Owens Valley PM10 Attainment Demonstration 

Draft Modeling Protocol 

Prepared by 

MFG, Inc 

19203 36th Avenue West, Suite 101 

Lynnwood, WA 98036 

Prepared for 

Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District 

157 Short St., Suite 6 

Bishop, CA 93514 

March 16, 2001
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -1- March 16, 2001 

Owens Valley PM10 Attainment Demonstration 

Draft Modeling Protocol 

Table of Contents 

1 . Introduction...............................................................................................................................2 

2 . Dispersion Modeling Methods for Existing Conditions ...........................................................5 

2.1 Overview of Modeling Procedures and Rationale for Model Selection ........................6 

2.2 Alternative Models Considered .....................................................................................6 

2.3 Meteorological Data Set Construction...........................................................................8 

2.4 Estimation of PM10 Emissions....................................................................................11 

2.5 Application of CALPUFF............................................................................................13 

2.6 Background PM10 Concentrations ..............................................................................15 

3 . Model Performance Evaluation ..............................................................................................15 

3.1 Diagnostic Tests...........................................................................................................15 

3.2 Ambient PM10 Data Sets.............................................................................................16 

3.3 Model Performance......................................................................................................16 

4 . Control Strategy Evaluation and Attainment Demonstration .................................................18 

5 . References...............................................................................................................................22 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -2- March 16, 2001 

Owens Valley PM10 Attainment Demonstration 

Draft Modeling Protocol 

1. Introduction 

The purpose of the Protocol is to describe the procedures that are planned for dispersion 

modeling studies supporting a 2003 revision to the Owens Valley PM10 State Implementation 

Plan (SIP). The Atmospheric Sciences Group of MFG, Inc. (MFG) prepared the Protocol on 

behalf of the Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District (District). The dispersion 

modeling will be used to assess control strategies designed to bring the airshed into attainment by 

December 31, 2006. A formal protocol describing the modeling techniques including a 

performance evaluation is recommended by both the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

and the California Air Resources Board (CARB). 

The Owens Lake airshed has been designated as a “serious” PM10 Nonattainment Area by the 

EPA. Episodes are accompanied by high winds and the most significant source of PM10 in the 

air basin is windblown dust from the Owens Lake playa. The Protocol describes dispersion 

modeling techniques that will be applied to assess control scenarios planned for completion by 

December 31, 2003 and any additional measures necessary to bring the area into attainment by 

December 31, 2006. The protocol also includes a performance evaluation to assess the 

uncertainty and reliability of these modeling methods based on a comparison of model 

predictions with ambient PM10 measurements. 

 

Previous reports. MFG and the District have conducted a number of modeling studies at Owens 

Lake. The results of these studies are contained in the following: 

• Preliminary Results Owens Dry Lake Air Quality Modeling Study (October 1995). 

Simulations in this study were based on the emission algorithms developed for the Mono 

Lake playa (MFG, 1994). Predictions in three modeling regions were provided to the 

District in the form of source area impact matrices. The matrices allowed the District to 

test different emission algorithms and examine the influence of different source areas to 

the monitoring stations. 

• Owens Lake Model Evaluation (August 1996). MFG compared model predictions to 

ambient observations from six historical episodes in this study. The emission factors for 

windblown PM10 sources were based on wind tunnel tests conducted on the playa at 

about the time of the episodes. The size and location of the emitting areas used in the 

comparisons were also specific to the episodes used in the evaluation. 

• Results of Control Alternative Evaluation (September 1996). Using the concepts of the 

prior studies, MFG assessed the effectiveness of different proposed control strategies in 

this report. A more conservative emission algorithm was used in order to capture the 

higher potential PM10 events and the sources areas were larger than used in the previous 

evaluation study. 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -3- March 16, 2001 

Previous SIP attainment demonstration modeling. The dispersion modeling contained in the 

Owens Valley PM10 Planning Area Demonstration of Attainment SIP (GBUAPCD, 1998) 

followed the general procedures of the studies above. Features of the modeling approach include: 

• the Industrial Source Complex Short-Term model (ISCST3, USEPA, 1995); 

• wind speed dependent emission factors for each season and control alternative based on 

the interpretation of wind tunnel data collected by the District; 

• a 35 square mile source area where emissions varied hourly according to wind speed, but 

were assumed to be spatially uniform (The outline of the source area was based on onlake visual inspections of the playa over several seasons of dust events); 

• three modeling sub-regions with receptors placed on the historical shoreline and at the air 

monitoring sites; and 

• two years of meteorological data (1994 through 1995) within the three modeling regions. 

The modeling approach in the 1998 SIP Attainment Demonstration was designed to be 

conservative using a large source area and average PM10 emission rates. A model performance 

evaluation was conducted and showed this approach captured many aspects of the larger 

historical events, but was biased toward over-prediction for the smaller events. Although visual 

observations and wind tunnel tests suggested many events were characterized by smaller emitting 

areas with more intense emissions, a database sufficient to describe this activity was not available 

for the 1998 SIP Attainment Demonstration. 

Dust Source Identification Program. The objective of the Dust ID Program is to obtain a better 

understanding of Owens Lake dust source areas by collecting data to help characterize their 

location, sand motion, frequency of activity, and relationship to observed PM10 concentrations. 

The instrumentation and methods employed are described in the Owens Lake Dust Source ID 

Program Protocol (GBUAPCD, 2000). Major components of the Dust ID Program include: 

• horizontal sand flux measurements using Sensits and Cox Sand Catchers located in pairs 

on an irregular grid with a mesh size of 1 kilometer (See Figure 1), 

 

• surface meteorological data at 12 sites and a radar Wind Profiler with a Radio Acoustic 

Sounding System (RASS) at one site, 

• PM10 concentration measurements with TEOMs at six fixed sites and one portable 

location, 

• source area maps generated from visual observations using off-lake observers, video 

cameras and Geographic Positioning System (GPS) mapping of source area boundaries, 

and 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -4- March 16, 2001 

Figure 1. Map of Owens Lake and Dust ID Project Sites 

UTM Corrected MS00102201

Hwy 395

N

012345

Kilometers

Olancha

Keeler

Lone

 Pine

Dirty Socks

Legend

Dust source area

Existing PM 10 Site

Dirt Road

Observation Site

Additional Sensit Site

Existing Met Site

Additional Met Site

Existing Sensit Site

Additional PM 10 Site
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -5- March 16, 2001 

• dispersion modeling and other analyses to examine the relationships between horizontal 

sand flux and PM10 concentrations observed at the TEOM monitoring sites. 

The Dust ID Program started collecting data during the fall of 1999. Six months of these data 

have been analyzed and the results presented at meetings held in Bishop on June 15, 2000 and 

October 25, 2000. 

Dispersion modeling goals. The dispersion modeling proposed in this Protocol builds on the 

methods of previous studies using data from the Dust ID Program and a more sophisticated 

modeling approach. The proposed approach based on the CALPUFF modeling system is 

possible, in part due to the availability of data characterizing source activity and more extensive 

meteorological observations. Specifically the goals of the proposed modeling are as follows: 

• conduct the dispersion modeling in accordance with the regulatory guidance for PM10 

SIPs using EPA recommended modeling tools and procedures; 

• perform an evaluation of the proposed dispersion modeling techniques using ambient data 

collected by the Dust ID Program; and

• assess and refine control strategies until the modeling approach demonstrates attainment 

of the PM10 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). 

Protocol organization. The remainder of the Protocol describes the dispersion modeling 

techniques, evaluation procedures, ambient data sets, and the control strategy assessment. 

Section 2 presents an overview of the dispersion modeling methods and emission factors selected 

for the study. Section 3 describes the model evaluation procedures including the statistical 

performance measures and methods to assess uncertainty. MFG presents the techniques proposed 

for the control strategy evaluation in Section 4. The Protocol concludes with references in 

Section 5. 

2. Dispersion Modeling Methods for Existing Conditions 

This section of the Protocol discusses the dispersion model methods proposed for the simulation 

of windblown dust under existing conditions at Owens Lake. The simulation of existing 

conditions and comparisons with observations will be used in the performance evaluation. These 

methods will also form the basis of the control strategy evaluation. Following an overview of the 

modeling approach, the remainder of this section discusses construction of the meteorological 

data set, estimation of emissions, application of the dispersion model, and specification of 

background concentrations. 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -6- March 16, 2001 

2.1 Overview of Modeling Procedures and Rationale for Model Selection 

The CALPUFF modeling system (Scire, et. al., 2000b) has been selected for the attainment 

demonstration. CALPUFF is the EPA recommended modeling approach for long-range transport 

studies and EPA has proposed CALPUFF as a Guideline Model to be included in the Guideline 

on Air Quality Models (40 CFR Part 51, Appendix W). The modeling system is also commonly 

applied to near-field dispersion problems where the three-dimensional qualities of the wind field 

are important or for transient episodes when pollutants remain within the modeling domain over 

periods of several hours or more. Observations during the Dust ID Program indicate dust events 

on Owen Lake are sometimes influenced by complex wind patterns, with plumes from the North 

Sand Sheet traveling in different directions than plumes from the South Sand Sheet. The 

CALPUFF modeling system was recommended by CARB for the Dust ID Program and has been 

applied by the District to aid in the identification of emissive areas on the lakebed. Features of 

the proposed modeling procedures include: 

• a three-dimensional wind field constructed from the Dust ID Program surface and upper 

air observations using CALMET, 

• hourly variable PM10 emissions derived from the Sensit network, and

• CALPUFF simulations using three years of Sensit and meteorological data.

Model Domain. The proposed model domain shown in Figure 2 includes a 34 km-by-48 km area 

centered on Owens Lake. The meteorological grid will use a one-kilometer horizontal mesh size 

with ten vertical levels extending from the surface to four kilometers aloft. The extent of the 

model domain was selected to include the “data rich” Dust ID Program study area, terrain 

features that act to channel winds, and receptor areas of interest. The one-kilometer mesh size of 

the meteorological grid matches the spacing used for the District’s Sensit network. 

2.2 Alternative Models Considered 

ISCST3. The ISCST3 model was used in the 1998 SIP Attainment Demonstration. ISCST3 is a 

continuous plume model based on steady state and spatially homogeneous assumptions. In order 

to capture some aspects of variable winds within the airshed, ISCST3 was applied in three 

modeling regions with three different sets of meteorological data. CALPUFF simulates a 

source’s plume by a series of discrete puffs that can move and disperse independently according 

to local conditions. The application of CALPUFF allows for the simulation of the entire airshed 

without the need for modeling subregions and should provide a better characterization of likely 

plume trajectories. 

ISCPRIME. ISCPRIME is the EPA’s proposed replacement for ISCST3 as a Guideline Model

for sources subject to building wake effects. In all other respects, ISCPRIME is identical to 

ISCST3 and was not selected for the attainment demonstration for the same reasons. 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -7- March 16, 2001 

Figure 2. Model Domain and Terrain (m)

400 405 410 415 420 425 430

UTM East-West (km)

4010

4015

4020

4025

4030

4035

4040

4045

4050

4055

UTM North-South (km)
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -8- March 16, 2001 

AERMOD. AERMOD will replace ISCST3 in the near future for many regulatory analyses. 

AERMOD is the result of collaboration between the American Meteorological Society (AMS) 

and EPA to include more up-to-date diffusion routines in the EPA regulatory models. Although 

many of the improvements target improved simulation of elevated plumes in the convective 

boundary layer and in elevated terrain, these routines may also provide better estimates for the 

ground level area sources at Owens Lake. AERMOD was not selected for the attainment 

demonstration because, like ISCST3, it is based on a continuous plume assumption and cannot 

directly consider a spatially variable wind field. In addition, the current version of AERMOD 

does not contain deposition algorithms or account for removal of mass from the dust plumes. 

Many of the more recent dispersion algorithms incorporated in AERMOD can also be optionally 

selected when CALPUFF is applied. 

Eulerian Grid models. Eulerian grid models are also being used for PM10 SIPs in other areas of 

the United States. Examples of such models include CALGRID, REMSAD, UAM-AERO, and 

CMAQ (MODELS-3). These models can also consider spatially variable winds, but are typically 

employed due to the importance of secondary aerosol formation or because the vast number of 

sources being considered must be allocated to an emission inventory grid. Most of these models 

do not have plume-in-grid algorithms and cannot resolve sources smaller than the horizontal or 

vertical grid mesh sizes used in the simulation. Eulerian grid models are computer resource 

intensive and usually applied to discrete episodes. The CALPUFF modeling system can be 

applied to simulate multi-year periods without the need to identify episodes and is more flexible 

with respect to the initial geometry and sizes of sources. 

2.3 Meteorological Data Set Construction 

The three-dimensional wind fields for CALPUFF will be constructed from surface and upper air 

observations using the CALMET meteorological preprocessor program and the procedures 

currently being employed in the Dust ID Program. CALMET combines surface observations, 

upper air observations, terrain elevations, and land use data into the format required by 

CALPUFF. Winds are adjusted objectively using combinations of both surface and upper air 

observations according to options specified by the user. In addition to specifying the threedimensional wind field, CALMET also estimates the boundary layer parameters used to 

characterize diffusion and deposition by the CALPUFF dispersion model. 

Surface Observations. The majority of the necessary surface meteorological data will come 

from the District’s network of ten-meter towers shown in Figure 1. This network of stations 

collects hourly wind, temperature, relative humidity, and surface pressure data. Very few periods 

of missing data are contained in the District’s database. Periods of missing data are flagged and 

CALMET constructs the wind fields using the data from the remaining stations. In addition to the 

Districts network, surface data from other field programs on the lake will be used when available. 

Wind data from Los Angeles Department of Water and Power’s (DWP’s) monitoring program on 

the South Sand Sheet, Desert Research Institute’s field programs on the North Sand Sheet and 

near the DIVIT site have been collected during the Dust ID Program. These wind data and other 

available surface data will be utilized to the extent possible in the attainment demonstration 

modeling. 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -9- March 16, 2001 

 

Cloud cover data. The current version of CALMET also requires cloud cover and ceiling height 

observations. Cloud cover is a variable used by CALMET to estimate the surface energy fluxes 

and, along with ceiling height, is used to calculate the Pasquill stability class. Hourly cloud cover 

and ceiling height observations are being collected from the surrounding surface airways 

observations at China Lake and Bishop Airport. During dust event conditions, the sensitivity of 

the CALPUFF modeling system to these variables is reduced, as the stability class becomes 

neutral under moderate to high winds. Algorithms within the modeling system that depend on the 

surface energy fluxes are dominated by the momentum flux and tend to be insensitive to cloud 

cover under high winds. For these reasons, MFG does not expect the absence of local cloud 

cover and ceiling height measurements to significantly affect the results of the modeling study. 

Surface Characteristics and Terrain. The CALPUFF modeling system requires land use and 

terrain data. These data are used by CALMET to adjust the wind field and affect the calculations 

performed by the CALPUFF dispersion model. CALPUFF considers spatial changes in land use, 

including the surface roughness, and the input data are specified on a horizontal grid. The terrain 

data influence the constructed wind fields and plume trajectories in regions of sparse 

observations. Land use and terrain data have been obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS) data sets on the Internet. The resolution of these land use and terrain data sets are 200 m 

and about 30 m, respectively. MFG has prepared these data sets using the pre-processing 

software provided with the CALPUFF modeling system. The resulting grids have been plotted 

and checked against data from the District’s GIS database where the modeling domain overlaps 

the District’s data. Figure 2 displays a contour plot of terrain using the one-kilometer mesh size 

data prepared for CALPUFF. 

Upper air data. The upper air data for construction of the wind fields and estimation of mixing 

heights with CALMET are currently being obtained in the Dust ID Program. Upper air 

soundings are obtained from three locations: 

• Desert Rock Airport (Mercury, Nevada) where soundings are collected twice daily by the 

National Weather Service (NWS); 

• China Lake Naval Air Station where the U.S. Navy collects soundings for most weekday 

mornings or as dictated by their operations; and 

• Dirty Socks (Figure 1) where the district operates a 915-MHz radar Wind Profiler with 

RASS. The Wind Profiler collects hourly wind data aloft and includes RASS for the 

collection of virtual temperature profiles. 

