# 2006 Community Water

System Survey

Volume II :

Detailed Tables and

Survey Methodology

# Cover Photo: The Gaffney Board of Public Works Water Tower, Gaffney, South Carolina

The Gaffney Board of Public Works Water Tower, or “Peachoid” as it is known, stands 135 feet tall and

holds one million gallons of water. The tank was commissioned to be built in 1980. Contractors took

fi ve months to design and mold the steel. A seven-ton, 60-feet long leaf was applied to one side. Peter

Freudenburg, an artist specializing in super-graphics and murals spent hours inspecting real peaches to

use as a model to paint the tank. Fifty gallons of paint in twenty colors were required to complete the

project. EPA wishes to thank the Board for participating in this survey, for allowing us to acknowledge

this fact and for providing us with the cover photo.

Photo by Kim Fortner of the Gaffney Board of Public Works



# Of fi ce of Water (4606M)

EPA 815-R-09-002

May 2009

www.epa.gov/safewater

# 2006 Community Water

System Survey

Volume II : Detailed Tables and

Survey Methodology

# Contents

Part 1: Detailed Survey Results ............................................................................................... .................... 1

Interpreting the Survey Results

................................................................................................ ................. 3

Notes on Interpreting the Detailed Tables ......................................................................................

.......... 5

Detailed Tables ............................................................................................................... ........................ 9

Part 2: Methodology Report.................................................................................................... ................. 221

1. Introduction................................................................................................................ ....................... 223

1.1 Study Background ............................................................................................................... .... 223

1.2 Survey Overview ................................................................................................................ ..... 223

2. Sample Design and Weighting................................................................................................. ......... 227

2.1 Sample Design and Selection .................................................................................................. 22 7

2.1.1 SDWIS Sampling Frame and Coverage ......................................................................... 227

2.1.2 Sample Design and Selection..........................................................................................228

2.1.3 Stratum Migration........................................................................................................... 230

2.2 Weighting and Estimation ....................................................................................................... 233

2.2.1 Derivation of Base Weight and Non-response Adjustment ............................................ 233

2.2.2 Variance Estimation........................................................................................................ 235

3. Survey Design and Response .................................................................................................. .......... 239

3.1 Questionnaire Design ........................................................................................................... ... 239

3.2 Data Verification .............................................................................................................. ... 239

3.3 The Pilot Test ................................................................................................................. ......... 240

3.4 Site Visit Op erations.......................................................................................................... ...... 240

3.5 Self-administered Survey Administration ............................................................................... 241

3.6 Data Entry..................................................................................................................... ........... 242

3.7 Survey Response ................................................................................................................ ..... 245

4. Quality Assurance and Peer Review .......................................................................................... ...... 247

i

# 4.1 Draft Questionnaire Pre-test and Survey Pilot Test

................................................................. 247

4.1.1 Pre-test

....................................................................................................................... ..... 247

4.1.2 Pilot Test

..................................................................................................................... .... 247

4.2 Sampling Quality Assurance

................................................................................................... 24 8

4.3 Data Collection Quality Assurance

......................................................................................... 248

4.4 Expert Review of Responses

................................................................................................... 250

4.5 Data Processing Quality Assurance

......................................................................................... 248

4.5.1 Data Entry

..................................................................................................................... .. 248

4.5.2 Automated Data Validatio n Checks

................................................................................ 249

4.5.3 Database Quality Assurance

........................................................................................... 249

4.5.4 Tabulation Quality Assurance

......................................................................................... 250

4.6 Quality Assurance during Report Preparation

......................................................................... 251

4.7 Peer Review

.................................................................................................................... ......... 251

Appendix: Community Water System Survey Questionnaire

................................................................. 253

ii

# List of Tables

(Tables are by primary source of water and system service population, unless otherwise noted.)

Table Description

Table 1 Crosswalk from SDWIS to CWS Survey 2006 Sample

Table 2 Number and Percentages of Systems b y Primary Water Source

Table 3 Number and Percentages of Systems by SDWIS Water Source

Table 4 Numb er of System s by Type of Ownership

Table 5 Number of Systems by Ownership and Wate r Source

Table 6 Percentage of Systems with Access to Comp uters, Peripherals, and the Internet

Table 7 Average Daily Flow for Public Systems by Primary Water Source

Table 8 Average Daily Flow for Privat e Systems by Primary Wate r Source

Table 9 Average Dail y Flow For All Systems by Primary Water Source

Table 10 Average Annual Flow for Public and Private Systems

Table 11 Annual Water Deliveries and Unac cou nted for Water by Ownership

Table 12 Annual Deliveries per Customer Service Connection by Ownership

Table 13 Average Number of Entry Points to the Distribution System

Table 14 Number and Percentage of Systems Selling to Other Public Water Suppliers

Table 15 Water Systems Not Providing Any Treatment

Table 16 Ground Water Entry Points Not Re ceiving Treatment

Table 17 Treatm ent Plants pe r System

Table 18 Number of Wells Treated per Treatment Plant

Table 19 Treatment Plant Flow Characteristics

Table 20 Ratio of Design Capacity to Average and Peak Daily Production

Table 21 Treatment Objectives by Population

Table 22 Treatment Objectives by Daily Flow

Table 23 Treatment Schemes by Population

Table 24 Treatment Schemes by Daily Flow

Table 25 Treatment Practices for Su rface Water Plants by Population

Table 26 Treatment Practices for Surface Water Plants by Daily Flow

Table 27 Treatment Practices for Ground Water Plants by Popu lation

Table 28 Treatm ent Practices for Ground Water Plants by Daily Flow

Table 29 Disinfection Practi ce s and Objectives by Population

Table 30 Disinfectio n Practi ces and Objectives by Daily Flow

Table 31 Surface Water Residual Managem ent P rocesses by Treatment Scheme

Table 32 Ground Water Residual Managem ent Processe s by Treatment Scheme

Table 33 Mixed Water Residual Management Proces ses by an d Treatment Scheme

Table 34 All Water Plants Residual Management Processes by Treatment Scheme

Table 35 Surface Water Residual Management Proc esse s by Daily Flow and Treatment Scheme

Table 36 Ground Water Residual Manag ement P roc esses by Daily Flow and Treatment Scheme

Table 37 Mixed Water Residual Management Pro c esses by Daily Flow and Treatment Scheme

Table 38 All Water Plants Residual Management Processes by Daily Flow and Treatment Scheme

Table 39 Plants With Specific Discharge O ptions by Population and Treatment Scheme

Table 40 Plants With Specific Discharge O p tions by Daily Flow and Treatment Scheme

Table 41 Raw Water Concentration of Vari ous Contaminants in Very Large S y stems

Table 42 Finished Water Concentration of Various Contaminants in Very Large Systems

Table 43 Percentag e o f Systems Using Each Treatment Scheme



# iii

# Table Description

Table 44 Treated-Water Storage Information

Table 45 Storage Capacity past the First Re sidential Customer by Type of Vessel

Table 46 Practices to Maintain Water Quality in Storage Vessels

Table 47 Systems that Want Additi onal Information about Practices

Table 48 Distribution System and Transmission Line Summary

Table 49 Average Size of Pipe in Distributio n and Transmission Systems by Ownership

Table 50 Pressure Zones and Boost er Di sinfection Practices

Table 51 Number of Pressure Losses

Table 52 System Flushing Practices

Table 53 Seasonal Disinfection Residuals fo r Entry Points and Distribution Systems

Table 54 Water Security Awareness and Security Barriers by Ownership

Table 55 Water Security Awareness and Security Barriers by Adjusted Population Categories

Table 56 Service Connections Profile by Ownership

Table 57 Population Served by Ownership

Table 58 Total Water System Revenue and Revenue Per Thousand Gallons by Source

Table 59 Total Water System Revenue by Ownership

Table 60 Total Water System Revenue by Source , Excluding Zero Revenue

Table 61 Total Water System Revenue by Ownership, Excluding Zero Revenue

Table 62 Reven ue if Reportin g Positive Revenue and Expenses by Ownership

Table 63 Systems with Each Type of Revenue Source by Ownership

Table 64 Percentage Received From Each Type o f Revenue Source by Ownership

Table 65 Average Revenue of Systems Serving 10,000 or fe we r

Table 66 Percentage of Revenue from Each Customer Category by Ownership

Table 67 Total Revenue in Dollars per Thousand Gallons Delivered by Ownership

Table 68 Water Sales in Dollars per Thousand Gallons Delivered by Ownership

Table 69 Water Sales in Dollars per Thousand Gallons by Ownership and Customer Class

Table 70 Annual Residential Revenue per Connection by Ownership

Table 71 Residential Rate Structur e and Billing Profile by Ownership

Table 72 Non-Residential Rate Structure and Billing Profile by Ownership

Table 73 Programs for Lower Cost Drinking Wate r for Low-in come Households by Ownership

Table 74 Seasonal Populations by Own ership

Table 75 Total Expenses by Source

Table 76 Total Expenses in Dollars per 10 00 Gallons Delivered by Source

Table 77 Total Expenses by Ownership

Table 78 Total Expenses in Dollars per 10 00 Gallons Delivered by Ownership

Table 79 Expense s if Reporting Po siti ve Reven ue and Expenses by Ownership

Table 80 Expense Breakdown by Ma jor Categories by Ownership

Table 81 Ratio of Total Revenu e to Total Expenses by Ownership

Table 82 Ratio of Total Revenue to Total Expenses by Private Systems

Table 83 Average System Revenue and Expen se s by Type of Revenue and Expense

Table 84 Number of Employees an d Annual Labor Costs by Source

Table 85 Numb er of Employee s and Annual Labor Cost s by Owne rship

Table 86 Percentage of Systems with Major Capita l Investment in the Past 5 Years by Source

Table 87 Percentag e of Systems with Major Capital Investment in the Past 5 Years by Ownership

Table 88 Amount of Major Capital Investm ent in the Past 5 Years by Sou rce

Table 89 Amount of Major Capital Investm ent in the Past 5 Years by O w nership

Table 90 Percentage of Systems Ma king Maj or Capital Investments by Sou r ce and Type



# iv

# Table Description

Table 91 Percentage of Systems Making Major Capital Investments by Ownership and Type

Table 92 Average Amount of Major Capital Inve stment Allocated Year s by Source an d Type

Table 93 Average Amo unt of Major Capital Invest ment Allocate d Years by Ownership and Type

Table 94 Allocation of Major Capital Investm ents of Average Systems by So urce and Typ e

Table 95 Allocation of Major Capital Investments of Average Systems by Ow ne rship and Type

Table 96 Allocation of Major Capital Inve stments Nation ally by Source an d Type

Table 97 Allocation of Major Capital Invest ments Nationally by Owne rship a nd Type

Table 98 Percentage of Systems Making Maj or Capi tal Investments by Ownership and Purpose

Table 99 Amount of Major Capital Investment Allocated by Ownership and Purpose

Table 100 Allocation of Major Capital Investment s of Average Systems by Ownership and Purpose

Table 101 Allocation of Major Capital Invest ments Nationally by Ownership and Purpose

Table 102 Percentage of Systems Acquirin g Capi tal Funds from Each Source by Ownership

Table 103 Amount of Capital Funds Acquired from Each Sou rce in the Past 5 Years

Table 104 Allocation of Sources of Funds for Ma jor Capital Investments of the Average System

Table 10 5 Allocation of Sources of Funds for Major Capital Investment s Nationally

Table 106 Average Interest Rates for Capital Funds

Table 10 7 Asset Ma nagement Plans



# v

# Part 1:

Detailed Survey Results

1

# Interpreting the Survey Results

This volume presents extensive and de tailed tabulations of the wide vari ety of data collected by the 2006

Community Water System (CWS) Survey. The tables in this volume summarize the survey results at

very fine levels, breaking out the data by eight diffe rent population size categories of water systems, and

then further breaking out each size category by other system characteristics, such as type of ownership or

primary water source.

The report consists of 107 summary tables, many of which include confidence in tervals for each estimate

presented. In these tables, each conf idence interval appears immediatel y below the calculation to which it

applies. Please fam ili arize yourself with the interpretive notes when you review the tables themselves.

The tabulations presented in this report are based on da ta collected from a sample of U.S. water systems

rather than a census of every water s ystem in the Un ited States. A confidence interval is one way to

gauge how precisely an estimate based on a sample of systems represents all water systems in the country.

Any result presented in a table must be viewed as the center of a range that would encompass the precise

number that would be found if every U.S. water syst em could have been included in the tabulation, and

not only those who were sampled and responded to th e survey. The confidence interval expresses this

range as a A " @ that is, as an amount to be added to and s ubtracted from the calculated data point actually

presented in the table. The size of the confidence inte rval is designed to include the true value in the

stated range 95 percent of the time; i.e., if we drew repeated samples and produced the confidence interval

for each sample, the interval would include the true value 95 percent of the time.

For example, Table 77 shows that the average annua l expenses of publicly owned water systems serving

more than 500,000 people are $187.6 million. Th e ta ble also shows the confidence interval for this

esti mate to be " $41.2 million. Thus, based on the sample of water systems, we can be 95 percent certain

that the average annual per capita expense of all public ly owned systems serving populations of over

500,000 is between $146.4 million and $228.8 million.

These tables always express the confidence interval in the sa me units as the calculation to which it

applies. Thus, in Table 9 the confidence interval num bers for average daily water flow represen t the sa me units as the base calculation, namely, millions of gall ons per day. In the sa me table, the confidence

interval numbers for the percentage of water deri ved from different sources are themselves expressed as

percentages. In all cases, the confidence interval may be directly added to and subtracted from the

corresponding calculation to determine the expected range.

These tables serve as a starting point for detailed analyses of the data. As shown in Volum e I, and as will

be apparent in many of the tables in this volume, water sy stem s are a diverse group. While the mean or

medians as measures of central tendency may be appropr iate statistics in some cases, in others further

detail will be required. As described in the notes be low, outliers were dropped from some of the analyses

to produce meaningful estimates of A typical @ systems. Additional adjustments may be necessary to

support other analyses. Some analyses may require the use of percentiles or other measures of the full

distribution of the data. Other analyses may need to exclude the tails of the distribution to characterize

typical systems. EPA will continue to analyze the data and present results to support its various

regulatory and policy development and implementation analyses.

Finally, several of the tables report results for water systems’ treatment plants and facilities. For this

report, a treatment plant or facility is any location where the water system takes steps to change the

quality of the water. It includes standard facilities th at are clearly recognized as treatment plants, such as

conventional filtration plants. It also includes sma ller facilities that may not be considered treatment

plants in other contexts; for example, a chemical feed on a well that adds chlorine to the water is

3

# considered a treatment facility in this report. Ther e is one exception to the general rule that all points

where the system makes changes to the water is a treatment facility. Systems that purchase water may

boost disinfection or adjust pH within their distribu tion system; these sites ar e not counted as treatment

facilities.

4

# Detailed Survey Result Tables

Notes on Interpreting the Detailed Tables

1. Weighted data . The survey results presented in the following tables are all based on weighted

data. As described in Chapter 2 of the methodol ogy report, each water sy stem contained in the

final survey database was assigned a sample weight. These weights are necessary because the

data are from a statistically representative sample of water systems, rather than from a census of

every water system in the U.S. In effect, each sampled system represents some number of similar

systems from the entire population of U.S. water systems; the number of systems so represented

is equal to the sample weight. When added up, th e weights of all systems in the final sample will

equal the total number of U.S. CWSs that meet th e eligibility definition used for the survey (e.g.,

Federal and state-owned systems were not included) . Thus, for the tables to represent all eligible

U.S. water systems, it is necessary to incorporate each system’s sample weight as an additional

factor in each calculation involving a data item reported by that system . Another way of

expressing this is to say that, when tabulating the data, each sampled system counts not just once

as itself, but counts as many times as the numerical amount of its weight. See section 2.2 for a

detailed discussion of the derivation of the sample weights.

2. Interpretation of Table Results . Each result presented in the ta bles is the weighted average of

the particular data item, for the group of wate r sy ste ms characterized by the row and column

headings labeling the table cell where the results a ppears. The survey data are tabulated so as to

facilitate analysis of water systems. In genera l, this means that the report tabulates all summary

results by calculating a given item for each system, factoring into that result the system’s

sampling weight, then presenting the mean of the weighted results for all the systems falling into

the respective table categories (as defined by th e table row and column headings). This has

significant implications when the calculation of a specific item requires deriving the result from

two or more survey variables, e.g., a ratio or a percentage breakdown of component amounts

within a total amount. For example, in the case of a ratio, the reported result is the average

(mean) of the ratios for each system, rather than the ratio of average values for each of the two

variables across systems. This approach treats every system in the universe equally, implying

that characteristics of the system are the primary unit of analysis. The alternate approach would

treat the content of the component variabl es in each table as the unit of analysis.

By way of example, consider two systems. One system produces 1,000,000 gallons per day, a nd

400,000 of those come from ground sources; hence, 40% of the system’s water comes from

ground sources. The other system produces 2,000, 000 gallons per day an d 1,600,000 of those

come from ground sources; hence, 80% of the systems water comes from ground sources. The

CWS Survey report would show a result that, on av erage, these two systems produce 60% of their

water from ground sources: (40%+80%)/ 2. If the alternate approach where chosen, gallons

would be the unit of analysis, and the calculati on would show that 67% of the water in those

systems comes from ground sources: (400,000+1, 600,000)/(1,000,000+2,0 00,000). (To focus

clearly on the point being illustrated, this example does not attempt to demonstrate the further

effect that the system sample weights have on the actual calculations.)

The report has adopted the former approach b ecause this initial view of the data is intended

primarily as an analysis of sy stem -level charact eristics. There are some exceptions to this

approach. Table 17 presents data on both level of the system and a water treatment plant (many

systems have more than one treatment plant, while some facilities have none). Tables 18 - 42

5

# present data on the level of a treatment plant. Tables 96, 97, 101, an d 105 present data on the

share of capital funds in the nation, rather than system averages.

3. Percentages summing to 100 percent . Some tables present absolute or percentage breakdowns

of the whole into its com ponents, e.g., br eakdow ns of total revenue into different customer

categories, such as Table 66. Logically, in such breakdowns, the line item amounts should sum to

the total amount, and line item percentages s hould sum to 100 percent. However, in some

instances, the tabulated results may not sum exac tly to the whole. To increase the precision of

each individual result, each component line item was calculated separately using all the data

available for the line item. Due to differentia l item non-response, some component variables may

actually have more or fewer observations available than other components. While including all

available data in the calculation of the component increases the precision of the tabulated result

for the component, it can cause a small reduction in consistency across components, since slightly

different systems may be represented in the di fferent calculations. EPA and the CWS Survey

analysts decided that the increased accuracy for each item outweighs the slight reduction in

consistency.

In a few tables, a series of percentages may validly sum to greater than 100%. This occurs when

more than one item may apply to the same system. For example, treatment plants may have more

than one treatment objective, so the percentage of plants with each objective will sum to more

than 100 percent. This situation is always noted on the table.

4. Confidence Intervals . The size of the confidence interval is designed to include the true value in

the stated range 95 percent of the time. Each c onfidence interval presented in Part 2 is based on

the assumption that the ave rage value re ported in a given table cell is normally distributed.

Calculations based on small numbers of systems may violate this assumption. In such cases the

reported confidence intervals will not be correct. Most of these can be identified by noticing

when the plus/minus confidence interval width is larger than, or almost as large as, the calculated

average itself. To compute correct confidence in tervals for such situations requires examination

of the empirical distributions for each variable in the tabulation and is beyond the scope of this

report.

The reader should take note of results where th e lower end of the c onfidence interval is below

zero, because negative numbers are not meaningful in any of the tabulations presented in this

report. Sim ilarly, for calculations of percen tages, high ends of ranges above 100% are not

meaningful. While the reader should be on the lookout for these conditions when any number is

near zero or any percentage is near 100%, they can occur at other times, particularly when the

confidence interval is large. As stated in not e 3, a series of percentages may validly sum to

greater than 100% in some tables, when more th an one item may apply to the same system. This

situation is not related to the issue of confid ence intervals extending an individual percentage

beyond 100%.

5. Treatment of outliers

. For several of the tables, one or two observations have values well above

the mean or even the 90 th 

# percentile. These outliers would tend to distort the estimates presented

in the table and would lead to a misrepresentation of the central tendency for the characteristics in

question. In cases like this, the outliers are droppe d from the analysis. A note is added at the

bottom of the table when outliers are dropped. Th e note also will show how the exclusion of the

outliers affects the estimate.

6

# 6. Interpretation of blank cells and cells with calculated results of zero

.

