SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSE Y APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO . A

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Plaintiffs

- Appellants,

v. JOSEPH I. FINK, JR. and ATLANTIC CITY ELECTRIC COMPANY , d/b/a ATLANTIC CITY ELECTRIC, a PHI C ompany , a New Jersey Corporation, Defendants

- Respondents.

__________________________________________

Argued September 24, 2018

– Decided Before Judg es Sabatino and Mitterhoff. On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Atlantic County, Docket No. L

- 0865

- 14. Evan S. Goddard argued the cause for appellants. Ethan A. Ho u gah argued the cause for respondents (Montgomery, McCracken, Walk er & Rhoads, LLP, attorneys; Gerald J. Corcoran and Ethan A. Hougah, on the brief).

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36

- 3.

October 4, 20182 A

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PER CURIAM After a trial in this personal injury case, a jury found defendant Joseph I. Fink, Jr. , fully liable for causing the collision of his employer's truck with plaintiff Helen R. Goddard's car and awarded her $3,000 in damages. One of the key disputed issues at trial was the severity and duration of the bodily injuries plaintiff 1 allegedly sustained as a result of the collision. Plaintiff's medical experts opin ed that she sustained right shoulder and mild traumatic brain injuries in the accident. Conversely, defendant s and their medical expert, orthopedic surgeon Dr. Brian Zell, attributed any lingering complaint s to plaintiff's age and pre

- existing arthritis a nd other conditions. Following the verdict, p laintiff moved for additur or, alternatively, a new trial, which the trial court denied. On appeal, plaintiff argues she was unfairly surprised at Dr. Zell's de bene

esse deposition when he was then shown , for the first time , surveillance photographs of plaintiff , and modified his opinions from his earlier expert report about plaintiff's condition and whether she would benefit from surgery. Plaintiff

1 The jury found plaintiff's spouse Malcolm S. Goddard was not entitled to recovery on his per quod claim. For ease of discussion, the references to "plaintiff" in this opinion shall mean Helen R. Goddard, unless otherwise indicated by the context.3 A

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argues the defense expert's change of opinion

– without firs t issuing a supplemental expert report

– was material and unduly prejudicial . She asserts the trial court erred in allowing the jury to hear those modified opinions. Plaintiff further argues the trial court erred in its references during the jury charge to concepts of permanency, since defendant drove a commercial vehicle
and her claims therefore are not subject to th e lawsuit limitation threshold pursuant to N.J.S.A. 39: 6A

- 8(a)

. Lastly, plaintiff contends the jury's award severely undercompensated her for her injuries and should be either enhanced by additur , or at least set aside pending a new trial on damages. As elaborated in this opinion, w e conclude the defense acted improperly in eliciting opinions from Dr. Zell at his de bene esse deposition concerning the medical significance of the surveillance footage without providing advance notice of those opinions during the discovery period. We reject defendant's argument that the new opinions elicited from Dr. Zell were properly admitted pursuant to N.J.R.E. 703 , regardless of any violation of the Court Rules

. T he defense should have alerted plaintiff to the new opinions before the defense expert's de bene esse deposition. Even so, we discern no reversible error arising from the lack of such advanc e notice because plaintiff was well equipped to counter Dr. Zell's views with the testimony from plaintiff's two testifying4 A

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medical experts opining on the surveillance evidence, and in light of the vigorous cross

- examination of Dr. Zell conducted by plaint iff's counsel. In addition, plaintiff has not demonstrated the error was harmful in light of the record as a whole. We reject plaintiff's claims of error respecting the references to permanency in the jury instructions. The concept of permanency was
app ropriately included in the instructions in light of plaintiff's allegations and medical proofs that her injuries were unremitting and expected to continue after trial. Moreover, we are satisfied the curative instruction issued by the court, to which plaintiff did not object, sufficiently clarified the durational concepts for the jurors. Finally, we decline to set aside the jury's assessment of damages , in light
of the great deference owed to the jurors ' valuation and the principles of Cueva s v. Wentworth Grp. , 226 N.J. 480, 501 (2016). No new trial was warranted.
I. The motor vehicle accident that is the subject of this appeal occurred on the afternoon of March 8, 2012 in Pomona, at the uncontrolled intersection of Whi te Horse Pike and Gen oa Avenue. Plaintiff was driving a yellow Volkswagen Beetle sedan. Fink was driving a white pick