The Wind Profiler with RASS samples wind and temperature from 100 m, up to 5000 m with a 

vertical resolution as low as 60 m depending on the clutter environment, atmospheric scattering 

conditions, and pulse length. Experience at Owens Lake suggests wind data recovery is often 

poor above 1000 m due to the dry environment and the RASS data are limited to the lower levels 

during windy conditions. Further details concerning the Wind Profiler data, operation, and 

quality assurance procedures can be found in the Data Report for Spring 2000 (STI, 2000). 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -10- March 16, 2001 

Sonoma Technology, Inc. (STI) deployed and operated the Wind Profiler during March through 

May 2000. The District has since purchased a system and installed the Wind Profiler at the Dirty 

Socks site with data collection beginning in January 2001. In order to obtain data from a different 

location, the District plans to move the Wind Profiler to a site 4 km southeast of Keeler 

following Spring 2001. 

CALMET requires wind and temperature soundings at no more than 14-hour intervals that 

extend above the highest vertical level considered in the model. MFG plans to process the 

necessary data using the following procedures: 

• During extended periods when the Wind Profiler is not operating, soundings from China 

Lake and Desert Rock will be used to construct the data set. Missing soundings will be 

filled in assuming persistence or interpolation. The China Lake and Desert Rock sounding 

will primarily be used for upper level temperature lapse rates. Winds aloft will be based 

on extrapolation of the surface measurements. 

• When operating, hourly wind and temperature data from the Wind Profiler and RASS 

will be used for as many vertical levels as possible. In order to extend the profiles aloft, 

500-mb data will be stripped from the China Lake (Desert Rock when missing) sounding. 

Since the soundings are generally taken at 12-hour intervals, it will sometimes be 

necessary to interpolate between the observation times to match the hourly Wind Profiler 

data. 

CALMET options. A CALMET input file showing the model options proposed for the 

attainment demonstration is listed in Appendix A. The example in Appendix A is based on a 

CALMET simulation of April 2000 using surface observations from 11 surface sites and upper 

air data from the Wind Profiler. The majority of the selected model options are based on the 

defaults incorporated in the code by the model author (Scire, et. el., 2000a) and MFG’s 

inspection of the resulting wind fields using vector plots. Notable model options include: 

• Ten vertical levels varying geometrically from the surface to 4000 m. The geometric spacing 

is suggested to provide better resolution near the surface and the upper limit is high enough to 

be above the boundary layer height. 

• Vertical extrapolation of surface winds aloft using the results of the Wind Profiler studies 

conducted during Spring 2000. The vertical extrapolation of surface winds aloft can influence 

predicted upper level winds in portions of the domain away from the Wind Profiler or during 

periods when the Wind Profiler data are unavailable. Data from the Wind Profiler at Dirty 

Socks during dust events indicate little or no vertical wind speed shear and no consistent 

turning of the wind direction with height. The default algorithms employed by CALMET 

based on Similarity Theory often adjust the winds in the wrong direction and allow too much 

increase in wind speed with height even for very small surface roughness lengths. 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -11- March 16, 2001 

• Less than default smoothing of wind fields. Less smoothing of the wind fields by CALMET 

was suggested by DWP contractors Air Sciences and Environ after review of the CALMET 

input listings. 

2.4 Estimation of PM10 Emissions 

K-factor assumption. PM10 emissions will be based on data and relationships from the Dust ID 

Program. Dust source activity is characterized in the Dust ID Program using the network of 

Sensits shown in Figure 1. The Dust ID Program assumes the vertical PM10 emission flux from 

an area source (Qarea) is related to the horizontal flux of saltating sand particles moving across the 

area source, or more simply, to a Sensit measurement at a single height above the area. The 

experimental and theoretical justification for this approach was provided in Appendix A of the 

Owens Lake Dust ID Program Protocol. The assumed relationship takes the form: 

 Qarea(g/(m2

-s)) = Kf*Qsens(g/(m2-s)) 

where Kf is the proportionality constant or “K-factor” and Qsens is the Sensit measurement. 

Experimental and theoretical evidence suggest Kf is a property associated with the binding 

energies of the soil and is independent of the surface stress induced by wind speed. However, the 

horizontal sand flux is both a strong function of the surface shear stress and the soil properties. 

In order to use the Sensit data, the output signal units must be converted to horizontal mass flux 

units (g/(m2

-s)). The Sensit output signal for kinetic energy of particles impacting the sensor is 

used as an hourly surrogate for the horizontal sand flux. The Sensit measurement units are 

converted to units of mass passing through a horizontal opening by adjusting the integrated 

output signal to match the total sand captured by the Cox Sand Catcher over the same period. 

Results from January to June 2000. Table 1 summarizes a K-factor analysis using data from 

January to June 2000. In the Dust ID Program, K-factors are inferred using dispersion modeling 

techniques from the observed PM10 concentrations downwind of active source areas. Wind 

direction data at the monitoring sites are used to isolate the contributions from on-lake source 

regions and remove the influence of off-lake sources to PM10 concentrations. In order to focus 

the analysis on concentrations near or above the 24-hour NAAQS, K-factors are only inferred 

when hourly concentrations are above 150 μg/m3

. Results of the analysis suggest: 

• K-factors are higher for the on-lake source areas affecting Dirty Socks than for Keeler. 

• There is a tendency towards lower K-factors as the season progresses. 

• The K-factor distribution for each site and quarter varies by about an order of magnitude 

between the 5 percentile and 95 percentile. 

• Most of the variation in the inferred K-factors occurs during hours with lower sand fluxes 

and/or lower PM10 concentrations. 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -12- March 16, 2001 

Table 1. Hourly K-factor Analysis Summary 

Dust ID Program January to June 2000 

Keeler 

WD from 180-305 

Dirty Socks 

WD from 340-400 

 

 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr Jan-June 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr Jan-June 

Num 23 53 76 86 84 170 

Mean 2.43E-05 8.96E-06 1.36E-05 6.15E-05 4.12E-05 5.14E-05 

Std 1.64E-05 4.28E-06 1.19E-05 3.75E-05 2.85E-05 3.48E-05 

95% 4.86E-05 1.65E-05 3.66E-05 1.17E-04 9.71E-05 1.10E-04 

Median 1.85E-05 8.02E-06 1.01E-05 5.02E-05 3.43E-05 4.48E-05 

5% 4.80E-06 4.24E-06 4.15E-06 1.87E-05 1.35E-05 1.37E-05 

 Based on all hourly TEOM concentrations greater than 150 μg/m3

K-factor variability. Since the K-factors are calculated using dispersion modeling there is 

uncertainty associated with their derivation. Thus it is unclear to what degree the variation in the 

K-factor has a physical cause or is due to inaccuracies in the modeling, instrumentation, or the 

inability of the Sensit network to resolve some of the smaller events. However, the factor-of-ten 

variation should be considered in the context of the variability of the Sensit measurements and 

the PM10 concentrations. For the data sets used to calculate the K-factors, Sensit measurements 

and PM10 concentrations varied by three orders of magnitude, much greater than the derived 

variation in the K-factor. This suggests the uncertainty in predicted PM10 emission fluxes are 

more likely influenced by the ability to predict and/or measure the sand motion than the K-factor. 

Preliminary recommendations. The Dust ID Program is ongoing and MFG believes it is 

premature to provide definitive recommendations for the estimation of emissions until more data 

have been collected and analyzed. Based on analysis of the January to June 2000 data set, most of 

the variation in the PM10 at Dirty Socks and Keeler can be explained using seasonal average Kfactors for the North Sand Sheet and South Sand Sheet, respectively. For the attainment 

demonstration, the initial recommendations of MFG and the District are: 

• Use best estimates for the K-factor, for example average or median values thought to be 

representative for a season and source region. Since the uncertainty in the K-factor may 

be related to uncertainty in the dispersion modeling or to the resolution of the Sensit 

network, there is no reason to select an overly conservative K-factor for the attainment 

demonstration. Uncertainty in the analysis should be viewed by examining the results of 

the model performance evaluation discussed in Section 3. 

• The District feels some degree of conservatism is required for the attainment 

demonstration and K-factors should be based on the 95th percentile upper confidence limit 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -13- March 16, 2001 

using the episode-average factors for each season and location (As distinguished from 

Table 1, which shows hourly average K-factors.). For example, the episode-average Kfactors for the North Sand Sheet will be statistically evaluated for the first quarter of 2000 

to calculate the 95th percentile confidence limit using the standard deviation of the 

episode-averages. These high-end K-factors will be used to calculate uncontrolled PM10 

emission rates for the attainment demonstration. 

• Do not use the K-factor relationships to calibrate the model. Since K-factors are derived 

using dispersion modeling, over-parameterization of the K-factors would result, in effect 

to calibration of the model. Current theory and independent experimental evidence 

suggest Kf should be a property of the binding energies of the soils and it is reasonable to 

expect variation by soil type and also by season. However, MFG is unaware of any 

independent evidence indicating Kf should be a function of wind speed or sand flux. 

Wind tunnel tests on and off Owens Lake indicate that Kf is not a function of the wind 

induced surface stress (Nickling, et al., 2001). 

• Wind tunnel tests are currently being conducted at Owens Lake to help confirm the Kfactor relationships found in the Dust ID Program. The results of these studies may lead 

to better algorithms for the K-factor, interpretation of the Sensit data, and refinement of 

the K-factor within the large source regions. 

• GPS mapping of source area boundaries, soil mapping and visual observations (historic 

and current) should be used in conjunction with the sand flux data to define emissive 

source areas. 

Technical memorandum. Prior to the 2003 SIP revision, a Technical Memorandum will be 

prepared to summarize the K-factor analysis and data collected by the Dust ID Program during 

the 2000 to 2002 dust seasons. The Technical Memorandum will provide detailed descriptions of 

the emission algorithms to be employed for the attainment demonstration and allow interested 

parties an opportunity to comment on these methods. 

2.5 Application of CALPUFF 

CALPUFF will be applied using the CALMET meteorological input files, geophysical data, and 

hourly emission fluxes discussed in previous sections of the Protocol. The application of 

CALPUFF also involves the selection of options controlling dispersion and other parameters 

affecting the model results. The same model options used in the Dust ID Protocol will be used 

for the attainment demonstration. Appendix B provides an example listing of a CALPUFF input 

file for simulation of April 2000 with features that include: 

• Hourly volume source emissions specified in an external file; 

• Default selections for most model options including puff-splitting; 
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Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -14- March 16, 2001 

• Dispersion according to the conventional Pasquill-Gifford dispersion curves. MFG has 

performed sensitivity tests by applying CALPUFF with optional dispersion routines 

similar to those contained in AERMOD. These tests did not indicate improved 

performance over the Pasquill-Gifford based simulations. More diagnostic tests with the 

dispersion option will be included in the model performance evaluation; 

• Near-field puffs modeled as Gaussian puffs, not elongated “slugs.” CALPUFF contains a 

computation intensive “slug” algorithm for improved representation of plumes when 

wind directions vary rapidly in time. MFG has tested this option and found no significant 

differences in the CALPUFF predictions; and 

• Consideration of dry deposition and depletion of mass from the plume. The particle size 

data used will be based on measurements taken within dust plumes on Owens Lake as 

discussed below. 

Particle size. Dry deposition and subsequent depletion of mass from the dust plumes depend on 

the particle size distribution. A number of field studies have collected particle size distributions 

within dust plumes at Owens Lake. Based on results of Niemeyer, the CALPUFF simulations 

will be based on a lognormal distribution with a geometric mean diameter of 3.5 μm and a 

geometric standard deviation of 2.2 (Niemeyer, et. al., 1999). These variables are based on the 

average of 13 dust plume size distributions reported by Niemeyer between June 1995 and March 

1996 at different locations within the airshed. 

Volume source specification. Emissions will be varied hourly and supplied to CALPUFF for 

each Sensit location as volume sources. MFG will assume the Sensit measurement is 

representative of horizontal sand flux for the one square kilometer surrounding the Sensit. 

However, as more data becomes available through the Dust ID Program, the emissive area 

surrounding the Sensit may be adjusted using soil type, a GPS emission boundary or visual 

observations. The emission rate for each volume source (Qvol) will be assigned as follows: 

Qvol(g/s) = Kf*Qsens(g/(m2-s))*(1000 m)2

CALPUFF simulates volume sources as Gaussian puffs with initial vertical and horizontal 

standard deviations. The volume source initial conditions will be as follows: a horizontal 

standard deviation of 500 m and a vertical standard deviation of 20 m. The initial vertical 

standard deviation is based on the Pasquill-Gifford dispersion curves and the amount of vertical 

plume spread predicted by these curves after 500 m of travel under windy conditions (neutral 

Pasquill stability class). The initial horizontal size of the puff is selected so that crosswind profile 

of adjacent volume sources is relatively uniform. 

Simulations for the Dust ID Program indicate predictions can be sensitive to the resolution and 

size of the volume sources used to represent the dust source areas. The model performance 

evaluation will include diagnostic tests with alternative configurations. 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -15- March 16, 2001 

Exclude Sensit measurements during light winds. The Sensit network sometimes records sand 

motion during light wind conditions. These events often occur during the night and appear to be 

related to animal activity. Dust devils and mechanical suspension of sand sized particles near the 

Sensit can also cause the Sensit to record sand motion. During such events the sand motion is 

local and not representative of an entire square kilometer. Although the magnitude of the sand 

motion indicated is low, since the winds are light the simulation of these events using the 

methods described above can result in large, erroneous PM10 concentration predictions. 

MFG proposes to filter the Sensit data using wind speed. Isolated Sensit measurements observed 

when winds are less than 5 m/s at the District monitoring sites will be reset to zero. This practice 

will be followed in both the attainment demonstration and the model performance evaluation. 

2.6 Background PM10 Concentrations 

The dispersion model simulations include only windblown emissions from the source areas with 

Sensits shown in Figure 1. During high wind events other local and regional sources of fugitive 

dust also contribute to the PM10 concentrations observed at the monitoring locations. MFG will 

add a constant background concentration to all predictions to account for background sources. 

The constant background will be calculated from the average of the lower Olancha-Lone Pine 

paired 24-hour PM10 concentrations during 2000 to 2002 when PM10 concentrations are above 

150 μg/m3. The same method for background PM10 concentration was used in the 1998 SIP 

Attainment Demonstration. In the previous analysis, a background of 28 μg/m3 was calculated 

based on an analysis of the 31 periods during 1994 and 1995. This background concentration will 

exclude the contribution from off-lake source areas between Olancha and Keeler. 

3. Model Performance Evaluation 

The model performance evaluation will compare model predictions to observations in order to 

assess the uncertainty and reliability of the modeling methods. The proposed evaluation will 

include diagnostic tests to stress the model and look for unreasonable behavior. The remainder of 

this section describes the planned diagnostic tests, the ambient data sets, performance measures 

and methods for evaluating statistical uncertainty. 

3.1 Diagnostic Tests 

Both the EPA and CARB suggest modeling protocols include diagnostic and sensitivity tests. 

These analyses are intended to stress the modeling approach to examine unreasonable behavior 

and identify input assumptions or data that are questionable or need further consideration. MFG 

plans the following diagnostic tests for the performance evaluation: 

• simulations with increased horizontal and vertical grid resolutions. CALMET and 

CALPUFF will be applied with a 500 m mesh size horizontal grid and additional vertical 

layers; 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -16- March 16, 2001 

• simulations using more volume sources per Sensit location to examine whether the 

configuration of the volume sources affects predictions at receptors near the edges of the 

dust source areas; 

• model runs with dispersion based on more up-to-date diffusion routines that can 

optionally be selected for CALPUFF; and 

• simulations that evaluate the influence of off-lake source areas by excluding emissions 

from the off-lake areas monitored for sand motion in the Dust ID Program. As shown in 

Figure 1, Sensits are located in off-lake areas northwest of Keeler. 

 

The diagnostic tests will be performed using a common set of input data and the results 

compared with each other. Examination of the diagnostic test results may lead to changes in the 

Protocol. 

3.2 Ambient PM10 Data Sets 

The performance evaluation will use PM10 observations from the District’s TEOM monitoring 

stations shown in Figure 1. Both hourly and 24-hour average data collected at each location 

during 2000 through 2002 will be used in the evaluation. CALPUFF simulations will be 

performed for the entire three-year period and compared with the monitoring data. Since the 

entire period will be simulated it is not necessary to identify discrete episodes for evaluation, as 

is commonly done in regional modeling for ozone or secondary aerosols. 

