## 402 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

(b) Criteria for protective eye and face

devices. (1) Protective eye and face devices purchased after July 5, 1994 shallcomply with ANSI Z87.1–1989, ‘‘American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye andFace Protection,’’ which is incorporated by reference as specified in
§ 1910.6, or shall be demonstrated by the employer to be equally effective.

(2) Eye and face protective devicespurchased before July 5, 1994 shall comply with the ANSI ‘‘USA standard for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection,’’ Z87.1–1968, which is incorporated by reference as specified
in § 1910.6, or shall be demonstrated by the employer to be equally effective.

[59 FR 16360, Apr. 6, 1994; 59 FR 33911, July 1, 1994, as amended at 61 FR 9238, Mar. 7, 1996; 61 FR 19548, May 2, 1996]



### § 1910.134 Respiratory protection.

This section applies to General Industry (part 1910), Shipyards (part 1915), Marine Terminals (part 1917),Longshoring (part 1918), and Construction (part 1926).

(a) Permissible practice. (1) In the control of those occupational diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors, the primary objective shall be to prevent atmospheric contamination. This shall be accomplished as far as feasible by accepted engineering control measures (for example, enclosure or confinementof the operation, general and local ventilation, and substitution of less toxic materials). When effective engineering controls are not feasible, or while theyare being instituted, appropriate respirators shall be used pursuant to this

section.

(2) Respirators shall be provided by the employer when such equipment is necessary to protect the health of the employee. The employer shall provide the respirators which are applicable and suitable for the purpose intended. The employer shall be responsible for

the establishment and maintenance of a respiratory protection program which shall include the requirementsoutlined in paragraph (c) of this section.

(b) Definitions. The following definitions are important terms used in the respiratory protection standard in this

section.

Air-purifying respirator means a respirator with an air-purifying filter,cartridge, or canister that removes specific air contaminants by passing ambient air through the air-purifying element.

Assigned protection factor (APF) [Reserved]

Atmosphere-supplying respirator meansa respirator that supplies the respirator user with breathing air from asource independent of the ambient atmosphere, and includes supplied-air respirators (SARs) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) units.

Canister or cartridge means a container with a filter, sorbent, or catalyst, or combination of these items, which removes specific contaminantsfrom the air passed through the container.

Demand respirator means an atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits breathing air to the facepiece onlywhen a negative pressure is created inside the facepiece by inhalation.

Emergency situation means any occurrence such as, but not limited to,equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipmentthat may or does result in an uncontrolled significant release of an airborne contaminant.

Employee exposure means exposure toa concentration of an airborne contaminant that would occur if the employee were not using respiratory protection.

End-of-service-life indicator (ESLI)means a system that warns the respirator user of the approach of the end of adequate respiratory protection, forexample, that the sorbent is approaching saturation or is no longer effective.

Escape-only respirator means a respirator intended to be used only for emergency exit.

Filter or air purifying element means acomponent used in respirators to remove solid or liquid aerosols from the inspired air.

Filtering facepiece (dust mask) meansa negative pressure particulate respirator with a filter as an integral partof the facepiece or with the entire facepiece composed of the filtering medium.


## 403 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

Fit factor means a quantitative estimate of the fit of a particular respirator to a specific individual, and typically estimates the ratio of the

concentration of a substance in ambient air to its concentration inside the respirator when worn.

Fit test means the use of a protocol toqualitatively or quantitatively evaluate the fit of a respirator on an individual. (See also Qualitative fit test QLFT and Quantitative fit test QNFT.)

Helmet means a rigid respiratory inlet covering that also provides headprotection against impact and penetration.

High efficiency particulate air (HEPA)

filter means a filter that is at least 99.97% efficient in removingmonodisperse particles of 0.3 micrometers in diameter. The equivalent NIOSH 42 CFR 84 particulate filters are the N100, R100, and P100 filters.

Hood means a respiratory inlet covering that completely covers the head and neck and may also cover portions

of the shoulders and torso.

Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) means an atmosphere that poses an immediate threat to life,

would cause irreversible adverse health effects, or would impair an individual’sability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere.

Interior structural firefighting meansthe physical activity of fire suppression, rescue or both, inside of buildings

or enclosed structures which are involved in a fire situation beyond the incipient stage. (See 29 CFR 1910.155)

Loose-fitting facepiece means a respiratory inlet covering that is designed to form a partial seal with the face.

Maximum use concentration (MUC) [Reserved].

Negative pressure respirator (tight fitting) means a respirator in which theair pressure inside the facepiece is negative during inhalation with respect to the ambient air pressure outside the respirator.

Oxygen deficient atmosphere means an atmosphere with an oxygen content below 19.5% by volume.

Physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP) means an individual whose legally permitted scope of practice (i.e., license, registration, or certification) allows him or her to independently provide, or be delegated the responsibility to provide, some or all of the health care services required by paragraph (e) of this section.

Positive pressure respirator means a respirator in which the pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering exceeds the ambient air pressure outside the respirator.

Powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) means an air-purifying respirator that uses a blower to force theambient air through air-purifying elements to the inlet covering.

Pressure demand respirator means a positive pressure atmosphere-supplying respirator that admits breathing air tothe facepiece when the positive pressure is reduced inside the facepiece by

inhalation.

Qualitative fit test (QLFT) means a pass/fail fit test to assess the adequacyof respirator fit that relies on the individual’s response to the test agent.

Quantitative fit test (QNFT) means anassessment of the adequacy of respirator fit by numerically measuringthe amount of leakage into the respirator.

Respiratory inlet covering means that portion of a respirator that forms the protective barrier between the user’s respiratory tract and an air-purifying device or breathing air source, or both. It may be a facepiece, helmet, hood, suit, or a mouthpiece respirator with nose clamp.

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) means an atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the breathing air source is designed to be carried by the user.

Service life means the period of time that a respirator, filter or sorbent, or other respiratory equipment provides adequate protection to the wearer.

Supplied-air respirator (SAR) or airline respirator means an atmosphere-supplying respirator for which the source of breathing air is not designed to be carried by the user.

This section means this respiratory protection standard.

Tight-fitting facepiece means a respiratory inlet covering that forms a complete seal with the face.


## 404 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

User seal check means an action conducted by the respirator user to determine if the respirator is properly seated to the face.

(c) Respiratory protection program. This paragraph requires the employer to develop and implement a written respiratory protection program with required worksite-specific procedures and elements for required respirator use. The program must be administeredby a suitably trained program administrator. In addition, certain programelements may be required for voluntary use to prevent potential hazards associated with the use of the respirator. The Small Entity Compliance

Guide contains criteria for the selection of a program administrator and asample program that meets the requirements of this paragraph. Copies of the Small Entity Compliance Guide will be available on or about April 8, 1998 from the Occupational Safety and

Health Administration’s Office of Publications, Room N 3101, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC, 20210 (202–219–4667).

(1) In any workplace where respirators are necessary to protect the health of the employee or wheneverrespirators are required by the employer, the employer shall establish and implement a written respiratoryprotection program with worksite-specific procedures. The program shall be updated as necessary to reflect those changes in workplace conditions that affect respirator use. The employershall include in the program the following provisions of this section, as applicable:

(i) Procedures for selecting respirators for use in the workplace;

(ii) Medical evaluations of employees required to use respirators;

(iii) Fit testing procedures for tightfitting respirators;

(iv) Procedures for proper use of respirators in routine and reasonably foreseeable emergency situations;

(v) Procedures and schedules forcleaning, disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repairing, discarding, and otherwise maintaining respirators;

(vi) Procedures to ensure adequate air quality, quantity, and flow of breathing air for atmosphere-supplying respirators; (vii) Training of employees in the respiratory hazards to which they are potentially exposed during routine and emergency situations;

(viii) Training of employees in the proper use of respirators, including putting on and removing them, any limitations on their use, and their maintenance; and

(ix) Procedures for regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the program.

(2) Where respirator use is not required:

(i) An employer may provide respirators at the request of employees orpermit employees to use their own respirators, if the employer determines that such respirator use will not in itself create a hazard. If the employerdetermines that any voluntary respirator use is permissible, the employer shall provide the respirator

users with the information containedin Appendix D to this section (‘‘Information for Employees Using Respirators When Not Required Under the Standard’’); and

(ii) In addition, the employer mustestablish and implement those elements of a written respiratory protection program necessary to ensure thatany employee using a respirator voluntarily is medically able to use that respirator, and that the respirator is cleaned, stored, and maintained so that its use does not present a health hazard to the user. Exception: Employers are not required to include in a written respiratory protection program thoseemployees whose only use of respirators involves the voluntary use of filtering facepieces (dust masks).

(3) The employer shall designate a program administrator who is qualified by appropriate training or experience

that is commensurate with the complexity of the program to administer oroversee the respiratory protection program and conduct the required evaluations of program effectiveness.

(4) The employer shall provide respirators, training, and medical evaluations at no cost to the employee.

(d) Selection of respirators. This paragraph requires the employer to evaluate respiratory hazard(s) in the workplace, identify relevant workplace anduser factors, and base respirator selection on these factors. The paragraph


## 405 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

also specifies appropriately protective respirators for use in IDLH atmospheres, and limits the selection and use of air-purifying respirators.

(1) General requirements. (i) The employer shall select and provide an appropriate respirator based on the respiratory hazard(s) to which the workeris exposed and workplace and user factors that affect respirator performance and reliability.

(ii) The employer shall select aNIOSH-certified respirator. The respirator shall be used in compliance

with the conditions of its certification.

(iii) The employer shall identify and evaluate the respiratory hazard(s) inthe workplace; this evaluation shall include a reasonable estimate of employee exposures to respiratory hazard(s) and an identification of the contaminant’s chemical state and physicalform. Where the employer cannot identify or reasonably estimate the employee exposure, the employer shall consider the atmosphere to be IDLH.

(iv) The employer shall select respirators from a sufficient number of respirator models and sizes so that therespirator is acceptable to, and correctly fits, the user.

(2) Respirators for IDLH atmospheres.(i) The employer shall provide the following respirators for employee use in IDLH atmospheres:

(A) A full facepiece pressure demandSCBA certified by NIOSH for a minimum service life of thirty minutes, or

(B) A combination full facepiece pressure demand supplied-air respirator (SAR) with auxiliary self-contained air supply.

(ii) Respirators provided only for escape from IDLH atmospheres shall beNIOSH-certified for escape from the atmosphere in which they will be used.

(iii) All oxygen-deficient atmospheres shall be considered IDLH.Exception: If the employer demonstrates that, under all foreseeable conditions, the oxygen concentration can be maintained within the ranges specified in Table II of this section (i.e., for the altitudes set out in the table), then any atmosphere-supplying respirator may be used.

(3) Respirators for atmospheres that are

not IDLH. (i) The employer shall provide a respirator that is adequate to protect the health of the employee and ensure compliance with all other OSHA statutory and regulatory requirements,under routine and reasonably foreseeable emergency situations.

(A) Assigned Protection Factors (APFs) [Reserved]

(B) Maximum Use Concentration (MUC) [Reserved]

(ii) The respirator selected shall be appropriate for the chemical state and physical form of the contaminant.

(iii) For protection against gases and vapors, the employer shall provide:

(A) An atmosphere-supplying respirator, or

(B) An air-purifying respirator, provided that:

( 1) The respirator is equipped with anend-of-service-life indicator (ESLI) certified by NIOSH for the contaminant;

or( 2 ) If there is no ESLI appropriate forconditions in the employer’s workplace, the employer implements achange schedule for canisters and cartridges that is based on objective information or data that will ensure that canisters and cartridges are changed

before the end of their service life. Theemployer shall describe in the respirator program the information and data relied upon and the basis for the canister and cartridge change schedule

and the basis for reliance on the data.

(iv) For protection against particulates, the employer shall provide:

(A) An atmosphere-supplying respirator; or

(B) An air-purifying respirator equipped with a filter certified by NIOSH under 30 CFR part 11 as a highefficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, or an air-purifying respiratorequipped with a filter certified for particulates by NIOSH under 42 CFR part
84; or

(C) For contaminants consisting primarily of particles with mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of at least 2 micrometers, an air-purifyingrespirator equipped with any filter certified for particulates by NIOSH.

