### P.3 5

817 2 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 52 , No

. 5 0 /

Monday , Marc h16 , 198 7 / Propose dRule s

4 0 CF R Par t 30 2 .FR-3122-7 ] Reportabl e Quantit y Adjustment — Radionuclide s AGENCY: U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA)

. ACTION : Propose drule

. SUMMARY : Section s 103(a ) an d103(b ) o f th e Comprehensiv e Environmenta l Response , Compensation , an dLiabilit y Ac t o f 198 0 (CERCLA) , a s amended , requir e tha t

person s i n charg e of

vessel s o r facilitie s fro mwhic hahazardou s substanc e ha s bee n release di n quantitie s equa l t o o r

greate r tha n it s reportabl e quantit y (RQ ) immediatel y notif y th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r o f th e release

. Sectio n 102(b ) o f CERCL A establishe s RQ s fo r

release s of designate dhazardou s substance s a t on e pound , excep t

thos e fo r

whic hRQ s hav e bee n establishe dpursuan t t o sectio n 311(b)(4 ) o f

th e Clea n Wate r

Ac t (CWA)

. Sectio n 102(a ) authorize s th e Administrato r

ofth e U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA ) t o adjus t RQ s fo r hazardou s substance s an dt o designat e a s hazardou s substance s thos e substance s which , whe n release d int o th e environment , ma y presen t substantia l dange r

t o th e publi c healt h o r welfar e o r

th e environment

. Th e R Q fo r radionuclide s establishe db y CERCL A i s on e poun dan dha s no t bee n adjuste db y regulation

. EP A recognize s tha t thi s R Q ma y no t

b e appropriat e becaus e release s o f

muc hles s tha n on e poun do f radionuclide s ma y presen t a substantia l threa t

t o publi c healt ho r welfar e o r

th e environment

. Thi s propose drul e adjust s th e R Q fo r radionuclide s establishe dunde r sectio n 102(b)

. Thi s R Q adjustmen t i s intende d t o allo w EP A t o focu s it s resource s o n th e mos t seriou s release s an dt o protec t publi c healt han dwelfar e an dth e environmen t

mor e effectively

. DATES : Comment s mus t b e receive do n o r befor e Ma y 15,1987

. ADDRESSES : Th e toll-fre e telephon e numbe r o f th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r i s 1-800/424-8802 ; i n th e Washington , D C metropolita n are ath e numbe r i s 1

- 202/426-2675

. Comments: Comment s shoul db e submitte di n triplicat e to : Emergenc y Respons e Division , Docke t Clerk , Attention : Docke t

Numbe r 102RQ-RN , Roo mLG-100 , U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 40 1 M Street , SW , Washington , D C 20460

. Docket: Copie s o f

material s relevan t t o thi s rulemakin g ar e kep t i n Roo mLG

10 0 a t th e abov e address

. Th e docke t i s availabl e fo r

inspectio n betwee n 9:0 0 a.m
. an d4:3 0 p.m
. Monda y throug h Friday , excludin g federa l holidays

. A s provide di n 4 0 CF RPar t 2 , areasonabl e fe e ma y b e charge dfo r copyin g services

. FO R FURTHE R INFORMATIO N CONTACT : Ms

. Barbar aHostage , Projec t Office r Respons e Standard s an dCriteri a Branch , Emergenc y Respons e Divisio n (WH-548B ) U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 40 1 M Stree t SW , Washington , D C 2046 0

. o r th e RCRA/Superfun dHotline , 1-800/424

- 9346 ; i n Washington , DC , 1-202/382

- 3000

. SUPPLEMENTAR

YINFORMATION : Th e content s o f

today' s preambl e ar e liste d i n th e followin g outline ; I

. Introduction

. A

. Statutor y Authority

. B

. Backgroun do f

thi s Rulemaking

. II

. Release s Covere db y thi s Notice

. A

. Hazardou s Substance s Subjec t t o thi s Notice

. B , Definitio n o f

Release s Subjec t

t o thi s Notic e an dStatutor y Exemptions

. III

. Duplicat e Reporting/Regulator y Consistency

. IV

. Reportabl e Quantit y Adjustment s for Radionuclides

. A

. Introductio n an dPreviou s R Q

- Adjustmen t

Methodology

. B

. Option s Considere dan dRadionuclid e R Q Methodology

. C

. Alternativ e Approaches

. D

. Reportin g Requirement s for Mixture s of Radionuclides

. E

. Othe r Issues

. V

. Summar y o f

Supportin g Analyses

. I

. Introductio n A. Statutory Authority Th e Comprehensiv e Environmenta l Response , Compensation , an dLiabilit y Ac t o f 198 0 (Pub

. L

. 96-510) , 4 2 U.S.C

. 960 1 e t seq
. (Superfund , CERCLA , o r th e Act) , a s amende db y th e Superfun d Amendment s an dReauthorizatio n Ac t o f 198 6 (Pub

. L

. 99-499 ) (SARA) , establishe s broa dfedera l authorit y t o respon dt o release s o r

threat s o f release s o f

hazardou s substance s fro m vessel s an dfacilities

. Sectio n 101(14 ) o f th e Ac t define s th e ter m"hazardou s substances " b y referenc e t o othe r environmenta l statutes

. Sectio n 10 2 o f CERCLA give s th e Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y (EPA ) authorit y t o designat e additiona l hazardou s substances

. Currently , ther e ar e 71 7 CERCLA hazardou s substances

. Sectio n 10 3 ofth e Ac t

require s th e perso n i n charg e o f

avesse l o r

facilit y ' t o notif

y th e Naliona l Respons e Cente r immediatel y whe n ther e i s areleas e of a hazardou s substanc e i n a n amoun t equa l t o o r

greate r tha n th e reportabl e quantit y (RQ ) fo r

tha t substance. 2 Sectio n 102(b ) o f

CERCL A establishe s RQ s for release s of

hazardou s substance s a t

on e pound , excep t

for thos e substance s for

whic hRQ s wer e establishe dpursuan t

t o sectio n 31 1 o f th e Clea n Wate r

Ac t (CWA)

. Sectio n
. 102(a ) of CERCLA authorize s EP A t o adjus t al l of thes e RQ s b y regulation

. A majo r purpos e o f

th e sectio n 10 3 (a ) an d(b ) notificatio n requiremen t i s t o aler t th e appropriat e governmen t official s t o release s of

hazardou s substance s tha t

ma y requir e afedera l respons e t o protec t

publi c healt han d welfar e an dth e environment

. Unde r sectio n 104 of

th e Act , th e federa l governmen t

ma y .respon dwheneve r ther e i s areleas e o r

asubstantia l threa t of areleas e of

ahazardou s substanc e int o th e environment

. Respons e activitie s ar e t o b e taken , t o th e exten t practicable , i n accordanc e wit hth e Nationa l Contingenc y Pla n (NCP ) (4 0 CF RPar t 300) , whic hwa s develope d originall y unde r

th e CW A an dwhic h ha s bee n revise dt o reflec t th e responsibilitie s an dauthorit y create db y CERCLA. 3 EP A emphasize s tha t a hazardou s substanc e releas e notificatio n i s merel y atrigge r fo r informin g th e governmen t of areleas e s o tha t th e appropriat e federa l personne l ca n evaluat e th e nee dfo r afedera l remova l o r

remedia l actio n an d undertak e an y necessar y actio n i n a timel y fashion

. Federa l personne l wil l evaluat e al l reporte dreleases , bu t wil l no t necessaril y initiat e aremova l o r remedia l actio n i n respons e t o al l reporte dreleases , becaus e th e releas e o f a n R Q wil l no t

necessaril y pos e a hazar dt o publi c healt ho r welfar e o r

th e environmen t

i n al l circumstances

. Governmen t

personne l wil l asses s eac h reporte dreleas e o n acase-by-cas e basi s t o determin e th e appropriat e action , l n

1 Fo r thi s propose drul e o

n radionuclides

. I

t i s important t o consider th e CERCL

A definition o

f "facility " i

n sectio n 101{9)

. A numbe r o r consume r product s such98 watche s andsmok e detector s ma

y contai n (anda t

som e poin t release ) radionuclides

. The CERCL A definition o

f "facility " specifically exclude s an

y consume

r produc t i n consume

r use ; thu s any releas e o

f radionuclide s fro

msuch product s whe

n i n consume

r us e are not

subject t o th e notificatio n requirement s discusse di n thi s propose drule

. 3 A releas e into th e environment of asubstanc e whichi s not

liste da s aCERCL

A hazardou s substanc e bu

t whichrapidly form s aCERCL A hazardou s substanc e upon releas e i s subjec t t o th e notificatio n requirement s o f sectio n 103

. I

f the amount o f th e hazardou s substanc e forme da s such areactio n product

equal s o r exceed s th e R

Q fo r that substance , th e releas e mus t b e reporte dt

o th e Nationa l Respons e Center

. * The NC Pi s being reviaedpresentl y t o ensure tha t response s t

o release s o

f radionuclide s als o wil

t b e undertake n consistent

wit hthe Federal Radiologica

l Emergency Respons e Pla n (FRERP)

.

### P.3 6

Federa l Register /

Vol

. 52 , No

. 5 0 /

Monday, , Marc h16 , 1987. / Proposed

. .Rule s 817 3

certai n limite dsitualions , whe n direct , reportin g t o th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r i s not.practicable , th e perso n in charg e ma y repor t

t o th e neares t

Coas t Guard

- o r

EPA-predesignated ' On-Scen e Coordinato r

(OSC)

. I f i t i s no t possibl e t o notify th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r o r predesignate dOS C immediately , reportsma y b e mad e immediatel y t o th e neares t Coas t Guar dunit , provide dtha t th e perso n i n charg e notifiesth e Nationa l Respons e Cente r a s soo n a s possibl e (4 0 CF

R§ 300.63(b ) an d3 3 CF R § 153.203)

. Sectio n 103(b ) o f

CERCL A authorize s penalties' , includin g criminal 1 sanctions , for person s i n charg e o f

vessel s o r facilitie s whofai l t o repor t release s o f hazardou s substance s whic hequato r excee dRQs

. Sectio n 109^'SAR A amend s sectio n 103(B ) o f CERCLA , increasin g th e maximu mpenaltie s an d year s o f imprisonment

. An y perso n who , a s soon-a s tha t

person
- has

- knowledjg e o f areportabl e release , fails 1 t o repor t th e releas e immediatel y pursuan t t o sectio n 103(b ) o r wh o submit s an y informatio n whic hh e know s t o b e fals e o r misleading , shall , upo n conviction , b e finedin accordanc e wit hth e applicabl e provision s of

Titl e lfli Unite dState s Cod e (no t

mor e tha n $250,00 0 o r $500,000 , dependin g upo n whetherth e violato r i s a n individua l o r

a n organization) , o r

imprisone dfo r

no t mor e than , thre e years;.{o r no t mor e tha n fiv e year s fo r

secon dan dsubsequen t convictions),.orboth

. Notification s receive dunde r

sectio n 103(b ) o r informatio n obtaine db y exploitation ! o f suc k notification s canno t

b e use d agains t an y reporting:person : i n an y crimina l case, , excep t

aprosecutio n fo r perjur y o r

fo r givin g afals e statement

. Sectio n 10 9 o f

SAR A als o provide s fo r a syste mo f

administrativ e penaltie s fo r violation s o f

CERCL A sectio n 103(b) , enforceabl e throug hcivi l proceedings

. B. Background

of this Rulemaking On

. Ma y 25,1983 , EP A propose darul e (4 8 F R23552)

. l o clarif

y procedure s fo r reportin g release s an dt o adjus t RQ s fo r 38 7 o f th e then69 6 CERCLA

- hazardou s substances-Tha i Notic e o f Propose d

. Rulemakin g (NPRM ) als o listed, , fo r th e firs t time , th e "hazardou s substances " designate dB y section

. 101(14 ) of CERCLA

. The.NPR M discusse din detai l th e CERCLAnotificatio n provision s includin g th e persons:require dto.notif y th e National 1 Respons e Center , o f a release , th e substance s fo r whic h notificatio n i s required" , th e type s of ; release s subjec t

t o th e notificatio n requirements , th e exemption s fromthese ; notificatio n requirements , th e methodolog y an dcriteria ; use dt o adjus t th e RQ.level's , an dth e adjustment s proposed.unde r sectio n 102,o f

CERCLA

. an dunde r

section

. 31 1 o f

th e CWA

. Thes e issue s wer e discusse dfurthe r i n th e preambl e t o arulemakin g fina l 34 0 ofth e 38 7 propose dRQs , publishe do n Apri l 4,198 5 (5 0 FR13456)

. The y wil l b e discusse dagai n i n thi s preambl e onl y t o th e exten t

tha t EP A need s t o provid e additiona l explanatio n o f thes e issue s in

. th e specifi c contex t

o f adjustin g RQ s for release s of

radionuclides

. It should'b e note dtha t

othe r provision s o f

CERCL A ma y appl y eve n wher e th e statut e doe s no t requir e notification

. Therefore ; nothin g i n thi s rulemakin g shoul db e interprete da s reflectin g Agencypolic y o r th e applicabl e la w wit hrespec t t o othe r provision s of

th e Act

. Fo r

example , unles s specificall y exempte dunde r CERLCA , apart y responsibl e fo r a releas e i s liabl e fo r

th e cost s o f

cleanin g u p tha t release , an dfo r

an y natura l resourc e damage s cause db y th e release , eve n i f th e release , i s no t

subjec t t o th e notificatio n requirement s o f section s 10 3 (a ) an d(b)

. Similarly , prope r reportin g o f areleas e i haccordanc e wit hsection s 10 3 (a ) an d(b ) doe s no t preclud e liabilit y fo r

cleanu p costs

. Th e fac t tha t areleas e o f

ahazardou s substanc e i s properl y reported 1 o r

tha t i t i s no t subjec t t o th e notificatio n requirements-o f section s 10 3 (a ) an d(b ) will ' no t preven t EP A o r othe r governmenta l agencies

fro mtakin g respons e action s unde r section-104 , seekin g reimbursemen t from

responsibl e partie s unde r sectio n 107 , o r pursuin g an-enforcemen t actio n agains t responsibl e partie s unde r sectio n 106

. Not e als o tha t

thi s propose drul e does

no t affec t hazardou s substanc e reportin g requirement s impose db y othe r regulation s an dstatutes

. II . Releases- Covere d b y Thi s Notic e A. Hazardous Substances Subjectto-thisNotice Congres s incorporate dsi x lists , o f substances , identifie dprimaril y unde r othe r environmental'statutes , i n th e definitio n o f

hazardou s substance s unde r sectio n 101(14 ) of

CERCLA

. Thes e list s are : (1 ) Substance s designated.pursuan t to ; section:31 1 o f

th e Clea n Wate r

Ac t (CWA) ; (2) , Hazardou s waste s unde r sectio n 300 1 o f th e Soli dWast e Disposal