3.3 Model Performance 

Model performance measures. MFG will use several different statistical performance measures 

during the reconciliation of the CALPUFF modeling system with observations. The proposed 

techniques follow the methods used by the EPA to evaluate AERMOD and ISCPRIME for 

inclusion as Guideline Models (Paine, et al., 1998). The measures selected will provide 

descriptive information and will evaluate the ability of the modeling approach to: 

• explain the frequency distribution of PM10 concentrations at each monitoring location 

and 

• explain the temporal and spatial variation of the observations. 

Q-Q plots. Quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots will be prepared for both hourly and 24-hourly PM10 

concentrations. Q-Q plots test the ability of the modeling procedures to represent the frequency 

distribution of the observations. Q-Q plots are simple ranked pairings of predicted and observed 

concentrations, such that any quantile of the predicted concentration is plotted against the same 

ranking of the observed concentration. The Q-Q plots will contain lines on the graphs that 

indicate an unbiased prediction, over-prediction by a factor-of-two, and under-prediction by a 

factor-of-two. Figure 3 shows an example of a Q-Q plot. 
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -17- March 16, 2001 

Robust highest concentration. The Q-Q plots describe the model's ability to predict the whole 

domain of the observations. In order to focus on the higher observations, the fractional bias of the 

"robust highest concentration" (FRHC) will also be calculated. The RHC is a measure designed to 

be more “robust” in a statistical sense than the maximum value and is recommended by the EPA 

for performance evaluations in a regulatory setting. After Cox and Tikvart (1990), the RHC will 

be based on the following: 

where Xn is the nth highest value, X hi is the average of the n-1 highest values, and n is the 

number of high values. The value of n is somewhat arbitrary but is typically chosen to be 26 or 

the number of concentrations exceeding a threshold value. For the purposes of the present 

analyses, it is suggested that n be based on the top 2% of the frequency distribution. 

Paired in time statistics. The performance measures listed above do not require that the 

modeling approach explain the temporal distribution of the observations. While this may be 

adequate for many regulatory applications, more rigorous statistical tests involve statistical 

measures paired in time and space. MFG will also calculate the linear correlation coefficient 

between model predictions and observations. The correlation coefficient tests the scatter of 

model predictions about the observations. A high correlation coefficient can be obtained when 

the bias (intercept) or the scale (slope) of the model predictions are different than zero and one, 

respectively. The correlation coefficient is also heavily influenced by “outliers.” In order to 

further diagnose the scatter in the data sets, MFG will also prepare scatter diagrams of model 

predictions versus observations. 

The mean absolute normalized gross error (E1) is a statistical measure often used by the CARB 

for ozone modeling studies and is calculated according to: 

where "O" refers to the observations and "P" refers to the model predictions. Since the observed 

value is in the denominator of the expression, E1 is not very “robust” because the measure is 

unbounded and nonsymmetrical. MFG suggests the mean fractional bias (E2) also be calculated 

according to: 

The fractional bias has the advantage of being a symmetrical, bounded measure and because it is 

normalized, it can be used for comparing results from studies involving different dependent 

( ) 



 





2

3n -1 RHC= X n+ X hi - X n ln 

∑ − =

N

i

i i

O

P O

N

E

1

1

1

( )

( ) ∑ +

− =

N

i i

i i

O P

O P

N

E

1

2

2
Draft 

Owens Valley PM10 Modeling Protocol -18- March 16, 2001 

variables. The fractional bias varies from -2 (extreme over-prediction) to 2 (extreme underprediction). Predictions within a factor-of-two are bounded by a fractional bias of ±0.667. 

Residual plots. Recent EPA model evaluation studies for AERMOD and ISCPRIME use 

residential plots of the ratio of predicted to observed concentrations (P/O), paired in time and 

space versus meteorological or other variables. The residual plots feature “box and whisker” 

symbols that show the distribution of (P/O) ratios along the y-axis for different domain segments 

or cases along the x-axis. For each case, the “box and whisker” plots show the 10th percentile, 

25th percentile, 75th percentile and 90th percentile (P/O) ratios. For each receptor, residual plots 

will be used to examine model performance: for day vs. night, north vs. south winds, by season, 

by wind speed class, and by Sensit measurement class. An example of a Residual Plot is shown 

in Figure 4. The whiskers in Figure 4 show the range in (P/O) ratios bounded by 10th percentile, 

90th percentile, while the box shows the range between the 25th percentile and 75th percentile. 

Bootstrap resampling for confidence limits. The statistical significance of the RHC, E1, E2, 

and correlation coefficient performance measures depend on the characteristics of the data sets 

and on sample size. In order to assess the statistical uncertainty involved in the calculation of 

each performance measure confidence limits will be estimated. Confidence limits will be based 

on the moment bootstrap method (Hanna, 1989), where bootstrap or resampling is used to 

estimate the uncertainty in the performance measure. Given a data set containing N values, the 

resampling process involves repetitively selecting N values at random from the original data set. 

For each resampled set, a new performance measure is calculated. MFG will use 1000 trials to 

obtain stable estimates for the confidence limits. 

4. Control Strategy Evaluation and Attainment Demonstration 

MFG will apply the CALPUFF modeling system, hourly variable emissions and 2000 to 2002 

meteorological data sets to assess the control alternatives and demonstrate attainment of the 

PM10 NAAQS. The data sets used will be the same as used to assess model performance, except 

the source areas and emissions will be modified to reflect the control strategy being examined. 

Daily predictions for each control alternative will be added to a background value then sorted to 

obtain the fourth highest prediction at each receptor location. Attainment of the NAAQS is 

demonstrated when the fourth highest 24-hour prediction at the same location in three years is 

below 150 μg/m3

 and the annual standard is less than 50 μg/m3. 

Receptor locations at the historic shoreline. Attainment of the NAAQS will be assessed using 

concentration predictions at the historic shoreline in addition to receptors at the monitoring 

stations. MFG will use a ring of receptors placed at the historic shoreline (approximately at the 

3600' elevation) of Owens Lake. The shoreline shown in Figure 1 is representative of areas of 

potential public access. At their closest point, these receptors are within about 100 m of the 

eroding playas. The resolution of receptor spacing along the historic shoreline will be increased 

in regions close to the source areas. Receptors along the shoreline were also used in the 1998 SIP 

Attainment Demonstration. 
Figure 3. Example of a Q-Q Plot

QQ Plot for Hourly PM10

K-factor (D-Socks 6.e-5, Else 2.e-5), January - March 2000

10

100

1000

10000

100000

10 100 1000 10000 

Hourly Observed PM10 (ug/m3)

Hourly Predicted PM10 (ug/m3)

Dirty SocksKeelerOlanchaLone PineFactor-of-2
Figure 4. Example of a Residual Plot

Residual Plot for Dirty Socks PM10 Observations > 150 ug/m3

K-factor (D-Socks 6.e-5, Else 2.e-5), January - March 2000

0.01

0.1

1

10

Jan-Mar 2000 Jan-00 Feb-00 Mar-00

Period

Hourly Pred/Obs PM10 Ratio 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -21- March 16, 2001 

Control efficiencies. The effectiveness of proposed control measures will be assessed by 

modifying the uncontrolled emission factor relationships with control efficiencies from the 1998 

SIP Attainment Demonstration. The proposed volume source emission rates for each potential 

control measure are: 

Qvol(g/s) = 4.1*106(g/(m2-sec))*(1000 m)2; for shallow flooding and wind speed > 11.2 m/s 

Qvol(g/s) = 0.0; for shallow flooding and wind speed < 11.2 m/s 

Qvol(g/s) = 0.01*Kf*Qsens(g/(m2-s))*(1000 m)2; for managed vegetation 

Qvol(g/s) = 0.0; for gravel 

Tiered control strategies. Source areas will be modified by flooding, gravel, and managed 

vegetation to reduce or eliminate wind suspended PM10 emissions. For the 2003 SIP revision a 

tiered implementation of proposed control measures will be assessed: 

• Tier 1 – Areas of the lakebed controlled by December 31, 2003 (minimum 16.5 square 

miles). These areas will be simulated with the control measures and locations proposed 

by DWP. Uncontrolled on-lake sources areas will be simulated using the methods 

assessed in the performance evaluation. Controlled source areas will be simulated using 

the modified emission relationships described above. 

• Tier 2 – additional control of dust source areas as necessary to show compliance with the 

NAAQS should the modeling analysis indicate controls on the Tier 1 sources are not 

sufficient. These areas must be controlled by December 31, 2006 through fully 

implemented Best Available Control Measures (BACM). 

• Tier 3 – any area not specified as a Tier 1 or Tier 2 area in the 2003 SIP revision and 

determined to cause or contribute to a violation of the NAAQS. Tier 3 source areas must 

be controlled through fully implemented BACM within a fixed period specified in the 

2003 SIP revision or by December 31, 2006, whichever is later. Modeling for Tier 3 

source areas would occur as dictated by data collected by the District. 

Off-lake sources. The District’s 1998 SIP identified certain off-lake sources near Owens Lake 

(not including those PM10 sources included in the background) that may contribute to PM10 

emissions in the nonattainment area (1998 SIP, Figure 6.1). The District concluded that the offlake sources of windblown dust are caused by dust that was initially entrained from the exposed 

playa and then deposited in areas off the lakebed. These dust deposition areas, which are located 

adjacent to the lakebed from Keeler to Olancha, become secondary sources of dust that can be 

entrained under windy conditions. The District’s control strategy for Owens Lake assumed that 

resuspension of deposited particulate matter from these secondary sources would eventually be 

reduced and even eliminated by the control of the on-lake source areas. The Dust Source ID 

program is designed to identify and segregate the PM10 emissions of the off-lake source areas to 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -22- March 16, 2001 

ensure that their contribution to modeled or monitored PM10 concentrations is not attributed to 

on-lake source areas. As a consequence, the District does not expect the existence of the off-lake 

sources to materially affect the location, extent, or intensity of the on-lake control measures to be 

required pursuant to the 2003 SIP revision. 

5. References 

Cox, W., and Tikvart, J., 1990. A Statistical Procedure for Determining the Best Performing Air 

Quality Simulation Model. Atmos. Envron. Vol 24A, pp 2387-2395. 

EPA, 1995. User's Guide for the Industrial Source Complex (ISC3) Dispersion Models: Volume I 

- User Instructions. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research 

Triangle Park, NC 27711, EPA-454/B-95-003a. 

GBUAPCD, 1998. Owens Valley PM10 Planning Area Demonstration of Attainment State 

Implementation Plan. Great Basin Unified APCD, 157 Short Street, Bishop, CA 93514, 

November 16, 1998. 

GBUAPCD, 2000. Owens Lake Dust Source Identification Program Protocol. Great Basin 

Unified APCD, 157 Short Street, Bishop, CA 93514, February 3, 2000. 

Hanna, S.R., 1989. Confidence Limits for Air Quality Model Evaluations, As Estimated by 

Bootstrap and Jackknife Resampling Methods. Atmos. Environ., Vol 23, pp 1385-1398. 

MFG, 1994. Final Mono Lake Air Quality Modeling Study. MFG, Inc., Prepared for Great Basin 

Unified APCD, 157 Short Street, Bishop, CA 93514, October 4, 1994. 

MFG, 1995. Preliminary Results Owens Dry Lake Air Quality Modeling Study. MFG, Inc., 

Prepared for Great Basin Unified APCD, 157 Short Street, Bishop, CA 93514, October 

27, 1995. 

MFG, 1996a. Results of Control Alternative Evaluation, Owens Lake Modeling Study. Letter 

from Ken Richmond, MFG, Inc. to Duane Ono, Great Basin Unified APCD, 157 Short 

Street, Bishop, CA 93514, September 9, 1996 

MFG, 1996b. Owens Lake Model Evaluation. MFG, Inc, Prepared for Great Basin Unified 

APCD, 157 Short Street, Bishop, CA 93514, August 12, 1996. 

Nickling, et al., Comparison of On- and Off-Lake PM10 Dust Emissions at Owens Lake, CA. 

Desert Research Institute, prepared for Great Basin Unified APCD, 157 Short Street, 

Bishop, CA, February 2001. 

Niemeyer, et al., Optical Depth, Size Distribution and Flux of Dust from Owens Lake, 

California. Earth Surfaces Processes and Landforms, Vol 24, pp 463-479. 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -23- March 16, 2001 

Paine, et al., Model Evaluation Results for AERMOD, Available from 

http://www.epa.gov/scram001/7thconf/aermod/evalrep.pdf, December 17, 1998. 

Scire, J.S., Strimaitis, D.G., and R.J. Yamartino, 2000a. A User’s Guide for the CALMET 

Meteorological Model (Version 5). Earth Tech, inc., 196 Baker Avenue, Concord, 

MA 01742, January 2000. 

Scire, J.S., Strimaitis, D.G., and R.J. Yamartino, 2000b. A User’s Guide for the CALPUFF 

Dispersion Model (Version 5). Earth Tech, inc., 196 Baker Avenue, Concord, MA 01742, 

January 2000. 

Sonoma Technology, Inc (STI), 2000. Data Collected by a 915-MHz Radar Wind Profiler, RASS, 

and Surface Meteorological Station at Owens Lake, California during the Winter and 

Spring 2000: Data Volume STI-900083-1997-DV. Prepared for Great Basin Unified 

APCD, 157 Short Street, Bishop, CA 93514, July 2000. 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -24- March 16, 2001 

Appendix A. CALMET Input File Listing 

Example for April 2000 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -25- March 16, 2001 

Owens Valley, Apr 00 Run 

Winds - 6 GBUAPCD, 1 CH2M-Hill, 3 NSF & 1 dummy cloud surface stations 

Upper Air from Profiler filled for missing data, rev opts 

---------------- Run title (3 lines) ------------------------------------------ 

 CALMET MODEL CONTROL FILE 

 -------------------------- 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 0 -- Input and Output File Names 

Subgroup (a) 

------------ 

Default Name Type File Name 

------------ ---- --------- 

GEO.DAT input ! GEODAT=f:\owens\calpuff\geo\geo1km.dat ! 

SURF.DAT input ! SRFDAT=f:\owens\met\sfc\apr00.sfc ! 

CLOUD.DAT input * CLDDAT= * 

PRECIP.DAT input * PRCDAT= * 

MM4.DAT input * MM4DAT= * 

WT.DAT input * WTDAT= * 

CALMET.LST output ! METLST=apr00.out ! 

CALMET.DAT output ! METDAT=apr00.met ! 

PACOUT.DAT output * PACDAT= * 

All file names will be converted to lower case if LCFILES = T 

Otherwise, if LCFILES = F, file names will be converted to UPPER CASE 

 T = lower case ! LCFILES = F ! 

 F = UPPER CASE 

NUMBER OF UPPER AIR & OVERWATER STATIONS: 

 Number of upper air stations (NUSTA) No default ! NUSTA = 1 ! 

 Number of overwater met stations 

 (NOWSTA) No default ! NOWSTA = 0 ! 

 !END! 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

Subgroup (b) 

--------------------------------- 

Upper air files (one per station) 

--------------------------------- 

Default Name Type File Name 

------------ ---- --------- 

UP1.DAT input 1 ! UPDAT=f:\owens\met\up\radar\prof0400.upa! !END! 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

Subgroup (c) 

----------------------------------------- 

Overwater station files (one per station) 

----------------------------------------- 

Default Name Type File Name 

------------ ---- --------- 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

Subgroup (d) 

---------------- 

Other file names 

---------------- 

Default Name Type File Name 

------------ ---- --------- 

DIAG.DAT input * DIADAT= * 

PROG.DAT input * PRGDAT= * 

TEST.PRT output * TSTPRT= * 

TEST.OUT output * TSTOUT= * 

TEST.KIN output * TSTKIN= * 

TEST.FRD output * TSTFRD= * 

TEST.SLP output * TSTSLP= * 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

NOTES: (1) File/path names can be up to 70 characters in length 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -26- March 16, 2001 

 (2) Subgroups (a) and (d) must have ONE 'END' (surround by 

 delimiters) at the end of the group 

 (3) Subgroups (b) and (c) must have an 'END' (surround by 

 delimiters) at the end of EACH LINE 

 !END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 1 -- General run control parameters 

-------------- 

 Starting date: Year (IBYR) -- No default ! IBYR= 2000 ! 

