FIFTH DIVISION

MCFADDEN, P. J.,

BRANCH and BETHEL, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

October 27, 2017

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A17A1177. ROCKER v. FIRST BANK OF DALTON.

BRANCH, Judge.

John Rocker appeals from an order of the Whitfield County Superior Court

which found Rocker in contempt of court based on his failure to comply with a

subpoena for the production of documents served on him by First Bank of Dalton

during post-judgment discovery. AlthoughRocker does not challenge the trial court’s

finding of contempt, he claims that the contempt order fails to comply with Georgia

law in two respects. First, Rocker contends that the purge conditions in the contempt

order are too indefinite to allow him to determine what documents he must produce

to purge himself of contempt. Rocker further asserts that the order is self-executing,

in that it required Rocker to report to jail without affording him a hearing to

determine whether he had met the purge conditions. We agree with Rocker and we
therefore vacate the contempt order and remand for the entry of a new order that

remedies the deficiencies complained of.

As a general rule, where an order of civil contempt is supported by at least

some evidence, we will not disturb that order absent an abuse of discretion by the trial

court. Thompson v. State, 294 Ga. App. 363 (670 SE2d 152) (2008). Such an abuse

of discretion occurs where the trial court either fails to apply or misapplies the

relevant law. See North Druid Dev. v. Post, Buckley, Schuh &Jernigan, 330 Ga. App.

432, 441 (767 SE2d 29) (2014) (on motion for reconsideration); Mathis v. BellSouth

Telecommunications, 301 Ga. App. 881 (690 SE2d 210) (2010). Additionally, to the

extent that the question of the validity of a contempt order involves a question of law,

we review that question de novo. See Callaway Blue Springs v. West Basin Capital,

341 Ga. App. 535, 537 (1) (801 SE2d 325) (2017).

The relevant facts are undisputed1and show that Rocker is a principal in

Karock, LLC. In 2005, Karock obtained a loan in the amount of $1,343,022.70 from

First Bank of Dalton (“the Bank”) that was secured by both certain real property

located in Whitfield County and Rocker’s personal guaranty. After Karock defaulted

1 Rocker has not appealed the trial court’s finding of contempt and therefore

concedes that the evidence supports that finding.

2
on the loan, the Bank foreclosed on the property and sold it at auction for $841,000,

leaving a deficiency of $539,382.04. The Bank then obtained a judicial confirmation

of the sale,2

and in December 2011, it filed the current action against Karock and

Rocker seeking to recover the amount due under the note. Rocker and Karock

consented to the entry of judgment against them, and in October 2012, the trial court

entered an order of judgment against Karock and Rocker jointly and severally in the

amount of $685,744.00.

3

In December 2012, the Bank served its first post-judgment discovery requests

on Rocker in an effort to collect on its judgment. As detailed in the trial court’s order,

Rocker was not cooperative with the discovery process and was especially

uncooperative with respect to the scheduling and taking of his deposition. Rocker’s

noncompliance with discovery led the Bank to obtain a subpoena requiring Rocker

to appear for his deposition on July 24, 2015 and to produce certain documents at that

time. Rocker did not appear for the deposition noticed in the subpoena, but he

2 The trial court confirmed the foreclosure sale in an order entered April 12,

2010, and this court subsequently affirmed that order pursuant to Court of Appeals

Rule 36 in an unpublished opinion. See Karock, LLC v. First Bank of Dalton (Case

No. A11A0956, decided November 4, 2011.)

3 This amount represented $539,382.04 in principal, $56,650.14 in interest,

$89,404.82 in attorney fees, and $307 in costs. 

3
eventually agreed to sit for a deposition on September 17, 2015. Rocker, however,

abruptly terminated the September deposition before the Bank’s attorneywasthrough

questioning him and over the objection of the Bank. The Bank then negotiated with

Rocker’s attorneys for several months in an effort to schedule a continuation of

Rocker’s deposition. When these efforts failed and Rocker continued in his refusal

to cooperate, the Bank filed a motion for contempt on April 21, 2016. 

After holding a hearing on the contempt motion, the trial court issued an order

on June 20, 2016 (the “Production Order”), requiringRocker to produce, no later than

June 30, 2016, all documents not previously produced that were responsive to the

July 2015 subpoena and to appear for his continued deposition on August 19, 2016.

Additionally, the Production Order continued the hearing on the contempt motion

until August 26, 2016.

Following entry of the Production Order, Rocker produced additional

documents and appeared for the August 19 deposition. During that deposition,

however, Rocker admitted that he had access to or possession of certain documents

that were responsive to the Bank’s subpoena, but that he had not yet produced those

documents. 