Empty Cells : Throughout the tables, some individual cells or blocks of continuous cells have an

asterisk, to denote the cell does not contain an est imate. Any empty cell or block of cells means

that there were no observations with data for the cell(s) in question. Generally, this occurs for

one of three reasons.

7 • There are no systems in the cell. The most common illustration of this occurs in all tables

that break out the data by ownership type. Wh en data are reported for ancillary systems, the

cells for the systems serving more than 3,300 people are always blank for ancillary systems,

since there are no ancillary sy stems in these size categories.

• The item does not apply to the group of systems belonging to that cell. For example, in Table

106, the cell for Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) loans for private systems

serving 100 or fewer people is empty. This is because no private systems of this size made

use of DWSRF loans.

• The item applies to the group of systems belonging to the cell, but no systems provided data

for the item (sometimes referred to as “missing data” in terms of the analytical data file and

as “item non-response” in terms of the data collecti on process that led to the final data file).

For example, in Table 16, none of the ground water systems serving 3,301 to 10,000

customers provided data on their number of wells per entry point, so these cells are empty on

the table.

It is not always possible to distinguish be tween the last two reasons from the information

available in the table. Sometimes the reason is apparent for the table itself. Often, however,

further analysis of the database would be needed to determine which particular reason is the basis

for a blank cell.

Zero Results : In discussing Table 106 above, it was noted that certain cells are blank for

customer categories of private systems. However, other tables have cells which specifically

report a zero result and are zero instead of blank. This illustrates an important distinction when

interpreting the tables. Blank cells and cells reporting a zero result are not the same, and should

not be interpreted as such. A reported result of zer o means that data were available to produce a

calculation, and the calculation resulted in a zero.

It should also be noted that occasionally a report of a zero result is a function of the level of

precision chosen as appropriate for presenting the data in a given table. In a few instances, items

appearing as zero results are actually very small numbers that round to zero within the precision

limits of the respective table.

Observations . The term “observations” refers to the actual number of sampled water systems

that provided data for a given tabulated item. Some tables present the number of observations on

which the tabulated results are based. In these as in all the tables, the results are still based on the

weighted data, not on the simple means of the un-weighted observations. The report of the

number of observations can be used as a very a pproximate indication of the sampling precision of

the tabulated result. Results based on a sma ll number of observations may not be precise

estimates of the universe of water systems represented by the sampling systems. They are 7.

included because they may be useful indicator s of areas worth further investigation.

# 8. Individual table notes . Additional specific notes and defin itions appear on individual tables.

8 The specific CWS Survey questionnaire item(s) on which each table is based are cited below the

table. The citation refers to the corr esponding question number(s) on the CWS Survey

questionnaire, which can be found in this report as an Appendix to the Methodology Report. The

citations are in the format “Q.#;” the questi on numbering is identical in both questionnaire

versions.

. Variables for row and column headings . In addition to the data sources for the specific

tabulations, several data items are used repeated ly throughout the tables as the break-out variables

for the table row and column headings. Their sources are not cited on the individual tables.

These items and their data sources are

• Population served, from question 21. If data were not reported in the survey, the population

data from the Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS) are used.

• Water source, from question 6.

• Ownership, from question 3. Note: for the sake of brevity in the table headings, privately

owned community water systems are labeled as “Private Systems” and publicly owned

community water systems are labeled as “Public Systems.” This use of the label “Public

Systems” should not be confused with the CFR definitional term Public Water System, which

is a broad class of water systems providing the public with piped dri nking water for human

consumption. A CWS means a public water system which serves at least 15 service

connections used by year-round r esidents or regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents.

(40 CFR 141.2)

• Treatment facility flow, from question 7.

For population served and water source, data from SDWIS are used if the system did not provide

the data in the survey. Approximately 20 per cent of the sample was assigned population data

from SDWIS because of missing or incomplete resp onses to the population served questions. An

additional 4 percent were assigne d source data from SDWIS.

0. Estimate of the number of systems in the nation . The report provides an estimate of the

national number of community water systems, 49,133, excluding federally owned systems, tribal

systems, and systems in the Trust Territories. This is a weighted estimate based on the sample

and responses to the survey regarding water source and the number of people served. Table 1 of

this Volume presents the count of systems by water source, system ownership, and population

served. It also shows the change in these cate gories since the 2000 CWS Survey. (The estimate of

the number of systems in 2000 is from Table 3 of Community Water System Survey 2000 Volume

II: Detailed Tables and Survey Methodology .)

1. Use of the terms expenses and expenditures . Systems use the terms expenses or expenditures

to refer to their spending. Private systems generally use the term “expenses” in accounting as a

term for the spending done by a system. Public systems refer to spending as “expenditures”; they

reserve the term “expense” for when a cost is in curred, and use the term “expenditure” for when

the spending takes place. Tables 62, 75-82, 91, 94, and 95 use the term expenses to report

spending by both public and private systems.

2

. Major capital investments . Systems provided information about major capital investments. 9

1

1

1

This includes spending on land, plant, and equi pmen t that is not part of routine maintenance.