 Month (IBMO) -- No default ! IBMO= 4 ! 

 Day (IBDY) -- No default ! IBDY= 1 ! 

 Hour (IBHR) -- No default ! IBHR= 0 ! 

 Base time zone (IBTZ) -- No default ! IBTZ= 8 ! 

 PST = 08, MST = 07 

 CST = 06, EST = 05 

 Length of run (hours) (IRLG) -- No default ! IRLG= 720 ! 

 Run type (IRTYPE) -- Default: 1 ! IRTYPE= 1 ! 

 0 = Computes wind fields only 

 1 = Computes wind fields and micrometeorological variables 

 (u*, w*, L, zi, etc.) 

 (IRTYPE must be 1 to run CALPUFF or CALGRID) 

 Compute special data fields required 

 by CALGRID (i.e., 3-D fields of W wind 

 components and temperature) 

 in additional to regular Default: T ! LCALGRD = F ! 

 fields ? (LCALGRD) 

 (LCALGRD must be T to run CALGRID) 

 Flag to stop run after 

 SETUP phase (ITEST) Default: 2 ! ITEST= 2 ! 

 (Used to allow checking 

 of the model inputs, files, etc.) 

 ITEST = 1 - STOPS program after SETUP phase 

 ITEST = 2 - Continues with execution of 

 COMPUTATIONAL phase after SETUP 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 2 -- Grid control parameters 

-------------- 

 HORIZONTAL GRID DEFINITION: 

 No. X grid cells (NX) No default ! NX = 34 ! 

 No. Y grid cells (NY) No default ! NY = 48 ! 

 GRID SPACING (DGRIDKM) No default ! DGRIDKM = 1. ! 

 Units: km 

 REFERENCE COORDINATES 

 of SOUTHWEST corner of grid cell (1,1) 

 X coordinate (XORIGKM) No default ! XORIGKM = 398. ! 

 Y coordinate (YORIGKM) No default ! YORIGKM = 4008. ! 

 Units: km 

 Latitude (XLAT0) No default ! XLAT0 = 36.213 ! 

 Longitude (XLON0) No default ! XLON0 = 118.135 ! 

 UTM ZONE (IUTMZN) Default: 0 ! IUTMZN = 11 ! 

 LAMBERT CONFORMAL PARAMETERS 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -27- March 16, 2001 

 Rotate input winds from true north to 

 map north using a Lambert conformal 

 projection? (LLCONF) Default: F ! LLCONF = F ! 

 Latitude of 1st standard parallel Default: 30. ! XLAT1 = 30.000 ! 

 Latitude of 2nd standard parallel Default: 60. ! XLAT2 = 60.000 ! 

 (XLAT1 and XLAT2; + in NH, - in SH) 

 Longitude (RLON0) Default = 90. ! RLON0 = 138.800 ! 

 (used only if LLCONF = T) 

 (Positive = W. Hemisphere; 

 Negative = E. Hemisphere) 

 Origin Latitude (RLAT0) Default = 40. ! RLAT0 = 48.700 ! 

 (used only if IPROG > 2) 

 (Positive = N. Hemisphere; 

 Negative = S. Hemisphere) 

 Vertical grid definition: 

 No. of vertical layers (NZ) No default ! NZ = 10 ! 

 Cell face heights in arbitrary 

 vertical grid (ZFACE(NZ+1)) No defaults 

 Units: m 

 ! ZFACE =0.,20.,40.,65.,120.,200.,400.,700.,1200.,2200.,4000. ! 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 3 -- Output Options 

-------------- 

 DISK OUTPUT OPTION 

 Save met. fields in an unformatted 

 output file ? (LSAVE) Default: T ! LSAVE = T ! 

 (F = Do not save, T = Save) 

 Type of unformatted output file: 

 (IFORMO) Default: 1 ! IFORMO = 1 ! 

 1 = CALPUFF/CALGRID type file (CALMET.DAT) 

 2 = MESOPUFF-II type file (PACOUT.DAT) 

 LINE PRINTER OUTPUT OPTIONS: 

 Print met. fields ? (LPRINT) Default: F ! LPRINT = F ! 

 (F = Do not print, T = Print) 

 (NOTE: parameters below control which 

 met. variables are printed) 

 Print interval 

 (IPRINF) in hours Default: 1 ! IPRINF = 12 ! 

 (Meteorological fields are printed 

 every 1 hours) 

 Specify which layers of U, V wind component 

 to print (IUVOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered 

 (0=Do not print, 1=Print) 

 (used only if LPRINT=T) Defaults: NZ*0 

 ! IUVOUT = 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ! 

 ----------------------- 

 Specify which levels of the W wind component to print 

 (NOTE: W defined at TOP cell face -- 10 values) 

 (IWOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered 

 (0=Do not print, 1=Print) 

 (used only if LPRINT=T & LCALGRD=T) 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -28- March 16, 2001 

 ----------------------------------- 

 Defaults: NZ*0 

 ! IWOUT = 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ! 

 Specify which levels of the 3-D temperature field to print 

 (ITOUT(NZ)) -- NOTE: NZ values must be entered 

 (0=Do not print, 1=Print) 

 (used only if LPRINT=T & LCALGRD=T) 

 ----------------------------------- 

 Defaults: NZ*0 

 ! ITOUT = 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ! 

 Specify which meteorological fields 

 to print 

 (used only if LPRINT=T) Defaults: 0 (all variables) 

 ----------------------- 

 Variable Print ? 

 (0 = do not print, 

 1 = print) 

 -------- ------------------ 

 ! STABILITY = 1 ! - PGT stability class 

 ! USTAR = 0 ! - Friction velocity 

 ! MONIN = 0 ! - Monin-Obukhov length 

 ! MIXHT = 1 ! - Mixing height 

 ! WSTAR = 0 ! - Convective velocity scale 

 ! PRECIP = 1 ! - Precipitation rate 

 ! SENSHEAT = 0 ! - Sensible heat flux 

 ! CONVZI = 0 ! - Convective mixing ht. 

 Testing and debug print options for micrometeorological module 

 Print input meteorological data and 

 internal variables (LDB) Default: F ! LDB = F ! 

 (F = Do not print, T = print) 

 (NOTE: this option produces large amounts of output) 

 First time step for which debug data 

 are printed (NN1) Default: 1 ! NN1 = 1 ! 

 Last time step for which debug data 

 are printed (NN2) Default: 1 ! NN2 = 2 ! 

 Testing and debug print options for wind field module 

 (all of the following print options control output to 

 wind field module's output files: TEST.PRT, TEST.OUT, 

 TEST.KIN, TEST.FRD, and TEST.SLP) 

 Control variable for writing the test/debug 

 wind fields to disk files (IOUTD) 

 (0=Do not write, 1=write) Default: 0 ! IOUTD = 0 ! 

 Number of levels, starting at the surface, 

 to print (NZPRN2) Default: 1 ! NZPRN2 = 1 ! 

 Print the INTERPOLATED wind components ? 

 (IPR0) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR0 = 0 ! 

 Print the TERRAIN ADJUSTED surface wind 

 components ? 

 (IPR1) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR1 = 0 ! 

 Print the SMOOTHED wind components and 

 the INITIAL DIVERGENCE fields ? 

 (IPR2) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR2 = 0 ! 

 Print the FINAL wind speed and direction 

 fields ? 

 (IPR3) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR3 = 0 ! 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -29- March 16, 2001 

 Print the FINAL DIVERGENCE fields ? 

 (IPR4) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR4 = 0 ! 

 Print the winds after KINEMATIC effects 

 are added ? 

 (IPR5) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR5 = 0 ! 

 Print the winds after the FROUDE NUMBER 

 adjustment is made ? 

 (IPR6) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR6 = 0 ! 

 Print the winds after SLOPE FLOWS 

 are added ? 

 (IPR7) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR7 = 0 ! 

 Print the FINAL wind field components ? 

 (IPR8) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 0 ! IPR8 = 0 ! 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 4 -- Meteorological data options 

-------------- 

 NUMBER OF SURFACE & PRECIP. METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS 

 Number of surface stations (NSSTA) No default ! NSSTA = 11 ! 

 Number of precipitation stations 

 (NPSTA) No default ! NPSTA = 0 ! 

 CLOUD DATA OPTIONS 

 Griddid cloud fields: 

 (ICLOUD) Default: 0 ! ICLOUD = 0 ! 

 ICLOUD = 0 - Gridded clouds not used 

 ICLOUD = 1 - Gridded CLOUD.DAT generated as OUTPUT 

 ICLOUD = 2 - Gridded CLOUD.DAT read as INPUT 

 FILE FORMATS 

 Surface meteorological data file format 

 (IFORMS) Default: 2 ! IFORMS = 2 ! 

 (1 = unformatted (e.g., SMERGE output)) 

 (2 = formatted (free-formatted user input)) 

 Precipitation data file format 

 (IFORMP) Default: 2 ! IFORMP = 2 ! 

 (1 = unformatted (e.g., PMERGE output)) 

 (2 = formatted (free-formatted user input)) 

 Cloud data file format 

 (IFORMC) Default: 2 ! IFORMC = 2 ! 

 (1 = unformatted - CALMET unformatted output) 

 (2 = formatted - free-formatted CALMET output or user input) 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 5 -- Wind Field Options and Parameters 

-------------- 

 WIND FIELD MODEL OPTIONS 

 Model selection variable (IWFCOD) Default: 1 ! IWFCOD = 1 ! 

 0 = Objective analysis only 

 1 = Diagnostic wind module 

 Compute Froude number adjustment 

 effects ? (IFRADJ) Default: 1 ! IFRADJ = 1 ! 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -30- March 16, 2001 

 (0 = NO, 1 = YES) 

 Compute kinematic effects ? (IKINE) Default: 0 ! IKINE = 0 ! 

 (0 = NO, 1 = YES) 

 Use O'Brien procedure for adjustment 

 of the vertical velocity ? (IOBR) Default: 0 ! IOBR = 0 ! 

 (0 = NO, 1 = YES) 

 Compute slope flow effects ? (ISLOPE) Default: 1 ! ISLOPE = 1 ! 

 (0 = NO, 1 = YES) 

** 

** use profiler results to vert extrap, not similarity 

** 

 Extrapolate surface wind observations 

 to upper layers ? (IEXTRP) Default: -4 ! IEXTRP = -3 ! 

 (1 = no extrapolation is done, 

 2 = power law extrapolation used, 

 3 = user input multiplicative factors 

 for layers 2 - NZ used (see FEXTRP array) 

 4 = similarity theory used 

 -1, -2, -3, -4 = same as above except layer 1 data 

 at upper air stations are ignored 

 Extrapolate surface winds even 

 if calm? (ICALM) Default: 0 ! ICALM = 0 ! 

 (0 = NO, 1 = YES) 

 Layer-dependent biases modifying the weights of 

 surface and upper air stations (BIAS(NZ)) 

 -1<=BIAS<=1 

 Negative BIAS reduces the weight of upper air stations 

 (e.g. BIAS=-0.1 reduces the weight of upper air stations 

 by 10%; BIAS= -1, reduces their weight by 100 %) 

 Positive BIAS reduces the weight of surface stations 

 (e.g. BIAS= 0.2 reduces the weight of surface stations 

 by 20%; BIAS=1 reduces their weight by 100%) 

 Zero BIAS leaves weights unchanged (1/R**2 interpolation) 

 Default: NZ*0 

 ! BIAS = 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ! 

 Minimum distance from nearest upper air station 

 to surface station for which extrapolation 

 of surface winds at surface station will be allowed 

 (RMIN2: Set to -1 for IEXTRP = 4 or other situations 

 where all surface stations should be extrapolated) 

 Default: 4. ! RMIN2 = 4.0 ! 

 Use gridded prognostic wind field model 

 output fields as input to the diagnostic 

 wind field model (IPROG) Default: 0 ! IPROG = 0 ! 

 (0 = No, [IWFCOD = 0 or 1] 

 1 = Yes, use CSUMM prog. winds as Step 1 field, [IWFCOD = 0] 

 2 = Yes, use CSUMM prog. winds as initial guess field [IWFCOD = 1] 

 3 = Yes, usr MM4 prog. winds as Step 1 field [IWFCOD = 0] 

 4 = Yes, use MM4 prog. winds as initial guess field [IWFCOD = 1] 

 5 = Yes, use MM4 prog. winds as observations [IWFCOD = 1] 

 RADIUS OF INFLUENCE PARAMETERS 

 Use varying radius of influence Default: F ! LVARY = T! 

 (if no stations are found within RMAX1,RMAX2, 

 or RMAX3, then the closest station will be used) 

 Maximum radius of influence over land 

 in the surface layer (RMAX1) No default ! RMAX1 = 30. ! 

 Units: km 

 Maximum radius of influence over land 

 aloft (RMAX2) No default ! RMAX2 = 100. ! 

 Units: km 

 Maximum radius of influence over water 

 (RMAX3) No default ! RMAX3 = 100. ! 

 Units: km 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -31- March 16, 2001 

 OTHER WIND FIELD INPUT PARAMETERS 

 Minimum radius of influence used in 

 the wind field interpolation (RMIN) Default: 0.1 ! RMIN = 0.1 ! 

 Units: km 

 Radius of influence of terrain 

 features (TERRAD) No default ! TERRAD = 5. ! 

 Units: km 

 Relative weighting of the first 

 guess field and observations in the 

 SURFACE layer (R1) No default ! R1 = 2.! 

 (R1 is the distance from an Units: km 

 observational station at which the 

 observation and first guess field are 

 equally weighted) 

 Relative weighting of the first 

 guess field and observations in the 

 layers ALOFT (R2) No default ! R2 = 10. ! 

 (R2 is applied in the upper layers Units: km 

 in the same manner as R1 is used in 

 the surface layer). 

 Relative weighting parameter of the 

 prognostic wind field data (RPROG) No default ! RPROG = 0. ! 

 (Used only if IPROG = 1) Units: km 

 ------------------------ 

 Maximum acceptable divergence in the 

 divergence minimization procedure 

 (DIVLIM) Default: 5.E-6 ! DIVLIM= 5.0E-06 ! 

** 

** reduce smoothing for near field sims in complex terrain 

** 

 Maximum number of iterations in the 

 divergence min. procedure (NITER) Default: 50 ! NITER = 2 ! 

 Number of passes in the smoothing 

 procedure (NSMTH(NZ)) 

 NOTE: NZ values must be entered 

 Default: 2,(mxnz-1)*4 ! NSMTH = 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4 ! 

 Maximum number of stations used in 

 each layer for the interpolation of 

 data to a grid point (NINTR2(NZ)) 

 NOTE: NZ values must be entered 

 Default: 99. ! NINTR2 = 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5 5, 5! 

 Critical Froude number (CRITFN) Default: 1.0 ! CRITFN = 1. ! 

 Empirical factor controlling the 

 influence of kinematic effects 

 (ALPHA) Default: 0.1 ! ALPHA = 0.1 ! 

 Multiplicative scaling factor for 

 extrapolation of surface observations 

 to upper layers (FEXTR2(NZ)) Default: NZ*0.0 

** 

** based on DSOX profiler mar-may, 2000 

** 

 ! FEXTR2 = 1., 1.03, 1.04, 1.06, 1.1, 1.16, 1.16, 1., 1., 1.! 

 (Used only if IEXTRP = 3 or -3) 

 BARRIER INFORMATION 

 Number of barriers to interpolation 

 of the wind fields (NBAR) Default: 0 ! NBAR = 0 ! 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -32- March 16, 2001 

 THE FOLLOWING 4 VARIABLES ARE INCLUDED 

 ONLY IF NBAR > 0 

 NOTE: NBAR values must be entered No defaults 

 for each variable Units: km 

 X coordinate of BEGINNING 

 of each barrier (XBBAR(NBAR)) ! XBBAR = 0. ! 

 Y coordinate of BEGINNING 

 of each barrier (YBBAR(NBAR)) ! YBBAR = 0. ! 

 X coordinate of ENDING 

 of each barrier (XEBAR(NBAR)) ! XEBAR = 0. ! 

 Y coordinate of ENDING 

 of each barrier (YEBAR(NBAR)) ! YEBAR = 0. ! 

 DIAGNOSTIC MODULE DATA INPUT OPTIONS 

 Surface temperature (IDIOPT1) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT1 = 0 ! 

