Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-18-00651-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF D.B., IV, B.N.B., AND T.L.S., Children

From the 73rd Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2017-PA-02206

Honorable John D. Gabriel, Jr., Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Irene Rios, Justice

Sitting: Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice

Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Irene Rios, Justice

Delivered and Filed: February 20, 2019

AFFIRMED; MOTION TO WITHDRAW DENIED

This is an accelerated appeal from an order terminating appellant Mother’s parental rights

to her three children, David, Beth, and Theo and appellant Father’s parental rights to his child 

Theo.

1

 In three issues on appeal, Father contends the trial court erred in signing the termination 

order because the order contains termination grounds that it did not orally render and challenges 

the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s findings under Chapter 

161 of the Texas Family Code. Mother’s counsel filed an Anders brief and motion to withdraw. 

We affirm the trial court’s termination order and deny counsel’s motion to withdraw.

 1 To protect the identity of minor children in an appeal from an order terminating parental rights, we refer to the parents 

as “Mother” and “Father” and the children by alias. SeeTEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(d); TEX.R. APP. P. 9.8(b)(2). 

The children, D.B., IV, B.N.B., and T.L.S., are respectively referred to as David, Beth, and Theo in this opinion. 

Appellant Father is the presumed father of only Theo. The trial court’s order also terminated the parental rights of 

David’s and Beth’s father, who does not appeal.
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BACKGROUND

Theo was born September 9, 2017, and spent the first seven weeks of his life hospitalized 

receiving treatment for drug withdrawal and complications arising from his mother’s use of 

cocaine, methamphetamines, and amphetamines during her pregnancy. The Texas Department of 

Family and Protective Services (“Department”) obtained an emergency temporary order naming 

it as temporary sole managing conservator with the right of possession of Theo and his two halfsiblings, David and Beth. The half-siblings had been in the care of their maternal grandparents

since they were very young. According to an affidavit filed by Department caseworker Dessica 

Gonzalez, because of Mother’s recent drug use and Father’s refusal to submit to a drug test, neither 

parent was appropriate to continue making medical decisions for Theo. Therefore, Theo was also

placed with his maternal grandparents.

Thereafter, the Department filed a petition to terminate Father’s and Mother’s parental 

rights. The trial court held a bench trial at which Father and Mother both appeared in person. On 

September 10, 2018, the trial court signed an order terminating Father’s parental rights to Theo 

and Mother’s parental rights to David, Beth, and Theo.

FATHER’S APPEAL

Father raises three issues on appeal. Father contends in his first issue that the trial court’s 

order terminating his parental rights improperly includes grounds for termination that the trial court 

did not orally render. In his second issue, Father challenges the sufficiency of the evidence 

supporting the trial court’s finding that termination of his parental rights was in the child’s best 

interest. In his third issue, Father contends the evidence presented at trial is insufficient to negate

the improper bases for termination included in Family Code section 161.001(c). We first address 

Father’s challenge to the trial court’s best interest finding.
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Best Interests

Standard of Review, Statutory Requirements, and Applicable Law

To terminate parental rights pursuant to section 161.001 of the Texas Family Code, the 

Department has the burden to prove by clear and convincing evidence: (1) one of the predicate 

grounds in subsection 161.001(b)(1); and (2) that termination is in the best interest of the child. 

See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 161.001, 161.206(a); In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). 

In this case, the trial court found evidence of two predicate grounds to terminate Father’s parental 

rights.2 The trial court also found termination of Father’s parental rights was in the best interest 

of the child.

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we apply the well-established standards 

of review. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 101.007, 161.206(a); In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 

(Tex. 2006) (factual sufficiency); In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005) (legal 

sufficiency).

In determining whether a child’s parent is willing and able to provide the child with a safe 

environment, we consider the factors set forth in Family Code section 263.307(b). See TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 263.307(b). We also apply the non-exhaustive Holley factors to our analysis.3 See 

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976). Evidence that proves one or more statutory 

grounds for termination may also constitute evidence illustrating that termination is in the child’s 

 2 The trial court found evidence Father “constructively abandoned the child who has been in the permanent or 

temporary managing conservatorship of the Department ... for not less than six months[;] ... [and] failed to comply 

with the provisions of a court order ...[.]” See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(N), (O).

3 These factors include: (1) the child’s desires; (2) the child’s present and future emotional and physical needs; (3) any 

present or future emotional and physical danger to the child; (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking 

custody; (5) the programs available to assist the individuals seeking custody to promote the child’s best interest; (6) 

the plans for the child by the individuals or agency seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or proposed 

placement; (8) the parent’s acts or omissions which may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is improper; 

and (9) any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions. See Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976); In 

re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 249 n.9 (Tex. 2013).
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best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002) (holding same evidence may be probative 

of both section 161.001(b)(1) grounds and best interest, but such evidence does not relieve the 

State of its burden to prove best interest). “A best interest analysis may consider circumstantial 

evidence, subjective factors, and the totality of the evidence as well as the direct evidence.” See 

In re E.D., 419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. denied). “A trier of fact 

may measure a parent’s future conduct by his past conduct and determine whether termination of 

parental rights is in the child’s best interest.” Id.