. Ac t (commonl y know n a s th e Resourc e Conservatio n and:Recover y Ac t o r "RCRA"}}

. bu t

excludin g waste s theregulation o f

whic b has ; bee n suspende db y Congress ; (3 ) Toxi c pollutant s listed.unde r CW A sectio n 307(a) ; (4 ) Hazardou s ai r

pollutant s liste dunder

se c tio n 112 , of

. th e Clea n Ai r

Act ; (5 ) Imminentl y hazardou s chemical s o r

mixture s fo r

whic hEPAha s lake n actio n unde r

sectio n 7 of

th e Toxi c Substance s Contro l Act ; and : (6 ) Substances ; designate dpursuan t t o sectio n 102o f

CERCLA

. Radionuclides,,th e subjec t of

. thi s propose drule, , ar e considere dhazardou s Bubstance s unde r

CERCL A because-the y wer e designate dgenericall y a s hazardou s ai r

pollutant s pursuan t

t o sectio n 11 2 o f

theClea n Ai r

Act

. Eve n thoug hth e sourc e o f

thei r listin g i s th e Clea n Ai r

Act , release s o f

radionuclide s t o al l medi aar e covere dunde r sectio n 10 3 o f CERCL A an dth e provision s o f thi s rule

. A radionuclid e i s aparticular'for m (isotope ) o f

a n elemen t

whic hi s unstable

. T o achiev e amor e stabl e configuration, , th e nucleu s release s energ y in.th e for mof.particle s o r electromagneti c radiatio n b y a.proces s o f deca y calle dradioactivity

. Eac h radionuclid e decay s a t

adifferen t

rat e and , a s aresult , apoun do f eac ho f tw o differen t radionuclide s coul drepresen t significantl y differen t

level s o f radioactivity

. Th e principa l healt h concer n associate dwith : a
. radionuclid e release'i s carcinogenicity

. There , ar e approximatel y 1,800 differen t radionuclide s and , becaus e the y ar e liste dgenericall y a s ahazardou s ai r pollutan t unde r th e Clea n Ai r

Act, , al l 1,800 ar e considere dCERCL A hazardous * substances

- Unti l adjuste dby

. EP A unde r

section.l02(a ) o f

CERCLA, , al l radionuclide s hav e astatutor y R Q o f on e pound

. Urany l acetat e an durany l nitrate , whic har e specificall y listeda s CERCLA

hazardous.substance s becaus e the y ar e include dunde r

sectio n 31 1 o f

th e Clea n Wate r Act , hav e afina l adjuste dR Q o f 10 0 pound s base don

> thei r chemical

toxicil y [5 1 F

R34534 , Septembe r

29

. 1986)

. Thesexampound s are
. compose d o f approximatel y 6 6 percen t uranium , mos t generall y uranium-238 i Becaus e 10 O pound s o f

uranium-23 8 i s approximatel y 0.01 5 curie, , a

t proposed

. R Q base do n radiologica l hazar dcoul db e highe r tha n th e fina l adjuste dR Q based'o n chemica l toxicity

. Therefore , the-fina l adjuste d R Q fo r urany l acetate ! an durany l nitrat e wil l remai n 10 0 pounds-i f th e R Q base d o n radiological!hazard.i s greate r tha n 0.01 5 curie : B. Definition of

Releases Subject, ta this Notice- andStatutoryExemptions: Congres s defihed.th e ter m"release " t o includ e withi n it s scop e virtuall y al l way s tha t

substance s ma y enter , th e environment :

### P.3 7

817 4 , , . Federa l Registe r/ Vol . 52 , No

. 5 0 /

Monday , Marc h16,198 7 / Proposed,Rule s
"release " means an y spilling , leaking , pumping , pouring , emitting , emptying , discharging , injecting , escaping , leaching , dumping , or

disposin g into th e environmen t

(includin g th e abandonmen t

or discardin g o

f barrels , containers , an dothe r

close dreceptacle s containin g an y hazardou s substanc e or pollutan t o r contaminant ) (sectio n 101(22 ) a s amende db y sectio n 101(c) o f SARA)

. Four type s o f release s ar e specificall y exclude dfro

mth e definitio n o

f releas e i n CERCL A sectio n 101(22

) an dthu s d o no t nee dt o b e reporte dunder sectio n 103 ; (1 ) Release s whic hresul t

in exposure s t o person s solel y withi n aworkplac e fo r whic hclaim s agains t

th e employer

or othe r person s ar e available ; (2 ) Emission s fro

mengin e exhaus t

fro m amoto r vehicle , rollin g stock , aircraft , vessel , or pipelin e pumpin g statio n engines ; (3 ) Release s o

f source , byproduct , o r specia l nuclear

materia l * fro

ma nuclear inciden t subjec t t o requirement s o

f th e Nuclear Regulator y Commissio n fo

r financial protectio n unde r

sectio n 17 0 o

f th e Atomi c Energy Act ; 8 

### an d (4 ) Th e normal application s o f fertilizers

. Radionuclid e release s may b e exclude dfro

mreportin g requirement s becaus e the y fall unde r

an y o f thes e fou r provisions

. For

example , exposur e o

f person s t o radionuclid e release s solel y withi n aworkplac e an dradionuclid e release s resultin g fro

mth e normal applicatio n o

f fertilizer containin g radionuclide s ar e bot

hpossible

. Th e exclusio n fo

r radionuclide s mos t

likely t o b e o f greates t importance , however , i s fo r release s o

f source , byproduct , or specia l nuclear

materia l fro

manuclear incident

. Nuclea

r reactor s ar e th e primary typ e o

f facilit y subjec t t o th e

* Sourc e materia) i s defineda s (1 ) natural uranium , thorium , o r

any combinatio n thereo f

o r (2 ) ore s whichcontai n 0.0

5 percent (b y weight ) o f uraniumo r thorium(sectio n ll(z ) o

f th e Atomic Energ y Act , an dNuclea

r Regulator y Commission regulation s i

n 1 0 CF RPar t 40)

. Byproduct

material i s (1 ) any material mad e radioactiv e b y exposure t o radiatio n i

n th e proces s o

f producing o r

using special nuclea

r material o r

(2 ) th e waste s produce d b y th e extractio n o

r concentratio n o

f uraniumo r thoriumfro

more (sectio n 11(e

) o f th e Atomi c Energ y Act)

. Special nuclea

r material i s defineda s plutonium , o

r uraniumenriche din th e U-23 5 o r U

23 3 isotop e (Atomi c Energ y Act sectio n ll(aa))

. Al

l o f thes e material s ar e license db y th e Nuclea

r Regulator y Commission an dit s Agreemen t Slates

. 8 A releas e o

f source , byproduct , o r

special nuclea r material fro

maprocessin g site designate d under section s 102(a)(1 ) o r

302(a ) o f th e Uranium Mil l Tailing s Radiatio n Contro l Act o f 197 8 i s not

a "release " fo

r purpose s o

f respons e action s under CERCLA

. but

i s subjec t t o th e notificatio n requirement s o

f section s 10

3 (a) an d(b ) (se e sectio n 101(22)) an dliabilit

y under sectio n 107

. 

### reference dsectio n17 0 o f th e Atomi c Energy Act

. Sectio n 170 essentiall y require s certai n licensees , a s aconditio n o f receivin g alicense , t o hav e an d maintai n certai nfinancial protectio n t o cover publi c liability claims

. I n addition , ther e ar e thre e type s o f statutor y exemption s fro

mth e notificatio n requirement s fo r release s o

f hazardou s substances : (1 ) Federall y permitte drelease s a s define di n sectio n101(10) , (sectio n 103(a)) ; (2 ) Applicatio n o

f pesticid e product s registere dunde r

th e Federa l Insecticide , Fungicide , an d Rodenticid e Ac t

(FIFRA) , (sectio n 103(e)) ; an d (3 ) Certai n release s o

f hazardou s waste s whic har e require dt o b e reporte d(or specificall y exempte dfro

ma , requiremen t

fo r reporting ) unde r

th e provision s o

f RCR A an dwhic har e reporte dt o th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r (sectio n 103(f)(1))

. Whil e radionuclide s conceivabl y coul db e presen t

i n lo w level s insome pesticides , th e pesticid e exemptio n i s no t significant

fo r radionuclides

. RCR

A include s unde r

it s jurisdictio nhazardou s waste s containin g naturall y occurrin g an daccelerator-produce dradioactiv e materia l (NARM) , an dtherefore , NAR M release s reporte dunder

RCR A ar e exemp t fro mCERCLA' s reportin g requirements

. However , becaus e RCR A doe s no t cover source , byproduct , an d specia l nuclear

material s othe r

than i n mixture s wit

hothe r hazardou s wastes , an ddoe s no t

cover NAR M release s othe r than i n wastes , th e RCR

A reportin g exemptio n doe s no t appl y t o release s ofthes e materials

. Th e federall y permitte dreleas e exemptio n i s base do n alengthy statutor y definitio n o

f "federall y permitte drelease " insectio n101(10 ) o f th e Ac t that include s areferenc e t o radioactiv e material : (10 ) "federall y permitte drelease "
mean s
. . . (K

) an y releas e of

source , specia l nuclear , o r

byproduc t

material , a s thos e term s ar e define di n th e Atomi c Energ y Ac t o f 1954 , i n complianc e wit halegall y enforceabl e license , permit , regulation , o r orde r issue dpursuan t

t o th e Atomi c Energ y Ac t of 1954

. 

### EP A plan s t o clarif

y th e provision s o

f CERCL A sectio n 101(10

) i n afutur e rulemaking

. Th e preambl e t o that regulatio n wil l contai n some general discussio n o

f th e federall y permitte d releas e exemption , includin g th e provisio n reference dabove , an da respons e t o comment s receive do nth e Ma y 25,198 3 NPR

M (4 8 F R23552 ) whic h firs t discusse dth e federall y permitte d releas e exemptions

. Th e following discussio n i s amor e detaile d explanatio no

f th e federall y permitte d releas e exemptio n a s it

applie s t o radionuclides

. Th e Nuclea

r Regulator

y Commissio n i s responsibl e fo

r man y activitie s under th e Atomi c Energy Act

. License s an d permit s ma

y b e issue db y th e Nuclea r Regulator y Commissio nor

b y state s t

o who mth e authority t

o regulat e radiation-relate dactivitie s ha s bee n relinquishe dunder

a n agreemen t

wit h th e Nuclea

r Regulator y Commissio n (i.e. , Agreement

States)

. Release s in complianc e wit

hlicense s an dpermit s issue db y Agreement

State s unde r

a n agreement wit hth e Nuclea

r Regulator

y Commissio nar e federall y permitte d releases

. Thes e licensin g an dpermittin g activitie s generall y cover

production , transfer , receipt , acquisition , use , delivery , an downershi p b y an y perso n
. o f source , specia l nuclear , or byproduc t material

. The y includ e activitie s regulate di

nconformanc e wit

h Environmental Radiatio n Protectio n Standard s fo

r Nuclea r Powere d Operation s (4

0 CF RPar t 190 ) an d Environmental Standard s fo r Uranium an dThoriumMil

l Tailing s (4

0 CF RPart 192 ) issue db y EP

A under th e Atomi c Energy Act

. Facilitie s typicall y handlin g sourc e material s includ e uraniu mmill s an duraniumprocessin g facilities

. Byproduc t material s ar e use dat

awide variety o f facilitie s includin g radiopharmaceutica l manufacturers , hospital s an dclinics , seale dsourc e manufacturers , an dlaboratories

. Special nuclear material i s primaril y use da s fue l fo r nuclear reactor s an di

nth e productio no

f nuclear weapons
. Regulation s issue db y th e Nuclea r Regulator y Commissio n specifically exemp t certai nfacilitie s fro

mthe Commission' s licensing , permitting , an d regulatory requirements

. Generally , thes e includ e facilitie s operate dunder Nuclea r Regulator

y Commissio n contracts ; transport

carrier s o

f source , byproduct , or

special nuclea

r material ; thos e usin g "unimportan t

quantities " o

f sourc e material ; an dcertai nproductio n an dutilizatio n facilitie s operate db y or fo r th e Departmen t

o f Defens e (se e 1 0 CF RPart s 30 , 40 , 5 0 an d70)

. Becaus e o f thei r specifi c exemptio n fro

mlicensing , permitting , an dregulatory requirement s o f th e Commission , th e Agenc y doe s no t consider release s o

f radionuclide s fro

m thes e facilitie s t

o b e "federall y permitted. " Therefore , suc hrelease s woul dno t fall under

the reportin g exemptio ndefine di

nsectio n 101(10 } o

f CERCLA

. Administratio n o

f th e Atomi c Energy
. Ac t doe s no t resid e solel y wit

hth e Nuclea r Regulator

y Commission

. To th e

### P.3 8

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exten t release s fro msource s ar e i n accordanc e with , licenses , permits, , orders , o r

regulation s issue dunde r th e Atomi c Energ y Ac t

throug hprovision s not administere db y th e Commission , the y als o woul db e considere dfederall y permitte dreleases..Thi s woul dinclud e order s issue dunde r

th e Departmen t

o f Energy' s Atomi c Energy

. Ac t authority

. Othe r aspect s ofth e federall y permitte dreleas e exemptio n als o coul d appl y i n th e cas e of

radionuclides

. Th e exemptio n generall y cover s discharge s an demission s i n compKance.wit h permits-an dcontro l regulation s unde r variou s environmenta l statutes

. Radionuclide s are;.fo r

example , regulate db y EP A a s ahazardou s ai r pollutan t unde r sectio n 11 2 o f

th e Clea n Ai r Act

. An y radionuclid e releas e subjec t t o aspecifi c emissio n limitatio n o r contro l regulatio n establishe dunde r tha t sectio n wouldb e exemp t a s federall y permitted , if

th e releas e wer e i n compliancewithth e applicabl e Clea n Ai r Ac t limit

. I f th e release , however , exceede dth e permitte dleve l b y a n R Q o r more , th e releas e woul db e subjec t t o th e CERCLA reportin g requirements

. Thi s issu e wil f

b e clarifie dfurthe r

i n th e separat e rulemakin g fo r th e federall y permitte dreleas e reporting.exemption

. I n additio n t o th e statutor y exemption s fro mth e R Q notificatio n requirement s fo r

release s o f

hazardou s substances - , sectio n 103(f)(2 ) o f th e Ac t provides , areduce dreportin g requiremen t

fo r release s tha t

ar e "continuous " an d"stabl e i n quantit y an drate. " Suc hrelease s onl y nee dt o b e reporte dannuall y o r

whe n ther e is

. a statisticall y significan t

increas e i n th e quantity,o f

th e hazardou s substanc e release dTherefore ; releases : of radionuclide s tha t

ar e "continuous " an d "stabl e i n quantit y an drate " ma y qualif y for thi s reduce dreportin g requirement