 0 = Compute internally from 

 hourly surface observations 

 1 = Read preprocessed values from 

 a data file (DIAG.DAT) 

 Surface met. station to use for 

 the surface temperature (ISURFT) No default ! ISURFT = 6 ! 

 (Must be a value from 1 to NSSTA) 

 (Used only if IDIOPT1 = 0) 

 -------------------------- 

 Domain-averaged temperature lapse 

 rate (IDIOPT2) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT2 = 0 ! 

 0 = Compute internally from 

 twice-daily upper air observations 

 1 = Read hourly preprocessed values 

 from a data file (DIAG.DAT) 

 Upper air station to use for 

 the domain-scale lapse rate (IUPT) No default ! IUPT = 1 ! 

 (Must be a value from 1 to NUSTA) 

 (Used only if IDIOPT2 = 0) 

 -------------------------- 

 Depth through which the domain-scale 

 lapse rate is computed (ZUPT) Default: 200. ! ZUPT = 200. ! 

 (Used only if IDIOPT2 = 0) Units: meters 

 -------------------------- 

 Domain-averaged wind components 

 (IDIOPT3) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT3 = 0 ! 

 0 = Compute internally from 

 twice-daily upper air observations 

 1 = Read hourly preprocessed values 

 a data file (DIAG.DAT) 

 Upper air station to use for 

 the domain-scale winds (IUPWND) Default: -1 ! IUPWND = -1 ! 

 (Must be a value from -1 to NUSTA) 

 (Used only if IDIOPT3 = 0) 

 -------------------------- 

 Bottom and top of layer through 

 which the domain-scale winds 

 are computed 

 (ZUPWND(1), ZUPWND(2)) Defaults: 1., 1000. ! ZUPWND= 1., 1000. ! 

 (Used only if IDIOPT3 = 0) Units: meters 

 -------------------------- 

 Observed surface wind components 

 for wind field module (IDIOPT4) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT4 = 0 ! 

 0 = Read WS, WD from a surface 

 data file (SURF.DAT) 

 1 = Read hourly preprocessed U, V from 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -33- March 16, 2001 

 a data file (DIAG.DAT) 

 Observed upper air wind components 

 for wind field module (IDIOPT5) Default: 0 ! IDIOPT5 = 0 ! 

 0 = Read WS, WD from an upper 

 air data file (UP1.DAT, UP2.DAT, etc.) 

 1 = Read hourly preprocessed U, V from 

 a data file (DIAG.DAT) 

 LAKE BREEZE INFORMATION 

 Use Lake Breeze Module (LLBREZE) 

 Default: F ! LLBREZE = F ! 

 Number of lake breeze regions (NBOX) ! NBOX = 0 ! 

 X Grid line 1 defining the region of interest 

 ! XG1 = 0. ! 

 X Grid line 2 defining the region of interest 

 ! XG2 = 0. ! 

 Y Grid line 1 defining the region of interest 

 ! YG1 = 0. ! 

 Y Grid line 2 defining the region of interest 

 ! YG2 = 0. ! 

 X Point defining the coastline (Straight line) 

 (XBCST) (KM) Default: none ! XBCST = 0. ! 

 Y Point defining the coastline (Straight line) 

 (YBCST) (KM) Default: none ! YBCST = 0. ! 

 X Point defining the coastline (Straight line) 

 (XECST) (KM) Default: none ! XECST = 0. ! 

 Y Point defining the coastline (Straight line) 

 (YECST) (KM) Default: none ! YECST = 0. ! 

 Number of stations in the region Default: none ! NLB = *1 !* 

 (Surface stations + upper air stations) 

 Station ID's in the region (METBXID(NLB)) 

 (Surface stations first, then upper air stations) 

 ! METBXID = *0 !* 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 6 -- Mixing Height, Temperature and Precipitation Parameters 

-------------- 

 EMPIRICAL MIXING HEIGHT CONSTANTS 

 Neutral, mechanical equation 

 (CONSTB) Default: 1.41 ! CONSTB = 1.41 ! 

 Convective mixing ht. equation 

 (CONSTE) Default: 0.15 ! CONSTE = 0.15 ! 

 Stable mixing ht. equation 

 (CONSTN) Default: 2400. ! CONSTN = 2400.! 

 Overwater mixing ht. equation 

 (CONSTW) Default: 0.16 ! CONSTW = 0.16 ! 

 Absolute value of Coriolis 

 parameter (FCORIOL) Default: 1.E-4 ! FCORIOL = 1.0E-04! 

 Units: (1/s) 

 SPATIAL AVERAGING OF MIXING HEIGHTS 

 Conduct spatial averaging 

 (IAVEZI) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 1 ! IAVEZI = 1 ! 

 Max. search radius in averaging 

 process (MNMDAV) Default: 1 ! MNMDAV = 1 ! 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -34- March 16, 2001 

 Units: Grid 

 cells 

 Half-angle of upwind looking cone 

 for averaging (HAFANG) Default: 30. ! HAFANG = 30. ! 

 Units: deg. 

 Layer of winds used in upwind 

 averaging (ILEVZI) Default: 1 ! ILEVZI = 1 ! 

 (must be between 1 and NZ) 

 OTHER MIXING HEIGHT VARIABLES 

 Minimum potential temperature lapse 

 rate in the stable layer above the 

 current convective mixing ht. Default: 0.001 ! DPTMIN = 0.001 ! 

 (DPTMIN) Units: deg. K/m 

 Depth of layer above current conv. 

 mixing height through which lapse Default: 200. ! DZZI = 200. ! 

 rate is computed (DZZI) Units: meters 

 Minimum overland mixing height Default: 50. ! ZIMIN = 50. ! 

 (ZIMIN) Units: meters 

 Maximum overland mixing height Default: 3000. ! ZIMAX = 3000. ! 

 (ZIMAX) Units: meters 

 Minimum overwater mixing height Default: 50. ! ZIMINW = 50. ! 

 (ZIMINW) -- (Not used if observed Units: meters 

 overwater mixing hts. are used) 

 Maximum overwater mixing height Default: 3000. ! ZIMAXW = 3000. ! 

 (ZIMAXW) -- (Not used if observed Units: meters 

 overwater mixing hts. are used) 

 TEMPERATURE PARAMETERS 

 Interpolation type 

 (1 = 1/R ; 2 = 1/R**2) Default:1 ! IRAD = 1 ! 

 Radius of influence for temperature 

 interpolation (TRADKM) Default: 500. ! TRADKM = 100. ! 

 Units: km 

 Maximum Number of stations to include 

 in temperature interpolation (NUMTS) Default: 5 ! NUMTS = 10 ! 

 Conduct spatial averaging of temp- 

 eratures (IAVET) (0=no, 1=yes) Default: 1 ! IAVET = 1 ! 

 (will use mixing ht MNMDAV,HAFANG 

 so make sure they are correct) 

 Default temperature gradient Default: -.0098 ! TGDEFB = -0.0098 ! 

 below the mixing height over 

 water (K/m) (TGDEFB) 

 Default temperature gradient Default: -.0045 ! TGDEFA = -0.0045 ! 

 above the mixing height over 

 water (K/m) (TGDEFA) 

 Beginning (JWAT1) and ending (JWAT2) 

 land use categories for temperature ! JWAT1 = 50 ! 

 interpolation over water -- Make ! JWAT2 = 55 ! 

 bigger than largest land use to disable 

 PRECIP INTERPOLATION PARAMETERS 

 Method of interpolation (NFLAGP) Default = 2 ! NFLAGP = 2 ! 

 (1=1/R,2=1/R**2,3=EXP/R**2) 

 Radius of Influence (km) (SIGMAP) Default = 100.0 ! SIGMAP = 100. ! 

 (0.0 => use half dist. btwn 

 nearest stns w & w/out 

 precip when NFLAGP = 3) 

 Minimum Precip. Rate Cutoff (mm/hr) Default = 0.01 ! CUTP = 0.01 ! 

 (values < CUTP = 0.0 mm/hr) 

!END! 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -35- March 16, 2001 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 7 -- Surface meteorological station parameters 

-------------- 

 SURFACE STATION VARIABLES 

 (One record per station -- 94 records in all) 

 1 2 

 Name ID X coord. Y coord. Time Anem. 

 (km) (km) zone Ht.(m) 

 ---------------------------------------------------------- 

! SS1 ='Keel' 697 421.367 4038.834 8 10 ! 

! SS2 ='Lone' 711 406.285 4051.819 8 10 ! 

! SS3 ='Sock' 1010 414.275 4020.523 8 10 ! 

! SS4 ='Olan' 729 410.803 4014.080 8 10 ! 

! SS5 ='Atow' 1001 416.353 4041.386 8 10 ! 

! SS6 ='Btow' 1003 419.313 4030.612 8 10 ! 

! SS7 ='Dum ' 9999 415.000 4030.000 8 10 ! 

! SS8 ='NNW1' 9998 413.364 4023.742 8 10 ! 

! SS9 ='NSFN' 9997 417.769 4041.053 8 9 ! 

! SS10 ='NSFK' 9996 420.348 4036.799 8 9 ! 

! SS11 ='Divt' 9995 418.642 4029.287 8 9 ! 

------------------- 

 1 

 Four character string for station name 

 (MUST START IN COLUMN 9) 

 2 

 Five digit integer for station ID 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 8 -- Upper air meteorological station parameters 

-------------- 

 UPPER AIR STATION VARIABLES 

 (One record per station -- 3 records in all) 

 1 2 

 Name ID X coord. Y coord. Time zone 

 (km) (km) 

 ----------------------------------------------- 

! US1 ='prof' 88888 414.275 4020.523 8 ! 

------------------- 

 1 

 Four character string for station name 

 (MUST START IN COLUMN 9) 

 2 

 Five digit integer for station ID 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 9 -- Precipitation station parameters 

-------------- 

 PRECIPITATION STATION VARIABLES 

 (One record per station -- 192 records in all) 

 (NOT INCLUDED IF NPSTA = 0) 

 1 2 

 Name Station X coord. Y coord. 

 Code (km) (km) 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -36- March 16, 2001 

 ------------------------------------ 

------------------- 

 1 

 Four character string for station name 

 (MUST START IN COLUMN 9) 

 2 

 Six digit station code composed of state 

 code (first 2 digits) and station ID (last 

 4 digits) 

!END! 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -37- March 16, 2001 

Appendix B. CALPUFF Input File Listing 

Example for April 2000 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -38- March 16, 2001 

Owens Valley CALPUFF 

All of April 1-30, 00 Period 

Kfac is 5.e-5, rev part size 

---------------- Run title (3 lines) ------------------------------------------ 

 CALPUFF MODEL CONTROL FILE 

 -------------------------- 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 0 -- Input and Output File Names 

-------------- 

Default Name Type File Name 

------------ ---- --------- 

CALMET.DAT input ! METDAT =f:\owens\calmet\apr00.met ! 

 or 

ISCMET.DAT input * ISCDAT = * 

 or 

PLMMET.DAT input * PLMDAT = * 

 or 

PROFILE.DAT input * PRFDAT = * 

SURFACE.DAT input * SFCDAT = * 

RESTARTB.DAT input * RSTARTB= * 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

CALPUFF.LST output ! PUFLST =apr00.out ! 

CONC.DAT output ! CONDAT =apr00.con ! 

DFLX.DAT output * DFDAT = * 

WFLX.DAT output * WFDAT = * 

VISB.DAT output * VISDAT = * 

RESTARTE.DAT output * RSTARTE= * 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

Emission Files 

-------------- 

PTEMARB.DAT input * PTDAT = * 

VOLEMARB.DAT input * VOLDAT =f:\owens\emiss\apr_sand.bin * 

BAEMARB.DAT input * ARDAT = * 

LNEMARB.DAT input * LNDAT = * 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

Other Files 

----------- 

OZONE.DAT input * OZDAT = * 

VD.DAT input * VDDAT = * 

CHEM.DAT input * CHEMDAT= * 

HILL.DAT input * HILDAT= * 

HILLRCT.DAT input * RCTDAT= * 

COASTLN.DAT input * CSTDAT= * 

FLUXBDY.DAT input * BDYDAT= * 

BCON.DAT input * BCNDAT= * 

DEBUG.DAT output * DEBUG = * 

MASSFLX.DAT output * FLXDAT= * 

MASSBAL.DAT output * BALDAT= * 

FOG.DAT output * FOGDAT= * 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

All file names will be converted to lower case if LCFILES = T 

Otherwise, if LCFILES = F, file names will be converted to UPPER CASE 

 T = lower case ! LCFILES = F ! 

 F = UPPER CASE 

NOTE: (1) file/path names can be up to 70 characters in length 

Provision for multiple input files 

---------------------------------- 

 Number of CALMET.DAT files for run (NMETDAT) 

 Default: 1 ! NMETDAT = 1 ! 

 Number of PTEMARB.DAT files for run (NPTDAT) 

 Default: 0 ! NPTDAT = 0 ! 

 Number of BAEMARB.DAT files for run (NARDAT) 

 Default: 0 ! NARDAT = 0 ! 

 Number of VOLEMARB.DAT files for run (NVOLDAT) 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -39- March 16, 2001 

 Default: 0 ! NVOLDAT = 1 ! 

!END! 

------------- 

Subgroup (0a) 

------------- 

 The following CALMET.DAT filenames are processed in sequence if NMETDAT>1 

** 

** kjr - temp fix for logical error for multiple files 

** 

Default Name Type File Name 

------------ ---- --------- 

VOLEMARB.DAT input ! VOLDAT =f:\owens\emiss\apr_sand.bin ! !END! 

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 1 -- General run control parameters 

-------------- 

 Option to run all periods found 

 in the met. file(s) (METRUN) Default: 0 ! METRUN = 0 ! 

 METRUN = 0 - Run period explicitly defined below 

 METRUN = 1 - Run all periods in met. file(s) 

 Starting date: Year (IBYR) -- No default ! IBYR = 2000 ! 

 (used only if Month (IBMO) -- No default ! IBMO = 4 ! 

 METRUN = 0) Day (IBDY) -- No default ! IBDY = 1 ! 

 Hour (IBHR) -- No default ! IBHR = 0 ! 

 Length of run (hours) (IRLG) -- No default ! IRLG = 720 ! 

 Number of chemical species (NSPEC) 

 Default: 5 ! NSPEC = 1 ! 

 Number of chemical species 

 to be emitted (NSE) Default: 3 ! NSE = 1 ! 

 Flag to stop run after 

 SETUP phase (ITEST) Default: 2 ! ITEST = 2 ! 

 (Used to allow checking 

 of the model inputs, files, etc.) 

 ITEST = 1 - STOPS program after SETUP phase 

 ITEST = 2 - Continues with execution of program 

 after SETUP 

 Restart Configuration: 

 Control flag (MRESTART) Default: 0 ! MRESTART = 0 ! 

 0 = Do not read or write a restart file 

 1 = Read a restart file at the beginning of 

 the run 

 2 = Write a restart file during run 

 3 = Read a restart file at beginning of run 

 and write a restart file during run 

 Number of periods in Restart 

 output cycle (NRESPD) Default: 0 ! NRESPD = 0 ! 

 0 = File written only at last period 

 >0 = File updated every NRESPD periods 

 Meteorological Data Format (METFM) 

 Default: 1 ! METFM = 1 ! 

 METFM = 1 - CALMET binary file (CALMET.MET) 

 METFM = 2 - ISC ASCII file (ISCMET.MET) 

 METFM = 3 - AUSPLUME ASCII file (PLMMET.MET) 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -40- March 16, 2001 

 METFM = 4 - CTDM plus tower file (PROFILE.DAT) and 

 surface parameters file (SURFACE.DAT) 

 Averaging Time (minutes) (AVET) 

 Default: 60.0 ! AVET = 60. ! 

 PG sigma-y is adjusted by the equation 

 (AVET/60.0)**0.2 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 2 -- Technical options 

-------------- 

 Vertical distribution used in the 

 near field (MGAUSS) Default: 1 ! MGAUSS = 1 ! 

 0 = uniform 

 1 = Gaussian 

 Terrain adjustment method 

 (MCTADJ) Default: 3 ! MCTADJ = 3 ! 

