## United States Court of App eals

F O R T H E E I G H T H

C I R C U I T

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No. 1 1- 31 88

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca, *

* App el le e, *

* App eal fro m

th e Uni te d S ta te s

v. * Dis tri ct Co ur t fo r th e

* Dis tri ct of M in ne so ta

. Jo se ph Ro be rt Zo ran , *

* App el la nt

. *

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Su bm it te d: May 15, 2 01 2
Fi le d: Ju ly 2, 20 12

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Befo re WOL LMAN, BEAM, an d LOKEN, Circ ui t J ud ge s.

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BEAM, Ci rcu it Ju dg e.

Zora n ap pe al s th e di st ric t co ur t's i mp o s i ti on of an ei gh te en -m on th te rm of

su pe rv is ed rel eas e, in ad di ti on to twen ty-fou r m on th s' im pr is on m en t, fo ll owi ng th e

m os t recen t revo cat io n of his su pe rv is ed rel eas e. Beca us e th e ei gh te en -m on th te rm

of su pe rv is ed rel eas e ex ceed ed th e st at ut or y m ax im um un de r 18 U.S.C.§ 35 83 (h ), we

rem an d to th e di st ric t co ur t wit h in st ru ct io ns th at it red uc e th e te rm of su pe rv is ed

rel eas e to sev en te en m on th s.I. BACKGRO UND

On Nov em

be r 12

, 20 04

, Zora n pl ed gu il ty in th e Uni te d Stat es Dis tri ct Co ur t

fo r th e Dis tri ct of Mi nn es ot a t o o n e c o u nt of po ss es si ng ch il d po rn og rap hy, in

vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. § 22 52 A(a)(5 )(B)

. Zora n th e n f l e d M i nn es ot a an d fai le d to

ap pe ar at hi s se nt en ci ng he ari ng on F e b r u ary 23

, 20 05

. Afte r Zora n was

ap pr eh en de d, h e pl ed gu il ty to fai lu re to ap pe ar (FTA), in vi ol at io n of 18 U.S.C. §

31 46 (a)( 1)

. The di st ric t co ur t se nt en ced Zora n to a to ta l of th irt y -s ev en m on th s'

im pr is on m en t– twen ty-fou r m on th s on th e ch il d po rn og rap h y co un t an d th irt een

m on th s on th e FTA co un t, t o b e se rv ed co ns ecu ti ve ly–an d i m po se d t wo co nc ur ren t

th ree- y ear t erm s o f su pe rv is ed rel eas e.

On Ju ne 27

, 20 08

, Zora n be ga n se rv in g hi s te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e, whi ch

th e di st ric t co ur t rev ok ed on Feb ru ary 2, 20 09

. Fo ll owi ng th e rev oc at io n, th e di st ric t

co ur t se nt en ced Zora n to ni ne te en m on th s' im pr is on m en t– ei gh te en m on th s on th e

c h i ld po rn og rap hy co un t an d on e m on th on th e FTA co un t, to be se rv ed

co ns ecu ti ve ly. The co ur t al so or de red a to ta l o f t h i rty-fiv e m on th s' su pe rv is ed

rel eas e– th irt y -fi ve m on th s on th e FTA c o u n t a n d ei gh te en m on th s on th e ch il d

po rn og rap hy cou nt , to be ser ve d c on cu rren tl y

.

On Ju ne 12

, 20 10

, Zora n be ga n se rv in g hi s se co nd te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e,
whi ch th e di st ric t co ur t rev ok ed on Sep te m be r 30

, 2 0 1 1

. Fo ll owi ng th e se co nd

rev oc at io n, th e di st ric t co ur t se nt e nc ed Zora n to twen ty-fou r m on th s'

im pr is on men t

– si x m on th s on th e ch il d po rn og rap hy co un t an d ei gh te en m on th s on

th e FTA co un t, to be se rv ed co ns ecu ti ve ly. Th e co ur t al so im po se d an ei gh te en

m on th te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e so le ly on t he FTA c ou nt

. Zora n ap pe al s, arg ui ng

th at (1 ) th e ei gh te en -m on th te rm of su pe rv is ed re le as e ex ce ed s the stat ut or y m ax im um

un de r 18 U.S.C. § 35 83

, an d (2 ) th e di st ric t co ur t ab us ed it s di sc ret io n whe n it

i mp os ed th e m ax im

um te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e in ad di ti on to a t e r m o f

im pr is on m en t.

