# Patent

## Title
Image sensor with integrated region of interest calculation for iris capture, autofocus, and gain control

## Abstract

An iris recognition system and method for operating same is disclosed. The iris recognition system includes an image sensor, a buffer, a comparator, autofocus logic, and gain control logic. The image sensor is configured to obtain at least one image from a camera. The buffer communicatively connected to the image sensor stores values associated with the pixels in the image sensor. The comparator communicatively connected to the buffer obtains a coarse segmentation of an iris of a subject. The autofocus logic for adjusts the focus of a lens associated with the camera. The gain control logic adjusts the gain of the image sensor. The functions of obtaining a coarse segmentation, adjusting the focus of the lens, and adjusting the gain are based on the locations of the pixels with the highest value in the image sensor as stored in the buffer.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/052,494 filed May 12, 2008, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to iris recognition systems, and more particularly, to a method for providing coarse segmentation of an iris (capture), autofocus, and automatic gain control in iris recognition circuits.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Iris recognition is widely regarded as one of the most reliable biometric identifiers currently available. The accuracy of iris recognition systems is currently on par with fingerprints and, given the correct state of the art, better than facial recognition techniques. An iris pattern is unique to any individual eye: the irises of each eye are different for an individual and even between identical twins.
The majority of commercial iris recognition systems are based on a few fundamental principals. In such systems, an iris of a subject is illuminated with light from controlled and ambient light sources. A camera and the controlled light source are located at some pre-defined standoff distance from the subject. The camera, including a (possibly filtered) lens and a sensor acquire an iris image that is then captured by a computer. The iris image is then segmented (i.e., the iris portion of an image is separated from the rest of the captured image), normalized, and an iris template (commonly referred to as an iris code) is generated. The template is then matched against templates in an existing database of previously enrolled iris templates. A match against the database indicates that the iris associated with the current template is the same iris that was used to create the template that is present in the database. The camera sensor used to capture the iris image of the subject may be either a CCD or CMOS sensor.
An iris recognition system developed by Sarnoff Corporation of Princeton, N.J., known as iris on the MoveTM (IOM), permits moving subjects to be identified at distances up to three meters from the iris recognition equipment. More particularly, the IOM system employs strobed Near Infrared (NIR) illumination to capture iris images. The use of NIR permits the capture of iris features with very high contrast. NIR strobed illumination freezes the motion of the subject and because the subject is illuminated for very small amounts of type (typically about 2.5 milliseconds), high illumination intensities may be employed without posing a safety hazard to the eyes of the subject. The high illumination intensities produce very bright specularities on an eye of the subject, which in turn may be used to locate an iris of the subject for coarse segmentation (i.e., a rough separation in an image of pixels that correspond to the irises of a subject).
In the past, IOM system implementations required both specialized hardware to control the capture of images and to synchronize illumination and specialized software to locate specularities. The specialized hardware was external to the camera sensor itself, which rendered the IOM system expensive. There exists systems that are less expensive than IOM that rely on visible light cell phone camera technology, however, such systems do not rely on NIR imagery and are considerably less accurate than NIR-based systems.
Accordingly, what would be desirable, but has not yet been provided, is an inexpensive, highly integrated, highly accurate iris recognition system that is adapted to employ specular reflection as an eye-finding technique and uses strobed NIR as a means for imaging irises with very bright light. It is further desirable that such a system employs coarse segmentation of the iris, autofocusing, and automatic gain control.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The above-described problems are addressed and a technical solution achieved in the art by providing an iris recognition system and method for operating same. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the iris recognition system includes an image sensor, a buffer, a comparator, autofocus logic, and gain control logic. The image sensor is configured to obtain at least one image from a camera. The buffer communicatively connected to the image sensor stores values associated with the pixels in the image sensor. The comparator is communicatively connected to the buffer and is configured to locate and identify an iris of a subject. The autofocus logic adjusts the focus of a lens associated with the camera. The gain control logic adjusts the gain of the image sensor. The functions of locating and identifying the iris, adjusting the focus of the lens, and adjusting the gain are based on the locations of the pixels with the highest brightness value in the image sensor as stored in the buffer.
