6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-1

10.6.2 Particleboard Manufacturing

10.6.2.1 General1,2 -

Particleboard is defined as a panel product manufactured from lignocellulosic materials,

primarily in the form of discrete particles, combined with a synthetic resin or other suitable binder and

bonded together under heat and pressure. The primary difference between particleboard and other

reconstituted wood products, such as waferboard, oriented strandboard, medium density fiberboard, and

hardboard, is the material or particles used in its production. The major types of particles used to

manufacture particleboard include wood shavings, flakes, wafers, chips, sawdust, strands, slivers, and

wood wool. The term particleboard sometimes is used generically to include waferboard and oriented

strandboard, which are manufactured primarily with wood flakes and wafers. However, for the purposes

of this report, particleboard pertains only to panels manufactured from a mixture of wood particles or

otherwise from wood particles other than wafers and flakes. Particleboard manufacturing falls under

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code 2493, reconstituted wood products, which includes

hardboard, insulation board, medium density fiberboard, waferboard and oriented strandboard in addition

to particleboard. The six-digit Source Classification Code (SCC) for particleboard manufacturing is 3-

07-006. 

10.6.2.2 Process Description1,2 -

Particleboard is produced in densities ranging from around 590 kilograms per cubic meter

(kg/m3) (37 pounds per cubic foot [lb/ft3]) to greater than 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/ft3). Most particleboard is

formed into panels. However, molded particleboard products such as furniture parts, door skins, or

molded pallets are also produced.

Although some single-layer particleboard is produced, particleboard generally is manufactured in

three or five layers. The outer layers are referred to as the surface or face layers, and the inner layers are

termed the core layers. Face material generally is finer than core material. By altering the relative

properties of the face and core layers, the bending strength and stiffness of the board can be increased.

The general steps used to produce particleboard include raw material procurement or generation,

classifying by size, drying, blending with resin and sometimes wax, forming the resinated material into a

mat, hot pressing, and finishing. Figure 10.6.2-1 presents a process flow diagram for a typical

particleboard plant.

The furnish or raw material for particleboard normally consists of wood particles, primarily

wood chips, sawdust, and planer shavings. This material may be shipped to the facility or generated

onsite and stored until needed. In mills where chips are generated onsite, logs are debarked, sawn to

proper length, and chipped. After shipping to the site or generation onsite, the furnish may be further

reduced in size by means of hammermills, flakers, or refiners. After milling, the material is either

screened using vibrating or gyratory screens, or the particles are air-classified. The purpose of this step

is to remove the fines and to separate the core material from the surface material. The screened or

classified material then is transported to storage bins.

From the storage bins, the core and surface material are conveyed to dryers. Rotary dryers are

the most commonly used dryer type in the particleboard industry. Both single and triple-pass dryers are

used. In addition, some facilities use tube dryers to dry the furnish. Wood-fired dryers are used at most

facilities. However, gas- and oil-fired dryers also are used. The moisture content of the particles

entering the dryers may be as high as 50 percent on a wet basis. Drying reduces the moisture content to

2 to 8 percent. Dryer inlet temperatures may be as high as 871°C (1600°F) if the furnish is wet; for dry

furnish, inlet temperatures generally are no higher than 260°C (500°F). Dryers with an inlet furnish
10.6.2-2 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

moisture content of greater than 50 percent on a dry basis are labeled “green” dryers. A predryer may be

used for initial drying of relatively wet furnish. Following predrying, the drying process is completed in

a final dryer (which may be either a rotary dryer or a tube dryer). The dryer inlet temperature is adjusted

based on the desired furnish moisture content at the dryer outlet. Core dryers generally operate at higher

temperatures than surface dryers due to differences in core and surface particle characteristics and

because a lower moisture content is more desirable for core material. 

After drying, the particles pass through a primary cyclone for product recovery and then are 

transferred to holding bins. Face material sometimes is screened to remove the fines, which tend to

absorb too much of the resin, prior to storage in the holding bins. From the holding bins, the core and

surface materials are transferred to blenders, in which the particles are mixed with resin, wax, and other

additives by means of spray nozzles, tubes, or atomizers. Urea-formaldehyde is the resin most commonly

used for particleboard manufacture. However, phenol-formaldehyde resin may be used for particleboard

produced for exterior applications.

Waxes are added to impart water resistance, increase the stability of the finished product under

wet conditions, and to reduce the tendency for equipment plugging. For furnishes that are low in acidity,

catalysts also may be blended with the particles to accelerate the resin cure and to reduce the press time.

Formaldehyde scavengers also may be added in the blending step to reduce formaldehyde emissions from

the process.

Blenders generally are designed to discharge the resinated particles into a plenum over a belt

conveyor that feeds the blended material to the forming machine, which deposits the resinated material in

the form of a continuous mat. Formers use air to convey the material, which is dropped or thrown into an

air chamber above a moving caul, belt, or screen and floats down into position. To produce multilayer

particleboard, several forming heads can be used in series, or air currents can produce a gradation of

particle sizes from face to core. As it leaves the former, the mat may be prepressed prior to trimming and

pressing. The mats then are cut into desired lengths and conveyed to the press. The press applies heat

and pressure to activate the resin and bond the fibers into a solid panel. Although some single-opening

presses are used, most domestic particleboard plants are equipped with multi-opening batch presses. 

Total press time is generally 2.5 minutes (min) for single-opening presses and up to 6 min for multiopening presses. Continuous presses may also be used to produce particleboard. Presses generally are

heated using steam generated by an onsite boiler that burns wood residue. However, hot oil and hot

water also are used to heat the press. The operating temperature for particleboard presses generally

ranges from 149° to 182°C (300° to 360°F).

The presses used to manufacture molded particleboard products are not platen presses, but are

press molds equipped with a heated die that shapes the resinated wood particles into the finished product. 

Press temperatures can range from 132° to 288°C (270° to 550°F). Press temperature and time vary

according to the molded product being produced.

After pressing, the boards generally are cooled prior to stacking. The particleboard panels then

are sanded and trimmed to final dimensions, any other finishing operations (including laminate or veneer

application) are done, and the finished product is packaged for shipment.
6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-3

Milling

(SCC 3-07-006-

64)

Core

Material

Storage

Cooling

(SCC 3-07-006-

61)

Sanding

(SCC 3-07-006-

65)

Trimming

Other

Finishing

Operations

Drying

(SCC 3-07-006-

02 to -40)

Drying

(SCC 3-07-006-

02 to -40)

Cyclone

Screening

Surface

Material

Storage

Cyclone

Core

Material

Storage

Blending Forming Blending Resin, wax

other additives

Prepressing Trimming

Heat, pressure

Pressing

(SCC 3-07-006-

51, -55)

Steam/hot oil/hot water

Resin, wax,

other additives

Direct/Indirect

Heat

Screening/

Classifying

Surface

Material

Storage

PROCESS FLOW

OPTIONAL PROCESS

ON-SITE PARTICLE GENERATION:

Log storage (SCC 3-07-008-95)

Debarking (SCC 3-07-008-01)

Cutting (SCC 3-07-008-02)

OFFSITE PARTICLE

GENERATION

Figure 10.6.2-1. Process flow diagram for particleboard manufacturing.
10.6.2-4 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

10.6.2.3 Emissions And Controls1-35 -

The primary emission sources at particleboard mills are particle dryers and hot press vents. 