4
At the August 26 contempt hearing, the trial court reviewed Rocker’s

compliance with the Production Order and heard arguments from the parties as to

whether Rocker had produced all subpoenaed documents.The court thereafter entered

an order (the “Contempt Order”) finding Rocker in contempt for failing to comply

fully with the Production Order. The Contempt Order required Rocker to be confined

to the Whitfield County jail “for a maximum of 20 days commencing at 8:00 p.m. on”

November 11, 2016, but further provided that Rocker could purge himself of

contempt if, before 8:00 p.m. on November 11, he paid a $300 fine and “produce[d]

any documents that have been requested . . . and that have not been produced,

including, but not limited to,” 10 specific categories of documents described in the

Contempt Order. 

On the day he was due to report to the Whitfield County jail, Rocker filed a

“notice of compliance” with the trial court stating that he had produced responsive

documents for each of the 10 categories specified in the Contempt Order. That same

day, Rocker also filed a notice of appeal from the Contempt Order. 

1. A party may not be punished for failure to comply with the purge conditions

of a contempt order unless those conditions are set forth “in definite terms” that are

5
express rather than implied.

4 Hall v. Nelson, 282 Ga. 441, 444 (3) (651 SE2d 72)

(2007) (citation and punctuation omitted). See also Cabiness v. Lambros, 303 Ga.

App. 253, 255 (1) (692 SE2d 817) (2010). Thus, if the order is “not sufficiently

definite and certain,” that fact may constitute a defense to an assertion of

noncompliance. See Schiselman v. Trust Co. Bank, 246 Ga. 274, 277 (2) (271 SE2d

183) (1980); In re Butterfield, 265 Ga. App. 745, 749 (2) (595 SE2d 588) (2004).

Here, Rocker contendsthat the contempt order is notsufficiently definite and certain,

because it requires him to “produce any documents that have been requested . . . and

that have not been produced, including, but not limited to,” the 10 specific categories

4

In light of the requirement that purge conditions must be express, rather than

implied, we find no merit in the Bank’s argument that any uncertainty as to what

documents Rocker was required to produce could be resolved by reference to the

August 2016 hearing transcript. “[T]he very nature of the proceeding in either civil

or criminal contempt for an alleged disobedience of a court order requires that the

language in the commands [of the order] be clear and certain.” Hall v. Nelson, 282

Ga. 441, 444 (3) (651 SE2d 72) (2007) (citation and punctuation omitted).

6
of documents described in the order.5

(Emphasis supplied.) As explained more fully

below, we find that under the circumstances of this case, the foregoing language is

susceptible of more than one reasonable interpretation. Accordingly, we agree with

Rocker that the Contempt Order must be vacated.

The motion that resulted in the Contempt Order was brought pursuant to

OCGA § 24-13-26 (a), which provides that “[s]ubpoenas may be enforced by

attachment for contempt and by a fine of not more than $300.00 or not more than 20

days’imprisonment, or both.” (Emphasissupplied.) Additionally, that motion sought

only Rocker’s compliance with the July 15, 2015 subpoena; it did not seek to compel

the production of any additional documents that had been requested during the postjudgment discovery period. And in the Production Order, the trial court ordered

5

In its brief, the Bank contends that Rocker’s first enumeration of error is not

“ripe for review” because the trial court has not yet ruled on whether Rocker

successfully purged his contempt. The Bank further argues that Rocker has waived

this enumeration of error because he failed to challenge in the trial court any alleged

lack of specificity in the contempt order and he also filed a notice of compliance

stating that he had produced all of the documents specified in the contempt order.

These arguments ignore the fact that an order of contempt is directly appealable. See

American Med. Security Group v. Parker, 284 Ga. 102, 104 (4) (663 SE2d 697)

(2008). And there is no requirement thatfollowing entry of a contempt order the party

against whom the order is directed seek further guidance from the court on any purge

conditions contained therein before challenging the order on appeal. Moreover, the

mere fact that Rocker filed a notice of compliance did not mean that the trial court

would find that he had successfully met the purge conditions.

7
Rocker to produce all documents responsive to the July 2015 subpoena — it did not

order him to produce any additional documents. Thus, given the basis for the Bank’s

contempt motion, the specific relief sought in that motion, and the contents of the

Production Order, Rocker is correct that one could logically construe the phrase “any

documents that have been requested” to refer only to those documents responsive to

the subpoena. Put another way, one could read the Contempt Order as requiring

Rocker to produce the 10 specified categories of documents and any additional

documents requested under the July 2015 subpoena that did not otherwise fall into

one of those 10 categories.

