Filed 7/17/14 (unmodified opn. attached)

CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

JOANNE PEAKE, et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

MARVIEL UNDERWOOD, et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 D061267

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2010-00085519-

 CU-OR-CTL)

 ORDER MODIFYING OPINION

 AND DENYING REQUEST FOR

 REHEARING 

 [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

THE COURT:

Appellants' petition for rehearing is DENIED.

It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on June 25, 2014, be modified as follows:

1. On page 3, the third sentence of the second paragraph is deleted and 

replaced with the following sentence:

However, as we shall explain, the court's exercise of discretion was 

justified for several reasons particular to this case, including that Peake's claims 

were inconsistent with the admitted facts and well-settled law, and the record 

 

* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1110, this opinion is certified for 

publication with the exception of Discussion part II.
2

reflects that Peake's trial counsel had no reasonable belief in the validity of the 

claims.

2. The second sentence of the second paragraph commencing on page 27 and 

continuing to page 28 is deleted and replaced with the following sentence:

The record before us presents an appropriate case for sanctions because: 

(1) under well-settled law Peake's substantive claims are clearly without merit; (2) 

appellants did not present any colorable legal or factual argument to the trial court 

supporting an extension of existing law to establish liability in this case; (3) before 

and during the safe harbor period, Ferrell's counsel set forth the specific factual 

and legal grounds supporting his position that Peake's claims were without merit; 

and (4) appellants engaged in conduct supporting the conclusion that they did not 

reasonably believe the claims had any merit.

3. The last sentence in the second complete paragraph on page 28 is deleted 

and replaced with the following sentence:

On this record, it is reasonable to infer that Peake added these claims 

without any reasonable belief that they were legally and factually supported.

There is no change in judgment.

MCCONNELL, P. J.

Copies to: All parties
Filed 6/25/14 (unmodified version)

CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

JOANNE PEAKE et al.,

Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

MARVIEL UNDERWOOD et al.,

Defendants and Respondents.

 D061267

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2010-00085519-

 CU-OR-CTL)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Joel 

Pressman, Judge. Affirmed.

Boudreau Williams and Jon R. Williams for Plaintiffs and Appellants.

Wolfgang F. Hahn + Associates and Wolfgang F. Hahn for Defendant and 

Respondent Marviel Underwood.

Stavros & Associates and Mark D. Stavros for Defendants and Respondents Dunn 

Real Estate & Development Co., Inc. and Paul Ferrell.

Joanne Peake purchased a home from Marviel and Deanna Underwood. About 

two years later, Peake brought an action against the Underwoods and the Underwoods'

 

* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1110, this opinion is certified for 

publication with the exception of Discussion part II.
2

real estate agent, Paul Ferrell.1 Peake sought to recover damages for defendants' alleged 

failure to disclose defective subfloors in the home. 

After the case had been pending for more than one year, Ferrell moved for 

terminating and monetary sanctions against Peake and her counsel Norman Shaw under 

Code of Civil Procedure section 128.7 (section 128.7). Section 128.7 provides a trial 

court with the discretionary authority to impose sanctions when a party files a pleading 

that is factually or legally frivolous. Ferrell argued Peake's claims were factually and 

legally frivolous because the undisputed evidence showed Ferrell had fulfilled his 

statutory and common law disclosure duties, and Peake had actual notice of facts 

disclosing prior problems with the subfloors. Peake declined to dismiss the action during 

the statutory safe harbor period, and instead amended her complaint to add claims similar 

to claims she had previously dismissed.

After a hearing, the court found Ferrell met his burden to show Peake's claims

were "without legal or evidentiary support" and Peake's continued maintenance of the 

lawsuit demonstrated "objective bad faith" warranting section 128.7 sanctions. As 

sanctions, the court dismissed Peake's claims against Ferrell and ordered Peake and her 

attorney to pay Ferrell $60,000 for his attorney fees incurred in defending the action. 

On appeal, Peake and Shaw (collectively appellants) challenge these sanctions.

We determine the court acted within its discretion in awarding the section 128.7 

 

1 Peake also sued Ferrell's brokerage firm, Dunn Real Estate & Development Co., 

Inc., dba Prudential Dunn Realtors. We refer collectively to Ferrell and his brokerage 

firm as Ferrell. 
3

sanctions. The record supports that no reasonable attorney would have concluded Peake's 

statutory and common law claims against Farrell were factually and legally supported. In 

particular, the facts admitted by Peake show that during escrow Ferrell provided Peake 

with photographs and reports disclosing problems with the residence's subflooring, 

satisfying his legal obligations to the buyer. Having provided this information, Ferrell—

who served only as the sellers' listing agent—did not owe the buyer any additional

statutory or common law duties, and there was nothing in Ferrell's communications that 

would have misled a reasonable buyer. 

In affirming the sanctions order, we do not intend to suggest sanctions should be 

routinely awarded. Our adversary system requires that attorneys and litigants be 

provided substantial breathing room to develop and assert factual and legal arguments. 

However, as we shall explain, the court's exercise of discretion was justified for several

reasons particular to this case, including that Peake's claims were inconsistent with the 

admitted facts and well-settled law, and the record reflects that Peake's trial counsel had 

no honest or reasonable belief in the validity of the claims.

In the unpublished portion of the opinion, we reject Peake's separate appellate 

argument that the court erred in awarding the Underwoods prevailing party attorney fees 

after the court granted the Underwoods' motion to compel arbitration and Peake then 

dismissed her action against the Underwoods. 
4

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL SUMMARY

Complaint

In 2007, the Underwoods purchased a home and were represented by real estate 

agent Ferrell in the transaction. About one year later, the Underwoods sold this home to 

Peake. The Underwoods were again represented by Ferrell, and Peake was represented 

by her own real estate agent (Tiffany Kilcoyne). 

Two years later, in February 2010, Peake sued the Underwoods, Ferrell, Kilcoyne,

the termite inspector, and the home inspector. Peake alleged "a water intrusion incident 

whereby standing water was caused to wick into the foundation" had previously occurred, 

"causing the foundation and attached flooring structures to deteriorate." She alleged she 

"only became aware of the extent of the [water-intrusion] damage when her son's foot 

recently went through a bathroom floor."

Peake alleged the Underwoods had been aware of the unrepaired water damage 

and the deteriorated floor structure at the time of the sale but failed to disclose these facts. 

She further alleged the Underwoods knew or should have known, and failed to disclose, 

that the repairs performed on the property "were not proper and did not comply with 

applicable building standards and codes." Peake asserted claims against the Underwoods 

for breach of contract, fraud, concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and negligence. 

With regard to Ferrell, Peake alleged he "fail[ed] to conduct a competent and 

diligent inspection" and "fail[ed] to disclose information about the true condition of the 

[residence] including water damage" that he knew or should have known. Peake also

alleged that Ferrell owed her "a duty to fully and completely disclose all known material
5

defects, failures and deficiencies" concerning the residence. Based on these allegations, 

Peake asserted causes of action against Ferrell for: (1) breach of statutory duties (Civ. 