Other emission sources may include boilers, particle generation, blending, forming, board cooling, and

finishing operations such as sanding, trimming, and laminate or veneer application. Other potential

emissions sources ancillary to the manufacturing process may include wood chip storage piles and bins

(including wood fuel), chip handling systems, and resin storage and handling systems.

Although most particleboard mills have chips delivered from offsite locations, in mills where

chips are generated onsite, operations such as log debarking and sawing, in addition to particle mills,

screens, and classifiers generate particulate matter (PM) and PM less than 10 micrometers in

aerodynamic diameter (PM-10) emissions in the form of sawdust and wood particles. In addition, these

processes may be sources of PM less than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter (PM-2.5) emissions.

Emissions from dryers that are exhausted from the primary recovery cyclone include wood dust

and other solid PM, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), condensible PM, and products of combustion

such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), if direct-fired units are

used. The condensible PM and a portion of the VOCs leave the dryer stack as vapor but condense at

normal atmospheric temperatures to form liquid particles or mist that creates a visible blue haze. Both

the VOCs and condensible PM are primarily compounds evaporated from the wood, with a minor

constituent being combustion products. Quantities emitted are dependent on wood species, dryer

temperature, fuel used, and other factors including season of the year, time between logging and

processing, and chip storage time.

Emissions from board hot presses are dependent on the type and amount of resin used to bind the

wood fibers together, as well as wood species, wood moisture content, wax and catalyst application rates,

and press conditions. When the press opens, vapors that may include resin ingredients such as

formaldehyde and other VOCs are released. The rate at which formaldehyde is emitted during pressing

and board cooling operations is a function of the amount of excess formaldehyde in the resin, board

thickness, press temperature, press cycle time, and catalyst application rates.

Emissions from finishing operations for particleboard are dependent on the type of products

being finished. For most particleboard products, finishing involves trimming to size and sanding. Some

products may require application of laminate surfaces or veneers with adhesives. Trimming and sanding

operations are sources of PM and PM-10 emissions. In addition, these processes may be sources of PM

less than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter (PM-2.5) emissions. No data specific to

particleboard trimming and sawing are available. However, emissions factors for plywood or medium

density fiberboard (MDF) sawing operations may provide an order of magnitude estimate for similar

particleboard sawing and trimming operations.

In particleboard mills where particles are generated onsite, PM, PM-10, and PM-2.5 emissions

from log debarking, sawing, and grinding operations can be controlled through capture in an exhaust

system connected to a sized cyclone and/or fabric filter collection system. Emissions of PM, PM-10, and

PM-2.5 from sanding and final trimming operations can be controlled using similar methods. These

wood dust capture and collection systems are used not only to control atmospheric emissions, but also to

recover the dust as a by-product fuel for a boiler or dryer. 

Methods of controlling PM emissions from the particleboard sources include multiclones,

absorption systems (wet scrubbers), fabric filters, sand filter scrubbers, electrified filter beds (EFBs), wet

electrostatic precipitators (WESPs), and oxidation systems (discussed below). The sand filter scrubber

incorporates a wet scrubbing section followed by a wet-sand filter and mist eliminator. The EFB uses
6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-5

electrostatic forces to attract pollutants to an electrically charged gravel bed. The WESP uses

electrostatic forces to attract pollutants to either a charged metal plate or a charged metal tube. The

collecting surfaces are continually rinsed with water to wash away the pollutants. Wet PM control

systems such as wet scrubbers and WESP’s may achieve short-term reductions in emissions of some

water-soluble organic compounds (such as formaldehyde). However, the ability of these wet systems to

absorb water-soluble compounds diminishes as the recirculating scrubbing liquid becomes saturated with

these compounds.

A VOC control technology commonly used in the wood products industry for controlling both

dryer and press exhaust gases is regenerative thermal oxidation. Thermal oxidizers destroy VOCs and

condensible organics by burning them at high temperatures. Thermal oxidizers also reduce CO emissions

in direct-fired dryer exhausts by oxidizing the CO in the exhaust to CO2 (a product of complete

combustion). Regenerative thermal oxidizers (RTOs) are designed to preheat the inlet emission stream

with heat recovered from the incineration exhaust gases. Up to 98 percent heat recovery is possible,

although 95 percent is typically specified. Gases entering an RTO are heated by passing through preheated beds packed with a ceramic media. A gas burner brings the preheated emissions up to an

incineration temperature between 788° and 871°C (1450° and 1600°F) in a combustion chamber with

sufficient gas residence time to complete the combustion. Combustion gases then pass through a cooled

ceramic bed where heat is extracted. By reversing the flow through the beds, the heat transferred from

the combustion exhaust air preheats the gases to be treated, thereby reducing auxiliary fuel requirements.

Biofiltration systems are also used effectively for control of a variety of pollutants including 

organic compounds, NOx, CO, and PM from press exhaust streams. Biofiltration uses microorganisms

immobilized in a biofilm layer on a porous packing such as bark, wood chips, or synthetic media. 

Typical biofilter design consists of a three- to six-foot deep bed of media suspended over an air

distribution plenum. Exhaust gases entering the plenum are evenly distributed through the moist biofilter

media. As the contaminated vapor stream passes through the biofilter media, pollutants are transferred

from the vapor to the biofilm and, through microbiological degradation, are converted to CO2, water, and

salts. The microorganisms cannot easily attack pollutants in the gas phase; therefore, less water soluble

compounds (such as pinenes) are generally more difficult to control using a biofilter than are the more

water-soluble compounds (such as formaldehyde).

Fugitive PM emissions from road dust and uncovered bark and dust storage piles may be

controlled in a number of different ways. Some of these methods include enclosure, wet suppression

systems, and chemical stabilization.

Calculating PM-10 emissions from wood products industry emission sources is problematic due

to the relationship between PM-10 (or PM) emissions and VOC emissions from these processes. 

Because the Method 201A train (PM-10) operates with an in-stack cyclone and filter, organic materials

that are volatile at stack gas temperatures but that are condensed at back half impinger temperatures

(-20°C [-68°F]) are collected as condensible PM-10. However, these materials will also be measured as

VOC via Methods 25 and 25A, which operate with a heated or an in-stack filter. Hence, if PM-10 is

calculated as the sum of filterable and condensible material, some pollutants will be measured as both

PM-10 and VOC emissions. However, if only filterable material is considered to be PM-10, the PM-10

emission factors will be highly dependent on stack gas temperature. In this AP-42 section, PM-10 is

reported as front half catch only (Method 201A results only; not including Method 202 results). 

However, condensible PM results are also reported, and these results can be combined with the PM-10

results as appropriate for a specific application. Measured VOC emissions may be affected by the

sampling method and by the quantity of formaldehyde and other aldehydes and ketones in the exhaust;

formaldehyde is not quantified using Method 25A. Other low molecular weight oxygenated compounds
10.6.2-6 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

have reduced responses to Method 25A. Therefore, when VOC emissions are measured using

Method 25A, the emission rates will be biased low if low molecular weight oxygenated compounds are

present in significant concentrations in the exhaust stream. A more extensive discussion of these

sampling and analysis issues is provided in the Background Report for this section.