# Detailed Tables

9

# 10Table 1Change in Estimated Number of Community Water Systems between 2000 and 2006System Service Population CategoryOwnership Type100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsPublic SystemsSystems in 2000489 3,556 6,694 2,560 1,080 124 143 9 14,655Systems in 20061,069 4,501 6,450 1,999 1,614 195 108 8 15,944Percentage change118.6 26.6 -3.6 -21.9 49.4 57.3 -24.5 -11.1 8.8Private SystemsSystems in 200011,267 9,590 2,276 511 259 12 17 1 23,933Systems in 20069,246 7,857 2,269 630 115 23 8 5 20,153Percentage change-17.9 -18.1 -0.3 23.3 -55.6 91.7 -52.9 400.0 -15.8All Ground Water SystemsSystems in 200011,756 13,146 8,970 3,071 1,339 136 160 10 38,588Systems in 200610,315 12,358 8,719 2,629 1,730 217 116 13 36,097Percentage change-12.3 -6.0 -2.8 -14.4 29.2 59.6 -27.5 30.0 -6.5Primarily Surface Water SystemsPublic SystemsSystems in 2000245 683 1,139 935 894 182 162 49 4,289Systems in 200662 245 895 779 809 206 222 55 3,272Percentage change-74.7 -64.1 -21.4 -16.7 -9.5 13.2 37.0 12.2 -23.7Private SystemsSystems in 2000588 453 73 73 95 28 16 4 1,330Systems in 2006277 365 173 86 117 25 44 8 1,093Percentage change-52.9 -19.4 137.0 17.8 23.2 -10.7 175.0 100.0 -17.8All Surface Water SystemsSystems in 2000833 1,136 1,212 1,008 989 210 178 53 5,619Systems in 2006339 610 1,068 864 925 231 266 63 4,366Percentage change-59.3 -46.3 -11.9 -14.3 -6.5 10.0 49.4 18.9 -22.3(Continued)11Table 1 (Cont.)Change in Estimated Number of Community Water Systems between 2000 and 2006System Service Population CategoryOwnership Type100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsPublic SystemsSystems in 2000* 1,513 3,449 819 568 109 89 19 6,566Systems in 2006373 1,102 2,430 839 634 137 91 24 5,630Percentage change* -27.2 -29.5 2.4 11.6 25.7 2.2 26.3 -14.3Private SystemsSystems in 200069 666 386 154 117 16 3 2 1,413Systems in 2006390 1,155 1,205 232 43 10 5 * 3,041Percentage change465.2 73.4 212.2 50.6 -63.2 -37.5 66.7 * 115.2All Purchased Water SystemsSystems in 200069 2,179 3,835 973 685 125 92 21 7,979Systems in 2006764 2,257 3,634 1,071 677 148 96 24 8,670Percentage change1,007.2 3.6 -5.2 10.1 -1.2 18.4 4.3 14.3 8.7All SystemsPublic SystemsSystems in 2000734 5,752 11,282 4,314 2,542 415 394 77 25,510Systems in 20061,505 5,848 9,775 3,617 3,057 538 421 86 24,847Percentage change105.0 1.7 -13.4 -16.2 20.3 29.6 6.9 11.7 -2.6Private SystemsSystems in 200011,924 10,709 2,735 738 471 56 36 7 26,676Systems in 20069,913 9,376 3,647 948 275 57 57 13 24,287Percentage change-16.9 -12.4 33.3 28.5 -41.6 1.8 58.3 85.7 -9.0All SystemsSystems in 200012,658 16,461 14,017 5,052 3,013 471 430 84 52,186Systems in 200611,418 15,224 13,421 4,564 3,332 596 478 100 49,133Percentage change-9.8 -7.5 -4.3 -9.7 10.6 26.5 11.2 19.0 -5.9Data:2000 Survey: Q.3, Q.72006 Survey: Q.3, Q.6* No purchased water systems of this size in sample.The counts of systems are weighted estimates based on the sample. Totals may not add due torounding.12Primary Water SourceGround Water Systems100% Ground WaterNumberPercentage of systems with this source designationby service populationPrimarily Ground WaterNumberPercentage of systems with this source designationby service populationSurface Water Systems100% Surface WaterNumberPercentage of systems with this source designationby service populationPrimarily Surface WaterNumberPercentage of systems with this source designationby service populationPurchased Water Systems100% Purchased WaterNumberPercentage of systems with this source designationby service populationPrimarily Purchased WaterNumberPercentage of systems with this source designationby service populationAllNumberPercentage of systems with this source designationby service populationSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes10,308 12,155 8,409 2,072 1,384 164 70 10 34,57090 80 63 45 42 27 15 10 707 203 310 558 346 54 47 3 1,5270 1 2 12 10 9 10 3 3319 566 756 646 601 146 170 32 3,2373 4 6 14 18 25 35 32 720 44 311 218 324 84 96 31 1,1290 0 2 510142031 2760 2,131 3,326 967 473 102 47 16 7,8237 14 25 21 14 17 10 16 163 126 308 103 204 46 49 8 8480 1 2 2 6 810 8 211,418 15,224 13,421 4,564 3,332 596 478 10049,133100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Data:Q.6Notes:Systems included in one of the Primarily Ground Water, Primarily Surface Water, or PrimarilyPurchased Water categories have their largest source in that category; however, theyhave more than one type of source.13Table 2Number and Percentage of SystemsBy Primary Water SourceSDWIS Water Source ClassificationSurface Water SystemsNumberPercentagePurchased Surface Water SystemsNumberPercentageGround Water Under the Direct Influence ofSurface Water (GWUDI) SystemsNumberPercentagePurchased GWUDI SystemsNumberPercentage100% Ground Water SystemsNumberPercentagePurchased Ground Water SystemsNumberPercentageAll SystemsNumberPercentageSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes139 379 908 985 1,118 251 299 68 4,1481 2 7 22 34 42 63 68 8643 1,776 2,639 1,426 681 143 89 17 7,4136 12 20 31 20 24 19 17 15200 231 221 48 55 5 6 * 7662 2 2 1 2 1 1 * 2* * * 2 * * 2 * 4* * * 0 * * 0 * 010,308 12,358 8,719 2,103 1,447 192 78 13 35,21790 81 65 46 43 32 16 13 72128 481 934 * 31 5 4 2 1,5851 3 7 * 1 1 1 2 311,418 15,224 13,421 4,564 3,332 596 478 10049,133100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Data:Q.6Notes:Reflects SDWIS classification of water systems, i.e., the hierarchy starting with surface water.Ifthe system receives any of its water from a surface source, it is considered a surface watersystem. The SDWIS hierarchy is: surface water, purchased surface water, ground water under thedirect influence (GWUDI) of surface water, purchased GWUDI, ground water, and purchased groundwater.14Table 3Number and Percentage of SystemsBy SDWIS Source ClassificationOwnership TypePublicly Owned SystemsOwned and operated by a government or public agencyOwned by a government or public agency and operated by a private contractorAll PublicPrivately Owned SystemsOperated for profit primarily as a water businessNot operated for profitOperated a necessary part of another business (i.e., ancillary systems)All PrivateAll SystemsAllSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes1,505 5,344 9,514 3,474 2,950 519 409 85 23,799504 261 143 106 19 12 2 1,0471,505 5,848 9,775 3,617 3,057 538 421 86 24,8471,019 2,161 1,661 299 168 34 53 12 5,4063,529 3,365 1,647 649 107 24 4 2 9,3275,365 3,851 338 * * * * * 9,5549,913 9,376 3,647 948 275 57 57 13 24,28711,418 15,224 13,421 4,564 3,332 596 478 100 49,133Data:Q.3Notes:Publicly owned systems include municipal systems, systems run as public enterprise funds, state-run systems, and special districts. It excludesfederal systems. Examples of privately owned systems not operated for profit are homeowners' associations and non-profit cooperatives. Privatelyowned systems that are a necessary part of another business are referred to as ancillary systems because the water business isnot the primarybusiness. The majority of ancillary systems are mobile home parks that provide water as one of a number of services for residents of the park.Table 4Number of SystemsBy Ownership15Ownership TypePublic SystemsPrimarily Ground Water SystemsPrimarily Surface Water SystemsPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsAll PublicPrivate SystemsPrimarily Ground Water SystemsPrimarily Surface Water SystemsPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsAll PrivateAll SystemsPrimarily Ground Water SystemsPrimarily Surface Water SystemsPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsAllSystem Service Population Category100101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes1,069 4,501 6,450 1,999 1,61462245 895 779 809373 1,102 2,430 839 6341,505 5,848 9,775 3,617 3,057195 108 8 15,944206222 55 3,272137 91 24 5,630538 421 86 24,8479,246 7,857 2,269 630277365173863901,1551,2052329,9139,3763,647948115 23 8 5 20,15311725 44 8 1,09343 10 5 * 3,041275 57 57 13 24,28710,315 12,358 8,719 2,629 1,7303396101,0688649257642,2573,6341,07167711,41815,22413,4214,564 3,332217 116 13 36,097231 266 63 4,366148 96 24 8,670596 478 100 49,133Data:Q.3, Q.6Notes:Table 5Number of SystemsBy Ownership and Primary Water Source16Table 6Percentage of Systems with Access to Computers, Peripherals, and the InternetBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 -501 -3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesGround Water SystemsPercentage of systems with access to computers for sending and receivinginformation74.2 79.3 91.8 90.4 93.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.3Of the systems with computers, the percentage that have:Microsoft Excel94.8 92.6 100.0 91.6 92.5 100.0 96.4 100.0 95.1Microsoft Access53.1 53.9 62.0 63.0 72.2 85.1 82.0 59.8 58.0CD drive98.3 96.3 98.5 87.5 92.5 100.0 96.4 100.0 96.5DVD player69.7 55.5 73.3 65.9 70.6 81.5 89.1 59.8 65.9Of the systems with a computer, the percentage with each type of internet access:High speed Internet (e.g., cable, DSL, wireless, T1)89.1 78.4 86.0 89.8 96.0 100.0 98.1 100.0 85.3Dial-up modem10.9 20.4 14.0 9.7 4.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 14.3No access0.0 1.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4Observations88 105 111 42 56 32 49 6 489Surface Water SystemsPercentage of systems with access to computers for sending and receivinginformation49.2 85.2 95.8 87.2 98.4 100.0 99.1 100.0 89.6Of the systems with computers, the percentage that have:Microsoft Excel95.9 98.5 97.2 90.9 97.4 100.0 94.1100.0 96.1Microsoft Access47.4 44.2 70.1 53.1 68.1 83.7 80.2 92.3 63.7CD drive90.8 98.6 98.4 93.9 98.7 97.8 92.6 100.0 96.9DVD player57.2 76.9 65.7 62.1 77.9 72.5 75.1 76.9 70.1Of the systems with a computer, the percentage with each type of internet access:High speed Internet (e.g., cable, DSL, wireless, T1)58.7 77.4 85.6 88.9 88.3 95.2 97.7 100.0 86.2Dial-up modem41.3 21.2 14.4 11.1 10.4 4.8 2.3 0.0 13.3No access0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5Observations49 67 78 48 68 44 101 36 491(Continued)17By Primary Water So100or Lessercentage of Systems with Access to ComputPurceSystem Se101 - 501 - 3,301500 3,30010,000ers, Peripherals, and thervic-Intee Population Categ10,001 - 50,001 -rnetor50,000 100,000y100,001-500,000Over500,000 All Sizes88.9 93.6 89.9 97.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.987.8 96.2 95.2 100.0 96.5 97.8 100.0 94.768.4 54.1 52.5 85.8 83.4 91.5 100.0 60.7100.0 100.0 80.8 90.6 96.5 98.0 100.0 96.866.4 64.2 66.9 76.4 76.4 80.9 87.1 68.575.7 82.6 79.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 81.124.3 9.4 20.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.50.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.423 48 19 17 23 37 10 185Primary Water SourcePurchased Water SystemsPercentage of systems with access to computers for sending and receivinginformation100.0Of the systems with computers, the percentage that have:Microsoft Excel100.0Microsoft Access49.3CD drive100.0DVD player84.6Of the systems with a computer, the percentage with each type of internet access:High speed Internet (e.g., cable, DSL, wireless, T1)67.9Dial-up modem32.1No access0.0Observations8All SystemsPercentage of systems with access to computers for sending and receivinginformationOf the systems with computers, the percentage that have:Microsoft Excel75.2 80.9 92.6 89.795.6100.0 99.5 100.0 84.7Microsoft Access95.3 92.1 98.7 92.3 95.4 99.195.4 100.0 95.1CD drive52.7 55.8 60.5 58.8 73.9 84.1 82.9 90.0 59.1DVD player98.3 97.0 98.9 87.2 93.8 98.3 94.6 100.0 96.6Of the systems with a computer, the percentage with each type of internet access:70.8 58.2 70.2 65.4 73.9 76.7 79.6 77.2 66.8High speed Internet (e.g., cable, DSL, wireless, T1)86.6 77.9 85.0 87.4 94.6 98.1 98.3 100.0 84.6Dial-up modem13.4 21.0 12.8 12.3 5.0 1.9 1.7 0.0 14.4No access0.0 1.0 2.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0Observations145 195 237 109 141 99 187 52 1,165Data:Q.4Notes:18Table 6 (Cont.)Table 7Average Daily Flow (MGD) for Public Water SystemsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water Systems100% Ground WaterAverage Daily Flow0.049 0.037 0.170 0.684 2.663 8.316 17.384 201.336 0.607Confidence interval+|- 0.050 +|- 0.009 +|- 0.039 +|- 0.158 +|- 0.722 +|- 2.411 +|- 3.789 +|- 73.824 +|- 0.114Primarily Ground WaterAverage Daily Flow* 0.029 0.292 1.349 5.664 9.106 39.614 165.945 4.736Confidence interval*+|- 0.000 +|- 0.183 +|- 0.883 +|- 4.609 +|- 2.861 +|- 11.021 +|- 29.336 +|- 2.159Percentage drawn from each source forPrimarily Ground Systems:% Ground Water* 99.5 69.0 81.7 77.4 85.9 68.9 99.9 78.6Confidence Interval*+|- 0.0 +|- 4.9 +|- 10.3 +|- 9.1 +|- 7.7 +|- 3.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.0% Surface Water* 0.0 8.3 5.0 16.2 3.6 11.1 0.0 9.0Confidence Interval*+|- 0.0 +|- 13.5 +|- 5.3 +|- 11.5 +|- 4.0 +|- 4.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.4% Purchased Water* 0.5 22.6 13.4 6.4 10.5 20.0 0.1 12.4Confidence Interval*+|- 0.0 +|- 18.3 +|- 10.0 +|- 4.2 +|- 8.2 +|- 4.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.2Observations11 38 82 46 58 35 51 5 326Primarily Surface Water Systems100% Surface WaterAverage Daily Flow0.018 0.064 0.215 1.024 3.003 9.116 25.883 178.086 5.527Confidence interval+|- 0.012 +|- 0.041 +|- 0.048 +|- 0.185 +|- 0.498 +|- 1.195 +|- 3.829 +|- 48.940 +|- 0.936Primarily Surface WaterAverage Daily Flow0.019 0.027 0.304 0.998 3.540 15.009 33.735 196.422 10.708Confidence interval+|- 0.000 +|- 0.015 +|- 0.212 +|- 0.324 +|- 0.886 +|- 4.647 +|- 4.493 +|- 44.197 +|- 3.279Percentage drawn from each source forPrimarily Surface Systems:% Ground Water14.6 8.3 19.8 8.4 13.0 11.1 10.6 6.7 13.8Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 7.1 +|- 6.3 +|- 7.6 +|- 5.8 +|- 6.4 +|- 2.6 +|- 3.2 +|- 3.4% Surface Water85.4 83.4 79.6 90.3 81.9 79.2 81.6 79.9 82.3Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 7.2 +|- 6.0 +|- 7.5 +|- 6.5 +|- 8.3 +|- 4.1 +|- 5.4 +|- 3.2% Purchased Water0.0 8.3 0.7 1.4 5.1 9.8 7.8 13.4 3.9Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 13.6 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.5 +|- 4.1 +|- 7.6 +|- 3.4 +|- 6.0 +|- 1.7Observations13 32 62 55 72 48 106 33 421(Continued)19Table 7 (Cont.)Average Daily Flow (MGD) for Public Water SystemsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water Systems100% Purchased WaterAverage Daily Flow0.018 0.032 0.272 0.575 2.968 13.652 24.374 110.083 1.278Confidence interval+|- 0.020 +|- 0.013 +|- 0.317 +|- 0.195 +|- 1.198 +|- 7.681 +|- 4.047 +|- 55.798 +|- 0.437Primarily Purchased WaterAverage Daily Flow* * 0.208 0.539 4.952 13.380 37.885 142.877 8.374Confidence interval* *+|- 0.220 +|- 0.362 +|- 2.127 +|- 4.254 +|- 6.358 +|- 41.514 +|- 3.994Percentage drawn from each source forPrimarily Purchased Systems:% Ground Water**16.6 18.2 3.4 11.4 19.4 5.6 12.0Confidence Interval** +|- 23.2 +|- 22.9 +|- 3.6 +|- 6.5 +|- 4.7 +|- 3.7 +|- 8.4% Surface Water**0.0 0.3 14.7 5.5 10.3 21.0 6.8Confidence Interval** +|- 0.0 +|- 0.7 +|- 15.2 +|- 5.3 +|- 4.6 +|- 12.5 +|- 6.2% Purchased Water**83.4 81.5 81.9 83.1 70.3 73.4 81.2Confidence Interval** +|- 23.2 +|- 22.9 +|- 14.0 +|- 8.1 +|- 4.8 +|- 10.6 +|- 9.3Observations3 13 33 22 23 28 44 13 179All SystemsAverage Daily Flow0.040 0.037 0.203 0.786 3.315 10.831 28.672 168.113 1.911Confidence Interval+|- 0.035 +|- 0.008 +|- 0.077 +|- 0.131 +|- 0.647 +|- 1.832 +|- 2.325 +|- 26.516 +|- 0.174Percentage drawn from each source:% Ground Water14.6 79.5 36.0 51.5 37.8 32.2 28.2 14.6 40.7Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 35.2 +|- 16.3 +|- 17.1 +|- 12.9 +|- 10.5 +|- 4.3 +|- 6.5 +|- 8.2% Surface Water85.4 18.3 36.7 25.9 37.4 37.5 42.4 59.7 34.6Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 32.2 +|- 21.2 +|- 13.6 +|- 10.6 +|- 11.0 +|- 5.9 +|- 8.2 +|- 7.8% Purchased Water0.0 2.2 27.3 22.6 24.8 30.3 29.3 25.7 24.7Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 4.2 +|- 21.5 +|- 14.9 +|- 12.6 +|- 10.6 +|- 4.8 +|- 8.1 +|- 8.1Observations27 83 177 123 153 111 201 51 926Data:Q.6Notes:Flow is the amount of water drawn from each source. It includes water delivered to customers andsystem losses.20Table 8Average Daily Flow (MGD) for Private Water SystemsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water Systems100% Ground WaterAverage Daily Flow0.007 0.021 0.093 0.855 1.580 14.463 27.711 17.038 0.066Confidence interval+|- 0.002 +|- 0.005 +|- 0.026 +|- 0.373 +|- 0.422 +|- 14.896 +|- 12.607+|- 0.000+|- 0.020Primarily Ground WaterAverage Daily Flow0.011 * 0.147 0.641 3.146 5.648 37.250 * 1.247Confidence interval+|- 0.000*+|- 0.000 +|- 0.224 +|- 1.588 +|- 5.444 +|- 9.999*+|- 0.815Percentage drawn from each source forPrimarily Ground Systems:% Ground Water99.7 * 66.5 87.4 60.3 54.0 69.0 * 79.6Confidence Interval+|- 0.0*+|- 0.0 +|- 6.0 +|- 2.4 +|- 0.5 +|- 2.6*+|- 8.7% Surface Water0.3 * 0.0 0.5 24.5 12.8 30.6 * 2.6Confidence Interval+|- 0.0*+|- 0.0 +|- 1.1 +|- 21.5 +|- 20.9 +|- 2.3*+|- 3.4% Purchased Water0.0 * 33.5 12.1 15.2 33.2 0.3 * 17.8Confidence Interval+|- 0.0*+|- 0.0 +|- 6.2 +|- 21.1 +|- 20.3 +|- 0.3*+|- 9.4Observations68 61 27 12 7 4 4 1 184Primarily Surface Water Systems100% Surface WaterAverage Daily Flow0.021 0.030 0.301 0.569 4.005 7.674 23.717 110.103 1.043Confidence interval+|- 0.010 +|- 0.010 +|- 0.193 +|- 0.241 +|- 1.937 +|- 3.775 +|- 5.327 +|- 0.000 +|- 0.542Primarily Surface WaterAverage Daily Flow0.003 3.424 * 1.115 3.538 7.687 18.200 93.348 9.554Confidence interval+|- 0.002 +|- 4.164*+|- 0.000 +|- 1.982 +|- 2.687 +|- 5.567 +|- 51.678 +|- 3.947Percentage drawn from each source forPrimarily Surface Systems:% Ground Water11.1 43.0 * 32.6 13.8 16.6 1.0 2.9 18.0Confidence Interval+|- 18.2 +|- 10.4*+|- 0.0 +|- 14.3 +|- 21.1 +|- 1.0 +|- 2.8 +|- 9.0% Surface Water83.8 57.0 * 67.4 84.2 79.9 93.4 91.4 79.6Confidence Interval+|- 15.3 +|- 10.4*+|- 0.0 +|- 13.7 +|- 16.7 +|- 4.8 +|- 9.3 +|- 8.3% Purchased Water5.0 0.0 * 0.0 2.0 3.5 5.6 5.7 2.5Confidence Interval+|- 7.4 +|- 0.0*+|- 0.0 +|- 2.6 +|- 4.8 +|- 5.3 +|- 6.5 +|- 1.7Observations31 29 11 6 11 6 15 5 114(Continued)21Table 8 (Cont.)Average Daily Flow (MGD) for Private Water SystemsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water Systems100% Purchased WaterAverage Daily Flow0.008 0.024 0.125 0.426 0.790 12.245 6.655 * 0.163Confidence interval+|- 0.008 +|- 0.017 +|- 0.044 +|- 0.130 +|- 0.000 +|- 0.330 +|- 0.000*+|- 0.081Primarily Purchased WaterAverage Daily Flow0.007 0.022 0.699 * 1.830 * * * 0.447Confidence interval+|- 0.000 +|- 0.000 +|- 0.749*+|- 0.000***+|- 0.567Percentage drawn from each source forPrimarily Purchased Systems:% Ground Water0.0 10.0 3.6 * 0.0 * * * 6.1Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.0*+|- 0.0***+|- 3.8% Surface Water17.9 0.0 0.0 * 47.2 * * * 2.1Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0*+|- 0.0***+|- 4.1% Purchased Water82.1 90.0 96.4 * 52.8 * * * 91.7Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.0*+|- 0.0***+|- 4.7Observations5 9 14 4 2 2 1 0 37All SystemsAverage Daily Flow0.007 0.031 0.139 0.676 2.536 9.638 20.846 65.673 0.198Confidence Interval+|- 0.002 +|- 0.018 +|- 0.054 +|- 0.183 +|- 0.749 +|- 3.708 +|- 4.667 +|- 42.005 +|- 0.029Percentage drawn from each source:% Ground Water39.7 15.0 24.8 84.0 21.8 31.2 13.0 2.9 38.5Confidence Interval+|- 46.0 +|- 10.3 +|- 34.5 +|- 8.6 +|- 16.1 +|- 19.2 +|- 11.6 +|- 2.8 +|- 18.8% Surface Water44.3 8.6 0.0 4.7 66.7 53.6 82.3 91.4 17.0Confidence Interval+|- 38.7 +|- 17.