TABLE 

### I—ASSIGNED 

### P ROTECTION 

### FACTORS 

### [R ESERVED

### ]


## 406 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

TABLE 

### I—ASSIGNED 

### P ROTECTION 

### FACTORS 

### [R ESERVED

### ]—Continued

TABLE 

### II

Altitude (ft.) Oxygen deficient Atmospheres

(% 02) for
which the employer may rely onatmospheresupplying respirators

Less than 3,001

................................................ 16.0–19.5
3,001–4,000

...................................................... 16.4–19.5
4,001–5,000

...................................................... 17.1–19.5
5,001–6,000

...................................................... 17.8–19.5
6,001–7,000

...................................................... 18.5–19.5
7,001–8,000 1

.................................................... 19.3–19.5.

1 Above 8,000 feet the exception does not apply. Oxygenenriched breathing air must be supplied above 14,000 feet.



### (e) Medical evaluation. Using a respirator may place a physiological burden on employees that varies with the type of respirator worn, the job andworkplace conditions in which the respirator is used, and the medical status of the employee. Accordingly, thisparagraph specifies the minimum requirements for medical evaluation thatemployers must implement to determine the employee’s ability to use a respirator.

(1) General. The employer shall provide a medical evaluation to determinethe employee’s ability to use a respirator, before the employee is fit tested or required to use the respirator inthe workplace. The employer may discontinue an employee’s medical evaluations when the employee is no longer required to use a respirator.

(2) Medical evaluation procedures. (i)The employer shall identify a physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP) to perform medicalevaluations using a medical questionnaire or an initial medical examination

that obtains the same information as the medical questionnaire.

(ii) The medical evaluation shall obtain the information requested by the questionnaire in Sections 1 and 2, Part A of Appendix C of this section.

(3) Follow-up medical examination. (i)The employer shall ensure that a follow-up medical examination is provided for an employee who gives a positive response to any question among questions 1 through 8 in Section 2, PartA of Appendix C or whose initial medical examination demonstrates theneed for a follow-up medical examination.

(ii) The follow-up medical examination shall include any medical tests, consultations, or diagnostic procedures that the PLHCP deems necessary to

make a final determination.

(4) Administration of the medical questionnaire and examinations. (i) The medical questionnaire and examinations shall be administered confidentially during the employee’s normal workinghours or at a time and place convenient to the employee. The medical questionnaire shall be administered in

a manner that ensures that the employee understands its content.

(ii) The employer shall provide theemployee with an opportunity to discuss the questionnaire and examination results with the PLHCP.

(5) Supplemental information for the

PLHCP. (i) The following information must be provided to the PLHCP before

the PLHCP makes a recommendation concerning an employee’s ability to use a respirator:

(A) The type and weight of the respirator to be used by the employee;

(B) The duration and frequency of respirator use (including use for rescue and escape);

(C) The expected physical work effort;

(D) Additional protective clothing and equipment to be worn; and

(E) Temperature and humidity extremes that may be encountered.

(ii) Any supplemental informationprovided previously to the PLHCP regarding an employee need not be provided for a subsequent medical evaluation if the information and the PLHCP

remain the same.

(iii) The employer shall provide thePLHCP with a copy of the written respiratory protection program and a copy of this section.

N OTE TO PARAGRAPH (e)(5)(iii): When the employer replaces a PLHCP, the employer

must ensure that the new PLHCP obtains this information, either by providing the documents directly to the PLHCP or having

the documents transferred from the former PLHCP to the new PLHCP. However, OSHA does not expect employers to have employees


## 407 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

medically reevaluated solely because a new

PLHCP has been selected.



### (6) Medical determination. In determining the employee’s ability to use a respirator, the employer shall:

(i) Obtain a written recommendation regarding the employee’s ability to use the respirator from the PLHCP. The recommendation shall provide only the following information:

(A) Any limitations on respirator use

related to the medical condition of the employee, or relating to the workplace conditions in which the respirator will be used, including whether or not the employee is medically able to use the respirator;

(B) The need, if any, for follow-up medical evaluations; and

(C) A statement that the PLHCP has provided the employee with a copy of

the PLHCP’s written recommendation.

(ii) If the respirator is a negative pressure respirator and the PLHCP finds a medical condition that mayplace the employee’s health at increased risk if the respirator is used, the employer shall provide a PAPR if

the PLHCP’s medical evaluation findsthat the employee can use such a respirator; if a subsequent medical evaluation finds that the employee is medically able to use a negative pressure respirator, then the employer is no longer required to provide a PAPR.

(7) Additional medical evaluations. At a minimum, the employer shall provide

additional medical evaluations that comply with the requirements of this

section if:

(i) An employee reports medical signs or symptoms that are related to ability to use a respirator;

(ii) A PLHCP, supervisor, or the respirator program administrator informs the employer that an employee needs to be reevaluated;

(iii) Information from the respiratoryprotection program, including observations made during fit testing and program evaluation, indicates a need for employee reevaluation; or

(iv) A change occurs in workplace conditions (e.g., physical work effort, protective clothing, temperature) that may result in a substantial increase in the physiological burden placed on an employee.

(f) Fit testing. This paragraph requiresthat, before an employee may be required to use any respirator with anegative or positive pressure tight-fitting facepiece, the employee must be fit tested with the same make, model, style, and size of respirator that will be used. This paragraph specifies thekinds of fit tests allowed, the procedures for conducting them, and how

the results of the fit tests must be

used.

(1) The employer shall ensure thatemployees using a tight-fitting facepiece respirator pass an appropriatequalitative fit test (QLFT) or quantitative fit test (QNFT) as stated in this paragraph.

(2) The employer shall ensure that anemployee using a tight-fitting facepiece respirator is fit tested prior to initial use of the respirator, whenever a different respirator facepiece (size, style, model or make) is used, and at least annually thereafter.

(3) The employer shall conduct an additional fit test whenever the employeereports, or the employer, PLHCP, supervisor, or program administrator makes visual observations of, changes in the employee’s physical condition that could affect respirator fit. Such conditions include, but are not limitedto, facial scarring, dental changes, cosmetic surgery, or an obvious change in body weight.

(4) If after passing a QLFT or QNFT, the employee subsequently notifies theemployer, program administrator, supervisor, or PLHCP that the fit of therespirator is unacceptable, the employee shall be given a reasonable opportunity to select a different respirator facepiece and to be retested.

(5) The fit test shall be administered using an OSHA-accepted QLFT or QNFT protocol. The OSHA-acceptedQLFT and QNFT protocols and procedures are contained in Appendix A of

this section.

(6) QLFT may only be used to fit testnegative pressure air-purifying respirators that must achieve a fit factor

of 100 or less.

(7) If the fit factor, as determinedthrough an OSHA-accepted QNFT protocol, is equal to or greater than 100 for tight-fitting half facepieces, or equal to or greater than 500 for tight-fitting full facepieces, the QNFT has been passed with that respirator.


## 408 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

(8) Fit testing of tight-fitting atmosphere-supplying respirators and tightfitting powered air-purifying respirators shall be accomplished by performing quantitative or qualitative fit testing in the negative pressure mode, regardless of the mode of operation (negative or positive pressure) that is used for respiratory protection.

(i) Qualitative fit testing of these respirators shall be accomplished by temporarily converting the respirator user’s actual facepiece into a negative pressure respirator with appropriatefilters, or by using an identical negative pressure air-purifying respiratorfacepiece with the same sealing surfaces as a surrogate for the atmosphere-supplying or powered air-purifying respirator facepiece.

(ii) Quantitative fit testing of these respirators shall be accomplished bymodifying the facepiece to allow sampling inside the facepiece in thebreathing zone of the user, midway between the nose and mouth. This requirement shall be accomplished by installing a permanent sampling probe onto a surrogate facepiece, or by usinga sampling adapter designed to temporarily provide a means of sampling air from inside the facepiece.

(iii) Any modifications to the respirator facepiece for fit testing shall be completely removed, and the facepiecerestored to NIOSH-approved configuration, before that facepiece can be used in the workplace.

(g) Use of respirators. This paragraphrequires employers to establish and implement procedures for the proper useof respirators. These requirements include prohibiting conditions that mayresult in facepiece seal leakage, preventing employees from removing respirators in hazardous environments,taking actions to ensure continued effective respirator operation throughoutthe work shift, and establishing procedures for the use of respirators in IDLH atmospheres or in interior structural firefighting situations.

(1) Facepiece seal protection. (i) The employer shall not permit respirators with tight-fitting facepieces to be worn by employees who have:

(A) Facial hair that comes between the sealing surface of the facepiece and the face or that interferes with valve function; or

(B) Any condition that interferes with the face-to-facepiece seal or valve

function.

(ii) If an employee wears corrective glasses or goggles or other personal protective equipment, the employer shall ensure that such equipment is

worn in a manner that does not interfere with the seal of the facepiece to

the face of the user.

(iii) For all tight-fitting respirators,the employer shall ensure that employees perform a user seal check each time they put on the respirator usingthe procedures in Appendix B–1 or procedures recommended by the respiratormanufacturer that the employer demonstrates are as effective as those in Appendix B–1 of this section.

(2) Continuing respirator effectiveness. (i) Appropriate surveillance shall be

maintained of work area conditions and degree of employee exposure or stress. When there is a change in work area conditions or degree of employeeexposure or stress that may affect respirator effectiveness, the employer

shall reevaluate the continued effectiveness of the respirator.

(ii) The employer shall ensure that employees leave the respirator use

area:

(A) To wash their faces and respirator facepieces as necessary to prevent eye or skin irritation associated with respirator use; or

(B) If they detect vapor or gas breakthrough, changes in breathing resistance, or leakage of the facepiece; or

(C) To replace the respirator or the filter, cartridge, or canister elements.

(iii) If the employee detects vapor orgas breakthrough, changes in breathing resistance, or leakage of the facepiece, the employer must replace or repair the respirator before allowing the employee to return to the work area.

(3) Procedures for IDLH atmospheres.For all IDLH atmospheres, the employer shall ensure that:

(i) One employee or, when needed,more than one employee is located outside the IDLH atmosphere;

(ii) Visual, voice, or signal line communication is maintained between the employee(s) in the IDLH atmosphere


## 409 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

and the employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmosphere;

(iii) The employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmosphere are trained andequipped to provide effective emergency rescue;

(iv) The employer or designee is notified before the employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmosphere enter theIDLH atmosphere to provide emergency rescue;

(v) The employer or designee authorized to do so by the employer, once notified, provides necessary assistance appropriate to the situation;

(vi) Employee(s) located outside the IDLH atmospheres are equipped with:

(A) Pressure demand or other positive pressure SCBAs, or a pressure demand or other positive pressure supplied-air respirator with auxiliary SCBA; and either

(B) Appropriate retrieval equipment for removing the employee(s) who enter(s) these hazardous atmosphereswhere retrieval equipment would contribute to the rescue of the employee(s)

and would not increase the overall risk resulting from entry; or

(C) Equivalent means for rescuewhere retrieval equipment is not required under paragraph (g)(3)(vi)(B).

(4) Procedures for interior structural firefighting. In addition to the requirements set forth under paragraph (g)(3),in interior structural fires, the employer shall ensure that:

(i) At least two employees enter the IDLH atmosphere and remain in visual

or voice contact with one another at all times;

(ii) At least two employees are located outside the IDLH atmosphere;

and

(iii) All employees engaged in interior structural firefighting use SCBAs.

N OTE 1 TO PARAGRAPH (g): One of the two

individuals located outside the IDLH atmosphere may be assigned to an additional role, such as incident commander in charge of the emergency or safety officer, so long as this individual is able to perform assistance or rescue activities without jeopardizing the safety or health of any firefighter working at

the incident.

N OTE 2 TO PARAGRAPH (g): Nothing in this section is meant to preclude firefighters from performing emergency rescue activities

before an entire team has assembled.



### (h) Maintenance and care of respirators. This paragraph requires the employer to provide for the cleaning and disinfecting, storage, inspection,and repair of respirators used by employees.