-2

-II

. DISCUSS IO N

A. Max imum Term of Sup erv is ed Rel ea se

Zora n arg ue s th at

, un de r 18 U.S.C. § 35 83

, th e di st ric t co ur t was barre d from

im po si ng an y te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e or , in th e al te rn at iv e, th at th e ei gh te en -m on th

te r m o f s u p erv is ed rel eas e im po se d on th e FTA co un t ex ceed s th e st at ut or y

m ax im um . W e rev ie w de no vo th e le ga li ty of a rev oc at io n sen te nc e. Uni te d S ta te s
v. Lewi s, 5 19 F.3d 82 2, 8 24 (8t h C ir. 2 00 8)

.

Befo re ad dr es si ng Zora n's sp eci fic ch al le ng es , it is he lp fu l to r e vi ew th e

fram ewo rk of 18 U.S.C. § 35 83

, whi ch go ve rn s th e im po si ti on of or ig in al te r m s of

su pe rv is ed rel eas e, rev oc at io n of su pe rv is ed rel eas e, an d po st rev oc at io n se nt en ci ng

. Und er § 35 83 (b )(2 ), di st ric t cou rts m ay im po se an in it ia l te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e

of "n ot m or e th an th ree y ears " if th e un de rlyin g co nv ic ti on is a Cl as s D fel on y

. If a 1

di st ric t co ur t rev ok es su pe rv is ed rel eas e, it m ay im po se a te rm of im

pr is on m en t "o n

an y su ch rev oc at io n" no t to ex ceed "2 y ears

. . . if [th e un de rlyin g] of fen se is a cl as s

. . . D f e l o n y." 18 U.S.C. § 35 83 (e)( 3)

. In ad di ti on , th e co ur t m ay im po se a

po st rev oc at io n te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e t h a t d o e s "n ot ex ceed th e te rm of

su pe r v i s e d r el eas e au th or iz ed by s ta tu te fo r th e of fen se th at res ul te d in th e or ig in al

te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e, le ss an y te rm of im pr is on m en t th at was im

po se d up on

rev oc at io n o f su pe rv is ed rel eas e." Id

. § 35 83 (h ). W it h th is fram ewo rk in m in d, we

tu rn to Zora n's sp eci fic arg um en ts

.

Fi rs t, Zo ran arg ue s t ha t, b ecau se th e d is tri ct co ur t s en te nc ed hi m to a to ta l o f

two y ears ' im

pr is on m en t fo ll owi ng th e se co nd rev oc at io n, § 35 83 (h ) ba rred th e co ur t

2

Zora n's ch il d p or no gr ap hy and FTA con vi ct io ns are b ot h C la ss D felo ni es

. 1

As di sc us se d ab ov e, fo ll owi ng th e se co nd rev oc at io n, th e di st ric t co ur t 2

se nt en ced Zora n to s i x m on th s' im pr is on m en t on th e ch il d po rn og rap hy co un t an d

-3

-fro m im

po si ng an y ad di ti on al te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e. To su pp or t th is arg um en t,

he em ph as iz es th at , " [u ]nde r § 35 83 (h ), if th e co ur t rev ok es su pe rv is e d r e le as e an d

se nt en ces th e de fen da nt to th e m ax im um au th or iz ed pr is on te rm [u nd er § 35 83 (e)( 3) ],

it m ay no t im

po se an ad di ti on al te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e." Uni te d St at es v. Bri ng s

Pl en ty, 18 8 F.3 d 10 51

, 10 53 (8 th Ci r. 19 99 ) (p er cu ria m ) (ap pl y in g pr e-2 00 3 ve rs io n

of § 35 83 (h )). Zora n's arg um en t on th is po in t is eas il y di sm is se d b e c a u se he rel ie s

on an ou td at ed ve rs io n of § 35 83 (h ) an d, th us , ob so le te pr eced en t. Effect iv e Apr il 30

, 20 03 , C on gr es s amend ed § 3 58 3( h) an d " rem ov ed th e p re-2 00 3 q ua li fic at io n th at a

ne w ter m of su pe rv is ed rel eas e co ul d be im po se d o nl y

if t he po st -rev oc at io n p ris on

se nt en ce im

po se d was le ss th an th e m ax im um te rm of im

pr is on m en t au th or iz ed un de r § 35 83 (e)( 3) ." Uni te d St at es v. Vera, 54 2 F.3 d 45 7, 46 1 (5 th Ci r. 20 08 ). Bec au se th e

am en de d ve rs io n of § 35 83 (h ) ap p l i e s t o t h e te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e im po se d in

th is cas e, Zora n's arg um en t o n t hi s p oi nt is wit ho ut m eri t.