Guidance from EPA’s Emission Factor and Inventory Group (EFIG) indicates that when it is

possible, VOC emission factors should be reported in terms of the actual weight of the emitted

compound. However, when an actual molecular weight (MW) of the emitted stream is not feasible (as is

the case with the mixed streams emitted from wood products industry sources), the VOC should be

reported using an assumed MW of 44, and reported “as propane.” Each VOC-as-propane emission factor

is estimated by first converting the THC from a carbon basis to a propane basis. Propane (MW = 44)

includes 3 carbon atoms (total MW of 36) and 8 hydrogen atoms (total MW of 8). Every 36 pounds of

carbon measured corresponds to 44 pounds of propane. The ratio of the MW of propane to the MW of

carbon in propane is 44/36, or 1.22. The conversion is expressed by the following equation:

THC as pounds carbon × 44 pounds propane

36 pounds carbon = THC as pounds propane

or

THC as pounds carbon × 1.22 = THC as pounds propane

After the THC emission factor has been converted from a carbon to a propane basis, the

formaldehyde emission factor is added (where available), then the available emission factors for

non-VOC compounds, including acetone, methane, and methylene chloride, are subtracted. This

procedure is expressed simply by the following equation:

VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC as carbon) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride)

In cases where no emission factor is available (or the emission factor is reported only as below the test

method detection limit, or “BDL”) for one or more of the compounds used to estimate the VOC-aspropane value, adjustments to the converted THC value are made only for those compounds for which

emission factors are available. That is, a value of zero is inserted in the above equation for the specified

compounds where no emission factor is available, or where the emission factor is reported only as BDL. 

For example, if no methane emission factor is available, the THC-as-carbon emission factor is converted

to THC-as-propane, formaldehyde is added, and only acetone and methylene chloride are subtracted.

Table 10.6.2-1 presents emission factors for dryer emissions of PM, including filterable PM,

filterable PM-10, and condensible PM. Table 10.6.2-2 presents emissions factors for dryer emissions of

NOx, CO, and CO2. Table 10.6.2-3 presents emission factors for dryer emissions of organic compounds,

some of which are listed as HAPs under section 112(b) of the Clean Air Act. The emission factors for

dryer emissions are presented in units of pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material out of

the dryer (lb/ODT). Table 10.6.2-4 presents emission factors for press and board cooler emissions of

PM, including filterable PM, filterable PM-10, and condensible PM. Table 10.6.2-5 presents emission

factors for press and board cooler emissions of NOx and CO. Table 10.6.2-6 presents emission factors

for press and board cooler emissions of organic compounds, some of which are listed HAPs. The units

for the press and board cooler emission factors are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/4-

inch thick panel produced (lb/MSF 3/4). Table 10.6.2-7 presents emission factors for miscellaneous

sources of organic compounds. Some of the compounds also are listed HAPs.

To the extent possible, separate emission factors for particleboard dryers are presented in

Tables 10.6.2-1 to -3 for hardwoods and softwoods. Hardwoods generally correspond to deciduous

species. For particleboard, plywood, and other composite wood products, commonly used hardwoods
6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-7

include aspen, oak, poplar, maple, cherry, alder, hickory, gum, beech, birch, and basswood. The

emission factors for hardwood particleboard dryers presented in this section are based largely on the

drying of aspen furnish. Oak also is used often for making particleboard. Softwoods generally

correspond to coniferous species. For particleboard, plywood, and other composite wood products,

commonly used softwoods include pines, firs, and spruce. Pines and firs are the most commonly used

softwood species for particleboard manufacturing.

Emission factors for every possible mix of hardwood and softwood species cannot be reported in

this section. Emission factors for specific mixes of wood species may be calculated by combining

emission factors for individual wood species in the ratio specific to a given application, as emission data

for those species become available. For example, a THC as carbon emission factor for a direct woodfired rotary dryer processing 60 percent softwood and 40 percent hardwood may be calculated using the

THC as carbon emission factors for softwood (1.0 lb/ODT) and hardwood (0.20 lb/ODT), and the ratio

of 60 percent to 40 percent. The resultant emission factor, rounded to two significant figures, would be

0.68 lb/ODT.
10.6.2-8 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

Table 10.6.2-1. EMISSION FACTORS FOR PARTICLEBOARD DRYERS--

PARTICULATE MATTERa

Source

Emission

Control

Devicec

Filterableb

Condensibled

EMISSION

FACTOR

PM RATING

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-006-10)

Uncontrolled/

MCLO

SCBR

EFB

033.3e

0

00.93e

00.19e

D

D

D

ND

ND

ND

0.21e

0.024e

NA

D

D

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-006-07)

Uncontrolled

MCLO

03.4e

00.93f

D

D

0.69e

ND

D 0.20e

ND

D

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired, mixed

species (35-60%

softwood, 40-65%

hardwood)

(SCC 3-07-006-08)

Uncontrolled

EFB

02.2g

00.28h

D

D

ND

ND

0.48g

 NA

D

Rotary dryer, green,

direct wood-fired

(inlet moisture

content >50%, dry

basis), softwood

(SCC 3-07-006-25)

Uncontrolled/

MCLO

BH

EFB

EFB/BH

02.2h

01.4h

01.5e

00.20h

D

E

E

E

ND

ND

0.64e

ND

E

1.1h

NA

NA

NA

D

Rotary dryer, green,

direct wood-fired

(inlet moisture

content >50%, dry

basis), mixed

species (40-60%

softwood, 40-60%

hardwood)

(SCC 3-07-006-26)

Uncontrolled

MCLO

BH

EFB

EFB/BH

 ND

2.0e

01.3h

00.27e

00.15j

E

E

E

E

ND

ND

ND

0.11e

ND

D

0.62k

NA

NA

NA

NA

D

Rotary dryer, direct

natural gas-fired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-006-32)

Uncontrolled

MCLO

EFB

ND

2.2e

00.31n

E

E

ND

ND

0.15m

NA

ND

D

Rotary dryer, direct

natural gas-fired,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-006-30)

Uncontrolled/

MCLO

00.42pD ND 0.12qD

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material out of dryer

(lb/ODT). One lb/ODT = 0.5 kg/Mg (oven-dried). Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. NA = Not applicable. 

See Table 10.6.2-8 for the hardwood and softwood species commonly used in the production of

particleboard and other composite wood products. Note: emission factors in table represent

averages of data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be more useful for specific applications,
Table 10.6.2-1 (cont.).

6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-9

are available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b

Filterable PM is that PM collected on or prior to the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent)

sampling train. Filterable PM-10 is that PM collected on the filter, or in the sample line between the

cyclone and filter of an EPA Method 201 or 201A sampling train.

c

Emission control device: MCLO = multiclone; SCBR = wet scrubber; EFB = electrified filter bed; BH

= baghouse (fabric filter).

d Condensible PM is that PM collected in the impinger portion of a PM sampling train (EPA Method

202); multiclones, EFB’s, and baghouses are not expected to control condensible PM; condensible PM

emissions measured at the outlets of those control devices are considered to be uncontrolled.

e Reference 7.

f References 8, 9, and 10.

g References 7, 11, 12, and 13.

h References 7 and 14.

j Reference 14.

k Reference 7, 11, and 14.

m Reference 7, 15, and 16.

n Reference 16.

p Reference 8, 17, and 18.

q Reference 17 and 18.
10.6.2-10 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

Table 10.6.2-2. EMISSION FACTORS FOR PARTICLEBOARD DRYERS--NOx, CO, AND CO2

a

Sourceb

Emission

Control

Device NOx

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO2

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-006-10)

Uncontrolled 0.92cD 5.7cD ND

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-006-07)

Uncontrolled 0.58dD 0.68eC ND

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired, mixed

species (35-60%

softwood, 40-65%

hardwood)

(SCC 3-07-006-08)