(1) Cleaning and disinfecting. The employer shall provide each respirator user with a respirator that is clean, sanitary, and in good working order.The employer shall ensure that respirators are cleaned and disinfected using the procedures in Appendix B–2of this section, or procedures recommended by the respirator manufacturer, provided that such procedures are of equivalent effectiveness. Therespirators shall be cleaned and disinfected at the following intervals:

(i) Respirators issued for the exclusive use of an employee shall be

cleaned and disinfected as often as necessary to be maintained in a sanitary condition;

(ii) Respirators issued to more thanone employee shall be cleaned and disinfected before being worn by different individuals;

(iii) Respirators maintained foremergency use shall be cleaned and disinfected after each use; and

(iv) Respirators used in fit testingand training shall be cleaned and disinfected after each use.

(2) Storage. The employer shall ensure that respirators are stored as follows:

(i) All respirators shall be stored toprotect them from damage, contamination, dust, sunlight, extreme temperatures, excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals, and they shall bepacked or stored to prevent deformation of the facepiece and exhalation

valve.

(ii) In addition to the requirements of paragraph (h)(2)(i) of this section, emergency respirators shall be:

(A) Kept accessible to the work area; (B) Stored in compartments or incovers that are clearly marked as containing emergency respirators; and

(C) Stored in accordance with any applicable manufacturer instructions.

(3) Inspection. (i) The employer shall ensure that respirators are inspected as

follows:

(A) All respirators used in routine situations shall be inspected before each use and during cleaning;


## 410 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

(B) All respirators maintained for usein emergency situations shall be inspected at least monthly and in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, and shall be checked for proper function before and after each use; and

(C) Emergency escape-only respirators shall be inspected before being carried into the workplace for use.

(ii) The employer shall ensure thatrespirator inspections include the following:

(A) A check of respirator function,tightness of connections, and the condition of the various parts including, but not limited to, the facepiece, head straps, valves, connecting tube, and cartridges, canisters or filters; and

(B) A check of elastomeric parts for pliability and signs of deterioration.

(iii) In addition to the requirements of paragraphs (h)(3)(i) and (ii) of thissection, self-contained breathing apparatus shall be inspected monthly. Airand oxygen cylinders shall be maintained in a fully charged state and shall be recharged when the pressure

falls to 90% of the manufacturer’s recommended pressure level. The employer shall determine that the regulator and warning devices function properly.

(iv) For respirators maintained for emergency use, the employer shall:

(A) Certify the respirator by documenting the date the inspection was performed, the name (or signature) of the person who made the inspection, the findings, required remedial action,

and a serial number or other means of identifying the inspected respirator;

and

(B) Provide this information on a tag or label that is attached to the storage compartment for the respirator, is kept with the respirator, or is included in inspection reports stored as paper or

electronic files. This information shall be maintained until replaced following a subsequent certification.

(4) Repairs. The employer shall ensure that respirators that fail an inspection

or are otherwise found to be defectiveare removed from service, and are discarded or repaired or adjusted in accordance with the following procedures: (i) Repairs or adjustments to respirators are to be made only by persons appropriately trained to perform suchoperations and shall use only the respirator manufacturer’s NIOSH-approved parts designed for the respirator;

(ii) Repairs shall be made according

to the manufacturer’s recommendations and specifications for the type and extent of repairs to be performed;

and

(iii) Reducing and admission valves,regulators, and alarms shall be adjusted or repaired only by the manufacturer or a technician trained by the

manufacturer.

(i) Breathing air quality and use. This paragraph requires the employer toprovide employees using atmospheresupplying respirators (supplied-air andSCBA) with breathing gases of high purity.

(1) The employer shall ensure that compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration accords with the following specifications:

(i) Compressed and liquid oxygen

shall meet the United States Pharmacopoeia requirements for medical or breathing oxygen; and

(ii) Compressed breathing air shall meet at least the requirements for Grade D breathing air described in ANSI/Compressed Gas Association Commodity Specification for Air, G– 7.1–1989, to include:

(A) Oxygen content (v/v) of 19.5–
23.5%;

(B) Hydrocarbon (condensed) content of 5 milligrams per cubic meter of air or less;

(C) Carbon monoxide (CO) content of 10 ppm or less;

(D) Carbon dioxide content of 1,000 ppm or less; and

(E) Lack of noticeable odor. (2) The employer shall ensure thatcompressed oxygen is not used in atmosphere-supplying respirators that have previously used compressed air.

(3) The employer shall ensure that oxygen concentrations greater than23.5% are used only in equipment designed for oxygen service or distribution.

(4) The employer shall ensure that cylinders used to supply breathing air


## 411 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

to respirators meet the following requirements:

(i) Cylinders are tested and maintained as prescribed in the Shipping Container Specification Regulations of the Department of Transportation (49 CFR part 173 and part 178);

(ii) Cylinders of purchased breathing air have a certificate of analysis from the supplier that the breathing air meets the requirements for Grade D breathing air; and

(iii) The moisture content in the cylinder does not exceed a dew point of

¥ 50 °F (

¥ 45.6 °C) at 1 atmosphere pressure.

(5) The employer shall ensure that compressors used to supply breathing air to respirators are constructed and

situated so as to:

(i) Prevent entry of contaminated air into the air-supply system;

(ii) Minimize moisture content so that the dew point at 1 atmosphere pressure is 10 degrees F (5.56 °C) below the ambient temperature;

(iii) Have suitable in-line air-purifying sorbent beds and filters to further ensure breathing air quality. Sorbent beds and filters shall be maintained and replaced or refurbished periodically following the manufacturer’s

instructions.

(iv) Have a tag containing the most recent change date and the signature of the person authorized by the employer to perform the change. The tag shall be maintained at the compressor.

(6) For compressors that are not oillubricated, the employer shall ensure

that carbon monoxide levels in the breathing air do not exceed 10 ppm.

(7) For oil-lubricated compressors,the employer shall use a high-temperature or carbon monoxide alarm, orboth, to monitor carbon monoxide levels. If only high-temperature alarmsare used, the air supply shall be monitored at intervals sufficient to prevent carbon monoxide in the breathing air from exceeding 10 ppm.

(8) The employer shall ensure thatbreathing air couplings are incompatible with outlets for nonrespirable worksite air or other gas systems. Noasphyxiating substance shall be introduced into breathing air lines.

(9) The employer shall use breathing gas containers marked in accordance with the NIOSH respirator certification standard, 42 CFR part 84.

(j) Identification of filters, cartridges,

and canisters. The employer shall ensure that all filters, cartridges and canisters used in the workplace are labeledand color coded with the NIOSH approval label and that the label is not removed and remains legible.

(k) Training and information. This paragraph requires the employer to provide effective training to employees who are required to use respirators. The training must be comprehensive, understandable, and recur annually,and more often if necessary. This paragraph also requires the employer toprovide the basic information on respirators in Appendix D of this section to employees who wear respirators when not required by this section or by the employer to do so.

(1) The employer shall ensure thateach employee can demonstrate knowledge of at least the following:

(i) Why the respirator is necessaryand how improper fit, usage, or maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator;

(ii) What the limitations and capabilities of the respirator are;

(iii) How to use the respirator effectively in emergency situations, including situations in which the respirator malfunctions;

(iv) How to inspect, put on and remove, use, and check the seals of the respirator;

(v) What the procedures are for maintenance and storage of the respirator;

(vi) How to recognize medical signsand symptoms that may limit or prevent the effective use of respirators;

and

(vii) The general requirements of this

section.

(2) The training shall be conducted in

a manner that is understandable to the employee.

(3) The employer shall provide thetraining prior to requiring the employee to use a respirator in the workplace.

(4) An employer who is able to demonstrate that a new employee has received training within the last 12

months that addresses the elements specified in paragraph (k)(1)(i) through (vii) is not required to repeat such


## 412 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

training provided that, as required by paragraph (k)(1), the employee candemonstrate knowledge of those element(s). Previous training not repeatedinitially by the employer must be provided no later than 12 months from the date of the previous training.

(5) Retraining shall be administeredannually, and when the following situations occur:

(i) Changes in the workplace or the type of respirator render previous training obsolete;

(ii) Inadequacies in the employee’sknowledge or use of the respirator indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill; or

(iii) Any other situation arises in which retraining appears necessary to ensure safe respirator use.

(6) The basic advisory information on respirators, as presented in Appendix D of this section, shall be provided by theemployer in any written or oral format, to employees who wear respirators when such use is not required by this section or by the employer.

(l) Program evaluation. This sectionrequires the employer to conduct evaluations of the workplace to ensure thatthe written respiratory protection program is being properly implemented, and to consult employees to ensure that they are using the respirators properly.

(1) The employer shall conduct evaluations of the workplace as necessary to ensure that the provisions of thecurrent written program are being effectively implemented and that it continues to be effective.

(2) The employer shall regularly consult employees required to use respirators to assess the employees’ viewson program effectiveness and to identify any problems. Any problems that are identified during this assessment

shall be corrected. Factors to be assessed include, but are not limited to:

(i) Respirator fit (including the ability to use the respirator without interfering with effective workplace performance);

(ii) Appropriate respirator selection for the hazards to which the employee is exposed; (iii) Proper respirator use under theworkplace conditions the employee encounters; and

(iv) Proper respirator maintenance. (m) Recordkeeping. This section requires the employer to establish and retain written information regarding medical evaluations, fit testing, andthe respirator program. This information will facilitate employee involvement in the respirator program, assist the employer in auditing the adequacy of the program, and provide a record for compliance determinations by

OSHA.

(1) Medical evaluation. Records of medical evaluations required by this

section must be retained and made

available in accordance with 29 CFR

1910.1020.

(2) Fit testing. (i) The employer shall establish a record of the qualitative and quantitative fit tests administered to an employee including:

(A) The name or identification of the employee tested;

(B) Type of fit test performed; (C) Specific make, model, style, and size of respirator tested;

(D) Date of test; and (E) The pass/fail results for QLFTs or the fit factor and strip chart recording or other recording of the test results for QNFTs.

(ii) Fit test records shall be retained for respirator users until the next fit

test is administered.

(3) A written copy of the current respirator program shall be retained by the employer.

(4) Written materials required to be retained under this paragraph shall bemade available upon request to affected employees and to the Assistant Secretary or designee for examination and copying.

(n) Dates—(1) Effective date. This section is effective April 8, 1998. The obligations imposed by this section commence on the effective date unless otherwise noted in this paragraph. Compliance with obligations that do not commence on the effective date shall occur no later than the applicable start-up

date.

(2) Compliance dates. All obligations

of this section commence on the effective date except as follows:


## 413 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

(i) The determination that respirator use is required (paragraph (a)) shall be completed no later than September 8,

1998.

(ii) Compliance with provisions of this section for all other provisionsshall be completed no later than October 5, 1998.

(3) The provisions of 29 CFR 1910.134 and 29 CFR 1926.103, contained in the 29 CFR parts 1900 to 1910.99 and the 29 CFR part 1926 editions, revised as ofJuly 1, 1997, are in effect and enforceable until October 5, 1998, or during any administrative or judicial stay of the provisions of this section.

(4) Existing respiratory protection programs. If, in the 12 month period preceding April 8, 1998, the employer has conducted annual respirator training,fit testing, respirator program evaluation, or medical evaluations, the employer may use the results of those activities to comply with the corresponding provisions of this section, providing that these activities were

conducted in a manner that meets the requirements of this section.

(o) Appendices. (1) Compliance with Appendix A, Appendix B–1, Appendix B– 2, and Appendix C of this section is mandatory.

(2) Appendix D of this section is nonmandatory and is not intended to create any additional obligations not otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligations.

A PPENDIX 

### A TO 

### §1910.134—F IT 

### T ESTING


### P ROCEDURES 

### (M ANDATORY 

### )

Part I. OSHA-Accepted Fit Test Protocols

A. Fit Testing Procedures—General Requirements

The employer shall conduct fit testingusing the following procedures. The requirements in this appendix apply to all OSHA-accepted fit test methods, both QLFT and QNFT.

1. The test subject shall be allowed to pickthe most acceptable respirator from a sufficient number of respirator models and sizes so that the respirator is acceptable to, and correctly fits, the user.

2. Prior to the selection process, the testsubject shall be shown how to put on a respirator, how it should be positioned on theface, how to set strap tension and how to determine an acceptable fit. A mirror shall be available to assist the subject in evaluating the fit and positioning of the respirator. This instruction may not constitute the subject’s formal training on respirator use, because it is only a review.