Although one could reasonably interpret “any documents that have been

requested” asreferring only to those documentsrequested in the July 2015 subpoena,

the record shows that a number of other requests to produce were made over the

course of the post-judgment discovery period. Some of these requests were formal,

made through either a written request to produce under OCGA § 9-11-34 or through

additional subpoenas. Other requests were more informal and were made by the

Bank’s attorney atRocker’s deposition and/or via an email exchange between counsel

for the parties. And the Contempt Order references some (but not all) of these

additional requests to produce. Thus, the Contempt Order could also be read as

8
requiring Rocker to comply with every request to produce made during the course of

post-judgment discovery and further requiring him to produce the 10 specified

categories of documents listed in the Contempt Order. Notably, the Bank reads the

Contempt Order in this way; its brief makes clear that the Bank reads the purge

conditions asrequiring Rocker to produce all documentsrequested at any time during

post-judgment discovery. 

Given that the purge condition in the Contempt Order requiring Rocker to

“produce any documents that have been requested . . . and that have not been

produced” is susceptible of more than one reasonable interpretation, we find that the

order was not sufficiently definite and specific enough to allow Rocker to determine

what documents he needed to produce to purge himself of contempt.

2. Rocker argues that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering him to

report to jail if the purge conditions were not met. Specifically, Rocker contends that

the self-executing nature of the contempt order violated his due process rights in that

it ordered Rocker’s incarceration without providing him a hearing to determine

whether he complied with the purge conditions and, if not, whether any

noncompliance was willful. We agree.

9
A self-executing order is “[a]n order that imposes future sanctions on a party

unless he complies with the terms of the order within a certain length of time.”

Harrell v. Fed. Nat. Payables, 284 Ga. App. 395, 397 (2) (643 SE2d 875) (2007). See

also Tenet Healthcare Corp. v. Louisiana Forum Corp., 273 Ga. 206, 212 (3) (538

SE2d 441) (2000). And Georgia law is clear that a trial court abuses its discretion

when it enters such an order in the context of a discovery dispute or contempt

proceeding. Tenet Healthcare, 273 Ga. at 212 (3). See also Steele v. Colbert, 182 Ga.

App. 680 (356 SE2d 736) (1987); Maxey v. Covington, 126 Ga. App. 197, 199 (190

SE2d 448) (1972). This rule results from the fact that orders of incarceration based

on a finding of contempt are subject to basic due process requirements, “including

notice and a right to be heard.” Harrell, 284 Ga. App. at 398 (3), citing Maples v.

Seeliger, 165 Ga. App. 201, 202 (1) (299 SE2d 906) (1983). See also Roehl v.

O’Keefe, 243 Ga. 696, 697 (256 SE2d 375) (1979); Mitchell v. Koopu, 242 Ga. 506,

506 (1) (249 SE2d 210) (1978).

A hearing on a party’s compliance (or noncompliance) with purge conditions

is necessary to satisfy due processfor severalreasons. First, asthis case demonstrates,

parties can disagree as to what constitutes full compliance with purge conditions,

10
especially in the context of discovery disputesthat involve numerous documents.

6 As

we have previously explained, 

Whether a respondent who tendered [numerous] pages made ‘full and

complete’ discovery responses is not a yes-or-no question . . . . Finding

that no response was made after a response was ordered is

straightforward and may not require a hearing; finding that insufficient

responses were made despite voluminous document production is not

straightforward, and notice and a hearing is required before the court

may order the parties incarcerated.

Harrell, 284 Ga. App. at 399 (3). And the final arbiter as to whether compliance has

been achieved must be the trial court, rather than the parties themselves. Id. (trial

court could not base order of incarceration solely on affidavit of party who sought the

order and who averred that purge conditions had not been complied with); Roehl, 243

Ga. at 697 (3) (same); Mitchell, 242 Ga. at 506 (1) (same).

Furthermore, “[t]he essence of . . . contempt is willful disobedience of a prior

court order.” Greene v. Greene, 306 Ga. App. 296, 300 (3) (701 SE2d 911) (2010)

6 As noted previously, Rocker filed a notice of compliance with the trial court

stating that he had produced responsive documents that fell into each of the 10

categoriesspecifically described in the contempt order. In its brief, however,theBank

disputes the notice of compliance and asserts that Rocker failed to produce any

responsive documents for at least three of the 10 categories. 

11
(emphasis supplied). Thus, a defense to both civil and criminal contempt is that the

violation of the order at issue “was not willful (e.g., [the]inability to pay or comply).”

Schiselman, 246 Ga. at 277 (1) (citation omitted). Before incarcerating a litigant for

failure to comply with purge conditions, therefore, a trial court must determine that

this failure was deliberate. Harrell, 284 Ga. App. at 399 (3). Put another way, given

the requirements of due process, a trial “court cannot assume that [any] failure” to

comply with purge conditions “will be unjustifiable.” Steele, 182 Ga. App. at 680.

