I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

E

MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 

COMMITTEE 

61st session 

Agenda item 2 

MEPC 61/2/5

23 March 2010

 Original: ENGLISH

HARMFUL AQUATIC ORGANISMS IN BALLAST WATER

Application for Final Approval of "ARA Ballast" Ballast Water Management System 

Submitted by the Republic of Korea 

SUMMARY 

Executive summary: This document contains the non-confidential information related to 

the application for Final Approval of the "ARA Ballast" Ballast Water 

Management System, developed by 21st Century Shipbuilding Co., 

Ltd., under the Procedure for approval of ballast water management 

systems that make use of Active Substances (G9) adopted by 

resolution MEPC.169(57) and in accordance with the "Methodology 

for information gathering and the conduct of work of the 

GESAMP-BWWG". The system consists of a particle removal 

module followed by charged plasma and medium-pressure 

ultraviolet modules. The system received Basic Approval under the 

name of "Blue Ocean Guardian" (BOG) BWMS and since it will be 

commercialized under the name of "ARA Ballast" BWMS, the 

application for Final Approval was submitted under the new name. 

Strategic direction: 7.1 

High-level action: 7.1.2 

Planned output: 7.1.2.4 

Action to be taken: Paragraph 7 

Related documents: BWM/CONF/36; MEPC 53/24/Add.1; MEPC 58/23; MEPC 59/2/13; 

MEPC 60/2/5, MEPC 60/2/12 and BWM.2/Circ.24 

Introduction

1 Regulation D-3.2 of the International Convention for the Control and Management of 

Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments stipulates that ballast water management systems that 

make use of Active Substances to comply with the Convention shall be approved by the 

Organization. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Page 2 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

2 The Procedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of 

Active Substances (G9), adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57), defines the principal aspects 

to be documented by data or testing (MEPC 57/21, annex 1, paragraph 4.2.1) and provisions 

for risk characterization and analysis (MEPC 57/21, annex 1, section 5). According to 

section 6 of Procedure (G9), the Organization should evaluate the information provided in 

the application. 

3 According to BWM.2/Circ.24, proposals for approval of ballast water management 

systems that make use of Active Substances are to be submitted to Marine Environment 

Division of the Organization to be reviewed by the GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group. 

In the meantime, a document on the proposal for approval containing all the non-confidential 

data related to the respective ballast water management systems that make use of Active 

Substances needs to be submitted to MEPC 61. 

4 The competent authority in the Republic of Korea has verified the application 

dossier, prepared by 21st Century Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., and believes that it satisfies the 

data requirements of Procedure (G9). 

5 The system received Basic Approval under the name of "Blue Ocean Guardian" 

(BOG) BWMS (MEPC 60/2/5). The name was changed to "ARA Ballast" in February 2010 

by the applicant in view of its future commecialization. 

6 The Republic of Korea therefore submits the non-confidential part of the applicant's 

dossier in the annex of this document to the Organization for evaluation according 

to Procedure (G9). The complete dossier will be available for experts of 

the GESAMP-BWWG with the understanding of confidential treatment. 

Action requested of the Committee

7 The Committee is invited to consider the proposal for approval and decide as 

appropriate. 

*** 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 1 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

ANNEX 

NON-CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ON "ARA Ballast" BALLAST 

WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 

Contents 

1 INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Principles of disinfection of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

2 DESCRIPTIONS OF LAND-BASED TEST SYSTEMS 

2.1 The process of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

2.2 The components of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

2.3 Land-based test facility 

3 IDENTIFICATION OF PREPARATION, ACTIVE SUBSTANCES, RELEVANT AND 

OTHER CHEMICALS (G9: 4.1) 

3.1 Active Substances 

3.2 Relevant Chemicals 

3.3 Gas 

3.4 Identification of Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and Others 

4 DATA SET FOR ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND PREPARATIONS 

4.1 Data set on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish (G9: 4.2.1.1) 

4.2 Mammalian toxicity (G9: 4.2.1.2) 

4.3 Environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (G9: 4.2.1.3) 

4.4 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances and Preparations and 

the treated ballast water (G9: 4.2.1.4) 

5 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS) 

6 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 

6.1 Screening for persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity 

6.2 Toxicity testing of the treated ballast water 

6.3 Risk characterization and analysis 

7 RISK ASSESSMENT 

7.1 Ship and personnel safety 

7.2 Risk to human health 

7.3 Risk to the aquatic environment 

7.4 Human Exposure Scenario (HES) 

8 ASSESSMENT REPORT 

8.1 Overview of data and endpoint 

8.2 Test report data quality 

9 REFERENCES 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 2 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

10 APPENDICES CONTAINED IN THE CONFIDENTIAL DOSSIER 

APPENDIX 1 System description of "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

APPENDIX 2 QAPP and Efficacy Test Report 

APPENDIX 3 QAPP, COC Records and Test Results for Chemicals 

APPENDIX 4 Request, study plan, COC records and Test Results for aquatic toxicity 

APPENDIX 5 Material Safety Data Sheets 

APPENDIX 6 Data sheets in MAMPEC results 

APPENDIX 7 Corrosion test 

APPENDIX 8 Operating data of "ARA Ballast" BWMS 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 3 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

List of Abbreviations 

°C Degrees Celsius 

AS Active Substance 

BWM Ballast Water Management 

BWMS Ballast Water Management System 

cm Centimetre 

d Day 

EC50 Effect Concentration, 50% (median effective concentration) 

g Gram 

g/h Gram per hour 

HAA Halogenated Acetic Acid 

HOBr Hypobromous acid 

HOCl Hypochlorous acid 

ISO International Organization for Standardization 

Koc Partition coefficient 

L Litre 

LEL Lower explosive level 

LC50 Median lethal dose 

LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level 

μm Micrometre 

m3/hr Cubic meters per hour 

MAMPEC Marine Anti-fouling Model to Predict Environment Concentration 

mg Milligram 

MOS Margin of Safety 

mV Millivolt 

N.D Not Detected 

NOAEL No Observable Adverse Effect Level 

NOEC No-effect Concentration 

NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit 

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 

ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential 

PEC Predicted Environmental Concentration 

pH Measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution 

PNEC Predicted No-effect Concentration 

PLC Programmable logic control 

POC Particulate Organic Carbon 

Pow Octanol-water Partition Coefficient 

THM Trihalomethanes 

TOC Total Organic Carbon 

TRO Total Residual Oxidant 

TSS Total Suspended Solids 

 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 4 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

This report is structured according to the title of "Procedure for approval of Ballast Water 

Management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9)". 

1 INTRODUCTION

The "ARA Ballast" system has previously been submitted for Basic Approval under the name 

of "Blue Ocean Guardian" (BOG) BWMS (see document MEPC 60/2/5) and was recommended 

for Basic Approval by the GESAMP-BWWG (MEPC 60/2/12, annex 8). "BOG" BWMS has 

been changed to "ARA Ballast" in February 2010. Since some of the tests were performed 

before the change of the name, the old name (BOG) is used in some parts of this report. The 

"ARA Ballast" BWMS was developed by 21st Century Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. The applicant 

proposed a combined system using a filtration module for mechanical separation, a plasma 

module, and a medium-pressure ultraviolet (MPUV) module. The "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

operates during ballasting and de-ballasting. The "ARA Ballast" BWMS ensures the inflow of 

organisms in the ballast water tank to be reduced to a minimum by means of a filtration 

module and does not allow the piling of sediments along with treatment by plasma module and 

MPUV module. To avoid any possible re-growth of aquatic organisms in the ballast water 

tank, the water is retreated by MPUV during de-ballasting. With the "ARA Ballast" BWMS, 

aquatic organisms can be disinfected or destroyed without use of any chemical substances. 

1.1 Principles of disinfection of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

1.1.1 Plasma technology 

Plasma technology has been investigated as a means of preventing the invasion of 

organisms in ballast water due to its rate of high efficiency, low cost, lack of residue and 

many other advantages. Currently, this technology has been reported to be able to remove 

aquatic organisms in ballast water and its reliability and practicality for ship-based use is 

highly appreciated (Adler et al., 1998; Marsili et al., 2002; Ohkawa et al., 2006). 

Figure 1: Mechanisms of underwater discharge 

Essentially, when high voltage and current is applied between two electrodes in the reactor, 

it creates an ionization field then producing a high-energy plasma arc, which causes an 

extremely rapid rise in pressure, temperature and density flow and generated expansions as 

indicated in Figure 1. When the high-energy plasma produces an intensive pressure 

shockwave, the targeted organisms are killed by physical damage either by a sudden 

recoiling of the cell tissue or by micro-eddies created inside the cell (Akan et al., 2006; 

Gamal et al., 2008). In addition, the discharge in a two-phase medium allows generation of 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 5 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

not just a shockwave, but also a number of hydroxyl radicals, UV-radiation and electric fields, 

which helps to sterilize aquatic organisms. Some of the micro-organisms that have been 

tested with the plasma technique by various researchers (Xiyao et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2006; 

Moisan et al., 2001; Feichtinger et al., 2003; Boscariol et al 2008; Gamal et al., 2008; 

Akan et al., 2006; Miller et al., 2000) are shown in Table 1. 