Code, §§ 2079, 1102 et seq.); (2) negligence; (3) breach of fiduciary duty; and (4) 

constructive fraud.2 

A few months after she filed her complaint, Peake stipulated to strike all of her 

claims against Ferrell except her statutory claim. Ferrell's counsel then sent numerous 

emails to Peake's counsel (Shaw), explaining the legal and factual deficiencies of Peake's 

statutory claim and encouraging Shaw to consult with a real estate standard-of-care 

expert. In the emails, Ferrell's counsel emphasized that Ferrell had provided Peake with 

all the information in his possession, including documents showing possible problems 

with the subflooring, and noted an agent's statutory duties are limited to a visual 

inspection. Ferrell's counsel reminded Shaw of his ongoing duty to reevaluate the merits 

of Peake's claim, and warned that if Peake did not dismiss her claim, Ferrell would seek 

sanctions from Peake and Shaw under section 128.7. 

Shaw did not take any action in response to these emails, and conducted no 

affirmative discovery after filing the complaint. 

Ferrell's Sanctions Motion Served on Peake and Her Counsel

About one year after the complaint was filed, in March 2011, Ferrell served Peake 

and her attorney with a section 128.7 sanctions motion. In the motion, Ferrell contended 

that Peake's sole claim asserted against him (the statutory cause of action) had no factual 

 

2 All undesignated statutory references are to the Civil Code except for the sanctions 

statute (Code Civ. Proc., § 128.7) or as otherwise specified.
6

or legal basis, and was objectively frivolous. Ferrell argued that the cited statutes

(sections 2079 and 1102) required that a real estate agent disclose only visible defects and 

the subfloor water intrusion problem was not visible on a reasonable inspection. He also 

argued that he went beyond his limited statutory duties by providing Peake with all 

relevant reports that would have disclosed problems with the subfloors and identified 

case law providing that the statutes did not require a seller's agent or broker to 

independently verify a seller's representations. 

In support of his sanctions motion, Ferrell submitted several documents. 

First, he submitted the three-page statutory transfer disclosure statement provided 

to Peake during escrow (Transfer Disclosure statement). In the form, the Underwoods 

checked a box indicating they were not aware of any "[f]looding, drainage or grading 

problems" on the property, and signed at the bottom of this page. However, this portion

of the document stated: "THE[SE] . . . ARE REPRESENTATIONS MADE BY THE 

SELLER(S) AND ARE NOT THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE AGENT(S), IF 

ANY." On the third page of this document, Ferrell signed the section involving a seller's 

agent's disclosures. In that section, Ferrell indicated that Peake should see his "Visual

Inspection Checklist" and the "reports and disclosures" from the previous owner. (Some 

capitalization omitted.)

Second, Ferrell submitted a copy of the referenced Visual Inspection Checklist.

On this document, next to the preprinted entry for "LANDSCAPING," Ferrell wrote 

"SEE DISCLOSURES ON DRAINAGE UPGRADES BY PREVIOUS OWNER." And 

next to the entry for "FOUNDATION/SLAB," Ferrell wrote that he observed a "SOFT 
7

SPOT IN SUBFLOOR IN ONE BEDROOM." Next to the form's "OTHER" entry, 

Ferrell wrote "SEE PAST INSPECTION REPORTS, DRAINAGE UPGRADE REPORT 

AND WORK BY CIVIL ENGINEER, KENNETH DISCENZA [phone number] AND 

BOND CONSTRUCTION. DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENTS WERE PERFORMED IN 

TWO SEPARATE PROJECTS."

Third, Ferrell submitted Peake's acknowledgement that she had received numerous 

documents provided to the Underwoods in the previous escrow. These documents 

included a January 4, 2007 physical inspection report, known as the 2007 Focus report. It 

is undisputed that this report disclosed substantial problems and decay in the subflooring 

of the home. Peake concedes for purposes of this appeal that she received this 2007 

Focus report during the escrow period.

Ferrell also proffered excerpts of Peake's deposition testimony. In this testimony, 

Peake acknowledged that during the escrow period she was aware the home had prior 

drainage problems and that extensive repairs to the drainage system had been performed.

She testified that she and her own real estate agent had discussed Ferrell's disclosure "that 

there had been . . . drainage work done, and there was an invoice from the construction 

company that the work had been done." She said that she did not inquire further about 

this disclosure "because I had . . . two [other] inspection reports [by her own retained 

inspection experts] that said that . . . everything was fine; so I assumed the work done 

was fine." Peake further acknowledged that before escrow closed, the Underwoods 

provided her with a "Seller's Additional Disclosures" document stating that an "extensive 

drainage system is installed and it was added on before [the Underwoods] purchased the 
8

property" at a cost of approximately $13,000. Peake stated that she remembered that she 

and her agent "looked at the plans from Bond, the architect, and saw that all that work 

had been done." 

Although she did not specifically recall reviewing the 2007 Focus report before 

escrow closed, Peake acknowledged at her deposition that this report "show[s] damage 

under the floor." She also said she noticed there was some "sponginess" on one bedroom 

floor during her walk-through of the property before the sale closed. Peake additionally 

said she was aware there was a sump pump at the back of the property, and she 

understood the purpose of a sump pump is to "take water out, if there is any excess water, 

in a basement." 

In addition to the real estate documents and deposition testimony submitted in 

support of his sanctions motion, Ferrell discussed Peake's complete lack of offensive 

discovery, and her counsel's disregard for the numerous cautionary emails urging him to 

reevaluate Peake's claim. 

Peake's Amendments to Complaint in Response to Sanctions Motion

After Ferrell served the sanctions motion, he did not immediately file the motion 

because of the statutory 21-day safe harbor requirement.3 During this safe harbor period,

Peake did not dismiss her statutory claim against Ferrell and instead she moved for leave 

 

3 Before filing a section 128.7 sanctions motion, a party must first serve the motion 

on the opposing party and provide the party 21 days to withdraw the offending pleading. 

(§ 128.7, subd. (c)(1).) This safe harbor period permits a party to withdraw a 

questionable pleading without penalty. (Day v. Collingwood (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 

1116, 1127.) 
9

to amend her complaint to reassert the three common law claims (negligence, breach of 

fiduciary duty, and constructive fraud) she had previously stricken by stipulation, and to 

add new causes of action for intentional fraud and negligent concealment against Ferrell. 

The trial court denied Peake's motion to amend regarding the previously stricken 

claims because they were based on the same facts and legal theories, but allowed the 

amendments as to the intentional fraud and negligent concealment claims. The facts 

alleged in these new claims were similar to the facts alleged in the three dismissed 

claims, but they also included allegations that Ferrell had actual knowledge of the 

defective subfloors and that he made affirmative misrepresentations to Peake regarding 

the condition of the floors.

Filed Sanctions Motions and Opposition Arguments

After these amendments were permitted and several months after the safe harbor 

period expired, Ferrell filed his sanctions motion. The motion was essentially identical to 

the version initially served on Peake and did not address the new fraud and negligent 

concealment claims. 