 0 = no adjustment 

 1 = ISC-type of terrain adjustment 

 2 = simple, CALPUFF-type of terrain 

 adjustment 

 3 = partial plume path adjustment 

 Subgrid-scale complex terrain 

 flag (MCTSG) Default: 0 ! MCTSG = 0 ! 

 0 = not modeled 

 1 = modeled 

 Near-field puffs modeled as 

 elongated 0 (MSLUG) Default: 0 ! MSLUG = 0 ! 

 0 = no 

 1 = yes (slug model used) 

 Transitional plume rise modeled ? 

 (MTRANS) Default: 1 ! MTRANS = 1 ! 

 0 = no (i.e., final rise only) 

 1 = yes (i.e., transitional rise computed) 

 Stack tip downwash? (MTIP) Default: 1 ! MTIP = 1 ! 

 0 = no (i.e., no stack tip downwash) 

 1 = yes (i.e., use stack tip downwash) 

 Vertical wind shear modeled above 

 stack top? (MSHEAR) Default: 0 ! MSHEAR = 0 ! 

 0 = no (i.e., vertical wind shear not modeled) 

 1 = yes (i.e., vertical wind shear modeled) 

 Puff splitting allowed? (MSPLIT) Default: 0 ! MSPLIT = 1 ! 

 0 = no (i.e., puffs not split) 

 1 = yes (i.e., puffs are split) 

 Chemical mechanism flag (MCHEM) Default: 1 ! MCHEM = 0 ! 

 0 = chemical transformation not 

 modeled 

 1 = transformation rates computed 

 internally (MESOPUFF II scheme) 

 2 = user-specified transformation 

 rates used 

 3 = transformation rates computed 

 4 = secondary organic aerosol formation 

 computed (MESOPUFF II scheme for OH) 

 internally (RIVAD/ARM3 scheme) 

 Wet removal modeled ? (MWET) Default: 1 ! MWET = 0 ! 

 0 = no 

 1 = yes 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -41- March 16, 2001 

 Dry deposition modeled ? (MDRY) Default: 1 ! MDRY = 1 ! 

 0 = no 

 1 = yes 

 (dry deposition method specified 

 for each species in Input Group 3) 

 Method used to compute dispersion 

 coefficients (MDISP) Default: 3 ! MDISP = 3 ! 

 1 = dispersion coefficients computed from measured values 

 of turbulence, sigma v, sigma w 

 2 = dispersion coefficients from internally calculated 

 sigma v, sigma w using micrometeorological variables 

 (u*, w*, L, etc.) 

 3 = PG dispersion coefficients for RURAL areas (computed using 

 the ISCST multi-segment approximation) and MP coefficients in 

 urban areas 

 4 = same as 3 except PG coefficients computed using 

 the MESOPUFF II eqns. 

 5 = CTDM sigmas used for stable and neutral conditions. 

 For unstable conditions, sigmas are computed as in 

 MDISP = 3, described above. MDISP = 5 assumes that 

 measured values are read 

 Sigma-v/sigma-theta, sigma-w measurements used? (MTURBVW) 

 (Used only if MDISP = 1 or 5) Default: 3 ! MTURBVW = 3 ! 

 1 = use sigma-v or sigma-theta measurements 

 from PROFILE.DAT to compute sigma-y 

 (valid for METFM = 1, 2, 3, 4) 

 2 = use sigma-w measurements 

 from PROFILE.DAT to compute sigma-z 

 (valid for METFM = 1, 2, 3, 4) 

 3 = use both sigma-(v/theta) and sigma-w 

 from PROFILE.DAT to compute sigma-y and sigma-z 

 (valid for METFM = 1, 2, 3, 4) 

 4 = use sigma-theta measurements 

 from PLMMET.DAT to compute sigma-y 

 (valid only if METFM = 3) 

 Back-up method used to compute dispersion 

 when measured turbulence data are 

 missing (MDISP2) Default: 3 ! MDISP2 = 3 ! 

 (used only if MDISP = 1 or 5) 

 2 = dispersion coefficients from internally calculated 

 sigma v, sigma w using micrometeorological variables 

 (u*, w*, L, etc.) 

 3 = PG dispersion coefficients for RURAL areas (computed using 

 the ISCST multi-segment approximation) and MP coefficients in 

 urban areas 

 4 = same as 3 except PG coefficients computed using 

 the MESOPUFF II eqns. 

 PG sigma-y,z adj. for roughness? Default: 0 ! MROUGH = 0 ! 

 (MROUGH) 

 0 = no 

 1 = yes 

 Partial plume penetration of Default: 1 ! MPARTL = 1 ! 

 elevated inversion? 

 (MPARTL) 

 0 = no 

 1 = yes 

 Strength of temperature inversion Default: 0 ! MTINV = 0 ! 

 provided in PROFILE.DAT extended records? 

 (MTINV) 

 0 = no (computed from measured/default gradients) 

 1 = yes 

 PDF used for dispersion under convective conditions? 

 Default: 0 ! MPDF = 0 ! 

 (MPDF) 

 0 = no 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -42- March 16, 2001 

 1 = yes 

 Sub-Grid TIBL module used for shore line? 

 Default: 0 ! MSGTIBL = 0 ! 

 (MSGTIBL) 

 0 = no 

 1 = yes 

 Boundary conditions (concentration) modeled? 

 Default: 0 ! MBCON = 0 ! 

 (MBCON) 

 0 = no 

 1 = yes 

 Analyses of fogging and icing impacts due to emissions from 

 arrays of mechanically-forced cooling towers can be performed 

 using CALPUFF in conjunction with a cooling tower emissions 

 processor (CTEMISS) and its associated postprocessors. Hourly 

 emissions of water vapor and temperature from each cooling tower 

 cell are computed for the current cell configuration and ambient 

 conditions by CTEMISS. CALPUFF models the dispersion of these 

 emissions and provides cloud information in a specialized format 

 for further analysis. Output to FOG.DAT is provided in either 

 'plume mode' or 'receptor mode' format. 

 Configure for FOG Model output? 

 Default: 0 ! MFOG = 0 ! 

 (MFOG) 

 0 = no 

 1 = yes - report results in PLUME Mode format 

 2 = yes - report results in RECEPTOR Mode format 

 Test options specified to see if 

 they conform to regulatory 

 values? (MREG) Default: 1 ! MREG = 0 ! 

 0 = NO checks are made 

 1 = Technical options must conform to USEPA values 

 METFM 1 

 AVET 60. (s) 

 MGAUSS 1 

 MCTADJ 3 

 MTRANS 1 

 MTIP 1 

 MCHEM 1 (if modeling SOx, NOx) 

 MWET 1 

 MDRY 1 

 MDISP 3 

 MROUGH 0 

 MPARTL 1 

 SYTDEP 550. (m) 

 MHFTSZ 0 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 3a, 3b -- Species list 

------------------- 

------------ 

Subgroup (3a) 

------------ 

 The following species are modeled: 

! CSPEC = PM10 ! !END! 

 Dry OUTPUT GROUP 

 SPECIES MODELED EMITTED DEPOSITED NUMBER 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -43- March 16, 2001 

 NAME (0=NO, 1=YES) (0=NO, 1=YES) (0=NO, (0=NONE, 

 (Limit: 12 1=COMPUTED-GAS 1=1st CGRUP, 

 Characters 2=COMPUTED-PARTICLE 2=2nd CGRUP, 

 in length) 3=USER-SPECIFIED) 3= etc.) 

! PM10 = 1, 1, 2, 0 ! 

!END! 

------------- 

Subgroup (3b) 

------------- 

 The following names are used for Species-Groups in which results 

 for certain species are combined (added) prior to output. The 

 CGRUP name will be used as the species name in output files. 

 Use this feature to model specific particle-size distributions 

 by treating each size-range as a separate species. 

 Order must be consistent with 3(a) above. 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 4 -- Grid control parameters 

-------------- 

METEOROLOGICAL grid: 

 No. X grid cells (NX) No default ! NX = 34 ! 

 No. Y grid cells (NY) No default ! NY = 48 ! 

 No. vertical layers (NZ) No default ! NZ = 10 ! 

 Grid spacing (DGRIDKM) No default ! DGRIDKM = 1. ! 

 Units: km 

 Cell face heights 

 (ZFACE(nz+1)) No defaults 

 Units: m 

 ! ZFACE = 0., 20., 40., 65., 120., 200., 400., 700., 1200., 2200., 

 4000. ! 

 Reference Coordinates 

 of SOUTHWEST corner of 

 grid cell(1, 1): 

 X coordinate (XORIGKM) No default ! XORIGKM = 398. ! 

 Y coordinate (YORIGKM) No default ! YORIGKM = 4008. ! 

 Units: km 

 UTM zone (IUTMZN) No default ! IUTMZN = 11 ! 

 Reference coordinates of CENTER 

 of the domain (used in the 

 calculation of solar elevation 

 angles) 

 Latitude (deg.) (XLAT) No default ! XLAT = 36.43 ! 

 Longitude (deg.) (XLONG) No default ! XLONG = 117.95 ! 

 Time zone (XTZ) No default ! XTZ = 8.0 ! 

 (PST=8, MST=7, CST=6, EST=5) 

Computational grid: 

 The computational grid is identical to or a subset of the MET. grid. 

 The lower left (LL) corner of the computational grid is at grid point 

 (IBCOMP, JBCOMP) of the MET. grid. The upper right (UR) corner of the 

 computational grid is at grid point (IECOMP, JECOMP) of the MET. grid. 

 The grid spacing of the computational grid is the same as the MET. grid. 

 X index of LL corner (IBCOMP) No default ! IBCOMP = 1 ! 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -44- March 16, 2001 

 (1 <= IBCOMP <= NX) 

 Y index of LL corner (JBCOMP) No default ! JBCOMP = 1 ! 

 (1 <= JBCOMP <= NY) 

 X index of UR corner (IECOMP) No default ! IECOMP = 34 ! 

 (1 <= IECOMP <= NX) 

 Y index of UR corner (JECOMP) No default ! JECOMP = 48 ! 

 (1 <= JECOMP <= NY) 

SAMPLING GRID (GRIDDED RECEPTORS): 

 The lower left (LL) corner of the sampling grid is at grid point 

 (IBSAMP, JBSAMP) of the MET. grid. The upper right (UR) corner of the 

 sampling grid is at grid point (IESAMP, JESAMP) of the MET. grid. 

 The sampling grid must be identical to or a subset of the computational 

 grid. It may be a nested grid inside the computational grid. 

 The grid spacing of the sampling grid is DGRIDKM/MESHDN. 

 Logical flag indicating if gridded 

 receptors are used (LSAMP) Default: T ! LSAMP = T ! 

 (T=yes, F=no) 

 X index of LL corner (IBSAMP) No default ! IBSAMP = 1 ! 

 (IBCOMP <= IBSAMP <= IECOMP) 

 Y index of LL corner (JBSAMP) No default ! JBSAMP = 1 ! 

 (JBCOMP <= JBSAMP <= JECOMP) 

 X index of UR corner (IESAMP) No default ! IESAMP = 34 ! 

 (IBCOMP <= IESAMP <= IECOMP) 

 Y index of UR corner (JESAMP) No default ! JESAMP = 48 ! 

 (JBCOMP <= JESAMP <= JECOMP) 

 Nesting factor of the sampling 

 grid (MESHDN) Default: 1 ! MESHDN = 1 ! 

 (MESHDN is an integer >= 1) 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 5 -- Output Options 

-------------- 

 * * 

 FILE DEFAULT VALUE VALUE THIS RUN 

 ---- ------------- -------------- 

 Concentrations (ICON) 1 ! ICON = 1 ! 

 Dry Fluxes (IDRY) 1 ! IDRY = 0 ! 

 Wet Fluxes (IWET) 1 ! IWET = 0 ! 

 Relative Humidity (IVIS) 1 ! IVIS = 0 ! 

 (relative humidity file is 

 required for visibility 

 analysis) 

 Use data compression option in output file? 

 (LCOMPRS) Default: T ! LCOMPRS = T ! 

 * 

 0 = Do not create file, 1 = create file 

 DIAGNOSTIC MASS FLUX OUTPUT OPTIONS: 

 Mass flux across specified boundaries 

 for selected species reported hourly? 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -45- March 16, 2001 

 (IMFLX) Default: 0 ! IMFLX = 0 ! 

 0 = no 

 1 = yes (FLUXBDY.DAT and MASSFLX.DAT filenames 

 are specified in Input Group: 0) 

 Mass balance for each species 

 reported hourly? 

 (IMBAL) Default: 0 ! IMBAL = 0 ! 

 0 = no 

 1 = yes (MASSBAL.DAT filename is 

 specified in Input Group: 0) 

 LINE PRINTER OUTPUT OPTIONS: 

 Print concentrations (ICPRT) Default: 0 ! ICPRT = 0 ! 

 Print dry fluxes (IDPRT) Default: 0 ! IDPRT = 0 ! 

 Print wet fluxes (IWPRT) Default: 0 ! IWPRT = 0 ! 

 (0 = Do not print, 1 = Print) 

 Concentration print interval 

 (ICFRQ) in hours Default: 1 ! ICFRQ = 1 ! 

 Dry flux print interval 

 (IDFRQ) in hours Default: 1 ! IDFRQ = 1 ! 

 Wet flux print interval 

 (IWFRQ) in hours Default: 1 ! IWFRQ = 1 ! 

 Units for Line Printer Output 

 (IPRTU) Default: 1 ! IPRTU = 3 ! 

 for for 

 Concentration Deposition 

 1 = g/m**3 g/m**2/s 

 2 = mg/m**3 mg/m**2/s 

 3 = ug/m**3 ug/m**2/s 

 4 = ng/m**3 ng/m**2/s 

 5 = Odour Units 

 Messages tracking progress of Default: 2 ! IMESG = 2 ! 

 run written to the screen ? 

 (IMESG) -- 0=no, 1=yes 

 0 = no 

 1 = yes (advection step, puff ID) 

 2 = yes (YYYYJJJHH, # old puffs, # emitted puffs) 

 SPECIES (or GROUP for combined species) LIST FOR OUTPUT OPTIONS 

 -------- CONCENTRATIONS --------- ----------- DRY FLUXES ----------- --------

- WET FLUXES ---------- 

 SPECIES 

 /GROUP PRINTED ? SAVED ON DISK ? PRINTED ? SAVED ON DISK ? 

PRINTED ? SAVED ON DISK ? 

 ------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- --------

----------------------- 

! PM10 = 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 

 0 ! 

 OPTIONS FOR PRINTING "DEBUG" QUANTITIES (much output) 

 Logical for debug output 

 (LDEBUG) Default: F ! LDEBUG = F ! 

 First puff to track 

 (IPFDEB) Default: 1 ! IPFDEB = 1 ! 

 Number of puffs to track 

 (NPFDEB) Default: 1 ! NPFDEB = 1 ! 

 Met. period to start output 

 (NN1) Default: 1 ! NN1 = 1 ! 

 Met. period to end output 

 (NN2) Default: 10 ! NN2 = 10 ! 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -46- March 16, 2001 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 6a, 6b, & 6c -- Subgrid scale complex terrain inputs 

------------------------- 

--------------- 

Subgroup (6a) 

--------------- 

 Number of terrain features (NHILL) Default: 0 ! NHILL = 0 ! 

 Number of special complex terrain 

 receptors (NCTREC) Default: 0 ! NCTREC = 0 ! 

 Terrain and CTSG Receptor data for 

 CTSG hills input in CTDM format ? 

 (MHILL) No Default ! MHILL = 2 ! 

 1 = Hill and Receptor data created 

 by CTDM processors & read from 

 HILL.DAT and HILLRCT.DAT files 

 2 = Hill data created by OPTHILL & 

 input below in Subgroup (6b); 

 Receptor data in Subgroup (6c) 

 Factor to convert horizontal dimensions Default: 1.0 ! XHILL2M = 1. ! 

 to meters (MHILL=1) 

 Factor to convert vertical dimensions Default: 1.0 ! ZHILL2M = 1. ! 

 to meters (MHILL=1) 

 X-origin of CTDM system relative to No Default ! XCTDMKM = 0.0E00 ! 

 CALPUFF coordinate system, in Kilometers (MHILL=1) 

 Y-origin of CTDM system relative to No Default ! YCTDMKM = 0.0E00 ! 

