Affirmed and Opinion Filed June 28, 2016.

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-14-01299-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF J.C., ET AL., CHILDREN

On Appeal from the 303rd Judicial District Court

Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. DF-76-08723-V

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Fillmore, Stoddart, and Schenck

Opinion by Justice Stoddart

Father appeals the trial court’s order denying his petition to terminate an administrative 

writ of withholding for child support. In three issues, he contends a prior judgment for child 

support arrearage is dormant, the trial court erred by including interest on his child support 

obligation, and the Office of the Attorney General (OAG) abused its authority by issuing the 

administrative writ of withholding. We affirm.

A. Background

Father and Mother were divorced in 1976. Father was ordered to pay $350.00 per month 

as child support until their youngest child turned eighteen. The record indicates there was 

difficulty enforcing the child support order. On July 2, 1984, the trial court rendered an order 

sustaining a motion for contempt and a judgment for unpaid child support arrearages in the 

amount of $10,000.00. The judgment did not provide for interest on the child support arrearage. 
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Father’s child support obligation continued until May 26, 1990, when his youngest child turned 

eighteen. The record is unclear, but Father made few, if any, child support payments after the 

1984 judgment.1 

In 2012, Mother filed a motion to confirm child support arrearages. See TEX. FAM. CODE 

ANN. § 157.263(a) (providing, if requested in motion to enforce child support, trial court shall 

confirm amount of arrearages and render one cumulative money judgment). The trial court 

denied the motion because the motion was not filed within ten years of the date the youngest 

child became an adult. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.005(b) (providing trial court has 

jurisdiction to confirm total amount of child support arrearages if motion is filed not later than 

ten years after the child becomes an adult). 

The OAG filed a notice of interest in the case in 2013, and served an administrative writ 

of withholding for Father’s social security benefits. The July 2013 writ showed a total arrearage 

of $138,510.90, which included interest in the amount of $108,618.40, and required a 

withholding of $1,440.00 per month. On August 28, 2013, after contacting the OAG and 

receiving no response, Father filed a petition to terminate the administrative writ of withholding. 

See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 158.506(c). Father argued the writ should be terminated because 

Mother’s motion to confirm arrearages was denied. Father also alleged the OAG did not provide 

a review hearing on his contest of the administrative writ. See id. § 158.506(a).

At the hearing on Father’s petition, he testified he was aware of the 1984 judgment for 

$10,000.00. He offered two of his credit reports from 1996, which showed OAG reports of child 

 

1 There is almost no evidence regarding payments made by Father. Some of the blame for this lack of 

proof must fall on Father because his counsel objected to the OAG’s questions asking if Father made all the child 

support payments due until the time his youngest child turned eighteen. A motion under section 158.506(c) is an 

appropriate means to determine whether an obligor has made all child support payments. See In re J.C.T., 2014 WL 

3778909, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 31, 2014, pet. filed) (mem. op.) (affirming order terminating writ of 

withholding based on conflicting evidence of payment of child support). Thus, it appears Father did not base his 

petition to terminate on the theory that he had made all payments required by his support obligation.
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support owed in the amounts of $7,067.00 in May and $6,703.00 in December. Father said he 

made one payment of $385.00 after noticing the entries on his 1996 credit reports.

2 Father 

admitted he owed child support payments, but was not sure how much he owed. 

The trial court signed an order finding it did not have authority to alter the 1984 judgment 

for child support arrearages, but the court modified the amount of withholding under the 

administrative writ to $350.00 per month until “any alleged arrears are paid in full.”

B. Dormancy

Father’s first issue3argues the 1984 judgment is dormant and cannot be enforced against 

him. Section 34.001 of the civil practice and remedies code provides that a judgment is dormant 

and execution may not be issued if a writ of execution is not issued within ten years after

rendition of the judgment. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 34.001(a). However, the 

Legislature amended section 34.001 in 2009 to expressly exclude child support judgments from 

the dormancy statute. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 34.001(c). Furthermore, the Legislature made the 

amendment apply to “each judgment for child support under the Family Code, regardless of the 

date on which the judgment was rendered.” Act of May 28, 2009, 81st Leg. R.S., ch. 767, § 50, 

2009 Tex. Gen. Laws 1938, 1950; see Holmes v. Williams, 355 S.W.3d 215, 220–21 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (upholding constitutionality of retroactive application 

 

2

Father attached several documents to his brief that were not admitted in evidence or filed in the trial court. 

The attachment of documents as exhibits or appendices to briefs is not formal inclusion in the record on appeal and, 

therefore, the documents cannot be considered. Perry v. Kroger Stores, Store No. 119, 741 S.W.2d 533, 534 (Tex. 