Table 1: Various types of micro-organisms that have been tested by plasma 

Classification of organisms Micro-organisms tested by plasma

Phytoplankton Chaetoceros, Peridinium

Zooplankton Euplotes, Artemia, Polychaeta

Bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, 

Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger

Mollusca Quagga mussel, Zebra mussel

Concerning the effectiveness of the plasma method, the voltage range is one of the most 

important parameters for the ballast water treatment application of the plasma technology. 

As shown in table 2, the plasma method can be used with either AC or DC electric power 

supply and voltage ranges can be divided into high, low and extra-low voltage. In the case of 

high voltage, the loss of power transmission is less, but it has higher energy consumption. 

Although low voltage has low energy consumption, an adequate sterilizing effect is not 

obtained when using low voltages. Therefore, with efficient components of power supply and 

capacitor, energy consumption can be reduced and the sterilization effect can be optimized 

when using high voltage. Consequently, high voltage appears to be the better choice for 

application in ballast water treatment. Figure 2 shows a ciliate before and after plasma 

treatment. 

Figure 2: A protozoan (ciliate) before and after plasma treatment 

(Um et al., 2008) 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 6 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Table 2: Voltage Ranges defined by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 

IEC voltage range AC DC Defining risk 

High Voltage > 1000 Vrms > 1500 V Electrical Arcing 

Low Voltage 50~1000 Vrms 120~1500V Electrical Shock 

Extra-Low Voltage < 50 Vrms < 120V Low Risk 

The sterilizing effect by plasma on various organisms can also be varied, dependent on 

which working gas is applied to in order to generate a plasma source. A recent study 

indicated that a high mortality rate was achieved when using plasma with air as a working 

gas rather than any other gases, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and argon. This is 

because plasma generated in air is known to produce more active chemical species, such as 

ozone, atomic oxygen, nitric oxide and superoxide radicals as well as other free radicals. 

These are examples of highly reactive species that can overcome natural defense 

mechanisms, resulting in damage to DNA as well as causing protein, lipid and membrane 

damage on various aquatic organisms (Montie et al., 2000). The reduction on different 

working gases to the system is shown in Figure 3. 

Figure 3: Reduction kinetics for three different working gases 

(Feichtinger et al., 2003) 

According to many researchers, the plasma technology for ballast water treatment 

application has been reported to be very reliable and is regarded as practicable based on 

much related research and theoretical study. Compared to state-of-the-art sterilization 

methods, the plasma process leads to a non-thermal sterilization of aquatic organisms 

without dangerous side effects or production of toxic chemicals. A further advantage is the 

short exposure time of only a few seconds to reach a spore reduction using this technology. 

For safety concerns, the incident of an accidental human electrocution by electrodes is 

known to be minimal since plasma would affect organisms only while they were located 

between the electrodes in the reactor. Grounding and isolation were also set up to avoid 

leakage of electrical currents to the exterior or electrical shocks by the voltage. Also, since 

safety codes and standards have to be followed for any installation or maintenance for 

plasma, the occurrence rate of accidents would be comparable to that of any other industrial 

facility (Smythe et al., 1999). 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 7 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Currently, plasma technology is used for water sterilization in Vergennes Panton Water 

District in Vermont, the Georgia-Pacific Corporation, and the Village of Rouses Point in 

New York and Lagoon City in Ontario. It is present in many advanced countries such as 

Canada and the United States and is used for disinfection of aquatic organisms in various 

food industries and in water treatment for human consumption. Therefore, plasma 

disinfection has already proven to be a promising method for killing non-indigenous aquatic 

organisms and to be both an economically feasible as well as an eco-friendly method used in 

ballast water management systems (Mackie et al., 2000; Miller et al., 2000). 

The plasma module, applied to the "ARA Ballast" BWMS, was specially designed based on 

its capacity of ballast water treatment to minimize its size and optimize its performance. 

The development began with a literature survey followed by modification of the performance 

of the main components of plasma modules, plasma electrodes, power supply, capacitor and 

air delivery element. In case any further modifications are necessary, the components will be 

modified again in order to optimize their overall performance. 

1.1.2 UV technology 

The ultraviolet (UV) sterilization of organisms has been proven to be suitable for disinfecting 

bacteria and viruses without using any additional chemical substances. Since UV works to 

achieve sterilization by exposing the targeted organisms to ultraviolet radiation, there would 

be neither a formation of residual toxic substances, nor that of harmful substances. Hence, 

the risk to the environment or human health on vessels is limited and is substantially 

contained when using this technology. As a proven technology, UV application also does not 

seem to have any known environmental concerns compared to other disinfection methods 

(chlorine (Cl2), chloramines, chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and ozone (O3), etc.). Another 

advantage, the equipment requires only a small floor space and can be installed at any 

angle, which is beneficial in onboard installations within confined spaces (US EPA, IUVA). 

Meanwhile, as the countermeasure controls the red tide which is found in fresh water lakes, 

when evaluating the results from a lake in Japan, UV disinfection was found to be superior in 

all aspects ñ especially, economical, efficient and easy in application. 

Ultraviolet (UV) light is the electromagnetic spectrum with a wavelength shorter than that of 

visible light, but longer than x-rays in the range of 100 nm to 400 nm. UV radiation can be 

divided into three sub-groups depending on the wavelength: UV-A (315-400 nm: which can 

be found in the textile industry, archaeology, geological base rock searches, criminal 

investigations, discernment of counterfeit notes and special illumination), UV-B 

(280-315 nm: which is found in suntans, photochemistry control, skin disease care, 

meteorological test equipment and medical treatments) and UV-C (200-280 nm: which can 

be found in various methods of disinfection of water and air deodorization). 

UV-C and UV-B are present in the disinfection wavelength and have the shortest 

wavelengths (200-300 nm). The ozone, DNA and protein absorb wavelengths well. UV-C is 

generally considered to be the most effective deterrent against bacteria and viruses from a 

close distance of 260 nm. UV-C has become known as the germicidal spectrum at the 

wavelength which has the highest sterilizing power, which is at a 264 nm wavelength 

(SWRCB, 2002). The electromagnetic spectrum is briefly shown in Figure 4. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 8 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Figure 4: Electromagnetic spectrum 

UV lamps are usually divided into two types. Low pressure (LP) mercury arc lamps emit 

monochromatic UV light at a UV-C range and the higher intensity medium pressure (MP) 

mercury arc lamps emit UV polychromatic light at all UV wavelengths, but are concentrated 

at selected peaks within the germicidal wavelength region. The characteristics of LP and 

MPUV lamps are shown in Table 3. 

Table 3: Characteristics of LP and MPUV lamps (EPRI, 1999) 

Characteristic Low pressure Medium pressure 

Wavelength Monochromatic, 85-90% at 254 nm Polychromatic, 185-1,400 nm

Operating temperature 40-60°C 500-800°C

Electrical input 2 W/cm 50-250 W/cm

Germicidal UV output 0.7 W/cm 5-30 W/cm

Arc length 40-75 cm 5-40 cm

Lifetime 8,000-10,000 h 2,000-5,000 h

Emission Continuous-wave Continuous-wave

Mercury vapour Pressure 10-3-10-2torr 102-104torr

Relative number of lamps High Low

Relative light intensity Low Medium

Concerning electrical effectiveness, LP technology appears to be the better choice. 

However, for application to ballast water treatment other parameters are also relevant. 

These are summarized in Table 4. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 9 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Table 4: Relevant parameters for ballast water treatment application 

of UV technologies

Technology Low pressure Medium pressure 

Parameters Rating Reason Rating Reason 

Footprint Poor High number of 

lamps Good Low number of lamps 

Pressure 

loss Poor High number of lamps Good Low number of lamps 

Efficiency 

(Germicidal) Moderate 

Monochromatic 

action spectrum, 

254 nm 

Good 

Polychromatic 

action spectrum, 

Each micro-organism 

has a unique action 

spectrum; 

Damage to other 

molecules than 

DNA, e.g., enzymes 

Reliability Good 

Low operating 

temperature. 

High lamp life 

Moderate 

High operating 

temperature; 

Average lamp life. 

Power 

consumption Low High UVC output 

at 254 nm Moderate 

High UVC output in 

the range of 

200-300 nm 

As a result of the comparisons in Tables 3 and 4, it is concluded that MP technology has 

higher degree of vacuum, more mercury, and higher UV intensity than LP technology. 

MP technology can be used in ballast water treatment as it emits a wide spectrum of UV light 

affecting a wide range of micro-organisms. Therefore, MP technology is most efficacious for 

ballast water application. 

UV is the technological option for waste, aquaculture, drinking and water processing. 

UV sterilizes micro-organisms by photochemical damage to biological components 

particularly by breaking chemical bonds in the DNA and RNA molecules and proteins in the 

cell. Combining this method with mechanical separation such as filtration or hydrocyclone is 

necessary due to interference with turbidity and sediment in ballast water. 

The results of Gloster-Herbert (2002) show the general requirements for UV devices. The 

UV treatment system (90% transmittance) reduces bacteria and the MS-2 coliphage virus 

by 90% and phytoplankton potential growth by >50%. Some phytoplankton with the 

capability to re-grow may survive. Putting the phytoplankton in dark tanks increases the 

mortality rates. 