- up truck for his5 A

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employer, co

- defendant Atlantic City Electric Company. Plaintiff had just been with a real estate broker showing the broker a property that plaintiff and her husband wished to place on the market for sale

. Fink was returning home from his work shift

. According to plaintiff's version of the accident, she was driving about thirty to thirty

- five miles per hour in the right lane of White Hors e Pike, heading eastbound. Fink's truck was approaching on White Horse Pike westbound from the opposite direction. Fink made a left hand turn across plaintiff's lane of travel, attempting to turn onto Genoa Avenue. The two vehicles collided, damaging th e right front of plaintiff's Volkswagen and the right rear of Fink's truck. The airbag in plaintiff's car did not deploy

. According to Fink, he had proceeded to make his left turn because a large tank truck in the left eastbound lane of White Horse Pike had been turning left at the same time across the intersection. Fink claimed the large truck impeded his ability to see plaintiff's sedan in the next lane.
Plaintiff did not lose co nsciousness from the collision. S he felt chest pain, dizziness, and pai ns on the right side of her body. She was taken by ambulance to a local hospital , where she was admitted for three days. Plaintiff, who was age seventy at the time of the accident , was concerned about the collision6 A

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impairing her heart function because sh e had aortic valve surgery several years earlier. After plaintiff was discharged from the hospital, she began treatment with Dr. David M. Anapolle, an orthopedic physician who had been recommended by her primary care physician. Dr. Anapolle initially dia gnosed plaintiff with various contusions and a sprain of her cervic al spine. He prescribed physical therapy. After plaintiff's symptoms persisted, particularly in her right shoulder, Dr. Anapolle ordered an MRI study, which revealed arthritis in her rig ht shoulder and a rotator cuff tear. Dr. Anapolle administered cortisone injections, which provided some temporary improvement but did not eliminate plaintiff's symptoms. He determined that arthroscopic surgery on the shoulder would provide plaintiff with her "best chance" of resolving her shoulder problems, but deferred to plaintiff's concern that she did not want to assume the risks of surgery in light of her heart condition. Dr. Anapolle concluded the motor vehicle accident caused plain tiff's shoulder injury , and that the condition would continue into the future

. He particularly noted plaintiff's decreased range o f motion in her right shoulder.
Plaintiff discontinued treat ment with Dr. Anapolle after August 2013

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Plaintiff also recei ved treatment from Dr. Jeffrey R. Boxman, a neurologist who she had seen before the accident for unrelated neurological ailments. Following the accident, Dr. Boxman examined plaintiff and conducted neurological testing. He concluded that plaintiff had su stained a concussion in the accident and recommended rehabilitation therapy to improve her balance

. Dr. Bo x man continued to see plaintiff for several visits until June 2014, and noted the therapy appeared to aid her balance and ability to walk. He opined that the accident had caused neurological injury to plaintiff, that the injury was permanent, and that she is at increased risk of falls and injuries

. Defendants retained as their medical expert Dr. Zell, an orthopedic surgeon, who examined plaintiff on a single occasion in April 2015 after she filed the present lawsuit. During his examination, Dr. Zell noted that plaintiff's range of motion in her left shoulder was normal for a person her age. However, plaintiff 's range of motion in her right shoulder appeared to be restricted. In particular, with respect to forward flexion, she showed an inability to raise her right arm more than ninety degree s (i.e., a horizontal position) because she claimed it was too painful to raise it any further, as opposed to a normal range of about 170 degrees for a person her age. When testing the strength in plaintiff's8 A