3. The test subject shall be informed that he/she is being asked to select the respirator that provides the most acceptable fit. Each respirator represents a different size and shape, and if fitted and used properly, will provide adequate protection.

4. The test subject shall be instructed to hold each chosen facepiece up to the face and eliminate those that obviously do not give an acceptable fit.

5. The more acceptable facepieces arenoted in case the one selected proves unacceptable; the most comfortable mask is

donned and worn at least five minutes to assess comfort. Assistance in assessing comfort can be given by discussing the points in the following item A.6. If the test subject is not familiar with using a particular respirator, the test subject shall be directed to don the mask several times and to adjust the straps each time to become adept at setting proper tension on the straps.

6. Assessment of comfort shall include a review of the following points with the testsubject and allowing the test subject adequate time to determine the comfort of the respirator:

(a) Position of the mask on the nose (b) Room for eye protection (c) Room to talk (d) Position of mask on face and cheeks 7. The following criteria shall be used tohelp determine the adequacy of the respirator fit:

(a) Chin properly placed; (b) Adequate strap tension, not overly tightened;

(c) Fit across nose bridge;(d) Respirator of proper size to span distance from nose to chin;

(e) Tendency of respirator to slip; (f) Self-observation in mirror to evaluate fit and respirator position.

8. The test subject shall conduct a user seal check, either the negative and positive pressure seal checks described in Appendix B–1 of this section or those recommended by the respirator manufacturer which provide equivalent protection to the procedures inAppendix B–1. Before conducting the negative and positive pressure checks, the subject shall be told to seat the mask on the face by moving the head from side-to-side and up and down slowly while taking in a few slowdeep breaths. Another facepiece shall be selected and retested if the test subject fails

the user seal check tests.

9. The test shall not be conducted if there is any hair growth between the skin and the facepiece sealing surface, such as stubble beard growth, beard, mustache or sideburns which cross the respirator sealing surface. Any type of apparel which interferes with a satisfactory fit shall be altered or removed.


## 414 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

10. If a test subject exhibits difficulty in breathing during the tests, she or he shall be referred to a physician or other licensed health care professional, as appropriate, to determine whether the test subject can weara respirator while performing her or his duties.

11. If the employee finds the fit of the respirator unacceptable, the test subject shall be given the opportunity to select a different respirator and to be retested.

12. Exercise regimen. Prior to the commencement of the fit test, the test subject shall be given a description of the fit test and the test subject’s responsibilities during the test procedure. The description of the process shall include a description of the test exercises that the subject will be performing. The respirator to be tested shall be worn for

at least 5 minutes before the start of the fit

test.

13. The fit test shall be performed while the test subject is wearing any applicable safety equipment that may be worn during actual respirator use which could interfere with respirator fit.

14. Test Exercises. (a) The following testexercises are to be performed for all fit testing methods prescribed in this appendix, except for the CNP method. A separate fit testing exercise regimen is contained in the CNPprotocol. The test subject shall perform exercises, in the test environment, in the following manner:

(1) Normal breathing. In a normal standing position, without talking, the subject shall breathe normally.

(2) Deep breathing. In a normal standing position, the subject shall breathe slowly and deeply, taking caution so as not to hyperventilate.

(3) Turning head side to side. Standing in place, the subject shall slowly turn his/her

head from side to side between the extreme positions on each side. The head shall be held at each extreme momentarily so the subject

can inhale at each side.

(4) Moving head up and down. Standing in place, the subject shall slowly move his/herhead up and down. The subject shall be instructed to inhale in the up position (i.e., when looking toward the ceiling).

(5) Talking. The subject shall talk out loud slowly and loud enough so as to be heard clearly by the test conductor. The subject can read from a prepared text such as the Rainbow Passage, count backward from 100, or recite a memorized poem or song.

Rainbow Passage

When the sunlight strikes raindrops in theair, they act like a prism and form a rainbow. The rainbow is a division of white light into many beautiful colors. These take the shape of a long round arch, with its pathhigh above, and its two ends apparently beyond the horizon. There is, according to legend, a boiling pot of gold at one end. People look, but no one ever finds it. When a man looks for something beyond reach, his friends say he is looking for the pot of gold

at the end of the rainbow.

(6) Grimace. The test subject shall grimace by smiling or frowning. (This applies only to QNFT testing; it is not performed for QLFT)

(7) Bending over. The test subject shall

bend at the waist as if he/she were to touchhis/her toes. Jogging in place shall be substituted for this exercise in those test environments such as shroud type QNFT or QLFT units that do not permit bending over

at the waist.

(8) Normal breathing. Same as exercise (1). (b) Each test exercise shall be performedfor one minute except for the grimace exercise which shall be performed for 15 seconds. The test subject shall be questioned by the test conductor regarding the comfort of the respirator upon completion of the protocol. If it has become unacceptable, anothermodel of respirator shall be tried. The respirator shall not be adjusted once the fit test exercises begin. Any adjustment voids the test, and the fit test must be repeated.

B. Qualitative Fit Test (QLFT) Protocols

1. General

(a) The employer shall ensure that persons administering QLFT are able to prepare test solutions, calibrate equipment and perform tests properly, recognize invalid tests, and ensure that test equipment is in proper working order.

(b) The employer shall ensure that QLFT equipment is kept clean and well maintained so as to operate within the parameters for which it was designed.

2. Isoamyl Acetate Protocol

N OTE : This protocol is not appropriate touse for the fit testing of particulate respirators. If used to fit test particulate respirators, the respirator must be equipped with an organic vapor filter.

(a) Odor Threshold Screening

Odor threshold screening, performed without wearing a respirator, is intended to determine if the individual tested can detect the odor of isoamyl acetate at low levels.

(1) Three 1 liter glass jars with metal lids are required.

(2) Odor-free water (e.g., distilled or spring water) at approximately 25 °C (77 °F) shall be

used for the solutions.

(3) The isoamyl acetate (IAA) (also knownat isopentyl acetate) stock solution is prepared by adding 1 ml of pure IAA to 800 ml of odor-free water in a 1 liter jar, closing thelid and shaking for 30 seconds. A new solution shall be prepared at least weekly.


## 415 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

(4) The screening test shall be conducted ina room separate from the room used for actual fit testing. The two rooms shall be wellventilated to prevent the odor of IAA from becoming evident in the general room air where testing takes place.

(5) The odor test solution is prepared in asecond jar by placing 0.4 ml of the stock solution into 500 ml of odor-free water using a clean dropper or pipette. The solution shall

be shaken for 30 seconds and allowed to

stand for two to three minutes so that the IAA concentration above the liquid may reach equilibrium. This solution shall be used for only one day.

(6) A test blank shall be prepared in a third jar by adding 500 cc of odor-free water.

(7) The odor test and test blank jar lidsshall be labeled (e.g., 1 and 2) for jar identification. Labels shall be placed on the lids so that they can be peeled off periodically and switched to maintain the integrity of the

test.

(8) The following instruction shall be typed on a card and placed on the table in front of the two test jars (i.e., 1 and 2): ‘‘The purpose of this test is to determine if you can smell

banana oil at a low concentration. The two bottles in front of you contain water. One of

these bottles also contains a small amount

of banana oil. Be sure the covers are ontight, then shake each bottle for two seconds. Unscrew the lid of each bottle, one at a time, and sniff at the mouth of the bottle.

Indicate to the test conductor which bottle

contains banana oil.’’

(9) The mixtures used in the IAA odor detection test shall be prepared in an area separate from where the test is performed, inorder to prevent olfactory fatigue in the subject.

(10) If the test subject is unable to correctly identify the jar containing the odor test solution, the IAA qualitative fit test shall not be performed.

(11) If the test subject correctly identifies the jar containing the odor test solution, thetest subject may proceed to respirator selection and fit testing.

(b) Isoamyl Acetate Fit Test

(1) The fit test chamber shall be a clear 55- gallon drum liner suspended inverted over a 2-foot diameter frame so that the top of the

chamber is about 6 inches above the test subject’s head. If no drum liner is available, a similar chamber shall be constructed using plastic sheeting. The inside top center of the

chamber shall have a small hook attached.

(2) Each respirator used for the fitting and fit testing shall be equipped with organic vapor cartridges or offer protection against organic vapors.

(3) After selecting, donning, and properly adjusting a respirator, the test subject shall wear it to the fit testing room. This room shall be separate from the room used for odor threshold screening and respirator selection, and shall be well-ventilated, as by an exhaust fan or lab hood, to prevent general

room contamination.

(4) A copy of the test exercises and any prepared text from which the subject is to read shall be taped to the inside of the test

chamber.

(5) Upon entering the test chamber, the test subject shall be given a 6-inch by 5-inchpiece of paper towel, or other porous, absorbent, single-ply material, folded in half and wetted with 0.75 ml of pure IAA. The test subject shall hang the wet towel on the hook at the top of the chamber. An IAA test swab or ampule may be substituted for the IAAwetted paper towel provided it has been demonstrated that the alternative IAA source will generate an IAA test atmosphere with a concentration equivalent to that generated by the paper towel method.

(6) Allow two minutes for the IAA test concentration to stabilize before starting the fit test exercises. This would be an appropriate time to talk with the test subject; to explainthe fit test, the importance of his/her cooperation, and the purpose for the test exercises; or to demonstrate some of the exercises.

(7) If at any time during the test, the subject detects the banana-like odor of IAA, the test is failed. The subject shall quickly exit

from the test chamber and leave the test area to avoid olfactory fatigue.

(8) If the test is failed, the subject shall return to the selection room and remove the respirator. The test subject shall repeat theodor sensitivity test, select and put on another respirator, return to the test area and again begin the fit test procedure describedin (b) (1) through (7) above. The process continues until a respirator that fits well has been found. Should the odor sensitivity test be failed, the subject shall wait at least 5 minutes before retesting. Odor sensitivity will usually have returned by this time.

(9) If the subject passes the test, the efficiency of the test procedure shall be demonstrated by having the subject break the respirator face seal and take a breath before exiting the chamber.

(10) When the test subject leaves the chamber, the subject shall remove the saturated towel and return it to the person conducting the test, so that there is no significant IAA concentration buildup in the chamber during subsequent tests. The used towels shall be kept in a self-sealing plastic bag to keep the test area from being contaminated.

3. Saccharin Solution Aerosol Protocol

The entire screening and testing procedure shall be explained to the test subject prior to the conduct of the screening test.

(a) Taste threshold screening. The saccharin taste threshold screening, performed without wearing a respirator, is intended to


## 416 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

determine whether the individual being tested can detect the taste of saccharin.

(1) During threshold screening as well asduring fit testing, subjects shall wear an enclosure about the head and shoulders that is approximately 12 inches in diameter by 14 inches tall with at least the front portion

clear and that allows free movements of the head when a respirator is worn. An enclosuresubstantially similar to the 3M hood assembly, parts # FT 14 and # FT 15 combined, is adequate.

(2) The test enclosure shall have a 3 ⁄ 4 -inch (1.9 cm) hole in front of the test subject’s

nose and mouth area to accommodate the

nebulizer nozzle.

(3) The test subject shall don the test enclosure. Throughout the threshold screening test, the test subject shall breathe throughhis/her slightly open mouth with tongue extended. The subject is instructed to report

when he/she detects a sweet taste.

(4) Using a DeVilbiss Model 40 Inhalation Medication Nebulizer or equivalent, the test conductor shall spray the threshold check

solution into the enclosure. The nozzle is directed away from the nose and mouth of the person. This nebulizer shall be clearlymarked to distinguish it from the fit test solution nebulizer.

(5) The threshold check solution is prepared by dissolving 0.83 gram of sodium saccharin USP in 100 ml of warm water. It canbe prepared by putting 1 ml of the fit test solution (see (b)(5) below) in 100 ml of distilled

water.

(6) To produce the aerosol, the nebulizer bulb is firmly squeezed so that it collapses completely, then released and allowed to fully expand.

(7) Ten squeezes are repeated rapidly and then the test subject is asked whether the saccharin can be tasted. If the test subject reports tasting the sweet taste during the ten squeezes, the screening test is completed.The taste threshold is noted as ten regardless of the number of squeezes actually completed.