Instead, the court “must examine the circumstances [of the failure] retrospectively [,

which] means affording [the party in contempt] an opportunity to explain the

circumstances” of his failure to purge. Id. See also Tenet Healthcare, 273 Ga. at 211.

As the foregoing demonstrates, where a court finds a party to be in contempt

but also provides that the contempt may be purged by meeting certain conditions, the

court must afford the party in question a hearing to determine whether the purge

conditions have been met before it can order the party’s incarceration.

7 Because the

order in this case failed to satisfy these requirements, we must vacate that order. See

Harrell, 284 Ga. App. at 399 (3) (reversing order of incarceration where trial court

7 We note that if, at the close of such a hearing, the trial court finds that the

purge conditions have not been met, it may order the immediate incarceration of the

party in question.

12
failed to provide litigants with a hearing on whether they had failed to comply with

the purge conditions contained in the court’s prior order of contempt). Cf. Blake v.

Spears, 254 Ga. App. 21, 24 (3) (561 SE2d 173) (2002) (affirming order of

incarceration where trial court gave litigant opportunity to purge himself of contempt

and subsequently held a hearing as to whether the party had met the purge

requirements and whether any failure to do so was willful);Cook v. Rowland, 221 Ga.

App. 835, 836 (472 SE2d 444) (1996) (affirming a finding of contempt and order of

incarceration; order was entered following a hearing, at which the trial court found

that the party had willfully refused to comply with the previously entered court order

requiring that he respond to post-judgment discovery requests).

For the reasons explained above, we vacate the Contempt Order and remand

the case for the entry of a new order. Because Rocker has not challenged the finding

of contempt, no hearing is necessary before entry of the new order. That order,

however, must identify with reasonable specificity the documents (or categories of

13
documents) which Rocker is required to produce to purge himself of contempt,

8

give

Rocker some amount of time to comply with the purge conditions,

9

 and provide for

a hearing to determine whether Rocker has complied with those conditionsin a timely

fashion and, if not, whether hisfailure to do so was willful. Should the trial court then

find that Rocker has willfully failed to comply fully with any purge conditions, it may

8 We note that given the breadth of some of the Bank’s discovery requests,

merely incorporating by reference the requests to produce to which the order is

referring (e.g., all documents requested in the subpoena of July 24, 2015) may not

provide the requisite specificity. For example, one of the categories of documents

requested in the July 2015 subpoena is “[a]ny and all documents, contracts, or

proposed contracts relating to the sale or purchase of any goods or services by

[Rocker] for the period January 1, 2010 to the present.” (Emphasis supplied.) Taken

to its logical extreme, this request could be interpreted as asking Rocker to produce

documentation for every purchase he has made from the grocery store, drugstore, or

gas station since January 1, 2010. 

9

 In deciding what amount of time is reasonable under the circumstances, the

trial court may take into consideration the amount of time already afforded Rocker

to produce any requested documents.

14
exercise its contempt powers under OCGA § 15-6-8 (5)

10

and it may also enter an

award of attorney fees to the extent such fees are allowed under relevant law.11

Judgment vacated and case remanded.McFadden, P. J., andBethel, J., concur.

10 We note that because Rocker has not appealed the finding of contempt, the

trial court could rely on that finding to order Rocker’s immediate incarceration, with

hisrelease conditioned upon satisfaction of the purge conditions. See Gay v. Gay, 268

Ga. 106, 107 (2) (485 SE2d 187) (1997); Ensley v. Ensley, 239 Ga. 860, 861-862 (238

SE2d 920) (1977); OCGA § 15-6-8 (5). Should the new order provide for Rocker’s

immediate incarceration, however, then the purge conditions would have to be based

solely on the Production Order and could not encompass any additional discovery

requests served on Rocker by the Bank. This limitation results from the fact that the

unchallenged contempt finding is based on Rocker’s failure to comply with the

Production Order and not on Rocker’s alleged failure to comply with any other

discovery requests. 

11 The vacated order included an award of attorney fees under OCGA § 9-15-14

(b). In a recent decision, however, this Court found that OCGA § 9-15-14 did not

apply in the context of a post-judgment discovery dispute. See RL BB ACQ I-GA

CVL, LLC v. Workman, 341 Ga. App. 127, 135 (798 SE2d 677) (2017). The Supreme

Court of Georgia has now granted certiorari on this question. See Workman v. RL BB

ACQ I-GA CVL, LLC, Case No. S17C1485 (Aug. 28, 2017).

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