* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAR 17 1999

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

JOHN FIRESTONE; STEVEN R.

MILLER, JR., individually and on

behalf of all others similarly situated,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

LOU GALLEGOS, Acting Secretary

of the New Mexico Human Services

Department; NEW MEXICO HUMAN

SERVICES DEPARTMENT,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 98-2171

(D.C. No. CIV-97-1416-JP)

(D. N.M.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before ANDERSON , EBEL , and BRISCOE , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
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argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument.

Plaintiffs-Appellants appeal from the district court’s order denying their

motion for approval of a stipulated dismissal pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). 

We affirm.

Plaintiffs filed this action in New Mexico state court as a class action. 

They sought declaratory and injunctive relief to halt defendants from enforcing an

income eligibility rule pertaining to receipt of public assistance benefits. 

Defendants removed the action to the federal district court for the district of New

Mexico. 

On January 15, 1998, defendants’ counsel wrote to plaintiffs indicating that

they had voluntarily halted enforcement of the rule challenged in this suit. On

February 9, 1998, the parties submitted a stipulation of dismissal to the court. At

the time the stipulation of dismissal was filed, plaintiffs had neither sought nor

received class certification. 

Three months later, on May 5, 1998, plaintiffs filed a motion for approval

of the stipulated dismissal pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). Defendants opposed

the motion. The district court denied it, concluding that Rule 23(e) did not

require its approval for the dismissal. This appeal followed.
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I.

Defendants challenge our jurisdiction to entertain this appeal. They

contend that the February 9, 1998 stipulation of dismissal constituted the final

judgment in this action, and that plaintiffs should therefore have filed their notice

of appeal within thirty days of the date it was filed. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1). 

We disagree. Plaintiffs’ motion for approval of the settlement was the equivalent

of a motion under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) to reopen the judgment. See Rice v. Ford

Motor Co. , 88 F.3d 914, 917-20 (11th Cir. 1996) (treating defendant’s motion for

review of district court’s order approving voluntary dismissal as a Rule 60(b)(6)

motion for purposes of timeliness of appeal and addressing denial of motion on

the merits); see generally Smith v. Phillips , 881 F.2d 902, 904 (10th Cir. 1989)

(stating that parties may attack Rule 41 voluntary dismissal by means of motion

under Rule 60(b)). Plaintiffs took timely appeal from the order denying their

motion. We therefore have jurisdiction to consider this appeal.

II.

Plaintiffs filed their stipulated dismissal in this action pursuant to Fed. R.

Civ. P. 41(a)(1). That rule allows a plaintiff to dismiss an action without order of

court by filing a stipulation of dismissal signed by all parties who have appeared

in the action. Such a dismissal is subject, however, to the provisions of Fed. R.

Civ. P. 23(e). See Rule 41(a)(1). Rule 23(e) provides that “[a] class action shall
1 The rule also provides for notice to members of the class; however, that

requirement does not appear to be at issue in this appeal.

2 Supreme Court dicta suggests that the procedural requirements established

by Rule 23(e) come into play only after a class has been certified. See Deposit

Guar. Nat’l Bank v. Roper , 445 U.S. 326, 332 n.5 (1980) (stating that “once a

class is certified, a class action may not be dismissed or compromised without the

approval of the court”) (quotation omitted); Sosna v. Iowa , 419 U.S. 393, 399 n.8

(1975) (same). Circuit authority is to the contrary, however. The majority rule

holds that Rule 23(e) applies prior to class certification. See Baker , 58 F.3d at

324; Diaz v. Trust Territory of the Pac. Islands , 876 F.2d 1401, 1406-08 (9th Cir.

1989); Glidden v. Chromalloy Am. Corp. , 808 F.2d 621, 625-28 (7th Cir. 1986). 

The Fourth Circuit, although holding that Rule 23(e) applies only after a class has

been certified, imposes a duty upon the district court to examine the proposed

settlement to determine whether there has been abuse of the class action device or

prejudice to putative class members. See Shelton v. Pargo, Inc. , 582 F.2d 1298,

1303-04, 1314-15 (4th Cir. 1978).