Brightness value corresponds to the magnitude of the charge/voltage generated in the image sensor. The brightest pixel set is a set of pixels having the highest magnitudes of charge/voltage/value generated in the image sensor.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of illuminators is communicatively connected to the image sensor for illuminating a subject. Each of the plurality of illuminators is a near infrared NIR strobed sensor. Preferably, each of illuminators is configured to strobe light with a wavelength of approximately 850 nm. The image sensor is one of a CCD and a CMOS image sensor. The iris recognition system may be integrated on an integrated circuit.
More particularly, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the iris recognition system is operable to locate and identify an iris from an image taken by a camera by: illuminating a subject; capturing at least one image of the subject wherein the image comprises a plurality of pixels; determining a brightness value for each of the plurality of pixels; determining a location corresponding to each pixel in a brightest pixel set; and identifying the iris in the at least one image based on the location of each pixel in the brightest pixel set. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the iris recognition system is further configured for: (a) storing addresses and brightness of each of the plurality of pixels in the buffer, (b) sending a stored value of a pixel to the comparator; (c) comparing with the comparator the stored value to the smallest brightness value in the buffer, wherein if the stored value is greater than the smallest brightness value, then replacing the stored value in the buffer; and (d) repeating steps (b)-(c) for each of the pixels in the image. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the iris recognition system is further configured for: before step (a): translating linear addresses into row and column addresses for the image sensor; scanning all pixels on the image sensor; selecting from among the scanned pixels the addresses and brightness values corresponding to the brightest pixel set; and storing the selected addresses and brightness values in the buffer. The addresses of the pixels in the brightest pixel set may be sent from the buffer to the image sensor for output to a display. The brightest pixel set may be associated with one or more specularities generated in the at least one image by the plurality of illuminators.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the iris recognition system is further configured for autofocusing a camera having a lens and having a focus mechanism, comprising the steps of: (a) illuminating a subject with a plurality of illuminators; (b) capturing at least one image of the subject with the image sensor; (c) determining a plurality of values associated with the brightest pixels in the image sensor; (d) refocusing the camera based on the brightest pixels in the at least one image sensor; and (e) repeating steps (b)-(d) until the change in the highest pixel value among two successive scans is less than a predetermined threshold value to autofocus the camera for locating the iris. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the iris recognition system is further configured for (f) repeating steps (b)-(c) to obtain a second plurality of values associated with the brightest pixels; and (g) wherein if the highest value from among the second plurality of values is greater than a highest value from among the first plurality of values, then signaling the lens to change focus in a predetermined direction and repeating steps (f) and (g), otherwise, signaling the lens to change focus in a direction opposite to the predetermined direction and repeating steps (f) and (g).
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the iris recognition system is further configured for providing automatic gain control for an image sensor. More particularly, the iris recognition system is configured for: (a) illuminating a subject with the plurality of illuminators; (b) capturing at least one image of the subject with the image sensor; (c) determining a plurality of values associated with the brightest pixels in the image sensor; (d) adjusting gain associated with the image sensor based on the brightest pixels in the at least one image sensor; and (e) repeating steps (b)-(d) until the highest value of the plurality of values is between minimum and maximum threshold values. Steps (d) and (e) may further comprise the steps of: (f) if the highest value of the plurality of values is above a maximum threshold, reducing gain associated with the image sensor; and (g) repeating steps (b)-(c) and (f) until a highest value of the plurality of values is below the maximum threshold; otherwise (h) if the highest value of the plurality of values is below a minimum threshold, increasing gain associated with the image sensor, and (i) repeating steps (b)-(c) and (h) until a highest value of the plurality of values is above the minimum threshold. The minimum threshold is a minimum predetermined value less than the maximum threshold.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention may be more readily understood from the detailed description of an exemplary embodiment presented below considered in conjunction with the attached drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates an image of an eye showing a pattern of specularities resulting from illumination with an illumination source, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary iris recognition system configured locate and identify an iris in an image, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram illustrating exemplary steps for locating and identifying an iris, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary pixel buffer, according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram illustrating exemplary steps for autofocusing a camera having a lens and having a focus mechanism associated with an iris recognition system, according to an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 6 is a process flow diagram illustrating exemplary steps for providing automatic gain control to an image sensor associated with an iris recognition system, according to an embodiment of the present invention.