 CALPUFF coordinate system, in Kilometers (MHILL=1) 

! END ! 

--------------- 

Subgroup (6b) 

--------------- 

 1 ** 

 HILL information 

HILL XC YC THETAH ZGRID RELIEF EXPO 1 EXPO 2 SCALE 1 SCALE 2 

 AMAX1 AMAX2 

 NO. (km) (km) (deg.) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) 

 (m) (m) 

---- ---- ---- ------ ----- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- 

 ----- ----- 

--------------- 

Subgroup (6c) 

--------------- 

 COMPLEX TERRAIN RECEPTOR INFORMATION 

 XRCT YRCT ZRCT XHH 

 (km) (km) (m) 

 ------ ----- ------ ---- 

------------------- 

1 

 Description of Complex Terrain Variables: 

 XC, YC = Coordinates of center of hill 

 THETAH = Orientation of major axis of hill (clockwise from 

 North) 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -47- March 16, 2001 

 ZGRID = Height of the 0 of the grid above mean sea 

 level 

 RELIEF = Height of the crest of the hill above the grid elevation 

 EXPO 1 = Hill-shape exponent for the major axis 

 EXPO 2 = Hill-shape exponent for the major axis 

 SCALE 1 = Horizontal length scale along the major axis 

 SCALE 2 = Horizontal length scale along the minor axis 

 AMAX = Maximum allowed axis length for the major axis 

 BMAX = Maximum allowed axis length for the major axis 

 XRCT, YRCT = Coordinates of the complex terrain receptors 

 ZRCT = Height of the ground (MSL) at the complex terrain 

 Receptor 

 XHH = Hill number associated with each complex terrain receptor 

 (NOTE: MUST BE ENTERED AS A REAL NUMBER) 

 ** 

 NOTE: DATA for each hill and CTSG receptor are treated as a separate 

 input subgroup and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 7 -- Chemical parameters for dry deposition of gases 

-------------- 

 SPECIES DIFFUSIVITY ALPHA STAR REACTIVITY MESOPHYLL RESISTANCE HENRY'S 

LAW COEFFICIENT 

 NAME (cm**2/s) (s/cm) 

(dimensionless) 

 ------- ----------- ---------- ---------- -------------------- -------

---------------- 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 8 -- Size parameters for dry deposition of particles 

-------------- 

 For SINGLE SPECIES, the mean and standard deviation are used to 

 compute a deposition velocity for NINT (see group 9) size-ranges, 

 and these are then averaged to obtain a mean deposition velocity. 

 For GROUPED SPECIES, the size distribution should be explicitly 

 specified (by the 'species' in the group), and the standard deviation 

 for each should be entered as 0. The model will then use the 

 deposition velocity for the stated mean diameter. 

 SPECIES GEOMETRIC MASS MEAN GEOMETRIC STANDARD 

 NAME DIAMETER DEVIATION 

 (microns) (microns) 

 ------- ------------------- ------------------ 

** 

** from Niemeyer et al 1999 

** 

! PM10 = 3.50, 2.2 ! 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 9 -- Miscellaneous dry deposition parameters 

-------------- 

 Reference cuticle resistance (s/cm) 

 (RCUTR) Default: 30 ! RCUTR = 30. ! 

 Reference ground resistance (s/cm) 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -48- March 16, 2001 

 (RGR) Default: 10 ! RGR = 10. ! 

 Reference pollutant reactivity 

 (REACTR) Default: 8 ! REACTR = 8. ! 

 Number of particle-size intervals used to 

 evaluate effective particle deposition velocity 

 (NINT) Default: 9 ! NINT = 9 ! 

 Vegetation state in unirrigated areas 

 (IVEG) Default: 1 ! IVEG = 3 ! 

 IVEG=1 for active and unstressed vegetation 

 IVEG=2 for active and stressed vegetation 

 IVEG=3 for inactive vegetation 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 10 -- Wet Deposition Parameters 

--------------- 

 

 Scavenging Coefficient -- Units: (sec)**(-1) 

 Pollutant Liquid Precip. Frozen Precip. 

 --------- -------------- -------------- 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 11 -- Chemistry Parameters 

--------------- 

 Ozone data input option (MOZ) Default: 1 ! MOZ = 0 ! 

 (Used only if MCHEM = 1 or 3) 

 0 = use a constant background ozone value 

 1 = read hourly ozone concentrations from 

 the OZONE.DAT data file 

 Background ozone concentration 

 (BCKO3) in ppb Default: 80. ! BCKO3 = 40. ! 

 (Used only if MCHEM = 1 or 3 and 

 MOZ = 0 or (MOZ = 1 and all hourly 

 O3 data missing) 

 Background ammonia concentration 

 (BCKNH3) in ppb Default: 10. ! BCKNH3 = 17. ! 

 Nighttime SO2 loss rate (RNITE1) 

 in percent/hour Default: 0.2 ! RNITE1 = 0.2 ! 

 Nighttime NOx loss rate (RNITE2) 

 in percent/hour Default: 2.0 ! RNITE2 = 2. ! 

 Nighttime HNO3 formation rate (RNITE3) 

 in percent/hour Default: 2.0 ! RNITE3 = 2. ! 

 --- Data for SECONDARY ORGANIC AEROSOL (SOA) Option 

 (used only if MCHEM = 4) 

 The SOA module uses monthly values of: 

 Fine particulate concentration in ug/m^3 (BCKPMF) 

 Organic fraction of fine particulate (OFRAC) 

 VOC / NOX ratio (after reaction) (VCNX) 

 to characterize the air mass when computing 

 the formation of SOA from VOC emissions. 

 Typical values for several distinct air mass types are: 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -49- March 16, 2001 

 Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 

 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 

 Clean Continental 

 BCKPMF 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 

 OFRAC .15 .15 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .20 .15 

 VCNX 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 

 Clean Marine (surface) 

 BCKPMF .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 

 OFRAC .25 .25 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .25 

 VCNX 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 50. 

 Urban - low biogenic (controls present) 

 BCKPMF 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 30. 

 OFRAC .20 .20 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .20 .20 .20 .20 

 VCNX 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 

 Urban - high biogenic (controls present) 

 BCKPMF 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 60. 

 OFRAC .25 .25 .30 .30 .30 .55 .55 .55 .35 .35 .35 .25 

 VCNX 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 

 Regional Plume 

 BCKPMF 20. 20. 20. 20. 20. 20. 20. 20. 20. 20. 20. 20. 

 OFRAC .20 .20 .25 .35 .25 .40 .40 .40 .30 .30 .30 .20 

 VCNX 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 15. 

 Urban - no controls present 

 BCKPMF 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 100. 

 OFRAC .30 .30 .35 .35 .35 .55 .55 .55 .35 .35 .35 .30 

 VCNX 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 

 Default: Clean Continental 

 ! BCKPMF = 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00 ! 

 ! OFRAC = 0.15, 0.15, 0.20, 0.20, 0.20, 0.20, 0.20, 0.20, 0.20, 0.20, 0.20, 0.15 ! 

 ! VCNX = 50.00, 50.00, 50.00, 50.00, 50.00, 50.00, 50.00, 50.00, 50.00, 50.00, 50.00, 

50.00 ! 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUP: 12 -- Misc. Dispersion and Computational Parameters 

--------------- 

 Horizontal size of puff (m) beyond which 

 time-dependent dispersion equations (Heffter) 

 are used to determine sigma-y and 

 sigma-z (SYTDEP) Default: 550. ! SYTDEP = 5.5E02 ! 

 Switch for using Heffter equation for sigma z 

 as above (0 = Not use Heffter; 1 = use Heffter 

 (MHFTSZ) Default: 0 ! MHFTSZ = 0 ! 

 Stability class used to determine plume 

 growth rates for puffs above the boundary 

 layer (JSUP) Default: 5 ! JSUP = 5 ! 

 Vertical dispersion constant for stable 

 conditions (k1 in Eqn. 2.7-3) (CONK1) Default: 0.01 ! CONK1 = 0.01 ! 

 Vertical dispersion constant for neutral/ 

 unstable conditions (k2 in Eqn. 2.7-4) 

 (CONK2) Default: 0.1 ! CONK2 = 0.1 ! 

 Factor for determining Transition-point from 

 Schulman-Scire to Huber-Snyder Building Downwash 

 scheme (SS used for Hs < Hb + TBD * HL) 

 (TBD) Default: 0.5 ! TBD = 0.5 ! 

 TBD < 0 ==> always use Huber-Snyder 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -50- March 16, 2001 

 TBD = 1.5 ==> always use Schulman-Scire 

 TBD = 0.5 ==> ISC Transition-point 

 Range of land use categories for which 

 urban dispersion is assumed 

 (IURB1, IURB2) Default: 10 ! IURB1 = 10 ! 

 19 ! IURB2 = 19 ! 

 Site characterization parameters for single-point Met data files --------- 

 (needed for METFM = 2,3,4) 

 Land use category for modeling domain 

 (ILANDUIN) Default: 20 ! ILANDUIN = 20 ! 

 Roughness length (m) for modeling domain 

 (Z0IN) Default: 0.25 ! Z0IN = 0.001 ! 

 Leaf area index for modeling domain 

 (XLAIIN) Default: 3.0 ! XLAIIN = 3. ! 

 Elevation above sea level (m) 

 (ELEVIN) Default: 0.0 ! ELEVIN = 0. ! 

 Latitude (degrees) for met location 

 (XLATIN) Default: -999. ! XLATIN = -999. ! 

 Longitude (degrees) for met location 

 (XLONIN) Default: -999. ! XLONIN = -999. ! 

 Specialized information for interpreting single-point Met data files ----- 

 Anemometer height (m) (Used only if METFM = 2,3) 

 (ANEMHT) Default: 10. ! ANEMHT = 10. ! 

 Form of lateral turbulance data in PROFILE.DAT file 

 (Used only if METFM = 4 or MTURBVW = 1 or 3) 

 (ISIGMAV) Default: 1 ! ISIGMAV = 1 ! 

 0 = read sigma-theta 

 1 = read sigma-v 

 Choice of mixing heights (Used only if METFM = 4) 

 (IMIXCTDM) Default: 0 ! IMIXCTDM = 0 ! 

 0 = read PREDICTED mixing heights 

 1 = read OBSERVED mixing heights 

 Maximum length of a slug (met. grid units) 

 (XMXLEN) Default: 1.0 ! XMXLEN = 1. ! 

 Maximum travel distance of a puff/slug (in 

 grid units) during one sampling step 

 (XSAMLEN) Default: 1.0 ! XSAMLEN = 1. ! 

 Maximum Number of slugs/puffs release from 

 one source during one time step 

 (MXNEW) Default: 99 ! MXNEW = 99 ! 

 Maximum Number of sampling steps for 

 one puff/slug during one time step 

 (MXSAM) Default: 99 ! MXSAM = 99 ! 

 Number of iterations used when computing 

 the transport wind for a sampling step 

 that includes gradual rise (for CALMET 

 and PROFILE winds) 

 (NCOUNT) Default: 2 ! NCOUNT = 2 ! 

 Minimum sigma y for a new puff/slug (m) 

 (SYMIN) Default: 1.0 ! SYMIN = 1. ! 

 Minimum sigma z for a new puff/slug (m) 

 (SZMIN) Default: 1.0 ! SZMIN = 1. ! 

 Default minimum turbulence velocities 

 sigma-v and sigma-w for each 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -51- March 16, 2001 

 stability class (m/s) 

 (SVMIN(6) and SWMIN(6)) Default SVMIN : .50, .50, .50, .50, .50, .50 

 Default SWMIN : .20, .12, .08, .06, .03, .016 

 Stability Class : A B C D E F 

 --- --- --- --- --- --- 

 ! SVMIN = 0.500, 0.500, 0.500, 0.500, 0.500, 0.500! 

 ! SWMIN = 0.200, 0.120, 0.080, 0.060, 0.030, 0.016! 

 Divergence criterion for dw/dz across puff 

 used to initiate adjustment for horizontal 

 convergence (1/s) 

 Partial adjustment starts at CDIV(1), and 

 full adjustment is reached at CDIV(2) 

 (CDIV(2)) Default: 0.0,0.0 ! CDIV = 0., 0. ! 

 Minimum wind speed (m/s) allowed for 

 non-calm conditions. Also used as minimum 

 speed returned when using power-law 

 extrapolation toward surface 

 (WSCALM) Default: 0.5 ! WSCALM = 0.5 ! 

 Maximum mixing height (m) 

 (XMAXZI) Default: 3000. ! XMAXZI = 3000. ! 

 Minimum mixing height (m) 

 (XMINZI) Default: 50. ! XMINZI = 50. ! 

 Default wind speed classes -- 

 5 upper bounds (m/s) are entered; 

 the 6th class has no upper limit 

 (WSCAT(5)) Default : 

 ISC RURAL : 1.54, 3.09, 5.14, 8.23, 10,8 (10.8+) 

 Wind Speed Class : 1 2 3 4 5 6 

 --- --- --- --- --- --- 

 ! WSCAT = 1.54, 3.09, 5.14, 8.23, 10.80 ! 

 Default wind speed profile power-law 

 exponents for stabilities 1-6 

 (PLX0(6)) Default : ISC RURAL values 

 ISC RURAL : .07, .07, .10, .15, .35, .55 

 ISC URBAN : .15, .15, .20, .25, .30, .30 

 Stability Class : A B C D E F 

 --- --- --- --- --- --- 

 ! PLX0 = 0.07, 0.07, 0.10, 0.15, 0.35, 0.55 ! 

 Default potential temperature gradient 

 for stable classes E, F (degK/m) 

 (PTG0(2)) Default: 0.020, 0.035 

 ! PTG0 = 0.020, 0.035 ! 

 Default plume path coefficients for 

 each stability class (used when option 

 for partial plume height terrain adjustment 

 is selected -- MCTADJ=3) 

 (PPC(6)) Stability Class : A B C D E F 

 Default PPC : .50, .50, .50, .50, .35, .35 

 --- --- --- --- --- --- 

 ! PPC = 0.50, 0.50, 0.50, 0.50, 0.35, 0.35 ! 

 Slug-to-puff transition criterion factor 

 equal to sigma-y/length of slug 

 (SL2PF) Default: 10. ! SL2PF = 10. ! 

 Puff-splitting control variables ------------------------ 

 VERTICAL SPLIT 

 -------------- 

 Number of puffs that result every time a puff 

 is split - nsplit=2 means that 1 puff splits 

 into 2 

 (NSPLIT) Default: 3 ! NSPLIT = 3 ! 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -52- March 16, 2001 

 Time(s) of a day when split puffs are eligible to 

 be split once again; this is typically set once 

 per day, around sunset before nocturnal shear develops. 

 24 values: 0 is midnight (00:00) and 23 is 11 PM (23:00) 

 0=do not re-split 1=eligible for re-split 

 (IRESPLIT(24)) Default: Hour 17 = 1 

 ! IRESPLIT = 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0 ! 

 Split is allowed only if last hour's mixing 

 height (m) exceeds a minimum value 

 (ZISPLIT) Default: 100. ! ZISPLIT = 100. ! 

 Split is allowed only if ratio of last hour's 

 mixing ht to the maximum mixing ht experienced 

 by the puff is less than a maximum value (this 

 postpones a split until a nocturnal layer develops) 

 (ROLDMAX) Default: 0.25 ! ROLDMAX = 0.25 ! 

 HORIZONTAL SPLIT 

 ---------------- 

 Number of puffs that result every time a puff 

 is split - nsplith=5 means that 1 puff splits 

 into 5 

 (NSPLITH) Default: 5 ! NSPLITH = 5 ! 

 Minimum sigma-y (Grid Cells Units) of puff 

 before it may be split 

 (SYSPLITH) Default: 1.0 ! SYSPLITH = 1.0 ! 

 Minimum puff elongation rate (SYSPLITH/hr) due to 

 wind shear, before it may be split 

 (SHSPLITH) Default: 2. ! SHSPLITH = 2.0 ! 

 Minimum concentration (g/m^3) of each 

 species in puff before it may be split 

 Enter array of NSPEC values; if a single value is 

 entered, it will be used for ALL species 

 (CNSPLITH) Default: 1.0E-07 ! CNSPLITH = 1.0E-06 ! 