Uncontrolled 1.8fD 0.59cD 538gD

Rotary dryer, green,

direct wood-fired

(inlet moisture

content >50%, dry

basis), softwood

(SCC 3-07-006-25)

Uncontrolled 2.7hD 3.5hD 573jD

Rotary dryer, green,

direct wood-fired

(inlet moisture

content >50%, dry

basis), mixed

species (40-60%

softwood, 40-60%

hardwood)

(SCC 3-07-006-26)

Uncontrolled 1.4cE 0.77kD ND

Rotary dryer, direct

natural gas-fired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-006-32)

Uncontrolled 0.024mE 1.2mE 311nE

Rotary dryer, green,

direct natural gasfired (inlet moisture

content >50%, dry

basis), softwood

(SCC 3-07-006-31)

Uncontrolled ND ND 237pD

Rotary dryer,

indirect heated with

auxiliary natural

gas, softwood

(SCC 3-07-006-35)

Uncontrolled 0.31cD 0.12cD 38.2qD
Table 10.6.2-2 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

Device NOx

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO2

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-11

Tube dryer, direct

wood-fired,

blowline blend, UF

resin, hardwood

(SCC 3-07-006-40)

Uncontrolled ND ND 447rE

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material out of dryer

(lb/ODT). One lb/ODT = 0.5 kg/Mg (oven-dried). Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. See Table 10.6.2-8 for

the hardwood and softwood species commonly used in the production of particleboard and other

composite wood products. Note: emission factors in table represent averages of data sets. The

data spreadsheets, which may be more useful for specific applications, are available on EPA’s

Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b UF = urea formaldehyde.

c Reference 7.

d References 7, 9, and 10.

e References 7, 9, 10, and 19.

f References 7, 12, and 13.

g References 11, 12, 13, and 14.

h References 7, 20, and 21.

j References 14, 20, and 21.

k References 7 and 19.

m Reference 15.

n Reference 22.

p References 21 and 23.

q Reference 24.

r Reference 25.
10.6.2-12 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

Table 10.6.2-3. EMISSION FACTORS FOR PARTICLEBOARD DRYERS--ORGANICSa

Source

Emission

Control

Deviceb CASRNcPollutant

Emission

Factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-006-10)

Uncontrolled THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

0.20f

0.24

D

E

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired, softwood

(SCC 3-07-006-07)

Uncontrolled

71-55-6

95-63-6

5779-94-2

13466-78-9

75-07-0

67-64-1

98-86-2

107-02-8

80-56-8

100-52-7

71-43-2

127-91-3

92-52-4

117-81-7

74-83-9

123-72-8

85-68-7

75-15-0

56-23-5

74-87-3

98-82-8

84-74-2

75-18-3

74-84-0

100-41-4

50-00-0

66-25-1

123-31-9

590-86-3

138-86-3

1330-20-7

620-23-5

64-82-8

67-56-1

78-93-3

108-10-1

75-09-2

110-54-3

95-47-6

THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

1,1,1-Trichloroethane *

1,2-Dichloroethane *

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene *

1,2,4-Trimethyl benzene

2,5-Dimethyl benzaldehyde

3-Carene

Acetaldehyde *

Acetone

Acetophenone

Acrolein *

Alpha-pinene

Benzaldehyde

Benzene *

Beta-pinene

Biphenyl *

Bis-(2-ethylhexyl phthalate)

Bromomethane *

Butylaldehyde

Butylbenzyl phthalate

Camphene

Carbon disulfide *

Carbon tetrachloride *

Chloroethane *

Chloroethene *

Chloromethane *

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene

Cumene *

Di-N-butyl phthalate

Dimethyl sulfide

Ethane

Ethyl benzene *

Formaldehyde *

Hexaldehyde

Hydroquinone

Isovaleraldehyde

Limonene

m-, p-Xylene *

m-Tolualdehyde

Methane

Methanol *

Methyl ethyl ketone *

Methyl isobutyl ketone *

Methylene chloride *

n-Hexane*

o-Xylene *

1.0g

0.90

0.000012f

BDL

BDL

0.000090f

0.000033f,y

0.076

0.013

0.084h

0.000064f

0.0045

0.39

0.0026f,y

0.00099h

0.12

0.000039f

0.00032f

0.000028f

0.0031f,y

0.000014f

BDL

0.000018f

0.000012f

BDL

BDL

0.00011f

BDL

0.000069f

0.000023f

0.000014f

0.015j

0.0000038f

0.025k

0.016f,y

0.000060f

0.00052f,y

0.034

0.00055h

0.00045f,y

0.26j

0.014m

0.0049h

0.0024h

0.00063h

0.000026f

0.000014f

C

D

D

D

E

D

D

D

D

D

D

E

D

D

D

D

D

E

E

D

D

D

D

D

E

D

E

C

E

E

E

D

D

E

D

D

D

D

D

E

D
Table 10.6.2-3 (cont.).

Source

Emission

Control

Deviceb CASRNcPollutant

Emission

Factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-13

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired, softwood

(SCC 3-07-006-07)

(cont.)

108-95-2

123-38-6

100-42-5

108-88-3

110-62-3

p-Cymene

p-Mentha-1,5-diene

Phenol *

Propionaldehyde *

Styrene *

Toluene *

Valeraldehyde

BDL

BDL

0.0066

0.0032

0.00012f

0.0021h

0.0016f,y

D

D

E

D

E

Rotary dryer, direct

wood-fired, mixed

species (35-60%

softwood, 40-65%

hardwood)

(SCC 3-07-006-08)

Uncontrolled THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

0.048f

0.059

E

E

Rotary dryer, green,

direct wood-fired,

softwood (inlet

moisture content

>50%, dry basis)

(SCC 3-07-006-25)

Uncontrolled

5779-94-2

13466-78-9

80-56-8

8006-64-2

75-07-0

67-64-1

107-02-8

127-91-3

100-52-7

71-43-2

123-72-8

79-92-5

67-66-3

4170-30-3

98-82-8

50-00-0

66-25-1

590-86-3

138-86-3

67-56-1

78-93-3

108-10-1

75-09-2

1330-20-7

123-72-8

529-20-4

95-47-6

99-87-6

99-83-2

THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

1,2-Dichloroethane *

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene *

2,5-Dimethyl benzaldehyde

3-Carene

Alpha-pinene

a-Terpene

Acetaldehyde *

Acetone

Acrolein *

Beta-pinene

Benzaldehyde

Benzene *

Bromomethane *

Butylaldehyde

Camphene

Chloroethane *

Chloroethene *

Chloroform

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene

Crotonaldehyde

Cumene *

Formaldehyde *

Hexaldehyde

Isovaleraldehyde

Limonene

Methanol *

Methyl ethyl ketone *

Methyl isobutyl ketone *

Methylene chloride *

m,p-Xylene *

n-Butyraldehyde

o-Tolualdehyde

o-Xylene *

p-Cymene

p-Mentha-1,5-diene

3.9n

4.7

BDL

BDL

0.0053f,y

0.043

1.4h

0.17f

0.075h

0.19h

0.023f,y

0.52h

0.12f,y

0.0076

BDL

0.029f,y

0.043

BDL

BDL

0.00010f

BDL

0.010f,y

0.0020f

0.14p

0.022f,y

0.018f,y

0.043

0.11q

BDL

0.0069

0.0018h

0.0048h

0.030f,y

0.011f,y

0.00045f

0.027h

0.043

D

E

E

E

D

E

D

D

E

D

E

D

E

E

E

E

E

D

E

E

E

D

D

D

D

E

E

E

D

E
Table 10.6.2-3 (cont.).