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hands, Dr. Zell noted that they dropped as soon as he applied pressure on them, a reaction which he described in his written report as a "voli tional giveaway." Dr. Zell rendered the following expert opinions in the concluding portion of his report : It is the opinion of this examining physician to a

reasonable degree of medical certainty on the basis of the history obtained, the physical examin ation performed and the medical records reviewed, that the patient sustained a strain of the right shoulder at the time of the automobile collision in question. On the basis of patient's attestation that she had no symptomatology in the shoulder predating the collision in question and has persistent symptomatology since the collision in question, the automobile collision is considered an exacerbating event of her preexisting arthritis including calcific tendonitis in the right shoulder

. The automobile col lision in question is not the proximate cause of the osteoarthritis of the AC joint, of the inferior osteophytes off the clavicle of the acromion, or of the partial thickness tear in the shoulder

. This patient has apparently undergone short

- lived benefit from the subacromial injection. Her level of comfort a nd symptomatology may show some benefit from debridement of the calcific deposit and subacromial decompression. It is not anticipated on the basis of the MRI report that the patient had no r does she have a rotator cuff tear necessitating surgical repair

. [(Emphasis added).]9 A

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Following Dr. Zell's report, the defense arranged for a company to conduct surveillance of plaintiff and film her taking part in activities in public places. The surveillance w as performed on July 3 and 4 , 2015

. A composite video, approximately a half hour long, was created from the filming, and was ultimately played for the jury at trial. The video shows plaintiff pulling weed s outside of
her house , shopping alone in a supermarket pushing a cart and reaching for items on the shelves, and brin g ing grocer y bags into and out of her car. During the course of these filmed activities, plaintiff is shown raising her right arm more than ninety degrees. The video shows plaintif f walking with a slow gait and short steps , but maintain ing her balance. The defense turned over the surveillance video to plaintiff's counsel in discovery. Plaintiff's two medical experts, Dr. Boxman and Dr. Anapolle, each issued a short supplemental re port , stating the y had reviewed the video and that it did not change their opinions concerning plaintiff's condition. Dr. Boxman stated the video depicts plaintiff as having gait ataxia , noting her short steps

. He also noted that when plaintiff bends for ward on the video she uses a wide base stance and holds on with one arm to the gro und or her thigh for stability. Dr. Anapolle , meanwhile, stated the video did not show plaintiff participating in any activities inconsistent with his previous opinions conc ern ing her10 A

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orthopedic limitations. He noted the video shows that, as plaintiff leaned down to pull weeds , she used her left arm to support her weight and did not place sign ificant force on her right arm. Dr. Anapolle also noted that plaintiff's actions in carrying small shopping bags placed only a small amount of stress on her right shoulder

. The defense did not ask Dr. Zell to provide a supplemental expert report after the surveillance. Instead, the d efense waited about six months , by which point discovery had concluded , to show the video (or photos of plaintiff extracted from it) to Dr. Zell for the first ti m e at his de bene esse deposition in February 2016 . When Dr. Zell was asked about the video on direct examination by defense counsel, plaintiff's counsel objected, claiming unfair surprise. The objection was preserved for the trial court's consideration. Defense counsel then proceeded to ask Dr. Zell about the significance of the surveillance to his own opinions. Among other things, Dr. Zell provided these responses:

Q. Doctor, would you engage the computer so we can see that surveillance?
A. Sure. Q. And then I'm going to get to a point where I'm going to ask you to stop. Stop it right there.
A. My timing isn't as good as yours so I'll back this up just a little bit I think is what you wanted me to11 A

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- 16T2 do. Shoot. I can't get it. Now, I think that's the one you want. Q. Now, in the picture [photo or video] let's assume that's Mrs. Godd ard.
A. Okay. Q. Does that demonstrate forward flexion?
A. Yes, it does. Q. And can you estimate what degree of forward flexion that is ?
A. 160 to 165 degrees

. Q. And, in your opinion, what is normal forward flexion for a 72

- year - old?
A. 165 to 170 degrees. Q. So in that picture it appears that she has full range of motion

. A. She has full forward flexion

. Q. And, again

-- why don't we close that. And, again, just remind the jury of the amount of forward flexion that she demonstrated to you during her examination.
A. She permitted and she stopped herself at 90 degrees, right here (indicating). I'll turn sideways. Right here (indicating).

