IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 16-1640

Filed November 23, 2016

IN THE INTEREST OF A.T.,

Minor Child,

T.L., Father,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cerro Gordo County, Peter B. 

Newell, District Associate Judge.

A father appeals from the juvenile court’s order terminating his parental 

rights. AFFIRMED. 

Michael J. Moeller of Sorensen & Moeller Law Office, Clear Lake, for 

appellant father.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee State.

Crystal L. Ely of North Iowa Youth Law Center, Mason City, attorney and 

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ.
2

MULLINS, Judge.

A father appeals from the juvenile court’s order terminating his parental 

rights to his child, A.T., born in 2014. He argues the State failed to make 

reasonable efforts to reunify him with his child and an exception to termination 

exists because the child is placed with a relative. He also maintains his due 

process rights were violated because he did not have a court-appointed attorney 

during the child-in-need-of-assistance (CINA) proceedings. Finally, he contends 

the juvenile court should have granted him an additional six months to work 

toward reunification. 

We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re 

M.W., 876 N.W.2d 212, 219 (Iowa 2016). “We are not bound by the juvenile 

court’s findings of fact, but we do give them weight, especially in assessing the

credibility of witnesses.” Id. (quoting In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110 (Iowa 

2014)). Our primary consideration is the best interests of the child. See In re 

J.E., 723 N.W.2d 793, 798 (Iowa 2006). 

The juvenile court terminated the father’s parental rights pursuant to Iowa 

Code section 232.116(1)(e) and (h) (2015).1 The father claims his due process 

rights were violated because he was not provided a court-appointed attorney 

while he was incarcerated during the CINA case. See Iowa Code § 232.89(1)

(providing a right to appointed counsel). The father also contends the State 

failed to prove it offered reasonable reunification efforts as part of its proof the 

child could not be returned to his care at the time of the termination hearing. See 

 

1 The mother consented to the termination of her parental rights under Iowa Code 

section 232.116(1)(a); she does not appeal. 
3

In re C.B., 611 N.W.2d 489, 493 (Iowa 2000). The State contends error was not 

preserved on either of these claims because the father did not raise the issues

prior to the termination hearing and the juvenile court did not rule on them.

2

 

“It is a fundamental doctrine of appellate review that issues must ordinarily 

be both raised and decided by the district court before we will decide them on 

appeal.” Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002); see In re K.C., 

660 N.W.2d 29, 38 (Iowa 2003) (“Even issues implicating constitutional rights 

must be presented to and ruled upon by the district court in order to preserve 

error for appeal.”). The record shows the father’s attorney raised these 

concerns—the father’s lack of legal representation during the CINA proceedings 

and the State’s failure to make reasonable reunification efforts—at the 

termination hearing. However, our review of the record shows the father did not 

ask the juvenile court to rule on these complaints3and the court did not rule on 

them. “When a district court fails to rule on an issue properly raised by a party, 

the party who raised the issue must file a motion requesting a ruling in order to 

preserve error for appeal.” Meier, 641 N.W.2d at 537; see In re A.M.H., 516 

N.W.2d 867, 872 (Iowa 1994) (holding a party must draw overlooked issues to 

 

2

In his petition, the father maintains error was preserved for our review “by the filing of 

the NOTICE OF APPEAL . . . within the time required.” “While this is a common 

statement in briefs, it is erroneous, for the notice of appeal has nothing to do with error 

preservation.” Thomas A. Mayes & Anuradha Vaitheswaran, Error Preservation in Civil 

Appeals in Iowa: Perspectives on Present Practice, 55 Drake L. Rev. 39, 48 (2006) 

(footnote omitted) (explaining, “[a]s a general rule, the error preservation rules require a 

party to raise an issue in the trial court and obtain a ruling from the trial court”). The 

purpose behind our error-preservation rules is to ensure the juvenile court had an 

opportunity to avoid or correct errors and to provide the appellate court with an adequate 

record to review any purported errors. State v. Pickett, 671 N.W.2d 866, 869 (Iowa 

2003). The father’s timely notice of appeal, without more, is not sufficient to preserve 

this alleged error for our review. See In re K.C., 660 N.W.2d at 38. 

3 The father’s complaints did not include any alleged due process violations. 
4

the court’s attention through a motion pursuant to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure

1.904(2) to preserve the issue for appeal); see also State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. 