As the centerpiece of their opposition papers, Peake and Shaw stated that Peake 

"is pursuing her cause of action based on [Civil Code sections] 1102 and 2079 because

the Transfer Disclosure Statement signed by Paul Ferrell made an affirmative 

representation that the property had no drainage problems." (Italics added.) Specifically, 

Peake argued that "Ferrell knew there were flooding and drainage problems with the 

property and yet he inexplicably checked the 'No' box on the Transfer Disclosure 

Statement when asked about drainage problems." Based on this argument, Peake 
10

contended that "when a real estate professional makes a clearly false statement on the 

Transfer Disclosure Statement, there is no basis for that real estate agent to be awarded 

sanctions" under section 128.7.4 

In support of their assertion that Ferrell knew about undisclosed problems and 

inadequate repairs before escrow closed, appellants submitted Peake's declaration stating: 

"Several months after purchasing my home, my son's foot went 

through the floor. It became apparent to me for the first time that the 

floor was suffering from significant rotting. [¶] . . . When I told Paul 

Ferrell [that my son's foot went through the floor] and asked him [in 

a phone conversation] about earlier repairs and improvements to the 

property[,] I asked why the floor was rotted. He responded by 

saying that when the Underwoods initially purchased the home, they 

planned on making extensive improvements and repairs. However, 

shortly after purchasing the home, Mr. Underwood, who was a 

professional football player with the NFL was injured and lost his 

income. Mr. Ferrell explained that since Mr. Underwood lost his 

income, the Underwoods were unable to complete the improvements 

to the drainage system and repairs to the floor."

In her declaration, Peake also stated that although she was "given various written 

disclosures" before escrow closed, she "was never told the drainage repairs were not 

completed prior to purchasing the home, nor was [she] told the floor needed significant

repairs but the Underwoods could not afford to complete them." Peake said:

"[A]t no time prior to purchasing the house did Paul Ferrell ever tell 

me that the Underwoods needed to make additional repairs to the 

property, but stopped doing so because Mr. Underwood lost his 

income. Had I know that some repairs were made to the drainage

 

4 As discussed, this argument was factually inaccurate because the Underwoods, 

and not Ferrell, made the representation regarding the lack of drainage problems. The 

form stated the representations were made solely by the seller and were not endorsed by 

the seller's agent. 
11

system, but that the repairs were not completed, I would not have

bought the property."

Peake and Shaw further supported their opposition with an expert declaration from 

Richard Snyder, an experienced realtor and property manager. Snyder stated he was 

retained to provide an opinion on whether Ferrell met the standard of care under section 

2079, and that he concluded Ferrell acted below the applicable standard because Ferrell 

did not "red-flag[ ] the drainage issue by disclosing in writing that repairs were not 

completed." Snyder based this opinion on several assumed facts. First, Snyder stated 

that in the Transfer Disclosure statement, Ferrell had responded " 'No' " to the "question 

whether . . . Ferrell was aware of any flooding, draining or grading problems." (Italics 

added.) Second, Snyder relied on the fact that in his Visual Inspection Checklist, Ferrell 

mentioned the prior drainage repair work performed by engineer Discenza and contractor 

Bond Construction. Third, Snyder relied on Peake's version of her telephone 

conversation with Ferrell. He said "Given the facts that 1) Paul Ferrell was an agent 

involved in two sales of the property in 12 months and 2) Paul Ferrell knew the 

Underwoods ran out of money before fixing the problems, Paul Ferrell should have redflagged the drainage issue by disclosing in writing that repairs were not completed." 

Snyder acknowledged that he did not review the numerous reports provided to Peake 

during escrow (including the 2007 Focus report), but said the content of those disclosures 

would not have altered his opinion regarding what Ferrell should have disclosed to Peake. 

He said: "Ferrell is essentially taking the position that he could provide a buyer with a 

series of reports regarding drainage problems to the property, and withhold the fact that 
12

the previous owner could not afford to complete the necessary repairs. In my opinion, it 

is a breach of the statutory and professional standard of care for a listing agent to provide 

a series of reports without disclosing the crucial fact: the repairs were never properly 

completed." 

In reply, Ferrell raised the factual error in appellants' opposition brief and Snyder's 

declaration: appellants and Snyder had both claimed Ferrell prepared and endorsed the 

relevant portion of the Transfer Disclosure statement, but in fact it was the Underwoods 

who had signed this statement. Appellants thereafter conceded the error and Snyder 

amended his declaration to correct that discrepancy.

Ferrell also submitted his own declaration in which he denied Peake's version of 

the phone call after her son's foot went through the bathroom floor. Ferrell additionally 

stated that before the Underwoods purchased the property, the seller had completed all 

the drainage improvements recommended by engineer Discenza. Ferrell acknowledged

that the property had prior flooding and drainage problems, but said these issues were 

fully disclosed to Peake during the escrow through his references to the drainage and 

engineering work and in the documents provided to Peake from the prior escrow.

Ferrell also lodged nine additional cautionary communications sent to attorney 

Shaw after serving the sanctions motion. Attached to one of them was a declaration from 

Peake's own real estate agent, who declared that Peake was given "all [the] disclosures 

and other transaction paperwork" provided by Ferrell and that Peake reviewed all of it. 
13

Court's Ruling

After considering the submissions, the court issued a minute order tentatively 

granting Ferrell's sanctions motion, stating it found "plaintiff and her attorneys'

maintenance of her complaint against [Ferrell was] baseless and utterly lacking in legal 

merit." In a lengthy explanation, the court said the evidence established that "at the close 

of escrow, [Peake] had all the information necessary and that the brokers satisfied all 

their duty by supplying all reports" and "there is nothing that plaintiff or her counsel can 

point to establishing that Mr. Ferrell failed in his Civil Code §§ 1102 and 2079 inspection 

disclosure duties." The court also emphasized that Peake had more than one year to 

investigate her claims, and Ferrell's counsel had sent Shaw repeated admonitions

regarding the specific factual and legal flaws in Peake's claims. The court concluded that 

Shaw's implied certification of legal and factual merit under section 128.7 "was without 

legal or evidentiary support and that the continued maintenance of th[e] meritless lawsuit 

[against Ferrell] demonstrates objective bad faith warranting CCP § 128.7 sanctions."

During the hearing, Peake's counsel focused on the evidence showing Ferrell had 

actual notice that the subfloor repairs had allegedly not been performed (or had not been 

properly performed) and that Ferrell failed to disclose this information and/or that his 

partial disclosures regarding repairs were misleading. Peake's counsel also reminded the 

court that he had amended the complaint to add two common law claims. The court 

responded: "I'll take this under submission. [¶] And I do appreciate your pointing out 

those two causes of action."
14

After the hearing, the court adhered to its prior conclusion that Ferrell met his

burden to show Peake's claims were "utterly lacking in legal merit" and appellants'

continued maintenance of the claims warranted sanctions under section 128.7. The court 

dismissed Peake's claims against Ferrell and sanctioned Peake and Shaw, jointly and 

severally, in the amount of $60,000, reflecting Ferrell's attorney fees incurred in 

defending the action.