Source

Emission

Control

Deviceb CASRNcPollutant

Emission

Factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.2-14 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

Rotary dryer, green,

direct wood-fired,

softwood (inlet

moisture content

>50%, dry basis)

(SCC 3-07-006-25)

(cont.)

104-87-0

108-95-2

123-38-6

100-42-5

108-88-3

110-62-3

p-Tolualdehyde

Phenol *

Propionaldehyde *

Styrene *

Toluene *

Valeraldehyde

0.026f,y

0.028

0.013h

0.00036f

0.013h

0.014f,y

E

D

D

E

D

E

Rotary dryer, green,

direct wood-fired,

mixed species

(40-60% softwood,

40-60% hardwood)

 (inlet moisture

content >50%, dry

basis)

(SCC 3-07-006-26)

Uncontrolled

5779-94-2

13466-78-9

80-56-8

8006-64-2

75-07-0

67-64-1

107-02-8

127-91-3

100-52-7

71-43-2

123-72-8

156-59-2

4170-30-3

50-00-0

66-25-1

590-86-3

67-56-1

78-93-3

75-09-2

1330-20-7

529-20-4

95-47-6

99-87-6

104-87-0

108-95-2

123-38-6

100-42-5

108-88-3

110-62-3

THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

1,2-Dichloroethane *

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene *

2,5-Dimethyl benzaldehyde

3-Carene

Alpha-pinene

a-Terpene

Acetaldehyde *

Acetone

Acrolein *

Beta-pinene

Benzaldehyde

Benzene *

Bromomethane *

Butylaldehyde

Camphene

Chloroethane *

Chloroethene *

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene

Crotonaldehyde

Cumene *

Formaldehyde *

Hexaldehyde

Isovaleraldehyde

Limonene

Methanol *

Methyl ethyl ketone *

Methyl isobutyl ketone *

Methylene chloride *

m,p-Xylene *

o-Tolualdehyde

o-Xylene *

p-Cymene

p-Mentha-1,5-diene

p-Tolualdehyde

Phenol *

Propionaldehyde *

Styrene *

Toluene *

Valeraldehyde

1.3h

1.6

BDL

BDL

0.0015f,y

0.040

0.51h

0.053f

0.059h

0.047h

0.015

0.11h

0.0082f,y

0.0047

BDL

0.0019f,y

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0012

0.00082f,y

BDL

0.096h

0.0062f,y

0.0011f,y

BDL

0.059

0.0034

BDL

0.0014h

0.0058

0.00066f,y

0.00058

0.0016f

BDL

0.0046f,y

0.0079

0.0042h

0.00057

0.0059h

0.0040f,y

D

E

E

D

D

E

D

D

D

D

E

D

E

D

E

D

E

E

D

D

D

D

E

D

D

E

D

D

D

D

E
Table 10.6.2-3 (cont.).

Source

Emission

Control

Deviceb CASRNcPollutant

Emission

Factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-15

Rotary dryer, green,

direct wood-fired,

mixed species

(40-60% softwood,

40-60% hardwood)

(inlet moisture

content >50%, dry

basis)

(SCC 3-07-006-26)

RTO

67-64-1

71-43-2

50-00-0

67-56-1

75-09-2

1330-20-7

 95-47-6

 

 

100-42-5

108-88-3

THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

1,2-Dichloroethane *

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene *

3-Carene

Acetaldehyde *

Acetone

Acrolein *

Alpha-pinene

Benzene *

Beta-pinene

Bromomethane *

Camphene

Chloroethane *

Chloroethene *

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene

Cumene *

Formaldehyde *

Limonene

Methanol *

Methyl ethyl ketone *

Methyl isobutyl ketone *

Methylene chloride *

m,p-Xylene *

o-Xylene *

p-Cymene

p-Mentha-1,5-diene

Phenol *

Propionaldehyde *

Styrene *

Toluene *

0.013

0.013

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0033

BDL

BDL

0.00055

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL 

BDL

BDL

0.00055

BDL

0.0019

BDL

BDL

0.00060

0.00075

0.00075

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.00074

0.00065

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

Rotary dryer, direct

natural gas-fired,

hardwood

(SCC 3-07-006-32)

Uncontrolled

50-00-0

THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

Formaldehyde *

0.21r

0.28

0.028s

E

E

E

Rotary dryer, direct

natural gas-fired,

softwood

(SCC 3-07-006-30)

Uncontrolled

50-00-0

67-56-1

THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

Formaldehyde *

Methanol *

1.6t

2.0

0.0086u

0.073u

D

E

E

E

Rotary dryer, green,

direct natural gasfired, softwood (inlet

moisture content

>50%, dry basis)

(SCC 3-07-006-31)

Uncontrolled

50-00-0

67-56-1

THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

Formaldehyde *

Methanol *

0.77v

0.94

0.0042v

BDL

E

E

E
Table 10.6.2-3 (cont.).

Source

Emission

Control

Deviceb CASRNcPollutant

Emission

Factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.2-16 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

Rotary dryer, indirect

heated with auxiliary

natural gas, softwood

(SCC 3-07-006-35)

Uncontrolled

50-00-0

64-82-8

67-56-1

THC as carbond

VOC as propanee

Formaldehyde *

Methane

Methanol *

0.43w

0.30

0.047x

0.27f

0.027x

D

E

D

D

D

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material out of dryer

(lb/ODT). One lb/ODT = 0.5 kg/Mg (oven-dried). Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. * = hazardous air pollutant. BDL = below test

method detection limit; indicates that this pollutant has not been detected in any test runs on this

source. Reference 19 unless otherwise noted. See Table 10.6.2-8 for the hardwood and softwood

species commonly used in the production of particleboard and other composite wood products. Note: 

emission factors in table represent averages of data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be

more useful for specific applications, are available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network

(TTN) website at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b

Emission control device: RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer.

c CASRN = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.

d

THC as carbon = total hydrocarbon measurements using EPA Method 25A.

e VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride); a value

of zero is inserted in the equation for the specified compounds where no emission factor is available, or

where the emission factor is reported only as “BDL”.

f Reference 7.

g References 7, 9, 10, and 19.

h References 7 and 19.

j References 9 and 10.

k References 7, 9, 19, and 26.

m References 9, 19, and 26.

n References 7, 19, 20, and 21.

p References 7, 19, 20, 21, and 27.

q References 19 and 21.

r Reference 15.

s Reference 22.

t References 17 and 18.

u Reference 17.

v Reference 23.

w References 7 and 24.

x Reference 24.

y Based on M0011 data only; suspected to be biased low due to poor collection efficiency or analytical

problems.
6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-17

Table 10.6.2-4. EMISSION FACTORS FOR PARTICLEBOARD PRESSES AND BOARD

COOLERS--PARTICULATE MATTERa

Sourcec

Emission

Control

Device

Filterableb

Condensibled

EMISSION

FACTOR

PM RATING

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING PM-10

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Hot press, UF

resin

(SCC 3-07-006-51)

Uncontrolled 0.20eD 0.016fE 0.23gD

Board cooler, UF

resin

(SCC 3-07-006-61)

Uncontrolled 0.15gD ND 0.077gD

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/4-inch thick panel

(lb/MSF 3/4). One lb/MSF 3/4 = 0.26 kg/m3. Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. Note: emission factors

in table represent averages of data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be more useful for

specific applications, are available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b

Filterable PM is that PM collected on or prior to the filter of an EPA Method 5 (or equivalent)

sampling train. Filterable PM-10 is that PM collected on the filter, or in the sample line between the

cyclone and filter of an EPA Method 201 or 201A sampling train.

c UF = urea formaldehyde.

d Condensible PM is that PM collected in the impinger portion of a PM sampling train (EPA Method

202).

e References 7, 26, 28, and 29.

f Reference 7.

g References 28 and 29.