. Th e Agenc y plans t o clarif y th e languag e an dth e notification , requirement s for

continuou s release s i n afutur e rulemaking

. I n summary , release s o f radionuclide s tha t d o no t fai l withi n on e ofth e fou r specifically-liste dexclusion s under

CERCLA sectio n 101(22 ) an dd o no t fall : unde r on e o f th e thre e statutor y exemption s unde r

CERCL A section

. 103,

. woul db e subjec t

t o thi s Notic e o f Propose dRulemaking

. III . Duplicat e Reporting/Regulator y Consistenc y Severa l federa l agencie s hav e existin g requirement s t o repor t

radionuclid e releases , includin g th e Nuclea r Regulator y Commissio n an dth e Department s o f

Transportatio n and

Energy

. EP A ma y als o requir e reportin g unde r th e Toxi c Substance s Contro l Ac t (TSCA)..Th e relevan t

reportin g requirement s o f

eac hagenc y ar e briefl y summarize di n thi s section... • • '>•>

' Th e Nuclea r

Regulator y Commissio n ' control s th e handlin g o f source, : ' byproduct , an dspecia l nuclea r material' s throug har t

extensiv e licensin g an d regulator y program
. This

- progra m include s severa l differen t requirement s fo r responsibl e partie s t o repor t release s o f radionuclide s immediatel y i n certai n case s of

. materia l los s o r

wher e areleas e ma y hav e cause do r

threaten s t o caus e certai n dos e o r

intak e level s t o individuals:(se e 10CF RPart s 20 , 30,40 , an d70)

. In.additio n t o thes e requirements , th e Commissio n ha s severa l othe r

requirement s t o repor t withi n aspecifie dtime , afte r arelease , bu t no t immediatel y (e.g. , withi n 24 hour s o r withi n 3 0 days-fo r

release s involvin g potentia l fo r

lowe r level s o f exposur e an dlowe r

radioactiv e concentrations)

. Th e Departmen t

o f Transportatio n (DOT ) i s responsibl e fo r regulatin g safet y i n th e transportatio n o f al l hazardou s materials

. Accordingly , DO T ha s promulgate dth e Hazardou s Material s Regulation s (4 9 CF RPart s 171-177 ) t o gover n th e transportatio n o f hazardou s materials , includin g radioactiv e materials , an dth e reportin g o f release s associate dwit htransport

. Reportin g i s require dfo r eac hinciden t occurrin g durin g th e cours e o f transportation , includin g death- , injury , propert y damag e exceedin g $50,000 ; o r spillag e o r

suspecte dcontamination

. DO T define s radioactiv e materia l a s an y materia l havin g aspecifi c activit y greate r tha n 0.00 2 microcurie s pe r gram
. Accordin g t o aMemorandu mo f Understandin g (4 4 FR38690 , Jul y 2,1979 ) betwee n DO T an dth e Nuclear ' Regulator y Commission , DO T wil l promptl y notif

y th e Commission ' o f

an y accidents , incidents , an dinstance s o f

. actua l o r suspecte dleakag e involving ; radioactiv e materia l package s if suc ha n even t occur s i n transit

. DO T als o ha s th e responsibilit y o f

encouragin g th e non
Agreemen t

State s t o impos e inciden t reportin g requirement s fo r radioactiv e material s o n shippewan dreceivers

subjec t toth e states ' jurisdiction

. Th e Departmen t

o f Energ y (DOE ) play s tw o entirel y differen t role s i n the

are ao f radionuclid e releases

. I n th e first role , ther e ar e man y establishe d requirement s fo r

DO Eo r it s contractor s an dothe r

member s o f

th e regulate d communit y t o repor t

radionuclid e release s immediately-generall y t o a DOEregionaloperatio hoffice ; whic h ma y i n tur n repor t

th e releas e t o DO E Headquarters

. Man y o f thes e requirements : are , self^mpose dan dar e

spelle dou t

i n severa l differen t

interna l order s written.unde r

th e authorit y ofth e Atomic-Energ y Act

. Thei r purpose s includ e environmenta l protection ; ' r safety , an dhealt hprotection

. I hit s secon drole , DOE , throug hth e Federa l Radiologica l Monitorin g an d Assessmen t

Plan , provide s expertise , guidance , an dassistanc e i n respons e t o radiological 1 hazard s create db y others

. DO Ei s generally h exemp t fromIfcensih g b y th e Nuclea r

Regulator y Commissio n throug hthe-Atomi c Energ y Act , an di s thu s exemp t

from' th e Commission's.

. reportin g requirements.discusse dabove

. However , a s amatte r

o f polity , DO E require s reportin g t o externa l organization s t o keepthemapprise do f importan t

event s a t

DO Efacilities

. Sectio n 8(e ) o f

th e Toxi c Substance s Contro l Ac t

(TSCA ) als o ma y requir e reportin g wher e CERCLA

. doe s not

. Pursuan t t o aStatemen t

of Interpretatio n publishe dMarc h16,197 a (4 3 F R11110) , all

. emergenc y incident s o f environmenta l contaminatio n tha t presen t a"substantia l risk

o f injur y t o healt ho r th e environment " mus t b e reporte dt o EP A unde r

TSC A sectio n 8(e)

. Sectio n 8(e ) coul drequire 1 notificatio n eve n wher e n o CERCL A hazardou s substance s o r RQ s hav e bee n released

. Persons:subjec t t o th e notificatio n requiremen t includ e bot h natura l person s an dbusines s entitie s engage di n th e manufacturing , processing , o r

commercial'distributio n o f chemica l substance s o r mixtures

. N o notificatio n i s require dif th e manufacturer , processor , o r distributo r know s thatEP A ha s been.informe do f th e ris k presente db y th e incident

. Fo r radionuclid e release s subjec t t o CERCLA , asingl e notification.t o the : Nationa l Respons e Cente r wil l satisf

y bot hCERCL A an dTSC A sectio n 8(e ) reportin g requirements ; th e Agenc y wil l ensur e tha t

sectio n 8(e ) report s ar e passe dt o th e prope r

authorities

. CERCL A reporting : requirement s remai n applicabl e an dmandator y despit e occasiona l overla p wit hth e reportin g requirement s note dabov e unde r othe r statute s an dauthorities

. A t most , th e duplicatio n tha t exist s ma y requir e tha t

mor e tha n on e telephon e cal l concernin g areleas e b e mad e b y th e release r an drecorde db y governmen t agencies

. Th e releaser' s responsibilit y t o notif y othe r federa l agencie s i s no t affecte db y thi s propose drule

. EP A wil l b e continuin g it s effort s t o coordinat e it s regulatio n o f

radionuclide s an d cooperat e wit hothe r

federal'agencie's.

.

## P.3 9

817 6 Federa l Register
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. 52 , No

. 5 0 / Monday , Marc h16 , 198 7 /Propose dRule s
IV . Reportabl e Quantit y Adjustment s fo r Radionuclide s A. Introduction and

Previous RQ Adjustment

Methodology Th e primar y purpos e o f th e CERCL A notificatio n requirement s i s t o ensur e tha t releaser s notif

y th e governmen t

s o tha t th e hee dfo r

afedera l respons e ca n b e evaluate dan dan y necessar y respons e undertake n i n atimel y fashion

. Wit hthi s purpos e i n mind , EP A ha s t o dat e promulgate dtw o final rules , adjustin g atota l o f

44 2 o f th e statutor y RQ s fo r CERCL A hazardou s substance s (5 0 FR13456 , Apri l 4,1985 ; 5 1 F R34534 , Septembe r

29,1986)

. Al l o f

thes e R Q adjustment s ar e base do n specifi c scientifi c an dtechnica l criteri atha t relat e t o th e potentia l toxicologica l an d chemica l effect s of ahazardou s substance

. Th e adjuste dRQ s d o no t reflec t adeterminatio n tha t

areleas e o f

' asubstanc e wil l b e hazardou s a t th e R Q leve l an dno t

hazardou s belo w tha t level

. EP A ha s no t

attempte dt o mak e suc hadeterminatio n becaus e th e actua l hazar dwil l var y wit hth e uniqu e circumstance s o f

th e release , an d extensiv e dat aan danalysi s woul db e necessar y t o determin e th e hazar d presente db y eac hsubstanc e i n a numbe r o f possibl e circumstances

. Instead , th e RQ s reflec t th e Agency' s judgmen t

o f whic hrelease s shoul d trigge r mandator y notificatio n t o th e federa l governmen t

s o tha t th e governmen t

ma y asses s t o wha t

extent , if any , afedera l remova l o r remedia l actio n ma y b e necessary
. Th e R Q adjustment s mad e t o dat e hav e bee n designe dto : (1 ) Protec t

publi c healt han dth e environmen t

mor e effectively ; (2 J Improv e EPA' s abilit y t o concentrat e it s attentio n an dresource s o n th e release s tha t

potentiall y ar e mos t threatenin g t o publi c healt ho r welfar e o r th e environment ; an d (3 ) Reduc e th e burden s o f reportin g o n th e regulate dcommunity

. Th e selecte dstrateg y use dfo r adjustin g RQ s i n previou s rulemaking s begin s wit ha n evaluatio n o f th e intrinsi c physical , chemical , an d toxicologica l propertie s o f eac h designate dhazardou s substance

. Th e intrinsi c propertie s examined—calle d "primar y criteria"—ar e aquati c toxicity , mammalia n toxicit y (oral , dermal , an d inhalation) , ignitability , reactivity , chroni c toxicity , an dpotentia l carcinogenicity : (Fo r

th e purpose s o f

thi s rule , chroni c toxicit y i s define da s toxicit y resultin g fro mrepeate do r continuuu s exposur e t o eithe r asingl e releas e o r

multipl e release s o f

a hazardous 1 substance. ) Th e Agenc y generall y rank s eac h intrinsi c propert y o n afive-tie r scale , associatin g aspecifie drang e p f value s o n eac hscal e wit haparticula r R Q value

. Thus , eac hsubstanc e receive s severa l tentativ e R Q value s base do n it s particula r

properties

. Th e lowes t of al l o f th e tentativ e RQ s become s th e "primar y criteri aRQ " fo r tha t substance

. Afte r th e primar y criteri aRQ s ar e assigned , substance s ar e furthe r evaluate dfo r

thei r susceptibilit y t o certai n degradativ e processes
. Thes e natura l degradativ e processe s ar e biodegradation , hydrolysis , an d photolysis , o r

"BHP. " I

f th e analysi s indicate s tha t

asubstanc e degrade s relativel y rapidl y t o ales s harmfu l compoun dthroug hon e o r mor e o f thes e processe s whe n i t

i s release dint o th e environment , th e primar y criteri aR Q i s raise don e level

. Th e singl e R Q assigne d t o eac hsubstanc e o n th e basi s o f th e primar y criteri aan dBH Pbecome s th e adjuste dR Q fo r

tha t substance

. Fo r purpose s o f

R Q adjustment s usin g th e primar y criteri anote dabov e unde r CERCLA , (othe r

tha n potentia l carcinogenicity—se e th e separat e NPR M publishe di n today' s Federa l Register) , EP A ha s adopte dth e fiv e R Q level s of 1 , 10,100,1000 , an d500 0 pound s originall y establishe dpursuan t

t o CWA.sectio n 31 1 (se e 4 0 CFRPar t

117)

. Th e Agenc y adopte dth e CW A five-leve l syste m primaril y becaus e (1 ) i t ha s bee n use d successfull y pursuan t

t o th e CWA ; (2 ) th e regulate dcommunit y i s alread y familia r wit hthes e fiv e levels , an d(3 ) i t distinguishe s th e broa drang e o f potentia l har mpose db y CERCLA hazardou s substances

Eve n thoug hEP A wil l continu e t o us e thi s establishe dfive-leve l syste mfo r mos t R Q adjustments , th e Agenc y doe s
. no t believ e tha t

i t represent s a n appropriat e approac hfo r radionuclide s i n eithe r th e choic e o f

level s o r

th e uni t o f measuremen t

(pounds)

. A one-poun d R Q fo r radionuclides , th e lowes t currentl y available , woul dno t trigge r timel y reportin g o r

respons e fo r

release s o f man y radionuclides

. I n man y cases , release s o f

radionuclide s tha t

ar e severa l order s o f

magnitud e smalle r tha n on e poun dca n represen t ahealt h an denvironmenta l threa t tha t merit s reportin g t o th e Nationa l Respons e Center

. A one-poun dR Q als o doe s no t confor mt o accepte dunit s fo r radiatio n protection

. Th e commonl y accepte d unit s for radiatio n protectio n ar e (1 ) re m (o r sieverts)

. whic hmeasur e th e amoun t o f biologica l damag e resultin g fro m exposur e t o ionizin g radiation , an d(2) curie s (o r

becquerels ) whic hmeasur e th e rat e o f

radioactiv e deca y an dthu s th e rat e a t

whic hradiatio n i s give n of f b y asubstanc e (activit y level)

. Finally , a one-poun dR Q leve l woul ddiffe r
. significantl y fro mreportin g requirement s fo r

radionuclide s unde r othe r regulation s issue db y EP A an d othe r agencies

. Fo r

thes e reasons , EP A i s proposin g adifferen t

approac hfo r radionuclide s (se e discussio n o f th e selecte doptio n i n Sectio n IV.B

. o f thi s preamble)

. Sectio n 102(a ) o f

CERCL A authorizes , an dth e legislativ e histor y encourages , th e Administrato r

to

. se t asingl e R Q for an y hazardou s substance , regardles s of th e mediu mint o whic htha t substanc e i s released

. I n orde r

t o develo p simpl e an d practica l notificatio n provisions , th e Agenc y ha s t o dat e establishe dasingl e R Q fo r eac hhazardou s substance

. I f multipl e RQ s whic hvar y i n accordanc e wit hth e environmenta l medi aint o whic hth e substanc e i s release dwer e established , i t

woul db e mor e difficult fo r th e regulate dcommunit y t o compl y wit hth e reportin g requirements

. Becaus e release s ofte n occu r int o mor e tha n on e medium , th e releaser , unde r a multi-R Q format , woul db e uncertai n whic hR Q woul dapply

. EP A i s proposing , therefore , t o continu e th e single-R Q approac hfo r

eac h radionuclide

. B. Options Considered

and Radionuclide RQ Methodology EP A forme da n interagenc y wor k grou p consistin g o f

representative s of th e Nuclea r

Regulator y Commission , th e U.S

. Coas t

Guard , th e U.S

. Department s of Energ y an dTransportation , an d severa l office s withi n EP A t o discus s issue s an dalternativ e approache s for adjustin g th e radionuclid e RQ

