .** **5 -** **5 .** **0 5** **. 0** **- 1** **0 >** **1 0** **% o** **f t** **o t** **a l** **m a** **s s** 



## Particle diameter (um) 

# Particle **Size of Old QAG** 

0 10 20 30 40 50**0 .** **3 -** **0 .** **5 0** **. 5** **- 0** **. 7** **0 .** **7 -** **1 .** **0 1** **. 0** **- 2** **. 5** **2 .** **5 -** **5 .** **0 5** **. 0** **- 1** **0 >** **1 0** **% o** **f t** **o t** **a l** **m a** **s s** 



## Particle diameter (um) 

# Particle Size of New **Q AG**  

# Stac **k Aer**  **osol Pr**  **obe Filter** 

**Pr obe**  **Tr anspor**  **t Filter T**  **ape**

**PM Deposit Not Measur**  **ed PM Measur**  **ed via BAM -**  **Based CEMS R**  **esponse** 

### Gra **vimetric Measurement of** 

**PM Deposit**

**Tr anspor**  **t y**  **= 1.07x -**  **2.96 R2 = 0.985** 

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00**Q A** **G C** **o n** **c (** **m g** **/ w** **s c** **m )** 

**Beta # 1 Conc (mg/w scm)**  

### QA **G Correlation** 

**y = 1.169x**  **+ 0.3442 R2 = 0.9925** 

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00**M 5** **( m** **g /** **w s** **c m** **)**

**Beta # 1 Conc. (mg/ wscm**  **)** 

### PS **- 11**  **Correlation y**  **= 1.05x -**  **1.35 R2 = 0.994** 

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00**Q A** **G C** **o n** **c (** **m g** **/ w** **s c** **m )** 

**Beta # 2 Conc (mg/w scm)**  

### QA **G Correlation** 

**y = 1.1937x**  **- 1.9916**  **R2 = 0.9826**

0 20 40 60 80

0 20 40 60 80**M 5** **( m** **g /** **w s** **c m** **)**

**Beta # 2 Conc. (mg/w scm)**  

### PS **- 11**  **Correlation y**  **= 1.06x -**  **0.364 R2 = 0.993** 

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00**Q A** **G C** **o n** **c (** **m g** **/ w** **s c** **m )** 

**Beta # 3 Conc (mg/w scm)**  

### QA **G Correlation** 

**y = 1.626x**  **- 1.260**  **R2 = 0.981**

0 20 40 60 80

0 20 40 60 80**M 5** **( m** **g /** **w s** **c m** **)**

**Beta # 3 Conc. (mg/w scm)**  

### PS
**- 11 Correlation** 



# • **Solution of NIST**  **- Tr**  **aceable Concentration (C s**  

# )

• **Measured nebulization rate (R)** 

• **Dried in NIST -**  **Tr aceable flow**  **(F)**

• **Produces a NIST -**  **Tr aceable aerosol**  **concentration (C a**  

# )



# • = ∗ 0.4400 0.4500 0.4600 0.4700 0.4800 0.4900 0.5000**N e** **b u** **l i** **z a** **t i** **o n** **r a** **t e** **( g** **/ m** **i n** **)**

**Ti me (hours)**  

### Contiuous **nebulization rate ov**  **er time** 

Linear (5% interval) Linear (5% interval)



# 0.4% **R SD**