On a separate issue and as explained below, the court had previously granted the 

Underwoods' motion to compel arbitration under an arbitration provision in the purchase 

agreement. Shortly after, Peake dismissed her case against the Underwoods based on her 

understanding that the Underwoods were insolvent. After the dismissal, the Underwoods 

successfully moved for section 1717 prevailing party attorney fees against Peake.

On appeal, Peake and Shaw challenge the sanctions order and Peake challenges 

the attorney fees award to the Underwoods.

DISCUSSION

I. Sanctions Award

A. Legal Principles Governing Section 128.7 Sanctions

Under section 128.7, a court may impose sanctions for filing a pleading if the 

court concludes the pleading was filed for an improper purpose or was indisputably 

without merit, either legally or factually. (Guillemin v. Stein (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 

156, 168 (Guillemin).) The court here imposed sanctions based on its finding that the 

claims were legally and factually frivolous. A claim is factually frivolous if it is "not 

well grounded in fact" and it is legally frivolous if it is "not warranted by existing law or 
15

a good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law." (Id. at 

p. 167.) In either case, to obtain sanctions, the moving party must show the party's 

conduct in asserting the claim was objectively unreasonable. (Ibid.) A claim is 

objectively unreasonable if "any reasonable attorney would agree that [it] is totally and 

completely without merit." (In re Marriage of Flaherty (1982) 31 Cal.3d 637, 650; 

Guillemin, supra, at p. 168.)

The Legislature enacted section 128.7 based on Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of 

Civil Procedure (28 U.S.C.), as amended in 1993 (Rule 11). (Musaelian v. Adams (2009) 

45 Cal.4th 512, 518, fn. 2; Guillemin, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 167.) Therefore, 

federal case law construing Rule 11 is persuasive authority on the meaning of section

128.7 (Guillemin, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 167.)

Under Rule 11, even though an action may not be frivolous when it is filed, it may 

become so if later-acquired evidence refutes the findings of a prefiling investigation and 

the attorney continues to file papers supporting the client's claims. (See Childs v. State 

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. (9th Cir. 1994) 29 F.3d 1018, 1025.) Thus, a plaintiff's attorney 

cannot "just cling tenaciously to the investigation he had done at the outset of the 

litigation and bury his head in the sand." (Ibid.) Instead, "to satisfy [the] obligation 

under [section 128.7] to conduct a reasonable inquiry to determine if his [or her] client's 

claim was well-grounded in fact," the attorney must "take into account [the adverse 

party's] evidence." (Ibid.) 

Section 128.7 provides for a 21-day period during which the opposing party may 

avoid sanctions by withdrawing the offending pleading or other document. (§ 128.7, 
16

subd. (c)(1); see Li v. Majestic Industry Hills LLC (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 585, 590-591.) 

By providing this safe harbor period, the Legislature designed the statute to be "remedial, 

not punitive." (Li, supra, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 591.) When a party does not take 

advantage of the safe harbor period, the "statute enables courts to deter or punish 

frivolous filings which disrupt matters, waste time, and burden courts' and parties'

resources." (In re Mark B. (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 61, 76.) 

A court has broad discretion to impose sanctions if the moving party satisfies the 

elements of the sanctions statute. (See Kojababian v. Genuine Home Loans, Inc. (2009) 

174 Cal.App.4th 408, 421.) However, the sanctions statute " 'must not be construed so as 

to conflict with the primary duty of an attorney to represent his or her client zealously.

Forceful representation often requires that an attorney attempt to read a case or an 

agreement in an innovative though sensible way. Our law is constantly evolving, and 

effective representation sometimes compels attorneys to take the lead in that evolution.' "

(Guillemin, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at pp. 167-168.) Moreover, a sanction "shall be 

limited to what is sufficient to deter repetition of [the improper] conduct or comparable 

conduct by others similarly situated." (§ 128.7, subd. (d).)

We review a section 128.7 sanctions award under the abuse of discretion standard. 

(Guillemin, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 167.) We presume the trial court's order is 

correct and do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. (Shelton v. Rancho 

Mortgage & Investment Corp. (2002) 94 Cal.App.4th 1337, 1345.) To be entitled to 

relief on appeal, the court's action must be sufficiently grave to amount to a manifest 

miscarriage of justice. (Kurinij v. Hanna & Morton (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th 853, 867.) 
17

B. Analysis

When the court ruled on the sanctions motion, Peake's complaint asserted both 

statutory (sections 2079 and 1102) and common law (fraud and negligent concealment) 

claims against Ferrell. Peake and Shaw contend the court erred in concluding that both 

sets of claims were factually and legally unsupported and were objectively unreasonable. 

These contentions are unavailing. 

1. Statutory Claim

Peake's statutory cause of action is based on sections 2079 and 1102. Section 

2079 imposes on a seller's agent the duty "to conduct a reasonably competent and diligent 

visual inspection of the property offered for sale and to disclose to [the] prospective 

purchaser all facts materially affecting the value or desirability of the property that an 

investigation would reveal. . . ." (§ 2079, subd. (a).) "The inspection to be performed 

pursuant to this article does not include or involve an inspection of areas that are 

reasonably and normally inaccessible . . . ." (§ 2079.3.) Accordingly, a seller's real estate 

agent has a statutory duty to disclose only visible defects, i.e., to disclose only what a 

"reasonably competent and diligent visual inspection of the property" would reveal. 

(§ 2079, subd. (c); Wilson v. Century 21 Great Western Realty (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 

298, 308 (Wilson).) Section 1102 et seq. imposes these same limited duties, and requires 

that all disclosures "be made in good faith." (§§ 1102.7, 1102.1, subd. (a), 1102.6; see 

Robinson v. Grossman (1997) 57 Cal.App.4th 634, 642-643 (Robinson).)

Peake alleged that Ferrell breached these statutory duties by failing to disclose the 

defective condition of the subfloors. However, it is undisputed that this alleged defect 
18

was not visible and would not have been apparent during a reasonable property 

inspection. Thus, as a matter of law, Ferrell did not breach his statutory duties under 

sections 2079 and 1102 et seq. (See Wilson, supra, 15 Cal.App.4th at p. 308.)

Peake and Shaw do not challenge this conclusion under existing authority, but 

suggest it was objectively reasonable to seek an expansion of the statutes to require real 

estate brokers to "fully disclose facts which the broker knows, whether or not those facts 

could be revealed by a simple visual inspection" and thus "to affirmatively disclose 

everything they knew about a specific property which may materially affect the value or 

desirability of that property." Appellants characterize this argument as a "functional

interpretation" of the statute, rather than a "mechanical" one. They argue section 2079's 

disclosure requirements should include a duty to disclose "all information" that Ferrell 

knew regarding the status of the repairs to the subflooring. 

This argument—raised for the first time on appeal—is not properly before us. 