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.2 +|- 17.3 +|- 32.1 +|- 10.3 +|- 9.3 +|- 10.1% Purchased Water15.9 76.5 75.2 11.3 11.5 15.1 4.7 5.7 44.5Confidence Interval+|- 25.2 +|- 27.6 +|- 34.5 +|- 6.0 +|- 12.8 +|- 17.0 +|- 4.6 +|- 6.5 +|- 22.9Observations104 99 52 22 20 12 20 6 335Data:Q.6Notes:Flow is the amount of water drawn from each source. It includes water delivered to customers andsystem losses.22Primary Water SourcePrimarily Ground Water Systems100% Ground WaterAverage Daily FlowConfidence intervalPrimarily Ground WaterAverage Daily FlowConfidence intervalPercentage drawn from each source forPrimarily Ground Systems:% Ground WaterConfidence Interval% Surface WaterConfidence Interval% Purchased WaterConfidence IntervalObservationsPrimarily Surface Water Systems100% Surface WaterAverage Daily FlowConfidence intervalPrimarily Surface WaterAverage Daily FlowConfidence intervalPercentage drawn from each source forPrimarily Surface Systems:% Ground WaterConfidence Interval% Surface WaterConfidence Interval% Purchased WaterConfidence IntervalObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes0.012 0.027 0.151 0.710 2.586 8.715 18.031 104.015 0.313+|- 0.006 +|- 0.005 +|- 0.030 +|- 0.145 +|- 0.675 +|- 2.572 +|- 3.669 +|- 92.488 +|- 0.0500.011 0.029 0.256 1.090 5.525 8.650 39.418 165.945 3.960+|- 0.000 +|- 0.000 +|- 0.150 +|- 0.601 +|- 4.347 +|- 2.749 +|- 10.134 +|- 29.326 +|- 1.65699.7 99.5 68.4 83.8 76.4 81.7 68.9 99.9 78.8+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.8 +|- 6.9 +|- 8.6 +|- 8.5 +|- 3.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.00.3 0.0 6.2 3.4 16.7 4.8 12.8 0.0 7.6+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 10.7 +|- 3.3 +|- 11.0 +|- 4.2 +|- 4.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.40.0 0.5 25.3 12.9 6.9 13.5 18.3 0.1 13.6+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 14.5 +|- 6.7 +|- 4.1 +|- 9.1 +|- 4.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.479 99 109 58 65 39 55 6 5100.021 0.044 0.232 0.980 3.101 8.982 25.721 174.508 4.301+|- 0.009 +|- 0.021 +|- 0.054 +|- 0.169 +|- 0.491 +|- 1.134 +|- 3.548 +|- 46.473 +|- 0.8090.009 1.741 0.304 1.007 3.539 14.051 30.431 174.722 10.549+|- 0.008 +|- 2.614 +|- 0.212 +|- 0.299 +|- 0.803 +|- 4.161 +|- 4.081 +|- 38.059 +|- 2.85512.4 25.8 19.8 10.2 13.2 11.8 8.7 5.9 14.4+|- 11.7 +|- 16.8 +|- 6.3 +|- 7.8 +|- 5.4 +|- 6.2 +|- 2.3 +|- 2.6 +|- 3.284.4 70.1 79.6 88.5 82.4 79.3 83.9 82.3 81.9+|- 9.8 +|- 13.5 +|- 6.0 +|- 7.6 +|- 5.8 +|- 7.5 +|- 3.4 +|- 4.8 +|- 3.03.2 4.1 0.7 1.3 4.5 8.9 7.4 11.8 3.7+|- 5.4 +|- 7.6 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.4 +|- 3.3 +|- 6.7 +|- 2.9 +|- 4.9 +|- 1.544 61 73 61 83 54 121 38 535(Continued)23Table 9Average Daily Flow (MGD) for Public and Private Water SystemsBy Primary Water SourceAverage Daily Flow (MGD) for Public and Private Water SystemsPrimary Water SourcePrimarily Purchased Water Systems100% Purchased WaterAverage Daily FlowConfidence intervalPrimarily Purchased WaterAverage Daily FlowConfidence intervalPercentage drawn from each source forPrimarily Purchased Systems:% Ground WaterConfidence Interval% Surface WaterConfidence Interval% Purchased WaterConfidence IntervalObservationsAll SystemsAverage Daily FlowConfidence IntervalPercentage drawn from each source:% Ground WaterConfidence Interval% Surface WaterConfidence Interval% Purchased WaterConfidence IntervalObservationsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes0.013 0.028 0.225 0.545 2.823 13.509 22.430 110.083 0.898+|- 0.012 +|- 0.011 +|- 0.214 +|- 0.159 +|- 1.141 +|- 6.896 +|- 4.746 +|- 55.780 +|- 0.2820.007 0.022 0.452 0.539 4.772 13.380 37.885 142.877 5.625+|- 0.000 +|- 0.000 +|- 0.451 +|- 0.362 +|- 2.047 +|- 4.248 +|- 6.356 +|- 41.523 +|- 2.7830.0 10.0 10.2 18.2 3.2 11.4 19.4 5.6 10.0+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 13.3 +|- 22.9 +|- 3.4 +|- 6.5 +|- 4.7 +|- 3.7 +|- 5.817.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 16.6 5.5 10.3 21.0 5.2+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.7 +|- 14.9 +|- 5.3 +|- 4.6 +|- 12.5 +|- 4.582.1 90.0 89.8 81.5 80.2 83.1 70.3 73.4 84.9+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 13.3 +|- 22.8 +|- 13.6 +|- 8.1 +|- 4.8 +|- 10.6 +|- 6.98 22 47 26 25 30 45 132160.012 0.033 0.186 0.767 3.250 10.725 27.907 154.287 1.106+|- 0.006 +|- 0.011 +|- 0.058 +|- 0.113 +|- 0.598 +|- 1.694 +|- 2.168 +|- 26.076 +|- 0.09034.3 40.9 33.2 59.9 36.2 32.1 26.4 12.8 40.2+|- 38.3 +|- 47.6 +|- 15.3 +|- 13.4 +|- 11.8 +|- 9.6 +|- 4.2 +|- 5.5 +|- 7.753.2 12.5 27.4 20.4 40.5 39.1 47.1 64.6 30.6+|- 35.4 +|- 17.0 +|- 16.9 +|- 10.2 +|- 10.1 +|- 10.3 +|- 5.7 +|- 7.4 +|- 6.812.5 46.6 39.5 19.7 23.4 28.8 26.5 22.6 29.2+|- 20.2 +|- 52.2 +|- 20.8 +|- 11.4 +|- 11.4 +|- 9.7 +|- 4.3 +|- 7.1 +|- 8.9131 182 229 145 173 123 221 57 1,261Data:Q.6Notes:Flow is the amount of water drawn from each source. It includes water delivered to customers andsystem losses.24Table 9 (Cont.)SourceGround Water SourcesAverage Annual FlowConfidence IntervalPercentage systems with ground water sourcesSurface Water SourcesAverage Annual FlowConfidence IntervalPercentage systems with surface water sourcesGWUDI SourcesAverage Annual FlowConfidence IntervalPercentage systems with GWUDI sourcesUnknown Surface Water SourcesAverage Annual FlowConfidence IntervalPercentage systems with unknown surface watersourcesPurchased Finished Ground WaterAverage Annual FlowConfidence IntervalPercentage systems with purchased finishedground waterPurchased Partial/Untreated Ground WaterAverage Annual FlowConfidence IntervalPercentage systems with purchasedpartial/untreated ground waterPurchased Finished Surface WaterAverage Annual FlowConfidence IntervalPercentage systems with purchased finishedsurface waterSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes4.3 11.1 53.1 260.8 917.8 2,382.9 5,274.0 19,276.3 161.5+|- 2.2 +|- 2.9 +|- 10.1 +|- 59.8 +|- 232.5 +|- 507.5 +|- 893.5 +|- 7,402.3 +|- 21.780.0 77.4 68.1 57.8 60.0 49.8 44.7 36.0 71.77.2 20.5 85.4 316.3 1,097.7 3,290.2 8,467.9 54,027.7 2,167.6+|- 4.0 +|- 10.2 +|- 23.8 +|- 59.0 +|- 269.8 +|- 517.2 +|- 807.4 +|- 9,662.1 +|- 246.01.1 2.2 6.3 18.7 31.9 41.3 58.4 67.6 7.87.0 67.6 78.6 159.6 511.2 1,026.8 5,667.9 2,175.8 279.7+|- 4.5 +|- 122.3 +|- 57.9 +|- 54.5 +|- 459.2 +|- 711.7 +|- 1,867.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 148.01.8 1.5 1.9 1.3 2.4 4.0 4.8 1.6 1.8* * * * * 1,398.0 3,498.0* 1,973.1* * * * * +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0* +|- 930.90.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.02.1 3.6 40.9 44.3 242.5 796.8 2,158.4 320.2 78.6+|- 0.0 +|- 3.2 +|- 19.7 +|- 33.4 +|- 343.7 +|- 1,001.9 +|- 1,143.9 +|- 301.2 +|- 43.31.1 3.7 9.9 1.0 3.9 5.9 5.5 6.4 4.6* * * * 365.0 5.0 3,657.3 8,529.8 3,188.0* * * * +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 2,358.5 +|- 2,678.5 +|- 1,928.60.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 2.2 3.1 0.05.3 11.9 100.9 133.3 917.4 3,374.9 5,324.2 23,575.3 427.9+|- 5.1 +|- 4.4 +|- 98.6 +|- 46.6 +|- 330.1 +|- 1,533.6 +|- 863.0 +|- 7,315.1 +|- 111.35.6 10.8 19.1 29.4 23.3 30.1 29.7 25.9 14.9(Continued)25Table 10Average Annual Flow for Public and Private Systems (Millions of Gallons per Year)From Each Source TypeAverage Annual Flow for Public and Private SysteFrom Each Source TS100 101 - 501 -Ownership Typeor Less 5003,300Purchased Partial/Untreated Surface WaterAverage Annual Flow5.9 6.9 218.0Confidence Interval+|- 5.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0Percentage systems with purchasedpartial/untreated surface water0.1 0.1 0.1Purchased Finished GWUDI WaterAverage Annual Flow* * *Confidence Interval* * *Percentage systems with purchased finished GUDIwater0.0 0.0 0.0Purchased Partial/Untreated GWUDI WaterAverage Annual Flow* * *Confidence Interval* * *Percentage systems with purchasedpartial/untreated GWUDI water0.0 0.0 0.0Unknown Purchased WaterAverage Annual Flow* 4.1 *Confidence Interval* +|- 0.0 * +|- 77.7 +|- 1,180.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 312.4 +|- 1,333.1 +|- 1,206.3Percentage systems with unknown purchasedwater0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 3.2 0.8 0.8 8.4 0.5Observations158 217 294 205 260 184 380 98.000 1796Data:Q.6Notes:Flow is the amount of water drawn from each source.It includes water delivered to customers andsystem losses.26ms (Millions of Gallons peypeystem Service Population3,301 - 10,001 - 5010,000 50,000 10All Sizes503.9 197.5 5,572.4 7,376.2 40,833.3 4,155.8+|- 200.4 +|- 268.6 +|- 1,101.1 +|- 2,395.9 +|- 16,413.0 +|- 2,237.61.1 1.7 3.9 5.7 11.4 0.460.3 * * 2.4* 58.9+|- 66.7 * * +|- 0.0* +|- 64.41.8 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2* * * 200.0*200.0* * * +|- 0.0* +|- 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.088.8 843.2 1.7 384.5 21,534.2 1,226.4r Year)Category,001 - 100,001- Over0,000 500,000 500,000Table 10 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001-Ownership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Over 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsSold to Other Water SuppliersFinished Water0.0 5.1 6.6 44.9 77.8 500.6 1,669.3 13,028.9 350.4Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.8 +|- 6.3 +|- 27.9 +|- 30.2 +|- 198.9 +|- 393.5 +|- 3,852.1 +|- 64.7Partially or Untreated Water0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.60.4 86.5 2,949.2 59.7Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 14.0 +|- 1.1 +|- 0.6 +|- 86.0 +|- 3,079.1 +|- 55.3Residential Customers7.0 11.1 54.6 148.1 647.4 2,034.4 4,980.0 22,759.5 291.2Confidence Interval+|- 5.4 +|- 1.9 +|- 20.0 +|- 23.9 +|- 131.7 +|- 323.1 +|- 499.1 +|- 4,200.6 +|- 38.4Non-residential CustomersFinished Water1.0 1.5 20.7 76.0 378.8 976.0 2,969.2 12,846.4 278.8Confidence Interval+|- 1.3 +|- 1.2 +|- 12.5 +|- 23.4 +|- 136.9 +|- 292.3 +|- 341.0 +|- 2,245.3 +|- 42.2Partially or Untreated Water0.0 * 5.7 19.4 1.5 16.4 304.0 482.5 36.3Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 * +|- 11.1 +|- 23.1 +|- 2.2 +|- 17.5 +|- 166.2 +|- 371.9 +|- 15.9Unaccounted for Water1.7 3.0 9.4 37.2 113.2 302.8 763.5 8,057.9 87.7Confidence Interval+|- 1.8 +|- 2.9 +|- 2.7 +|- 10.3 +|- 24.6 +|- 96.7 +|- 140.4 +|- 1,829.8 +|- 14.3Unaccounted for Water as Percentage of Total12.1 16.2 16.6 12.8 10.18.5 7.9 13.2 14.7Confidence Interval+|- 9.55+|- 3.7 +|- 2.8 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.7 +|- 0.9 +|- 2.4 +|- 2.1Observations2479173 77 11781 16148 760Private SystemsSold to Other Water SuppliersFinished Water0.0 0.0 1.8 16.4 160.9 1,646.6 1,006.3 2,298.3 60.5Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.9 +|- 26.6 +|- 120.7 +|- 1,307.4 +|- 804.0 +|- 1,079.2 +|- 35.7Partially or Untreated Water0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.60.0 0.00.0 0.4Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 37.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.7Residential Customers2.6 7.7 43.3 169.3 345.7 1,730.6 5,039.3 23,665.0 38.2Confidence Interval+|- 0.7 +|- 1.7 +|- 19.1 +|- 46.0 +|- 92.3 +|- 582.0 +|- 1,456.0 +|- 9,047.6 +|- 11.4Non-residential CustomersFinished Water0.5 0.4 15.5 36.0 39.9 1,567.2 3,651.4 13,186.0 90.6Confidence Interval+|- 0.9 +|- 0.7 +|- 12.8 +|- 29.5 +|- 41.0 +|- 775.8 +|- 927.8 +|- 6,343.1 +|- 47.7Partially or Untreated Water1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 1,746.3 7.7Confidence Interval+|- 2.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 2,598.6 +|- 9.0Unaccounted for Water0.2 0.8 4.6 23.0 102.3 1,214.4 3,496.7 7,893.7 39.4Confidence Interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.6 +|- 10.3 +|- 57.6 +|- 1,475.8 +|- 1,760.6 +|- 2,790.6 +|- 26.1Unaccounted for Water as Percentage of Total6.7 10.7 11.3 11.4 15.5 17.2 24.5 15.8 10.1Confidence Interval+|- 5.8 +|- 3.0+|- 3.6 +|- 5.5 +|- 5.7 +|- 15.2 +|- 6.3 +|- 1.4 +|- 2.2Observations95 96 52 16 118 164 298(Continued)27Table 11Annual Water Deliveries and Unaccounted for Water (Millions of Gallons per Year)By OwnershipAnnual Water Deliveries and Unaccounted for Water (Millions of Gallons per Year)By OwnershipSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001-Ownership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 Over 500,000All SizesAll SystemsSold to Other Water SuppliersFinished Water0.0 0.8 6.0 38.8 83.1 586.8 1,576.1 12,311.0 264.8Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 1.8 +|- 5.5 +|- 22.8 +|- 29.5 +|- 221.6 +|- 360.7 +|- 3,600.7 +|- 43.3Partially or Untreated Water0.2 0.0 0.0 7.2 1.30.3 81.5 2,593.9 35.8Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 11.2 +|- 1.8 +|- 0.6 +|- 81.5 +|- 2,719.3 +|- 32.5Residential Customers3.1 9.1 51.5 152.8 627.2 2,016.9 4,988.1 22,817.7 166.9Confidence Interval+|- 1.1 +|- 1.4 +|- 15.4 +|- 21.4 +|- 124.3 +|- 303.8 +|- 475.7 +|- 3,975.3 +|- 15.4Non-residential CustomersFinished Water0.7 1.1 19.7 66.2 359.0 1,010.9 3,070.2 12,869.2 232.0Confidence Interval+|- 0.8 +|- 0.8 +|- 10.5 +|- 19.6 +|- 130.2 +|- 284.5 +|- 337.0 +|- 2,138.7 +|- 29.2Partially or Untreated Water1.0 0.0 4.7 13.5 1.5 14.8 285.3 664.0 24.5Confidence Interval+|- 2.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 9.1 +|- 15.8 +|- 2.1 +|- 15.9 +|- 156.1 +|- 447.0 +|- 9.4Unaccounted for Water0.6 2.0 8.3 33.4 112.6 358.1 1,157.5 8,046.9 71.6Confidence Interval+|- 0.6 +|- 1.6 +|- 2.1 +|- 8.0 +|- 23.4 +|- 140.4 +|- 421.3 +|- 1,716.9 +|- 11.4Unaccounted for Water as Percentage of Total8.2 13.6 15.4 12.5 10.49.0 10.4 13.4 13.1Confidence interval+|- 5.0 +|- 3.2+|- 3.0 +|- 2.5 +|- 1.9 +|- 2.0 +|- 2.1 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.6Observations119 175 225 93 12889 17752 1,058Data:Q.21.ANotes:Unaccounted for water includes system losses, water for fire suppression, and water used in thetreatment process.Average deliveries only includes estimates for systems reporting each type.28Table 11 (Cont.)Ownership TypePublic SystemsMean Residential DeliveriesConfidence IntervalMedian Residential DeliveriesNon-Residential DeliveriesMean Finished Water DeliveriesConfidence IntervalMedian Finished Water DeliveriesMean Partially or Untreated Water DeliveriesConfidence IntervalMedian Partially or Untreated Water DeliveriesObservationsPrivate SystemsMean Residential DeliveriesConfidence IntervalMedian Residential DeliveriesNon-Residential DeliveriesMean Finished Water DeliveriesConfidence IntervalMedian Finished Water DeliveriesMean Partially or Untreated Water DeliveriesConfidence IntervalMedian Partially or Untreated Water DeliveriesObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes109 107 94 86 89 115 123 135 98+|- 61 +|- 22 +|- 11 +|- 11 +|- 8 +|- 17 +|- 8 +|- 18 +|- 9112 80 77 75 77 102 112 116 791,499 156 325 694 639 727 869 1,276 455+|- 3,058 +|- 91 +|- 103 +|- 294 +|- 156 +|- 152 +|- 85 +|- 429 +|- 82142 98 185 329 444 657 645 870 223* * 317 14,131 9,867 15,261 324,478 93,992 57,284* * +|- 0 +|- 11,841 +|- 16,549 +|- 19,498 +|- 136,099 +|- 92,803 +|- 23,644* * 317 9,000 4,114 9,557 65,833 32,182 4,11427 84 157 64 98 65 136 40 67196 86 104 91 83 78 7198 93+|- 22 +|- 14 +|- 18 +|- 25 +|- 28 +|- 37 +|- 21 +|- 5 +|- 1167 70 87 81 67 62 57 95 731,339 95 3,053 4,330 511 545 868 629 2,457+|- 426 +|- 100 +|- 4,595 +|- 7,352 +|- 119 +|- 220 +|- 426 +|- 74 +|- 2,5871,560 62 367 116 460 606 462 623 228429 * ***** 21,028 685+|- 0 * ***** +|- 0 +|- 607429 * ***** 21,028 42981 111 56 27 20 13 214 333(Continued)29Table 12Annual Deliveries per Customer Service ConnectionBy Ownership(Thousands of Gallons)Annual Deliveries per Customer Service ConnectionBy OwnershipOwnership TypeAll SystemsMean Residential DeliveriesConfidence IntervalMedian Residential DeliveriesNon-Residential DeliveriesMean Finished Water DeliveriesConfidence IntervalMedian Finished Water DeliveriesMean Partially or Untreated Water DeliveriesConfidence IntervalMedian Partially or Untreated Water DeliveriesObservations(Thousands of Gallons)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes98 94 97 87 88 112 115 129 96+|- 23 +|- 12 +|- 9 +|- 10 +|- 8 +|- 16 +|- 9 +|- 16 +|- 771 74 82 81 77 102 105 110 771,410 145 825 1,588 636 712 869 1,173 797+|- 1,343 +|- 80 +|- 801 +|- 1,858 +|- 152 +|- 143 +|- 102 +|- 386 +|- 438183 84 197 311 444 620 631 811 223429 317 14,131 9,867 15,261 324,478 79,103* 40,337+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 11,841 +|- 16,549 +|- 19,498 +|- 136,099 +|- 72,199* +|- 29,139429 * 317 9,000 4,114 9,557 65,833 29,200 1,213108 195 213 91 118 78 157 44 1,004Data:Q.21ANotes:Average deliveries per connection are for systems that have deliveries and connectionsfor that delivery type; it excludes systems that do not have positive deliveries per connection.Average deliveries per connection exclude the upper and lower 5 percent of the observations.30Table 12 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsEntry Points from Ground Water Sources1.1 1.2 1.7 2.1 3.4 9.7 11.6 39.3 1.6Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.7 +|- 8.7 +|- 3.0 +|- 38.4 +|- 0.1Entry Points from Surface Water Sources0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0Observations83 99 110 57 60 38 54 6 507Primarily Surface Water SystemsEntry Points from Ground Water Sources0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.4 0.2Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.1Entry Points from Surface Water Sources1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.4 3.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3Observations47 66 78 64 83 54 122 39Primarily Purchased Water SystemsEntry Points from Ground Water Sources0.0 2.0 1.0 0.9 2.6 2.3 2.8 15.7Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.1 +|- 0.8 +|- 13.3Entry Points from Surface Water Sources1.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.7 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3Observations1 1 4 4 7 923 5All SystemsEntry Points from Ground Water Sources1.1 1.2 1.5 1.6 2.3 4.5 3.9 8.6Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 4.4 +|- 0.9 +|- 4.4Entry Points from Surface Water Sources0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.0 2.4Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.4Observations131 166 192 125 150 101 199 50Data:Q.6, Q. 7Notes:For primarily purchased water systems, the estimate of ground water and surface water entrypoints are for non-purchased water entry points only.The average number of entry points for ground water systems is driven up by one system with over200 entry points. The average is reduced to 14.5 entry points when this system is excluded.311.1+|- 0.05531.8+|- 0.50.1+|- 0.1541.4+|- 0.10.1+|- 0.01,114Table 13Number of Entry Points to the Distribution SystemPrimary Water SourcePrimary Water SourcePrimarily Ground Water SystemsFinished Water% of Systems Selling Finished WaterPartially Treated or Untreated Water% of Systems Selling Treated or Untreated WaterObservationsPrimarily Surface Water SystemsFinished Water% of Systems Selling Finished WaterPartially Treated or Untreated Water% of Systems Selling Treated or Untreated WaterObservationsPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsFinished Water% of Systems Selling Finished WaterPartially Treated or Untreated Water% of Systems Selling Treated or Untreated WaterObservationsAll SystemsFinished Water% of Systems Selling Finished WaterPartially Treated or Untreated Water% of Systems Selling Treated or Untreated WaterObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes* 129 436 343 401 70 29 10 1,4180.0 1.0 5.0 13.0 23.2 32.3 25.0 76.1 3.9242 * * 48 31 5 4 * 3302.3 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.8 2.1 3.6 0.0 0.988 105 111 62 66 40 56 6 534* * 181 195 308 140 176 56 1,0560.0 0.0 16.9 22.6 33.2 60.7 66.3 89.7 24.2* * * 12 20 5 25 13 750.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.2 2.0 9.5 20.5 1.749 67 78 65 85 54 124 39 561* * 12 174.2 111.2 35 35 9 3780.0 0.0 0.3 16.3 16.4 24.036.9 39.4 4.4* * * * * * 2 3 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 12.9 0.18 23 48 27 25 30 45 13 219* 129 628 713 820 246 241 76 2,8510.0 0.8 4.7 15.6 24.6 41.2 50.3 75.9 5.8242 * * 60 52 9 32 16 4102.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.6 1.5 6.6 16.1 0.8145 195 237 154 176 124 225 58 1,314Data:Q.21.ANotes:32Table 14Number and Percentage of Systems Selling to Other Public Water SuppliersBy Primary Water Source

