United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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 No. 09-1308

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United States of America, *

*

Appellee, *

*

v. *

*

Juan Manuel Chavez-Alvarez, *

*

Appellant. *

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Appeals from the United States

 No. 09-1533 District Court for the

 ___________ Southern District of Iowa.

United States of America, *

*

Appellee, *

*

v. *

*

Mayra Elena Mireles, *

*

Appellant. *

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Submitted: November 20, 2009

Filed: February 18, 2010

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The Honorable Ronald E. Longstaff, United States District Judge for the

Southern District of Iowa. 

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Before WOLLMAN, JOHN R. GIBSON, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.

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WOLLMAN, Circuit Judge.

Mayra Elena Mireles and Juan Manuel Chavez-Alvarez were convicted of

conspiracy to distribute at least 500 grams of a mixture or substance containing

methamphetamine and at least fifty grams of actual methamphetamine, in violation of

21 U.S.C. §§ 841(b)(1)(A) and 846. Both appellants challenge the sufficiency of the

evidence against them and contend that the district court1 erred in submitting a willful

blindness instruction to the jury. Chavez-Alvarez argues that the transcripts of

recorded phone conversations should not have been allowed in the jury room during

deliberations. Mireles appeals from the denial of her motions for judgment of

acquittal and for a new trial. We affirm.

I. Background

We state the facts in the light most favorable to the jury verdict. United States

v. Jenkins-Watts, 574 F.3d 950, 956 (8th Cir. 2009).

Alejandro Martinez-Garcia managed a methamphetamine ring in Des Moines,

Iowa. His brothers sent methamphetamine from Chicago, Illinois, and MartinezGarcia oversaw the packaging and distribution of the drug in the Des Moines area.

Martinez-Garcia received several pounds of methamphetamine each month. 

Before distribution, the methamphetamine was cut with dimethyl sulfone

(MSM), a dietary supplement for horses that is similar in appearance and texture to

methamphetamine. MSM can be purchased in Des Moines and is available at feed
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stores, pet stores, and tack shops. To prepare a half pound of the methamphetamine

mixture for distribution, Martinez-Garcia instructed Miguel Avalos to mix 124 grams

of MSM with 100 grams of methamphetamine. Cutting the drug with MSM allowed

the conspiracy to maximize its profits by increasing the weight of the illegal

substance. According to Martinez-Garcia, Mireles and Chavez-Alvarez were in

charge of purchasing the MSM. 

A. Mireles’s Involvement with the Conspiracy

Martinez-Garcia hired Mireles on several occasions to purchase MSM for him,

instructing her to purchase a certain brand that looked similar to methamphetamine.

He paid for the MSM, Mireles’s travel expenses, and her time. Mireles began

purchasing MSM on Martinez-Garcia’s behalf shortly after they were introduced in

March 2007. Martinez-Garcia testified that the first time he hired Mireles, she

traveled to Las Vegas, Nevada, where MSM could be obtained easily. MartinezGarcia later learned that MSM could be purchased in Minnesota and that ChavezAlvarez could help obtain it. Upon arriving on her first trip to Minneapolis, Mireles

met Chavez-Alvarez, who brought her to the store where she purchased MSM.

Mireles testified that she had earlier been directed by Martinez-Garcia to go to “a store

like Home Depot.” 

Mireles traveled to Minneapolis four times to purchase MSM. Martinez-Garcia

usually provided a truck and $500 for four, ten-pound buckets of MSM. After

purchasing the MSM, Mireles would return to Des Moines and park the truck in front

of an ice cream store. Martinez-Garcia later would send someone to pick up the truck.

Martinez-Garcia paid her $850 for each trip, though he usually did not distribute the

cash payments to Mireles, the payments instead being made by other co-conspirators.

Mireles twice drove Martinez-Garcia’s vehicle to Chicago. She was paid to do so and

brought MSM with her on at least one occasion. 
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Mireles never asked Martinez-Garcia what purpose the MSM served, and

Martinez-Garcia never told her. According to Martinez-Garcia, they did not discuss

drugs and Mireles told him that “she didn’t want to get involved with drugs; that she

would simply cooperate by buying the vitamins.” Martinez-Garcia stated that Mireles

had asked him what would happen if she was stopped by the police while transporting

MSM. He reassured her that there would be no problems. Martinez-Garcia owned

one horse, though he maintained that he had not told Mireles of this fact. 