. Th e wor k grou p evaluate danumbe r of option s befor e selectin g th e approac hchose n i n thi s proposal

. Th e followin g principa l option s wer e rejected : Optio n 1 : Leavin g th e radionuclid e R Q a t on e poun d Th e Agenc y considere destablishin g a n adjuste dR Q fo r

radionuclide s equa l t o th e statutor y R Q o f

on e pound

. A s discusse dabov e i n sectio n IV.A

. of thi s preamble , aone-poun dR Q leve l woul d allo w numerou s potentiall y significan t release s o f

man y radionuclide s t o g o unreported

. Man y suc hrelease s wel l belo w on e poun dcoul drepresen t a potentia l healt han denvironmenta l threat

. I n addition , aone-poun dR Q doe s no t confor mt o commonl y accepte dunit s o r accepte dlevel s fo r

radiatio n protection , an di t

woul ddiffe r significantl y fro mreportin g ' ; requirement s unde r

othe r radionuclid e regulation s issue db y EP A an dothe r agencies

. Finally , on e poun dtranslate s

### P.4 0

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int o adifferent

amoun t o f radioactivity , an dthu s adifferent

hazar dlevel , fo

r eac hradionuclide. ' '-

. Optio n 2 : Establishing ^ dose-equivalen t leve l a s th e radionuclide.RQ

. A dose-equivalen t

level , i n unit s o f re mor sieverts , i s ameasur e ofth e amount o f biological damag e resultin g fro mexposur e t

o ionizin g radiation

. Dose-equivalen t

limit s ar e frequently establishe di

n groups , suc ha s 25 mil!ire mt o th e whol e bod y an d7 5 milliremt o th e thyroi dgland

. Radionuclide s coul db e considere da s a clas s wit hadose-equivalen t

level , o r a se t o f dose-equivalen t

level s (e.g. , whol e body an dthyroi dglan dseparately ) coul db e assigne dt o th e entir e class

. Estimatin g adose-equivalen t leve l can b e quit e complicated

. Th e dos e equivalen t

ma y var y substantiall y fo

r differen t releas e circumstances , eve n i f the sam e quantity o

f radionuclid e i s released

. I

n addition , estimatin g dose

equivalen t

level s require s makin g numerou s assumptions , an dth e leve l o f dos e ma y var y drasticall y unde r differen t assumptions

. Becaus e o

f al l th e judgment s an dassumption s require dt o estimat e dos e equivalents , th e estimate d dos e equivalen t

fo r two-different release s wit

hth e sam e level.o f

activity o f the sam e radionuclid e ma y vary drasticall y unde r

different assumptions

. Thi s potential variability make s i t difficul t t o (1 ) assur e tha t

th e government

will b e notifie do

f al l radionuclid e release s tha t i t deem s necessary ; an d(2

) enforc e a n RQ i

n dose-equivalen t

units

. A dose-equivalen t

leve l i s als o more difficul t t o estimat e quickly durin g a n actua l releas e even t

tha n a n activity level

. Th e Agenc y determine dtha t a n R Q in term s o

f dos e equivalen t

(rem ) woul dleav e asignificant

amoun t o f judgment t o th e perso n i n charg e p f th e facilit y or vessel

. Th e perso n i

n charg e woul db e require dt

o estimat e th e quantity released , th e potentia l route s o f exposure , th e perio do

f exposure , an d the mos t vulnerabl e orga

n o f th e body potentiall y affecte db y th e release

. I n essence , i f th e R Q were t o b e establishe din unit s o

f rem , th e perso n in charg e o f th e vesse l or

facilit y woul db e place di n apositio n o

f determinin g whethe r th e releas e pose dathrea t t o publi c healtho

r welfare or

th e environment

. CERCL

A establishe s that rol e fo r th e federa

l government , no t

fo r th e perso n in charg e o

f th e vesse l o r facility

. '

. Optio n 3 : Considerin g radionuclide s a s a clas s wit hasingl e activity leve l Activity leve l i s measure di n unit s o f curie s or becquerels ; an di s a n accepte d uni t o f radiatio n measurement

. Th e Agenc y considere destablishin g on e R Q in unit s o f curie s fo r th e entir e clas s o

f radionuclides

. . ''.'."

. . , .. . Thi s option

. ha s th e advantag e p f bein g simple , an dcurie s ar e relativel y eas y t o measur e quickly durin g a release

. I t doe s not , however , accoun t fo r th e varyin g degree s o

f hazar dpose d b y th e sam e activity leve l o f different radionuclides

. Th e sam e leve l o f radioactivity (i.e. , th e sam e number o f curies ) o f tw o different

radionuclide s ma y yiel dtw o entirel y differen t dos e levels

. Therefore , whil e simplicit y i n reportin g mus t

b e sought , i

t shoul dno t b e accomplishe db y glossin g ove r substantia l difference s amon g individual radionuclides

. I

t woul db e extremel y difficul t t o deriv e a n RQ tha t

i s asingl e leve l o f activit y an dtha t

woul dprovid e timely reportin g o

f the^nos t hazardou s radionuclide s whil e no t

requirin g to o man y report s fo

r others

. A singl e leve l o

f activity could , however , b e a n appropriat e RQ i

f it wer e only applie dt o agroup o f similar radionuclide s (se e Optio n4 below) , Optio n 4 : Groupin g radionuclide s int o categorie s wit

ha n activity leve l assigne dt o eac ho

f th e separate ' categorie s Radionuclide s ma

y b e separate dint o variou s group s i

nsuc haway tha t

a singl e leve l o

f activit y may b e a n appropriat e RQ fo

r alt th e radionuclide s withi n agive ngroup
. On e RQ , whic h woul dassur e timel y reportin g fo r release s o f th e mos t hazardou s radionuclide(s) , coul dthe n b e assigne d t o th e overal l group
. For

example , radionuclide s coul db e groupe dint o "halMif e categories " wit

hprogressivel y higher RQ s fo r thos e categorie s havin g shorte r half lives

. Anothe r

exampl e i s t

o separat e radionuclide s int o group s o f alpha , beta , an dgammaemitters

. Th e RQ s fo r non-radioactiv e substance s hav e bee n establishe dinasimilar fashion , wit

hdifferent

RQ s fo r different group s o f chemical s tha i exhibi t

simila r chemical properties

. Th e Agenc y chos e no t

t o adop t thi s optio n wit heithe r o f th e abov e method s o f categorizin g radionuclides

. The Agenc y believe s tha t

radionuclide s groupe dint o "half-lif

e categories " wit

h progressivel y higher

RQ s fo r those

_ categorie s havin g shorte r

half live s may no t b e protectiv e o

f humanhealthan d th e environment

. For

radionuclid e release s whic hdelive r

th e sam e tota l radiatio ndose , radionuclide s wit h shorte r half live s wil l emi t

radiatio na t

a higher rate

. Therefore , fo

r radionuclide s wit hrelativel y short

hal f lives , th e federal governmen t

ma y wis htp : 

### receiv e notificatio n o

f relativel y smal l release s o f suc hradionuclide s t

o determin e whethe r arespons e actio n i s necessary , eve n i f th e radiatio n dange r

i s relativel y shor t lived

. Wit

hiegard,t o categorizin g radionuclide s o nth e basi s o f whethe r the y ar e primaril y alpha , beta , or gamma emitters , th e actua l threa t t o human healthi s les s dependen t

o n th e natur e o

f th e emissio n tha n o n th e rout e o f exposure
. I

naddition , ther e ar e numerou s radionuclide s that fall int o eac ho f thes e categories , an dasingl e activity-leve l RQ for

th e grou p may no t b e appropriat e fo

r al l th e individual group members

. The Selected

Approach.—The EPA

preferre doptio n begin s wit hadecisio n t o establis ha nR

Q interm s o

f activity (measure di

n unit s o f curies ) fo r individual radionuclides

. Th e primary advantage s o

f thi s strateg y are :

• A leve l o

f radioactivity generall y i s mucheasie r

t o measur e tha n dos e equivalent , woul db e easie r t o confirm , an dwoul dprovid e more timely reportin g than a n RQ in term s o f dos e equivalent

. • Establishin g RQ s for

radionuclide s individuall y woul dallo w consideratio n o f individual radionuclid e characteristics

. Thi s regulatio npropose s t o revis e RQ s fo r al l o f the approximatel y 1,80

0 currentl y know n radionuclides

. A larg e majorit y o f these , however , ar e liste da s ageneri c clas s wit

hasingl e RQ

. To develo p individual RQ s in unit s o f curies , th e Agenc y relie dheavil y o nth e • healthdat aan dhumanintak e limit s publishe db y th e Internationa l Commissio no n Radiatio n Protectio n (ICRP) , particularl y a s reflecte dinit s Publicatio n3 0 (Pergamo n 1982)

. Dat a wer e availabl e fo

r 75 7 radionuclide s an d s o analysi s o

f individual radionuclide s wa s limite dt

o thi s universe

. Th e Commissio n doe s no t

clai mtha t

thi s lis t i s comprehensive , bu t

i t doe s represen t al l radionuclide s fo

r whic hdat aneede d b y EP A t o evaluat e th e effect s o f

a
. radionuclid e releas e ar e available

. Thus , EP A i s today proposin g t

o establis hindividual RQ s fo r 75 7 radionuclides

. Becaus e o

f th e inadequac y o

f availabl e dat afo

r al l othe r radionuclides ; the y ar e propose d t o b e treate da s ageneri c clas s wit ha singl e RQ fo

r th e entir e class

. Radionuclide RQ Adjustment Methodology. —The developmen t o f th e individual proposediRQ s begin s wit hth e Annual Limitation s o

f Intak e (ALIs ) develope db y th e Internation a1

. Commissio no

nRadiatio n Protection

. Th e AUs :
. - - ar e th e annua l intake s of

given radionuclides ' by 'Referenc e Man ' whic hwoul dresul t i n • - either [l ) acommitte deffective dos e

### P.4 1

817 8 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 52 , No

. 5 0 /

Monday , Marc h16 , 198 7 / Propose dRule s equivalent 6 o

f 5 re mt o th e whol e bod

y (stochasti c AU) , o

r (2 ) acommitte ddos e equivalent To

f 5 0 re mt o an y orga

n o r tissu e (non-stochasti c All)

. Th e ICR Pha s presente dALI s fo r bot h ora l ingestio n an dinhalation

. Th e ALIs , whic har e i n unit s o f

microcuries , ar e considere dt o produc e har mcomparabl e t o tha t of receivin g aunifor mwhol e bod y dose-equivalen t

radiatio n exposur e o

f 5 rem
. I t i s importan t

t o clarif y tha t th e ALI s represen t

quantitie s o f radionuclide s take n int o th e body , no t quantitie s release dt o th e environment

. Thes e curi e level s wer e adjuste db y EP A t o reflec t

(1 ) th e differenc e betwee n intak e level s an dreleas e levels , an d(2 ) alowe r dos e equivalen t

o f 50 0 millire m (0. 5 rem) , amor e protectiv e limitation

. Federa l Radiatio n Protectio n Guidanc e recommend s 50 0 millire ma s a n uppe r boun do n exposur e t o individua l member s o f

th e genera l public

. Th e Agenc y currentl y i s considerin g makin g arecommendatio n t o lowe r thi s limit

. I n anticipatio n o f

thi s action , th e Agenc y i s considerin g tw o alternativ e base s fo r th e calculatio n o f

radionuclid e RQs

. Thes e alternative s rang e betwee n 2 5 millire mpe r

yea r an d10 0 millire mpe r yea r dos e equivalent

. A 2 5 millire mpe r yea r dos e equivalen t

woul dresul t

i n RQ s o f V2 0 th e valu e o f

RQ s i n today' s notice

. A10 0 millire mpe r yea r dos e equivalen t

woul dresul t

i n RQ s o f

Vs th e valu e o f RQ s i n today' s notice

. Th e 2 5 millire mlimi t

reflect s th e standard s i n existin g regulation s promulgate db y EPA

. Fo r example , rule s whic happl y t o high-leve l radioactiv e wast e disposa l (4 6 CFRPar t 191 ) limi t

exposur e t o th e genera l publi c t o 2 5 millire mpe r year
. Nationa l Emissio n Standard s fo r Hazardou s Ai r

Pollutant s (NESHAP ) se t unde r th e Clea n Ai r

Ac t (4 0 CF RPar t 61 ) als o limi t exposur e t o th e genera l publi c t o 2 5 millire mpe r

year
. Th e highe r endpoin t o f th e range , 10 0 millirem , i s believe dt o b e areasonabl e optio n fo r th e revisio n o f

th e Federa l Radiatio n Protectio n Guidance

. Fo r purpose s o f

thi s rulemaking , th e Agenc y use dconservativ e assumption s regardin g differen t

release s t o ai r

an d water , an danalyze dexposur e throug h inhalation , ingestion , an ddirec t exposure
. Th e Agenc y the n estimate d

. th e smalles t

numbe r o f curie s o f

a radionuclid e which , if

release dt o th e environment , woul db e likel y t o resul t i n aperso n bein g expose dt o ados e equivalen t

o f 50 0 millirem

. I n developin g propose dRQs , th e Agenc y doe s no t

accoun t fo r radioactiv e deca y explicitl y i n it s models

. Thi s i s a conservativ e approac hresultin g i n lowe r RQ s fo r som e short-live d radionuclide s becaus e som e short-live d radionuclide s deca y prio r t o causin g a dos e equivalen t

o f 500 millirem

. Th e Agenc y too k

thi s conservativ e approac h t o simplif y th e analysi s an dbecaus e fe w radionuclid e release s ar e expecte dt o b e affecte db y thi s approach

. EP A seek s commen t o n th e appropriatenes s o f incorporatin g explicitl y radiologica l deca y i n th e model s develope dfo r th e exposur e pathway s discusse dbelow

. I f radionuclid e hal f

live s ar e incorporate d explicitl y int o th e mode l calculations , th e RQ s fo r

som e short-live d radionuclide s woul dincrease

. Separat e equation s wer e derive dt o adjus t th e ALI s t o determin e releas e value s i n curie s fo r

bot hth e inhalatio n an dingestio n pathways

. A thir dse t o f equation s wa s derive dt o develo p releas e value s o n th e basi s o f direc t exposur e t o aradionuclid e release

. Al l of thes e equation s ar e discusse dbriefl y belo w an di n mor e detai l i n th e Technica l Backgroun dDocumen t t o Suppor t Propose dRulemakin g Pursuan t t o Sectio n 10 2 of

CERCLA : Radionuclide s (hereinafte r Technica l Backgroun dDocument) , availabl e fo r inspectio n a t

Roo mLG-10 0 U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 40 1 M Street , SW , Washington , D C 20460

. A s note dearlier , us e o f

a n activit y leve l i n curie s rathe r

tha n ados e equivalen t wa s selecte dbecaus e i t

i s easie r t o measur e an dconfirm , an dwoul dprovid e mor e timely reportin g tha n a n R Q i n term s o f dos e equivalent

. Inhalation.— -The inhalatio n equatio n derive s aReleas e Valu e fo r eac h radionuclide

. Releas e Value s ar e i n unit s o f curie s an drepresen t

th e activit y leve l o f eac hradionuclid e which , if release dunde r

conservativ e circumstances , coul dresul t i n a n expose dindividua l receivin g ados e equivalen t

o f 50 0 millire m(0. 5 rem)

. Th e Releas e Value s ar e derive db y dividin g th e ALI fo r

inhalatio n presente di n th e ICR PPublicatio n 3 0 b y th e produc t of severa l factors :
.