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not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the court.” 1

 When one

reads these two rules together, it becomes apparent that although an ordinary

action requires only notice to the court to effect a voluntary dismissal of the

action, a class action cannot be dismissed or settled without approval of the court. 

See Baker v. America’s Mortgage Servicing, Inc. , 58 F.3d 321, 324 (7th Cir.

1995). 

The complaint in this action contains a class allegation. The district court

concluded, however, that it was not a “class action” for purposes of Rule 23(e)

because plaintiffs had not yet received class certification at the time of dismissal. 

We have not had occasion to address whether a putative class action constitutes a

“class action” prior to certification. 2 
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We do not find it necessary to answer that question in this case, however. 

Instead, we conclude that the district court properly denied relief because

plaintiffs failed to plead facts entitling them to relief under Rule 60(b). Relief

under Rule 60(b) is extraordinary, and will be granted only in exceptional

circumstances. See Lindberg v. United States , Nos. 96-1403, 96-1472, 1999 WL

11280, slip. op. at 21 (10th Cir. Jan. 14, 1999). Plaintiffs failed to allege any

exceptional circumstances which would justify an inquiry by the court and formal

order of dismissal pursuant to Rule 23(e). Cf. Rice , 88 F.3d at 919 (“The district

court concluded that, in a case like this . . . the approval and notice requirements

of Rule 23(e) do not apply until after class certification . . . . Regardless of

whether this is a correct interpretation of Rule 23(e) [the movant’s Rule 60(b)

motion was properly denied because the movant] fail[ed] to allege either in its

motion for review or on appeal any exceptional circumstances to justify Rule

60(b) relief.”).

In their reply brief in district court, plaintiffs argued for the first time that

they needed the district court to enter an order approving the settlement so that

they could file a motion for attorney’s fees. They claimed that they had

“assumed” that such an order would be entered after they filed the stipulation. 

Appellant’s App. at 74. Plaintiffs did not offer any explanation for their failure,

as proponents of the settlement, to ask the court to approve the stipulated
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dismissal at the time it was filed. Cf. Blanchard v. Edgemark Fin. Corp. , 175

F.R.D. 293, 300 (N.D. Ill. 1997) (stating that although review is automatic under

Rule 23(e), settlement’s proponents bear the burden of submitting it for review

and approval and of establishing its fairness). Plaintiffs failed as a matter of law

to set forth grounds for reopening the judgment based on their own, earlier

mistake or negligence. See, e.g. , Greenwood Explorations, Ltd. v. Merit Gas &

Oil Corp. , 837 F.2d 423, 426 (10th Cir. 1988) (movant seeking Rule 60(b) relief

based on mistake or excusable neglect must plead and prove the mistake or

excusable neglect). 

 Moreover, plaintiffs asserted no harm to the absent class members for

whose benefit Rule 23(e) exists. See Glidden v. Chromalloy Am. Corp. , 808 F.2d

621, 626-27 (7th Cir. 1986). We are unable to discern any such prejudice from

the record resulting from the lack of court approval of the settlement. Since a

class had not yet been certified, the dismissal does not have a res judicata effect

against the interests of absent class members. See Diaz v. Trust Territory of the

Pac. Islands , 876 F.2d 1401, 1408 (9th Cir. 1989). Defendants have ceased

enforcement of the challenged regulation, and there are therefore most likely no

longer any aggrieved persons who could even form a class. Finally, plaintiffs

specifically asked the court to forego notice to prospective class members in

connection with approval of the settlement, thus demonstrating that they were
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unconcerned about the effect of court approval on those whom it was designed to

protect. 

The district court did not commit reversible error by denying relief pursuant

to Rule 60(b). The judgment of the United States District Court for the District of

New Mexico is AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

Stephen H. Anderson

Circuit Judge