Table 10.6.2-5. EMISSION FACTORS FOR PARTICLEBOARD PRESSES AND BOARD

COOLERS--NOx, CO, AND CO2

a

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecNOx

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING CO2

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Hot press, UF

resin

(SCC 3-07-006-51)

Uncontrolled

RTO

0.017d

0.092d

E

E

0.22e

0.090f

D

D

ND

ND

Board cooler, UF

resin

(SCC 3-07-006-61)

Uncontrolled ND 0.15gD ND

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/4-inch thick panel

(lb/MSF 3/4). One lb/MSF 3/4 = 0.26 kg/m3. Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. ND = no data available. Note: emission factors

in table represent averages of data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be more useful for

specific applications, are available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b UF = urea formaldehyde.
10.6.2-18 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

c

Emission control device: RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer.

d Reference 26.

e References 7, 15, 19, 26, 28, and 29.

f References 19 and 26.

g

 References 28 and 29.
6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-19

Table 10.6.2-6. EMISSION FACTORS FOR PARTICLEBOARD PRESSES AND BOARD

COOLERS--ORGANICSa

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

Factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Hot press, UF

resin

(SCC 3-07-006-51)

Uncontrolled

5779-94-2

13466-78-9

75-07-0

67-64-1

107-02-8

80-56-8

100-52-7

71-43-2

127-91-3

123-72-8

79-92-5

4170-30-3

50-00-0

66-25-1

590-86-3

138-86-3

67-56-1

78-93-3

108-10-1

99-87-6

99-83-2

108-95-2

110-62-3

THC as carbone

VOC as propanef

1,2-Dichloroethane *

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene *

2,5-Dimethyl benzaldehyde

3-Carene

Acetaldehyde *

Acetone

Acrolein *

Alpha-pinene

Benzaldehyde

Benzene *

Beta-pinene

Bromomethane *

Butylaldehyde

Camphene

Chloroethane *

Chloroethene *

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene

Crotonaldehyde

Cumene *

Formaldehyde *

Hexaldehyde

Isovaleraldehyde

Limonene

Methanol *

Methyl ethyl ketone *

Methyl isobutyl ketone *

Methylene chloride *

m,p-Xylene *

o-Xylene *

p-Cymene

p-Mentha-1,5-diene

Phenol *

Propionaldehyde *

Styrene *

Toluene *

Valeraldehyde

0.79g

1.1

BDL

BDL

0.00032h,j

0.036

0.011k

0.029m

0.0054m

0.40

0.0018j,n

0.0030

0.11

BDL

0.0019j,n

0.044

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.00050h,j

BDL

0.23p

0.010j,n

0.0011h,j

0.036

0.59q

0.0052m

0.0099

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.035

0.036

0.011

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0039h,j

C

D

E

D

D

D

D

D

E

D

D

E

D

E

C

E

E

D

D

D

D

D

D

D

E
Table 10.6.2-6 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

Factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.2-20 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

Hot press, UF

resin

(SCC 3-07-006-51)

RTO

50-00-0

108-95-2

THC as carbone

VOC as propanef

1,2-Dichloroethane *

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene *

3-Carene

Acetaldehyde *

Acetone

Acrolein *

Alpha-pinene

Benzene *

Beta-pinene

Bromomethane *

Camphene

Chloroethane *

Chloroethene *

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene

Cumene *

Formaldehyde *

Limonene

Methanol *

Methyl ethyl ketone *

Methyl isobutyl ketone *

Methylene chloride *

m,p-Xylene *

o-Xylene *

p-Cymene

p-Mentha-1,5-diene

Phenol *

Propionaldehyde *

Styrene *

Toluene *

0.018

0.027

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0054q

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0082

BDL

BDL

BDL

E

E

D

E
Table 10.6.2-6 (cont.).

Sourceb

Emission

Control

DevicecCASRNdPollutant

Emission

Factor

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-21

Board cooler, UF

resin

(SCC 3-07-006-61)

Uncontrolled

75-07-0

67-64-1

107-02-8

80-56-8

100-52-7

123-72-8

4170-30-3

50-00-0

66-25-1

590-86-3

67-56-1

78-93-3

108-10-1

108-95-2

110-62-3

THC as carbone

VOC as propanef

1,2-Dichloroethane *

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene *

3-Carene

Acetaldehyde *

Acetone

Acrolein *

Alpha-pinene

Benzaldehyde

Benzene *

Beta-pinene

Bromomethane *

Butylaldehyde

Camphene

Chloroethane *

Chloroethene *

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene

Crotonaldehyde

Cumene *

Formaldehyde *

Hexaldehyde

Isovaleraldehyde

Limonene

Methanol *

Methyl ethyl ketone *

Methyl isobutyl ketone *

Methylene chloride *

m,p-Xylene *

o-Xylene *

p-Cymene

p-Mentha-1,5-diene

Phenol *

Propionaldehyde *

Styrene *

Toluene *

Valeraldehyde

0.069r

0.091

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0036s

0.0083m

0.00036h,j

0.050

0.00042h,j

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.00060h,j

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.00029h,j

BDL

0.015t

0.0011h,j

0.00040h,j

BDL

0.081

0.00011h,j

0.0032

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0066

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0015h,j

D

E

D

D

E

D

E

E

E

D

E

E

D

E

E

D

E

a

Emission factor units are pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/4-inch thick panel

(lb/MSF 3/4). One lb/MSF 3/4 = 0.26 kg/m3. Factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless

otherwise noted. SCC = Source Classification Code. * = hazardous air pollutant. BDL = below test

method detection limit; indicates that this pollutant has not been detected in any test runs on this

source. Reference 19 unless otherwise noted. Note: emission factors in table represent averages of

data sets. The data spreadsheets, which may be more useful for specific applications, are
Table 10.6.2-6 (cont.).

10.6.2-22 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

available on EPA’s Technology Transfer Network (TTN) website at: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/.

b UF = urea formaldehyde.

c

Emission control device: RTO = regenerative thermal oxidizer.

d CASRN = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.

e

THC as carbon = total hydrocarbon measurements using EPA Method 25A.

f VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride); a value

of zero is inserted in the equation for the specified compounds where no emission factor is available, or

where the emission factor is reported only as “BDL”.

g References 7, 15, 19, 26, 28, 29, and 30.

h Reference 7.

j Based on M0011 data only; suspected to be biased low due to poor collection efficiency or analytical

problems.

k References 7, 15, and 19.

m Reference 19.

n References 7 and 15.

p References 7, 15, 19, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, and 34.

q References 19 and 26.

r References 7, 28, 29, and 30.

s References 7 and 19.

t References 19, 28, and 29.
6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-23

Table 10.6.2-7. EMISSION FACTORS FOR PARTICLEBOARD MISCELLANEOUS SOURCESa

Source

Emission

Control

Deviceb CASRNcPollutant

Emission

Factor

Emission

Factor

Unitsd

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

Log storage

(SCC 3-07-008-95)

Uncontrolled PM, THC, VOC ND

Log debarking

(SCC 3-07-008-01)