Inhalatio n Releas e Valu e A U

10(R](X/Q)(BR)(1X10 6 )

* The total whol e bod

y dos e equivalent

resulting fro mintake s o

f radionuclide s i

n on e year TTh e total dos e equivalen t average dthroughout

a tissu e in th e 5 0 yea n afte

r intake o f aradionuclid e into th e body

. Where : AU=Annua l limitation s o f intak e for

. inhalatio n (microcuries) ; 10=Conversio n factor betwee n 5 re

man d50 0 millirem ; R=Releas e Fraction ; X/Q=Atmospheri c Relativ e Concentratio n Value ; BR=Breathin g Rate ; an d lX10 6 =Conversio n factor betwee n microcurie s an dcuries

. Fo r th e ALI , previousl y described , wher e mor e tha n on e inhalatio n ALI i s give n b y ICR Pfo r

aparticula r radionuclide , th e lowes t on e wa s used

. Thi s approac hassure s tha t th e possibl e releas e of

th e mos t hazardou s chemica l formi s take n int o consideration

. Th e releas e fractio n describe s th e portio n of

radioactiv e material s tha t coul dbecom e airborn e an db e o f respirabl e siz e [1 0 micron s i n diamete r o r less)

. Th e atmospheri c relativ e
. concentratio n valu e correspond s t o a ground-leve l relativ e concentratio n3 0 meter s downwin dfro maground-leve l releas e unde r

stabl e meteorologica l conditions

. Thirt y meter s wa s chose n becaus e cordon s aroun dareleas e o f a chemica l hazardou s substanc e a t a transportatio n inciden t

ar e generall y 3 0 meter s i n radius

. A t

fixedfacilities , th e distanc e t o unrestricte darea s i s likel y t o b e greate r

tha n 3 0 meters ; therefor e 3 0 meter s wil l result.i n aconservativ e estimat e fo r

exposure
. Fo r

restricte d area s a t fixe dfacilities , 3 0 meter s woul d b e areasonabl e cordoned-of f zone
. A ground-leve l releas e unde r stabl e (Clas s D ) meteorologica l condition s lead s t o highe r ground-leve l concentration s tha n above-groun drelease s i n mor e turbulen t conditions , an dthu s alower , mor e protectiv e RQ

. Th e breathin g rat e o f

"Referenc e Man " i s take n t o b e 2. 3 X IO 7 cubi c centimeter s pe r

day

. Th e Agenc y request s comment s an ddat apertainin g t o th e assumption s underlyin g th e inhalatio n exposur e model

. Ingestion.—The ingestio n equatio n use dforR Q developmen t i s base do n a releas e o f

aradionuclid e t o groun d wate r usin g a n advection-dispersio n ground-wate r

model , combine dwit h conservativ e estimate s fo r suc h parameter s a s ground-wate r flo w velocitie s an dtransvers e an d longitudina l dispersion

. Th e resultin g equation , lik e th e on e fo r inhalation , derive s aReleas e Valu e b y dividin g th e AL I fo r ingestio n b y th e produc t o f severa l factors , here/a n assume d dilutio n factor , contact.time , an dwate r consumptio n rate , a s wel l a s numerica l factors

. Radionuclide s ca n b e ingeste dthroug h th e consumptio n of

contaminate d foodstuffs o r

contaminate ddrinkin g water

. Th e commo n pathwa y fo r

### P.4 2

Federa l Registe r/

Vol

. 52 , No

. 5 0 /

Monday , Marc h16 , 198 7 / Propose dRule s 

## 8179

radionuclide s t o reac hth e foo dchai n i s followin g a n atmospheri c radioactiv e release , e.g. , i n th e releas e fro mth e Chernoby l nuclea r

powe r plan t man y Europea n countrie s ha dgrea t concer n regardin g th e safet y o f

foo dcrop s an d milk

. Th e Agenc y evaluate deac hof th e 75 7 radionuclide s fo r

whic hth e ICR P develope dALI s an dcalculate dReleas e Value s fo r

tw o ingestio n exposur e routes : foo dcro p an ddrinkin g water

. Fo r th e majorit y o f

radionuclides , th e drinkin g wate r

exposur e rout e resulte d i n lowe r Releas e Value s (i.e. , wa s a mor e critica l rout e o f

exposure)

. Further , fo r th e radionuclide s fo r

whic hth e foo d cro p pathwa y produce dlowe r Releas e Values , th e Agenc y determine dtha t i n th e vas t majorit y o f

case s eithe r inhalatio n o r

direc t exposur e wa s eve n mor e critica l tha n foo dcro p ingestion

. Therefore , th e Agenc y ha s chose n t o procee dwit hdevelopmen t of aReleas e Valu e fo r ingestio n base do n consumptio n o f

contaminate ddrinkin g water

. In addition , t o b e mos t protective , aground-wate r

exposur e rout e wa s selecte dove r

surfac e wate r

exposure
. Base do n ou r

modelin g assumptions , a releas e o f

radionuclide s int o ariver o r lak e woul dlikel y resul t i n large r dilutio n factor s tha n areleas e t o a haquife r an d subsequentl y int o adrinkin g wate r well

. Thi s larg e dilutio n facto r woul dresul t

i n lowe r concentration s o f

radionuclide s i n th e drinkin g wate r

an dlowe r

level s o f radioactiv e contamination

. Th e • Technica l Backgroun dDocumen t ha s furthe r detai l o n th e foo dcrop , groun d water , an dsurfac e wate r exposur e routes

. Th e Agenc y request s comment s •an ddat apertainin g t o al l exposur e scenarios

. Th e equatio n whic hEP A ha s adopte d for th e calculatio n o f

Releas e Value s base do n consumptio n o f contaminate d groun dwate r

is : Ingestio n Releas e Valu e AL I 10(DF|(CT)(WC)(1X10 fl)

where : AU=Lowes t

Ingestio n AU given i

n the ICR P Publicatio n 30 ; lO=Conversio n factor

betwee n 5 re

man d50 0 millirem ; DF=Dilutio n Faclo r

(l/liter) ; CT=Contac t

tim e (days] ; WC=Wate r

consumptio n o

f "Referenc e Man " (2 liters/day) ; and IX10 ° - = Conversio n factor

betwee n microcurie s an dcuries

. Th e maximu mconcentratio n i n a plum e 3 0 meter s downgradien t fro ma poin t

sourc e releas e i s calculate dusin g ground-wate r

advection-dispersio n modelin g equation s whic htak e int o accoun t sorptio n o f

th e radionuclide s i n th e aquifer

. Thi s maximu m concentratio n i s reflecte din th e Dilutio n Facto r (DF)

. Thirt y meter s i s chose n fo r consistenc y wit hth e atmospheri c model

. Contac t time , calculate dusin g th e advection-dispersio n ground-wate r - model , i s th e tota l lim e acontaminan t plum e wil l b e i n contac t wit hawel l locate d3 0 meter s (i n thi s case ) fro mth e source
. Contac t

tim e wil l var y b y radionuclid e an dwil l b e relate dt o th e sorptio n coefficien t

discusse dabove

. Th e dail y wate r

consumptio n estimat e i s assume db y th e ICR Pt o b e 2 liter s an d i s use dhere

. Direct Exposure. —An equatio n wit h th e sam e parameters—th e quantit y of radiatio n intercepte db y "Referenc e Man " (ICR PPublicatio n 23 , Pergamon , '1975 ) a t adistanc e o f

3 0 meter s fro ma releas e an dlimitin g th e exposur e t o 50 0 millirem—als o wa s develope dt o calculat e avalu e fo r

athir drout e o f exposure , direc t

exposur e t o apoin t sourc e releas e of

aradionuclide

. Th e direc t exposur e Releas e Value s represen t th e amoun t

o f radionuclide , i n curies , necessar y t o provid e agamm a ra y dos e o f

50 0 millirad , th e sam e a s a dos e equivalen t

o f 50 0 millirem , t o a n individua l 3 0 meter s fro mapoin t sourc e releas e o f

radioactiv e material

. Gamm a ray s alon e ar e considere di n thi s equatio n becaus e th e mea n fre e pat ho f alph aan dbet aparticle s wit henergie s lowe r tha n 1 0 Me V i s les s tha n 3 0 meters

. Th e Direc t

Exposur e Releas e Valu e equatio n i s presente dbelow :

Direc t Exposure Releas e Valu e

where : (6.41X10~ 0 )(Pn)(S 2 ]

(E 1 )(u_)(T)(exp(-u.S) )

D n = Dos e equivalen t

(0. 5 rem) ; S=Distanc e fro

mth e releas e (3 0 m) ; Ei=Summationo f

the produc t

o f the gamma ray energie s (MeV

) an dthe gammara y fraction s fo

r eac hradionuclide ; u,=Linea r

absorptio n coefficien

t fo r gamma ray s i n ai r (cm" 1 ) ; T=Duratio n o

f exposure (2

4 hours) ; an d exp(-u,S)=Atmospheri c attenuatio n fro mth e point o f releas e t o th e receptor

. Th e facto r

6.4 1 X10~ S i s aconstan t whic hrelate s gamm ara y energ y t o exposure , an di s discusse di n mor e detai l i n th e Technica l Backgroun d Document

. Th e Agenc y request s comment s o n thi s exposur e scenario

. Th e Agenc y i s als o considerin g a n alternativ e metho do f

calculatin g direc t exposur e Releas e Values , usin g specifi c gamm ara y constant s rathe r tha nth e direc t exposur e Releas e Valu e equatio n discusse dabove

. Th e gamm ara y constant s ar e derive dempiricall y an d ar e availabl e onl y fo r

asubse t o f radionuclides

. Th e Agenc y request s commen t o n th e appropriatenes s o f usin g th e gamm ara y constant s wheneve r

available , an dusin g th e equatio n discusse dabov e fo r th e calculatio n of

Releas e Value s fo r radionuclide s whe n th e constant s ar e no t available

. A separat e direc t

exposur e equatio n wa s develope dfo r

submersio ni na radioactiv e clou do f

nobl e ga s becaus e submersio n i n aradioactiv e clou d result s i n a n integrate ddos e fro mal l direction s a t

varyin g distance s fro mth e body , unlik e direc t

exposur e t o apoin t source
. Ingestio n an dinhalatio nar e not ' significan t

exposur e pathway s fo r nobl e gase s a s aresul t

o f thei r inertness , an d ALI s fo r ingestio n an dinhalatio n ar e no t presente db y th e ICR Pfo r mos t nobl e gases
. Th e direc t

exposur e Releas e Value s fo r submersio n i n aradioactiv e clou do f nobl e ga s ar e derive dfo r argon , krypton , an dxeno n throug hth e followin g equation :
Direct Exposure Releas e = Value " 83(DAC)(T ) 10(X/Q)( 1 XlO 6)

where : DAC=Derive dAirborn e Concentratio n (microcuries/cm 3 ) ; T=Duratio n o

f exposure ( 1 day) ; •10=Conversio n factor

betwee n5 reman d50

0

• millirem ; • •X/ Q = Atmospheri c Relativ e Concentratio n Valu e at 3 0 meter s (8.4X10' ,s day/cm 3 ) : an d 1X10 6 =Conversio n factor betwee n microcurie s an dcuries

. Th e DA C valu e specifie s th e airborn e concentratio n tha t

woul dresul t

i na5 re mwhol e bod y dos e equivalen t fo r a
. 200 0 hou r

exposur e period

. T o adjus t th e airborn e concentratio n fro ma200 0 hou r exposur e perio dt o a24 hou r exposur e period , w e multipl y th e DA C valu e b y 8 3 (200 0 hours-^2 4 hours)

. X/ Q i s th e ground-leve l concentratio n valu e 3 0 meter s fro mth e releas e point

. Th e Agenc y request s comment s an ddat ao n thi s exposur e scenario

. Establishing the RQ. —For eac h radionuclide , therefore , thre e value s ar e

### P.4 3

818 0 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 52 , No

. 5 0 /

Monday , Marc h16

. 198 7 / Propose dRule s
derived

. Th e Agency ha s selecte dth e lowes t o f th e thre e value s fo

r eac h specifi c radionuclid e wit

hth e inten t

o f choosin g a n RQ tha t

i s th e mos t protectiv e o

f human healthan dth e environment

. Thi s i s comparabl e t o th e methodolog y use dt o adjus t chemical RQ s i n previou s rulemaking s whic h evaluate s si x intrinsi c propertie s or "primary criteria " fo

r eac hhazardou s substance

. Afte

r assignin g tentativ e RQ s fo r th e variou s properties , th e lowes t tentativ e RQ become s th e "primary criteri aRQ " fo

r that substance

. A detaile dexplanatio n o

f th e methodolog y use dt o deriv e propose dradionuclid e RQ s can b e foundi

n Chapte r 4 o f th e Technical Backgroun dDocument

. To simplif y administratio n an d implementatio n o

f RQ reportin g fo

r th e 75 7 separat e radionuclides , EP A ha s decide dt o plac e eac hradionuclid e i n on e o f seve n groups , eac hgroup assigne dasingl e specifi c propose dRQ

. Th e Technica l Backgroun dDocument discusse s thi s assignmen t o f RQ s in greate r detail

. Th e propose dRQ s fo r th e seve n radionuclid e group s ar e a s follows :

Pro

pose d adjuste d RQ(i n curies )
0.00 1 0.0 1 0. 1 1 1 0 10 0 100 0 Lowes t releas e

valu e rang e (i n curies )

0.001- 0 009 9 0.01-0.09 9 0.1-0.9 S 1-9.9 9 10-99.9 9 100-999.9 9 100 0 an d greate r Numbe ro f radionu

clide s

6 (0.8% ) 2 5 (3.3% ) 2 4 (3.2% ) 3 5 (4.6% ) 34 2 (45.2% ) 236(31.2% ) 89(11.8% )