It is to be understood that the attached drawings are for purposes of illustrating the concepts of the invention and may not be to scale.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
FIG. 1 illustrates an image 2 of an eye 6 in which a pattern of bright reflected spots (specularities) 4 results from illumination with an illumination source. In an embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of NIR illuminators provides short duration (i.e., strobed) high intensity light upon a subject (i.e., a human). According to an embodiment of the present invention, an iris of the eye is identified and located by obtaining a brightest pixel set in an image of the eye. The brightest pixel set correspond to the specularities provided by the illuminators. A system for capturing an iris image may comprise any number of illuminators. According to an embodiment of the present invention, eight illuminators may be employed, as illustrated by the 8 specularity spots shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an exemplary system configured to implement a coarse segmentation of an iris from an image, according to an embodiment of the present invention. The iris recognition system 99 includes an image sensor 100, which may be a CMOS or CCD sensor of an image capturing system (not shown), e.g., a camera, the image capturing system having a camera shutter providing a camera shutter signal 102. The iris recognition system 99 further includes a capture control logic 104, a plurality of illuminators 106, scan logic 108, address calculation logic 110, at least one comparator 112, one or more buffers 114, region of interest (ROI) calculation logic 116, an ROI output logic 118, autofocus logic 120 which may interact with an external camera lens 124, and automatic gain control logic 122. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the iris recognition system 99, excluding the camera shutter 102, camera lens 124, and camera body (not shown), may be integrated on a single integrated circuit. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the illuminators 106 may be separate from (i.e., not integrated on) the integrated circuit. Preferably, the illuminators 106 are configured to strobe light in the near infrared (NIR) with a wavelength of approximately 850 nm.
FIG. 3 is a process flow diagram illustrating exemplary steps for locating and identifying an iris (i.e., coarse segmentation), according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 3, at Step 10, a subject is illuminated with a plurality of illuminators 106. At Step 12, at least one image of the subject is captured with a camera by the image sensor 100. At Step 16, a brightness value for each of a plurality of pixels in the image sensor 100 is found. At Step 18, locations in the image sensor 100 of corresponding to each pixel in a brightest pixel set are determined as described in detail below. At Step 20, the iris in the at least one image is identified based on the location of each pixel in the brightest pixel set.
Still referring to FIG. 2, the address calculation logic 110 translates linear addresses into appropriate row and column addresses for the image sensor 100. After the image sensor 100 captures an image, the scan logic 108, through the address calculation logic 110, scans all pixels on the image sensor 100. The scan logic 108 may be a simple counter that runs from 0 to [number-of-pixels−1]. As a result of the scan, the addresses and values of a plurality of the brightest pixels having the greatest pixel values are taken from the image sensor 100 and are stored in a buffer 114. The operations of the comparator 112 and the buffer 114 are explained hereinbelow. The brightest pixels are assumed to be the specularities from the illuminators 106 that were strobed during image capture, and as such may be used to locate the iris in the image. Based on the locations of the specularities, the Region of Interest (ROI) logic 116 computes the part of the image that contains the iris. The ROI calculation logic 116 sends the addresses of the pixels containing the iris to the address calculation logic 110 and those pixels are output from the sensor to the ROI output logic 118.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, in order to implement the coarse segmentation (eye-finding) method described above, the pixel buffer 114 and comparator 112 are configured to locate the brightest pixels in a captured image. FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary pixel buffer 114. In some embodiments, there are four pixel values and their addresses, in practice, there might be more, depending on the number of illuminators 106 associated with the sensor 100. Each entry 40 in the buffer 114 comprises an address 42 of the pixel in the image sensor 100 and the pixel value 44 at that address. As the image is scanned in the image sensor 100, a stored value of a pixel from the image sensor 100 is sent to the comparator 112. The comparator compares the stored value to the smallest value in the buffer 114. If the current value is greater than the smallest value currently in a buffer entry 40, then the stored value replaces the buffer entry 40. When the scan is completed, there are buffer entries 40 for each of the (in this case four) brightest pixels, i.e., a buffer entry 40 corresponds to one pixel illuminated by one of the illuminators 106.
Referring again to FIG. 2, simply locating specularities is not sufficient. Indeed, the specularities themselves may lie within the iris. In a preferred embodiment, the iris recognition system 99 locates the entire eye, including the iris. The Region of Interest Logic 116 performs the necessary calculation of the area to be read out and communicates that to the addressing logic 110. The addressing logic 110 reads out only the ROI pixels to the ROI output display logic 118. As a result, the sensor 100 reduces readout bandwidth and presents the iris recognition logic with only those pixels it needs to operate on. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the ROI logic 116 calculates a standard size image (e.g., 640×480, 100×100, etc.) including the specularities in the buffer entries 40 of FIG. 4.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, the iris recognition system 99 described above may be provided with logic to more robustly identify the iris by analyzing not only the brightness of the pixels, but also the pattern formed by the specularities. Referring again to FIG. 2, modern autofocus cameras known in the art use a Fourier transform to determine sharpness whereby a camera moves its lens to maximize high-frequency elements in an image. This approach is necessary because any given image contains completely unknown elements. In contrast to such systems, the iris recognition system 99 disclosed herein is configured to employ known elements in any image, i.e., the specularities from the illuminators 106. The specularities exhibited in any image illuminated with the illuminators 106 and captured by the image sensor 100 correspond to the brightest spots in the image. Since the irradiance of any given specularity is relatively constant, the amount of energy (number of photons) impinging on the image sensor 100 from any given specularity will be the same regardless of how many pixels that given specularity is being imaged by. Therefore, the fewer pixels that image a specularity, the brighter those pixels are in the image. When the pixels are brightest, the image of the specularity will be smallest, and the image is in the best focus.