# Table 15

Water Systems Not Providing Any Treatment

By Primary Water Source

System Service Population Category

Primary Water Source 100

or Less 101 -

500 501 -

3,300 3,301 -

10,000 10,001 -

50,000 50,001 -

100,000 100,001-

500,000 Over

500,000 All Sizes

Primarily Ground Water Systems

% of Systems 28.1 24.3 10.3 4.0 0.0 2.5 5.7 0.0 19.1

Confidence Interval +|- 10.4 +|- 10.2 +|- 8.3 +|- 5.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.4 +|- 4.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.1

# of Entry Points 1.1 1.3 2.0 3.5 * 1.0 7.3 * 0.2

Confidence Interval +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 4.3 * +|- 0.0 +|- 7.4 * +|- 0.1

Observations 22 23 11 2 60 1 3 6 62

Primarily Surface Water Systems

% of Systems 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Confidence Interval +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0

# of Entry Points * * * * * * * * *

Confidence Interval * * * * * * * * *

Observations 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Primarily Purchased Water Systems

% of Systems 0.0 0.0 25.2 0.0 22.2 23.7 4.5 0.0 15.5

Confidence Interval +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 43.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 36.9 +|- 25.8 +|- 6.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 19.6

# of Entry Points * * 1.0 * 4.0 3.1 7.0 * 0.2

Confidence Interval * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.0 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.2

Observations 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 5 5

All Systems

% of Systems 27.5 22.8 9.6 2.8 1.2 3.1 2.0 0.0 17.0

Confidence Interval +|- 10.2 +|- 9.6 +|- 7.3 +|- 3.9 +|- 2.3 +|- 3.1 +|- 1.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.5

# of Entry Points 1.1 1.3 1.9 3.5 4.0 2.3 7.3 * 1.6

Confidence Interval +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 4.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.9 +|- 5.5 * +|- 0.1

Observations 22 23 12 2 1 3 4 50 67

Data: Q.6

Notes: Number of entry points and observations are for systems that do not treat.

Categories where all systems treat are denoted as zero.

Excludes systems that purchase 100% of their water.