. . . .12 A

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-- [PLAINTIFF'S COUNSEL] : Objection. Leading. Q.

-- would it have changed your opinion relative to the need for surgery ?
A. Yes, actually

. Q. How would it have changed it?
A. I would have been less inclined to suggest that she needs surgery

. Q. Why?
A. Because the

-- my thought process is the rationale for her as a potential surgical candidate was based on her limitation of motion which she proffered was a result of pain in the forward flex position . The consideration f or surgery was also knowing that she has a calcium deposit on her rotator cuff and that she has spurs that hang down from the undersurface of the acromion and the clavicle and that those spurs do have an impinging effect or a rubbing effect on her rotator cuff. So if her motion was far better, I would have been less inclined to suggest that she need surgery

. [DEFENSE COUNSEL] : Thank you. That's all I have. [(Emphasis added).]13 A

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Before the trial began, plaintiff moved in limine to exclude the portions of Dr. Zell's videotaped deposition that referred to the surveillance video and his related opinions. Plaintiff also moved to exclude other portions of the deposition that are not raised as an issue on this appeal. The trial court denied the motion in li mine, recognizing the surveillance video had been turned over to plaintiff in discovery and concluding that the defense expert was permitted to comment about the significance of that evidence. The trial proceeded, with plaintiff and defendant each presenting several witnesses on liability and damages. The expert testimony of Dr. Boxman and Dr. Anapolle for plaintiff and Dr. Zell for the defense was presented to the jury on video through their r ecorded de bene esse depositions. The trial testimony of those experts was substantially consistent with their respective reports, apart from Dr. Zell's additional findings regarding the significance of the surveillance evidence. During her trial testimo ny, plaintiff attempted to explain that the surveillance video was not a fair indication of her condition because it was
filmed on day s without precipitation when her symptoms tend to be less pronounced. She also noted the hatchback door on her car is lig ht and does not require much strength to pull down.14 A

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The jury returned a verdict finding that defendant Fink was one hundred percent at fault in causing the accident. The jury also found that plaintiff had proven she was injured as a proximate cause of th e accident. The jury awarded plaintiff $3,000 in damages for her claimed pain and suffering, awarding no damages on her spouse's per quod claims. No economic damages were claimed or awarded. Following the verdict, plaintiff moved for a new trial or, i n the alternative, additur of the damages award. The trial court denied that motion in an oral opinion, and this appeal ensued. On appeal, plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in : (1) admitting Dr. Zell's opinions concerning the surveillance vid eo; (2) referring several times to the term "permanency" in the jury instructions; and (3) denying the motion for a new trial on damages o r additur. Defendants have not cross

- appealed, thereby leaving the adverse liability verdict intact.
II. The primary issue on appeal concerns Dr. Zell's videotaped testimony commenting on the surveillance evidence. This issue implicates both the Rule s of Court and the Rules of Evidence. In considering plaintiff's claim of error, we recognize the substantial deference we generally afford to trial judges in15 A

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applying the civil pretrial and discovery rules, see, e.g. , Pomerantz Paper Corp. v. New Cmty. Corp. , 207 N.J. 344, 371 (2001) (generally applying an abuse of discretion standard relating to matters of discovery), and admissibility rulings concerning trial evidence, see, e.g. , In re Accutane Litig. , ___ N.J. ___, ___ (2018) (slip op. at 71) (reaffirming the abuse of discretion standard for reviewing evidentiary rulings on expert testimony ). If an abuse of discretion i s shown, the appellant must also generally demonstrate the error was harmful and "clearly capable of producing an unjust result." R. 2:10

- 2; see also Pellicer ex rel. Pellicer v. St. Barnabas Hosp. , 200 N.J. 22, 55 (2009) (recognizing that "even a large n umber of errors, if inconsequential, may not operate to create an injustice" and require a civil judgment to be set aside). The Rules of Court dictate the appropriate procedures for the pretrial disclosure of expert opinions. R ule 4:10