FIG. 5 is a process flow diagram illustrating exemplary steps for autofocusing a camera having a lens and having a focus mechanism associated with an iris recognition system, according to an embodiment of the present invention. According to the embodiment disclosed in FIGS. 2 and 5, the autofocusing technique disclosed herein changes the focus of the camera to increase, and preferably maximize, the brightness values of the pixels in the brightest pixel set. At Step 50, a subject is illuminated with the plurality of illuminators 106. At Step 52, at least one image of the subject is captured with a camera using the image sensor 100. At Step 56, a first plurality of values associated with the brightest pixels in the image sensor 100 is determined.
In operation, the autofocus logic 120 stores the value of the brightest pixel in the pixel buffer 114 from the last scan of the image sensor 100 by the scan logic 108. This scan may have been performed in conjunction with the coarse segmentation technique described in FIG. 3. At Step 58, the autofocus logic 120 then signals the lens 124 to refocus the camera in a predetermined direction. At step 60, the capture control logic 104 initiates another image capture, and the scan logic 108 scans the newly captured image. At Step 62, Steps 56 and 58 are repeated to obtain a second plurality of values associated with the brightest pixels. At Step 64, if the change in the highest value between two successive scans is less than a predetermined threshold value, the image sensor 100 is considered to be in focus. If, after the scan is complete, the highest value of pixels in the buffer 114 is greater than the value stored by the autofocus logic 120, the iris recognition system 99 signals the lens 124 to change focus again in the same direction. If the value is less than the stored value (i.e., the focus has gotten worse), then the iris recognition system 99 signals the lens 124 to change focus in the opposite direction.
More particularly, if, at Step 64, the change in the highest value between two successive scans is greater than the predetermined threshold, then at step 66, it is determined whether the highest value from among the second plurality of values is greater than a highest value from among the first plurality of values (the image is sharper). If so, then at Step 68, the lens is signalled to change focus in the same predetermined direction and Steps 60-64 are repeated. If, at Step 64, the highest value from among a second plurality of values associated with the brightest pixels is less than the highest value from among the first plurality of values (the image is less focused), then at Step 69, the lens is signalled to change focus in the opposite direction and Steps 60-64 are repeated.
Referring again to FIG. 2, generating an iris code (template) depends on there being discernible features in the iris. If there is insufficient contrast in an original iris image, feature extraction fails and no code is computed. The ISO standard for Iris Image Data (ISO/IEC 19794-6) recommends a minimum of 70 grey levels of separation (out of 256) between the iris and the sclera and 50 grey levels of separation between the iris and the pupil. However, achieving the necessary contrast across the iris may be hampered by conditions such as ambient lighting, camera aperture, eye color, etc. Contrast can be adjusted by adjusting the gain of the image sensor 100 using the gain control logic 122. The ISO standard recommends that greyscale density be adjusted so that specularities in the image are at a saturation level (i.e., 255 for a 256 grey level sensor). Because the iris recognition system 99 disclosed here is already detecting specularity levels, only gain control logic 122 in addition to the existing logic already referenced need be employed.
FIG. 6 is a process flow diagram illustrating exemplary steps for providing automatic gain control to an image sensor associated with an iris recognition system, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring now to FIGS. 2 and 6. At Step 70, a subject is illuminated with the plurality of illuminators 106. At Step 72, at least one image of the subject is captured with a camera using the image sensor 100. The gain control logic 122 examines the highest valued pixel in the buffer 114. At Step 76, a plurality of values associated with the brightest pixels in the image sensor 100 is determined. At Step 78, if the highest value of the plurality of values is between the minimum and maximum threshold values, then the method is terminated, otherwise, at step 80, if the highest value of the plurality of values is above a maximum threshold (e.g., the value of the pixel is 255 (assuming 8-bit pixels)), then at Step 82, gain associated with the image sensor 100 is reduced by the gain control logic 122. At Step 82, Steps 72-82 are repeated until a highest value of the plurality of values is below the maximum threshold (e.g., the brightest pixel is less than 255). If, at Step 84, the highest value of the plurality of values is below a minimum predetermined value less than the maximum predetermined value (e.g., some negative delta from 255), then at Step 86, the gain associated with the sensor is increased output by the gain control logic 122 is increased and Steps 72-84 are repeated until a highest value of the plurality of values is above the minimum threshold.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, because the iris recognition system 99 is designed specifically for iris recognition, a visible blocking filter (not shown) may be added directly to the sensor 100, obviating the need for an additional filter in the camera system. Many current visible light imagers are sensitive well into the infrared, a fact exploited by camera manufacturers who add a “night” imaging capability to their cameras. However, for embodiments of the present invention that are used to image in the infrared, the image sensor 100 may be optimized for the 700-900 nm range. In such circumstances, raising the quantum efficiency of the image sensor 100 increases the signal-to-noise ratio, providing better quality iris images.
Embodiments of the present invention have distinct advantage over prior art iris recognition system. More particularly, system size is reduced system size because the sensor 100 and logic may be implemented with a single integrated circuit. Bandwidth is reduced because only the segmented iris (ROS) is output from the iris recognition system 99, avoiding the need to output an entire image. Typically, the number of pixels that need to be output will be reduced by one to two orders of magnitude, e.g., from 10002 (sensor pixels) to 1002 (output pixels). External logic is reduced because the output image has already been correctly segmented to contain the iris. There is reduced external logic for autofocus and automatic gain control functions. Because autofocus and gain control are on the image sensor 100, the image sensor 100 can capture multiple images and use them for gain and autofocus control, without ever actually outputting an image. This circuitry replaces the memory and logic that would otherwise be external to the device, thus reducing further the amount of data that has to be output and ensuring that the ultimate output will be a segmented iris image, in good focus, and with good contrast. Since the system captures and output high quality iris images with a minimum of external circuitry, the cost and complexity of incorporating iris biometric capture into mass-market consumer electronics devices is reduced.
It is to be understood that the exemplary embodiments are merely illustrative of the invention and that many variations of the above-described embodiments may be devised by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. It is therefore intended that all such variations be included within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.