App.—Dallas 1987, no writ); Nguyen v. Intertex, Inc., 93 S.W.3d 288, 293 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, 

no pet.). Accordingly, we will not consider any documents attached to appellant’s brief that are not part of the 

appellate record.

3

Father is pro se. His initial brief was struck for failure to comply with rule 38.1. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1. He 

filed an amended brief, which suffers many of the same deficiencies. We construe liberally pro se pleadings and 

briefs; however, we hold pro se litigants to the same standards as licensed attorneys and require them to comply with 

applicable laws and rules of procedure. Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181, 184–85 (Tex. 1978). To do 

otherwise would give a pro se litigant an unfair advantage over a litigant who is represented by counsel. Harris v. 

Showcase Chevrolet, 231 S.W.3d 559, 561 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2007 no pet.); Shull v. United Parcel Serv., 4 S.W.3d 

46, 53 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 1999, pet. denied).
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of amendment). 

Father cites Cade v. Stevens, 207 S.W.3d 909 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.) in 

support of his dormant-judgment argument. But Cade, as well as Burnett–Dunham v. Spurgin, 

245 S.W.3d 14, 17 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, pet. denied), was superseded by the Legislature’s 

amendment of section 34.001. See Holmes, 355 S.W.3d at 220–21. The law is clear that the 

dormancy provisions of section 34.001 do not apply to child support judgments regardless of 

when those judgments were rendered. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 34.001(c). 

Father also cites section 157.005(b)4and its ten-year limitation on jurisdiction to confirm 

the total amount of child support arrearages under section 157.263(a). TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§§ 157.005(b), 157.263(a). However, a judgment for arrearages under section 157.263(a) is not

required for the issuance of administrative writ of withholding. Attorney General v. Redding, 60 

S.W.3d 891, 985 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2001, no pet.) (administrative writ statute does not limit its 

application to enforcement of arrearage judgments). An administrative writ of withholding may 

be issued at any time until all child support arrearages are paid. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §

158.502(a); Redding, 60 S.W.3d at 985. Furthermore, the plain language of section 157.005(b) 

indicates it applies only to cumulative money judgments under section 157.263 and does not 

limit other remedies provided by the family code to enforce child support, such as an 

administrative writ of withholding. See In re D.W.G., 391 S.W.3d 154, 160 (Tex. App.—San 

 

4

Section 157.005(b) provides:

(b) The court retains jurisdiction to confirm the total amount of child support arrearages and 

render a cumulative money judgment for past-due child support, as provided by Section 157.263, 

if a motion for enforcement requesting a cumulative money judgment is filed not later than the 

10th anniversary after the date:

(1) the child becomes an adult; or

(2) on which the child support obligation terminates under the child support order or by operation 

of law.

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.005(b). 
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Antonio 2012, no pet.); Isaacs v. Isaacs, 338 S.W.3d 184, 187–88 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th 

Dist.] 2011, pet. denied). 

We conclude the 1984 judgment is not dormant and the trial court did not err by denying 

Father’s petition to terminate the administrative writ on that basis. We overrule Father’s first 

issue.

C. Interest

Father’s second issue complains the trial court improperly included interest on the 1984 

judgment even though the terms of that judgment do not provide for interest. Initially, we note 

the order presently on appeal does not award interest or alter the terms of the 1984 judgment. 

The trial court expressly stated in the order before us that the trial court did not have the 

authority to alter the 1984 judgment. The trial court impliedly denied Father’s petition to 

terminate the administrative writ of withholding by reducing the amount to be withheld from 

$1,440.00 per month to $350.00 per month until any arrears are paid in full. The trial court did 

not determine the amount of interest due on the unpaid child support obligations, nor was it 

requested to do so.

Unpaid child support is often referred to as either confirmed or unconfirmed. Section 

157.263(a) of the family code permits the trial court, if requested in an enforcement action to 

confirm the amount of arrearages and render one cumulative money judgment. TEX. FAM. CODE 

ANN. § 157.263(a). The cumulative money judgment includes unpaid child support not 

previously confirmed, any balance owed on previously confirmed arrearages, and interest on the 

arrearages. Id. § 157.263(b). In contrast, section 157.261(a) of the family code provides that 

“[a] child support payment not timely made constitutes a final judgment for the amount due and 

owing, including interest as provided in this chapter.” Id. § 157.261(a) (emphasis added). These 

payments are often referred to as unconfirmed to distinguish them from a judgment confirming 
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arrearages under section 157.263(a). 