- 2(d) (1) authorizes a party to obtain discovery of the credentials and opinions of an opposing party's expert through service of an interrogatory requesting that information. There is no dispute that plaintiff made such a routine request in this case. Rule 4:17

- 4(e) specif ies that the answering party must supply "an exact copy of the entire report or reports rendered by the expert or physician." Among other things, Rule 4:17

- 4(e) requires the report to "contain a complete statement of that person's opinions16 A

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and the basis therefor," as well as "the fa c ts or data considered in forming the opinions." (Emphasis added). Except as may be otherwise provided by Rule
4:17

- 4(e) , if a party who has supplied interrogatory responses " thereafter obtains information that renders such answers incomplete or inaccurate, amended answers shall be served not later than 20 days prior to the end of the discovery period[.]" R. 4:17

- 7. "Amendments may be allowed thereafter only if the party seek ing to amend certifies therein that the information requiring the amendment was not reasonably available or discoverable by the excuse of due diligence prior to the discovery end date." Ibid. This continuing obligation to disclose or update material chan ges in discovery responses is well established and not refuted by defendants. See, e.g. , McKenney v. Jersey City Med. Ctr. , 167 N.J. 359, 370

- 72 (2001); Amaru v. Stratton , 209 N.J. Super. 1, 11 (App. Div. 1985). It is also well established that, as a gen eral matter, "[a]n expert's testimony at trial may be confined to matters of opinion contained within the expert's report." Mauro v. Owens

- Corning Fiberglass Corp. , 225 N.J. Super. 196, 206 (App. Div. 1988), aff'd , 116 N.J. 126 (1989). The court is empowered to impose sanctions for such non

- disclosure, including the exclusion of the expert's undisclosed opinions at trial. Id. at 206

- 07 (upho lding the exclusion of facts,
data , and related opinions plaintiff's expe rt had not revealed until the time of17 A

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trial). In calibrating the appropriate sanctions for a proven violation, courts are to consider such factors as whether there is : "(1) the absence of a design to mislead, (2) [the] absence of the element of surprise i f the evidence is admitted, and (3) [the] absence of prejudice which would result from the admission of the evidence." Westphal v. Guarino , 163 N.J. Super. 1 39, 146 (App. Div.), aff'd o.b. , 78 N.J. 308 (1978); see also Amaru , 209 N.J. Super. at 11 (reiter ating these factors). With respect to the "hallmark" element of surprise, "[a] party cannot claim surprise . . . when the testimony of the expert contains 'the logical predicates for an d conclusions from statements made in the report[.]'" Velazquez ex re l. Vela z quez v. Portadin , 321 N.J. Su per. 558, 576 (App. Div. 1999) (quoting McCalla v. Harnischfege r Corp. , 215 N.J. Super. 160, 171 (App. Div. 1987) ) , rev'd on other grounds , 163 N.J. 677 (2000). Defendants argue they had a right to present Dr. Zell's opinions at trial concerning the surveillance evidence pursuant to N.J.R.E. 703, which provides that "[t]he facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the ex pert at or before the hearing ." (Emphasis added). Defendants contend the surveillance video was such evidence "made known to" Dr. Zell "at" his de bene esse deposition , and th us admissible . Moreover, they persuaded the trial court that18 A

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the surveillance

- related opinions elicited from Dr. Zell were akin to testimony in response to hypothetical questions. We reject these legal contentions. As this court held long ago in Mauro , 225 N.J. Super. at 207, the predecessor to N.J.R.E. 703, former Evidence Rule 57, which allowed an expert to refer at trial to certain facts or data n ot previously disclosed, did not authorize a party to use that evidence provision to circumvent an expert's pretrial disclosure obligations under the Rules of Court. To read the rules of evidence in that fashion is improper , because i t " essentially nullifies the purpose of R. 4:10