Discussion

The Department, through caseworker Rachel Lipsey, prepared a service plan for Father

that included participating in substance abuse treatment, domestic violence classes as a victim, 

parenting classes, individual counseling, a psychological assessment, and random urinalyses.

According to Lipsey, Father did not complete his service plan. Although Father re-enrolled in 

domestic violence classes, at the time of trial, he had not completed the classes. Also, although 

Lipsey referred Father to an individual counselor, Father never scheduled an initial appointment. 

Further, the record indicates Father was directed to submit to urinalysis five times, but only 

submitted to one urinalysis. In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 249 (Tex. 2013) (evidence that the 

appellant failed to comply with the court-ordered service plan supported the trial court’s bestinterest determination). Lipsey additionally testified she received a police report of a domestic 

violence incident between Father and Mother that occurred on June 2, 2018, which Father denied. 

In re A.H., No. 04–15–00416–CV, 2015 WL 7565569, at *9 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 25, 

2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (noting parent’s decision to remain in an abusive or inappropriate 

relationship as a factor supporting the trial court’s best-interest determination).

Lipsey testified she made repeated attempts to visit Father’s home, which he shared with 

Mother, but was not able to find anyone at the residence. Lipsey could not confirm Father actually
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lived at the residence. Lipsey requested Father provide documentation showing where he lived, 

but did not receive a response. Lipsey also could not confirm whether Father was employed 

because he did not respond to her requests for documentation of employment. See In re J.R.W.,

14-1200850-CV, 2013 WL 507325, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 12, 2013, pet. 

denied) (noting that a trier of fact could infer from a parent’s past behavior that “apparent apathy 

regarding [a] child’s prescribed medications would continue” and that such evidence supports a 

finding termination is in the child’s best interest).

Lipsey testified Father has not maintained significant contact with Theo. Father was 

initially given twice monthly visitation with Theo, which increased to weekly visitation in the hope 

that Father would become more involved with the child. Lipsey additionally affirmed that Father 

stated during a previous hearing that he wanted visits with Theo. Nevertheless, Father visited Theo

only once. See In re R.B., 200 S.W.3d 311, 316 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied) (indicating 

that a parent’s missed visits and late arrival to visits serve as an example of acts or omissions 

indicating termination is in the children’s best interests).

Lipsey testified that Theo was doing very well in the care of his maternal grandparents. 

See In re J.D., 436 S.W.3d 105, 118 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (factfinder 

may consider whether children have bonded with foster family and are well-cared for when 

children are too young to express their desires). Lipsey opined that terminating Father’s and 

Mother’s parental rights so that the grandparents could adopt Theo was in the child’s best interest.

Having reviewed the record and considered all the evidence in the appropriate light for 

each standard of review, we conclude the trial court could have formed a firm belief or conviction 

that termination of Father’s parental rights was in the child’s best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE 

ANN. § 161.001(b)(2); In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108; In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573; see also 
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generally In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 503 (Tex. 2014) (recognizing an appellate court need not 

detail the evidence if affirming a termination judgment).

Father’s second issue on appeal is overruled.

Alleged Inconsistency Between Written Order and Oral Rendition

In his first issue, Father contends the order terminating his parent-child relationship with 

Theo should be reversed because the written order contains grounds for termination that were not 

included in the trial court’s oral rendition of judgment.

Following the close of evidence, the Department asked the trial court to terminate Father’s 

parental rights “based upon (N) and (O) grounds.” See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1).

The trial court stated, “I’m going to find by clear and convincing evidence, in the best interest of 

the child, to go ahead and terminate the parental rights of [Father to] the child, [Theo].” After also 

ordering that Mother’s parental rights be terminated, the trial court stated, “and I’m going to do so 

on these—all terminations based on the grounds that the Department has requested.” With regard 

to Father, those grounds were subsections N and O of Family Code section 161.001(b)(1), which

are the grounds specifically noted in the written order of termination. Accordingly, no 

inconsistency exists between the court’s oral pronouncement and the written order.