Mireles testified that she believed that Martinez-Garcia needed the MSM for

his horses and that she would never have agreed to purchase the MSM if she had

known it was used to adulterate methamphetamine. Mireles had never seen the

horses, nor did she know how many horses Martinez-Garcia owned. Each ten-pound

bucket of MSM contained a 160-day supply of the supplement, though Mireles stated

that she never paid attention to the label, other than the brand. She testified that she

did not know that MSM was available in Des Moines and that if she had, she would

not have purchased it. She believed that Martinez-Garcia had hired her because he did

not have a driver’s license and needed someone to buy the supplement for his horses.

B. Chavez-Alvarez’s Involvement with the Conspiracy

Martinez-Garcia offered to pay Chavez-Alvarez $1000 to purchase MSM in

Minnesota and deliver it to Des Moines. Martinez-Garcia sought to establish a regular

delivery schedule and asked Chavez-Alvarez to purchase and deliver four, ten pound

buckets every eight days. He told Chavez-Alvarez that he was willing to pay $1000

for each delivery. Martinez-Garcia testified that he had never discussed drugs or

horses with Chavez-Alvarez. 

In July 2007, Chavez-Alvarez agreed to purchase and transport MSM.

Martinez-Garcia directed Avalos to give Chavez-Alvarez a label from an MSM bucket

so that he would know which brand to purchase. Later that month, Martinez-Garcia
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wired $500 to Chavez-Alvarez, explaining that he had used an alias to send the

money. He told Chavez-Alvarez that the last time he sent Mireles to Minneapolis, she

could not purchase MSM at the first store and had to go to a second store. ChavezAlvarez told Martinez-Garcia that he knew where both stores were, even though

neither mentioned the names or locations of the stores. 

After Chavez-Alvarez purchased the MSM and drove it to Des Moines,

Martinez-Garcia directed him to a drug store parking lot, where he met Avalos and an

associate. Both vehicles left the parking lot shortly thereafter and went to an auto

parts store parking lot. Avalos went into the store, while his partner stayed with

Chavez-Alvarez so that they could exchange the MSM for the $1000 payment. When

Avalos returned to the parking lot, the buckets of MSM were in his vehicle and

Chavez-Alvarez’s vehicle was leaving the parking lot. 

Law enforcement officials had been monitoring the exchange. Following the

transaction, an Iowa state patrol trooper stopped Chavez-Alvarez for speeding. The

trooper testified that the traffic stop was unremarkable and that Chavez-Alvarez

cooperated. 

C. Procedural Background

Avalos, Martinez-Garcia, his former girlfriend, and a number of law

enforcement officials testified at trial. Law enforcement officials had intercepted

Martinez-Garcia’s cellular telephone calls from June to August 2007, and the

government offered into evidence recordings of relevant intercepted calls involving

Mireles and Chavez-Alvarez. Because the conversations were in Spanish, the

recordings were translated and transcribed in English. The linguist who verified the

transcripts testified that they were accurate. 
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In submitting the case to the jury, and over the defendants’ objections, the

district court included a willful blindness instruction, which permitted the jury to find

that the defendants acted knowingly if they were “aware of a high probability that he

or she was acting in furtherance of a conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine when

he or she agreed to obtain and transport MSM to Alejandro Martinez-Garcia, and that

he or she deliberately avoided learning the truth.” The district court also overruled an

objection to the submission of the transcripts to the jury. 

II. Discussion

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Mireles and Chavez-Alvarez contend that the evidence was insufficient to

support their convictions. We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo. United

States v. Coleman, 584 F.3d 1121, 1125 (8th Cir. 2009). “[W]e will affirm if the

record, viewed most favorably to the government, contains substantial evidence

supporting the jury’s verdict, which means evidence sufficient to prove the elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Lopez, 443 F.3d 1026,

1030 (8th Cir. 2006) (en banc). 