- 2(d)(1), which requires disclosure . . . of the 'substance of the facts and opinions' to which the expert is expected to testify , as well as the expert's wri tten report." Ibid. The evidence rule cannot nullify the Rules of Court in this fashion. Logically construed, N.J.R.E. 703 appears to be designed to allow the parties' experts to react to unanticipated evidence that emerges for the first time at trial, and to adjust their expert opinions accordingly, such as when a fact witness at trial revises his or her estimate of a vehicle's speed or the distances involved. That is not the situation here. Moreover, we disagree with the defense's effort to characte rize Dr. Zell's opinions concerning the significance of the surveillance evidence as mere19 A

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responses to hypothetical questions. The surveillance evidence was real and not hypothetical in nature. The defense expert's assessment of that new evidence
should have been disclosed long before h is de bene esse deposition was taken, just as plaintiff responsibly had each of his two medical experts issue supplemental reports commenting on the surveillance proof before their own trial testimony was videotaped. The t rial court misapplied its discretion in condoning defendants' manner of handling the situation. At oral argument on the appeal, defense counsel asserted that his office waited to provide the surveillance evidence to Dr. Zell until the day of his videotape d testimony for strategic reasons. Although the lack of earlier notice to plaintiff may well have given the defense a degree of strategic advantage, that advantage was unearned and unjustified. That said, we must also consider the extent to which the d efense's belated revelation of Dr. Zell's revised findings was likely to cause any actual prejudice to plaintiff. This involves a focus on the extent to which Dr. Zell's updated views materially diverged from his original report , and whether those views

c ould not have been reasonably foreseen by astute plaintiff's counsel. A fair reading of the record reflects that Dr. Zell 's testimony about the surveillance evidence differed from his earlier report in two material respects. First, the20 A

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doctor found that plaintiff's arm movements on the video showed right forward flexion of as much as 165 degrees, in contrast to the ninety

- degree limited range she exhibited during his office examination. That is a material difference. Second, as the deposition passages q uoted above reflect, Dr. Zell explicitly changed his opinion about whether plaintiff could benefit from right shoulder surgery, noting that her unrestricted arm movements on the video made him "less inclined to sug gest that she need[s] surgery." This chan ge of opinion is also material, albeit to a lesser extent than the range

- of

- motion flexion percentages. Even so, we are unpersuaded that these discrete changes in Dr

. Zell's assessment of plaintiff comprised a sufficiently prejudicial and unfair surprise to warrant a new trial. As the tr ial court correctly recognized, the underlying facts and data from the surveillance were duly turned over to plaintiff's counsel during the discovery period , which ended in October 2015. Plaintiff does not argue that the surveillance proof itself was improperly procured. Once plaintiff's counsel reviewed the video proof, it could reasonably be expected that proof would only fortify Dr. Zell's "bottom

- line" conclusion that plaintiff suffered only limited orthopedic proble ms from the accident and that her complaints were objectively more attributable to other factors such as her age and degeneration. As he phrased it, the new evidence made Dr. Zell "less inclined" to discern a21 A

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need for surgery. That modification of his or iginal opinion was reasonably predictable, particularly given plaintiff's theme that the expert was generally biased in favor o f the defense's interests. Plaintiff has not demonstrated that she was without effective means to
counter Dr. Zell's surveillanc e - related commentary. For one thing, plaintiff had already procured supplemental opinions from her two medical experts explaining why the surveillance evidence did not affect their own assessments. Plaintiff' s own trial testimony provided an explanation of why on the particular day s she was filmed she was feeling better than she would have felt in inclement weather. Plaintiff's attorney also skillfully cross

- examined Dr. Zell at length in an effort to undercut the credibility and weight of the doctor's a ssertions. Moreover, plaintiff did not make any application to the trial court to extend the discovery period in light of Dr. Zell's revised opinions, o r to have her own experts' reports further supplemented. We also note plaintiff's two experts were
not video recorded until after Dr. Zell's deposition, thereby affording them the opportunity to take his tes timony into account beforehand. That diminishes the asserted harmfulness o f Dr. Zell's brief discussion of that evidence. Further, the trial judge r easonably found in his denial of plaintiff's post

trial motion, that t he surveillance evidence itself

– a form of factual proof

– was22 A

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particularly devastating to plaintiff's case. With their own eyes, the jurors could evaluate plaintiff's movements while weeding, shopping, and lifting groceries, and assess directly whether those activities were consistent with plaintiff's claims of injury. In sum, despite our disapproval of the defense's discourteous and inappropriate non