The amount of damage caused by UV radiation is related to the intensity and amount of 

exposure in which organisms are exposed to a germicidal wavelength range. The reduction 

rate of bacteria and viruses irradiated with a dose of 20 mW/cm2

/sec obviously presents that 

the inactivation rate of the organic matters such as Bacillus antracis, Clostridium tetan, 

Corynebacterium diphtheria, Poliovirus, Shigella dysenteriae etc., was almost near 100% 

(SWRCB, 2002). 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 10 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

The UV dose of 60 mWs/cm2 is effective for the removal of bacteria, most viruses and many 

protists. A dose of 120 mWs/cm2

 is effective for almost all micro-organisms except highly 

resistant cysts and viruses. In laboratory tests, it has been demonstrated, that UV irradiation 

can be effective for the inactivation of the dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp. and vegetative cells 

of Gymnodinium catenatum (Rigby & Taylor, 2001). 

The MPUV module, applied to the "ARA Ballast" BWMS, was specially designed to achieve 

optimal performance even with minimal space. The development began with a literature survey 

followed by testing and verifying the treatment efficiency dependent on the exposure time of 

UV dosage of the MPUV module. Consequently, all of these considerations were taken into 

account to prevent any re-growth of aquatic organisms when designing the MPUV module. 

2 DESCRIPTIONS OF LAND-BASED TEST SYSTEMS

2.1 The process of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

Figure 5: Schematic process diagram of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

Ballast water is treated during ballasting by a filtration module, a plasma module, and a 

MPUV module. During ballasting, the filtration module removes aquatic organisms and 

particles larger than 50 μm and back-flushing water, which includes organisms and particles 

retained by automatic back-flushing devices, is returned overboard. After filtration, aquatic 

organisms are disinfected by discharge plasma with supplied air, and then residual aquatic 

organisms are disinfected by a MPUV sequentially. During de-ballasting, the filtration module 

and the plasma module are bypassed. The MPUV then disinfects and de-ballasts the water 

again. The schematic process diagram of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS is briefly shown in 

Figure 5 and a detailed description is prepared in appendix 1. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 11 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Figure 6: Schematic illustration of the land-based test facility 

for control and ballast mode 

Figure 7: Schematic illustration of the land-based test facility 

for the de-ballasting mode 

Schematic illustrations of the test facility for control and ballast mode and de-ballasting mode 

are shown in Figures 6 and 7. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 12 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

2.2 The components of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

The "ARA Ballast" BWMS is a superior system that can perfectly treat organic matters in 

ballast water causing no harm to humans or its surroundings. The "ARA Ballast" BWMS is 

composed of: 1) a filtration module, 2) a plasma module that can destroy aquatic organisms 

by intensive shockwaves, 3) a MPUV module disinfects aquatic organisms by UV radiation, 

and 4) a system control module and auxiliary functions that can manage the entire system. 

The system is composed of four main modules: 

.1 filtration module; 

.2 plasma module; 

.3 MPUV module; and 

.4 system control module and auxiliary functions. 

A detailed description is prepared in appendix 1. 

2.2.1 Filtration module 

The filtration module is composed of a 34 μm x 34 μm filter element with an automatic 

back-flushing function in order to remove any larger particles and organisms above 50 μm in 

size from the water. The filtration module is fully automatic in terms of its operation and 

cleaning capabilities without interrupting the filtration process, and back-flushing water which 

is returned overboard. The main mechanism of this filtration is that by increasing the 

treatment capacity based on its fluid dynamics, the designed components can maximize the 

back-flushing process. In addition, it is a system that automatically discharges those 

impurities by differential pressure after the filtration process. The most distinguished feature 

of this module is the double filtration process, which is highly accurate and reliable for filtering 

micro-organisms. The filtration module operates only during ballasting. A detailed 

description is prepared in appendix 1. 

2.2.2 Plasma module 

This module is composed of the following elements: 

.1 plasma electrode; 

.2 power supply; 

.3 capacitor; and 

.4 air delivery element. 

The plasma module is known as the module that can generate plasma underwater by using a 

high-voltage generator during its encounter with the ballast water in the vessel. Then, the 

high-energy plasma arc produces a pressure shockwave by dramatic differential-pressure, 

which destroys targeted micro-organisms such as zooplankton and phytoplankton by causing 

physical damage to their cell membranes underwater. The treatment by this plasma module 

generates a shockwave and air bubbles to increase the mortality on micro-organisms. The 

plasma module operates only during ballasting. A detailed description is prepared in 

appendix 1. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 13 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

2.2.3 MPUV module 

This module is composed of the following elements: 

.1 UV lamp; 

.2 quartz sleeve; 

.3 electronic ballast; 

.4 UV sensor and temperature sensor; 

.5 UV chamber; and 

.6 auto cleaning wiper. 

The MPUV module was specially designed to deactivate or disinfect any bacteria, virus, 

plankton or germs within a short period of time, but also for safe seawater discharge and 

supplies on the vessel. For this purpose, a number of lamps had been equipped in the 

chamber and designed to control the lamp power automatically, along with an auto-flushing 

function and the detection of any malfunctions. Then, all of the information would be 

displayed on the monitor for normal function. The MPUV module operates during ballasting 

and de-ballasting. A detailed description on MPUV module is prepared in appendix 1. 

2.2.4 System control module 

The system control module controls the "ARA Ballast" BWMS and supplies power to all 

items. The system control module consists of a power supply and auto-controller as one 

module, and the system control can be easily manipulated by using the interface based on 

the graphics. A detailed description on system control module is prepared in appendix 1. 

2.3 Land-based test facility 

The land-based test facility is established in the city of Tong-Yeong, which is located in the 

southern part of GyeongNam province, the Republic of Korea, in accordance with IMO 

requirements, and its performance was tested based on chemical analysis, toxicity and 

corrosion testing. The land-based test facility is shown in Figure 8. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 14 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Figure 8: Land-based test facility at 21st Century Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., 

Tong-Yeong, the Republic of Korea 

Currently at this facility, there is a test water tank-B.W.T.1 (300 m3

), a treated water 

tank-B.W.T.3 (300 m3

), a control water1 tank-B.W.T.2 (300 m3) and ballast pump (350 m3/h) 

for the transportation of test water and treated water. The ballast water treatment process of 

the "ARA Ballast" BWMS is shown in Figure 9. 

 

1

 Control water is seawater that only flows throughout the ballast pump in order to evaluate the performance of 

the BWMS under the same biological conditions as treated water, but is not treated by the treatment system. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 15 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Figure 9: Schematic process diagram of the land-based test facility of the "ARA Ballast"

BWMS and Sampling port installed in a pipe 

All tanks have drain valves at the bottom of the tank. Water contained in the tank may be 

drained. The land-based test facility has one sampling point in the pipes. The sampling port 

is located in the centre of the pipe in order to receive representative samples from the sample 

point. 

2.3.1 Operation 

For test operations, UV transmittance of water was in a range of approximately 85%. In this 

operation, the UV dose was in a range of about 300 mJ/cm2

. 

Flow rate 250 ± 10 m3

/hr

Treatments Two treatments, during ballasting (Plasma + UV) and during 

de-ballasting (UV)

Power 

consumption

Less than 0.2 kW for the Filtration module, less than 33 kW for MPUV 

module and less than 2 kW for the plasma module, respectively

Treated volume More than 250 m3

Salinity 34 psu (Seawater), 20 psu (Blackish water)
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 16 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

2.3.2 Sampling and measurement

The Full-scale test facility has five sampling valves in the "ARA Ballast" BWMS. The 

sampling locations (valves) are showed in Figure 9. Every sample was taken after water 

homogenate by an air blower, which was located in the bottom of the tanks. All samples for 

chemical analyses and performance analyses were collected from S1 to S5 (Tables 5). S1 is 

the sampling site of the storage tank for raw seawater containing organisms, heterotrophic 

bacteria and some organic matters after pre-filtration. S2 and S3 are sampling sites of 

storage tanks for treated and control water on day 0 and day 1 after ballasting, respectively. 

S4 represents de-ballasting of control water and of treated water after five days at the 

discharge stage, respectively. S5 represents the gas sampling point immediately after 

treatment of ballast water on day 0. Various aquatic organisms, starch and glucose were 

supplied to meet the condition of test water in accordance with Guidelines (G8). For detail 

information, please refer to appendix 2. 

Table 5: Sample information and sample tag for efficacy testing and 

chemical analysis of "ARA Ballast" BWM system 

Salinity (psu) 34 20 

Elapsed time (day) 0 1 5 0 1 5 

Test water (S1) BOGS34S1D0-1 

- - BOGS20S1D0-1* - - 

B BOGS34S2BD0-1 

BOGS34S2D1-1 BOGS34S2BD5-1 BOGS20S2BD0-1 BOGS20S2D1-1 BOGS20S2BD5-1 

M BOGS34S2MD0-1 

- BOGS34S2MD5-1 BOGS20S2MD0-1 - BOGS20S2MD5-1 

Control 

water 

(S2) E BOGS34S2ED0-1 

- BOGS34S2ED5-1 BOGS20S2ED0-1 - BOGS20S2ED5-1 

Before** - - BOGS34S3D5-1 

- - BOGS20S3D5-1 

B BOGS34S3BD0-1 

BOGS34S3D1-1 BOGS34S4BD5-1 BOGS20S3BD0-1 BOGS20S3D1-1 BOGS20S4BD5-1 

M BOGS34S3MD0-1 

- BOGS34S4MD5-1 BOGS20S3MD0-1 - BOGS20S4MD5-1 

Treated 

water 

(S3,S4) 

E BOGS34S3ED0-1 

- BOGS34S4ED5-1 BOGS20S3ED0-1 - BOGS20S4ED5-1 

Gas sampling (S5) BOGS34S5D0-1 

- - BOGS20S5D0-1 - - 

* Period, -1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6. 