(8) If the first response is negative, ten more squeezes are repeated rapidly and thetest subject is again asked whether the saccharin is tasted. If the test subject reports tasting the sweet taste during the second ten squeezes, the screening test is completed.The taste threshold is noted as twenty regardless of the number of squeezes actually completed.

(9) If the second response is negative, ten more squeezes are repeated rapidly and thetest subject is again asked whether the saccharin is tasted. If the test subject reports tasting the sweet taste during the third setof ten squeezes, the screening test is completed. The taste threshold is noted as thirty regardless of the number of squeezes actually completed. (10) The test conductor will take note of the number of squeezes required to solicit a

taste response.

(11) If the saccharin is not tasted after 30 squeezes (step 10), the test subject is unable to taste saccharin and may not perform the

saccharin fit test.

N OTE TO PARAGRAPH 3. (a): If the test subject eats or drinks something sweet before the screening test, he/she may be unable to

taste the weak saccharin solution.

(12) If a taste response is elicited, the test subject shall be asked to take note of the

taste for reference in the fit test.

(13) Correct use of the nebulizer means that approximately 1 ml of liquid is used at a time in the nebulizer body.

(14) The nebulizer shall be thoroughly rinsed in water, shaken dry, and refilled at least each morning and afternoon or at least every four hours.

(b) Saccharin solution aerosol fit test procedure.

(1) The test subject may not eat, drink (except plain water), smoke, or chew gum for 15

minutes before the test.

(2) The fit test uses the same enclosure described in 3. (a) above.

(3) The test subject shall don the enclosurewhile wearing the respirator selected in section I. A. of this appendix. The respirator shall be properly adjusted and equipped with a particulate filter(s).

(4) A second DeVilbiss Model 40 Inhalation Medication Nebulizer or equivalent is usedto spray the fit test solution into the enclosure. This nebulizer shall be clearly markedto distinguish it from the screening test solution nebulizer.

(5) The fit test solution is prepared by adding 83 grams of sodium saccharin to 100 ml of

warm water.

(6) As before, the test subject shall breathe through the slightly open mouth with tongue extended, and report if he/she tastes the

sweet taste of saccharin.

(7) The nebulizer is inserted into the hole

in the front of the enclosure and an initial

concentration of saccharin fit test solution is sprayed into the enclosure using the samenumber of squeezes (either 10, 20 or 30 squeezes) based on the number of squeezes required to elicit a taste response as noted during the screening test. A minimum of 10 squeezes is required.

(8) After generating the aerosol, the testsubject shall be instructed to perform the exercises in section I. A. 14. of this appendix.

(9) Every 30 seconds the aerosol concentration shall be replenished using one half the original number of squeezes used initially (e.g., 5, 10 or 15).

(10) The test subject shall indicate to the test conductor if at any time during the fit

test the taste of saccharin is detected. If the


## 417 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

test subject does not report tasting the saccharin, the test is passed.

(11) If the taste of saccharin is detected, the fit is deemed unsatisfactory and the test is failed. A different respirator shall be tried and the entire test procedure is repeated (taste threshold screening and fit testing).

(12) Since the nebulizer has a tendency to clog during use, the test operator must make periodic checks of the nebulizer to ensure that it is not clogged. If clogging is found atthe end of the test session, the test is invalid.

4. Bitrex TM (Denatonium Benzoate) Solution Aerosol Qualitative Fit Test Protocol

The Bitrex TM (Denatonium benzoate) solution aerosol QLFT protocol uses the published saccharin test protocol because thatprotocol is widely accepted. Bitrex is routinely used as a taste aversion agent in household liquids which children should not be drinking and is endorsed by the American Medical Association, the National Safety Council, and the American Association of Poison Control Centers. The entire screening and testing procedure shall be explained to the test subject prior to the conduct of the screening test.

(a) Taste Threshold Screening.The Bitrex taste threshold screening, performed without wearing a respirator, is intended to determine whether the individual being tested can detect the taste of Bitrex.

(1) During threshold screening as well asduring fit testing, subjects shall wear an enclosure about the head and shoulders that isapproximately 12 inches (30.5 cm) in diameter by 14 inches (35.6 cm) tall. The front portion of the enclosure shall be clear from the respirator and allow free movement of the head when a respirator is worn. An enclosuresubstantially similar to the 3M hood assembly, parts # FT 14 and # FT 15 combined, is adequate.

(2) The test enclosure shall have a 3 ⁄ 4 inch (1.9 cm) hole in front of the test subject’s

nose and mouth area to accommodate the

nebulizer nozzle.

(3) The test subject shall don the test enclosure. Throughout the threshold screening test, the test subject shall breathe through his or her slightly open mouth with tongue extended. The subject is instructed to report

when he/she detects a bitter taste.

(4) Using a DeVilbiss Model 40 Inhalation Medication Nebulizer or equivalent, the test conductor shall spray the Threshold Check

Solution into the enclosure. This Nebulizer shall be clearly marked to distinguish it

from the fit test solution nebulizer.

(5) The Threshold Check Solution is prepared by adding 13.5 milligrams of Bitrex to 100 ml of 5% salt (NaCl) solution in distilled

water.

(6) To produce the aerosol, the nebulizerbulb is firmly squeezed so that the bulb collapses completely, and is then released and allowed to fully expand.

(7) An initial ten squeezes are repeated rapidly and then the test subject is asked

whether the Bitrex can be tasted. If the testsubject reports tasting the bitter taste during the ten squeezes, the screening test is completed. The taste threshold is noted asten regardless of the number of squeezes actually completed.

(8) If the first response is negative, ten more squeezes are repeated rapidly and the test subject is again asked whether the Bitrex is tasted. If the test subject reports tasting the bitter taste during the second ten squeezes, the screening test is completed.The taste threshold is noted as twenty regardless of the number of squeezes actually completed.

(9) If the second response is negative, ten more squeezes are repeated rapidly and the test subject is again asked whether the Bitrex is tasted. If the test subject reports tasting the bitter taste during the third setof ten squeezes, the screening test is completed. The taste threshold is noted as thirty regardless of the number of squeezes actually completed.

(10) The test conductor will take note of the number of squeezes required to solicit a

taste response.

(11) If the Bitrex is not tasted after 30 squeezes (step 10), the test subject is unable to taste Bitrex and may not perform the

Bitrex fit test.

(12) If a taste response is elicited, the test subject shall be asked to take note of the

taste for reference in the fit test.

(13) Correct use of the nebulizer means that approximately 1 ml of liquid is used at a time in the nebulizer body.

(14) The nebulizer shall be thoroughly rinsed in water, shaken to dry, and refilled at least each morning and afternoon or at least every four hours.

(b) Bitrex Solution Aerosol Fit Test Procedure.

(1) The test subject may not eat, drink (except plain water), smoke, or chew gum for 15

minutes before the test.

(2) The fit test uses the same enclosure as that described in 4. (a) above.

(3) The test subject shall don the enclosurewhile wearing the respirator selected according to section I. A. of this appendix. The respirator shall be properly adjusted and equipped with any type particulate filter(s).

(4) A second DeVilbiss Model 40 Inhalation Medication Nebulizer or equivalent is usedto spray the fit test solution into the enclosure. This nebulizer shall be clearly markedto distinguish it from the screening test solution nebulizer.

(5) The fit test solution is prepared by adding 337.5 mg of Bitrex to 200 ml of a 5% salt (NaCl) solution in warm water.


## 418 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

(6) As before, the test subject shall breathe through his or her slightly open mouth with tongue extended, and be instructed to report

if he/she tastes the bitter taste of Bitrex..

(7) The nebulizer is inserted into the hole

in the front of the enclosure and an initial

concentration of the fit test solution is sprayed into the enclosure using the samenumber of squeezes (either 10, 20 or 30 squeezes) based on the number of squeezes required to elicit a taste response as noted during the screening test.

(8) After generating the aerosol, the testsubject shall be instructed to perform the exercises in section I. A. 14. of this appendix.

(9) Every 30 seconds the aerosol concentration shall be replenished using one half the number of squeezes used initially (e.g., 5, 10 or 15).

(10) The test subject shall indicate to the test conductor if at any time during the fit

test the taste of Bitrex is detected. If the test subject does not report tasting the Bitrex, the test is passed.

(11) If the taste of Bitrex is detected, the fit is deemed unsatisfactory and the test is failed. A different respirator shall be tried and the entire test procedure is repeated (taste threshold screening and fit testing).

5. Irritant Smoke (Stannic Chloride)

Protocol

This qualitative fit test uses a person’s response to the irritating chemicals releasedin the ‘‘smoke’’ produced by a stannic chloride ventilation smoke tube to detect leakage into the respirator.

(a) General Requirements and Precautions

(1) The respirator to be tested shall be equipped with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) or P100 series filter(s).

(2) Only stannic chloride smoke tubes shall be used for this protocol.

(3) No form of test enclosure or hood for the test subject shall be used.

(4) The smoke can be irritating to the eyes,lungs, and nasal passages. The test conductor shall take precautions to minimize the test subject’s exposure to irritant smoke. Sensitivity varies, and certain individuals may respond to a greater degree to irritant smoke. Care shall be taken when performingthe sensitivity screening checks that determine whether the test subject can detect irritant smoke to use only the minimumamount of smoke necessary to elicit a response from the test subject.

(5) The fit test shall be performed in an area with adequate ventilation to prevent exposure of the person conducting the fit test or the build-up of irritant smoke in the general atmosphere. (b) Sensitivity Screening Check

The person to be tested must demonstratehis or her ability to detect a weak concentration of the irritant smoke.

(1) The test operator shall break both ends of a ventilation smoke tube containing stannic chloride, and attach one end of thesmoke tube to a low flow air pump set to deliver 200 milliliters per minute, or an aspirator squeeze bulb. The test operator shall

cover the other end of the smoke tube with a short piece of tubing to prevent potential injury from the jagged end of the smoke

tube.

(2) The test operator shall advise the test subject that the smoke can be irritating tothe eyes, lungs, and nasal passages and instruct the subject to keep his/her eyes closed while the test is performed.

(3) The test subject shall be allowed to

smell a weak concentration of the irritantsmoke before the respirator is donned to become familiar with its irritating properties

and to determine if he/she can detect the irritating properties of the smoke. The test operator shall carefully direct a small

amount of the irritant smoke in the test subject’s direction to determine that he/she can

detect it.

(c) Irritant Smoke Fit Test Procedure

(1) The person being fit tested shall don the respirator without assistance, and perform the required user seal check(s).

(2) The test subject shall be instructed to keep his/her eyes closed.

(3) The test operator shall direct the

stream of irritant smoke from the smoke

tube toward the faceseal area of the test subject, using the low flow pump or the squeeze bulb. The test operator shall begin at least 12 inches from the facepiece and move the smoke stream around the whole perimeter of the mask. The operator shall gradually make two more passes around the perimeter of themask, moving to within six inches of the respirator.

(4) If the person being tested has not had an involuntary response and/or detected theirritant smoke, proceed with the test exercises.

(5) The exercises identified in section I.A. 14. of this appendix shall be performed by the test subject while the respirator seal is beingcontinually challenged by the smoke, directed around the perimeter of the respirator

at a distance of six inches.

(6) If the person being fit tested reports detecting the irritant smoke at any time, the test is failed. The person being retested must repeat the entire sensitivity check and fit test procedure.

(7) Each test subject passing the irritant smoke test without evidence of a response (involuntary cough, irritation) shall be given a second sensitivity screening check, with


## 419 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

the smoke from the same smoke tube used during the fit test, once the respirator has been removed, to determine whether he/she

still reacts to the smoke. Failure to evoke a response shall void the fit test.

(8) If a response is produced during this second sensitivity check, then the fit test is passed.

C. Quantitative Fit Test (QNFT) Protocols

The following quantitative fit testing procedures have been demonstrated to be acceptable: Quantitative fit testing using a non-hazardous test aerosol (such as corn oil, polyethylene glycol 400 [PEG 400], di-2-ethyl hexyl sebacate [DEHS], or sodium chloride) generated in a test chamber, and employing instrumentation to quantify the fit of therespirator; Quantitative fit testing using ambient aerosol as the test agent and appropriate instrumentation (condensation nucleicounter) to quantify the respirator fit; Quantitative fit testing using controlled negative pressure and appropriate instrumentation to

measure the volumetric leak rate of a facepiece to quantify the respirator fit.