### All know n radionuclide s no t liste db y th e ICR Phav e bee n assigne dapropose d fina l R Q o f on e curie

. Availabl e informatio n o n thes e radionuclide s i s insufficient

fo r an y meaningful analysi s b y th e Agenc y o

f th e appropriatenes s o

f an y particular

RQ fo r individual radionuclide s in thi s group or th e group a s awhole. A propose dRQ o f on e curi e wa s selecte dbecaus e i

t i s th e middl e RQ category , an dth e majorit y o f radionuclide s (9 3 percent ) examine d individuall y hav e propose dRQ s a t leas t at thi s level

. Th e Agenc y expect s tha t release s o f a n RQ or more o f an y o f thes e radionuclide s woul db e rare
. Therefore , EP

A i s proposin g agroup RQ tha t it believe s i s sufficiently protectiv e o f publi c healthan dwelfare an dth e environmen t

withou t posin g a n unreasonabl e burde n o n th e regulate d community

. Assignmen t

o f th e individuall y calculate dRQ t o on e o

f th e seve n group s an dplacemen t

o f othe r radionuclide s i n th e generi c R

Q grou p shoul dno t

b e interprete dt o mean that al l radionuclide s i

n an y givengrou

p represen t th e sam e threat

o r danger t o publi c healthan dwelfare an dth e environment

. Tw o or

more radionuclide s wit hth e sam e propose dR

Q do no t reflec t adeterminatio nthat

areleas e o

f on e wil l b e a s hazardou s a s th e releas e o f another , or

eve nthat th e releas e o

f one wil l b e hazardou s at

th e propose d RQ leve l an dno t

hazardou s belo w that level

. Th e actua l hazar dwil l vary wit h th e uniqu e circumstance s o f th e release , an dextensiv e scientifi c dat aan d analysi s woul db e necessary t o determin e th e hazar dpresente db y eac h substanc e under

anumber o f possibl e circumstances

. Th e propose dRQ s ar e designe dt o b e atrigge

r fo r notificatio n an dreflec t

th e Agency' s judgment

tha t th e federal government

shoul db e notifie do f certai n release s t o whic ha federal respons e migh

t b e necessary
. Th e RQ s represen t

adeterminatio n only o f possibl e or

potentia l harm , not

that release s o f aparticular

amount o f a hazardou s substanc e necessaril y wil l b e harmful t o publi c healthor welfare or th e environment

. C. Alternative

Approaches 

### I n additio nt o th e metho dan d assumption s usedt o develo p th e R Q adjustment s propose dtoday , EP A i s solicitin g comment s o nth e underlyin g assumption s discusse dabov e an dals o i s considerin g othe r

methodologie s fo

r developin g RQ s fo

r radionuclides

. Thes e approache s ar e describe dbelow

. EP A request s publi c comment

o n whethe r on e o f thes e approache s o

r arelate d approac hwoul db e more appropriat e fo r establishin g the R Q adjustment s inth e fina l rul e tha n tha t

use dfo r today' s proposal

. 1

. Us e Simila

r Pathway-Base d Methodology , bu t

wit hDifferen t Assumption s I n th e metho duse dt

o develo p today' s propose dRQs , EP

A ha s chose nt

o mode l th e pathway s tha t

coul db e take n b y release dradionuclides , usin g thre e exposur e scenario s fo

r eac ho f th e 757 radionuclide s fo

r whic hintake limit s ar e available

. Under

thi s approach , th e assumption s governin g exposur e scenario s ar e critical t o th e outcome

. Whil e EP A believe s th e scenario s used wer e reasonable , ther e coul db e circumstance s wher e a

n actua l releas e result s in ados e equivalen t higher than 50 0 millirem

. Therefore , th e Agenc y i s considerin g th e us e o

f different assumptions , whic hcoul dresul t i n different RQ s fo r man y radionuclides

. EP A recognize s that , whe n usin g modelin g technique s suc ha s th e thre e selecte dexposure scenarios , ther e wil l b e instance s in whic hth e fact s o f a particular situatio nma

y vary fro mth e assumption s relie dupo n in th e model

. Fo r example , th e thre e exposur e scenario s incorporat e th e assumptio n that the distanc e betwee nth e releas e an dth e poin t

o f exposur e i s 3 0 meters

. I

t i s possible , however , that

a nexpose d individual ma

y b e locate dneare r

t o th e release

. A differen

t assume ddistanc e woul dresul t

in differen

t calculate d Releas e Value s fo

r thes e pathways , an d different resultin g RQ s in some cases
. EP A i s considerin g an dsolicitin g comment s o

n whethe r ashorte r distanc e (perhap s a s lo w a s one meter) ma y b e more appropriate

. EP A als o i s considerin g whethe r other assumption s usedinth e thre e exposur e scenario s ar e sufficiently protectiv e o f publi c health , suc ha s th e perio dfo r direc t exposure
. Exposure t

o a n unreporte dreleas e coul dcontinu e longer thanth e 24-hou

r perio duse di

n th e scenario

. Therefore , a n assumptio n o f si x month s or

on e yea r o f exposur e ma y b e more appropriat e than a24-hou r exposure period

. Th e Agency solicit s publi c comment

an ddat ao nthi s general issu e an dsuggestion s fo

r th e mos t appropriat e choice s fo

r exposur e scenario s fo

r the development

o f RQs

. 2

. Establis hRQ s a s aMultipl e o f th e ALI s EP A als o i s solicitin g comment o n alternativ e methodologie s fo r calculatin g RQs

. For

inhalatio n an d ingestion , on e metho dunde r consideratio ni s t o multiply th e lowes t AL I fo r eac hradionuclid e b y aselecte d numerical constant

. EP

A i s considerin g numerical constant s suc ha s 5

. For th e very wors t

cas e o f exposure , i.e. , ingestio n o

r inhalatio no

f 10 0 percen t o f areleas e b y asingl e individual , a n amount o f 5 time s th e AL

I woul dresul t i n aradiatio ndos e o

f 2 5 rem , ados e a

t whic hmeasurabl e immediate effect s ar e firs t observed

. Becaus e th e numerical constan t o f 5 i s relate dt o a

n assumptio n that ma y b e overly conservative , EP A als o i s considerin g higher

numerical constant s whic hmigh

t b e justifie db y considerin g exposure s les s conservativ e tha nth e very wors t

case
. EP A als o i s considerin g lower

numerical constant s t o reflec t alower acceptabl e dos e equivalent

. EP

A request s commen

t o n thi s approach , o

n asuitabl e choic e fo

r th e numerical constant , an do na rational e fo

r th e numerical constan t chosen

.

### P.4 4

Federa l Registe r/

Vol

. 52

. No , 5 0 /

Monday , Marc h16 , 198 7 / Propose dRule s 818 1

D. Reporting Requirements for Mixtures of Radionuclides Som e release s o

f radioactiv e substance s ar e likely t

o consis t o f mixture s o

f radionuclides

. Thes e release s wil l b e on e o

f tw o general types: mixture s o

f know n compositio n or mixture s o

f unknow n composition

. Mixture s o

f Know n Compositio n Th e Agenc y i s proposin g th e following metho dfo r evaluatin g mixture s o

f know n composition

. Thi s metho di s differen t fro mth e mixture rul e fo

r othe r hazardou s substance s establishe dunde r the Clea n Wate r Ac t (se e 5 0 F R13456 , Apri l 4,1985)

. Reportin g requirement s fo r release s involvin g mixture s o

f know n compositio n can b e obtaine ddirectl y fro mth e propose dRQ s fo

r individual constituent s ofth e mixture

. I f th e identity an dquantity (i

n curies ) o

f eac h radionuclid e involve di

n areleas e event

° i s known , th e decisio n whethe r t o report

. areleas e mus t

b e mad e i

n th e following manner : fo

r eac hradionuclid e in th e mixture , determin e th e ratio betwee n th e quantity release din curie s an dth e RQ fo r th e radionuclide

. I

f th e su mofth e ratio s fo r al l radionuclide s i s les s tha n 1 , th e releas e nee dno t

b e reported

. I

f th e su mi s equa l t

o or greate r tha n 1 , th e releas e mus t

b e reporte dt o th e National Respons e Center

. Fo r example , i

f radionuclide s "a" , "b" , an d"c " ar e presen t

in quantitie s Qa , Qb , an dQ c curie s in amixture , an di f th e propose dRQ s ar e RQa , RQb , an d RQc , respectively , the n th e quantity release dfo

r th e mixture doe s no t

equal or excee dth e propose dRQ an dth e releas e nee dno t

b e reporte dt o th e Nationa l Respons e Cente r i f (Qa/ RQa+ Qb/RQ b + Qc/RQc ) i s les s tha n 1

. Thi s conventio n fo

r handlin g release s o

f radionuclid e mixture s i s recommende d b y th e ICR Pan dpresentl y i s use din existin g federal regulation s (e.g. , 1 0 CF R Part 20)

. Mixture s o

f Unknow n Compositio n Reportin g requirement s fo r mixtures , wher e eithe r

th e amount

or identity o f th e radionuclide s i

n th e mixture ar e unknown , canno t

b e base do

n th e determinatio n o

f quantitie s released

. Ther e ar e thre e possibilities : (1 ) Th e identity o f th e radionuclide s involve di s known , bu t

th e amount s release do

f eac hi s unknown , (2

) th e identity o

f th e radionuclide s (or

on e o f th e radionuclides ) i

n th e mixture i s unknown , bu t

th e amount

release di s know n in tota l curie s pe r

uni t volume o r weight , or (3 ) th e identity o

f th e radionuclide s involve di s unknow n an d th e amoun t

o f radionuclide s released.i n th e mixture i s unknown

. For thes e cases , EP A propose s that

th e decisio nt o report areleas e b e mad e a s follows : (1 ) Identity

known, but

amount unknown. 

### I f th e identity o

f eac hradionuclid e i

nthe mixture i s know n bu t

th e amoun t

o f on e or more o f th e radionuclide s i s unknown , th e RQ fo

r th e mixture shal l b e th e lowes t

RQ o f an y radionuclid e in th e mixture

. Thi s metho dfo

r determinin g th e R

Q o f amixture assure s areport t o th e Nationa l Respons e Center i f th e tota l number o f curie s involve di

nareleas e i s equa l t o or greate r tha nth e RQ incurie s o f th e substanc e wit

hth e lowes t propose dRQ in th e mixture

. (2) an d(3 ) Identity of

radionuclide(s) in the release is unknown. I f th e identity o

f aradionuclid e in a releas e i s unknow nor

i f th e identity o

f on e or mor e radionuclide s i

nth e releas e o f amixture o

f radionuclide s i s unknown , th e releas e mus t b e reporte d t o th e Nationa l Respons e Center i f th e tota l releas e i s equa l t

o o r greate r than1 curie , or i f th e tota l releas e i s equa l t o o r greate r tha n th e lowes t

RQ o f an y know nradionuclid e in th e mixture , whicheve r

i s lower

. Establishin g a n RQ o

f 1 curi e fo r a releas e in whic hth e identity o f th e radionuclid e o r

radionuclide s involve d i s unknow n i s consisten t

wit hth e 1 curi e R Q fo r th e clas s o

f radionuclide s fo

r whic hinsufficient

dat aexis t

t o establis h individua l RQs

. Thi s mixture rule , require s reportin g i

f th e releas e equals or exceed s 1 curie , or , i

f som e component

o f th e mixture i s know n an d it s RQ i s les s tha n 1 curie , the n th e tota l releas e mus t

b e reporte dif

i t equals or exceed s th e RQ o

f th e know n component

. Th e Agenc y als o i s considerin g establishin g a nR Q fo r unknow n mixture s at

0.00 1 curie , th e lowes t propose dR

Q level

. Thi s i s base d upo n th e assumptio ntha t

th e releas e ma y b e o f th e mos t dangerou s radionuclide

. Thi s approac hassure s tha t th e government

ha s th e opportunity t o evaluat e al l uncertai nbu t potentiall y dangerou s radionuclid e release s an d respond , i f necessary
. CommonRadionuclid e Mixture s Th e Agenc y toda y als o i s proposin g t o establis hRQ s fo

r tw o commo n radionuclid e mixtures : radium-22 6 in equilibriu mwit

hit s daughters , an d natura l uranium

. Th e Agenc y i s proposin g thes e RQ s fo

r th e convenienc e o

f person s frequentl y handlin g thes e mixtures

. Th e RQ s ar e develope ddirectl y fro

mth e mixture rul e discusse dabove

. Radium-22 6 ha s ahal f lif e o f 1,60 0 years , substantiall y greate r than th e half live s o f it s daughters

. Afte

r asufficient perio do f time , however , astat e o

f equilibriu mi s establishe di n th e mixture , suc htha t

th e quantity o

f activity presen t

fo r eac hdaughte r produc t an dtheiparen t

radiu mi s equal

. Whe nradiu man dit s daughter s reac h thi s stat e o

f equilibrium , th e RQ o

f th e mixture i s 0,43 curie , i

n contras t t o th e 1 curi e RQ fo

r radium-226

. Natura l uraniu mi s compose do f th e isotope s uranium-23 8 (99.2 7 percen t b y weight) , uranium-23 4 (0.005 7 percen t b y weight) , an duranium-23 5 (0.7 2 percen t b y weight)

. Becaus e w e kno w th e compositio n b y weight

o f natura l uranium , w e canderiv e th e activit y level s o f eac ho f it s components

. Th e propose dRQ for'natura l uranium , derive dthroughth e mixture rule , i s 0. 1 curie , th e sam e a s th e R

Q fo r th e 3 isotope s inth e mixture

. Mixe dfissio nproduct s ar e als o recognize db y th e Agenc y a s a n importan t an dcommo n radionuclid e mixture

. However , th e Agenc y today i s proposin g RQ s onl y fo

r th e individual radionuclid e component s withi n mixe d fission product s becaus e a nRQ fo r thi s mixture woul dhav e t o b e time

dependent

. Tha t

is , a t different times, th e concentratio n o

f th e different component s o

f thi s mixtur e wil l b e different

. I

n addition , th e compositio n o f mixe dfissio nproduct s depend s upo n th e typ e o f reacto r whic hproduce s th e mixe dfissio n product

. Thus , different RQ s woul dnee dt o b e presente dfo r different mixe dfissionproducts

. E. Other Issues Estimatin g th e Effects o

f Radiatio n Th e harmful effect s o

f radiatio no

n human s hav e bee nth e focu s o f mos t o f th e researc heffort s concernin g radiatio n exposur e inth e past

. EPA , o f course , als o i s concerne dwit

hth e broade r proble mo f potentiall y deleteriou s effect s t o th e environment , a s wel l a s t o humans