To convict a defendant of conspiracy to distribute drugs, the government must

prove that there was an agreement to distribute drugs, that the defendant knew of the

agreement, and that the defendant intentionally joined the agreement. United States

v. Benitez, 531 F.3d 711, 716 (8th Cir. 2008). “[A] defendant may be convicted for

even a minor role in a conspiracy, so long as the government proves beyond a

reasonable doubt that he or she was a member of the conspiracy.” Lopez, 443 F.3d

at 1030. The elements of conspiracy may be proved by direct or circumstantial

evidence, and the jury may “draw reasonable inferences from the evidence presented

about what the defendant’s state of mind was when he did or said the things presented
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in the evidence.” United States v. Turner, 583 F.3d 1062, 1067 (8th Cir. 2009)

(quoting United States v. Wilson, 103 F.3d 1402, 1406-07 (8th Cir. 1997)). 

Mireles and Chavez-Alvarez concede that the government proved the existence

of a conspiracy to distribute methamphetamine, but contend that it failed to prove that

they knew of and intentionally joined the conspiracy. A defendant’s willful blindness

may serve as the basis for knowledge if, “in light of certain obvious facts, reasonable

inferences support a finding that a defendant’s failure to investigate is equivalent to

‘burying one’s head in the sand.’” United States v. Florez, 368 F.3d 1042, 1044 (8th

Cir. 2004). “To act ‘knowingly,’ therefore, is not necessarily to act only with positive

knowledge, but also to act with an awareness of the high probability of the existence

of the fact in question. When such awareness is present, ‘positive’ knowledge is not

required.” United States v. Graham, 739 F.2d 351, 353 (8th Cir. 1984) (per curiam)

(quoting United States v. Jewell, 532 F.2d 697, 700 (9th Cir. 1976) (en banc)). The

concept of willful blindness is a limited exception to the requirement of actual

knowledge, and the jury may find willful blindness only if the defendant was aware

of facts that put him on notice that criminal activity was probably afoot and

deliberately failed to make further inquiries, intending to remain ignorant. United

States v. Barnhart, 979 F.2d 647, 651-52 (8th Cir. 1992). Accordingly, the

government could satisfy its burden of proof by proving that if Mireles and ChavezAlvarez were not actually aware that they were purchasing and transporting MSM to

assist Martinez-Garcia in the distribution methamphetamine, their ignorance was

based entirely on a conscious decision to avoid learning the truth.

1. Sufficient Evidence To Convict Mireles

The evidence showed that Mireles either had actual knowledge of the

conspiracy or deliberately failed to inquire about it. Martinez-Garcia’s testimony that

Mireles told him that “she didn’t want to get involved with drugs; that she would

simply cooperate by buying the vitamins” supports the government’s contention that
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Mireles had actual knowledge of the conspiracy. If she did not, it was only because

she chose not to investigate the facts suggesting that criminal activity was afoot. As

noted above, Martinez-Garcia testified that Mireles asked what would happen if she

was stopped by law enforcement while transporting the supplement. A jury could

infer that if she believed that she had been transporting the MSM for legal purposes,

possessing it should not have given her cause for concern. Moreover, the nature of

the typical purchase and delivery of MSM was suspicious: Mireles would pick up a

vehicle that contained the buy money, drive to Minneapolis, purchase the MSM,

return the vehicle to Des Moines, park it at an agreed upon location, and then leave

it to be picked up by someone else. She was paid handsomely for her work, usually

receiving the cash payments from Martinez-Garcia’s associates, whom Mireles had

not met before her employment. 

The government’s evidence undermined Mireles’s story that she believed the

MSM was used for Martinez-Garcia’s horses, the existence of which she had never

been told by Martinez-Garcia. Mireles never asked how Martinez-Garcia used the

MSM. She also transported a bucket of MSM to Chicago, without questioning why

Martinez-Garcia had any need of it there. Similarly, she never inquired whether

MSM was available in Des Moines, which likely has feed stores, pet stores, tack

shops, and stores “like Home Depot.” In light of this evidence, the jury could

reasonably determine that Mireles knew of the drug conspiracy and that she

intentionally joined it when she purchased and delivered MSM to Martinez-Garcia.

2. Sufficient Evidence To Convict Chavez-Alvarez

The evidence was also sufficient to sustain Chavez-Alvarez’s conviction.