* Before treated water sampling after 5 days 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 17 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Table 6: Sample information for efficacy testing of "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

Sample for Sampling 

location 

Volume of 

Sample Remark 

Test water 1 S1 5 L/20 L/1 L/1 L 

Basic water parameters (DO, ORP, 

pH Salinity, Temperature, Turbidity) 

Viable organisms 

(≥ 50 μm, ≥ 10-50 μm) 

Bacteria (Heterotrophic, Escherichia 

coli, Intestinal Enterococci,

toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae) 

Control water after 

ballasting on day 0 S2 5 L/20 L/1 L/1 L 

Treated water during 

ballasting on day 0 S3 5 L/1 m3

/10 L/1 L

Gas sampling S5 - 

Treated water during 

de-ballasting on day 5 S4 5 L/1 m3

/10 L/1 L

Control water during 

de-ballasting on day 5 S2 5 L/20 L/1 L/1 L 

1 Test waters including organism (≥ 50 μm, ≥ 10-50 μm), starch, and glucose to correspond with Guidelines (G8). 

2.3.3 Basic parameters of test water 

All of efficacy test was performed under the suitable test water condition in accordance with 

Guidelines (G8). 

Table 7: Basic parameters of test water for 34 psu and 20 psu 

Cycle Period DOC 

(mg/L) 

POC*

(mg/L) 

TSS 

(mg/L) 

Temp. 

(°C) pH DO (mg/L) 

ORP 

(mV) 

Salinity 

(psu) 

1 1.67 2.25 34.10 16.71 8.49 7.82 416 34.11 

2 1.94 1.39 27.10 16.06 7.99 8.21 564 34.39 

3 2.70 1.22 28.00 12.40 8.05 9.10 517 34.40 

4 1.71 1.30 23.30 11.75 8.05 8.94 577 34.47 

34 

psu 

5 2.85 1.77 27.50 11.07 8.07 9.07 560 34.52 

1 9.60 14.50 51.30 10.00 7.42 9.41 468 23.75 

2 9.52 14.50 59.70 7.72 8.23 10.31 561 22.94 

3 9.13 15.50 61.60 7.42 8.27 10.78 574 22.20 

4 9.50 13.70 52.90 5.96 8.29 11.09 549 22.66 

20 

psu 

5 10.3 16.50 61.60 4.62 8.23 11.52 569 23.57 

*

 POC (Particulate organic carbon) is estimated from TOC (Total organic carbon). 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 18 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Table 8: Density of organisms and types of organisms in the test water 

Viable Organisms 

Cycle Period ≥ 50 μm (inds./m3) ≥ 10-50 μm (inds./ml) 

Heterotrophic 

Bacteria 

(cells/ml) 

1 3 Phyla/Division 6 Species 

138,250 

3 Phyla/Division 10 species 

3,077 32,500 

2 3 Phyla/Division 7 Species 

128,000 

3 Phyla/Division 8 Species 

1,603 19,773 

3 3 Phyla/Division 7 Species 

252,660 

3 Phyla/Division 7 Species 

1,483 18,000 

4 3 Phyla/Division 7 Species 

139,250 

3 Phyla/Division 12 Species 

1,639 16,727 

34 

psu 

5 3 Phyla/Division 6 Species 

509,100 

3 Phyla/Division 7 Species 

1,949 9,409 

1 3 Phyla/Division 7 Species 

436,500 

3 Phyla/Division 7 Species 

1,974 20,227 

2 4 Phyla/Division 5 Species 

387,000 

4 Phyla/Division 7 Species 

1,748 11,954 

3 3 Phyla/Division 5 Species 

425,000 

3 Phyla/Division 7 Species 

1,593 13,772 

4 3 Phyla/Division 8 Species 

307,000 

4 Phyla/Division 8 Species 

3,132 16,090 

20 

psu 

5 3 Phyla/Division 6 Species 

301,000 

3 Phyla/Division 13 Species 

1,358 16,863 

2.3.4 Efficacy test result 

All of the efficacy test results satisfy regulation D-2, verifying that "ARA Ballast" BWMS is 

reliable underthe land-based test. For details of results, please refer to appendix 2. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 19 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Table 9: Efficacy test result 

Cycle Period ≥ 50 μm

organisms1

≥ 10-50 μm

organisms2 Coliform3 E. coli4 Enterococci5 V. cholerae6

B 0 6 0 0 0 0 

1 M 0 7 0 0 0 0 

E 0 2 0 0 0 0 

B 0 1 0 0 0 0 

2 M 0 0 0 0 0 0 

E 0 0 0 0 0 0 

B 8 5 0 0 0 0 

3 M 0 5 0 0 0 0 

E 0 6 0 0 0 0 

B 0 3 0 0 0 0 

4 M 0 1 0 0 0 0 

E 2 1 0 0 0 0 

B 1 5 0 0 0 0 

M 1 4 0 0 0 0 

34 

psu 

5 

E 0 1 0 0 0 0 

B 0 5 0 0 0 0 

1 M 0 6 0 0 0 0 

E 0 8 0 0 0 0 

B 1 3 0 0 0 0 

2 M 0 3 0 0 0 0 

E 0 2 0 0 0 0 

B 0 7 0 0 0 0 

3 M 0 7 0 0 0 0 

E 0 7 0 0 0 0 

B 0 2 0 0 0 0 

4 M 0 1 0 0 0 0 

E 0 3 0 0 0 0 

B 0 1 0 0 0 0 

M 0 1 0 0 0 0 

20 

psu 

5 

E 0 0 0 0 0 0 

B: beginning; M: middle; E: end. 

1

inds./m3, 2inds./ml, 3cfu/ml, 4cfu/100 ml, 5cfu/100 ml, 6cfu/100 ml. 

3 IDENTIFICATION OF PREPARATION, ACTIVE SUBSTANCES, RELEVANT AND 

OTHER CHEMICALS (G9: 4.1) 

3.1 Active Substances 

The "ARA Ballast" BWMS consists of filtration, plasma and MPUV modules. In the case of 

the filtration module, the removal of aquatic organisms will be achieved only by means of a 

mechanical method. Therefore, this will not produce any Active Substances and Relevant 

Chemicals and other chemical substances. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 20 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

In the plasma module, ionization of the injected air bubbles takes place as electric pulses are 

applied to the medium. This then leads to a partial discharge and to partial discharge activity 

in the air bubbles, resulting in the formation of Active Substances as described as follows: 

- UV light is transmitted into the liquid; 

- Free electrons and ions are produced; and 

- Ozone and atomic oxygen are produced (if oxygen is present in the natural 

state of air). 

During the discharge process, the occurrence of partial breakdown may also produce 

complete breakdown of the liquid once plasma has been formed. This may also lead to 

some of the following active species and effects being produced as below. 

When the plasma is formed, the following effects and compounds may be created: 

- Free radicals (superoxide, hydroxyl, singlet oxygen radical); 

- Shockwave production; and 

- Localized plasma-thermal effects. 

As described above, the main mechanism of disinfection by a plasma module is an intensive 

pressure shockwave, which is produced by the high-energy plasma. Due to the formation of 

ozone and other chemical species by the plasma process, we defined the Active Substances, 

Relevant Chemical and other chemicals in the following table. The Active Substances 

indicated in Table 10 may theoretically all be formed in the plasma, but none of them were 

found in the test results. Therefore, there is no concern related to the handling, storage and 

neutralization of these Active Substances. 

In the case of UV irradiation, it is known to produce OH · radicals under dissolved organic 

matter and/or nitrate in water. OH · radicals produced by UV irradiation affect aquatic 

micro-organisms and pathogens directly and indirectly. Therefore photons can be regarded 

as a disinfectant and can be defined as an Active Substances as well. 

Table 10: Active Substances of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

Concentration at Compound CAS number MDL 34 psu 20 psu 

Superoxide (O2

-

) NN NN NN NN 

Single oxygen radical (Oh) NN NN NN NN 

Hydroxyl radical (OHh) 3352-57-6 NN NN NN 

Electron (e-) NN NN NN NN 

Ozone (O3) 10028-15-6 0.02 mg/L ND ND 

NN: not necessary; ND: not detected. 