 Integration control variables ------------------------ 

 Fractional convergence criterion for numerical SLUG 

 sampling integration 

 (EPSSLUG) Default: 1.0e-04 ! EPSSLUG = 1.0E-04 ! 

 Fractional convergence criterion for numerical AREA 

 source integration 

 (EPSAREA) Default: 1.0e-06 ! EPSAREA = 1.0E-06 ! 

 Trajectory step-length (m) used for numerical rise 

 integration 

 (DSRISE) Default: 1.0 ! DSRISE = 1.0 ! 

!END! 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUPS: 13a, 13b, 13c, 13d -- Point source parameters 

-------------------------------- 

--------------- 

Subgroup (13a) 

--------------- 

 Number of point sources with 

 parameters provided below (NPT1) No default ! NPT1 = 0 ! 

 Units used for point source 

 emissions below (IPTU) Default: 1 ! IPTU = 3 ! 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -53- March 16, 2001 

 1 = g/s 

 2 = kg/hr 

 3 = lb/hr 

 4 = tons/yr 

 5 = Odour Unit * m**3/s (vol. flux of odour compound) 

 6 = Odour Unit * m**3/min 

 Number of source-species 

 combinations with variable 

 emissions scaling factors 

 provided below in (13d) (NSPT1) Default: 0 ! NSPT1 = 0 ! 

 Number of point sources with 

 variable emission parameters 

 provided in external file (NPT2) No default ! NPT2 = 0 ! 

 (If NPT2 > 0, these point 

 source emissions are read from 

 the file: PTEMARB.DAT) 

!END! 

--------------- 

Subgroup (13b) 

--------------- 

 a 

 POINT SOURCE: CONSTANT DATA 

 ----------------------------- 

 b c 

 Source X UTM Y UTM Stack Base Stack Exit Exit Bldg. Emission 

 No. Coordinate Coordinate Height Elevation Diameter Vel. Temp. Dwash Rates 

 (km) (km) (m) (m) (m) (m/s) (deg. K) 

 ------ ---------- ---------- ------ ------ -------- ----- -------- ----- -------- 

-------- 

 a 

 Data for each source are treated as a separate input subgroup 

 and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 

 SRCNAM is a 12-character name for a source 

 (No default) 

 X is an array holding the source data listed by the column headings 

 (No default) 

 SIGYZI is an array holding the initial sigma-y and sigma-z (m) 

 (Default: 0.,0.) 

 FMFAC is a vertical momentum flux factor (0. or 1.0) used to represent 

 the effect of rain-caps or other physical configurations that 

 reduce momentum rise associated with the actual exit velocity. 

 (Default: 1.0 -- full momentum used) 

 b 

 0. = No building downwash modeled, 1. = downwash modeled 

 NOTE: must be entered as a REAL number (i.e., with decimal point) 

 c 

 An emission rate must be entered for every pollutant modeled. 

 Enter emission rate of zero for secondary pollutants that are 

 modeled, but not emitted. Units are specified by IPTU 

 (e.g. 1 for g/s). 

--------------- 

Subgroup (13c) 

--------------- 

 BUILDING DIMENSION DATA FOR SOURCES SUBJECT TO DOWNWASH 

 ------------------------------------------------------- 

Source a 

 No. Effective building width and height (in meters) every 10 degrees 

------ ---------------------------------------------------------------- 

-------- 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -54- March 16, 2001 

 a 

 Each pair of width and height values is treated as a separate input 

 subgroup and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 

--------------- 

Subgroup (13d) 

--------------- 

 a 

 POINT SOURCE: VARIABLE EMISSIONS DATA 

 --------------------------------------- 

 Use this subgroup to describe temporal variations in the emission 

 rates given in 13b. Factors entered multiply the rates in 13b. 

 Skip sources here that have constant emissions. For more elaborate 

 variation in source parameters, use PTEMARB.DAT and NPT2 > 0. 

 IVARY determines the type of variation, and is source-specific: 

 (IVARY) Default: 0 

 0 = Constant 

 1 = Diurnal cycle (24 scaling factors: hours 1-24) 

 2 = Monthly cycle (12 scaling factors: months 1-12) 

 3 = Hour & Season (4 groups of 24 hourly scaling factors, 

 where first group is DEC-JAN-FEB) 

 4 = Speed & Stab. (6 groups of 6 scaling factors, where 

 first group is Stability Class A, 

 and the speed classes have upper 

 bounds (m/s) defined in Group 12 

 5 = Temperature (12 scaling factors, where temperature 

 classes have upper bounds (C) of: 

 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 

 45, 50, 50+) 

-------- 

 a 

 Data for each species are treated as a separate input subgroup 

 and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUPS: 14a, 14b, 14c, 14d -- Area source parameters 

-------------------------------- 

--------------- 

Subgroup (14a) 

--------------- 

 Number of polygon area sources with 

 parameters specified below (NAR1) No default ! NAR1 = 0 ! 

 Units used for area source 

 emissions below (IARU) Default: 1 ! IARU = 1 ! 

 1 = g/m**2/s 

 2 = kg/m**2/hr 

 3 = lb/m**2/hr 

 4 = tons/m**2/yr 

 5 = Odour Unit * m/s (vol. flux/m**2 of odour compound) 

 6 = Odour Unit * m/min 

 Number of source-species 

 combinations with variable 

 emissions scaling factors 

 provided below in (14d) (NSAR1) Default: 0 ! NSAR1 = 0 ! 

 Number of buoyant polygon area sources 

 with variable location and emission 

 parameters (NAR2) No default ! NAR2 = 0 ! 

 (If NAR2 > 0, ALL parameter data for 

 these sources are read from the file: BAEMARB.DAT) 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -55- March 16, 2001 

!END! 

--------------- 

Subgroup (14b) 

--------------- 

 a 

 AREA SOURCE: CONSTANT DATA 

 ---------------------------- 

 b 

Source Effect. Base Initial Emission 

 No. Height Elevation Sigma z Rates 

 (m) (m) (m) 

------- ------ ------ -------- --------- 

-------- 

 a 

 Data for each source are treated as a separate input subgroup 

 and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 

 b 

 An emission rate must be entered for every pollutant modeled. 

 Enter emission rate of zero for secondary pollutants that are 

 modeled, but not emitted. Units are specified by IARU 

 (e.g. 1 for g/m**2/s). 

--------------- 

Subgroup (14c) 

--------------- 

 COORDINATES (UTM-km) FOR EACH VERTEX(4) OF EACH POLYGON 

 -------------------------------------------------------- 

Source a 

 No. Ordered list of X followed by list of Y, grouped by source 

------ ------------------------------------------------------------ 

-------- 

 a 

 Data for each source are treated as a separate input subgroup 

 and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 

--------------- 

Subgroup (14d) 

--------------- 

 a 

 AREA SOURCE: VARIABLE EMISSIONS DATA 

 -------------------------------------- 

 Use this subgroup to describe temporal variations in the emission 

 rates given in 14b. Factors entered multiply the rates in 14b. 

 Skip sources here that have constant emissions. For more elaborate 

 variation in source parameters, use BAEMARB.DAT and NAR2 > 0. 

 IVARY determines the type of variation, and is source-specific: 

 (IVARY) Default: 0 

 0 = Constant 

 1 = Diurnal cycle (24 scaling factors: hours 1-24) 

 2 = Monthly cycle (12 scaling factors: months 1-12) 

 3 = Hour & Season (4 groups of 24 hourly scaling factors, 

 where first group is DEC-JAN-FEB) 

 4 = Speed & Stab. (6 groups of 6 scaling factors, where 

 first group is Stability Class A, 

 and the speed classes have upper 

 bounds (m/s) defined in Group 12 

 5 = Temperature (12 scaling factors, where temperature 

 classes have upper bounds (C) of: 

 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 

 45, 50, 50+) 

-------- 

 a 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -56- March 16, 2001 

 Data for each species are treated as a separate input subgroup 

 and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUPS: 15a, 15b, 15c -- Line source parameters 

--------------------------- 

--------------- 

Subgroup (15a) 

--------------- 

 Number of buoyant line sources 

 with variable location and emission 

 parameters (NLN2) No default ! NLN2 = 0 ! 

 (If NLN2 > 0, ALL parameter data for 

 these sources are read from the file: LNEMARB.DAT) 

 Number of buoyant line sources (NLINES) No default ! NLINES = 0 ! 

 Units used for line source 

 emissions below (ILNU) Default: 1 ! ILNU = 1 ! 

 1 = g/s 

 2 = kg/hr 

 3 = lb/hr 

 4 = tons/yr 

 5 = Odour Unit * m**3/s (vol. flux of odour compound) 

 6 = Odour Unit * m**3/min 

 7 = metric tons/m**2/yr 

 Number of source-species 

 combinations with variable 

 emissions scaling factors 

 provided below in (15c) (NSLN1) Default: 0 ! NSLN1 = 0 ! 

 Maximum number of segments used to model 

 each line (MXNSEG) Default: 7 ! MXNSEG = 7 ! 

 The following variables are required only if NLINES > 0. They are 

 used in the buoyant line source plume rise calculations. 

 Number of distances at which Default: 6 ! NLRISE = 6 ! 

 transitional rise is computed 

 Average line source length (XL) No default ! XL = 0. ! 

 (in meters) 

 Average height of line source height (HBL) No default ! HBL = 0. ! 

 (in meters) 

 Average building width (WBL) No default ! WBL = 0. ! 

 (in meters) 

 Average line source width (WML) No default ! WML = 0. ! 

 (in meters) 

 Average separation between buildings (DXL) No default ! DXL = 0. ! 

 (in meters) 

 Average buoyancy parameter (FPRIMEL) No default ! FPRIMEL = 0. ! 

 (in m**4/s**3) 

!END! 

--------------- 

Subgroup (15b) 

--------------- 

 BUOYANT LINE SOURCE: CONSTANT DATA 

 ---------------------------------- 

 a 

Source Beg. X Beg. Y End. X End. Y Release Base Emission 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -57- March 16, 2001 

 No. Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate Height Elevation Rates 

 (km) (km) (km) (km) (m) (m) 

------ ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ------- --------- --------- 

-------- 

 a 

 Data for each source are treated as a separate input subgroup 

 and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 

 b 

 An emission rate must be entered for every pollutant modeled. 

 Enter emission rate of zero for secondary pollutants that are 

 modeled, but not emitted. Units are specified by ILNTU 

 (e.g. 1 for g/s). 

--------------- 

Subgroup (15c) 

--------------- 

 a 

 BUOYANT LINE SOURCE: VARIABLE EMISSIONS DATA 

 ---------------------------------------------- 

 Use this subgroup to describe temporal variations in the emission 

 rates given in 15b. Factors entered multiply the rates in 15b. 

 Skip sources here that have constant emissions. 

 IVARY determines the type of variation, and is source-specific: 

 (IVARY) Default: 0 

 0 = Constant 

 1 = Diurnal cycle (24 scaling factors: hours 1-24) 

 2 = Monthly cycle (12 scaling factors: months 1-12) 

 3 = Hour & Season (4 groups of 24 hourly scaling factors, 

 where first group is DEC-JAN-FEB) 

 4 = Speed & Stab. (6 groups of 6 scaling factors, where 

 first group is Stability Class A, 

 and the speed classes have upper 

 bounds (m/s) defined in Group 12 

 5 = Temperature (12 scaling factors, where temperature 

 classes have upper bounds (C) of: 

 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 

 45, 50, 50+) 

-------- 

 a 

 Data for each species are treated as a separate input subgroup 

 and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUPS: 16a, 16b, 16c -- Volume source parameters 

--------------------------- 

--------------- 

Subgroup (16a) 

--------------- 

 Number of volume sources with 

 parameters provided in 16b,c (NVL1) No default ! NVL1 = 0 ! 

 Units used for volume source 

 emissions below in 16b (IVLU) Default: 1 ! IVLU = 1 ! 

 1 = g/s 

 2 = kg/hr 

 3 = lb/hr 

 4 = tons/yr 

 5 = Odour Unit * m**3/s (vol. flux of odour compound) 

 6 = Odour Unit * m**3/min 

 7 = metric tons/yr 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -58- March 16, 2001 

 Number of source-species 

 combinations with variable 

 emissions scaling factors 

 provided below in (16c) (NSVL1) Default: 0 ! NSVL1 = 0 ! 

 Number of volume sources with 

 variable location and emission 

 parameters (NVL2) No default ! NVL2 = 127 ! 

 (If NVL2 > 0, ALL parameter data for 

 these sources are read from the VOLEMARB.DAT file(s) ) 

!END! 

--------------- 

Subgroup (16b) 

--------------- 

 a 

 VOLUME SOURCE: CONSTANT DATA 

 ------------------------------ 

 b 

 X UTM Y UTM Effect. Base Initial Initial Emission 

 Coordinate Coordinate Height Elevation Sigma y Sigma z Rates 

 (km) (km) (m) (m) (m) (m) 

 ---------- ---------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- 

-------- 

 a 

 Data for each source are treated as a separate input subgroup 

 and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 

 b 

 An emission rate must be entered for every pollutant modeled. 

 Enter emission rate of zero for secondary pollutants that are 

 modeled, but not emitted. Units are specified by IVLU 

 (e.g. 1 for g/s). 

--------------- 

Subgroup (16c) 

--------------- 

 a 

 VOLUME SOURCE: VARIABLE EMISSIONS DATA 

 ---------------------------------------- 

 Use this subgroup to describe temporal variations in the emission 

 rates given in 16b. Factors entered multiply the rates in 16b. 

 Skip sources here that have constant emissions. For more elaborate 

 variation in source parameters, use VOLEM.DAT and IGRDVL = 1. 

 IVARY determines the type of variation, and is source-specific: 

 (IVARY) Default: 0 

 0 = Constant 

 1 = Diurnal cycle (24 scaling factors: hours 1-24) 

 2 = Monthly cycle (12 scaling factors: months 1-12) 

 3 = Hour & Season (4 groups of 24 hourly scaling factors, 

 where first group is DEC-JAN-FEB) 

 4 = Speed & Stab. (6 groups of 6 scaling factors, where 

 first group is Stability Class A, 

 and the speed classes have upper 

 bounds (m/s) defined in Group 12 

 5 = Temperature (12 scaling factors, where temperature 

 classes have upper bounds (C) of: 

 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 

 45, 50, 50+) 

-------- 

 a 

 Data for each species are treated as a separate input subgroup 

 and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 
Draft 

Owens Lake Modeling Protocol -59- March 16, 2001 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

INPUT GROUPS: 17a & 17b -- Non-gridded (discrete) receptor information 

----------------------- 

--------------- 

Subgroup (17a) 

--------------- 

 Number of non-gridded receptors (NREC) No default ! NREC = 9 ! 

!END! 

--------------- 

Subgroup (17b) 

--------------- 

 a 

 NON-GRIDDED (DISCRETE) RECEPTOR DATA 

 ------------------------------------ 

 X UTM Y UTM Ground Height b 

Receptor Coordinate Coordinate Elevation Above Ground 

 No. (km) (km) (m) (m) 

-------- ---------- ---------- --------- ------------ 

 1 ! x= 405.45, 4051.99, 1143.19! !END! lone pine 

 2 ! x= 421.74, 4038.59, 1114.30! !END! keeler 

 3 ! x= 414.27, 4020.52, 1082.89! !END! dirty socks 

 4 ! x= 410.80, 4014.08, 1117.02! !END! olancha 

 5 ! x= 418.32, 4023.07, 1105.47! !END! Port 4/10/00(10:00) thru 4/10/00/(13:00) 

 6 ! x= 417.71, 4043.43, 1137.75! !END! Port 4/12/00(11:00) thru 4/13/00/(14:00) 

 Port 4/17/00(10:00) thru 4/17/00/(14:00) 

 7 ! x= 424.91, 4031.10, 1120.30! !END! Port 4/13/00(17:00) thru 4/14/00/(10:00) 

 8 ! x= 418.22, 4042.16, 1109.58! !END! Port 4/27/00(11:00) thru 4/28/00/(08:00) 

 9 ! x= 419.49, 4024.99, 1083.13! !END! Port 4/28/00(11:00) thru 4/28/00/(13:00) 

------------- 

 a 

 Data for each receptor are treated as a separate input subgroup 

 and therefore must end with an input group terminator. 

 b 

 Receptor height above ground is optional. If no value is entered, 

 the receptor is placed on the ground.