Because a trial court has broad discretion in ruling on a sanctions motion, it is incumbent 

on the party opposing the motion to proffer all factual and legal theories showing the 

party's challenged assertions were not frivolous and had a least some merit. By failing to 

raise this theory before the trial court, the trial court was not provided the opportunity to 

evaluate the theory as part of its exercise of discretion. Thus, the point is forfeited.

In any event, appellants' argument is not founded on any reasonable legal 

principles. In interpreting a statute, a court is bound by the words of the statute and must 

give those words a plain and commonsense meaning. (Los Angeles County Metropolitan 

Transportation Authority v. Alameda Produce Market, LLC (2011) 52 Cal.4th 1100, 
19

1106-1107.) "If the statutory language is unambiguous, 'we presume the Legislature 

meant what it said, and the plain meaning of the statute governs.' [Citation.]" (Whaley v. 

Sony Computer Entertainment America, Inc. (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 479, 485; accord

Moreno v. Quemuel (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 914, 918.) 

Section 2079, subdivision (a) states that a seller's agent's duties are limited to 

disclosing defects that are apparent from a "visual" inspection, and section 2079.3 makes 

clear that this duty does not "include or involve an inspection of areas that are reasonably 

and normally inaccessible to [such] an inspection." Thus there is no room in these 

statutes for seeking to expand the statutory duties to cover the factual circumstances 

present in this case. 

Appellants' discussion of the legislative history underlying section 2079's 

enactment is not helpful. "[I]t is the role of the judiciary to simply ascertain and declare 

what is in terms or in substance contained in the statute, not to insert what has been 

omitted or omit what has been included. . . . [T]he courts 'may not, under the guise of 

construction, rewrite the law or give the words an effect different from the plain and 

direct import of the terms used.' [Citation.]" (People v. Massicot (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 

920, 925.) 

In any event, there is nothing in the legislative history supporting appellants'

proposed statutory interpretation. The Legislature's stated intent in enacting section 2079

was to clarify the scope of a real estate agent's disclosure duties and thus to "facilitate the 

issuance of professional liability insurance" coverage for real estate licensees. 

(§ 2079.12, subd. (a); see Robinson, supra, 57 Cal.App.4th at pp. 640-642.) Appellants'
20

broad "functional" interpretation is inconsistent with this legislative intent to clarify and 

limit a seller's agent's duties to a buyer. Appellants' reliance on Robinson, supra, 57 

Cal.App.4th 634 is unavailing. The Robinson court confirmed the limited nature of the 

listing agent's statutory disclosure duties under section 2079 and specifically rejected the 

plaintiff's argument that this duty includes an obligation to independently verify or 

disclaim the accuracy of the seller's representations. 

Appellants' argument regarding the proper interpretation of sections 2079 and 

1102 is not well founded in law or fact. The trial court acted within its discretion in 

concluding that Peake's claims under these statutes were objectively unreasonable.

2. Common Law Fraud Claims

Peake and Shaw alternatively argue that the court erred in concluding that Peake's 

common law intentional and negligent concealment claims were objectively unreasonable 

and thus warranted sanctions.

In asserting the common law concealment claims in her amended complaint, 

Peake alleged Ferrell knew the residence "contained areas of severe water intrusion

damage" when the Underwoods purchased the property and knew the Underwoods had 

not repaired the water-damaged subfloor areas of the home. Peake alleged Ferrell failed 

to disclose these facts and that Ferrell affirmatively misrepresented that he "knew of no 

water intrusion and/or other damage to the [property]."

On appeal, appellants do not suggest there are any facts showing Ferrell made 

affirmative misrepresentations regarding the defective subfloors, but argue there was a 
21

reasonable basis to conclude he may be held liable for fraudulent concealment for failing 

to disclose his knowledge regarding the subfloors' unrepaired condition. 

In enacting section 2079, the Legislature did not intend to preclude a real estate 

agent's liability for fraud. (§§ 1102.8, 2079.12; see Williams v. Wells & Bennett Realtors 

(1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 857, 859-865.) However, because a seller's agent has no fiduciary 

relationship with a buyer, the courts have strictly limited the scope of an agent's 

disclosure duties under a fraudulent concealment theory. " 'In the context of a real estate 

transaction, "it is now settled in California that where the seller knows of facts materially 

affecting the value or desirability of the property . . . and also knows that such facts are 

not known to, or within the reach of the diligent attention and observation of the buyer, 

the seller is under a duty to disclose them to the buyer. [Citations.]". . .' " (Assilzadeh v. 

California Federal Bank (2000) 82 Cal.App.4th 399, 410 (Assilzadeh); Shapiro v. 

Sutherland (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 1534, 1544; see Lingsch v. Savage (1963) 213 

Cal.App.2d 729, 735; see also San Diego Hospice v. County of San Diego (1995) 31 

Cal.App.4th 1048, 1055.) This duty applies to the seller or the seller's agent. (Holmes v. 

Summer (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 1510, 1518-1519.) 

Peake and Shaw contend they presented evidence showing Ferrell knew the 

defective condition of the subfloors through Ferrell's prior representation of the 

Underwoods. In support, they discuss that Ferrell was the agent when the Underwoods 

purchased the property and the fact that the prior owner had disclosed the existence of 

substantial water/drainage problems at the time of that prior sale. They also cite Ferrell's 

statement in the Visual Inspection Checklist in the "OTHER" category, stating: "See past 
22

inspection reports, drainage upgrade report and work by civil engineer, Kenneth Discenza 

. . . and Bond Construction. Drainage improvements were performed in two separate 

projects." Appellants also rely on Peake's declaration describing her telephone 

conversation with Ferrell, in which she stated that Ferrell responded to her inquiry 

regarding the incident with her son's foot falling through the bathroom floor by stating 

that the Underwoods ran out of money to complete necessary repairs. 

Taken together, these facts arguably support an inference that Ferrell was aware 

there were problems with the subfloors when Peake purchased the property. However, 

even assuming this awareness, a seller's agent has no affirmative duty to disclose latent 

defects unless the agent "also knows that such facts are not known to, or within the reach 

of the diligent attention and observation of the buyer." (Holmes v. Summer, supra, 188 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1518, italics added; Assilzadeh, supra, 82 Cal.App.4th at p. 410.) 

The undisputed evidence shows Peake had notice of the prior problems with the 

subfloors caused by a water intrusion incident and was aware that repairs to the drainage 

systems had been made (including the addition of french drains and sump pumps). The 

theory of Peake's case was that although the drainage system repairs may have fixed the 

drainage problem, they did not address (or negligently addressed) the damage to the 

subflooring caused by the water intrusion. However, Peake admits that she was provided 

the 2007 Focus report during the escrow period and acknowledges that this report 

disclosed the damaged subfloors. As her counsel noted at the sanctions hearing, the 2007 

Focus report contains photographs " 'that shows the rotted wood.' " Additionally, Peake

admitted at her deposition that during the escrow period she was aware of some 
23

"sponginess" in the floor of one bedroom and acknowledges that Ferrell specifically 

noted this fact in his Visual Inspection Checklist. Peake further admitted that she 

reviewed the work by the contractor who performed repairs to the drainage system. 