Section 157.265 of the family code provides that interest accrues on delinquent child 

support payments. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.265; Herzfeld v. Herzfeld, 285 S.W.3d 122, 

128 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.). Subsections (e) and (f) are applicable to this case. A 

money judgment for child support rendered before January 1, 2002, is governed by the law in 

effect on the date the judgment was rendered. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.265(f). However, 

unconfirmed child support arrearages that were not reduced to judgment before January 1, 2002, 

accrue interest at the rate that applied to arrearages before that date, and at the rate of six percent 

simple interest after January 1, 2002. Id. § 157.265(a), (e); see In re M.C.C., 187 S.W.3d 383, 

385 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (unconfirmed and unpaid child support payments accrue interest at 

twelve percent simple interest through December 31, 2001 and beginning January 1, 2002, 

unpaid child support that is not judicially confirmed, including the twelve percent already 

included in the debt, accrues new interest at the rate of six percent). Accrued interest becomes 

part of the child support obligations. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.267. A trial court has no 

discretion to modify, forgive, or make equitable adjustments to interest on child support 

arrearages. See Herzfeld, 285 S.W.3d at 129. 

The OAG concedes on appeal that the 1984 judgment did not provide for interest on the 

confirmed child support arrearage and that no interest accrued on that amount under subsection 

(f). TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 157.265(f). Father continued to owe child support for almost six 

years after the 1984 judgment and, except for a few payments, there is no evidence Father paid 

all of these child support obligations. Any of these payments not timely made constitute final 

judgments for the amount due and owing, including interest as provided by chapter 157. Id. 

§ 157.261(a). By statute, interest would accrue on these unconfirmed, unpaid child support

payments. See id. § 157.265(e). The interest calculations used by the OAG are not clear and 
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consistent,5but the statute authorizes interest on the unconfirmed and unpaid child support 

payments. See id. Father has not shown that a possible miscalculation of interest is a basis for 

terminating an administrative writ of withholding when there is undisputed evidence of unpaid 

child support arrearages. 

While the parties disputed the amount owed, particularly with regard to interest, the 

evidence showed that some amount of child support arrearage remained unpaid. Therefore, the 

trial court did not err by denying the petition to terminate the administrative writ of withholding. 

Furthermore, the trial court was well within its discretion to reduce the amount of monthly 

withholding required by the writ and order that withholding continue “until any alleged arrears 

are paid in full.” See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 158.502(a) (writ for withholding may be issued at 

any time until all current child support, child support arrearages, and Title IV-D fees “have been 

paid in full”). We conclude the trial court did not err by denying Father’s petition to terminate 

the administrative writ. We overrule Father’s second issue.

D. OAG’s Authority

In his third issue, Father argues the OAG abused its authority by issuing the 

administrative writ of withholding. Much of his argument merely repeats his contention that the 

1984 judgment is dormant and can no longer be enforced. We rejected this argument under 

Father’s first issue.

The OAG has statutory authority to issue administrative writs of withholding to enforce 

child-support obligations. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 158.502(a). The statute authorizes the 

 

5 There is no evidence in the record of a payment history or the exact calculation of the balance owed and 

accrued interest used by the OAG. The June 11, 2014 administrative writ of withholding in the record lists the total 

amount owed as $135,769.67, which includes accrued interest of $116,845.76. However, an earlier writ for July 

2013 shows a total arrearage of $138,510.90, which includes interest in the amount of $108,618.40. But a July 6, 

2013 statement from the OAG to Father showing a total arrearage of $138,510.90 consisting of $93,946.90 principal 

and $44,564.00 interest. Although the totals for the last two statements are the same, the amounts of principal and 

interest are very different.
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OAG to issue the writ “at any time until all current support, including medical support, and child 

support arrearages . . . have been paid.” Id.; see In re A.D., 73 S.W.3d 244, 247 (Tex. 2002). 

When the Legislature adopted the administrative writ procedure, it also removed the time 

limitation for entry of a judicial writ of withholding. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 158.102; In re 

A.D., 73 S.W.3d at 247.

The OAG issued an administrative writ of withholding in August 2013. The OAG 

alleged and Father admitted he owed unpaid child support. Under section 158.502, the OAG had 

authority to issue the administrative writ at any time until all child support arrearages have been 

paid. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 158.502. We conclude the OAG did not abuse its authority by 

issuing the administrative writ. We overrule Father’s third issue.

E. Conclusion

We have overruled Father’s issues on appeal and therefore affirm the trial court’s order. 

/Craig Stoddart/

CRAIG STODDART

JUSTICE

141299F.P05
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Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

IN THE INTEREST OF J.C., ET AL., 

CHILDREN 

No. 05-14-01299-CV V.

On Appeal from the 303rd Judicial District

Court, Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. DF-76-08723-V.

Opinion delivered by Justice Stoddart. 

Justices Fillmore and Schenck participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the trial court’s July 14, 2014 order 

is AFFIRMED.

It is ORDERED that appellees Bernetta Bayless and the Office of the Attorney General 

of Texas recover their costs of this appeal from appellant John Crear Sr.

Judgment entered this 28th day of June, 2016.