3.2 Relevant Chemicals 

To identify chemical products of concern to the environment from the reaction of hydroxyl 

radicals with dissolved organic matters and/or nitrate, chlorinated organic compounds as 

mentioned below in section 3.4.2, including trihalomethane (THM), haloacetonitrile (HAN), 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 21 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

haloaceticacid (HAA), chlorinated phenol, brominated phenol, some gases, absorbable 

organic halogens (AOX) and extractable organic halogens (EOX), were analysed in seawater 

and brackish water tests (Tables 13 and 14). With the use of plasma, Active Substances 

such as ozone and chlorine dioxide can be produced as a gas state. 

3.3 Gas 

Treated water collected immediately after plasma and MPUV treatment was analysed for 

hydrogen (H2), ozone (O3) and chlorine (Cl2). All analyses of chemical compounds were 

carried out by the accredited laboratory, KTR. Standard analysis methods are listed in 

Table 12 and appendix 3. 

Table 11: Gaseous constituent in the "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

Analysed at Gas MDL 34 psu 20 psu 

Hydrogen (%) 0.05 0.05 0.16 

Ozone (μL/L) 0.05 0.00 0.00 

Chlorine (μL/L) 0.10 0.00 0.00 

Table 12: List of standard methods were applied to chemical 

analysis in this study 

Compound Standard method (year) Instrument 

TRO US EPA 330.3 (1978) 

FRO Drinking Water Quality Standard 

and Test ES 05310, Korea (2009) OT-method 

Ozone 

Chlorine dioxide 

Standard Method 4500-O3-B 

(2005) and/or 4500-ClO2-B (2005)

Indigo Colorimetric Method 

and/or Titration Method 

Chlorinated organic 

compounds EPA 524.2(1995) Purge & trap GC/MS 

Sulfide Standard Method 4500-S-2-D 

(2005) Iodometric method 

Bromate ISO 15061 (2001) HPLC/Agilent/USA 

Bromide US EPA 300.1 (1997) IC/DX-500/Dionex/USA 

AOX ISO 9562 (2004) Cl 10/Behr LaborTechnik/Germany 

Halo-acetonitrils US EPA 551.1 (1995) microECDGCMS/Agilent/USA 

Halo-acetic acid US EPA 552.2 (1995) microECDGCMS/Agilent/USA 

Chlorinated phenols US EPA 8041A (2007) microECDGCMS/Agilent/USA 

Bromated phenols US EPA 8041A (2007) microECDGCMS/Agilent/USA 

DOC, POC ISO 8245 (1999(E)) TOCCPH/Shimazu/Japan 

Hydrogen gas GC-TCD 

Ozone and chlorine gas Detector tube kit 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 22 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

3.4 Identification of Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and Others 

3.4.1 Active Substances 

Analysis results are shown in Tables 13 and 14. For detailed information, please refer to 

appendix 3. As shown in the results, Active Substances, which theoretically may be formed 

in the plasma, were not detected. 

3.4.2 Relevant Chemicals 

To identify chemical products of concern to the environment from the reaction of hydroxyl 

radicals with dissolved organic matters and/or nitrate, chlorinated organic compound as 

mentioned in section 3.1, trihalomethane (THM), haloacetonitrile (HAN), haloaceticacid 

(HAA), chlorinated phenol, brominated phenol, some gases, adsorbable organic halogens 

(AOX) and others were analysed in seawater and brackish water test (Tables 13 and 14). 

Analysis results show that only Relevant Chemicals such as chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, 

and 4-chlorotoluene were produced in small amounts by the "ARA Ballast" BWMS. 

The concentration of chlorobenzene was 0.13 μg/L, bromobenzene was 0.18 μg/L, 

4-chlorotoluene was 0.10 μg/L on day 5 for treated water discharge. For detailed information, 

please refer to appendix 3. 

Table 13: Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and Others in 34 psu test 

Sampling time 0 day 

(2009.11.12) 

1 day 

(2009.11.13) 

5 day 

(2009.11.17) 

Sampling point/tank Test 

water Control Treated Control Treated Control 

Before 

deballast 

After 

deballast 

Sample tag 

BOGS34S1D0

-2 

BOGS34S2M

D0-2 

BOGS34S3M

D0-2 

BOGS34S2D1

-2 

BOGS34S3D1

-2 

BOGS34S2M

D5-2 

BOGS34S3D5

-2 

BOGS34S4M

D5-2 

Compounds MDL 

Active Substance (mg/L) 

TRO 0.20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

FRO 0.05 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Ozone(O3) 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ClO2 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Sulfide(S-2) 0.20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromate(BrO3-) 

(μg/L)

0.13 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromide(Br-) 0.01 65.5 63.5 64.2 62.4 63.2 65.5 64.5 63.5 

Chlorinated organic compounds (μg/L)

1,1,1-

Trichloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1,2-

Trichloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1-Dichloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1,2,2-

Tetrachloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1,1,2-

Tetrachloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,3-

Trichlorobenzene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 23 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

1,2,3-

Trichloropropane 0.01 ND ND 0.45 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 

1,2,4-

Trichlorobenzene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2-Dibromo-3-

chloropropane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1-Dichloroethene 0.02 ND 0.01 ND ND 0.02 ND ND ND 

1,2-

Dichloropropane 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2-Chlorotoluene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

4-chlorotoluene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND 0.12 0.10 

Bromobenzene 0.01 ND ND 0.32 ND 0.21 ND 0.15 0.18 

Bromochloromethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chlorobenzene 0.01 ND ND 0.16 ND 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.13 

cis-1,2-

dichloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dibromochloromethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dibromomethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dichlorobromomethane 0.01 0.31 0.30 ND 0.27 ND 0.18 ND ND 

Dichloromethane 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Tetrachloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Tetrachloromethane 0.01 0.79 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

trans-1,2-

dichloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Trichloromethane 0.01 3.38 1.23 1.02 0.89 0.68 0.63 0.58 0.49 

Tribromomethane 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,4-

Tribrombenzene 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,3,5-

Tribrombenzene 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Halo-acetonitriles (μg/L)

Dibromoacetonitrile 0.004 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromochloroacetonitrile 0.003 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chloropicrin 0.003 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chloral hydrate 0.002 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Trichloroacetonitrile 0.001 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dichloroacetonitrile 0.001 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Halo-acetic acids (μg/L) 

2-

monochloroacetic 

acid 

0.059 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2-dichloroacetic 

acid 0.166 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dalapon acid 0.103 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-

trichloroacetic acid 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 24 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

2,2-

bromochloroacetic 

acid 

0.035 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-

bromodichloroacetic acid 

0.014 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-

tribromoacetic acid 0.094 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2-

monobromoacetic 

acid 

0.049 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2-dibromoacetic 

acid 0.022 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chlorinated Phenols (μg/L) 

2-Chlorophenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3-Chlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

4-Chlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3-Dichlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4-Dichlorophenol 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,5-Dichlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,6-Dichlorophenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3,4-Dichlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3,5-Dichlorophenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4-

Trichlorophenol 

+ 3,4,5-

Trichlorophenol 

0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,5-

Trichlorophenol 

+ 2,4,5-

Trichlorophenol 

0.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,6-

Trichlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4,6-

Trichlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4,5-

Tetrachlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4,6-

Tetrachlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,5,6-

Tetrachlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Pentachlorophenol 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromophenols (μg/L) 

2,4-Dibromophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,6-Dibromophenol 0.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4,6-

Tribromophenol 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ND, not detected 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 25 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Table 14: Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and Others in 20 psu test 

Sampling time 0 day 

(2009.12.17) 

1 day 

(2009.12.18) 

5 day 

(2009.12.22) 

Sampling point/tank Test 

water Control Treated Control Treated Control 

Before 

deballast 

After 

deballast 

Sample tag 

BOGS20S1

D0-2 

BOGS20S2M

D0-2 

BOGS20S3M

D0-2 

BOGS20S2D1

-2 

BOGS20S3D1

-2 

BOGS20S2M

D5-2 

BOGS20S3D5

-2 

BOGS20S4M

D5-2 

Compounds MDL 

Active Substance (mg/L) 

TRO 0.20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

FRO 0.05 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Ozone(O3) 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ClO2 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Sulfide(S-2) 0.20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromate(BrO3-) 

(μg/L) 0.13 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromide(Br-) 0.01 37.5 36.9 37.4 36.8 37.1 37.5 36.4 36.9 

Chlorinated organic compounds (μg/L)

1,1,1-

Trichloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1,2-

Trichloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1-Dichloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1,2,2-

Tetrachloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1,1,2-

Tetrachloroethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,3-

Trichlorobenzene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,3-

Trichloropropane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,4-

Trichlorobenzene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2-Dibromo-3-

chloropropane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,1-Dichloroethene 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2-

Dichloropropane 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2-Chlorotoluene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

4-chlorotoluene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromobenzene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromochloromethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chlorobenzene 0.01 0.33 0.32 0.21 0.17 0.18 0.04 0.05 0.06 

cis-1,2-

dichloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dibromochloromethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dibromomethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 26 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Dichlorobromomethane 0.01 0.13 0.12 ND 0.08 ND 0.02 ND ND 

Dichloromethane 0.02 0.98 0.83 0.51 ND ND ND ND ND 

Tetrachloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Tetrachloromethane 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

trans-1,2-

dichloroethene 0.01 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Trichloromethane 0.01 4.15 3.85 1.13 2.95 0.92 0.85 0.37 0.45 