These facts would have put any reasonable person on inquiry notice of the need to 

conduct further investigation regarding the subfloors and whether any issues remained

after the drainage systems had been repaired. (See Pagano v. Krohn (1997) 60 

Cal.App.4th 1, 9 [once seller's agent discloses existence of possible water intrusion, no 

duty to elaborate or disclose further details].) 

This record indisputably establishes that Ferrell provided Peake with disclosures 

and reports disclosing the existence of prior drainage issues and damage to the subfloors. 

These were the essential facts regarding the residence's condition, and they were not only 

within Peake's "diligent attention," they were actually known to her prior to the close of 

escrow. Thus, Peake's intentional and negligent concealment claims against the listing 

agent were without any arguable merit. 

In their appellate briefs, appellants suggest that Ferrell could be held liable for 

intentional fraud by a half-disclosure, i.e., by affirmatively representing that repairs had 

been made to the drainage system, leading Peake to believe the problems with the 

subfloors had been fixed. Appellants argue that when Ferrell disclosed in the Visual 

Inspection Checklist that engineer Discenza and contractor Bond made drainage

improvements, Ferrell should also have disclosed that the subfloors remained unrepaired. 

However, appellants presented no evidence that Peake actually interpreted Ferrell's 

statements in this manner. Moreover, it is not reasonable to infer that because drainage
24

improvements were made, this gave rise to an expectation that the subfloor must also 

have been repaired. Peake admits that before the transaction closed she was in 

possession of the 2007 Focus report that disclosed substantial defects in the subfloors and 

appellants concede in their reply brief that "[n]owhere . . . did the record from the work 

by Discenza or Bond Construction indicate that the subfloors had been repaired or 

addressed as a result of any prior flooding or water intrusion." Moreover, Peake testified 

that she reviewed contractor Bond's plans and saw the work that had been performed.

Thus, Peake would have known from the 2007 Focus report that the subfloor was 

damaged, and would have seen from the Discenza and Bond records the extent to which 

the subfloor had or had not been repaired. In short, Peake had constructive knowledge of 

problems with the subflooring and thus was on inquiry notice.

Appellants also rely on their expert's declaration to establish their claims had

factual and legal merit. However, as appellants concede, Snyder erroneously assumed

that Ferrell had signed the relevant portions of the statutory transfer disclosure statement

when, in fact, it was the Underwoods who did so. And although Snyder corrected this

erroneous information, Snyder never stated or indicated that his conclusions remained 

unchanged after the correction of this significant fact. Further, Snyder's opinions 

regarding the applicable standard of care are directly at odds with well-settled case law, 

and therefore are unpersuasive. Additionally, Snyder conceded he did not review the 

numerous written disclosures given to Peake during the escrow period. In a case that 

hinges on the adequacy of written disclosures, the trial court could properly have 
25

disregarded the opinion of an expert who failed to review those disclosures. (See

Bushling v. Fremont Medical Center (2004) 117 Cal.App.4th 493, 510-511.)

Appellants alternatively contend the sanctions order must be reversed on the 

common law claims because the court did not consider these claims in awarding 

sanctions. 

This contention is unsupported by the record. In their opposition to the sanctions 

motion, appellants specifically discussed the case law underlying Peake's common law 

claims and Ferrell referred to these claims at least twice in his reply brief in the 

proceedings below. Additionally, at the hearing on the sanctions motion, Peake's 

attorney raised the common law claims, and the court responded by expressly 

acknowledging these claims and indicating it would consider the claims when it took the

matter under submission. Consistent with this assurance, the court issued a broad ruling 

finding the evidence established "that at the close of escrow, plaintiff had all the 

information necessary and that the brokers satisfied all their duty by supplying all 

reports." This ruling is sufficient to show the court addressed Peake's claims under both 

statutory and common law. Absent an indication to the contrary, we are required to 

presume a court was aware of, and followed, the applicable law and considered all the 

relevant facts and arguments. (Evid. Code, § 664, see Whyte v. Schlage Lock Co. (2002)

101 Cal.App.4th 1443, 1451; GGIS Ins. Services, Inc. v. Superior Court (2008) 168 

Cal.App.4th 1493, 1504, fn. 1.)

On our own motion, we requested the parties to provide supplemental briefing on 

the issue whether Ferrell was required to file a separate motion and provide a second safe 
26

harbor period after Peake added the common law claims in response to Ferrell's sanctions 

motion. Although the statutory language does appear to support the need for an 

additional safe harbor period after an amended pleading is filed (see § 128.7, subd. 

(c)(1)), we conclude the lack of a new motion and safe harbor period did not preclude the 

court from awarding sanctions under the circumstances here. 

First, appellants never raised the issue below or in their appellate briefs; therefore 

the issue is waived. Second, it appears that any additional safe harbor period would have 

been futile because it was clear that appellants would not have dismissed their common 

law claims. Peake responded to the served sanctions motion by adding these claims that 

were based on essentially the same facts as the claims that had been previously 

dismissed. Additionally, Peake's defense of her common law and statutory claims were 

based on the same factual and legal assertions. Further, the claims are flawed for the 

same essential reason—before escrow closed Peake had actual or constructive knowledge 

of the defective subfloors and Ferrell had no duty to provide additional disclosures to the 

buyer. 

3. Sanctions Were Appropriate Under the Circumstances of This Case

Our conclusion that the court properly found Peake's statutory and common law 

claims were without merit, and there was no arguable factual or legal basis for asserting 

those claims, does not necessarily answer the question whether sanctions were 

appropriate under the circumstances of the case. 

As with Rule 11 sanctions, section 128.7 sanctions should be "made with restraint"

(Schlaifer Nance & Co. v. Estate of Warhol (2d Cir. 1999) 194 F.3d 323, 334), and are 
27

not mandatory even if a claim is frivolous. (Kojababian v. Genuine Home Loans, Inc., 

supra, 174 Cal.App.4th at p. 422; Perez v. Posse Comitatus (2d. Cir. 2004) 373 F.3d 321, 

325.) Further, when determining whether sanctions should be imposed, the issue is not 

merely whether the party would prevail on the underlying factual or legal argument. 

Instead, courts should apply an objective test of reasonableness, including whether "any 

reasonable attorney would agree that [the claim] is totally and completely without merit."

(In re Marriage of Flaherty, supra, 31 Cal.3d at p. 650; Guillemin, supra, 104 

Cal.App.4th at p. 168; see Fahrenz v. Meadow Farm Partnership (4th Cir. 1988) 850 

F.2d 207, 210.) Thus, the fact that a plaintiff fails to provide a sufficient showing to 

overcome a demurrer or to survive summary judgment is not, in itself, enough to warrant 

the imposition of sanctions. (See Guillemin, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 168; Segen v. 

Buchanan Gen. Hosp., Inc. (W.D.Va. 2007) 552 F.Supp.2d 579, 585; see Miltier v. 