## Claims

1. A method for locating and identifying an iris in an image taken by a camera associated with an iris recognition system comprising an image sensor and a plurality of illuminators, comprising the steps of:
illuminating a subject;
capturing at least one image of the subject wherein the image comprises a plurality of pixels;
determining a brightness value for each of the plurality of pixels;
identifying specularities in the iris from the brightness values for each of the plurality of pixels, the specularities defining a brightest pixel set;
determining a location corresponding to each pixel in the brightest pixel set; and
identifying the iris in the at least one image from the location of each pixel in the brightest pixel set and a pattern formed by the brightest pixel set.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the system further comprises a buffer communicatively connected to the image sensor, and a comparator communicatively connected to the buffer, and wherein the method further comprises:
storing addresses and brightness of each of the plurality of pixels in the buffer;
sending a current stored value of a pixel to the comparator;
comparing with the comparator the stored value to a current smallest brightness value in the buffer, wherein if the current stored value is greater than the current smallest brightness value, then replacing the current smallest brightness value with the current stored value in the buffer; and
repeating the sending and comparing for each of the pixels in the image.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:
prior to storing addresses, translating linear addresses into row and column addresses for the image sensor;
scanning all pixels on the image sensor;
selecting from among the scanned pixels the addresses and brightness values corresponding to the brightest pixel set; and
storing the selected addresses and brightness values in the buffer.

4. The method of claim 2, further comprising sending the addresses of the pixels in the brightest pixel set from the buffer to the image sensor for output to a display.