Further, this court has previously held that “[w]hen there is an inconsistency between a 

written judgment and an oral pronouncement of judgment, the written judgment controls.” In re 

A.C., No. 04-12-00679-CV, 2013 WL 352449, *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Jan. 30, 2013, pet. 

denied) (mem. op.); see In re A.S.G., 345 S.W.3d 443, 448 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, no 

pet.) (“a written order controls over a trial court’s oral pronouncement when there is an 

inconsistency”). The termination order properly recites the statutory grounds for terminating 

Father’s parent-child relationship with Theo. Those grounds control over any alleged 

inconsistency with the court’s oral rendition of judgment.
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Father’s first issue is overruled.

Factors Prohibiting Termination: Family Code section 161.001(c)

Father asserts in his final issue that the order of termination should be reversed because the 

Department did not prove that the court’s finding of grounds for termination was not based on any 

of the factors contained in Family Code section 161.001(c). See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 161.001(c). Section 161.001(c) prohibits a court from finding grounds for parental rights 

termination based on evidence that the parent (1) “homeschooled the child”; (2) “is economically 

disadvantaged”; (3) “has been charged with a nonviolent misdemeanor offense,” with certain 

enumerated exceptions; (4) “provided or administered low-THC cannabis to a child for whom the 

low-THC cannabis was prescribed under Chapter 169, Occupations Code”; or (4) “declined 

immunization for the child for reasons of conscience, including a religious belief.” Id.

The statute does not include language imposing on the Department any burden to provide 

such proof and Father cites no authority creating such a burden. In the absence of any authority to 

the contrary, we conclude the Department was not required to prove the trial court’s finding of 

grounds for termination was not based on evidence of any of the circumstances listed in section 

161.001(c).

We additionally note that section 161.001(c) prohibits a court from finding grounds for 

termination based on evidence of any of the listed circumstances. Id. Here, the record does not 

contain any evidence that Father homeschooled Theo, was economically disadvantaged, had been 

charged with a nonviolent misdemeanor, administered low-THC cannabis to Theo, or declined to 

have Theo immunized. Because there is no evidence of any of the prohibited circumstances for 

the trial court to have considered, the court could not have violated the statute.

Father’s third issue is overruled.
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MOTHER’S APPEAL

The trial court found four independent grounds4 upon which to terminate Mother’s rights 

and also found that termination was in the children’s best interest. The trial court signed a 

termination order and designated the Department to be the children’s permanent managing 

conservator.

Mother’s court-appointed appellate attorney filed a brief in which he concluded there are 

no non-frivolous issues to be raised on appeal. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967); In 

re P.M., 520 S.W.3d 24, 27 n.10 (Tex. 2016) (stating that Anders procedures protect indigent 

parents’ statutory right to counsel on appeal in parental rights termination cases and apply in those 

cases). Counsel certified that he sent Mother a copy of the brief and a letter advising her of her 

rights to review the record and to file a pro se brief. Counsel also provided Mother a form to use 

to request access to the record. In addition, counsel filed a motion to withdraw. This court issued 

an order which set deadlines for Mother to request access to the record and to file a pro se brief 

and abating counsel’s motion to withdraw. Mother did not request access to the appellate record 

or file a pro se brief.

We have thoroughly reviewed the record and counsel’s Anders brief. The record 

establishes by clear and convincing evidence at least one of the grounds for termination and that 

termination is in the children’s best interest. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001; In re J.O.A., 283 

 4 Specifically, the trial court found evidence Mother

constructively abandoned the children who have been in the permanent or temporary managing 

conservatorship of the Department ... for not less than six months [;] ... failed to comply with the 

provisions of a court order[;] ... used a controlled substance ... in a manner that endangered the 

health or safety of the child, and (1) failed to complete a court-ordered substance abuse treatment 

program[,] or (2) after completion of a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program continued 

to abuse a controlled substance[;] ... [and was] the cause of the children being born addicted to 

alcohol or a controlled substance, other than a controlled substance legally obtained by prescription 

... [.]

See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(N), (O), (P), (R).
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S.W.3d 336, 344-45 (Tex. 2009); In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). We conclude the 

evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the termination order and there are no other 

arguably meritorious grounds for appeal. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s termination order.

Counsel filed a motion to withdraw in conjunction with his Anders brief. We deny 

counsel’s motion to withdraw because it does not assert any ground for withdrawal apart from 

counsel’s conclusion that the appeal is frivolous. See In re P.M., 520 S.W.3d at 27; In re A.M., 

495 S.W.3d 573, 583 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). Counsel’s duty to his 

client extends through the exhaustion or waiver of all appeals, including the filing of a petition for 

review in the Texas Supreme Court. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 107.016(3); In re P.M., 520 S.W.3d 

at 27. After this court has rendered its decision, appointed counsel’s obligations to his client may 

be met by filing a petition for review that satisfies the standards for an Anders brief. In re P.M., 

520 S.W.3d at 27-28 & n.14.

CONCLUSION

 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order of termination, and we deny 

counsel’s motion to withdraw.

Irene Rios, Justice