Martinez-Garcia offered to pay Chavez-Alvarez $1000, every eight days, for driving

forty pounds of horse supplement from Minneapolis to Des Moines. Chavez-Alvarez

never asked whether Martinez-Garcia owned horses, how the MSM was used, why

large quantities of MSM were needed, why the supplement had to be purchased in
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Minneapolis, or why Martinez-Garcia was willing to pay $1000 to have it delivered

to one of his associates in Des Moines. The circumstances of Chavez-Alvarez’s

purchase and delivery also indicated a high probability of illegal activity. MartinezGarcia wired the money using an alias. After arriving in Des Moines, Chavez-Alvarez

was directed to a drug store to meet Avalos. The two vehicles left the drug store and

met at an auto parts store parking lot, where the exchange of MSM for money

occurred. Chavez-Alvarez’s calm demeanor during the traffic stop immediately after

the exchange was a matter for the jury to consider. The jury was entitled to weigh the

evidence, and it reasonably found that if Chavez-Alvarez did not actually know that

he was acting in furtherance of a methamphetamine distribution ring, his ignorance

was based on his decision not to ask any questions about the suspicious circumstances

of his employment. 

B. Willful Blindness Instruction

Mireles’s and Chavez-Alvarez’s contention that there was no evidentiary basis

for the willful blindness instruction fails for the same reasons their challenges to the

sufficiency of the evidence fail. As discussed earlier, a willful blindness instruction

is appropriate when a defendant claims a lack of guilty knowledge, but the evidence

supports an inference of deliberate ignorance. Florez, 368 F.3d at 1044; United States

v. Gruenberg, 989 F.2d 971, 974 (8th Cir. 1993). Ignorance is deliberate if the

defendant was presented with facts that put him or her on notice that criminal activity

was particularly likely, yet the defendant intentionally failed to investigate those facts.

Florez, 368 F.3d at 1044; Barnhart, 979 F.2d at 652. As recounted above, the

evidence indicated that the defendants were aware that criminal activity was likely

afoot, although they did not obtain final confirmation from Martinez-Garcia or the

other co-conspirators. Moreover, the instruction was complete: it stated that the jury

could not find knowledge if the defendants were “merely negligent, careless or

mistaken as to whether [they were] acting in furtherance of a conspiracy” or if they

“actually believed that the horse supplement, MSM, that [they] purchased was going
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to be used for Alejandro Martinez-Garcia’s horse(s).” We conclude that the

instruction was properly given and that it fairly submitted the issue of knowledge to

the jury. 

C. Use of Transcripts in Jury Deliberations

Chavez-Alvarez argues that the district court erred when it furnished the jurors

with the English-language transcripts of the recorded telephone conversations during

deliberations. He contends that the transcripts were cumulative and prejudicial.

The decision to permit the use of transcripts is committed to the district court’s

discretion, and it is well settled that juries may use translated transcripts of recorded

conversations during trial and deliberations. See, e.g., United States v. Placensia, 352

F.3d 1157, 1165 (8th Cir. 2003) (Spanish-language conversations translated to

English); United States v. Grajales-Montoya, 117 F.3d 356, 367 (8th Cir. 1997)

(same); United States v. Delpit, 94 F.3d 1134, 1147-48 (8th Cir. 1996) (“piglatinisms” translated to English). Without translation, an English-speaking jury would

not have been able to understand the content of recorded conversations that took place

in Spanish. Chavez-Alvarez does not contend that the translations were inaccurate or

that the speakers were misidentified, and we reject his assertion that allowing the

transcripts in the jury room was cumulative. The tapes were properly admitted into

evidence, and the transcripts assisted the jury in evaluating that evidence. Thus, the

district court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the jury to refer to them during

deliberations. 

D. Denial of Motions for Judgment of Acquittal and for a New Trial

Mireles claims that the district court erred in denying her motions for judgment

of acquittal and for a new trial, alleging that there was insufficient evidence to convict

her of conspiracy. Having determined that the evidence was sufficient to support
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Mireles’s conviction and the submission of the willful blindness instruction, we affirm

the district court’s denial of those motions. 

Conclusion

The convictions are affirmed.

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