. I n adjustin g radionuclid e RQs , th e Agency' s goal i s t

o ensure , t o th e exten t possible , ampl e protectio nfo r th e mos t sensitiv e specie s o

f floraan d fauna

. T o identif

y th e mos t

sensitiv e species , th e Agenc y reviewe dth e existin g literatur e an ddetermine dtha t presen t informatio n indicate s that RQ s chose nt o provid e adequat e protectio n o f th e humanspecie s woul db e sufficiently protectiv e o

f th e environmen t

a s well

. Th e Agenc y ha s determined , therefore , tha t RQ adjustment s develope dwit hth e goal o

f protectin g publi c healt hals o wil l adequatel y protec t

th e environmen t

### P.4 5

818 2 Federa l Registe r/ Vol

. 52 , No

. 5 0 /

Monday , Marc h16 , 198 7 / Propose dRule s

EP A solicit s publi c comment s o n thi s approach

. Individua l RQ s EP A i s intereste di n receivin g publi c commen t o n th e selecte dmethodolog y an do n whethe r

RQ s fo r individua l radionuclide s ar e believe dt o b e to o lo w o r to o high

. EP A woul db e intereste di n suggestion s an ddat aregardin g wha t criteri ath e Agenc y shoul dconside r i n technicall y o r

administrativel y adjustin g apropose dR Q fo r

a n individua l radionuclide

. Concentratio n Cutof

f Unde r thi s propose drule , release s o f larg e volume s of

dilut e material , whic h presen t littl e o r n o immediat e dange r

t o publi c health , coul db e reportable

. Therefore , EP A i s considerin g whethe r a concentratio n cutof

f (expresse di n curie s pe r gram) , belo w whic hth e RQ s fo r radionuclide s woul dno t appl y (simila r i n principl e t o tha t

use db y DO T i n definin g radioactiv e materia l (se e sectio n H

I o f thi s notice) ) would.b e appropriat e t o eliminat e unnecessar y an dexcessiv e reporting

. Th e basi s o f

th e DO T concentratio n cutof f i s t o av.oi dregulatio n o f natura l object s fo r

whic hth e applicatio n o f transportatio n regulation s governin g radioactiv e material s i s no t intended

. EP A i s considerin g asimila r concentratio n cutof

f becaus e ther e ma y b e n o benefi t

i n requirin g report s o f release s o f

radioactiv e material s i n suc h lo w concentrations

. However , if alarg e quantit y o f

lo w concentratio n materia l i s released , th e releas e ma y represen t a threa t t o publi c health , welfare , an dth e environmen t

t o whic hth e federa l governmen t

ma y wan t

t o respond

. EP A request s comment s o n th e appropriatenes s o f

havin g a concentratio n cutof

f an do n wha t

tha t cutof f shoul dbe

. I n particular , th e Agenc y request s commen t o n usin g 0.00 2 microcurie s pe r

gra m(th e DO T value ) a s acutoff

. V

. Summar y o f

Supportin g Analyse s Rulemakin g protoco l unde r Executiv e Orde r 1229 1 require s tha t

propose d regulation s b e classifie da s majo r o r non-majo r

fo r purpose s o f

revie w b y th e Offic e o f Managemen t

an dBudge t (OMB)

. Accordin g t o E.0.12291 , majo r rule s ar e regulation s tha t ar e likel y t o resul t in : (1 ) A n annua l effec t

o n th e econom y o f $10 0 millio n o r

more ; o r (2 ) A majo r

increas e i n cost s o r

price s fo r consumers , individua l industries , federal , state , o r

loca l governmen t agencies , o r

geographi c regions ; o r (3 ) Significan t

advers e effect s o n competition , employment , investment , , productivity , innovation , o r o n th e abilit y o f Unite dStates-base d enterprise s t o compet e wit hforeign

base denterprise s i n domesti c o r expor t markets

. Th e Economi c Impac t

Analysi s fo r

th e Propose dReportabl e Quantitie s Adjustment s fo r

Radionuclide s unde r sectio n 10 2 o f

CERCL A (Economi c Impac t Analysis) , availabl e fo r inspectio n a t

Roo mLG—100

, U.S

. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency , 40 1 M Street , SW , Washington , D C 20460 , show s tha t

today' s propose dregulatio n i s non-major , becaus e adoptio n ofth e propose drul e wil l resul t i n a n estimate d tota l annua l cos t

o f $178,00 0 t o th e governmen t

an dth e regulate d community , wit hth e latter' s shar e bein g les s tha n $27,30 0 annually

. Th e Regulator y Flexibilit y Ac t o f 198 0 require s tha t

aRegulator y Flexibilit y Analysi s b e performe dfo r al l rule s tha t ar e likel y t o hav e a"significan t impac t o n asubstantia l numbe r o f smal l entities. " EP A certifie s tha t thi s regulatio n wil l no t

hav e asignifican t impac t o n asubstantia l numbe r o f smal l entities

. Se e Chapte r

Si x o f th e Economi c Impac t

Analysis

. EP A require s a n Informatio n Impac t Analysi s t o b e carrie dou t fo r al l rule s tha t impos e apaperwor k

burde n o n th e public

. Thi s analysi s estimate s th e burde n impose do n partie s outsid e EP A fo r activitie s suc ha s recordkeepin g o r notification

. I t

i s anticipate dtha t

R Q adjustment s wil l chang e th e paperwor k burde n impose do n th e regulate d communit y fo r

informatio n collectio n associate dwit hreportin g releases

. A s estimate di n Chapte r

Si x o f th e Economi c Impac t

Analysis , th e paperwor k

burde n o f

notificatio n an d recordkeepin g o n privat e partie s wil l b e approximatel y 4 3 additiona l notification s annually

. I n accordanc e wit hth e Paperwor k Reductio n Ac t

o f 1980,4 4 U.S.C

. 350 1 et seq., th e reportin g o r

recordkeepin g provision s tha t

ar e include di n thi s propose drul e hav e bee n submitte dfo r approva l t o OM B unde r sectio n 3504(h ) o f th e Paperwor k

Reductio n Act

. An y final rul e wil l includ e a n explanatio n o f ho w th e reportin g o r

recordkeepin g provision s containe dtherei n respon dt o an y comment s b y OM B an dth e public

. Lis to f Subject s i n 4 0 CF

RPart30 2 Ai r pollutio n control

. Chemicals , Hazardou s materials , Hazardou s material s transportation , Hazardou s substances , Hazardou s wastes , Intergovernmenta l relations , Natura l resources , Source , byproduc t an d specia l nuclea r

materials

. Minera l mining , Radioactiv e materials , Radionuclide , Reportin g an d recordkeepin g requirements , Superfund , Wast e treatmen t

an ddisposal , Wate r pollutio n control

. Dated : Decembe

r 31,1986

. Le e M

. Thomas , Administrator. Fo r th e reason s se t

ou t i n th e preamble , i t

i s propose dt o amen dTitl e 4 0 o f th e Cod e of

Federa l Regulation s a s follows : PAR T302—DESIGNATION , REPORTABL E QUANTITIES , AN D NOTIFICATIO N 1

. Th e authorit y citatio n fo r Par t 30 2 i s revise dt o rea da s follows : Authority : Sec

. 10

2 o f th e Comprehensiv e Environmental Response , Compensation , an d Liabilit y Ac t o f 1980, a s amended , 4 2 U.S. C 9602 ; sees
. 31 1 an d501(a

) o f the Federal Wate r Pollutio n Contro l Act , 3 3 U.S.C

. 132 1 an d1361

. §302. 4 [Amended ] 2

. I n Sectio n 302.4 , Tabl e 302. 4 i s amende db y revisin g th e entr y fo r "Radionuclides " unde r

th e "Fina l RQ " colum n fo r

"Pound s (kg) " t o read ; "§. " 3

. I n Sectio n 302.4 , Tabl e 302. 4 i s amende db y revisin g th e footnot e a t th e en do f th e tabl e explainin g "§ " t o read : "§—th e adjuste dRQ s fo r radionuclide s ma y b e foun di n Appendi x B t o thi s table. " 4

. I n Sectio n 302.4 , Tabl e 302. 4 i s amende db y addin g th e followin g tabl e a s Appendi x B :
APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDE S

Radionuclid e

RADIONUCLIDE S Actinium-22 4 Actinium-22 5 Actinium-22 6 Actinium-22 7 Actinium-22 8 Aluminum-2 6 Americtum-23 7 Americium-23 8 Americium-23 9 Americium-24 0 Americium-24 1 Americium-242m '

. Americium-24 2 Americtum-24 3 Americium-244 m Americium-244...

. Americium-24 5 Americiun>246 m Americkim-24 6 Antimony-11 5 Antimony-116 m Antimony-11 6 Antimony-11 7 Antimony-118 m

. Antimony-11 9 Antimony-12 0 (1 6 min ) Atomi c Numbe r

8 9 8 9 • 8 9 8 9 8 9 1 3 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 Propose d

R Q (Ci )

1 & 100 1 1 0 0.00 1 1 0 1 0 100

• 1 0 10 0 1 0 0.0 1 0.0 1

. 100 0.0 1 1000 1 0 '100 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 100 0

### P.4 6

Federa l Register

/ Vol

. 52 , No

. 5 0 /

Monday , Marc h16 , 1987 / Propose dRule s 818 3

APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES—

Continue d

Radionuclid e
Antimony-12 0 (5.7 6 day)

. Antimony-12 2 , Antimony-124m.

_ Antimony-12 4 „ Antimony-12 5 Antimony-l26 m Anttmony-126..

. Antimony-12 7 Antimony-12 8 (10. 4 min)

. Antimony-12 8 (9.0 1 hr)..

. Antimony-12 9 Antimony-13 0 Antimony-13 1 Argon-3 9

_ Argon-4 1 Arsenic-6 9 .'

_ Arsenic-7 0 Arsenic-7 1

... . Arsentc-7 2 Arsenic-7 3 Arsenic-7 4 Arsenic-7 6 Arsenic-7 7 Arsenic-7 8 Astatine-20 7 Astatine-21 1 Barium-12 6 Barium-12 8 Barium-13l m , Barium-13 1 Bariurr>-133 m Barium-13 3

_ Barium-135 m Barium-13 9 Barium-14 0 Barium-14 1 Barium-14 2 Berkelium-24 5 Berkelium-24 6 Berkelium-24 7 Berkelium-24 9 Berkelium-25 0 Beryllium- 7 Beryllium-1 0 Bismuth-20 0 Bismuth-20 1 Bismuth-20 2 Bismuth-20 3 Bismuth-20 5 „ Bismuth-20 6 Bismuth-20 7 „ Bismuth-2l0m...

_ Bismuth-21 0 Bismuth-21 2 Bismuth-21 3 Bismuth-21 4 Bromine-74 m „ Bromine-7 4 Bromine-7 5 _....... . Bromine-7 6 Bromine-7 7 _. ~ Bromine-80rr i _,..

- Bromine-8 0

.

•

........ . Bromine-8 2

_ „ Bromine-83 ; - _. . Bromine-8 4

_ Atomi c Numbe r

5 1
5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1
5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 1 8 1 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 5 8 5 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 4 4 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 Propose d R Q (Ci )

1 0
1 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 • 100 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 0.0 1 1 1 0 10 0 1 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0. 1 1 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 .10 0 100 0 100

- 1 0 100 0 1 0 APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES— Continue d

Radionuclid e

Cadmium-10 4

Cadmium-t13 m

Cadmium-1.1 5

Caldum-4 7 „ Califomium-246...

. Califomium-24 9

Cartwrt-1 1

. „ Cerium-13 4 Cerium-13 5 Cerium-13 7 Cerium-13 9 Cerium-14 1 Cerium-14 3 Cerium-14 4 Cesium-12 5 Ceisium-12 7

_ Cesium-12 9 Cesium-13 0 Cesium-13 2 Cesium-134 m Cesium-13 4 Cesium-13 5 Cesium-13 6 Cesium-13 7 Cesium-13 8 Chlorine-3 6

_ Chlorine-3 8 Chlorme-3 9

Cobalt-5 5 Cobalt-5 6 Cobalt-5 7

_ Cobalt-58 m Cobalt-5 8 Cobalt-60 m

_ Cobalt-6 0 Cobalt-6 1

_

_. . Cobalt-62 m „ Copper-6 4 „ Copper-6 7 Curium-240...;. ^

.;....

. Curium-24 2 :___..;...;.

. Curium-24 3

_ . Atomi c Numbe r
4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 2 0 2 0 2 0 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 6 6 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 7 1 7 1 7 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 Propose d R Q (Ci )

10 0 100 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 10 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 0. 1 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 1 0. 1 1 0 0. 1 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 100 0 100 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 100 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 1 0 IOO O 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 100 0 1 10 ' 1 0.0 1 APPENDI X B-RADIONUCLIDES

Continue d

Radionuclid e

Curium-24 4 „._ . Curium-24 5 Curium-24 6 Curium-24 7

_ Curium-248

__ . Curium-24 9 Dysprosium-155...; , Dysprosium-157... ; Dysprosium-15 9 „ Dysprosium-16 5 Dysprosium-166.. J Einsteinium-25 0 Einsteinium-25 1 Einsteinium-25 3 Einsteinium-254 m Einsteinium-25 4 _. : Erbium-16 1 „ „ . Erbium-16 5

_ Erbium-169. : Erbium-17 1

_ Erbium-17 2

_„ Europium-14 5 TM ~ Europium-14 6 „ Europium-14 7 Europium-14 8 Europium-14 9 Europium-15 0 (12. 6 hr).

. Europium-15 0 (34. 2 yr)

_ Europium-152 m Europium-15 2 „ „ . Europium-15 4 Europium-15 5 Europium-15 6

_ Europium-15 7 Europium-15 8 i

. Fermium-25 2 Fermium-25 3 Fermium-25 4

_ Fermium-25 5 Fermium-25 7

. ; Fluorine-1 8 Francium-22 2 Francium-22 3

. . Gadotinium-145... ; Gadolinium-14 6

.. . GadoIinium-14 7

_ . Gadolinrum-14 8 Gadolinium-14 9 Gadolinium-15 1

... „ Gadolinium-15 2 , Gadolinium-15 3 Gadolinium-15 9 Gallium-6 5 Gatiium-6 6 TM Gatlrum-6 7

_

_ Gallium-6 8 „ . Gallium-7 0 „ _ . Gallium-7 2 „

__ . Gallium-7 3 Germanium-66

. _ Germanium-67

. _ . Germanium-6 8 „ Germanium-69.....

_:

_ Germanium-7 1 :......

. Germanium-75...4.>....;..i.

. Germanium-7 7 ..:_J...;.... TM Germanium-78.

. .-•_....__

. Gold-193..._..:....