Co. v. Pflibsen, 350 N.W.2d 202, 206–07 (Iowa 1984) (“It is well settled that a 

rule [1.904(2)] motion is essential to preservation of error when a trial court fails 

to resolve an issue, claim, defense, or legal theory properly submitted to it for 

adjudication.”). The father did not file such a motion.4 Therefore, error on these 

claims was not preserved for our review.5 

Next, the father claims the juvenile court should not have terminated his 

parental rights because the child is placed with a relative.6 Iowa Code section 

232.116(3)(a) provides “[t]he court need not terminate the relationship between 

the parent and child if . . . [a] relative has legal custody of the child.” The 

application of section 232.116(3) is permissive, not mandatory. In re A.M., 843 

N.W.2d at 113. “The court has discretion, based on the unique circumstances of 

 

4 Furthermore, the record reveals the father did not raise the issue of whether the State 

made reasonable efforts to reunify the family prior to the termination hearing. See In re 

T.S., 868 N.W.2d 425, 442 (Iowa Ct. App. 2015) (“While the State has an obligation to 

provide reasonable services to preserve the family unit, it is the parent’s responsibility ‘to 

demand other, different, or additional services prior to the termination hearing.’ 

Complaints regarding services are properly raised ‘at removal, when the case 

permanency plan is entered, or at later review hearings.’ When a parent ‘fails to request 

other services at the proper time, the parent waives the issue and may not later 

challenge it at the termination proceeding.’ Similarly, we will not review a reasonable 

efforts claim unless it is raised prior to the termination hearing.” (citations omitted)). 

5 The father does not dispute the child is under the age of three, has been adjudicated 

CINA, has been removed from his physical custody for at least six months of the last 

twelve months, and could not be returned to his care at the time of the termination 

hearing due to his incarceration. See Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(h). We affirm the juvenile 

court’s order terminating the father’s parental rights under paragraph (h). See In re 

D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010) (holding, when a juvenile court terminates 

parental rights on more than one ground, we may affirm the order on any of the statutory 

grounds supported by clear and convincing evidence). 

6

The father does not argue termination was not in the child’s best interests; therefore, 

the argument is waived. See Hyler v. Garner, 548 N.W.2d 864, 876 (Iowa 1996) (“[W]e 

will not speculate on the arguments [appellant] might have made and then search for 

legal authority and comb the record for facts to support such arguments.”). 
5

each case and the best interests of the child, whether to apply the factors in this 

section to save the parent-child relationship.” In re D.S., 806 N.W.2d 458, 475 

(Iowa Ct. App. 2011). 

After reviewing the record in its entirety, we agree with the juvenile court 

that any exception to termination should not be applied in this case. See In re 

C.K., 558 N.W.2d 170, 174 (Iowa 1997) (“An appropriate determination to 

terminate a parent-child relationship is not to be countermanded by the ability 

and willingness of a family relative to take the child.”). The father has not seen 

his child since the CINA proceedings began in early October 2015. The child has 

lived with his maternal grandparents since his removal at that time. The 

grandparents are willing to adopt him and are able to meet his needs. 

Termination and adoption will provide this child with the permanency and stability 

he deserves. See In re P.L., 778 N.W.2d 33, 41 (Iowa 2010) (“It is well-settled 

law that we cannot deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved a 

ground for termination under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will 

learn to be a parent and be able to provide a stable home for the child.”); In re 

L.M.F., 490 N.W.2d 66, 68 (Iowa Ct. App. 1992) (holding, once the statutory 

grounds for termination have been proved, termination is in the child’s best 

interests, even if the child is placed with a relative). 

Finally, the father contends the juvenile court should have granted his 

request for an additional six months to fully participate in all court-ordered 

recommendations, including substance-abuse treatment, mental-health 

treatment, and other services. In order to extend a child’s placement for an 

additional six months, the juvenile court must find the need for removal will no 
6

longer exist at the end of the six-month period. See Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b). 

There is nothing in the record to indicate the father would be able to care for A.T. 

in six months. At the time of adjudication in October 2015, the father was on 

probation for possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver, having 

recently been released from a halfway house. The father chose not to have 

contact with the child and not to participate in services after the CINA case was 

opened. In December 2015, the father was arrested for violating his probation, 

arising from charges of operating while intoxicated, driving while revoked, and 

interference with official acts. He remained incarcerated through the termination 

hearing in September 2016. We cannot ask this child to continuously wait for his 

father to become a stable parent. See In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d at 707. “[A]t 

some point, the rights and needs of the child[] rise above the rights and needs of 

the parent.” In re C.S., 776 N.W.2d 297, 300 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). 

For the foregoing reasons, we agree with the juvenile court’s decision to 

terminate the father’s parental rights to his child. Accordingly, we affirm. 

AFFIRMED.