# 33Primary Water SourcePrimarily Ground Water Systems# of Ground Water Entry Points Untreated per SystemConfidence Interval# of Wells per Untreated Entry PointConfidence Interval% Ground Water Entry Points Untreated per SystemConfidence Interval% that are Seasonal/EmergencyConfidence IntervalObservationsPrimarily Surface Water Systems# of Ground Water Entry Points Untreated per SystemConfidence Interval# of Wells per Untreated Entry PointConfidence Interval% Ground Water Entry Points Untreated per SystemConfidence Interval% that are Seasonal/EmergencyConfidence IntervalObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 2.9 1.2 0.0 0.3+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 4.7 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.11.2 1.3 1.1 * 3.8 2.6 * * 1.2+|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3*+|- 0.0 +|- 1.5* *+|- 0.128.8 24.3 10.7 5.1 3.4 9.9 10.1 0.0 19.7+|- 10.5 +|- 10.2 +|- 8.3 +|- 5.9 +|- 6.1 +|- 12.2 +|- 5.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.23.7 3.8 0.0 * 100.0 47.9 * * 5.0+|- 7.6 +|- 8.1 +|- 0.0*+|- 0.0 +|- 36.5* *+|- 4.783 99 110 57 60 38 54 6 5070.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0+|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.01.2 * * * 2.5 * * * 3.7+|- 0.2* * *+|- 1.8* * *+|- 1.90.0 0.0 2.0 17.0 4.6 0.0 9.1 1.3 5.2+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.2 +|- 35.4 +|- 5.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.6 +|- 1.5 +|- 5.26.4 * * * 1.6 * * * 88.9+|- 8.8* * *+|- 2.8* * *+|- 8.047 66 78 64 83 54 122 39 553(Continued)34Table 16Ground Water Entry Points Not Receiving TreatmentBy Primary Water SourcePrimary Water SourcePrimarily Purchased Water Systems# of Ground Water Entry Points Untreated per SystemConfidence Interval# of Wells per Untreated Entry PointConfidence Interval% Ground Water Entry Points Untreated per SystemConfidence Interval% that are Seasonal/EmergencyConfidence IntervalObservationsAll Systems# of Ground Water Entry Points Untreated per SystemConfidence Interval# of Wells per Untreated Entry PointConfidence Interval% Ground Water Entry Points Untreated per SystemConfidence Interval% that are Seasonal/EmergencyConfidence IntervalObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes0.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.5 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.8 +|- 0.41.0 1.0 1.0 20.0 3.7 * * * 1.4+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.9* * *+|- 0.6* 50.0 25.2 0.0 26.7 30.5 16.0 2.0 26.1*+|- 0.0 +|- 43.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 43.4 +|- 32.0 +|- 11.0 +|- 2.0 +|- 21.80.0 100.0 25.9 0.0 88.9 * * * 44.4+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 15.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.0* * *+|- 55.11 1 4 4 7 923 5540.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.4 0.1 0.3+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 2.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.11.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 7.0 2.7 * 1.3+|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.1 +|- 1.3*+|- 0.128.8 24.5 11.0 5.3 5.1 11.4 11.1 0.8 19.6+|- 10.4 +|- 10.2 +|- 8.0 +|- 5.6 +|- 6.2 +|- 10.3 +|- 4.4 +|- 0.8 +|- 5.13.7 6.2 7.4 0.0 25.9 80.0 18.6 * 6.2+|- 7.6 +|- 8.5 +|- 11.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 15.5 +|- 49.8 +|- 12.9*+|- 4.9131 166 192 125 150 101 199 50 1,114Data:Q.6Notes:Number of entry points that are not treated per system include both treated and untreated entrypoints, i.e, systems that treat all of their entry points are included in the analysis as zeros.35Table 16 (Cont.)Ground Water Entry Points Not Receiving TreatmentBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesGround Water Systems100% Ground Water SystemsNumber of Water Treatment Plants/System1.1 1.2 1.7 2.1 3.4 7.6 9.3 11.1 1.5Confidence Interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.8 +|- 5.3 +|- 2.6 +|- 11.7 +|- 0.1Number of Wells/Plant1.6 1.8 1.8 2.4 2.3 1.8 8.8 5.3 2.0Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.6 +|- 2.4 +|- 6.1 +|- 3.2 +|- 0.2Observations60 75 95 41 47 26 30 4 378Primarily Ground Water SystemsNumber of Water Treatment Plants/System1.0 1.0 1.5 1.7 2.7 5.7 13.7 129.0 2.7Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.4 +|- 1.2 +|- 2.2 +|- 6.2 +|- 80.7 +|- 0.6Number of Wells/Plant4.0 1.0 2.8 5.7 2.1 1.9 3.1 2.7 3.3Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.0 +|- 4.1 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.2Percentage of Plants Treating Surface Water100.0 0.0 16.7 11.7 14.7 4.2 5.1 0.0 10.1Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 25.8 +|- 11.1 +|- 14.0 +|- 3.4 +|- 2.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.7Observations1 1 4 17 16 11 22 2 74Surface Water Systems100% Surface Water SystemsNumber of Water Treatment Plants/System1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.3 3.2 1.1Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.0Observations42 62 61 49 57 35 76 20 402Primarily Surface Water SystemsNumber of Water Treatment Plants/System1.6 2.3 1.7 1.1 1.9 2.1 3.5 5.8 1.9Confidence Interval+|- 0.6 +|- 2.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.8 +|- 0.8 +|- 1.9 +|- 0.2Number of Wells/Plant0.5 0.9 0.9 0.3 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.3Confidence Interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.0 +|- 0.8 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.4Percentage of Plants Treating Surface Water60.7 44.3 57.4 74.1 59.1 60.4 44.0 48.2 56.7Confidence Interval+|- 23.9 +|- 38.7 +|- 8.2 +|- 31.3 +|- 12.8 +|- 22.8 +|- 9.0 +|- 15.8 +|- 6.0Observations5 4 17 15 28 19 46 19 153(Continued)36Table 17Number of Water Treatment Plants per SystemBy Primary Water SourceNumber of Water Treatment Plants per SystemBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPurchased Water Systems100% Purchased Water SystemsNumber of Water Treatment Plants/System1.0 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.0 2.4 1.3 1.5 1.3Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.2Observations2 412 6 2 3 7 238Primarily Purchased Water SystemsNumber of Water Treatment Plants/System1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 2.2 2.9 3.1 15.9 1.8Confidence Interval0.0 0.0+|- 0.5 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.8 +|- 12.2 +|- 0.5Number of Wells/Plant0.0 3.0 7.7 0.9 0.8 1.2 4.4 1.0 3.0Confidence Interval0.0 0.0+|- 13.4 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.6 +|- 3.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.8Percentage of Plants Treating Surface Water100.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 6.3 22.9 24.1 6.3 7.9Confidence Interval0.0 0.0+|- 0.0 +|- 18.7 +|- 9.6 +|- 18.0 +|- 11.6 +|- 6.4 +|- 4.9Observations1.01.0 3 4 8 822 552All SystemsNumber of Water Treatment Plants/System1.1 1.2 1.6 1.7 2.5 4.1 4.4 10.6 1.5Confidence Interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 2.1 +|- 0.9 +|- 4.5 +|- 0.1Number of Wells/Plant1.6 1.6 1.7 2.5 2.0 1.5 4.2 2.2 1.9Confidence Interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 1.1 +|- 2.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.2Percentage of Plants Treating Surface Water3.0 5.5 7.4 16.5 17.2 18.8 23.1 21.5 9.9Confidence IntervalObservations+|- 0.8111+|- 2.4147+|- 2.2192+|- 3.9132+|- 3.9158+|- 12.4102+|- 4.7203+|- 9.252+|- 1.11,097Data:Q.6, Q.7Notes:Includes systems with at least one treatment plant only.See "Plant" definition in introduction.Number of Wells/Plant refers to the average number of ground water wells treated at eachwater treatment plant. For primarily surface water systems, a treatment plant may only treat groundwater, but the majority of the water in the system comes from a surface water source.37Table 17 (Cont.)Please note that the unit of analysis changes for the following tables.Tables 18 - 42 report data for treatment plants rather than water systems.38System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverWater Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesGround Water PlantsNumber of Wells/Plant1.7 1.8 1.8 3.2 2.3 3.4 5.4 2.8 2.1Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.4 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.3 +|- 2.7 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.2Observations65 93 170 104 210 133 604 439 1,818Mixed PlantsNumber of Wells/Plant2.6 1.8 7.8 1.9 3.2 7.6 9.7 1.0 4.5Confidence Interval+|- 1.8 +|- 0.3 +|- 8.4 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.5 +|- 4.3 +|- 7.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.4Observations3 7 9 711 412 154All PlantsNumber of Wells/Plant1.7 1.8 1.9 3.1 2.3 3.6 5.5 2.8 2.2Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.2 +|- 2.6 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.3Observations68 100 179 111 221 137 616 440 1,872Data:Q.6, Q.7Notes:This table reports the number of wells treated per ground water plant.Plants with sourcesother than wells are excluded. Ground water plants are defined as treating wells only.For this analysis mixed plants treat at least one well and one non-ground water source.39Table 18Number of Wells Treated per Treatment PlantBy Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverWater Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesGround Water PlantsAverage Daily Flow19 23 89 397 862 2,686 2,502 3,260 370Confidence Interval+|- 14 +|- 5 +|- 20 +|- 110 +|- 276 +|- 1,234 +|- 631 +|- 2,565 +|- 54Peak Daily Flow36 48 196 770 1,728 4,367 4,793 5,330 695Confidence Interval+|- 20 +|- 12 +|- 48 +|- 204 +|- 480 +|- 1,827 +|- 1,172 +|- 3,425 +|- 93Design Capacity121 186 536 1,278 2,309 5,789 5,907 6,633 1,061Confidence Interval+|- 55 +|- 54 +|- 151 +|- 407 +|- 674 +|- 2,465 +|- 1,467 +|- 3,702 +|- 136Surface Water PlantsAverage Daily Flow9 52 226 819 2,763 7,105 16,297 62,444 5,507Confidence Interval+|- 3 +|- 25 +|- 63 +|- 113 +|- 733 +|- 1,200 +|- 1,647 +|- 10,508 +|- 652Peak Daily Flow23 122 476 1,364 4,955 11,739 27,271 96,947 8,999Confidence Interval+|- 8 +|- 69 +|- 142 +|- 218 +|- 1,644 +|- 2,090 +|- 2,996 +|- 15,924 +|- 1,055Design Capacity61 249 835 2,196 6,718 16,503 37,032 127,739 12,226Confidence Interval+|- 28 +|- 130 +|- 231 +|- 355 +|- 2,074 +|- 3,007 +|- 4,141 +|- 22,571 +|- 1,443Mixed PlantsAverage Daily Flow30 29 208 2,086 2,961 5,141 20,651 47,328 1,994Confidence Interval40+|- 2+|- 46 +|- 1,582 +|- 1,108 +|- 3,464 +|- 5,458 +|- 36,992 +|- 1,042Peak Daily Flow37 335 332 3,967 4,151 7,598 34,470 58,628 3,250Confidence Interval36+|- 115 +|- 88 +|- 3,346 +|- 1,586 +|- 5,400 +|- 10,080 +|- 42,574 +|- 1,662Design Capacity106 364 455 8,405 5,748 12,054 46,633 81,635 4,974Confidence Interval104+|- 121 +|- 207 +|- 7,788 +|- 2,191 +|- 4,002 +|- 13,460 +|- 58,714 +|- 2,883(Continued)40Table 19Treatment Plant Flow CharacteristicsBy Water Source(Thousands of Gallons/Day)(Table 13 in the 2000 Report, Table 16 from draft 1pulation Category001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Over,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes)acteristicss/Day)tem Service Po3,301 - 10,10,000 50523 1,290 3,979 6,892 19,623 986+|- 129 +|- 295 +|- 1,143 +|- 1,226 +|- 11,009 +|- 103966 2,425 6,519 11,948 30,600 1,689+|- 237 +|- 545 +|- 1,780 +|- 2,046 +|- 16,693 +|- 1701,647 3,265 8,997 15,805 40,009 2,407+|- 497 +|- 746 +|- 2,458 +|- 2,795 +|- 21,639 +|- 241ed purchased water.ants in the sample. It includes only plants that reportedduction, peak daily production, and design capacity.Treatment Plant Flow CharBy Water Source(Thousands of GallonSys100 101 - 501 -Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300All PlantsAverage Daily Flow1924 104Confidence Interval+|- 14 +|- 5 +|- 20Peak Daily Flow35 56 223Confidence Interval+|- 20 +|- 16 +|- 48Design Capacity119 191 559Confidence Interval+|- 53 +|- 52 +|- 138Data: Q.6,Q.7Notes:Excludes plants that treat only treatTable presents average flows for plcomplete data for average daily pro41Table 19 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverWater Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesGround Water PlantsRatio: Design Capacity to Average Daily Production16.77 10.57 7.91 5.55 3.60 2.85 3.83 6.51 8.78Confidence interval+|- 9.49 +|- 3.05 +|- 1.90 +|- 2.08 +|- 0.69 +|- 0.38 +|- 0.80 +|- 1.42 +|- 1.70Ratio: Design Capacity to Peak Daily Production7.49 5.05 3.79 1.81 1.48 2.09 1.28 2.51 4.00Confidence interval+|- 3.41 +|- 1.35 +|- 1.05 +|- 0.31 +|- 0.20 +|- 0.90 +|- 0.09 +|- 0.51 +|- 0.69Observations43 72 137 84 175 169 430 281 1,391Surface Water PlantsRatio: Design Capacity to Average Daily Production8.42 7.18 4.26 2.96 3.50 2.62 2.90 2.14 3.85Confidence interval+|- 3.56 +|- 4.01 +|- 0.54 +|- 0.47 +|- 1.69 +|- 0.53 +|- 0.56 +|- 0.10 +|- 0.55Ratio: Design Capacity to Peak Daily Production3.60 2.58 2.19 1.75 1.93 1.47 1.40 1.32 1.95Confidence interval+|- 1.57 +|- 1.00 +|- 0.53 +|- 0.19 +|- 0.99 +|- 0.11 +|- 0.05 +|- 0.04 +|- 0.28Observations34 46 65 70 88 79 191 108 681Mixed PlantsRatio: Design Capacity to Average Daily Production4.71 12.55 2.10 3.40 1.99 4.20 2.40 3.21 4.64Confidence interval+|- 2.87 +|- 4.17 +|- 0.64 +|- 0.91 +|- 0.43 +|- 3.04 +|- 0.36 +|- 1.33 +|- 3.63Ratio: Design Capacity to Peak Daily Production2.57 1.11 1.40 1.92 1.38 3.68 1.51 1.44 1.51Confidence interval+|- 1.00 +|- 0.07 +|- 0.54 +|- 0.31 +|- 0.22 +|- 3.30 +|- 0.26 +|- 0.05 +|- 0.31Observations+|- 3.005 10 6 9 4 15 2 54All PlantsRatio: Design Capacity to Average Daily Production16.46 10.47 7.46 4.97 3.54 3.04 3.51 5.24 8.13Confidence interval+|- 9.16 +|- 2.87 +|- 1.70 +|- 1.62 +|- 0.63 +|- 0.46 +|- 0.56 +|- 1.63 +|- 1.46Ratio: Design Capacity to Peak Daily Production7.34 4.88 3.60 1.82 1.56 1.95 1.32 2.16 3.71Confidence interval+|- 3.28 +|- 1.28 +|- 0.93 +|- 0.25 +|- 0.25 +|- 0.65 +|- 0.06 +|- 0.53 +|- 0.59Observations80 123 212 160 272 252 636 391 2,126Data:Q.6, Q.7Notes:Table presents average ratios for plants in the sample. It includes only plants that reportedcomplete data for average daily production, peak daily production, and design capacity.Excludes plants that treat only purchased treated water.42Table 20Ratio of Design Capacity to Average and Peak Daily ProductionBy Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverWater Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesGround Water PlantsAlgae control0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.3 1.4 4.6 0.0 0.9Corrosion control11.5 14.0 14.5 20.2 32.7 18.1 31.7 54.0 17.9Primary disinfection86.6 90.6 90.8 91.1 91.4 97.2 89.9 93.2 90.4Secondary disinfection12.9 13.6 14.3 5.1 5.6 7.1 6.6 11.2 11.4Disinfectant byproduct control0.0 0.0 1.0 12.2 7.1 7.1 6.8 6.5 3.0Dechlorination0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2Oxidation1.5 13.9 6.3 10.5 6.7 4.6 4.2 11.0 7.7Iron removal23.3 20.8 28.5 19.0 18.2 51.5 9.2 18.6 23.6Manganese removal6.5 13.9 10.3 14.9 14.0 51.7 5.2 7.8 12.6Taste/odor control3.0 3.4 7.7 12.3 14.7 8.1 8.2 10.5 7.3TOC removal0.0 0.0 0.6 2.0 1.0 1.4 1.8 0.2 0.6Particulate/turbidity removal10.2 3.6 4.88.9 3.7 7.7 6.8 4.6 5.9Softening (hardness removal)10.2 4.5 3.6 8.5 1.4 5.7 4.4 1.9 5.2Recarbonation0.0 0.0 0.6 2.0 0.0 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.5Organic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., VOCs, pesticides)0.0 0.0 0.4 2.0 5.8 4.9 9.4 11.6 1.7Inorganic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., arsenic)6.7 11.5 0.6 2.0 0.1 1.4 2.5 2.5 4.4Radionuclides contaminant removal1.7 0.0 0.6 0.0 4.1 1.4 0.4 0.2 1.0Security0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4Mussel control0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Fluoridation1.7 8.0 14.5 30.7 11.3 29.3 29.6 12.8 12.8Other1.7 1.1 0.0 6.1 1.0 0.3 4.6 0.9 1.5Observations62 89 161 108 230 197 658 444 1,949(Continued)43Table 21Treatment ObjectivesPercentage of Plants Having Each Treatment ObjectiveBy Water SourceTreatment ObjectivPercentage of Plants Having Each TBy Water Source100 101 -Water Sourceor Less 500Surface Water PlantsAlgae control0.0 2.4Corrosion control11.214.3Primary disinfection100.0 97.2Secondary disinfection15.5 37.4Disinfectant byproduct control0.0 1.2Dechlorination0.0 0.0Oxidation3.1 7.3Iron removal3.1 5.9Manganese removal0.0 3.9Taste/odor control3.1 7.6TOC removal8.7 11.0Particulate/turbidity removal77.5 65.4Softening (hardness removal)1.6 3.6Recarbonation0.0 0.0Organic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., VOCs, pesticides)0.0 1.7Inorganic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., arsenic)1.5 0.0Radionuclides contaminant removal0.0 0.0Security0.0 0.0Mussel control0.0 1.2Fluoridation0.0 2.4Other1.5 1.2Observations43 62(Continued)44er501 - 3,303,300 10,0All Sizes5.2 19.5 16.6 17.4 15.7 20.2 12.127.5 43.0 59.3 46.5 72.9 73.1 41.998.9 93.0 90.8 91.0 94.9 89.1 94.648.1 39.0 45.2 51.1 61.7 63.9 45.04.8 29.3 30.0 41.6 39.3 36.1 21.00.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.5 0.0 0.37.5 23.7 21.8 33.9 36.5 37.8 19.011.1 22.3 25.6 42.4 24.8 15.9 18.92.6 25.1 38.1 42.4 34.3 20.1 20.88.5 26.5 45.2 45.5 43.9 47.1 26.78.6 36.2 35.2 43.8 45.4 50.4 27.297.191.8 88.4 86.2 93.8 85.7 87.83.7 9.8 8.1 3.9 7.0 11.8 6.30.0 2.8 2.3 2.6 3.7 5.9 1.80.0 9.8 10.7 7.9 15.0 7.6 6.50.0 8.4 6.1 3.9 7.5 2.5 4.00.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 4.7 0.8 0.70.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.41.1 4.2 3.6 6.6 8.1 5.0 3.315.5 40.3 54.6 63.0 64.6 72.3 36.10.0 2.8 6.2 5.2 5.4 1.7 3.070 68 89 80 197 111 720egory1 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Over00 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000veervice Population Catseatment ObjectiSystem STable 21 (Cont.)Treatment ObjectivPercentage of Plants Having Each TBy Water Source100 101 -Water Sourceor Less 500SizesMixed PlantsAlgae control0.0 0.03.1Corrosion control0.08.4 25.7 51.6 42.7 48.4 45.6 48.7 31.3Primary disinfection100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 85.8 100.0 73.4 100.0 96.3Secondary disinfection0.0 0.0 35.8 36.6 71.5 24.2 80.5 0.0 36.2Disinfectant byproduct control0.0 0.0 0.0 22.5 24.1 24.2 47.3 100.0 11.4Dechlorination0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Oxidation0.0 8.4 13.6 15.0 28.5 72.6 13.6 51.3 16.9Iron removal0.0 12.6 5.5 7.5 17.0 48.4 20.1 51.3 11.0Manganese removal0.0 8.4 5.5 7.5 17.0 48.4 20.1 0.0 10.0Taste/odor control0.0 0.0 0.0 26.7 24.1 72.6 33.1 0.0 12.4TOC removal23.5 0.0 5.5 36.6 21.4 72.6 33.1 100.0 16.4Particulate/turbidity removal75.3 12.6 21.851.6 66.8 72.6 65.7 100.0 38.0Softening (hardness removal)0.0 0.0 21.6 7.5 33.2 0.0 20.1 0.0 15.9Recarbonation0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5 14.2 24.2 20.1 0.0 5.4Organic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., VOCs, pesticides)0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 100.0 0.0 51.3 3.7Inorganic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., arsenic)0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 24.2 0.0 51.3 2.1Radionuclides contaminant removal0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51.3 0.2Security0.0 0 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4Mussel control0.0 0.0 0.0 36.6 7.1 0.0 6.5 0.0 8.5Fluoridation0.0 0.0 13.6 51.6 28.5 48.4 67.4 48.7 23.5Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.2 13.6 0.0 1.0Observations3 7 10 6 13 4 15 2 60(Continued)4501- Over000 500,000 All7.1 0.0jectivem Service Population Category3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,010,000 50,000 100,000 500,7.5 0.0 0.0esreatment ObSyste501 -3,3004.1Table 21 (Cont.)Treatment ObjectivPercentage of Plants Having Each TBy Water Sourcegory100 101 -- 100,001- OverWater Sourceor Less50000 500,000 500,000 All SizesAll PlantsAlgae control0.0 0.1 2.6 3.2 2.8 4.4 7.2 4.4 2.0Corrosion control11.5 13.9 15.7 24.6 37.1 23.7 41.3 58.1 20.5Primary disinfection87.0 91.1 91.6 91.7 91.2 96.1 90.8 92.4 90.9Secondary disinfection13.0 14.7 17.2 11.3 13.4 15.5 20.4 22.6 15.0Disinfectant byproduct control0.0 0.1 1.2 15.2 11.1 13.7 14.9 13.3 4.8Dechlorination0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.2Oxidation1.6 13.4 6.5 12.7 9.6 10.8 11.7 17.0 8.9Iron removal22.6 19.9 26.7 19.2 19.3 49.8 12.9 18.1 22.9Manganese removal6.3 13.2 9.6 16.3 17.8 49.9 12.1 10.4 13.4Taste/odor control3.0 3.6 7.6 14.9 19.7 15.7 16.8 18.4 9.2TOC removal0.3 0.6 1.3 8.3 6.9 10.0 12.3 11.5 3.4Particulate/turbidity removal12.2 7.1 12.022.9 18.6 23.0 27.7 22.5 14.2Softening (hardness removal)9.9 4.4 4.0 8.6 3.2 5.3 5.2 4.0 5.5Recarbonation0.0 0.0 0.5 2.3 0.7 1.5 2.1 2.0 0.7Organic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., VOCs, pesticides)0.0 0.1 0.3 3.2 6.6 6.4 10.5 10.8 2.2Inorganic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., arsenic)6.5 10.7 0.5 3.0 1.2 2.1 3.6 2.7 4.3Radionuclides contaminant removal1.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 3.6 1.1 1.4 0.5 1.0Security0.0 0 0.0 0.8 2.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4Mussel control0.0 0.1 0.1 1.7 0.7 1.2 2.0 1.1 0.5Fluoridation1.7 7.6 14.6 32.8 18.5 39.4 38.2 25.8 15.3Other1.7 1.1 0.0 5.5 1.8 1.5 4.9 1.1 1.6Observations108 158 241 182 332 281 870 557 2,729Data: Q.8Notes:Excludes plants that treat purchased water.46esreatment ObjectiveSystem Service Population Cate501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,0013,300 10,000 50,000 100,0Table 21 (Cont.)Plant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - OverWater Source0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All SizesGround Water PlantsAlgae control0.0 1.4 1.0 1.5 4.7 0.0 1.0Corrosion control12.4 11.9 26.2 31.4 26.6 50.0 17.5Primary disinfection89.1 90.8 91.1 93.1 94.5 100.0 90.7Secondary disinfection13.0 12.9 8.4 6.9 19.2 0.0 11.3Disinfectant byproduct control0.3 1.6 5.0 11.0 8.6 50.0 3.0Dechlorination0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2Oxidation7.1 8.9 7.4 8.9 16.7 0.0 8.1Iron removal26.7 21.4 26.3 15.9 62.1 50.0 23.9Manganese removal13.7 9.7 17.2 12.3 58.2 50.0 13.2Taste/odor control2.4 5.1 11.2 18.6 24.1 0.0 7.3TOC removal0.0 0.0 1.6 2.3 5.7 50.0 0.6Particulate/turbidity removal7.5 3.7 5.8 9.2 42.6 100.0 5.9Softening (hardness removal)7.4 3.0 5.2 3.7 24.0 100.0 4.9Recarbonation0.0 0.0 1.5 0.3 8.5 100.0 0.5Organic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., VOCs, pesticides)0.0 0.4 3.4 7.5 12.5 50.01.7Inorganic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., arsenic)8.3 4.4 1.5 1.7 4.7 0.0 4.3Radionuclides contaminant removal1.3 0.0 1.7 3.6 3.9 0.0 1.1Security0.0 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4Mussel control0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Fluoridation0.4 13.8 19.4 21.3 47.6 50.0 12.7Other1.3 0.7 2.5 3.1 6.4 0.0 1.6Observations121 339 796 631 60 2 1,949(Continued)47Table 22Treatment ObjectivesPercentage of Plants Having Each Treatment ObjectiveBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily ProductionPercenBy WD)0 -- Over AllWater Source0.010 100SizesSurface Water PlantsAlgae control0.0 3.6 12.1 17.8 16.8 5.3 12.2Corrosion control22.1 26.7 32.4 56.6 67.6 68.4 42.6Primary disinfection100.0 98.0 96.7 89.9 97.5 89.5 94.9Secondary disinfection28.4 48.1 41.7 45.6 57.6 73.7 45.2Disinfectant byproduct control1.4 2.8 17.1 32.3 40.8 52.6 21.3Dechlorination0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.3Oxidation1.3 5.9 15.6 28.2 35.5 15.8 19.2Iron removal5.8 16.4 10.3 31.4 20.5 10.5 19.2Manganese removal16.1 3.7 14.4 36.8 28.1 15.8 21.4Taste/odor control5.2 9.9 16.7 44.5 45.1 52.6 27.1TOC removal11.0 9.3 21.4 38.3 54.7 26.3 27.6Particulate/turbidity removal77.3 81.5 89.6 92.2 95.1 78.9 88.8Softening (hardness removal)1.3 4.5 4.1 9.7 9.0 15.8 6.5Recarbonation0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 5.0 10.5 1.8Organic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., VOCs, pesticides)1.2 0.9 4.1 11.3 13.0 10.5 6.7Inorganic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., arsenic)1.2 0.0 3.3 6.74.7 0.0 3.8Radionuclides contaminant removal0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.9 0.0 0.8Security0.0 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.4Mussel control0.0 0.9 3.3 4.5 6.9 5.3 3.4Fluoridation1.4 1.1 30.8 58.7 64.4 89.5 36.7Other1.2 0.9 2.4 4.3 5.9 5.3 3.1Observations50 77 113 230 231 19 720(Continued)48ePlant Average Daily Production (MG0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.00.1 1.0 10.0 100.reatment Objective Daily Productionestage of Plants Having Each Tater Source and Plant AveragTreatment ObjectivTable 22 (Cont.)Treatment ObjectivPercentage of Plants Having Each TBy Water Source and Plant AveragWater SourceMixed PlantsAlgae controlCorrosion controlPrimary disinfectionSecondary disinfectionDisinfectant byproduct controlDechlorinationOxidationIron removalManganese removalTaste/odor controlTOC removalParticulate/turbidity removalSoftening (hardness removal)RecarbonationOrganic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., VOCs, pesticides)Inorganic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., arsenic)Radionuclides contaminant removalSecurityMussel controlFluoridationOtherObservations0 -All0.01Sizes0.03.10.031.3100.0 100.0 97.2 93.379.1* 96.30.0 6.1 32.5 69.5 73.3* 36.20.0 0.0 5.8 30.3 41.3* 11.40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 0.00.0 7.4 15.4 27.3 36.7* 16.90.0 11.1 6.7 18.0 27.3* 11.00.0 7.4 6.7 18.0 21.5* 10.00.0 0.0 7.5 30.6 44.8* 12.40.0 0.0 7.5 47.3 43.6* 16.40.0 20.9 19.0 89.7 78.5* 38.00.0 0.0 25.5 11.4 21.5* 15.90.0 0.0 2.9 13.6 21.5* 5.40.0 0.0 0.0 12.6 22.1* 3.70.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 22.1* 2.10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8* 0.20.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 0.0* 1.40.00.0 0.0 34.7 7.0* 8.50.0 0.0 15.4 57.8 66.3* 23.50.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 7.0* 1.02 9 15 21 13* 60(Continued)49esreatment Objectivee Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - Over0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0 5.8 0.0 7.6*7.4 23.8 67.2 58.1*Table 22 (Cont.)Treatment ObjectivePercentage of Plants Having Each TrBy Water Source and Plant Average0 -Water Source0.01All PlantsAlgae control0.0 1.5 2.3 6.612.6 4.8 2.1Corrosion control12.6 12.5 26.8 40.8 54.2 66.7 20.2Primary disinfection89.4 91.3 91.9 92.1 95.9 90.4 91.2Secondary disinfection13.4 14.5 12.7 21.7 46.0 67.0 15.0Disinfectant byproduct control0.3 1.7 6.3 18.5 30.6 52.4 4.9Dechlorination0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2Oxidation6.9 8.7 8.5 15.8 29.6 14.4 9.3Iron removal26.1 21.1 23.9 20.9 33.9 14.1 23.2Manganese removal13.7 9.4 16.5 20.2 37.4 18.9 14.0Taste/odor control2.5 5.3 11.6 27.3 38.4 47.8 9.3TOC removal0.3 0.4 3.9 15.5 38.7 28.5 3.6Particulate/turbidity removal9.3 7.6 15.3 38.7 77.8 80.9 14.5Softening (hardness removal)7.2 3.1 5.7 5.9 14.2 23.4 5.2Recarbonation0.0 0.0 1.4 2.0 6.7 18.7 0.7Organic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., VOCs, pesticides)0.0 0.4 3.4 8.9 13.2 14.1 2.3Inorganic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., arsenic)8.1 4.1 1.7 3.45.4 0.0 4.2Radionuclides contaminant removal1.2 0.0 1.5 2.9 2.7 0.0 1.0Security0.0 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.4Mussel control0.0 0.0 0.4 2.9 4.7 4.8 0.5Fluoridation0.5 13.0 20.5 34.7 60.8 85.9 15.3Other1.3 0.7 2.4 3.5 6.1 4.8 1.7Observations173 425 924 882 304 21 2,729Data: Q.8Notes:Excludes plants that treat purchased water.50seatment ObjectiveDaily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - Over All0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 SizesTable 22 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverWater Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesGround Water PlantsDisinfection with no additional treatment53.9 49.6 51.8 47.8 40.7 18.5 42.2 26.8 47.9Other chemical addition11.1 15.6 25.4 26.9 24.6 61.8 37.4 52.5 23.0Ion exchange, activated alumina, aeration16.6 9.5 7.6 7.3 16.6 4.8 4.3 8.5 10.4Other filtration (not direct or conventional)16.5 16.7 10.7 12.8 12.7 11.6 7.3 8.3 13.4Direct filtration0.0 0.0 0.6 1.0 2.5 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.7Conventional filtration (with and without softening)0.0 1.2 1.3 4.2 0.1 1.3 1.8 1.4 1.2Membranes0.0 1.2 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.5Other1.9 6.3 1.9 0.0 2.7 0.7 5.6 2.3 2.9Observations62 89 161 108 230 197 658 444 1,949Surface Water PlantsDisinfection with no additional treatment17.6 32.