3

Zora n's ne xt two arg um en ts are ba se d on th e di st ric t co ur t's in te rp ret at io n an d

ap pl ic at io n of th e se co nd se nt en ce in § 35 83 (h ), whi c h p r ov id es th at a te rm of

su pe rv is ed rel eas e im

po se d fo ll owi ng rev oc at io n sh al l no t ex ceed (1 ) "t he te r m o f

su p e r v i s e d rel eas e au th or iz ed by s ta tu te fo r th e of fen se th at res ul te d in th e or ig in al

te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e"; (2 ) "l es s an y te rm of im pr is on m en t th at w a s i mp o s ed

ei gh te en m on th s o n t he FTA cou nt , t o be se rv ed co ns ecu ti ve ly. Zora n's co nt en ti on
t ha t th es e co ns ecu ti ve te rm s m us t be ag gr eg at ed fo r th e pu rp os es of § 35 83 (e)( 3) 's

cap is ba se d on 18 U.S.C. § 35 84 (c). Sect io n 35 84 (c) pr ov id es , " Mu lt ip le te rm s of
im pr is on m en t or de red to ru n co ns ecu ti ve ly or co nc ur r e nt ly sh al l be tre at ed fo r ad min is tr at iv e pu rp os es as a si ng le

, ag gr eg at e te rm of im pr is on m en t." (em

ph as is
ad de d)

. As we ha ve pr ev io us ly he ld

, § 35 84 (c) m erel y in st ru ct s th e Bu reau of Pri so ns in ad m in i s t e r i n g se nt en ces , Uni te d St at es v. Gam bl e, 57 2 F.3 d 47 2, 47 4 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ), an d i s i na pp li cab le to th e is su es be fo re u s.

The ei gh te en -m on th te rm of su pe rv is ed rel e a s e a t is su e was im po se d on 3

Zora n's un de rlyin g FTA of fen se , whi ch was co m

m it te d in Feb ru ary 20 05 –we ll aft er th e 2 00 3 a m en dm en ts went in to effe ct

.

-4

-up on rev oc at io n o f su pe rv is ed rel eas e." 1 8 U.S.C. § 35 83 (h ). Und er § 35 83 (b )(2 ),

th e m ax im

um or ig in al te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e au th or iz ed fo r Zora n's FTA of fen se , a Cl as s D fel on y , is th ree y ears

. Ther efo re, § 35 83 (h ) ba rred th e d is tri ct co ur t fr om

im po si n g a te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e ex ceed in g "[t hr ee y ears ] le ss an y te rm of

imp ri so nme nt

th at was im

po se d up on rev oc at io n of su pe rv is ed rel eas e." 18 U.S.C.
§ 35 83 (h ) (em

ph as is ad de d)

. Zora n ad va nc es two de fin it io ns of "a n y te rm of

im pr is on m en t," whi ch we ad dr es s i n t ur n. 4

Fi rs t, Zora n arg ue s th at "an y te rm of im pr is on m en t

, " a s co nt em

pl at ed in §

35 83 (h ), req ui res ag gr eg at io n of all po st rev oc at io n te rm s of im pr is on m en t im

po se d

on th e sa m e un de rlyin g of fen se

. Thi s in te rp r et at io n is co rrec t. See Bri ng s Pl en ty, 5

Fo r eas e of refe ren ce, we inc lu de th e fo ll owi ng ta bl e of Zora n's po st rev oc at io n 4

te rm s o f im

pr is on m en t:

Under ly in g O ffen se FTA Pos se ss io n o f Chil d

Por no gr ap hy To ta l

Ter m of I m pri so nment:
Firs t Rev oc at io n 1 m on th 18 m on th s 19 m on th s

Ter m of I m pri so nment:
Seco nd Rev oc at on 18 m on th s 6 m on th s 24 m on th s