Tribromomethane 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,2,4-

Tribrombenzene 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

1,3,5-

Tribrombenzene 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Halo-acetonitriles (μg/L)

Dibromoacetonitrile 0.004 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromochloroacetonitrile 0.003 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chloropicrin 0.003 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chloral hydrate 0.002 0.27 0.25 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.07 

Trichloroacetonitrile 0.001 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dichloroacetonitrile 0.001 0.38 0.35 0.30 0.21 0.10 0.19 0.03 0.04 

Halo-acetic acids (μg/L)

2-

monochloroacetic 

acid 

0.059 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2-dichloroacetic 

acid 0.166 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Dalapon acid 0.103 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-

trichloroacetic acid 0.02 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2-

bromochloroacetic 

acid 

0.035 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-

bromodichloroaceti

c acid 

0.014 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2,2-

tribromoacetic acid 0.094 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2-

monobromoacetic 

acid 

0.049 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,2-dibromoacetic 

acid 0.022 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Chlorinated Phenols (μg/L) 

2-Chlorophenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3-Chlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

4-Chlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3-Dichlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4-Dichlorophenol 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,5-Dichlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 27 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

2,6-Dichlorophenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3,4-Dichlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

3,5-Dichlorophenol 0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4-

Trichlorophenol 

+ 3,4,5-

Trichlorophenol 

0.4 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,5-

Trichlorophenol 

+ 2,4,5-

Trichlorophenol 

0.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,6-

Trichlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4,6-

Trichlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4,5-

Tetrachlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,4,6-

Tetrachlorophenol 0.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,3,5,6-

Tetrachlorophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Pentachlorophenol 0.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

Bromophenols (μg/L) 

2,4-Dibromophenol 0.3 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,6-Dibromophenol 0.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

2,4,6-

Tribromophenol 0.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 

ND, not detected 

4 DATA SET FOR ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND PREPARATIONS

4.1 Data set on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish (G9: 4.2.1.1) 

4.1.1 Acute aquatic toxicity 

Acute toxicity tests with the "ARA Ballast" BWMS treated seawater and brackish water 

covering multiple test species (a fish, an invertebrate and a plant) indicated no acute toxicity 

to any test organisms at any effluent concentrations as tested (see report in appendix 4, 

section 3.1). The results are summarized in Tables 15 and 16. 

Algae: Study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by the "ARA Ballast" BWMS on 

the diatom, Skeletonema costatum, for 72 hours, NOEC and LOEC values from Hypothesis 

Test and EC50 value based on the cell densities at the end of the experiment were calculated 

for both 34 psu and 20 psu ballast water treated by the "ARA Ballast" BWMS. 

Crustacean: Study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by the "ARA Ballast" 

BWMS on the copepod, Tigriopus japonicus, for 48 hours, EC50 and LC50 values based on 

mobilization and survival data at the end of the experiment were calculated for both 34 psu 

and 20 psu ballast water treated by the "ARA Ballast" BWMS. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 28 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Fish: Study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by the "ARA Ballast" BWMS on the 

olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, for 96 hours, LC50 values based on survival data at the 

end of the experiment were calculated for both 34 psu and 20 psu ballast water treated by 

the "ARA Ballast" BWMS. 

4.1.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity 

The most sensitive organisms for ballast water treated by the "ARA Ballast" BWMS were 

the algae, Skeletonema costatum and the fish, Paralichthys olivaceus respectively, for 

the 20 psu and 34 psu that gave the LOEC values of 100.00% from aquatic toxicity test 

results. However, EC50 values of algae and fish were greater than 100.00%. Besides these 

two organisms, any others did not indicate significant chronic toxicity effect (see report in 

appendix 4, section 3.1). The results are summarized in Tables 17 and 18. 

Algae: Study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by the "ARA Ballast" BWMS on 

the diatom, Skeletonema costatum, for 96 hours, NOEC and LOEC values from Hypothesis 

Test and EC50 value based on the cell densities at the end of the experiment were calculated 

for both 34 psu and 20 psu ballast water treated by the "ARA Ballast" BWMS. 

Crustacean: Study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by the "ARA Ballast" 

BWMS on the copepod, Tigriopus japonicus, for 28 days, NOEC and LOEC values from 

Hypothesis Test, EC50 and LC50 values based on reproduction and survival data at the end of 

the experiment were calculated for both 34 psu and 20 psu ballast water treated by the 

"ARA Ballast" BWMS. 

Fish: Study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by the "ARA Ballast" BWMS on the 

olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, for 7 days, NOEC and LOEC values from Hypothesis 

Test and LC50 values based on survival data at the end of the experiment were calculated for 

both 34 psu and 20 psu ballast water treated by the "ARA Ballast" BWMS. 

Table 15: Acute aquatic toxicity of 34 psu ballast water treated by "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

LC50 and/or EC 50 Species End point Conc.(%) 

Reference/Comments/ 

justification for missing data 

Algae Skeletonema costatum EC50 72 h > 100 OECD 201 

Crustacean Tigriopus japonicus EC50 48 h 

LC50 48 h 

> 100 

> 100 OECD 202 

Fish Paralichthys olivaceus LC50 96 h > 100 OECD 203 

Table 16: Acute aquatic toxicity of 20 psu ballast water treated by "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

LC50 and/or EC 50 Species End point Conc. (%) 

Reference/Comments/ 

justification for missing data 

Algae Skeletonema costatum EC50 72 h > 100 OECD 201 

Crustacean Tigriopus japonicus EC50 48 h 

LC50 48 h 

> 100 

> 100 OECD 202 

Fish Paralichthys olivaceus LC50 96 h > 100 OECD 203 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 29 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Table 17: Chronic aquatic toxicity of 34 psu ballast water treated by "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

NOEC LOEC LC50 and/or EC 50 Species Conc. (%) End point Conc. (%) Reference 

Algae Skeletonema costatum 100 

100 

> 100 

> 100 

EC50 72 h 

EC50 96 h 

> 100 

> 100 OECD 201

Crustacean Tigriopus japonicus 100 

100 

> 100 

> 100 

EC50 28 D

LC50 28 D 

> 100 

> 100 OECD 211

Fish Paralichthys olivaceus 50 100 LC50 7 D > 100 OECD 212

Table 18: Chronic aquatic toxicity of 20 psu ballast water treated by "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

NOEC LOEC LC50 and/or EC 50 Species Conc. (%) End point Conc. (%) Reference 

Algae Skeletonema costatum 100 

50 

> 100 

100 

EC50 72 h 

EC50 96 h 

> 100 

> 100 OECD 201

Crustacean Tigriopus japonicus 100 

 100 

> 100 

> 100 

EC50 28 D

LC50 28 D 

> 100 

> 100 OECD 211

Fish Paralichthys olivaceus 100 > 100 LC50 7 D > 100 OECD 212

4.1.3 Endocrine disruption 

No reports were found that indicated the Active Substances or Relevant Chemicals listed in 

the dossier may be endocrine disrupters in aquatic organisms. 

4.1.4 Sediment toxicity 

Chlorobenzene and bromobenzene have log Kow values <3, thus very low accumulation 

potential in sediments. Result of 4-chlorotoluene showed values that exceed as 3.18. 

4.1.5 Bioavailability/biomagnifications/bioconcentration 

Reviewing Log Pow values for compounds, it is concluded that the bioaccumulation potential 

should be considered very low except for 4-chlorotoluene.

4.1.6 Food web/population effects 

Information about these was not found anywhere. 

4.2 Mammalian toxicity (G9: 4.2.1.2) 

Tests were not carried out. However, related information is described in MSDS (refer to 

appendix 5). 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 30 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

4.2.1 Acute toxicity and Chronic and long-term toxicity 

Tests were not carried out. However, related information is described in MSDS (refer to 

appendix 5). 

4.2.2 Effect on eye and skin 

Tests were not carried out. However, related information is described in MSDS (refer to 

appendix 5). 

4.2.4 Development, reproductive toxicity, carcinogenicity and mutagenicity 

Tests were not carried out. However, related information is described in MSDS (refer to 

appendix 5). 

4.3 Environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions 

(G9: 4.2.1.3) 

Tests were not carried out. However, related information is described in MSDS (refer to 

appendix 5). 

4.3.1 Mode of degradation, Bioaccumulation, partition coefficient and octanol/water 

coefficient 

Tests were not carried out. However, related information is described in MSDS (refer to 

appendix 5). 

4.3.2 Persistence and identification of the main metabolites in the relevant media 

(ballast water, marine and fresh water) 

Tests were not carried out. However, related information is described in MSDS (refer to 

appendix 5). 

4.3.3 Reaction with organic matter 

Not applicable (see appendix 5). 

4.3.4 Potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats 

Not applicable (see appendix 5). 

4.3.5 Potential residue in seafood 

Not applicable (see appendix 5). 