- disclosure, we conclude th at plaintiff has not demonstrated error that was sufficiently harmful to mandate a new trial on that basis. Nicosia v. Wakefern Food Corp. , 136 N.J. 401, 412 (1994) (declining to order a new trial in a civil case where the claimed errors were not also sho wn to be sufficiently harmful). Even so, we urge counsel in future cases to eschew the course of action followed here. S pecifically , counsel should not deliberately hold back from providing their medical experts with surveillance evidence in their posses sion until the day of the expert's post

- discovery de bene esse videotaping session.
III. Plaintiff next contends she was severely prejudiced by the fact that the trial court mentioned the term "permanency" several times during the jury instructions. We d iscern no reversible error from these inadvertent references. For one thing, plaintiff w as clearly seeking in this case damages for both past23 A

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and future pain and suffering. Although permanency was not required to be proven in order for plaintiff to recov er an award for past damages, the concept logically was an ingredient of the case. Indeed, both of plaintiff's medical experts testified they expected plaintiff's post

- accident injuries to continue into the future. We also note that the trial court issue d a curative instruction to the jurors, accurately clarifying that plaintiff had no obligation to prove permanency and that she was entitled to recover for both proximately

- caused past and future injury. Plaintiff did not object to that curative instructi on after it was issued. The law presumes that jurors are capable of following curative instructions. Williams v. James , 113 N.J. 619, 632 (1989); see also State v. Burns , 192 N.J. 312, 335 (2007) (recognizing this presumption as to jury instructions in general).
T he clarifying instruction issued by the court here was presumptively obeyed. The fact that the jurors awarded some damages, albeit a small amount, provides

som e indication that they did not misunderstand the law . I f they erroneously thought plaintiff had to prove permanent injury to recover anything in this case , and failed to meet such a burden , they would have awarded no damages at all.2 4 A

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- 16T2 IV. Finally, we address plaintiff's argument that she was entitled to a new trial or, alternatively, additur of the monetary award. Recently, in Cuevas , 226 N.J. at 501, the Supreme Court underscored the deference owed to juries as the triers of fact in calibrating n on - economic damages. "[A] permissible award may fall within a wide spectrum of acceptable outcomes." Id. at 500. In Cuevas , 226 N.J. at 503, the Court retracted its p revious approach in He v. Miller , 207 N.J. 230, 251

- 56 (2011), which called for a more exacting post

- trial review of jury awards with the use of comparative verdict data. The principles justifying such deference equally apply to a plaintiff's post

- trial motion for additur as they do to a defendant's post

- tri al motion for remitt itu r. A motion for a new trial based upon a claim the verdict is against the weight of the evidence generally rests upon the sound discretion of the trial judge. Baumann v. Marinaro , 95 N.J. 380, 389 (1984). We are not convinced the trial court misapplied its discretion here in leav ing the jury's verdict intact. Among other things, plaintiff's cessation of treatment, her age, her previous medical problems , her lack of wage loss or other economic damages, and her activities depicted o n the surveillance f ilm all provide a rational explanation for the modest damages figure the jurors agreed upon.25 A

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Ultimately, the jurors apparently found plaintiff and her experts to be less credible about her injuries than had been anticipated from her p erspective. Guided by Cuevas , we have no reason to second

- guess the jurors' decision. The award, while no doubt disappointing to plaintiff, does not "shock the judicial conscience." Cuevas , 226 N.J. at 503. The balance of plaintiff's contentions, inclu ding her argument that the trial judge did not pay sufficient attention to any reactions of the jurors as they heard the videotaped testimony, lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion. R. 2:11

- 3(e)(1)(E). The judge's prompt and thoughtful rulings on v arious objections posed during the trial, and his references to the substance of the evidence , evinces a strong familiarity with the proofs and his overall attentiveness to the case as it unfolded. Affirmed.