To ta l 19 m on th s 24 m on th s 43 m on th s

The go ve rn m en t arg ue s th at Bri ng s Pl en ty is no lo ng er co nt ro l l in g on th is 5

po in t be cau se Co ng res s am en de d § 35 83 (h ) in 20 03

. W e di sa gr ee. W hi le Co ng res s al te red th e fi rs t se nt en ce of § 35 83 (h ) in 20 03

, it "l eft un to uc he d" th e ph ras e "an y
te rm of im

pr is on m en t" in th e se co nd se nt en ce of § 3 5 8 3 ( h)

. Vera, 54 2 F.3 d at 46 1 (rejec ti ng go ve rn m en t's arg um en t th at th e 20 03 am en dm en ts al te red th e de fin it io n of
"an y te rm of im

pr is on m en t" es po us ed in Bri ng s Pl en ty). The refo re, Bri ng s Plen ty's
in te rp ret at io n o f "an y

ter m of i m pr is on m en t" co nt ro ls

.

-5

-18 8 F.3 d at 10 53 (h ol di ng , wit h res pe ct to a si ng le un de rlyin g of fen se , th at "'an y te rm

of im pr is on m en t' in cl ud es th e pr is on te rm in th e cu rren t rev oc at io n se nt en ce to ge th er
wit h al l pr is on ti m e se rv ed un de r an y pr io r rev oc at io n se nt en ce(s )") ; Uni te d St at es v.

Max well

, 28 5 F.3 d 33 6, 3 4 2 (4 th Ci r. 20 02 ) (co nc lu di ng th at "an y te rm of

im pr is on m en t" in cl ud es "al l po st rev oc at io n te rm s of im pr is on m en t im

po se d wit h

res pe ct to th e sa m e un de rlyin g of fen s e."). Thu s, in th is cas e, "an y te rm of

im pr is on m en t" eq ua ls ni ne te en m on th s– on e m on th im pr is on m en t im

po se d on th e

FTA co un t fo ll owi ng th e fir st rev oc at io n pl us ei ght ee n m ont hs im pr iso nm en t im

pos ed

on th e FTA co un t fo ll owi ng th e se co nd rev oc at io n. Acco rd in gl y , th e m ax im um te rm

of su pe rv is ed rel eas e th at m ay be im po se d in th is cas e is "[t hr ee y ears ] le ss [n in et een

m on th s]," or se ve nt een m on th s. 1 8 U.S.C. § 35 83 (h ). The refo re, th e di st ric t co ur t

erre d whe n it se nt en ced Zora n t o e i g ht een m on th s' su pe rv is ed rel eas e on th e FTA

co un t.

Our an al y si s is no t co m pl et e, ho wev er, be cau se Zora n ad va nc es an al te rn at iv e
de fin it io n of "an y te rm of im pr is on m en t" th at wou l d e v e n f u rth er red uc e th e

m ax im um te rm of su pe rv is ed r e l e a s e i n th is cas e. Sp eci fic al ly, he co nt en ds th at §

35 83 (h ) req ui res ag gr eg at io n of al l te rm s of im pr is on m en t im

po se d on al l un de rlyin g

of fen se s fo ll owi ng th e la te st rev oc at io n. If th is in te rp ret at io n ap pl i e s , Zora n's 6

m ax im um te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e wou ld be twel ve m on th s– th ree y ears m in us si x

m on th s o n t he po rn og rap hy cou nt an d e ig ht een m on th s o n t he FTA cou nt

.

W e co nc lu de th at th is in te rp ret at io n of " a n y te rm of im pr is on m en t" reac he s
be y on d th e te xt ua l lim it s of § 35 83 (h ). In de ed

, th e pl ai n tex t of § 35 83 (h ) pr ov id es

th at a te rm of po st rev oc at io n su p e r v i s ed rel eas e "s ha ll no t ex ceed th e te rm of

Our de ci si on in Bri ng s Pl en ty do es no t sp eci fic al ly ad dr es s whe th er m ul ti pl e 6

un de rlyin g o f

f e ns es m us t be an al y zed se pa rat el y un de r § 35 83 (h ) be cau se th e de fen da nt in th at cas e was co nv ic te d of on ly on e un de rlyin g of fen se

. See Bri ng s Pl en ty, 18 8 F .3d at 1 05 2.