1. General

(a) The employer shall ensure that persons administering QNFT are able to calibrateequipment and perform tests properly, recognize invalid tests, calculate fit factors properly and ensure that test equipment is in proper working order.

(b) The employer shall ensure that QNFT equipment is kept clean, and is maintainedand calibrated according to the manufacturer’s instructions so as to operate at the parameters for which it was designed.

2. Generated Aerosol Quantitative Fit Testing Protocol

(a) Apparatus. (1) Instrumentation. Aerosol generation, dilution, and measurement systems using particulates (corn oil, polyethylene glycol 400 [PEG 400], di-2-ethyl hexyl sebacate [DEHS] or sodium chloride) as test aerosols shall be used for quantitative fit testing.

(2) Test chamber. The test chamber shall be large enough to permit all test subjects to perform freely all required exercises without disturbing the test agent concentration orthe measurement apparatus. The test chamber shall be equipped and constructed so that the test agent is effectively isolated fromthe ambient air, yet uniform in concentration throughout the chamber.

(3) When testing air-purifying respirators, the normal filter or cartridge element shallbe replaced with a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) or P100 series filter supplied by the same manufacturer.

(4) The sampling instrument shall be selected so that a computer record or stripchart record may be made of the test showing the rise and fall of the test agent concentration with each inspiration and expiration at fit factors of at least 2,000. Integrators or computers that integrate the amount of test agent penetration leakage into therespirator for each exercise may be used provided a record of the readings is made.

(5) The combination of substitute air-purifying elements, test agent and test agent

concentration shall be such that the testsubject is not exposed in excess of an established exposure limit for the test agent at any time during the testing process, basedupon the length of the exposure and the exposure limit duration.

(6) The sampling port on the test specimen respirator shall be placed and constructed so that no leakage occurs around the port (e.g., where the respirator is probed), a free air flow is allowed into the sampling line at all times, and there is no interference with thefit or performance of the respirator. The inmask sampling device (probe) shall be designed and used so that the air sample is drawn from the breathing zone of the test subject, midway between the nose and mouthand with the probe extending into the facepiece cavity at least 1/4 inch.

(7) The test setup shall permit the person administering the test to observe the test subject inside the chamber during the test.

(8) The equipment generating the test atmosphere shall maintain the concentration of test agent constant to within a 10 percent

variation for the duration of the test.

(9) The time lag (interval between an event and the recording of the event on the strip chart or computer or integrator) shall be kept to a minimum. There shall be a clear

association between the occurrence of an event and its being recorded.

(10) The sampling line tubing for the test chamber atmosphere and for the respirator sampling port shall be of equal diameter and of the same material. The length of the two lines shall be equal.

(11) The exhaust flow from the test chamber shall pass through an appropriate filter (i.e., high efficiency particulate filter) before

release.

(12) When sodium chloride aerosol is used,the relative humidity inside the test chamber shall not exceed 50 percent.

(13) The limitations of instrument detection shall be taken into account when determining the fit factor.

(14) Test respirators shall be maintained inproper working order and be inspected regularly for deficiencies such as cracks or missing valves and gaskets.

(b) Procedural Requirements. (1) When performing the initial user seal check using a positive or negative pressure check, the sampling line shall be crimped closed in order to avoid air pressure leakage during either of these pressure checks.


## 420 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

(2) The use of an abbreviated screening QLFT test is optional. Such a test may beutilized in order to quickly identify poor fitting respirators that passed the positive and/ or negative pressure test and reduce the amount of QNFT time. The use of the CNCQNFT instrument in the count mode is another optional method to obtain a quick estimate of fit and eliminate poor fitting respirators before going on to perform a full QNFT.

(3) A reasonably stable test agent concentration shall be measured in the test chamber prior to testing. For canopy orshower curtain types of test units, the determination of the test agent’s stability may be established after the test subject has entered

the test environment.

(4) Immediately after the subject entersthe test chamber, the test agent concentration inside the respirator shall be measured to ensure that the peak penetration does not exceed 5 percent for a half mask or 1 percent for a full facepiece respirator.

(5) A stable test agent concentration shallbe obtained prior to the actual start of testing.

(6) Respirator restraining straps shall not be over-tightened for testing. The strapsshall be adjusted by the wearer without assistance from other persons to give a reasonably comfortable fit typical of normal use. The respirator shall not be adjusted once the fit test exercises begin.

(7) The test shall be terminated wheneverany single peak penetration exceeds 5 percent for half masks and 1 percent for full facepiece respirators. The test subject shall

be refitted and retested.

(8) Calculation of fit factors. (i) The fit factor shall be determined for the quantitative fit test by taking the ratio of the average chamber concentration to the concentration measured inside the respirator for each test exercise except the grimace exercise.

(ii) The average test chamber concentration shall be calculated as the arithmetic average of the concentration measured before and after each test (i.e., 7 exercises) or the arithmetic average of the concentration

measured before and after each exercise orthe true average measured continuously during the respirator sample.

(iii) The concentration of the challengeagent inside the respirator shall be determined by one of the following methods:

(A) Average peak penetration method means the method of determining test agent penetration into the respirator utilizing astrip chart recorder, integrator, or computer. The agent penetration is determined by an average of the peak heights on the graph or by computer integration, for eachexercise except the grimace exercise. Integrators or computers that calculate the actual test agent penetration into the respirator for each exercise will also be considered to meet the requirements of the average peak penetration method.

(B ) Maximum peak penetration method means the method of determining test agent penetration in the respirator as determined by strip chart recordings of the test. The highest peak penetration for a given exerciseis taken to be representative of average penetration into the respirator for that exercise.

(C) Integration by calculation of the area under the individual peak for each exercise except the grimace exercise. This includes computerized integration.

(D ) The calculation of the overall fit factor using individual exercise fit factors involves first converting the exercise fit factors to penetration values, determining the average, and then converting that result back to a fitfactor. This procedure is described in the following equation:



## Overall Fit Factor Number of exercises

= + + + + + +

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 

## ff ff ff ff ff ff ff

Where ff1 , ff 2, ff 3 , etc. are the fit factors for

exercises 1, 2, 3, etc.

(9) The test subject shall not be permittedto wear a half mask or quarter facepiece respirator unless a minimum fit factor of 100 is obtained, or a full facepiece respirator unless

a minimum fit factor of 500 is obtained.

(10) Filters used for quantitative fit testingshall be replaced whenever increased breathing resistance is encountered, or when the test agent has altered the integrity of the

filter media. 3. Ambient aerosol condensation nucleicounter (CNC) quantitative fit testing protocol.

The ambient aerosol condensation nuclei counter (CNC) quantitative fit testing (Portacount TM ) protocol quantitatively fit tests respirators with the use of a probe. Theprobed respirator is only used for quantitative fit tests. A probed respirator has aspecial sampling device, installed on the respirator, that allows the probe to sample theair from inside the mask. A probed respirator is required for each make, style, model, and size that the employer uses and


## 421 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

can be obtained from the respirator manufacturer or distributor. The CNC instrument manufacturer, TSI Inc., also provides probe attachments (TSI sampling adapters) thatpermit fit testing in an employee’s own respirator. A minimum fit factor pass level ofat least 100 is necessary for a half-mask respirator and a minimum fit factor pass level of at least 500 is required for a full facepiece negative pressure respirator. The entirescreening and testing procedure shall be explained to the test subject prior to the conduct of the screening test.

(a) Portacount Fit Test Requirements. (1)Check the respirator to make sure the sampling probe and line are properly attached to the facepiece and that the respirator is fittedwith a particulate filter capable of preventing significant penetration by the ambient particles used for the fit test (e.g.,
NIOSH 42 CFR 84 series 100, series 99, or series 95 particulate filter) per manufacturer’s

instruction.

(2) Instruct the person to be tested to don the respirator for five minutes before the fittest starts. This purges the ambient particles trapped inside the respirator and permits the wearer to make certain the respirator is comfortable. This individual shall already have been trained on how to wear the respirator properly.

(3) Check the following conditions for the adequacy of the respirator fit: Chin properly placed; Adequate strap tension, not overly tightened; Fit across nose bridge; Respirator of proper size to span distance from nose tochin; Tendency of the respirator to slip; Selfobservation in a mirror to evaluate fit and respirator position.

(4) Have the person wearing the respirator do a user seal check. If leakage is detected, determine the cause. If leakage is from a poorly fitting facepiece, try another size of the same model respirator, or another model of respirator.

(5) Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for operating the Portacount and proceed

with the test.

(6) The test subject shall be instructed to perform the exercises in section I. A. 14. of this appendix.

(7) After the test exercises, the test subjectshall be questioned by the test conductor regarding the comfort of the respirator upon completion of the protocol. If it has become unacceptable, another model of respirator

shall be tried.

(b) Portacount Test Instrument. (1) The Portacount will automatically stop

and calculate the overall fit factor for the

entire set of exercises. The overall fit factor is what counts. The Pass or Fail message

will indicate whether or not the test was successful. If the test was a Pass, the fit test

is over.

(2) Since the pass or fail criterion of the Portacount is user programmable, the test operator shall ensure that the pass or failcriterion meet the requirements for minimum respirator performance in this Appendix.

(3) A record of the test needs to be kept on file, assuming the fit test was successful. The record must contain the test subject’s name; overall fit factor; make, model, style, and size of respirator used; and date tested.

4. Controlled negative pressure (CNP) quantitative fit testing protocol.

The CNP protocol provides an alternative

to aerosol fit test methods. The CNP fit test method technology is based on exhausting air from a temporarily sealed respirator facepiece to generate and then maintain aconstant negative pressure inside the facepiece. The rate of air exhaust is controlled sothat a constant negative pressure is maintained in the respirator during the fit test. The level of pressure is selected to replicate the mean inspiratory pressure that causes leakage into the respirator under normal use conditions. With pressure held constant, air flow out of the respirator is equal to air flow into the respirator. Therefore, measurement of the exhaust stream that is required to hold the pressure in the temporarily sealed respirator constant yields a direct measure of leakage air flow into the respirator. The

CNP fit test method measures leak ratesthrough the facepiece as a method for determining the facepiece fit for negative pressure respirators. The CNP instrument manufacturer Dynatech Nevada also provides attachments (sampling manifolds) that replace the filter cartridges to permit fit testing in an employee’s own respirator. To perform the test, the test subject closes his or her mouth and holds his/her breath, after which an air pump removes air from the respirator facepiece at a pre-selected constant pressure. The facepiece fit is expressed as the leakrate through the facepiece, expressed as milliliters per minute. The quality and validity of the CNP fit tests are determined by the degree to which the in-mask pressure tracksthe test pressure during the system measurement time of approximately five seconds. Instantaneous feedback in the form of a realtime pressure trace of the in-mask pressureis provided and used to determine test validity and quality. A minimum fit factor passlevel of 100 is necessary for a half-mask respirator and a minimum fit factor of at least 500 is required for a full facepiece respirator. The entire screening and testing procedure shall be explained to the test subject prior to the conduct of the screening test.

(a) CNP Fit Test Requirements.(1) The instrument shall have a non-adjustable test pressure of 15.0 mm water pressure.

(2) The CNP system defaults selected for test pressure shall be set at

¥ 15 mm of water(-0.58 inches of water) and the modeled inspiratory flow rate shall be 53.8 liters per minute for performing fit tests.


## 422 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

N OTE : CNP systems have built-in capability to conduct fit testing that is specificto unique work rate, mask, and gender situations that might apply in a specific workplace. Use of system default values, which were selected to represent respirator wearwith medium cartridge resistance at a lowmoderate work rate, will allow inter-test comparison of the respirator fit.)

(3) The individual who conducts the CNP fit testing shall be thoroughly trained to perform the test.

(4) The respirator filter or cartridge needs to be replaced with the CNP test manifold.

The inhalation valve downstream from themanifold either needs to be temporarily removed or propped open.

(5) The test subject shall be trained to hold

his or her breath for at least 20 seconds.