- Atomi c Numbe r

9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 99 9 9 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 9 8 7 8 7 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 '32

- 3 2 3 2 3 2

. 7 9 Propose d

H Q (Ci )

0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.00 1 100 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0. 1 1 0 100 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 100 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0.00 1 10 0 10 0 0.00 1 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 1 0 100 0 100 0 1 0 io o 10 0

### P.4 7

818 4 

### Federa

l Register/

Vol

. 52 , No

. 50 /

Monday , Marc h16 , 1987 / Propose dRule s

APPENDI X B-RADIONUCLIDES —

Continue d

Radionuclid e

Gold-19 4 Gold-19 5 Gold-198 m

........ . Gold-19 8 Gold-19 9 : Gotd-200 m Gold-20 0 Gold-20 1 Hafnium-17 0 Hafnium-17 2 Hafnium-17 3 Hafnium-17 5 „. . Hafnium-177 m „ Hafnium-179 m Hatnium-180 m Ha(nium-18 1 Hafnium-18 2 Hafnkim-18 3 Hafnium-18 4 Holmium-15 5

... . Holmium-157....

.

Holmium-16 2 Holmium-164 m Holmium-16 4 Holmium-166 m Holmium-16 6

lndium-10 9 Indium-110(69. 1 min ) lndium-11 0 (4. 9 hr

)
lndium-11 2 lndium-113 m

lndium-11 5

lndium-119 m lodine-120m...

. lodine-12 0 lodine-12 1 lodine-12 3 lodine-12 5 IOdine-12 6 lodine-12 8 lodine-12 9 lodine-13 0 lodine-13 1 lodine-132 m lodine-13 2 lodine-13 3 lodine-13 4 lodine-13 5

.. . lridium-18 2

.. . lridium-18 5 .•

• ...X. lridium-18 6 X.

... . lridium-18 8 Atomi c Numbe r
7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2

. 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 1 4 9

' 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9

. 4 9 4 9 5 3 5 3 5 3 •

, 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 • 7 7 7 7 • 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Propose d RQ(Ci )

1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 1 0 1

. 10 0 10 0

. 1 0 0. 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0. 1 1 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 100 0 1 100 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 0. 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 10 0 0.0 1 1 0. 1 1 0

. 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 : io o 1 0 APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES

Continue d

Radionuclid e

lridtim-18 9 Iridium-190 m lridium-19 0 Iridium-192 m lridium-19 2 Iridium-194 m lridium-19 4 Iridium-195 m lridium-19 5 lron-52.... : lron-5 5 lron-5 9 lron-6 0 Krypton-7 4 Krypton-7 6 Krypton-7 7 Krypton-7 9 Krypton-8 1 Krypton-83 m Krypton-85 m Krypton-8 5 Krypton-8 7 Krypton-6 8 Lanthanum-13 1 Lanthanum-13 2 Lanthanum-13 5 Lanthanum-13 7 Lanthanum-13 8 Lanthanum-14 0 Lanthanum-14 1 Lanthanum-14 2 Lanthanum-14 3 Lead-195 m Lead-19 8 Lead-19 9 Lead-20 0 Lead-20 1 Lead-202 m Lead-20 2 Lead-20 3 Lead-20 5 Lead-20 9 Lead-21 0 Lead-21 1 Lead-21 2 Lead-21 4 Lutetium-16 9 Lutetium-17 0 Lutetium-17 1 Lutetium-17 2 Lutetiurh-17 3 Lutetium-174 m Lutetium-17 4 Lutetium-176 m Lutetium-17 6 Lutetium-177 m Lutetium-17 7 Lutetium-178 m Lutetium-17 8 Lutetium-17 9 Magnesium-2 8 Manganese-5 1

• Manganese-52m.

. Manganese-5 2 Manganese-5 3 Manganese : 5 4 -Manganese-56.....

. Mendelevium-257

. Atomi c Numbe r APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES

Conttnue d Propose d RQ(Ci )

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 3 6 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 8 2 8 2 8 2 6 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 1 2 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 10 1 10 0

100 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 100 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 100 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 1 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 100 0 0. 1 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 1 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 t o 10 0 Radionuclid e

Mendelevium-258.

. Mercury-193 m Mercury-19 3 Mercury-19 4 Mercury-195 m ;

. Mercury-19 5 Mercury-197 m Mercury-19 7 Mercury-199 m ; Mercury-20 3 Molybdenum-9 0 Molybdenum : 93 m Molybdenum-9 3 Molybdenum-9 9 Molybdenum-10 1 '..., Neodymium-13 6 Neodymium-13 8 Neodymium-139 m Neodymium-13 9 Neodymium-14 1 Neodymium-14 7 Neodymium-14 9 Neodymium-15 1 Neptunium-23 2 Neptunium-23 3 Neptunium-23 4 Neptunium-23 5 Neptunium-23 6 (1. 2 E 5yr)

. Neptunium-23 6 (22, 5 hr)

. Neptunium-23 7 Neptunium-23 8 Neptunium-23 9 Neptunium-24 0 Nickel-5 6 Nickel-5 7 Nickel-5 9 Nickel-6 3 Nicket-6 5 Nickel-6 6 Niobium-8 8 Niobium-8 9 (6 6 min)

. Niobium-89(12 2 min ) Niobium-9 0 Niobium-93m..

. • Niobium-9 4 Niobium-95 m Niobium-9 5 Niobium-9 6 Ntobium-9 7 Niobium-9 8 Osmium-18 0 Osmium-18 1 Osmium-18 2 Osmium-18 5 Osmium-189 m Osmium-191 m Osmium-19 1 Osmium-19 3 Osmium-19 4 ;Palladi'um-10 0 ;Pailadium-10 1 Pattadium-10 3 ;palladium-10 7 Palladium-10 9 •Phosphorus^3 2 Phosphorus-3 3 Atomi c Numbe r
10 1 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 0 6 0 6 0 60 ' 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 93

. 9 3 9 3 2 8 2 8 2 6 2 8 2 8 2 6 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 7 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 1 5 1 5 Propose d R Q (Ci )

1 1 0 1 0 1 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 ioo o 0. 1
10 0 0.0 1 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 

### i o

• 1 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 .10 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 '• " 10 0 100

. 100 0 100 100 0

• "• r ' 1 0

### Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 52 , No

. 5 0 /Monday , Marc h16 , -1987 / Propose dRule s 818 5 P.4 8

APPENDI X B-RADIONUCLIDES —

Continue d

Radionuclid e - Atomi c Numbe r

Platinum-18 6 Platinum-18 8 Platinum-189..'

. Platinum-19 1 Platinum-193 m Plati.num-19 3 Platinum-195 m Platinum-197 m Platinum-19 7 Platinum-19 9 Platinum-20 0 Plutonium-23 4 Plutonium-23 5 Plutonium-23 6 Plutonium-23 7 Plutontum-23 8 Plutonium-23 9 Plutonium-240...

. Plutonium-24 1 Plutonium-24 2 Plutonium-24 3 Ptutonium-24 4 Plutonium-24 5 Polonium-20 3 Polonium-20 5 Polonium-20 7 Polonium-21 0 Potassium-4 0 Potassium-4 2 Potassium-4 3 Potassium-4 4 Potasstum-4 5 Praseodymium-136...

. Praseodymium-137...

. Praseodymium-138m

. Praseodymium-139...

. Praseodymium-142m

. Praseodymium-142...

. Praseodymium-143...

. Praseodymium-144...

. Praseodymtum-14 5

... . Praseodymium-14 7

... . Promethium-14 1 Promethium-14 3 Promethtum-14 4 Promethium-14 5 Promethium-14 6 Promethium-14 7 Promethium-148 m Promethium-14 8 Promelhium-14 9 Promethium-15 0 Promethium-15 1 Protactmium-22 7 Protactinium-22 8 Protactinium-23 0 Protactinium-23 1 Protactinium-23 2 Protactinium-23 3 Protactinium-23 4 Radium-22 3 Radium-22 4 :

. Radium-22 5 ; Radium-22 6 Radium-22 7 Radium-22 8 Radon-220 ; Radon-22 2 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8

. 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 9 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 8 4 • 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 • 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 8 6 Propose d R Q (Ci )

1 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1000 ' 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 100 0 100 0 0. 1 100 0 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 1 1 0.0 1 100 0 0.0 1 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0. 1 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 10 0 10 0 100 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 0.0 1 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 100

. 1 0. 1 o. i APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES

Continue d

• Radionuclid e

Rhenium-18 1 Rhenium-182(12.7hr)..

. Rhenium-18 2 (64. 0 hr)..

. Rhenium-18 4

Rhenium-18 8

Rhodium-9 9

Rhodium-10 1 Rhodium-10 2 Rhodium-10 5 Rhodium-10 7

Rubidium-8 3 Rubidium-8 6 Rubidium-8 8 Rubidium-89.

.

Silicon-32.. : Silver-102.. : •.:

I.

. Atomi c Number

.
75

- 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 - 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 14 ' 1 4 - 4 7 47

. Propose d R Q (Ci )

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 ' 1 0 • 1 0 100

- •

. 100 0 100 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 0.0 1 0.0 1 1 0 100 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 100 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 100 0 100 0 1 0

. 10 0 1 1 0

. 1 0 APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES — Continue d

Radionuclid e Atomic

. Numbei r

Silver-104 m Silver-10 4 Silver-10 5 :......
. Si!ver-106 m Silver-10 6 SilveM08 m i. Silver-110 m Silver-11 1 Silver-11 2 : Silver-11 5 Sodium-22...'

. Sodium-2 4 Strontium-8 0 Strontium-8 1 Strontium-8 3 Strontium-85 m Strontium-8 5 Strontium-87 m Strontium-8 9 Strontium-9 0 Strontium-9 1 Strontium-9 2 Sulfur-3 5 Tantalum-17 2 Tantalum-17 3 : Tantalum-17 4 Tantalum-17 5 Tantalum-17 6 Tantalum-17 7

.... . Tantalum-17 8 Tantalum-17 9 Tantalum-180 m Tantatum-18 0 Tantaium-182 m

.. . Tantalum-182..

. Tantalum-18 3 Tantalum-18 4 Tantalum-18 5 Tantalum-18 6 Technetium-93 m Technetium-9 3 Technetium-94 m Technetium-9 4 Technetium-96 m Technetium-9 6 Technetium-97 m Technelium-9 7 Technetium-9 8 Technetium-99 m : Technetium-9 9 Technetium-10 1 Technetium-10 4 Tellurium-11 6 Tellurium-121 m Tellurium-12 1 Tellurium-123 m Tellurium-12 3 Te!lurium-125 m Tellurium-127 m Telturium-12 7 Tellurium-129 m 'Tellurium-12 9 "Tel!urium-131 m

• Tellurium-13 1
: Tellurium-13 2 ;Te!lurium-133 m ..;..

. iTellurium-13 3 .'..

. Tellurium-13 4 4 7 4 7 4 7 47

- .4 7 .4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 1 1 1 1 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 1 6 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 52

. 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2

. 5 2 5 2 Propose d R Q (Ci )

1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 1 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 100 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 100 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 m o 1 0 1 0

### P.4 9

818 6 Federa l Registe r / Vol

. 52 , No

. 5 0 /

Monday , Marc h16 , 1987 / Propose dRule s

APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES

Continue d

Radionuclid e

Terbium-14 7 Terbium-14 9 Terbium-15 0 Terbium-15 1 Terbium-15 3 Terbium-15 4 Terbium-15 5 Terbium-156 m (5. 0 hr)...

. Terbium-156 m (24. 4 hr).

. Tert)ium-15 6 Terbium-15 7 Terbium-15 8 Terbium-16 0 Terbium-161 : Thallium-194 m Thallium-194..

. Thallium-19 5 Thallium-19 7 Thallium-I98 m Thallium-19 8 Thallium-19 9 Thailium-20 0 Thallium-20 1 Thallium-20 2 Thaitium-20 4 Thorium-22 6 Thorium-22 7 Thorium-22 8 Thorium-22 9 Thorium-23 0 Thorium-23 1 Thorium-23 2 Thorium-23 4 Thulium-16 2 Thulium-16 6 Thulium-16 7 Thulium-17 0 Thutium-17 1 Thulium-17 2 Thutium-17 3 , Thulium-17 5 Tin-11 0 Tin-11 1 Atomi c Numbe r

6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 6 1 8 1 8 1 6 1 8 1 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 6 9 5 0 5 0 Propose d R Q (Ci )

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 1 0.0 1 0.00 1 0.0 1 10 0 0.00 1 100 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 APPENDI X B—RADIONUCLIDES— Continue d

Radionuclid e

Tin-11 3 Tin-117 m Tin-119 m Tin-121 m Tin-12 1 Tin-123 m Tin-12 3 Tin-12 5 Tin-12 6 Tin-12 7 Tin-12 8
Tungsten-17 6

Tungsten-18 7
Uranium-23 0 Uranium-23 1 Uranium-23 2 Uranium-23 3 Uranium-23 4 Uranium-23 5 Uranium-23 7 Uranium-23 8 Uranium-23 9 Uraniun>24 0 Vanadium-4 7 Vanadium-4 8 Vanadium-4 9 Xenon-12 0 Xenon-12 1 Xenon-12 2 Xenon-123..'

. Xenon-12 5 Xenon-12 7 Xenon-129 m Xenon-131 m Atomi c Numbe r
5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 2 2 2 2 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 Propose d R Q (Ci )

10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 100 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 10 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 100 0 100 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 0.1 & 100 & 0.01 & U1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 0.1 & 10 & 0.1 & 1000 & 10 8 100 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 100 0 100 0 APPENDI X B-RADIONUCLIDES

Continue d

Radionuclid e

Xenon-13 8 Ytteibium-16 2 Ytterbium-16 6 Ytterbium-16 7 Ytterbium-16 9 Ytterbium-17 5 Ytterbium-17 7 Ytterbium-17 8 Yttrium-86 m Yttrium-8 6 Yttrium-8 7 Yttrium-8 8 Yttrium-90 m Yttrium-9 0 Yttrium-9 1 m Yttrium-9 1 Yttrium-9 2 Yttrium-9 3 Yttrium-9 4 Yttrium-9 5 Zinc-6 2 Zinc-6 3 Zinc-6 5 Zinc-6 9 Zinc-7 2 Atomi c Numbe r
5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 Propose d R Q (Ct )
10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 100 0 1 0 1 0 10 0 1 0 10 0 1 1 0 1 0
& Th e adjuste d R Q o f on e curi e applie s t o al l radionuclide s no t otherwis e listed , excep t urany l nitrat e an d urany l acetat e whos e fina l adjuste d RQ s are 10 0 pounds

. [F RDoc

. 87-34 3 File d3-13-87 ; 8:4 5 am ]