-6

-su pe rv is ed rel eas e a u t h o r i z e d by st at ut e fo r th e of fe ns e th at res ul te d in th e or ig in al

te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e, le ss an y te rm of im pr is on m en t t h a t w a s i m

po se d up on

rev oc at io n of su pe rv is ed rel eas e." (em ph as is ad de d)

. Giv en th e st at ut e's co ns is te nt

us e of "t erm " an d "o ffen se " in th e si ng ul ar fo rm , we th in k th e su bs eq ue nt ph ras e "an y

te rm of im

pr is on m en t" pl ai nl y refe rs to "al l po st r e v o c a t i o n te rm s of im pr is on m en t

im po se d wi th re sp ect to th e sa me u n d e r l y in g of fe ns e ." Max well

, 28 5 F.3 d at 34 2
(em ph as is ad de d) ; cf. Jo hn so n v. Uni te d Stat es , 52 9 U.S. 69 4, 70 1 (20 00 ) (h ol di ng , whi le an al y zi ng an ex po st fact o ch al le ng e , t h a t "[w]e

. . . at tri bu te po st rev oc at io n

pe na lt ie s [u nd er § 35 83 (h )] to th e or ig in al co nv ic ti on "). The refo re, th e di st ric t co ur t

di d no t err whe n it an al y zed th e FTA an d ch il d po rn og rap hy of fen se s se pa rat el y un de r § 3 58 3( h)

.

B. Impos iti on of Ma xi m um Ter m of S uper vi se d Rel ea se

Zora n co nt en ds th at th e di st ric t co ur t un reas on ab ly im po se d the m ax im

um te rm

of su pe rv is ed rel eas e in ad di ti on to twen ty-fou r m on th s' im pr is on m en t. W e di sa gr ee.
The reco rd rev eal s th at th e di st ric t co ur t co ns id e r e d t h e pa rti es ' arg um en ts an d

co nt em pl at ed th e 18 U.S.C. § 35 53 (a) s en te nc in g fa ct or s. See 18 U.S.C. § 35 83 (c)
(d ire ct in g di st ri c t c o ur ts to co ns id er § 35 53 (a) fact or s to de te rm in e "wh et he r to

i n c l u d e a te rm of su pe rv is ed rel eas e" an d "i n de te rm in in g th e le ng th of th e te rm" )

. Afte r do in g so , th e co ur t de ci de d th at im po si ng th e max i mu m t e r m of su pe rv is ed

rel eas e was ne ces sa ry to pr om ot e de te rren ce an d to pr ot ect th e pu bl ic

, se e 18 U.S.C.
§ 35 53 (a)( 2) (B)- (C), em ph as iz in g Zora n's rep eat ed fai lu re t o c o mply wit h th e

c o n d it io ns of hi s su pe rv is ed rel eas e. Und er th es e ci rcu m st an ces , we co nc lu de th a t

th e di st ric t co ur t act ed well wit hi n it s di sc ret io n whe n it im po se d th e m ax im

um te rm

-7

-of su pe rv is ed rel eas e in th is cas e. See Uni te d St at es v. Mer riv al

, 52 1 F.3 d 88 9, 89 0 7
(8 th Cir . 20 08 ) (s ta nd ard of r ev ie w).

II I. CONCLUSI ON

W e va cat e th e su pe rv is ed rel eas e po rti on of Zora n's rev oc at io n se n t e n c e an d

rem an d wit h in st ru ct io ns to th e di st ric t c o u r t th at it im po se up on Zora n a te rm of

su pe rv is ed rel eas e o f se ve nt een m on th s.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

The di st ric t co ur t's on ly erro r was it s de te rm in at io n th at t he st at ut or y 7

m ax im um ter m of s up erv is ed rel eas e was ei gh te en m on th s as op po se d t o s ev en te en

m on th s. The refo re, we rem an d fo r th e li m it ed pu rp os e of red uc in g Zora n's t e r m o f

su pe rv is ed rel eas e to se ve nt een m on th s. See Uni te d St at es v. Herg ot t, 56 2 F.3 d 96 8,
97 0- 71 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ) (fi nd in g po st rev oc at io n se nt en ce su bs ta nt iv el y reas on ab le bu t

rem an di ng for th e d is tri ct co ur t t o re du ce t he sen te nc e to th e st at ut or y m ax im um ).

-8

-