Uncontrolled PM, THC, VOC ND

Log cutting

(SCC 3-07-008-02)

Uncontrolled PM, THC, VOC ND

Flaker/ refiner/

hammermill,

softwoods and

mixtures containing

softwoods

(SCC 3-07-006-64)

Uncontrolled

67-64-1

80-56-8

127-91-3

67-56-1

108-95-2

THC as carbone

VOC as propanef

1,2-Dichloroethane *

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene *

3-Carene

Acetaldehyde *

Acetone

Acrolein *

Alpha-pinene

Benzene *

Beta-pinene

Bromomethane *

Camphene

Chloroethane *

Chloroethene *

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene

Cumene *

Formaldehyde *

Limonene

Methanol *

Methyl ethyl ketone *

Methyl isobutyl ketone *

Methylene chloride *

m,p-Xylene *

o-Xylene *

p-Cymene

p-Mentha-1,5-diene

Phenol *

Propionaldehyde *

Styrene *

Toluene *

0.94

1.1

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0064

BDL

0.49

BDL

0.15

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0073

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0045

BDL

BDL

BDL

lb/ODT

lb/ODT

lb/ODT

lb/ODT

lb/ODT

lb/ODT

lb/ODT

D

E

D

D

D

D

E
Table 10.6.2-7 (cont.).

Source

Emission

Control

Deviceb CASRNcPollutant

Emission

Factor

Emission

Factor

Unitsd

EMISSION

FACTOR

RATING

10.6.2-24 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

Sander

(SCC 3-07-006-65)

Uncontrolled

67-64-1

80-56-8

67-56-1

108-95-2

THC as carbone

VOC as propanef

1,2-Dichloroethane *

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene *

3-Carene

Acetaldehyde *

Acetone

Acrolein *

Alpha-pinene

Benzene *

Beta-pinene

Bromomethane *

Camphene

Chloroethane *

Chloroethene *

Cis-1,2-dichloroethylene

Cumene *

Formaldehyde *

Limonene

Methanol *

Methyl ethyl ketone *

Methyl isobutyl ketone *

Methylene chloride *

m,p-Xylene *

o-Xylene *

p-Cymene

p-Mentha-1,5-diene

Phenol *

Propionaldehyde *

Styrene *

Toluene *

0.069

0.079

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.0051

BDL

0.048

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.013

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

0.015

BDL

BDL

BDL

lb/MSF

lb/MSF

lb/MSF

lb/MSF

lb/MSF

lb/MSF

E

E

E

E

E

E

Veneer press, UF

resin

(SCC 3-07-006-55)

(gluing veneer to

particle-board

substrate)

Uncontrolled 71-55-6

80-56-8

75-07-0

127-91-3

50-00-0

66-25-1

78-93-3

123-72-8

108-88-3

1,1,1-Trichloroethane *

Alpha-pinene

Acetaldehyde *

Beta-pinene

Formaldehyde *

Hexaldehyde

Methyl ethyl ketone *

n-Butylaldehyde

Toluene *

0.00022g

0.00054g

0.000099g

0.00011g

0.0062g

0.00017g,h

0.00020g

0.00014g,h

0.00047g

lb/MSF 3/4

lb/MSF 3/4

lb/MSF 3/4

lb/MSF 3/4

lb/MSF 3/4

lb/MSF 3/4

lb/MSF 3/4

lb/MSF 3/4

lb/MSF 3/4

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

E

a

Emission factors represent uncontrolled emissions unless otherwise noted. SCC = Source

Classification Code. * = hazardous air pollutant. ND = no data available. BDL = below test method

detection limit; indicates that this pollutant has not been detected in any test runs on this source. 

Reference 19 unless otherwise noted.

b

Emission control devices (baghouses) are considered no control for organic pollutants.

c CASRN = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.
Table 10.6.2-7 (cont.).

6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-25

d

Emission factor units: Pounds of pollutant per oven-dried ton of wood material (lb/ODT). One

lb/ODT = 0.5 kg/Mg (oven-dried). Pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of panel (lb/MSF). 

One lb/MSF = 0.0049 kg/m2. Pounds of pollutant per thousand square feet of 3/4-inch thick panel

(lb/MSF 3/4). One lb/MSF 3/4 = 0.26 kg/m3.

e

THC as carbon = total hydrocarbon measurements using EPA Method 25A.

f VOC as propane = (1.22 × THC) + formaldehyde - (acetone + methane + methylene chloride); a value

of zero is inserted in the equation for the specified compounds where no emission factor is available, or

where the emission factor is reported only as “BDL”.

g Reference 15.

h Based on M0011 data only; suspected to be biased low due to poor collection efficiency or analytical

problems.
10.6.2-26 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

Table 10.6.2-8. WOOD SPECIES COMMONLY USED IN 

COMPOSITE WOOD PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING a

Wood product AP-42 section Hardwood species Softwood species

Plywood 10.5 Oak, cherry, poplar, maple, larch Firs, pines

Oriented strandboard 10.6-1 Aspen Pines, firs, spruce

Particleboard 10.6-2 Aspen, oak Pines, firs

Medium density fiberboard 10.6-3 Gum, alder, hickory Pines, firs

Hardboard/fiberboard 10.6-4 Aspen, birch, beech, oak, maple Pines

Engineered wood products 10.9 Aspen, birch, poplar Pines, firs,

hemlock

a Reference 6.

References For Section 10.6.2

 1. T. M. Maloney, Modern Particleboard And Dry-Process Fiberboard Manufacturing, Miller

Freeman Publications, Inc., San Francisco, CA, 1977.

 2. J. G. Haygreen and J. L. Bowyer, Forest Products And Wood Science: An Introduction, Second

Edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, 1989.

 3. Written communication and attachments from T. A. Crabtree, Smith Engineering Company,

Broomall, PA, to P. E. Lassiter, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,

NC, July 26, 1996.

4. Technical Memorandum, Minutes of the October 12-13, 1993 BACT Technologies Workshop,

Raleigh, NC, sponsored by the American Forest and Paper Association, K. D. Bullock, Midwest

Research Institute, Cary, NC, October 1993.

5. A. E. Cavadeas, RTO Experience In The Wood Products Industry, presented at Environmental

Challenges: What’s New in the Wood Products Industry?, workshop sponsored by the American

Forest and Paper Association, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 4-5, 1997.

6. Emission Factor Documentation For AP-42 Chapter 10, Wood Products Industry, prepared for

the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, OAQPS/EFIG, by Midwest Research Institute, Cary,

NC, July 2003.

7. Particleboard And Medium Density Fiberboard Air Emission Databases, Technical Bulletin No.

693, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., New York,

NY, April 1995.
6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-27

8. Engineering Emissions Testing For Particulate Performed On The #1 & 3 Dryer Cyclone

Exhausts And Engineering Emissions Testing For Methanol Performed On The Press Vents At

Temple Inland Corporation, Monroeville, Alabama, Test Dates February 10-14, 1997, prepared

for Temple Inland, by Air Techniques, Inc., ATI Job No. 97TO4908, 1997.

9. In-House Air Emissions Testing Of Primary Dryer Outlet, Hope Particleboard Plant, Hope,

Arkansas, Test Dates January 29-31, 1997, prepared for Temple-Inland Forest Products

Corporation, by Maxim Technologies, Inc., Project No. 1411700875A, March 14, 1997.