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 8.4 2.4 0.9 6.1Other chemical addition0.0 1.3 4.7 8.3 8.1 1.3 6.7 11.7 5.7Ion exchange, activated alumina, aeration0.00.0 0.0 1.4 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.6Other filtration (not direct or conventional)61.6 26.0 33.8 9.9 5.8 1.3 3.8 0.0 17.0Direct filtration7.4 11.5 15.9 19.7 16.6 20.4 12.4 9.9 15.7Conventional filtration (with and without softening) 11.7 22.4 33.6 56.4 68.4 62.6 73.9 74.8 50.5Membranes1.7 6.9 9.7 4.2 0.0 4.5 0.5 2.7 4.4Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.1Observations43 62 70 68 89 80 197 111 720Mixed PlantsDisinfection with no additional treatment24.7 83.1 56.6 29.1 14.2 0.0 6.5 0.0 44.9Ion exchange, activated alumina, aeration0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 26.1 0.0 34.3 0.0 8.1Ion exchange, Activated Alumina, Aeration0.0 0.0 16.1 19.2 0.0 27.4 0.0 0.0 9.8Other filtration (not direct or conventional)51.8 4.2 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.1 0.0 3.8Direct filtration0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 21.4 24.2 0.0 0.0 5.5Conventional filtration (with and without softening)0.0 4.2 17.7 51.6 31.2 48.4 39.1 51.3 25.3Membranes23.5 0.0 0.0 0.07.1 0.0 0.0 48.7 1.9Other0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8Observations3 7 10 6 13 4 15 2 60All PlantsDisinfection with no additional treatment52.8 49.2 48.1 39.9 33.5 16.4 32.6 21.4 43.8Other chemical addition10.8 14.6 23.4 23.3 22.0 49.9 30.4 43.9 21.1Ion exchange, activated alumina, aeration16.1 8.8 7.2 6.7 13.7 4.2 3.4 6.7 9.4Other filtration (not direct or conventional)17.9 17.0 12.3 11.9 11.3 9.6 6.7 6.5 13.6Direct filtration0.2 0.7 1.8 3.9 5.2 4.7 3.4 2.0 2.2Conventional filtration (with and without softening)0.3 2.3 4.1 13.6 11.9 13.3 18.7 16.7 6.5Membranes0.1 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.9 0.9Other1.9 5.9 1.7 0.0 2.2 0.8 4.3 1.8 2.6Observations108 158 241 182 332 281 870 557 2,729Data: Q.8ANotes:Excludes plants that treat purchased water. See treatment scheme description in Volume I.51Table 23Treatment SchemesPercentage of Plants Using Each Treatment SchemeBy Water SourceWater SourceGround Water PlantsDisinfection with no additional treatmentOther chemical additionIon exchange, activated alumina, aerationOther filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct filtrationConventional filtration (with and without softening)MembranesOtherObservationsSurface Water PlantsDisinfection with no additional treatmentOther chemical additionIon exchange, activated alumina, aerationOther filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct filtrationConventional filtration (with and without softening)MembranesOtherObservationsMixed PlantsDisinfection with no additional treatmentIon exchange, activated alumina, aerationIon exchange, Activated Alumina, AerationOther filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct filtrationConventional filtration (with and without softening)MembranesOtherObservationsAll PlantsDisinfection with no additional treatmentOther chemical additionIon exchange, activated alumina, aerationOther filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct filtrationConventional filtration (with and without softening)MembranesOtherObservationsPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - Over0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All Sizes48.2 57.3 36.9 41.2 4.3 0.0 47.914.0 19.9 35.4 23.2 6.5 0.0 23.015.9 5.6 10.5 17.8 7.2 0.0 10.418.1 12.1 10.9 10.7 62.0 0.0 13.40.0 0.0 1.5 3.2 3.0 0.0 0.70.0 1.2 2.3 0.9 11.4 100.0 1.21.2 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.52.6 3.9 1.9 2.5 5.5 0.0 2.9121 339 796 631 602 1,94922.7 18.5 2.0 1.9 0.9 5.3 6.10.0 0.9 11.4 3.3 6.6 21.1 5.70.0 0.0 0.8 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.645.0 33.3 20.0 5.3 2.0 0.0 17.019.0 10.6 17.5 17.8 10.1 15.8 15.712.0 26.6 43.2 68.4 79.3 57.9 50.51.3 10.0 4.9 2.4 1.1 0.0 4.40.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.150 77 113 230 231 19 720100.0 75.4 50.9 5.7 7.0* 44.90.0 0.0 11.3 7.8 21.5* 8.10.0 0.0 18.8 2.5 0.0* 9.80.0 13.5 0.0 0.9 14.6* 3.80.0 3.7 0.0 19.4 0.0* 5.50.0 3.7 18.2 57.2 56.9* 25.30.0 0.0 0.8 6.5 0.0* 1.90.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0* 0.829 15 21 13* 6047.6 55.7 33.5 27.3 2.2 4.8 43.813.6 18.8 32.0 16.3 7.1 19.1 21.115.5 5.3 9.7 11.8 2.3 0.0 9.418.8 13.2 11.6 8.6 21.5 0.0 13.60.5 0.5 3.1 8.5 7.5 14.4 2.20.3 2.4 7.2 24.5 56.9 61.7 6.51.2 0.5 1.1 1.4 0.7 0.0 0.92.53.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 0.0 2.6173 425 924 882 304 21 2,729Data:Q.8Notes:Excludes plants that treat purchased water. See treatment scheme description in Volume I.52Table 24Treatment SchemesPercentage of Plants Using Each Treatment SchemeBy Water SourceTable 25Treatment Practices for Surface Water PlantsPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentSystem Service Population CategorySurface Water Treatment Practice100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesDisinfectionChlorine98.4 79.0 97.4 80.8 80.5 75.1 78.9 78.0 84.4Chlorine dioxide0.0 0.0 0.0 11.0 8.7 18.5 14.0 2.5 6.6Chloramines only0.0 1.2 2.2 13.7 14.8 17.1 32.4 35.6 11.9Chloramines with a free chlorineperiod (based on need in thedistribution system and notroutinely done)0.0 0.0 1.1 1.4 5.8 3.9 9.3 1.7 2.9Chloramines with seasonal(routine) free chlorine use0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2 1.2 9.2 0.9 4.2 2.7Ozone0.0 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.2 11.8 15.8 14.4 3.8Ultraviolet light3.1 1.7 2.2 1.4 1.3 2.6 4.7 1.7 2.1Mixed oxidant0.0 19.4 1.5 4.1 2.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 4.1Filtration ProcessesCoagulant addition/rapid mix17.6 33.3 44.2 71.3 78.1 81.5 88.4 83.9 62.0Polymer addition16.8 22.4 31.1 54.9 46.4 35.8 56.7 56.8 40.6Flocculation7.3 20.8 36.4 60.3 68.7 70.4 75.8 74.6 51.9Settling/sedimentation20.8 24.5 33.3 61.7 70.7 64.5 77.2 73.8 52.6Lime/soda ash softening0.0 2.5 3.4 19.2 16.9 5.2 11.8 21.2 10.5Recarbonation0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 3.5 2.6 4.2 6.8 2.1FiltrationMicro strainer12.5 2.8 1.1 2.7 1.2 0.0 2.8 0.8 2.2Slow sand filter6.2 5.0 17.6 9.6 6.9 1.9 2.8 0.0 8.6Bag or cartridge33.8 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.4Diatomaceous earth1.6 0.6 6.7 0.0 2.3 1.3 0.5 0.0 2.3Pressure filtration19.5 18.2 12.5 2.7 1.2 1.3 0.0 0.0 6.9Green sand0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.4Rapid sand filter3.1 7.3 12.3 24.6 30.7 22.1 15.5 6.8 18.3Deep bed mono-media0.0 1.2 0.0 2.7 1.6 0.0 5.6 7.6 1.8Dual/multi media15.3 19.8 31.8 57.6 51.5 61.6 67.3 65.3 45.1(Continued)53Table 25 (Cont.)Treatment Practices for Surface Water PlantsPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentSystem Service Populatioctice100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,000n CategorySurface Water Treatment Pra50,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesMembranesReverse osmosis1.5 1.7 0.0 1.4 1.2 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.9Microfiltration8.7 7.9 11.6 5.5 0.0 4.5 0.9 0.8 5.5Ultrafiltration5.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 2.8 1.7 1.0Nanofiltration0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0OtherAeration0.0 0.0 1.1 6.9 9.7 6.6 4.6 3.4 4.6Potassium permanganate1.6 9.2 7.8 24.7 32.9 26.8 26.3 21.2 19.8Corrosion control8.1 11.8 26.0 34.2 46.6 42.0 63.6 62.7 35.2Ion exchange1.6 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.4Activated alumina0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.1Iron-based adsorptive media0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Sequestration0.0 1.3 0.0 4.1 5.8 9.7 3.8 5.9 3.4Fluoride addition0.0 2.4 15.5 39.8 58.1 63.5 66.0 73.7 37.0Dissolved air flotation0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.8 0.5Granular activated carbon7.2 3.1 3.0 11.0 14.2 14.4 15.2 17.8 9.6Centrally managed POU/POE0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0Clearwell and/or contact vessel45.3 41.6 40.6 52.2 53.0 49.5 59.9 42.3 48.1(e.g., basin, pipeline)Other10.8 7.3 14.5 9.6 18.3 22.3 36.3 25.2 16.2Observations43 62 70 68 89 80 197 111 720Data: Q.8Notes:Represents treatment practices for plants treating water that comes entirely or partly from surfacesources.Percentages may not add to 100 percent because systems may perform more than one treatment.54Table 26Treatment Practices for Surface Water PlantsPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentBy Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)Surface Water Treatment Practice0 -0.010.01 -0.10.1 -1.01.0 -10.010.0 -100.0Over100 All SizesDisinfectionChlorine87.2 83.4 90.3 81.2 79.6 57.9 84.6Chlorine dioxide0.0 0.0 4.4 11.2 12.4 0.0 6.4Chloramines only11.6 2.3 8.6 15.1 30.5 36.8 12.2Chloramines with a free chlorineperiod (based on need in thedistribution system and notroutinely done)0.0 0.0 1.6 5.4 5.3 0.0 2.9Chloramines with seasonal(routine) free chlorine use0.0 0.0 3.3 4.6 1.7 5.3 2.8Ozone0.0 1.9 1.1 3.2 17.0 31.6 3.8Ultraviolet light6.5 1.4 0.8 2.9 2.7 0.0 2.1Mixed oxidant0.0 13.9 3.6 1.5 0.4 0.0 4.2Filtration ProcessesCoagulant addition/rapid mix31.0 35.9 56.8 80.6 93.2 78.9 63.3Polymer addition18.7 24.1 42.2 46.8 58.8 63.2 40.9Flocculation19.9 26.3 49.2 68.7 80.2 73.7 53.1Settling/sedimentation20.1 29.1 47.3 69.7 82.3 63.2 53.5Lime/soda ash softening11.6 3.4 8.2 15.2 14.8 15.8 10.6Recarbonation0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 5.7 10.5 2.1FiltrationMicro strainer13.3 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.9 0.0 2.3Slow sand filter7.7 4.4 15.4 7.6 1.6 0.0 8.8Bag or cartridge26.4 4.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.4Diatomaceous earth1.3 3.5 4.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 2.4Pressure filtration15.9 26.3 2.5 1.1 0.0 0.0 6.9Green sand0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.1Rapid sand filter18.2 4.4 21.8 24.6 15.0 10.5 18.6Deep bed mono-media0.0 0.9 1.0 2.1 6.0 10.5 1.9Dual/multi media5.6 28.0 40.9 59.2 71.8 52.6 45.8(Continued)55Table 26 (Cont.)Treatment Practices for Surface Water PlantsPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentBy Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)Surface Water Treatment Practice0 -0.010.01 -0.10.1 -1.01.0 -10.010.0 -100.0Over100 All SizesMembranesReverse osmosis2.4 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.9Microfiltration7.1 11.0 6.5 2.6 0.3 0.0 5.4Ultrafiltration4.3 0.9 0.0 1.0 2.3 0.0 1.0Nanofiltration0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0OtherAeration0.0 0.2 4.9 8.5 3.1 5.3 4.8Potassium permanganate1.3 11.6 18.2 30.1 22.7 5.3 20.3Corrosion control8.0 24.7 28.0 46.9 59.2 68.4 36.0Ion exchange1.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4Activated alumina0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 5.3 0.1Iron-based adsorptive media0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Sequestration0.0 0.9 1.7 6.1 5.3 5.3 3.3Fluoride addition1.4 1.1 31.6 60.4 65.9 89.5 37.7Dissolved air flotation0.0 1.9 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.5Granular activated carbon7.1 2.1 6.3 15.8 16.9 15.8 9.9Centrally managed POU/POE0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0Clearwell and/or contact vessel55.8 31.4 49.9 56.0 53.2 26.3 49.1(e.g., basin, pipeline)Other7.5 11.5 12.8 19.0 32.4 26.3 16.4Observations50 77 113 230 231 19 720Data: Q.8Notes:Represents treatment practices for plants treating water that comes entirely or partlyfrom surface sources.Percentages may not add to 100 percent because systems may perform more than onetreatment.56Table 27Treatment Practices for Ground Water PlantsPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentSystem Service Population CategoryGround Water Treatment Practice100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesDisinfectionChlorine84.7 94.3 92.2 91.8 92.9 96.3 91.3 100.0 91.7Chlorine dioxide0.0 1.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.4Chloramines only0.0 0.0 1.2 2.3 0.4 2.1 5.9 0.4 0.9Chloramines with a free chlorineperiod (based on need in thedistribution system and notroutinely done)0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.8 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.3Chloramines with seasonal(routine) free chlorine use0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.5 1.2 0.1Ozone0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.1Ultraviolet light1.7 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5Mixed oxidant0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6Filtration ProcessesCoagulant addition/rapid mix0.0 2.4 2.4 3.1 5.5 2.9 1.6 1.2 2.4Polymer addition0.0 0.1 0.0 3.0 2.4 2.9 1.0 1.0 0.8Flocculation0.0 1.1 1.2 4.1 0.7 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.3Settling/sedimentation0.0 2.3 1.8 7.2 0.7 2.3 2.1 1.7 2.1Lime/soda ash softening0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 8.7 7.4 2.7 1.7 1.8Recarbonation0.0 0.0 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.6 1.7 0.7 0.4FiltrationMicro strainer0.0 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.5Slow sand filter0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.1Bag or cartridge8.6 0.0 0.6 1.0 0.1 1.0 1.2 0.2 1.8Diatomaceous earth0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2Pressure filtration1.7 4.5 1.2 4.0 7.0 1.7 2.9 0.2 3.1Green sand6.2 9.2 5.9 5.8 2.9 7.2 0.9 5.4 6.2Rapid sand filter0.0 2.3 1.2 1.0 3.7 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.5Deep bed mono-media0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2Dual/multi media0.0 2.5 1.8 5.8 4.2 2.4 3.4 3.5 2.4(Continued)57Table 27 (Cont.)Treatment Practices for Ground Water PlantsPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentSystem Service Population CategoryGround Water Treatment Practice100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesMembranesReverse osmosis1.7 2.3 1.2 1.0 0.2 0.3 1.8 0.4 1.4Microfiltration0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Ultrafiltration0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0Nanofiltration0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.0OtherAeration4.7 4.7 12.6 15.4 22.3 15.1 8.4 10.8 10.8Potassium permanganate3.1 2.5 6.6 5.4 4.9 7.6 1.8 0.0 4.5Corrosion control11.5 11.5 13.0 13.0 22.8 58.5 27.9 53.4 16.2Ion exchange18.6 7.9 3.6 3.1 1.8 0.3 2.0 0.7 6.7Activated alumina0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Iron-based adsorptive media3.4 1.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.7 1.1Sequestration8.6 3.6 13.7 6.2 8.3 5.4 5.3 12.2 8.5Fluoride addition1.7 8.0 14.5 32.4 14.6 61.7 29.9 12.9 14.8Dissolved air flotation0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0Granular activated carbon0.0 1.1 0.0 1.0 0.9 1.5 4.7 11.4 0.9Centrally managed POU/POE0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0Clearwell and/or contact vessel31.4 24.6 17.6 9.1 2.1 3.5 5.2 3.9 17.8(e.g., basin, pipeline)Other3.3 7.1 2.4 8.5 6.1 1.6 11.7 1.1 5.0Observations62 89 161 108 230 197 658 444 1,949Data: Q.8Notes:Represents treatment practices for plants treating water that comes entirely or partly from groundsources.Percentages may not add to 100 percent because systems may perform more than one treatment.58Table 28Treatment Practices for Ground Water PlantsPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentBy Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)Ground Water Treatment Practice0 -0.010.01 -0.10.1 -1.01.0 -10.010.0 -100.0Over100 All SizesDisinfectionChlorine90.4 93.6 93.4 90.9 91.7 100.0 92.5Chlorine dioxide0.0 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4Chloramines only0.0 0.5 1.7 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.9Chloramines with a free chlorineperiod (based on need in thedistribution system and notroutinely done)0.0 0.0 0.7 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.3Chloramines with seasonal(routine) free chlorine use0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 10.0 100.0 0.1Ozone0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.1Ultraviolet light0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2Mixed oxidant0.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.5Filtration ProcessesCoagulant addition/rapid mix1.3 1.6 4.3 3.6 16.3 100.0 2.5Polymer addition0.0 0.1 1.7 2.8 11.9 0.0 0.8Flocculation0.0 1.6 1.7 2.2 13.6 100.0 1.4Settling/sedimentation0.0 2.3 3.1 3.7 15.4 100.0 2.2Lime/soda ash softening0.1 0.4 5.0 2.5 18.8 100.0 1.9Recarbonation0.0 0.0 1.1 0.3 7.3 100.0 0.4FiltrationMicro strainer0.0 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.5Slow sand filter0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.0 0.2Bag or cartridge5.1 0.5 0.4 0.6 7.9 0.0 1.6Diatomaceous earth0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2Pressure filtration2.6 2.8 4.2 3.3 0.0 0.0 3.2Green sand10.5 4.8 4.9 2.5 39.5 0.0 6.2Rapid sand filter0.0 2.3 1.0 3.5 8.2 100.0 1.5Deep bed mono-media0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2Dual/multi media0.0 2.4 3.8 5.6 20.9 100.0 2.6(Continued)59Table 28 (Cont.)Treatment Practices for Ground Water PlantsPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentBy Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Producttice0 -0.010.01 -0.10.1 -1.01.0 -10.0ion (MGD)Ground Water Treatment Prac10.0 -100.0Over100AllSizesMembranesReverse osmosis1.2 0.7 1.8 0.9 4.4 0.0 1.1Microfiltration0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Ultrafiltration0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0Nanofiltration0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.9 0.0 0.0OtherAeration3.8 8.4 17.6 19.6 68.5 0.0 11.0Potassium permanganate3.5 3.7 5.3 5.1 43.2 0.0 4.4Corrosion control11.0 10.5 24.1 24.0 60.0 50.0 15.7Ion exchange15.8 3.8 2.9 3.7 4.8 0.0 6.4Activated alumina0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Iron-based adsorptive media2.6 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.2Sequestration8.7 6.6 10.9 8.0 7.4 0.0 8.4Fluoride addition0.5 13.9 25.0 22.9 68.3 50.0 14.8Dissolved air flotation0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0Granular activated carbon1.2 0.1 1.0 3.9 5.2 0.0 0.9Centrally managed POU/POE0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0Clearwell and/or contact vessel28.7 17.2 9.8 6.6 25.0 0.0 17.1(e.g., basin, pipeline)Other4.9 3.8 6.9 7.1 7.2 100.0 5.2Observations121 339 796 631 602 1,949Data: Q.8Notes:Represents treatment practices for plants treating water that comes entirely or partlyfrom ground sources.Percentages may not add to 100 percent because systems may perform more thanone treatment.60PrimarySecondarySystem Service Population Categorydisinfection disinfection100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overmethodmethodor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesGround Water PlantsChlorineChlorine11.2 10.2 10.1 2.0 3.4 3.6 1.2 1.9 8.0Chloramines* * * 1.0 * * 0.6 1.0 0.1Other* 3.4 3.6 1.0 * * 1.3 2.2 2.0None71.9 77.0 74.9 82.0 82.8 89.8 79.0 87.7 77.4Chlorine dioxide Chlorine* * * * * * * * *Chloramines* * * * * * * * *Other* * * * * * * * *None* * * 1.0* * * *0.1Chloramines Chlorine* * * * *0.30.2 *0.0Chloramines* * 0.6 * * 0.7 * * 0.2Other* * * * * ** * *None* * 0.6 2.7 0.4 2.0 6.8 * 0.8OzoneChlorine* * * * * *0.1 *0.0Chloramines* * * * * * * * *Other* * * * * * * * *None* * * * * * * * *Ultraviolet light Chlorine* * * * * * * * *Chloramines* * * * * * * * *Other* * * * * * * * *None* * * * * * * * *Mixed oxidant Chlorine1.7 * * * 0.7 * * * 0.4Chloramines* * * * * * * * *Other* * * * * * * * *None* * 1.1 * 1.8 * ** 0.5OtherChlorine* * * * * * * * *Chloramines* * * * *0.30.3 *0.0Other1.7* * * *0.3 * *0.3None* * * 1.3 2.4 * 0.4 0.4 0.4NoneChlorine* * * *2.21.82.86.10.5Chloramines* * * * * *0.1 *0.0Other* * * 1.0* * * *0.1None13.4 9.4 9.2 7.9 6.4 1.0 7.1 0.7 9.0(Continued)61Table 29Disinfection Practices and ObjectivesPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentDisinfection Practices and ObjectivesPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentPrimarySecondarySystem Service Population Categorydisinfection disinfection100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overmethodmethodor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesSurface Water PlantsChlorineChlorine14.0 14.4 43.3 5.5 24.0 9.2 13.0 26.9 21.3Chloramines* * * 4.1 1.2 9.2 14.3 12.6 3.4Other* * 1.1 12.4 5.9 2.6 5.2 5.0 4.7None82.9 60.4 47.0 42.3 40.9 37.1 30.9 16.8 44.9Chlorine dioxide Chlorine* * * 1.4 1.6 2.8 0.5 * 0.8Chloramines* * * 1.4 0.2 1.3 2.3 * 0.6Other* * * * * *2.8 *0.2None* * * 1.4 * 1.3 0.9 * 0.4Chloramines Chlorine* * * 1.4* * * *0.3Chloramines* * * *4.22.62.5 *1.3Other* * * *1.2 *2.81.70.6None* * * 5.4 5.8 6.6 2.8 10.1 3.4OzoneChlorine* * 1.5 * * * 2.8 2.5 0.7Chloramines* * * *1.22.64.25.91.1Other* * * * *7.91.41.70.8None* * * * * *0.5 *0.0Ultraviolet light Chlorine* 1.2 2.2 * * 1.3 * * 0.8Chloramines* * * * * * * * *Other* * * * * * * * *None* * * * * * * * *Mixed oxidant Chlorine1.6* * * * * * *0.1Chloramines* * * * * * * * *Other* 19.4 * 1.4* * * *2.7None* * 1.5 1.4* * **0.6OtherChlorine1.6 * * 1.4 1.2 * 0.5 * 0.6Chloramines* * * 2.7 1.2 * 2.8 2.5 1.1Other* 1.2 * 4.1 * 3.9 1.9 0.8 1.4None* 0.5 2.2 6.9 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.5 2.9NoneChlorine* 1.2 * 4.1 2.3 5.1 0.9 3.4 2.0Chloramines* * * *1.2 *2.80.80.5Other* * * * *2.60.9 *0.3None* 1.6 1.1 2.7 5.8 1.3 0.4 6.7 2.6(Continued)62Table 29 (Cont.)Disinfection Practices and ObjectivesPrimarydisinfectionmethodMixed PlantsChlorineSecondarydisinfectionmethodChlorineChloraminesOtherNonePercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentSystem Service Population Category100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All Sizes* * 35.8 7.0 33.2 24.2 * * 20.3* * * * * * 34.3 * 1.2* * * 27.1 14.2 * 6.5 * 8.4100.0 100.0 64.2 58.9 21.4 75.8 6.5 48.7 60.9Chlorine dioxide ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * * * *** * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * *Chloramines ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * * * *** * * * *6.5 *0.2* * * *7.1 * * *1.3* * * * * *6.5 *0.2OzoneChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * * * *** * * * *6.5 *0.2* * * * * *6.5 *0.2* * * * * * * * *Ultraviolet light ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * * * *** * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * *Mixed oxidant ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * * * *** * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * *OtherChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * * * *** * * * * * * ** * * 7.0 2.7 * * * 1.9* * * *7.1 * *51.3 1.5NoneChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * 14.2 * 13.0 * 3.1** * * * *7.1 *0.2* * * * * * * * ** * * * * *6.5 *0.2(Continued)63Table 29 (Cont.)Disinfection Practices and ObjectivesPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentPrimarySecondarySystem Service Population Categorydisinfection disinfection100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overmethodmethodor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesAll PlantsChlorineChlorine11.3 10.3 13.1 2.7 7.3 4.8 3.9 7.3 9.5Chloramines* * * 1.5 0.2 1.7 4.3 3.5 0.5Other* 3.1 3.3 3.6 1.3 0.5 2.2 2.8 2.4None72.3 76.5 72.6 75.1 74.7 79.9 66.8 72.2 74.0Chlorine dioxide Chlorine* * * 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 * 0.1Chloramines* * * 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.5 * 0.1Other* * * * * *0.6 *0.0None* * * 1.0 * 0.2 0.2 * 0.1Chloramines Chlorine* * * 0.2 * 0.3 0.1 * 0.0Chloramines* * 0.5 * 0.7 1.0 0.7 * 0.3Other* * * *0.4 *0.60.40.1None* * 0.5 3.1 1.2 2.9 5.9 2.2 1.0OzoneChlorine* * 0.1 * * * 0.7 0.5 0.1Chloramines* * * *0.20.51.11.30.1Other* * * * *1.50.40.40.1None* * * * * *0.1 *0.0Ultraviolet light Chlorine* 0.1 0.2 * * 0.2 * * 0.1Chloramines* * * * * * * * *Other* * * * * * * * *None* * * ** * * * *Mixed oxidant Chlorine1.7 * * * 0.5 * * * 0.3Chloramines* * * * * * * * *Other* 1.0 * 0.2* * * *0.3None* * 1.1 0.2 1.4 * * * 0.5OtherChlorine0.0 * * 0.2 0.2 * 0.1 * 0.1Chloramines* * * 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.1Other1.7 0.1 * 0.9 0.1 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.4None* 0.0 0.2 2.1 2.5 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.7NoneChlorine* 0.1 * 0.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 5.5 0.7Chloramines* * * *0.2 *0.90.20.1Other* * * 0.8 * 0.5 0.2 * 0.1None13.0 8.8 8.4 6.8 6.1 1.0 5.6 2.0 8.2Data:Q.8Notes:Percentages may not add to 100 percent because systems may perform more than one treatment.64Table 29 (Cont.)PrimarySecondaryPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)disinfection disinfection0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - Overmethodmethod0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All SizesGround Water PlantsChlorineChlorine10.6 8.7 5.8 4.1 1.8 * 8.0Chloramines* * 0.4 0.2 3.0 * 0.1Other1.2 3.7 0.4 0.3 8.4 * 1.9None76.1 77.4 80.5 81.3 71.7 * 78.2Chlorine dioxide Chlorine* * * * * * *Chloramines* * * * * * *Other* * * * * * *None* * 0.4 * * * 0.1Chloramines Chlorine* * * 0.2 * * 0.0Chloramines* 0.5 * 0.3 * * 0.2Other* * * * * * *None* 0.1 2.0 2.9 6.6 * 0.8OzoneChlorine* * 0.0 * * * 0.0Chloramines* * * * ** *Other* * * * * * *None* * * * * * *Ultraviolet light Chlorine* * * * * * *Chloramines* * * * * * *Other* * * * * * *None* 0.1 0.2 * * * 0.1Mixed oxidant Chlorine* * * * * * *Chloramines* * * * * * *Other* * * * * * *None* 0.5 0.5 1.0 * * 0.4OtherChlorine* * * * * * *Chloramines* * * 0.2 0.9 * 0.0Other1.3 * * * 2.2 * 0.3None* * 0.9 2.6 * 100.0 0.4NoneChlorine* 0.1 1.3 1.5 3.0 * 0.5Chloramines* * * 0.1 * * 0.0Other* * 0.4 * * * 0.1None10.9 9.1 7.2 5.3 2.5 * 8.7(Continued)65Table 30Disinfection Practice and ObjectivesPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentBy Plant Average Daily ProductionPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentBy Plant Average Daily ProductionPrimarySecondaryPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)disinfection disinfection0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - Overmethodmethod0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All SizesSurface Water PlantsChlorineChlorine12.9 27.7 22.1 18.3 21.3 26.3 21.3Chloramines* * 2.0 5.4 10.5 5.3 3.5Other* 1.4 5.8 7.0 4.1 * 4.8None69.1 49.2 49.0 40.6 27.5 15.8 45.0Chlorine dioxide Chlorine* * 0.8 1.4 1.5 * 0.9Chloramines* * 0.8 0.7 * * 0.5Other* * * 0.1 2.0 * 0.3None* * 0.8 0.1 1.3 * 0.4Chloramines Chlorine* * 0.8 * * * 0.3Chloramines 11.6 * * 1.7 1.2 * 1.4Other* * * 1.3 1.1 5.3 0.6None* 1.4 1.7 5.6 7.9 5.3 3.5OzoneChlorine* 1.9 * 0.1 2.3 10.5 0.7Chloramines* * 0.8 0.3 5.915.8 1.1Other* * 0.3 1.5 1.9 * 0.8None* * * *0.4 *0.0Ultraviolet light Chlorine2.7 1.4 0.8 0.3 * * 0.8Chloramines* * * * * * *Other* * * * * * *None1.3* * * * *0.1Mixed oxidant Chlorine* * * * * * *Chloramines* * * * * * *Other* 13.9 0.8 * * * 2.8None* * 1.9 * * * 0.6OtherChlorine1.3 * 0.8 0.9 * * 0.6Chloramines* * 1.7 0.8 3.4 * 1.1Other* 0.9 1.7 1.0 1.2 5.3 1.2None1.2 * 4.1 2.8 4.0 * 2.7NoneChlorine* 0.9 2.5 2.7 0.4 * 1.9Chloramines* * * 1.4 0.4 5.3 0.5Other* * * 0.7 0.4 * 0.3None* 1.2 0.8 5.3 1.3 5.3 2.4(Continued)66Table 30 (Cont.)Disinfection Practice and ObjectivesDisinfection Practice and ObjectivesPercentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentPrimarydisinfectionmethodSecondarydisinfectionmethodBy Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 -0.010.01 -0.10.1 -1.01.0 -10.010.0 -100.0Over100 All SizesMixed PlantsChlorineChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* 6.1 28.9 17.4 16.3 * 20.3** * 1.0 29.1 * 1.2* * * 35.5 * * 8.4100.0 93.9 65.6 24.8 7.0 * 60.9Chlorine dioxide ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * *** * * * * ** * * * * * ** * * * * * *Chloramines ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * *** * 0.9 * * 0.2* * * 5.7 * * 1.3* * * *7.0 *0.2OzoneChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * *** * *7.0 *0.2* * * *7.0 *0.2* * * * * * *Ultraviolet light ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * *** * * * * ** * * * * * ** * * * * * *Mixed oxidant ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * *** * * * * ** * * * * * ** * * * * * *OtherChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * * * * * *** * * * * ** * 2.8 2.2 * * 1.9* * * 5.7 5.8 * 1.5NoneChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * 2.7 5.7 13.9 * 3.1** * 1.0 * * 0.2* * * * * * ** * * *7.0 *0.2(Continued)67Table 30 (Cont.)Percentage of Plants Performing Each TreatmentPrimarydisinfectionmethodSecondarydisinfectionmethodBy Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 -0.010.01 -0.10.1 -1.01.0 -10.010.0 -100.0Over100 All SizesAll PlantsChlorineChlorineChloraminesOtherNone10.6 9.6 8.3 9.1 15.0 23.9 9.5** 0.6 1.9 8.8 4.8 0.51.1 3.5 1.0 3.9 5.3 * 2.375.9 76.3 76.6 66.1 40.8 14.4 74.7Chlorine dioxide ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * 0.1 0.4 0.9 * 0.1** 0.1 0.2 * * 0.0* * * 0.0 1.3 * 0.0* * 0.4 0.0 0.9 * 0.1Chloramines ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* * 0.1 0.1 * * 0.00.30.4 * 0.8 0.8 * 0.3* * * 0.6 0.7 4.8 0.1* 0.1 1.9 3.6 7.5 4.8 1.1OzoneChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.5 9.6 0.1** 0.1 0.1 4.1 14.4 0.1* * 0.0 0.5 1.5 * 0.1* * * *0.3 *0.0Ultraviolet light ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 * * 0.1** * * * * ** * * * * * ** * * * * * *Mixed oxidant ChlorineChloraminesOtherNone0.0 0.1 0.1 * * * 0.1** * * * * ** 0.7 0.1 * * * 0.3* 0.4 0.7 0.6 * * 0.4OtherChlorineChloraminesOtherNone0.0 * 0.1 0.3 * * 0.1** 0.2 0.4 2.5 * 0.11.2 0.0 0.3 0.4 1.5 4.8 0.40.0 * 1.2 2.8 2.8 9.1 0.7NoneChlorineChloraminesOtherNone* 0.1 1.5 2.1 1.7 * 0.7* * * 0.5 0.3 4.8 0.1* * 0.3 0.2 0.3 * 0.110.6 8.6 6.3 5.0 1.9 4.8 7.9Data:Q.8Notes:Percentages may not add to 100 percent because systems may perform more than one treatment.68Table 30 (Cont.)Disinfection Practice and ObjectivesSurface Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual ManagementPracticeTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection, Other Chemical AdditionDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.50.