Downes (4th Cir. 1991) 935 F.2d 660, 664-665.) 

Because our adversary system requires that attorneys and litigants be provided 

substantial breathing room to develop and assert factual and legal arguments, sanctions 

should not be routinely or easily awarded even for a claim that is arguably frivolous. 

Courts must carefully consider the circumstances before awarding sanctions. 

With these principles in mind and considering the entire record, we conclude the 

court did not abuse its discretion in awarding sanctions. The record before us presents an

appropriate case for sanctions because: (1) under well-settled law Peake's substantive 

claims are clearly without merit; (2) appellants did not present any colorable legal or 

factual argument to the trial court supporting an extension of existing law to establish 
28

liability in this case; (3) before and during the safe harbor period, Ferrell's counsel set 

forth the specific factual and legal grounds supporting his position that Peake's claims 

were without merit; and (4) appellants engaged in conduct supporting the conclusion that 

they did not reasonably or honestly believe the claims had any merit. 

With respect to the latter point, when establishing a claim is factually or legally 

without merit under section 128.7, it is not necessary to show the party acted with an 

improper motive or subjective bad faith. But the fact that a party does not actually 

believe in the merits of his or her claim is relevant to the issue whether sanctions are 

warranted in the particular case. Peake's conduct demonstrated she (and/or her attorney) 

did not in fact consider her claims to have any valid basis. 

First, shortly after filing the lawsuit, Peake dismissed her common law claims 

against Ferrell (breach of fiduciary duty, negligence, and constructive fraud). In these 

claims, Peake alleged liability based on Ferrell's failure "to disclose the material defects, 

failures and deficiencies with the [property] which were known and/or should have been 

known." The logical inference from the dismissal of these claims is that Peake (or her 

attorney) recognized those claims were without merit. However, in response to the 

sanctions motion, appellants immediately sought to reassert the identical claims Peake

had previously dismissed and to add two legal theories that were essentially the same as 

prior fraud allegations. Appellants have never provided an explanation for the earlier 

dismissal of these same claims. On this record, it is reasonable to infer that Peake added 

these claims without any honest belief that they were legally and factually supported.
29

Additionally, Peake failed to engage in any affirmative discovery against Ferrell 

after more than one year of filing the lawsuit. Appellants argue that the lack of discovery 

had nothing to do with the merits of Peake's case, and instead reflected only Peake's

desire to reduce litigation costs and her tactical decision that discovery was unnecessary 

because the case could be litigated based on the documents in her possession. However, 

the trial court had an ample basis to reject these assertions and determine the lack of 

discovery reflected appellants' recognition that the claims were without merit and the 

lawsuit was primarily a vehicle to extract a settlement from Ferrell. Although the court 

did not specifically make a finding of subjective bad faith, Peake's failure to seek 

discovery or otherwise prosecute her claims against Ferrell supports a finding that she 

and her attorney did not have a good faith belief in their validity and thus that the claims 

had no actual factual or legal basis.

Further, appellants asserted arguments in their opposition briefs below that 

incorrectly characterized a significant and critical fact: the identity of the parties signing 

the statutory transfer disclosure statement. As a centerpiece of Peake's opposition to the 

sanctions motion, appellants asserted that Ferrell was liable under a statutory and/or fraud 

theory because he signed the portion of the Transfer Disclosure statement affirmatively 

indicating there had been no flooding or drainage problems. Peake's expert also initially 

made the same factual assertion. However, the undisputed evidence shows (and 

appellants now admit) that Ferrell never signed this portion of the Transfer Disclosure 

statement or made these affirmative representations. Moreover, appellants concede that 

under California law a listing agent has no duty to a buyer to independently verify the 
30

seller's representations. (Robinson, supra, 57 Cal.App.4th at p. 643.) By relying on this 

critical factual misconception in opposing the sanctions motion and in submitting their 

expert declaration, appellants highlighted the absence of a reasonable factual basis 

underlying their claims. 

The trial court did not abuse its discretion in imposing sanctions.5

II. Order Awarding Underwoods' Prevailing Party Attorney Fees

Peake contends the court erred in awarding the Underwoods section 1717 

prevailing party attorney fees after she voluntarily dismissed her claims against them.

A. Factual Background6

Peake asserted causes of action against the Underwoods for breach of contract, 

fraud, concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and negligence. In August 2010, the 

Underwoods moved to compel arbitration based on the purchase agreement's arbitration 

provision. Peake opposed the motion. In April 2011, the court granted the Underwoods'

motion and provided a mechanism for selecting the arbitrator. When the parties still had 

not agreed on an arbitrator three months later, the court appointed one. 

Soon after the court appointed the arbitrator, Peake voluntarily dismissed her 

claims against the Underwoods based on her understanding that the Underwoods were 

 

5 We deny Ferrell's request for sanctions on appeal. We deny the California 

Association of Realtors' application to file an amicus curiae brief. We grant appellants'

judicial notice request regarding attorney Shaw's reporting the sanctions award to the 

California State Bar.

6 We grant respondent Marviel Underwood's motion to augment the record to 

include certain documents that were before the trial court on the attorney fees motion.
31

insolvent. About two months later, the Underwoods moved to recover their attorney fees 

under the purchase agreement's attorney fees provision, which states: "In any action, 

proceeding, or arbitration between Buyer and Seller arising out of this Agreement, the 

prevailing Buyer or Seller shall be entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs from the 

non-prevailing Buyer or Seller. . . ."

The Underwoods argued they were prevailing parties under section 1717 because 

they prevailed on their motion to compel arbitration, which—by virtue of Peake's 

subsequent voluntary dismissal—was the only contract claim the court adjudicated. 

Peake responded that section 1717, subdivision (b)(2), bars an award of attorney fees 

when an action is voluntarily dismissed, and further contended that merely prevailing on 

an interim procedural motion is insufficient to establish prevailing party status. 

The court found the Underwoods were the prevailing parties and awarded them 

nearly $60,000 in attorney fees. 

B. Applicable Legal Principles

"Except as otherwise expressly provided by statute, a prevailing party is entitled as 

a matter of right to recover costs in any action or proceeding." (Code Civ. Proc., § 1032, 

subd. (b).) Attorney fees are "allowable as costs under Section 1032" when they are 

"authorized by . . . [c]ontract." (Code Civ. Proc., § 1033.5, subd. (a)(10.) "Thus, 

recoverable litigation costs . . . include attorney fees, but only when the party entitled to 

costs has a legal basis, independent of the cost statutes and grounded in an agreement . . . 

upon which to claim recovery of attorney fees." (Santisas v. Goodin (1998) 17 Cal.4th 

599, 606 (Santisas).)
32

A "prevailing party" includes, among others, "a defendant in whose favor a 

dismissal is entered." (Code Civ. Proc., § 1032, subd. (a)(4).) In an action on a contract 

containing an attorney fees provision, the prevailing party on the contract is "the party 

who recovered a greater relief in the action on the contract." (§ 1717, subd. (b)(1).) But 

when a plaintiff dismisses an action containing contract claims, there can be no 

prevailing party—and, therefore, no attorney fee recovery—on those contract claims. 