4.3.6 Any known interactive effects 

Not applicable (see appendix 5). 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 31 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

4.4 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances and Preparations 

and the treated ballast water (G9: 4.2.1.4) 

Table 19: Physical and chemical properties for preparation 

Physical and chemical Property Chlorobenzene Bromobenzene 4-chlrotoluene 

Melting point (°C) - 45 .2 - 30.6 7.5 

Boiling point (°C) 131.7 156.0 162 

Flammability 

(flash point for liquids; °C) - 51 51.9 

Density (20°C; kg/m3) - 1495.2 1.0697 at 20°C 

Vapour pressure (20°C; Pa) - 4.18 mmHg at 25°C 3.1 hPa at 20°C 

Vapour density (air = 1) - 2.46 - 

Water solubility 

(temp; effect of pH; mg/L) 

400.5 mg/L at 

25°C 

4.46× 102 mg/L 

at 30°C 0.1 g/L at 20°C 

Explosive properties - - Lower : 0.7 % by vol. 

Upper : 12.2% by vol.

Surface tension (newtons/m 

(SI) or dynes/cm (cgs)) - 0.036 N/m at 20°C 322.4 dynes/cm at 25°C 

Viscosity (mPa.s) - 1.124 cp at 20°C 0.892 mPa-s at 20°C 

Henry's Law Constant 

(Pa.m3

/mol) 

0.00311 at 

m-m3/mole 

2.47 ×10-3 atm 

m3

/mol at 25°C 0.00438 atm-m3

/mol 

Partition Coefficient (Koc) 291.4 393.2 775.7 

Log Pow (Kow) 2.84 2.88 3.18 

5 MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)

Refer to appendix 5. 

6 RISK CHARACTERIZATION

6.1 Screening for persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity

These criteria were applied on the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals detected in 

the treated ballast water (see section 3). Only three compounds were detected in treated 

water at discharge, i.e. chlorobenzene, bomobenzene and 4-chlorotoluene (Table 13, also 

refer to appendix 3). Persistence should preferably be assessed in simulation test systems 

that determine the half-life under relevant conditions. Bioaccumulation test should use 

measured bio-concentration factor in marine or freshwater organisms. Toxicity test, acute 

and/or chronic eco-toxicity data, ideally covering the sensitive life stage, should in principle 

be used for the assessment of the toxicity criterion (Table 20). 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 32 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Table 20: PBT evaluation based on water 

Compounds Persistency 

(Yes/No) 

Bioaccumulation 

(Yes/No) Toxicity (Yes/No) 

Chlorobenzene Half-life : 15 d (No) Log Pow : 2.84 (No) Algae-Acute EC50

: 12.5 mg/L/96h (No)

Bromobenzene Half-life : 38 d (No) Log Pow : 2.88 (No) Algae-Acute LC50 

: 5.8 mg/L/24h (No)

4-chlorotoluene Half-life : 38 d (No) Log Pow : 3.18 (Yes) Fish-Chronic NOEC 

: 0.19 mg/L/30d (No)

PBT criterion > 60 days in marine 

water Log Pow ≥3 Chronic NOEC < 0.01 mg/L 

6.2 Toxicity testing of the treated ballast water 

Acute eco-toxicity tests with "ARA Ballast" treated seawater and brackish water covering 

multiple test species (fish, invertebrate and plant) showed no toxicity in aquatic plants, 

invertebrate and fish (see appendix 4). 

6.3 Risk characterization and analysis 

Prediction of discharge and environmental concentration: Marine Anti-foulant Model to 

Predict Environmental Concentrations (MAMPEC)

For the calculation of the Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC), the MAMPEC model 

(version 2.0) was applied. The model was developed to estimate leaking of anti-fouling paints from 

the surface of ships. For the calculation of the PEC in this dossier, the highest concentration 

of discharged Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals, and 396,922 tonnes/day of 

de-ballast water (OECD commercial harbour, Rotterdam) were applied. All input data and 

results of the MAMPEC calculations are contained in Table 21 and appendix 6. 

Table 21: PEC from MAMPEC modelling results 

MAMPEC result (μg/L) 

Chlorobenzene Bromobenzene 4-chlorotoluene 

Maximum 

concentration 2.10E-03 3.34E-03 1.73E-03 

95% 

concentration 2.01E-03 3.21E-03 1.66E-03 

Average 

concentration 8.13E-04 1.27E-03 6.63E-04 

Median 

concentration 3.41E-04 4.82E-04 2.65E-04 

Harbour 

Minimum 

concentration 5.46E-05 7.67E-05 4.23E-05 

Maximum 

concentration 1.55E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 

95% 

concentration 1.30E-04 1.91E-04 1.03E-04 

Average 

concentration 2.87E-05 4.15E-05 2.26E-05 

Median 

concentration 5.44E-05 7.92E-05 4.29E-05 

Surrounding 

Minimum 

concentration 2.89E-05 4.08E-05 2.24E-05 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 33 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

7 RISK ASSESSMENT

7.1 Ship and personnel safety 

7.1.1 Safety to ship

7.1.1.1 Corrosion 

The "ARA Ballast" BWMS does not produce any corrosive by-products, such as TRO and 

acidic compounds, any Preparations or aggressive additives or generated substances. TRO 

were not detected after treatment, which supports the claim that the "ARA Ballast" BWMS is 

free of corrosion risk. Furthermore, no corrosion supporting, or corrosion stimulating effects 

are connected with the system. However, 21st Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. is currently conducting 

a corrosion testing programme as part of the evaluation of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS on the 

ship safety to access the effect of effluents from the "ARA Ballast" BWMS on protective 

coating of the ballast tank and the double-side skin space for the extension of a ship's life 

span and prevention of accident. For this purpose, the following application and standards 

were applied for the corrosion testing programme and some of the work process and future 

plans are described in appendix 7. 

In conclusion, corrosion tests will continue to be conducted in order to assess the effect of 

effluents from the "ARA Ballast" BWMS using the following plans. We will then forward the 

results of the risk assessment of corrosion to maintain the safety of our apparatus. 

Plan: 

.1 sampling of the control/treated seawater; 

.2 exposure of the coated panel in wave tank; 

.3 assessment of the panel after exposure; and 

.4 reporting of the result. 

7.1.1.2 Fire and explosion 

The electrical and electronic parts of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS are essentially safe under 

normal operation. We are looking for ways to reduce damage in the unlikely event of fire or 

explosions associated with the system. 

7.1.1.3 Storage and handling of the substances 

Not necessary 

7.1.1.4 Contact with, or inhalation of, process products 

Not necessary 

7.1.1.5 Noise 

No sound or noise was generated by the "ARA Ballast" BWMS. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 34 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

7.1.2 Safety to ship's crew 

If all operators and crew members follow the manuals provided by the manufacturer, there is 

no risk to human health unless there is direct human exposure to the MPUV and Plasma in 

the instance of an emergency. This is, however, a very unlikely event. During the ballasting 

mode (Day 0) of the "ARA Ballast" BWMS, ozone and chlorine were detected in a gas state 

with amount of 0 μl/L and 0 μl/L in seawater (34 psu), and 0 μl/L and 0 μl/L in brackish water 

(20 psu), respectively. In case of any risk to the human health or crew's safety, appropriate 

countermeasures will be considered or such a discharge unit will be mounted for 

compensation in order to maintain the safety to the ship's crew and human health. However, 

after performing a precise analysis on water quality, ozone and chlorine were not detected as 

dissolved Active Substances in the treated water (Day 0 and Day 5) (Refer to Tables 13 and 14). 

Therefore, it is expected that there will be no concerns on crew's safety nor risk to the 

environment. The detailed description of the "safety instructions" is prepared in appendix 1. 

In addition, according to IMO requirements, we will prepare a safe system for the ship's crew. 

7.1.2.1 Plasma protection 

.1 The operator has the right to operate this module under safety rules and 

regulations at all times and has responsibility for maintenance. This 

module must be operated by qualified persons only ñ i.e. only personnel 

having attended a training course or otherwise received appropriate 

instruction. 

.2 The interior of the power supply has flowing high voltage which can be fatal 

to people. Do not remove any protective covers from this module. Stay 

away from the module while the module is fully operating. 

.3 Operating Gas (natural state of air) has no toxicity, poison and is 

inflammable. Therefore, personnel charged with the operation must have 

corresponding qualifications on this module. While operating this module, 

personnel must also take extra care and caution. If any problem occurs 

while operating the gas (natural state of air), the manipulation on the 

module must stop at that moment and you must follow the qualified 

personnel's instructions. 

7.1.2.2 MPUV Protection 

.1 Wear safety glasses to prevent eye injuries from ultraviolet light. Do not 

look directly into a UV lamp that is switched on. 

.2 Do not unnecessarily expose your skin to UV-radiation. Wear clean, cotton 

gloves when handling the lamps. If you do have to hold the lamps, do so 

by the connectors. 

.3 Remember that UV-lamps remain hot for a considerable time after they 

have been turned off. Allow the lamps to cool off after use for at least 15 

minutes. 

.4 The disinfection chamber and the control unit have to be wired to an earth 

leakage circuit breaker with sufficient capacity. Switch the power supply off 

before carrying out repair work and maintenance. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 35 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

.5 Take account of the fact that there is inadequate disinfection if the lamps 

are not of a certain temperature or if the lamps have been switched off. 

.6 The UV-lamps contain mercury. Dispose of defective lamps to a depot for 

chemical waste. 