(6) The test subject shall don the test respirator without any assistance from the individual who conducts the CNP fit test.

(7) The QNFT protocol shall be followed according to section I. C. 1. of this appendix with an exception for the CNP test exercises.

(b) CNP Test Exercises. (1) Normal breathing. In a normal standing position, without talking, the subject shall breathe normally for 1 minute. After the normal breathing exercise, the subject needs to hold head straight ahead and hold his or her breath for 10 seconds during the test

measurement.

(2) Deep breathing. In a normal standing position, the subject shall breathe slowly and deeply for 1 minute, being careful not tohyperventilate. After the deep breathing exercise, the subject shall hold his or her head straight ahead and hold his or her breath for 10 seconds during test measurement.

(3)Turning head side to side. Standing in place, the subject shall slowly turn his or her

head from side to side between the extreme positions on each side for 1 minute. The head shall be held at each extreme momentarily so the subject can inhale at each side. After the turning head side to side exercise, the subject needs to hold head full left and hold his or her breath for 10 seconds during test measurement. Next, the subject needs to hold head full right and hold his or herbreath for 10 seconds during test measurement.

(4) Moving head up and down. Standing in place, the subject shall slowly move his orher head up and down for 1 minute. The subject shall be instructed to inhale in the upposition (i.e., when looking toward the ceiling). After the moving head up and down exercise, the subject shall hold his or her headfull up and hold his or her breath for 10 seconds during test measurement. Next, the subject shall hold his or her head full down

and hold his or her breath for 10 seconds during test measurement.

(5) Talking. The subject shall talk out loud slowly and loud enough so as to be heard clearly by the test conductor. The subject can read from a prepared text such as the Rainbow Passage, count backward from 100, or recite a memorized poem or song for 1minute. After the talking exercise, the subject shall hold his or her head straight ahead

and hold his or her breath for 10 seconds during the test measurement.

(6) Grimace. The test subject shall grimace by smiling or frowning for 15 seconds.

(7) Bending Over. The test subject shall

bend at the waist as if he or she were to touch his or her toes for 1 minute. Jogging in place shall be substituted for this exercise in those test environments such as shroud-type QNFT units that prohibit bending at the waist. After the bending over exercise, the subject shall hold his or her head straight

ahead and hold his or her breath for 10 seconds during the test measurement.

(8) Normal Breathing. The test subjectshall remove and re-don the respirator within a one-minute period. Then, in a normalstanding position, without talking, the subject shall breathe normally for 1 minute.After the normal breathing exercise, the subject shall hold his or her head straight ahead

and hold his or her breath for 10 seconds during the test measurement. After the test exercises, the test subject shall be questioned by the test conductor regarding the comfortof the respirator upon completion of the protocol. If it has become unacceptable, another model of a respirator shall be tried.

(c) CNP Test Instrument.(1) The test instrument shall have an effective audio warning device when the test subject fails to hold his or her breath during the

test. The test shall be terminated whenever the test subject failed to hold his or her breath. The test subject may be refitted and

retested.

(2) A record of the test shall be kept on file, assuming the fit test was successful. The record must contain the test subject’s name; overall fit factor; make, model, style and size of respirator used; and date tested.

Part II. New Fit Test Protocols

A. Any person may submit to OSHA an application for approval of a new fit test protocol. If the application meets the following criteria, OSHA will initiate a rulemaking proceeding under section 6(b)(7) of the OSH

Act to determine whether to list the newprotocol as an approved protocol in this Appendix A.

B. The application must include a detaileddescription of the proposed new fit test protocol. This application must be supported by

either:

1. A test report prepared by an independentgovernment research laboratory (e.g., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the National Institute for Standards and Technology) stating that the laboratory has tested the


## 423 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

protocol and had found it to be accurate and reliable; or

2. An article that has been published in apeer-reviewed industrial hygiene journal describing the protocol and explaining how testdata support the protocol’s accuracy and reliability.

C. If OSHA determines that additional information is required before the Agency commences a rulemaking proceeding underthis section, OSHA will so notify the applicant and afford the applicant the opportunity to submit the supplemental information. Initiation of a rulemaking proceeding

will be deferred until OSHA has received and evaluated the supplemental information.



### A PPENDIX 

### B–1 TO 

### §1910.134: U SER 

### S EAL



### C HECK 

### P ROCEDURES 

### (M ANDATORY 

### )

The individual who uses a tight-fitting respirator is to perform a user seal check to ensure that an adequate seal is achieved each time the respirator is put on. Either the positive and negative pressure checks listedin this appendix, or the respirator manufacturer’s recommended user seal check method

shall be used. User seal checks are not substitutes for qualitative or quantitative fit

tests.

I. Facepiece Positive and/or Negative Pressure

Checks

A. Positive pressure check. Close off the exhalation valve and exhale gently into thefacepiece. The face fit is considered satisfactory if a slight positive pressure can be built up inside the facepiece without any evidence of outward leakage of air at the seal. For most respirators this method of leak testingrequires the wearer to first remove the exhalation valve cover before closing off the exhalation valve and then carefully replacing

it after the test.

B. Negative pressure check. Close off the inlet opening of the canister or cartridge(s) by covering with the palm of the hand(s) or by replacing the filter seal(s), inhale gently so that the facepiece collapses slightly, and hold the breath for ten seconds. The designof the inlet opening of some cartridges cannot be effectively covered with the palm ofthe hand. The test can be performed by covering the inlet opening of the cartridge with a thin latex or nitrile glove. If the facepiece remains in its slightly collapsed condition and no inward leakage of air is detected, thetightness of the respirator is considered satisfactory.

II. Manufacturer’s Recommended User Seal

Check Procedures

The respirator manufacturer’s recommended procedures for performing a userseal check may be used instead of the positive and/or negative pressure check procedures provided that the employer demonstrates that the manufacturer’s procedures are equally effective.



### A PPENDIX 

### B–2 TO 

### §1910.134: R ESPIRATOR



### C LEANING 

### P ROCEDURES 

### (M ANDATORY 

### )

These procedures are provided for employer use when cleaning respirators. They are general in nature, and the employer asan alternative may use the cleaning recommendations provided by the manufacturer of the respirators used by their employees, provided such procedures are as effective as those listed here in Appendix B–2. Equivalenteffectiveness simply means that the procedures used must accomplish the objectives set forth in Appendix B–2, i.e., must ensure that the respirator is properly cleaned anddisinfected in a manner that prevents damage to the respirator and does not cause

harm to the user.

I. Procedures for Cleaning Respirators

A. Remove filters, cartridges, or canisters.Disassemble facepieces by removing speaking diaphragms, demand and pressure-demand valve assemblies, hoses, or any components recommended by the manufacturer. Discard or repair any defective parts.

B. Wash components in warm (43 °C [110 °F] maximum) water with a mild detergent orwith a cleaner recommended by the manufacturer. A stiff bristle (not wire) brush may

be used to facilitate the removal of dirt.

C. Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm (43 °C [110 °F] maximum), preferably running water. Drain.

D. When the cleaner used does not contain a disinfecting agent, respirator components

should be immersed for two minutes in one of the following:

1. Hypochlorite solution (50 ppm of chlorine) made by adding approximately one milliliter of laundry bleach to one liter of water

at 43 °C (110 °F); or,

2. Aqueous solution of iodine (50 ppm iodine) made by adding approximately 0.8 milliliters of tincture of iodine (6–8 grams ammonium and/or potassium iodide/100 cc of 45% alcohol) to one liter of water at 43 °C (110 °F); or,

3. Other commercially available cleansers of equivalent disinfectant quality when used as directed, if their use is recommended or approved by the respirator manufacturer.

E. Rinse components thoroughly in clean, warm (43 °C [110 °F] maximum), preferably running water. Drain. The importance of thorough rinsing cannot be overemphasized. Detergents or disinfectants that dry onfacepieces may result in dermatitis. In addition, some disinfectants may cause deterioration of rubber or corrosion of metal parts if not completely removed.

F. Components should be hand-dried with a

clean lint-free cloth or air-dried.


## 424 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

G. Reassemble facepiece, replacing filters, cartridges, and canisters where necessary.

H. Test the respirator to ensure that all components work properly.



### A PPENDIX 

### C TO 

### § 1910.134: OSHA R ES



### PIRATOR 

### M EDICAL 

### E VALUATION 

### QUESTIONNAIRE 

### (M ANDATORY 

### )

To the employer: Answers to questions in Section 1, and to question 9 in Section 2 ofPart A, do not require a medical examination.

To the employee:
Can you read (circle one): Yes/No

Your employer must allow you to answer this questionnaire during normal workinghours, or at a time and place that is convenient to you. To maintain your confidentiality, your employer or supervisor must not look at or review your answers, and your employer must tell you how to deliver or send this questionnaire to the health care professional who will review it.

Part A. Section 1. (Mandatory) The following information must be provided by every employee who has been selected to use any type of respirator (please print).

1. Today’s date:
lllllllllllllll
2. Your name: llllllllllllllll 3. Your age (to nearest year):
llllllll 4. Sex (circle one): Male/Female

5. Your height:
ll ft.
ll in.
6. Your weight: ll lbs.

7. Your job title:
llllllllllllll 8. A phone number where you can be reached

by the health care professional who reviews this questionnaire (include the Area Code):
lll9. The best time to phone you at this number:
ll10. Has your employer told you how to contact the health care professional who will review this questionnaire (circle one): Yes/

No 11. Check the type of respirator you will use

(you can check more than one category):

a. ll N, R, or P disposable respirator (filter-mask, non-cartridge type only).

b. ll Other type (for example, half- or

full-facepiece type, powered-air purifying, supplied-air, self-contained breathing apparatus).
12. Have you worn a respirator (circle one):

Yes/No
7 If ‘‘yes,’’ what type(s):
llllllllll

llllllllllllllllllllllll

Part A. Section 2. (Mandatory) Questions 1 through 9 below must be answered by every employee who has been selected to use any type of respirator (please circle ‘‘yes’’ or ‘‘no’’). 1. Do you currently smoke tobacco, or have you smoked tobacco in the last month:

Yes/No 2. Have you ever had any of the following

conditions? a. Seizures (fits): Yes/No b. Diabetes (sugar disease): Yes/No c. Allergic reactions that interfere with

your breathing: Yes/No d. Claustrophobia (fear of closed-in places):

Yes/No e. Trouble smelling odors: Yes/No 3. Have you ever had any of the following pulmonary or lung problems?

a. Asbestosis: Yes/No

b. Asthma: Yes/No

c. Chronic bronchitis: Yes/No d. Emphysema: Yes/No

e. Pneumonia: Yes/No

f. Tuberculosis: Yes/No g. Silicosis: Yes/No h. Pneumothorax (collapsed lung): Yes/No i. Lung cancer: Yes/No j. Broken ribs: Yes/No k. Any chest injuries or surgeries: Yes/No l. Any other lung problem that you’ve been

told about: Yes/No 4. Do you currently have any of the following symptoms of pulmonary or lung illness?

a. Shortness of breath: Yes/No b. Shortness of breath when walking fast

on level ground or walking up a slight

hill or incline: Yes/No c. Shortness of breath when walking with

other people at an ordinary pace on level ground: Yes/No d. Have to stop for breath when walking at

your own pace on level ground: Yes/No e. Shortness of breath when washing or

dressing yourself: Yes/No

f. Shortness of breath that interferes with

your job: Yes/No g. Coughing that produces phlegm (thick

sputum): Yes/No h. Coughing that wakes you early in the

morning: Yes/No i. Coughing that occurs mostly when you

are lying down: Yes/No j. Coughing up blood in the last month:

Yes/No k. Wheezing: Yes/No l. Wheezing that interferes with your job:

Yes/No m. Chest pain when you breathe deeply:

Yes/No n. Any other symptoms that you think

may be related to lung problems: Yes/No 5. Have you ever had any of the following cardiovascular or heart problems?

a. Heart attack: Yes/No

b. Stroke: Yes/No c. Angina: Yes/No

d. Heart failure: Yes/No e. Swelling in your legs or feet (not caused

by walking): Yes/Nof. Heart arrhythmia (heart beating irregularly): Yes/No


## 425 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.134

g. High blood pressure: Yes/No h. Any other heart problem that you’ve

been told about: Yes/No 6. Have you ever had any of the following cardiovascular or heart symptoms? a. Frequent pain or tightness in your

chest: Yes/No b. Pain or tightness in your chest during

physical activity: Yes/No c. Pain or tightness in your chest that

interferes with your job: Yes/No d. In the past two years, have you noticed

your heart skipping or missing a beat:

Yes/Noe. Heartburn or indigestion that is not related to eating: Yes/No f. Any other symptoms that you think may

be related to heart or circulation problems: Yes/No 7. Do you currently take medication for any of the following problems? a. Breathing or lung problems: Yes/No

b. Heart trouble: Yes/No c. Blood pressure: Yes/No d. Seizures (fits): Yes/No 8. If you’ve used a respirator, have you ever had any of the following problems? (If you’ve never used a respirator, check the following space and go to question 9:) a. Eye irritation: Yes/No b. Skin allergies or rashes: Yes/No c. Anxiety: Yes/No d. General weakness or fatigue: Yes/No e. Any other problem that interferes with

your use of a respirator: Yes/No 9. Would you like to talk to the health careprofessional who will review this questionnaire about your answers to this questionnaire: Yes/No

Questions 10 to 15 below must be answered by every employee who has been selected to use either a full-facepiece respirator or a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). For employees who have been selected to use other types of respirators, answering these questions is voluntary.