(§ 1717, subd. (b)(2) ["Where an action has been voluntarily dismissed . . . , there shall be 

no prevailing party for purposes of this section."].) "This bar, however, applies only to 

causes of action that are based on the contract and are therefore within the scope of

section 1717." (Santisas, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 617.) Thus, "[i]f the voluntarily 

dismissed action also asserts causes of action that do not sound in contract, those causes 

of action are not covered by section 1717, and the attorney fee provision, depending upon 

its wording, may afford the defendant a contractual right, not affected by section 1717, to 

recover attorney fees incurred in litigating those causes of action." (Ibid.) 

"Code of Civil Procedure section 581 allows a plaintiff to voluntarily dismiss, with 

or without prejudice, all or any part of an action before the 'actual commencement of 

trial.' " (Gogri v Jack in the Box Inc. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 255, 261.) 

" '[C]ommencement of trial' under section 581 is not restricted to only jury or court trials 

on the merits, but also includes pretrial procedures that effectively dispose of the case." 

(Id. at p. 262.) But " 'pretrial procedures not determinative of the case do not preclude 

voluntary dismissal. . . .' " (Ibid.) Accordingly, even when a court has granted a motion 

to compel arbitration, the plaintiff still retains her absolute right to dismiss her case so 
33

long as trial has not commenced—either in the formal sense or in the informal sense of an 

inevitable adverse determination on the merits. (Cardiff Equities, Inc. v. Superior Court 

(2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 1541, 1549.)

"We review de novo a determination of an award of attorney fees under a 

contractual provision where, as here, no extrinsic evidence has been offered to interpret 

the contract, and the facts are not in dispute." (Kangarlou v. Progressive Title Co., Inc.

(2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 1174, 1177.)

C. Analysis

The Underwoods moved for attorney fees based on their contention they were the 

prevailing party on the contract under section 1717 because they prevailed on their 

motion to compel arbitration. However, as Peake correctly asserts, the Underwoods 

could not have been the prevailing party on the contract under a section 1717 analysis. 

Although section 1717 permits a prevailing party to recover fees, it specifically provides 

that where a contract action is voluntarily dismissed, there is no prevailing party. 

(§ 1717, subd. (b)(2).) Peake's amended complaint asserted a breach of contract claim 

against the Underwoods. By virtue of her voluntary dismissal of that claim, section 1717, 

subdivision (b)(2), prevented the trial court from finding a prevailing party on the 

contract. The Underwoods do not cite any evidence establishing that Peake was not 

entitled to dismiss her claims when she did—that is, either that trial had commenced or 

that the judge or arbitrator issued any rulings that would have substantively disposed of 
34

Peake's claims.7 Therefore, Peake was entitled to voluntarily dismiss her claims against 

the Underwoods, which precluded a finding that the Underwoods were the prevailing 

party on the contract. (§ 1717, subd. (b)(2).)

This section 1717 analysis, however, applies only to Peake's contract claim. With 

respect to her tort claims, Peake's voluntary dismissal established the Underwoods were

the prevailing parties on those claims. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1032, subd. (a)(4).) Thus, if

the Purchase Agreement's attorney fees provision is sufficiently broad to include Peake's 

tort claims, the Underwoods are entitled to recover attorney fees incurred in defending 

against those claims. (Santisas, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 617.) 

The Purchase Agreement's attorney fees provision reads as follows: "In any 

action, proceeding, or arbitration between Buyer and Seller arising out of this Agreement, 

the prevailing Buyer or Seller shall be entitled to reasonable attorney fees and costs from 

the non-prevailing Buyer or Seller. . . ." Other courts—including our Supreme Court—

have found similar provisions broad enough to include tort claims. (Santisas, supra, 17 

Cal.4th at p. 608 [a provision covering claims "arising out of the execution of the 

agreement or th[e] sale" is broad enough to "embrace[] all claims, both tort and breach of 

contract"]; Drybread v. Chipain Chiropractic Corp. (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 1063, 1071-

1072 [provision awarding attorney fees to the prevailing party in " 'any action or other 

 

7 We deny respondents' request that we take judicial notice of the JAMS 

administrator's declaration. The declaration was not before the trial court and Mr. 

Underwood has identified no exceptional circumstances justifying our consideration of it. 

(Haworth v. Superior Court (2010) 50 Cal.4th 372, 379, fn. 2.) 
35

proceeding arising out of this Sublease' " is "broad enough to encompass noncontract 

claims"].) So do we. Accordingly, the Underwoods were entitled to prevailing party 

attorney fees incurred in defending against Peake's tort claims.

Although the trial court's order awarding fees to the Underwoods does not 

specifically rely on this analysis, it does cite Santisas. Moreover, on appeal the 

Underwoods advanced the Santisas rationale in their briefs. The Santisas rationale fully 

supports the trial court's ruling and we affirm on that basis. (See California Aviation, Inc. 

v. Leeds (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 724, 731 ["[T]he trial court's stated reasons for its ruling 

do not bind us. We review the ruling, not its rationale."].)

Under Santisas, the Underwoods are entitled to recover attorney fees incurred 

defending Peake's tort claims, but not her contract claim. While the trial court's ruling 

does not apportion fees between those claims, "fees need not be apportioned when 

incurred for representation on an issue common to both a cause of action in which fees 

are proper and one in which they are not allowed." (Reynolds Metals Co. v. Alperson

(1979) 25 Cal.3d 124, 129-130.) The court had before it the Underwoods' relevant legal 

bills, and could have reasonably concluded that Peake's contract and tort claims were "so 

interrelated that it would have been impossible to separate them into claims for which 

attorney fees are properly awarded and claims for which they are not." (Akins v. 

Enterprise Rent-A-Car Co. (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 1127, 1133.) That determination is a 

matter of discretion for the trial court, which we will not disturb unless the court's ruling 

" ' " ' "exceeds the bounds of reason, all of the circumstances before it being 

considered." ' " ' " (Amtower v. Photon Dynamics, Inc. (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1582, 
36

1604 [affirming trial court's award of fees, without allocation, where contract and 

misrepresentation claims arose from same operative facts].) More important, Peake does 

not challenge the amount of the attorney fees award, or the lack of allocation between tort 

and contract claims. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding the 

Underwoods the full amount of their fee request without apportionment. 

Finally, Peake contends the Underwoods failed to timely file their motion for 

attorney fees if one starts the clock on the date the court granted the Underwoods' motion 

to compel arbitration (i.e., the date on which the Underwoods claim they were deemed 

the prevailing party on the contract). But it was not until Peake dismissed her claims 

against the Underwoods that the Underwoods became the prevailing parties. 

Accordingly, we reject Peake's argument that the Underwoods' motion was untimely.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Appellants to pay respondents' costs on appeal.

HALLER, J.

WE CONCUR:

MCCONNELL, P.J.

MCINTYRE, J.