7.2 Risk to human health 

In regards to risks upon human health, we expect no negative or harmful effects from direct 

or indirect contact with discharged treated water. Please refer to the test results of water 

quality. 

7.3 Risk to the aquatic environment 

The potential risk to the aquatic environment is based on a series of PEC/PNEC ratios using 

a worst case scenario (Table 22). The PEC/PNEC ratios of three compounds indicate that 

no aquatic risk (ratio <1). Therefore, "ARA Ballast" BWMS has no toxic effect on aquatic 

organism and environment. 

Table 22: PEC/PNEC ratios 

Compounds PEC (μg/L) PNEC (μg/L) PEC/PNEC ratio (μg/L) 

Chlorobenzene 2.10E-03 12.5 1.68E-04 

Bromobenzene 3.34E-03 5.80 5.76E-04 

4-chlorotoluene 1.73E-03 0.19 9.11E-03 

7.4 Human Exposure Scenario (HES) 

Margin of safety (MOS) has been estimated in accordance with a worst-case scenario, in which 

no dilution occurs (GESAMP-BWWG 3/9, annex 9). Table 23 shows the theoretical exposure 

to the various compounds of a person weighing 60 kg and drinking 2 L of water per day. 

All compounds were reassuringly of large value compared to MOSref (100). Therefore, the 

results show that the "ARA Ballast" BWMS poses no risk to human including ship's crew. 

Table 23: Result of the Margin of Safety (MOS) Approach 

Compounds 

NOAEL or 

LOAEL valuea

(mg/kg) 

Highest 

concentration 

(mg/L) 

Exposureb

(mg/kg/day) MOSc

Chlorobenzene 27 0.00013 4.33E-06 6.23E+06 

Bromobenzene 50 0.00018 6.00E-06 8.33E+06 

4-chlorotoluene 1.1 0.0001 3.33E-06 3.30E+05 

a

 NOAEL, no observable adverse effect level; LOAEL, low observable adverse effect level 

b Exposure = {(Highest concentration) x 2 L/day}/60 kg c MOS = (NOAEL or LOAEL value)/Exposure value
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 36 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

8 ASSESSMENT REPORT

8.1 Overview of data and endpoint 

All data is science-based and literature references are given. Active Substances, which may 

theoretically be produced by the plasma module, were not detected and only three Relevant 

Chemicals were produced by "ARA Ballast" BWMS, i.e., chlorobenzene, bromobenzene 

and 4-chlorotoluene. These compounds were evaluated with regard to persistence, 

bioaccumulation, and toxicity. All chemicals are not persistent using Procedure (G9) criteria 

of a half-life in marine water. Only 4-chlorotoluene exceeded the criteria of a log Pow <3. 

This chemical may have the potential to accumulate in marine organisms. However, through 

the result of marine organism toxicity test, PEC/PNEC ratio and MOS, this chemical does not 

have any adverse effect on marine environment when discharged into the sea. With regard 

to chronic toxicity, all chemicals met the NOEC criterion of <0.01 mg/L. 

Evaluation of discharge toxicity results from land-based test demonstrated that there are no 

harmful effects on aquatic organisms, the alga Skeletonema costatum, the invertebrate 

Tigriopus japonicus, and the fish Palalichthys olivaceus nor are chemical compounds 

produced by "ARA Ballast" BWMS in the de-ballasting water. Therefore, no adverse health 

effects would be expected to derive from direct or indirect exposure to de-ballasted water. 

The results of PEC/PNEC ratio and MOS show no adverse effects on the aquatic 

environment. PEC/PNEC ratios of chlorobenzene, bromobenzene and 4-chlorotoluene 

were 1.68E-04, 5.76E-03, 9.11E-03, respectively; thus, all of ratios were below 1. With regard 

to MOS, all values are substantially higher than the MOSref (100). Therefore, "ARA Ballast" 

BWMS can safely and effectively treat ballast water in compliance with the guidelines. 

8.2 Test report data quality 

Test reports used in this application were from a variety of sources, including several 

databases (ECOTOX, EPA, EPI Suite, HSDB, OECD SIDS, PBT Profiler and WHO database 

by way of accredited laboratories and commercial institutions) involving assessing the 

chemicals for various endpoints, including acute and chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, 

developmental and reproductive effects. There are a wide range of effects including acute 

and chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive toxicity caused by 

compounds. 

9 REFERENCES

Adler, S., M. Scherrer and F.D. Daschner., Costs of low-temperature plasma sterilization 

compared with other sterilization methods, Journal of Hospital Infection. (1998) 40: p. 125-134. 

Gamal M. El-Aragi, Pulsed Plasma Treatment of Surface Water Using Low-Temperature 

Corona Reactor, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, March/April 2008, 

Vol.7, No.2, p. 143-147. 

Hiroshi Ohkawa, Tetsuya Akitsu, Masao Tsuji, Hideo Kimura, Masuhiro Kogoma and Kinpei 

Fukushima, Pulse-modulated, high-frequency plasma sterilization at atmospheric-pressure, 

Surface and Coatings Technology. 200 (2006) p. 5829-5835. 

IUVA. 
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 37 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

Lisa Marsili, Steven Espie, John G. Anderson and Scott J. MacGregor, Plasma inactivation of 

food-related micro organisms in liquids, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 65 (2002), 

p. 507-513. 

Mackie, G. L., Lowery, P., and Cooper, C. (2000), Plasma pulse technology to control zebra 

mussel biofouling, Zebra Mussel Technical Notes Collection (ERDC TN-ZMR-2-22), 

U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Centre, Vicksburg, MS. 

Miller, A.C. and Lowry, P., Controlling zebra mussels, quagga mussels and biofilm growth 

with the plasma sparker, (ERDCTN-ZMR-2-23), U.S. Army Engineer Research and 

Development Centre, Vicksburg, MS., 2000. 

Naci Ekem, Tamer Akan, Yurdanur Akgun, Abdurrahman Kiremitci, Suat Pat and Geavit 

Musa, Sterilization of Staphylococcus aureus by atmospheric pressure pulsed plasma, 

Surface Coatings Technology 201 (2006) p. 993-997. 

Smythe, A.G., and Dardeau, E.A., Jr., Overview of Electrical Technologies for Controlling 

Dreissenids, with Emphasis on Pulse-Power Systems., Zebra Mussel Technical Notes 

Collection (ZMR-3-22), U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Centre, Vicksburg, 

MS.,1999. 

Xiyao Bai, Zhitao Zhang, Mindong Bai, Bo Yang and Mindi Bai., Killing of Invasive Species of 

Ship's Ballast Water in 20t/h System Using Hydroxyl Radicals., Plasma Chemistry and 

Plasma Processing. Vol.25, No1 (2005)41-54. 

Zhang Zhitao, Bai Mindi, Xiao Yu, Bai Mindong, Yang Bo and Bai Xiyao., Treating ballast 

water with hydroxyl radical on introduced organisms, CHIN. J. OCEANOL. 

LIMNOL.,24(2),2006,161-167. 

Moisan, M., J. Barbeau, S. Moreau, J. Pelletier, M. Tabrizian, L.H. Yahia, Low-Temperature 

Sterilization using gas plasma: are view of the experiments and an analysis of the 

inactivation mechanisms, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 226(2001)1-21. 

Feichtinger, J., A. Schulz, M. Walker and U. Schumacher, Sterilization with low-pressure 

micro wave plasma. Surface and Coating Technol., 2003, 564-569. 

Boscariol, M.R., A.J. Moreira, R.D. Mansano, I.S. Kikuchi and T.J.A. Pinto, Sterilization by 

pure oxygen plasma and by oxygen-hydrogen peroxide plasma: An efficacy study, 

International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 353(2008)170-175. 

Gamal M. El-Aragi, Pulsed plasma treatment of surface water using low-temperature corona 

reactor, Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, Vol.7, No.2, 143-147., 2008. 

Tamer Akan, Naci Ekem, Yurdanur Akgun, Abdurrahman Kiremitci, Ahmet Cabuk, Suat Pat 

and Geavit Musa., Plasmas terilization using the high voltage pulsed discharge at 

atmospheric pressure, Journal of Applied Science 6 (7), 2006, 1566-1570. 

Miller, A.C. and Lowry, P., Controlling zebra mussels, quagga mussels and biofilm growth 

with the plasma sparker, (ERDCTN-ZMR-2-23), U.S. Army Engineer Research and 

Development Center, Vicksburg, MS., 2000. 

US EPA http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?Name=hydroxyl+radical&Units=SI
MEPC 61/2/5 

Annex, page 38 

I:\MEPC\61\2-5.doc 

10 APPENDICES CONTAINED IN THE CONFIDENTIAL DOSSIER 

The following appendices are contained in the confidential dossier: 

APPENDIX 1 System description of "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

APPENDIX 2 QAPP and Efficacy Test Report 

APPENDIX 3 QAPP, COC Records and Test Results for Chemicals 

APPENDIX 4 Request, study plan, COC records and Test Results for aquatic toxicity 

APPENDIX 5 Material Safety Data Sheets 

APPENDIX 6 Data sheets in MAMPEC results 

APPENDIX 7 Corrosion test 

APPENDIX 8 Operating data of "ARA Ballast" BWMS 

___________