5. A method for autofocusing a camera having a lens and having a focus mechanism, the camera being associated with an iris recognition system comprising an image sensor and a plurality of illuminators, comprising:
illuminating a subject with the plurality of illuminators;
capturing at least one image of the subject with the image sensor;
determining brightest pixels in the image sensor;
determining a plurality of values associated with the brightest pixels in the image sensor;
refocusing the camera based on the brightest pixels and a pattern formed by a brightest pixel set in the image sensor; and
repeating the capturing, the determining the brightest pixels, the determining a plurality of values and the refocusing until a change in a highest pixel value among two successive scans is less than a predetermined threshold value to autofocus the camera for locating the iris.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein refocusing and repeating further comprise:
repeating the capturing and the determining the brightest pixels to obtain a second plurality of values associated with the brightest pixels; and
wherein if the highest value from among the second plurality of values is greater than a highest value from among plurality of values determined prior to the second plurality of values, then
signaling the lens to change focus in a predetermined direction and
repeating the capturing and the determining the brightest pixels to obtain a second plurality of values,
otherwise, signaling the lens to change focus in a direction opposite to the predetermined direction and repeating the capturing and the determining the brightest pixels.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein the highest pixel value is associated with a specularity generated in the at least one image by the plurality of illuminators.

8. A method for providing automatic gain control for an image sensor associated with an iris recognition system comprising an image sensor and a plurality of illuminators, comprising:
illuminating a subject with the plurality of illuminators;
capturing at least one image of the subject with the image sensor;
determining brightest pixels in the image;
determining a plurality of values associated with the brightest pixels in the image to locate an iris in the image of the subject;
adjusting gain associated with the image sensor using the brightest pixels in the image sensor, wherein the adjusting is performed at the image sensor, wherein the adjusting results in the plurality of values being between predetermined minimum and maximum threshold values; and
repeating the capturing, the determining brightest pixels, the determining a plurality of values, and the adjusting until a highest value of the plurality of values is between the predetermined minimum and maximum threshold values.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the adjusting and repeating further comprise:
if the highest value of the plurality of values is above a maximum threshold, reducing gain associated with the image sensor; and
repeating the capturing, the determining brightest pixels, the determining a plurality of values, and the reducing until a highest value of the plurality of values is below the maximum threshold; otherwise
if the highest value of the plurality of values is below a minimum threshold, increasing gain associated with the image sensor; and
repeating the capturing, the determining brightest pixels, the determining a plurality of values, and the increasing until a highest value of the plurality of values is above the minimum threshold.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the minimum threshold value is a minimum predetermined value less than the maximum threshold value.

11. An iris recognition system, comprising:
an image sensor configured to receive at least one image comprising a plurality of pixels from a camera comprising a lens;
a buffer communicatively connected to the image sensor for storing values associated with the plurality of pixels; and
a comparator circuit communicatively connected to the buffer configured to locate and identify an iris of a subject from the stored values;
wherein locating and identifying the iris of the subject uses a location of each pixel in a brightest pixel set determined by the comparator circuit and a pattern formed by the brightest pixel set.

12. The system of claim 11, further comprising autofocus logic circuitry to adjust focus of a lens associated with the camera, wherein adjusting the focus of the lens is based on a location of each pixel in a brightest pixel set.

13. The system of claim 12, further comprising gain control logic circuitry for adjusting gain of the image sensor, wherein adjusting the gain is based on a location of each pixel in a brightest pixel set.

14. The system of claim 11, further comprising a plurality of illuminators communicatively connected to the image sensor for illuminating a subject.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein each of the plurality of illuminators is a near infrared (NIR) strobed sensor.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein each of illuminators are configured to strobe light with a wavelength of 850 nm.

17. The system of claim 11, wherein the image sensor is one of a charge coupled device (CCD) and a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor.

18. The system of claim 11, wherein the system is integrated on an integrated circuit.

19. The system of claim 12, wherein the autofocus logic circuitry is to refocus the camera until a change in a highest pixel value of the at least one image among two successive scans taken by the image sensor and stored in the buffer is less than a predetermined threshold value.

20. The system of claim 13, wherein the gain control logic circuitry is to adjust gain until a highest value of the plurality of pixels taken by the image sensor and stored in the buffer is between minimum and maximum threshold values.