10. In-House Air Emissions Testing of Primary Dryer Outlet And RTO Press Vent Inlet, Hope

Particleboard Plant, Hope, Arkansas, Test Dates February 12-14, 1997, prepared for TempleInland Forest Products Corporation, by Maxim Technologies, Inc., Project No. 1411700875B,

March 17, 1997.

11. Stationary Source Sampling Report, Reference No. 6041A, Weyerhaeuser Company, Moncure,

North Carolina, Particulate Emissions And Plume Opacity Testing, Surface Line Electrified

Filter Bed Inlet And Stack, October 20, 1988, Entropy Environmentalists, Inc., Research Triangle

Park, North Carolina, November 8, 1988. 

12. Weyerhaeuser Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin, Stack Testing Report For Total Gaseous NonMethane Organic Compound Emissions (TGNOC), Test Date: March 19-23, 1990,

Cross/Tessitore & Associates, P.A., Orlando, Florida, 1990.

13. Report To Weyerhaeuser Company, Marshfield, Wisconsin, For Particulate & NOx Emissions

Testing, Door Core Dryer EFB Stack, December 20, 1991, Environmental Technology &

Engineering Corporation, Elm Grove, Wisconsin, 1992.

14. Stationary Source Sampling Report, Reference No. 6393A, Weyerhaeuser Company, Moncure,

North Carolina, Formaldehyde Emissions, Particulate Emissions, And Plume Opacity Testing,

Core Line EFB Inlet, Core Line Stack, And Surface Line Stack, August 9 And 11, 1989, Entropy

Environmentalists, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, September 21, 1989.

15. Emission Test Report: HAP Emission Testing On Selected Sources At A Wood Furniture

Production Facility–Facility A, prepared for U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research

Triangle Park, North Carolina, by Roy F. Weston, Inc., April 1993.

16. Weyerhaeuser Company–Marshfield, Wisconsin, Door Core Dryer, Particulate Compliance

1996.4, Test Date October 19, 1996, prepared for Weyerhaeuser Company, by Weyerhaeuser

Company, Project No. 721-9640, December 12, 1996.

17. Title V Emissions Testing On The Furnish Dryer Exhaust, Georgia Pacific Corporation,

Panelboard Plant, Monticello, Georgia, February 13, 1996, prepared for CH2M Hill, by

Analytical Testing Consultants, Inc., Report No. 5743, March 13, 1996.

18. Report Of Air Emissions Tests For Louisiana-Pacific Corporation Silsbee Particleboard Facility

Core And Face Dryer Cyclones, Test Date September 23, 1997, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific

Corporation, by Environmental Monitoring Laboratories, Inc., October 18, 1997.
10.6.2-28 EMISSION FACTORS 2/2002

19. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions From Wood Products Manufacturing Facilities, Part IV -

Particleboard, Technical Bulletin No. 771, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and

Stream Improvement, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, 1999.

20. Emissions Test Report, Boise Cascade Corporation, Island City, Oregon, Green Furnish Dryer,

March 10 & 11, 1998, prepared for Boise Cascade Corporation, by BWR Associates, Inc.,

Project No. 98-042D, 1998.

21. Emissions Test Report, Willamette Industries Duraflake Division, Albany, Oregon, Boiler #1,

Green Dryer #1, And Green Dryer #2, Test Dates April 22-23 And 25-26, 1996, prepared for

Willamette Industries, by BWR Associates, Inc., Project No. 96-048X, 1996.

22. Weyerhaeuser Company–Marshfield, Wisconsin, Steam-Thru Door Core Dryer And Press

Testing, Formaldehyde Air Emissions 1996.4, Test Dates October 19 And 21, 1996, prepared for

Weyerhaeuser Company, by Weyerhaeuser Company, Project No. 721-9640, December 30,

1996. 

23. Emissions Test Report, Willamette Industries Duraflake Division, Millersburg (Albany), Oregon,

Green Dryer #3, Test Dates March 27-28, 1997, prepared for Willamette Industries, by BWR

Associates, Inc., Project No. 97-043D, 1997.

24. Emissions Test Report, Willamette Industries Duraflake Division, Albany, Oregon, Dry Dryers 1,

2, 3 And 4, Test Dates May 19-22, 1998, prepared for Willamette Industries, by BWR Associates,

Inc., Project No. 98-044D, 1998.

25. Source Emission Test Report, Dryer And Press Exhausts Allegheny MDF Limited Partnership,

Mt. Jewett, Pennsylvania, Test Dates October 22-24 And December 17, 1997, prepared for

Allegheny MDF Limited Partnership, by Galson Measurements, Galson Project No. 975540,

December 3, 1997.

26. In-House Air Emissions Testing Of The Diboll Particleboard Plant, Diboll, Texas, Test Dates

October 8-9 And 15, 1997, prepared for Temple-Inland Forest Products Corporation, by Maxim

Technologies, Inc., Project No. 9711254A, January 12, 1998.

27. Formaldehyde Methods Comparison, NCASI Acetylacetone Method Vs. EPA Method 0011,

Weyerhaeuser Company, Springfield, Oregon, MEC #3 Rotary Particle Dryer, Test Dates

February 27-28, 1996, prepared for Weyerhaeuser Company, by BWR Associates, Inc., 1996. 

28. Results Of The November 14-17, 1995 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

Waferboard Plant In Missoula, Montana, prepared for Louisiana-Pacific Corporation, by

Interpoll Laboratories, Inc., Report No. 5-6833, December 27, 1995.

29. Results Of The May 9-12, 1994 Air Emission Compliance Tests At The Louisiana-Pacific

[Particleboard] Plant In Missoula, Montana, Report No. 4-2837, Interpoll Laboratories, Inc.,

Circle Pines, Minnesota, June 8, 1994.

30. Weyerhaeuser Company–Marshfield, Wisconsin, Steam-Thru Door Core Plant Press Vents, VOC

Compliance Testing 1998.3, Test Dates August 6-7, 1998, prepared for Weyerhaeuser Company,

by Weyerhaeuser Company, Project No. 721-9850, September 15, 1998.
6/2002 Wood Products Industry 10.6.2-29

31. Weyerhaeuser Company–Marshfield, Wisconsin, Door Core Press Scavenger Trials, Press Vent

Formaldehyde Air Emissions 1997.3, Test Dates July 21-24, 1997, prepared for Weyerhaeuser

Company, by Weyerhaeuser Company, Project No. 721-9741, 1997.

32. Weyerhaeuser Company–Marshfield, Wisconsin, Formaldehyde Emissions Variability Study,

Press Area Common Stack, Test Dates December 18, 1997 To March 26, 1998, prepared for

Weyerhaeuser Company, by Weyerhaeuser Company, Project No. 721-9753, May 26, 1998. 

33. Weyerhaeuser Company–Marshfield, Wisconsin, Formaldehyde Emissions Variability Study,

Press Area Common Stack, Test Dates April 1, 1998 To June 30, 1998, prepared for

Weyerhaeuser Company, by Weyerhaeuser Company, Project No. 721-9753, 1998.

34. Emission Test Report Particleboard Press And No. 2 Rotary Dryer (MEC Dryer With WoodFired Burner) Emissions Testing, International Paper, Decorative Products Division, Stuart,

Virginia, Test Dates June 8-10, 1998, prepared for International Paper Decorative Products

Division, by Roy F. Weston, Inc., Work Order No. 00157-045-002, June 1998.

35. Written communication from David Word, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and

Stream Improvement, Inc., to Dallas Safriet, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research

Triangle Park, NC, August 14, 2001.