10. Have you ever lost vision in either eye (temporarily or permanently): Yes/No 11. Do you currently have any of the following vision problems?

a. Wear contact lenses: Yes/No b. Wear glasses: Yes/No

c. Color blind: Yes/No d. Any other eye or vision problem: Yes/No 12. Have you ever had an injury to your ears, including a broken ear drum: Yes/No 13. Do you currently have any of the following hearing problems? a. Difficulty hearing: Yes/No b. Wear a hearing aid: Yes/No c. Any other hearing or ear problem: Yes/

No 14. Have you ever had a back injury: Yes/No 15. Do you currently have any of the following musculoskeletal problems? a. Weakness in any of your arms, hands,

legs, or feet: Yes/No b. Back pain: Yes/No c. Difficulty fully moving your arms and

legs: Yes/No d. Pain or stiffness when you lean forward

or backward at the waist: Yes/No e. Difficulty fully moving your head up or

down: Yes/No f. Difficulty fully moving your head side to

side: Yes/No g. Difficulty bending at your knees: Yes/No h. Difficulty squatting to the ground: Yes/

No i. Climbing a flight of stairs or a ladder

carrying more than 25 lbs: Yes/No j. Any other muscle or skeletal problem

that interferes with using a respirator:

Yes/No

Part B Any of the following questions, and other questions not listed, may be added to the questionnaire at the discretion of the health care professional who will review the questionnaire.
1. In your present job, are you working at high altitudes (over 5,000 feet) or in a place that has lower than normal amounts of oxygen: Yes/No If ‘‘yes,’’ do you have feelings of dizziness,

shortness of breath, pounding in your chest, or other symptoms when you’re working under these conditions: Yes/No 2. At work or at home, have you ever been exposed to hazardous solvents, hazardous airborne chemicals (e.g. , gases, fumes, ordust), or have you come into skin contact with hazardous chemicals: Yes/No

If ‘‘yes,’’ name the chemicals if you know

them:
lllllllllllllllllll3. Have you ever worked with any of the materials, or under any of the conditions,

listed below:

a. Asbestos: Yes/No b. Silica (e.g. , in sandblasting): Yes/No c. Tungsten/cobalt (e.g. , grinding or welding this material): Yes/No d. Beryllium: Yes/No

e. Aluminum: Yes/No f. Coal (for example, mining): Yes/No g. Iron: Yes/No

h. Tin: Yes/No i. Dusty environments: Yes/No j. Any other hazardous exposures: Yes/No

If ‘‘yes,’’ describe these exposures:
llll

llllllllllllllllllllllll 4. List any second jobs or side businesses you

have:
lllllllllllllllllll

llllllllllllllllllllllll 5. List your previous occupations: lllll

llllllllllllllllllllllll 6. List your current and previous hobbies:
l

llllllllllllllllllllllll 7. Have you been in the military services?

Yes/No


## 426 29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–99 Edition) § 1910.134

If ‘‘yes,’’ were you exposed to biological or

chemical agents (either in training or combat): Yes/No 8. Have you ever worked on a HAZMAT

team? Yes/No 9. Other than medications for breathing andlung problems, heart trouble, blood pressure, and seizures mentioned earlier in this questionnaire, are you taking anyother medications for any reason (including over-the-counter medications): Yes/

No
If ‘‘yes,’’ name the medications if you

know them:
llllllllllllllll 10. Will you be using any of the following items with your respirator(s)?

a. HEPA Filters: Yes/No b. Canisters (for example, gas masks): Yes/

No c. Cartridges: Yes/No 11. How often are you expected to use the respirator(s) (circle ‘‘yes’’ or ‘‘no’’ for all answers that apply to you)?: a. Escape only (no rescue): Yes/No b. Emergency rescue only: Yes/No

c. Less than 5 hours per week: Yes/No

d. Less than 2 hours per day: Yes/No

e. 2 to 4 hours per day: Yes/No

f. Over 4 hours per day: Yes/No12. During the period you are using the respirator(s), is your work effort:

a. Light (less than 200 kcal per hour): Yes/

No
If ‘‘yes,’’ how long does this period last during the average

shift:
llllllhrs.
llllllmins.
Examples of a light work effort are sittingwhile writing, typing, drafting, or performing light assembly work; or standingwhile operating a drill press (1–3 lbs.) or controlling machines.

b. Moderate (200 to 350 kcal per hour): Yes/

No
If ‘‘yes,’’ how long does this period last

during the average

shift:
llllllhrs.
llllllmins.
Examples of moderate work effort are sitting while nailing or filing; driving a truck or bus in urban traffic; standing while drilling,nailing, performing assembly work, or transferring a moderate load (about 35 lbs.) at trunk level; walking on a level surface about 2 mph or down a 5-degree grade about 3 mph;

or pushing a wheelbarrow with a heavy load (about 100 lbs.) on a level surface.

c. Heavy (above 350 kcal per hour): Yes/No
If ‘‘yes,’’ how long does this period last

during the average

shift:
llllllhrs.
llllllmins.
Examples of heavy work are lifting a heavy load (about 50 lbs.) from the floor to your waist or shoulder; working on a loading dock; shoveling; standing while bricklaying or chipping castings; walking up an 8-degree grade about 2 mph; climbing stairs with a heavy load (about 50 lbs.).
13. Will you be wearing protective clothingand/or equipment (other than the respirator) when you’re using your respirator: Yes/No If ‘‘yes,’’ describe this protective clothing and/or equipment:
lllllllllllll

llllllllllllllllllllllll 14. Will you be working under hot conditions (temperature exceeding 77 °F): Yes/No15. Will you be working under humid conditions: Yes/No 16. Describe the work you’ll be doing while you’re using your respirator(s):

llllllllllllllllllllllll

llllllllllllllllllllllll17. Describe any special or hazardous conditions you might encounter when you’re using your respirator(s) (for example, confined spaces, life-threatening gases):

llllllllllllllllllllllll

llllllllllllllllllllllll 18. Provide the following information, if you know it, for each toxic substance that you’ll be exposed to when you’re using your respirator(s):

Name of the first toxic substance:
llll Estimated maximum exposure level per

shift:
lllllllllllllllllll Duration of exposure per shift
llllll Name of the second toxic substance:
lll Estimated maximum exposure level per

shift:
lllllllllllllllllll Duration of exposure per shift:
llllll Name of the third toxic substance:
llll Estimated maximum exposure level per

shift:
lllllllllllllllllll Duration of exposure per shift:
llllll The name of any other toxic substances

that you’ll be exposed to while using your respirator:

llllllllllllllllllllllll

llllllllllllllllllllllll

llllllllllllllllllllllll 19. Describe any special responsibilities you’ll have while using your respirator(s) that may affect the safety and well-being of others (for example, rescue, security):

llllllllllllllllllllllll



### A PPENDIX 

### D TO 

### § 1910.134 (M ANDATORY 

### )

I NFORMATION FOR 

### E MPLOYEES 

### U SING


### R ESPIRATORS 

### W HEN 

### N OT 

### R EQUIRED


### U NDER THE 

### S TANDARD

Respirators are an effective method of protection against designated hazards when properly selected and worn. Respirator use is encouraged, even when exposures are below the exposure limit, to provide an additional


## 427 Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.137

level of comfort and protection for workers. However, if a respirator is used improperly or not kept clean, the respirator itself can become a hazard to the worker. Sometimes,workers may wear respirators to avoid exposures to hazards, even if the amount of hazardous substance does not exceed the limits set by OSHA standards. If your employer provides respirators for your voluntary use, of if you provide your own respirator, you need to take certain precautions to be sure that the respirator itself does not present a

hazard.

You should do the following: 1. Read and heed all instructions provided by the manufacturer on use, maintenance, cleaning and care, and warnings regarding the respirators limitations.

2. Choose respirators certified for use to protect against the contaminant of concern.NIOSH, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, certifies respirators. A label or statement of certification should appear on the respirator or respirator packaging. It will tell you what the respirator is designed for and how much it will protect you.

3. Do not wear your respirator into atmospheres containing contaminants forwhich your respirator is not designed to protect against. For example, a respirator designed to filter dust particles will not protect you against gases, vapors, or very small solid particles of fumes or smoke.

4. Keep track of your respirator so that you do not mistakenly use someone else’s respirator.

[63 FR 1270, Jan. 8, 1998; 63 FR 20098, 20099, Apr. 23, 1998]



### §1910.135 Head protection.

(a) General requirements. (1) The employer shall ensure that each affected employee wears a protective helmet when working in areas where there is a potential for injury to the head from falling objects.

(2) The employer shall ensure that a protective helmet designed to reduce electrical shock hazard is worn by eachsuch affected employee when near exposed electrical conductors which

could contact the head.

(b) Criteria for protective helmets. (1) Protective helmets purchased after July 5, 1994 shall comply with ANSIZ89.1–1986, ‘‘American National Standard for Personnel Protection—Protective Headwear for Industrial WorkersRequirements,’’ which is incorporated by reference as specified in § 1910.6, or shall be demonstrated to be equally effective.

(2) Protective helmets purchased before July 5, 1994 shall comply with the

ANSI standard ‘‘American NationalStandard Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection,’’ ANSI Z89.1– 1969, which is incorporated by reference as specified in § 1910.6, or shall be demonstrated by the employer to be equally effective.

[59 FR 16362, Apr. 6, 1994, as amended at 61 FR 9238, Mar. 7, 1996; 61 FR 19548, May 2, 1996]



### §1910.136 Foot protection.

(a) General requirements. The employer shall ensure that each affected employee uses protective footwear when working in areas where there is a danger of foot injuries due to falling or rolling objects, or objects piercing the sole, and where such employee’s feet are exposed to electrical hazards.

(b) Criteria for protective footwear. (1) Protective footwear purchased after July 5, 1994 shall comply with ANSI Z41–1991, ‘‘American National Standard

for Personal Protection—Protective Footwear,’’ which is incorporated by reference as specified in § 1910.6, or shall be demonstrated by the employer to be equally effective.

(2) Protective footwear purchased before July 5, 1994 shall comply with the

ANSI standard ‘‘USA Standard for Men’s Safety-Toe Footwear,’’ Z41.1– 1967, which is incorporated by reference as specified in § 1910.6, or shall be demonstrated by the employer to be equally effective.

[59 FR 16362, Apr. 6, 1994; 59 FR 33911, July 1, 1994, as amended at 61 FR 9238, Mar. 7, 1996; 61 FR 19548, May 2, 1996; 61 FR 21228, May 9, 1996]



### § 1910.137 Electrical protective equipment.

(a) Design requirements. Insulating blankets, matting, covers, line hose, gloves, and sleeves made of rubber shall meet the following requirements:

(1) Manufacture and marking. (i) Blankets, gloves, and sleeves shall be produced by a seamless process.

(ii) Each item shall be clearly

marked as follows:

(A) Class 0 equipment shall be

marked Class 0.