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 7.7 0.0 * * 33.3 0.0 0.0 7.30.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 7.7 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.412 13 3 * *6 5 2 41* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 21.3 14.3 3.4* 0.0 25.0 33.9 0.0 100.0 35.5 21.4 21.0* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.5 21.4 5.5* 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 14.2 7.1 12.9* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 2.4* 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 20.0 7.1 14.3* 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 14.3 9.5* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 0.0 25.0 33.3 25.0 0.0 13.3 7.1 14.3* 100.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 40.0 7.1 23.8*1 4 3 4 1151442* * * 0.0 100.0 * 0.0 * 46.0* * * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* * *** * 0.0 100.0 * 0.0 * 46.0* * * 0.0 100.0 * 0.0 * 46.0* * * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* * * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* * * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* * * 0.0 100.0 * 0.0 * 33.3* * * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* *0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* * * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* * * 1 1 * 1 * 3(Continued)69Table 31Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Surface Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water SourceSurface Water Plant TreatmentPracticeTreatment Scheme: Other filtraDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)DewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsOver000 All Sizes0.0 0.0 3.2 14.3 0.0 0.0 50.0 * 3.925.1 34.4 34.2 42.9 40.0 0.0 50.0 * 34.210.6 28.7 30.4 0.0 40.0 0.0 37.5 * 24.419.9 38.0 37.4 42.9 20.0 0.0 12.5 * 33.40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 * 1.40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.03.7 0.0 0.0 14.3 0.0 100.0 37.5 * 6.83.7 27.3 22.2 57.1 40.0 0.0 50.0 * 23.97.4 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 3.47.4 0.0 27.8 14.3 20.0 100.0 25.0 * 13.60.0 0.0 5.6 57.1 20.0 0.0 62.5 * 12.527 22 187 51 8 *880.0 0.0 0.0 7.2 0.0 0.0 23.0 18.2 3.70.0 36.6 39.0 49.9 85.9 77.1 61.7 54.5 57.0100.0 17.8 7.3 7.2 20.8 19.3 26.8 9.1 15.90.0 57.8 53.7 57.3 55.5 25.7 38.3 9.1 49.40.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 1.00.0 0.0 15.4 28.6 30.8 37.5 38.5 36.4 28.60.0 0.0 15.4 42.9 38.5 31.3 23.1 18.2 24.80.0 22.2 0.0 14.3 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.80.0 11.1 46.2 14.3 23.1 37.5 30.8 0.0 24.80.0 0.0 38.5 35.7 38.5 68.8 69.2 81.8 50.53 9 13 14 13 16 26 11 1050.0 0.0 0.0 7.3 13.8 20.3 29.9 36.1 13.414.5 70.9 61.1 48.9 64.0 56.1 59.9 41.0 57.614.5 17.0 25.5 29.340.2 34.8 30.5 15.7 30.914.5 45.5 67.8 56.2 43.0 45.2 31.3 24.1 47.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 7.9 4.3 2.1 3.6 3.320.0 11.8 11.1 22.0 19.0 27.7 45.1 41.0 32.50.0 23.5 25.9 36.6 38.1 38.3 23.9 26.5 29.220.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.520.0 35.3 33.3 14.6 22.2 23.4 23.9 33.7 25.620.0 0.0 29.6 39.0 30.2 46.8 57.0 68.7 48.05 17 27 41 63 47 142 83 425(Continued)70Schemes and Residual Managementtion (not direct or conventional)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001-or Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Surface Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water SourceTable 31 (Cont.)Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Surface Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water SourceSystem Service Population CategorySurface Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPracticeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesTreatment Scheme: MembranesDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 33.9 0.8Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 19.4 21.5 33.3 * 41.7 100.0 33.9 25.2DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 41.7 100.0 33.9 4.7On-site storage0.0 37.8 46.4 0.0 * 41.7 0.0 0.0 34.3Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 11.1 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8Direct discharge to surface water0.0 40.0 33.3 33.3 * 25.0 0.0 0.0 26.9Septic system0.0 0.0 11.1 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8Sanitary Sewer0.0 0.0 66.7 66.7 * 0.0 0.0 66.7 38.5Recycle filter backwash0.0 20.0 0.0 66.7 * 50.0 100.0 66.730.8Observations1 5 9 3 * 4 1 326Treatment Scheme: Other TreatmentDewateringMechanical dewatering*****0.0*0.00.0Non-mechanical dewatering*****0.0*0.00.0DisposalLand application*****0.0*0.00.0On-site storage*****0.0*0.00.0Deep well injection*****0.0*0.00.0Hazardous waste landfill*****0.0*0.00.0Non-hazardous waste landfill*****0.0*0.00.0Direct discharge to surface water*****0.0*0.00.0Septic system*****0.0*0.00.0Sanitary Sewer*****0.0*0.00.0Recycle filter backwash*****0.0*0.00.0Observations* * * * * 1 * 5 6Data: Q.9Notes:Treatment schemes listed are based on the categorization presented by Table 23 and Table 24.71Table 31 (Cont.)System Service Population CategoryGround Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPracticeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.1Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0On-site storage0.0 0.0 0.7 24.5 5.3 0.0 1.2 0.0 2.9Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.7Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1Direct discharge to surface water0.0 0.0 1.1 6.4 8.5 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.5Septic system0.0 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.7Sanitary Sewer0.0 0.0 0.0 8.5 6.4 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.3Recycle filter backwash0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.00.1Observations41 45 88 47 47 56 241 119 684Treatment Scheme: Disinfection, Other Chemical AdditionDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.9 1.3Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.1DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.6 0.0 0.4On-site storage0.0 0.0 1.3 9.1 3.0 0.0 12.1 0.0 2.3Deep well injection0.0 0.0 1.3 4.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.0Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.1Direct discharge to surface water0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 8.1 0.0 2.9Septic system0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 1.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4Sanitary Sewer12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 2.6 4.7 0.0 2.6Recycle filter backwash12.5 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3Observations8 16 48 26 63 78 236 225 700Treatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDewateringMechanical dewatering10.4 12.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 18.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7DisposalLand application40.7 23.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 16.0On-site storage20.8 0.0 18.2 28.6 3.4 0.0 11.7 0.0 12.2Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.7Non-hazardous waste landfill10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 20.0 3.8 0.0 4.8Direct discharge to surface water0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.8 0.0 5.5Septic system20.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1Sanitary Sewer20.0 25.0 8.3 14.3 16.7 6.7 3.8 0.0 8.9Recycle filter backwash0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7 7.7 0.0 2.1Observations10 8 12 7 30 15 26 38 146(Continued)72Table 32Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Ground Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water SourceResidual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Ground Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeGround Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual ManagementPracticeTreatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)DewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)DewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsBy Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 6.2 3.0 10.4 0.0 1.80.0 0.0 30.8 23.9 8.5 14.0 32.0 46.0 11.510.5 7.1 13.0 8.0 1.6 11.6 21.6 0.0 8.828.0 0.0 36.7 31.9 8.5 63.3 34.0 2.8 20.30.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 0.7 6.0 13.2 0.0 1.30.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 4.3 0.0 1.510.0 0.0 5.3 7.7 20.6 0.0 10.6 0.0 7.50.0 6.3 15.8 30.8 14.7 21.7 21.3 13.5 16.630.0 18.8 0.0 15.4 0.0 8.7 2.1 0.0 5.520.0 50.0 52.6 30.8 67.6 34.8 42.6 32.4 43.70.0 0.0 0.0 7.7 17.6 60.9 27.7 21.6 21.110 16 19 13 3423 47 37 199* * 0.0 100.0 0.0 42.1 36.7 * 20.5* * 0.0 100.0 66.7 57.9 46.4 * 52.6* * 0.0 0.0 18.2 57.9 36.7 * 12.5* * 100.0 100.0 9.1 84.1 64.8 * 55.5* * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 33.3 66.7 33.3 * 35.3* * 0.0 0.0 16.7 33.3 50.0 * 29.4* * 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 * 17.6* * 100.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 50.0 * 41.2* * 0.0 100.0 16.7 33.3 50.0 * 35.3* *1 1 6 3 6 *17* 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 48.5 35.2 0.0 4.5* 0.0 50.0 25.0 100.0 48.5 56.7 100.0 31.3* 0.0 50.0 0.0100.0 48.5 51.4 52.4 21.0* 100.0 50.0 50.0 100.0 74.2 56.7 84.4 63.6* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 58.3 50.0 35.7* 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 16.7 25.0 17.9* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 100.0 0.0 75.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 17.9* 0.0 0.0 25.0 100.0 25.0 50.0 100.0 46.4*1 2 4 1 412 428(Continued)73Table 32 (Cont.)Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Ground Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryGround Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPracticeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesTreatment Scheme: MembranesDewateringMechanical dewatering* 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Non-mechanical dewatering* 0.0 100.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.0DisposalLand application* 0.0 100.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 37.0On-site storage* 0.0 100.0 * * 0.0 24.5 0.0 37.9Deep well injection* 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 24.5 0.0 0.9Hazardous waste landfill* 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill* 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Direct discharge to surface water* 0.0 0.0 * * 100.0 50.0 0.0 37.5Septic system* 100.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5Sanitary Sewer* 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 25.0 0.0 12.5Recycle filter backwash* 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.00.0Observations* 1 1 * * 1 4 1 8Treatment Scheme: Other TreatmentDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 * 50.0 100.0 3.8 0.0 1.6Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 * 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0On-site storage0.0 0.0 0.0 * 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.2Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 4.0Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 25.9 0.0 14.0Direct discharge to surface water100.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 14.8 0.0 10.0Septic system0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Sanitary Sewer0.0 20.0 0.0 * 50.0 0.0 25.9 0.0 18.0Recycle filter backwash0.0 0.0 0.0 * 50.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 4.0Observations1 5 3 * 2 2 27 10 50Data: Q.9Notes:Treatment schemes listed are based on the categorization presented by Table 23 and Table 24.74Table 32 (Cont.)Mixed Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual ManagementPracticeTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection, Other Chemical AdditionDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.01 3 3 1 2* 1 *11* * 0.0 * 27.3 * 0.0 * 17.0* * 0.0 * 0.0 * 19.0 * 2.8* * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 * 50.0 * 20.0 * 25.0* * 0.0 * 50.0 * 20.0 * 25.0* * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 * 0.0 * 20.0 * 12.5* * 0.0 * 50.0 * 0.0 * 12.5* * 1 * 2 * 5 * 8* * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0* 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* * 1 1 * 1 * * 3(Continued)75Table 33Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Mixed Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water SourceResidual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Mixed Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeMixed Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual ManagementPracticeTreatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)DewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)DewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsBy Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes0.0 0.0 0.0 * * * 32.4 * 5.90.0 100.0 0.0 * * * 67.6 * 34.70.0 0.0 100.0 * * * 67.6 * 49.50.0 100.0 100.0 * * * 64.7 * 71.20.0 0.0 0.0 * * * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * * * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * * * 33.3 * 16.70.0 100.0 0.0 * * * 0.0 * 16.70.0 0.0 0.0 * * * 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * * * 33.3 * 16.70.0 0.0 0.0 * * * 66.7 * 33.31 1 1 * ** 3 * 6* 0.0 * * 0.0 100.0 * * 12.8* 100.0 * * 100.0 0.0 * * 87.2* 0.0 * * 100.0 0.0 * * 66.6* 0.0 * * 50.0 0.0 * * 33.3* 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* 0.0 * * 0.0 100.0 * * 25.0* 100.0 * * 0.0 100.0 * * 50.0* 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* 0.0 * * 100.0 0.0 * * 50.0* 1 * * 2 1 * * 4* 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.8 50.0 16.7 0.0 8.4* 100.0 53.8 100.0 68.4 50.0 100.0 0.0 78.6* 0.0 30.8 29.068.4 50.0 33.3 0.0 38.7* 0.0 46.2 14.5 22.8 0.0 50.0 0.0 24.8* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 4.3* 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 21.7* 0.0 50.0 75.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.1* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 100.0 25.0 25.0 40.0 50.0 16.7 0.0 30.4* 0.0 25.0 50.0 80.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 69.6*1 4 4 5 2 6 123(Continued)76Table 33 (Cont.)Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Mixed Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryMixed Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPracticeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesTreatment Scheme: MembranesDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 * * * 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 * * * 100.0 * * 0.0 70.9DisposalLand application0.0 * * * 100.0 * * 0.0 70.9On-site storage0.0 * * * 100.0 * * 0.0 70.9Deep well injection0.0 * * * 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0Hazardous waste landfill0.0 * * * 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 * * * 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0Direct discharge to surface water0.0 * * * 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0Septic system0.0 * * * 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0Sanitary Sewer100.0 * * * 0.0 * * 100.0 66.7Recycle filter backwash0.0 * * * 100.0 * * 0.033.3Observations1 * * * 1 * * 1 3Treatment Scheme: Other TreatmentDewateringMechanical dewatering* 0.0******0.0Non-mechanical dewatering* 0.0******0.0DisposalLand application* 0.0******0.0On-site storage* 0.0******0.0Deep well injection* 0.0******0.0Hazardous waste landfill* 0.0******0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill* 0.0******0.0Direct discharge to surface water* 0.0******0.0Septic system* 0.0******0.0Sanitary Sewer* 0.0******0.0Recycle filter backwash* 0.0******0.0Observations* 1 * * * * * * 1Data: Q.9Notes:Treatment schemes listed are based on the categorization presented by Table 23 and Table 24.77Table 33 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverAll Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management Practice or Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.1Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.0DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0On-site storage0.0 0.0 0.7 23.9 5.2 0.0 1.2 0.0 2.8Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.7Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1Direct discharge to surface water0.0 1.6 1.1 6.3 8.2 3.2 0.8 0.0 1.8Septic system0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.7Sanitary Sewer0.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 6.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.2Recycle filter backwash0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3Observations54 61 94 48 49 62 247 121 736Treatment Scheme: Disinfection, Other Chemical AdditionDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 7.4 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.5 1.7 1.4Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.3 2.2 0.4 0.5 2.6 2.1 0.6DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.9 1.3 0.5On-site storage0.0 0.0 1.9 8.5 2.7 0.5 12.0 0.4 2.6Deep well injection0.0 0.0 1.3 4.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.0Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.4 2.5 1.6 0.4 1.2Direct discharge to surface water0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 2.9 0.0 8.2 0.8 3.5Septic system0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 1.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4Sanitary Sewer12.5 0.0 1.9 3.4 7.2 2.5 5.5 0.4 3.3Recycle filter backwash12.5 11.8 1.9 0.0 1.4 1.3 2.3 0.4 1.7Observations8 17 53 29 69 79 256 239 750Treatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDewateringMechanical dewatering10.4 12.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 17.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6DisposalLand application40.7 23.9 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 3.9 0.0 15.9On-site storage20.8 0.0 17.3 25.3 4.6 0.0 11.4 0.0 12.2Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 0.7Non-hazardous waste landfill10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 18.8 3.7 0.0 4.6Direct discharge to surface water0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 29.6 0.0 5.9Septic system20.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0Sanitary Sewer20.0 25.0 7.7 11.1 16.1 6.3 3.7 0.0 8.6Recycle filter backwash0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 7.4 0.0 2.0Observations10 8 13 9 31 16 27 38 152(Continued)78Table 34Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of All Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water SourceResidual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of All Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverAll Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management Practice or Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesTreatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)DewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.7 8.8 5.7 2.9 16.8 0.0 2.1Non-mechanical dewatering2.4 3.0 31.3 26.3 10.9 13.7 36.2 46.0 14.3DisposalLand application10.4 8.7 17.4 7.0 4.5 11.3 26.1 0.0 10.8On-site storage27.1 3.2 37.3 33.3 9.4 61.7 32.7 2.8 22.1Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 2.1 5.8 10.7 0.0 1.3Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 3.4 0.0 1.0Non-hazardous waste landfill5.3 0.0 2.6 10.0 17.9 4.2 15.5 0.0 7.5Direct discharge to surface water2.6 20.5 18.4 40.0 17.9 20.8 24.1 13.5 18.8Septic system13.2 7.7 2.6 10.0 0.0 8.3 1.7 0.0 4.8Sanitary Sewer10.5 20.5 39.5 25.0 61.5 37.5 39.7 32.4 34.1Recycle filter backwash0.0 0.0 2.6 25.0 17.9 58.3 34.5 21.6 18.8Observations38 39 38 20 39 24 58 37 293Treatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 27.4 0.0 11.1 25.5 18.2 8.5Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 42.2 26.6 60.8 79.2 70.4 58.8 54.5 56.8DisposalLand application100.0 16.2 5.0 5.6 25.5 23.7 28.7 9.1 16.7On-site storage0.0 52.6 68.5 66.6 36.5 32.5 43.2 9.1 50.5Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.8Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 14.3 26.7 28.6 45.0 37.5 36.4 29.4Direct discharge to surface water0.0 10.0 14.3 40.0 28.6 35.0 28.1 18.2 26.2Septic system0.0 20.0 0.0 20.0 4.8 0.0 6.3 0.0 6.3Sanitary Sewer0.0 10.0 50.0 13.3 28.6 30.0 34.4 0.0 26.2Recycle filter backwash0.0 0.0 35.7 40.0 38.1 60.0 65.6 81.8 48.4Observations3 10 14 15 21 20 32 11 126Treatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)DewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 15.0 23.9 29.8 33.3 11.5Non-mechanical dewatering14.5 38.8 57.3 48.6 64.5 55.2 61.1 44.5 54.6DisposalLand application14.5 8.6 32.8 22.1 42.6 36.6 32.1 18.0 29.8On-site storage14.5 69.5 60.8 50.1 41.9 45.9 33.8 27.9 48.3Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 7.2 5.7 1.9 3.4 3.2Non-hazardous waste landfill20.0 10.5 9.1 18.4 20.3 26.4 46.3 40.9 32.1Direct discharge to surface water0.0 21.1 30.3 36.7 36.2 35.8 22.5 26.1 28.4Septic system20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4Sanitary Sewer20.0 42.1 30.3 20.4 23.2 22.6 21.9 33.0 25.4Recycle filter backwash20.0 0.0 27.3 38.8 34.8 47.2 58.1 70.5 48.9Observations5 19 33 49 69 53 160 88 476(Continued)Table 34 (Cont.)79Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of All Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeAll Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management PracticeTreatment Scheme: MembranesDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Other TreatmentDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsBy Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.6 0.40.0 4.9 53.5 33.3 100.0 31.3 19.6 20.6 32.50.0 0.0 40.8 0.0 100.0 31.3 19.60.0 9.5 68.2 0.0 100.0 31.3 19.60.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 19.60.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 33.3 30.0 33.3 0.0 40.0 40.00.0 16.7 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.050.0 0.0 60.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 20.00.0 16.7 0.0 66.7 100.0 40.0 20.02 6 103 1 5 50.0 0.0 0.0 * 50.0 66.7 3.80.0 0.0 0.0 * 50.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * 50.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 3.50.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 66.7 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 25.9100.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 14.80.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 16.7 0.0 * 50.0 0.0 25.9 0.0 15.80.0 0.0 0.0 * 50.0 0.0 3.7 0.0 3.51 6 3 * 2 3 27 15 57Data: Q.9Notes:Treatment schemes listed are based on the categorization presented by Table 23 and Table 24.20.6 22.50.0 37.40.0 0.40.0 0.00.0 2.70.0 27.00.0 5.460.0 35.140.0 24.35370.0 1.60.0 0.50.0 0.00.0 0.50.0 0.20.0 3.50.0 12.30.0 8.80.0 0.0Table 34 (Cont.)80Surface Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual ManagementPracticeTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection, Other Chemical AdditionDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - Over0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All Sizes0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.60.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 16.7 33.3 11.1 0.0 0.0 9.70.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 16.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2116 3 9 1 131* 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.5 0.0 3.4* 0.0 14.5 28.4 50.6 25.0 21.2* 0.0 0.0 3.9 41.0 0.0 5.5* 0.0 14.40.0 32.7 0.0 13.0* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 2.5* 0.0 12.5 9.1 18.8 25.0 15.0* 0.0 12.5 0.0 18.8 0.0 10.0* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 0.0 12.5 18.2 18.8 0.0 15.0* 100.0 12.5 9.1 43.8 0.0 25.0* 1 8 11 16 4 40* * 0.0 88.0 * * 46.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 88.0 * * 46.0* * 0.0 88.0 * * 46.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 50.0 * * 33.3* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0* * 0.0* * 1 2 * * 3(Continued)81Table 35Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Surface Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily ProductionResidual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Surface Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily ProductionSurface Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual ManagementPracticeTreatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)DewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)DewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - Over0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All Sizes0.0 0.7 0.0 17.7 40.0 * 2.517.3 59.0 20.6 34.3 40.0 * 35.414.5 18.0 34.5 31.9 40.0 * 25.314.5 64.0 12.4 32.4 0.0 * 33.00.0 0.0 0.0 14.7 0.0 * 1.50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.03.8 3.7 5.6 22.2 20.0 * 7.111.5 18.5 33.3 33.3 60.0 * 23.50.0 3.7 5.6 0.0 0.0 * 2.47.7 7.4 22.2 22.2 20.0 * 12.90.0 3.7 22.2 33.3 60.0 * 12.926 27 18 9 5 * 850.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 22.4 0.0 3.760.9 39.6 45.5 72.6 67.0 66.7 57.66.4 27.7 9.4 19.5 23.1 0.0 16.10.0 53.0 56.057.6 28.4 0.0 50.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 1.025.0 0.0 13.6 37.5 36.0 66.7 28.80.0 0.0 27.3 32.5 28.0 0.0 25.050.0 0.0 9.1 2.5 0.0 0.0 4.80.0 20.0 27.3 37.5 12.0 0.0 25.025.0 10.0 36.4 55.0 72.0 100.0 51.04 10 22 40 25 3 1040.0 0.0 5.9 13.0 34.8 36.4 13.539.0 68.1 55.7 58.6 55.1 18.2 57.516.6 29.1 31.0 35.1 25.4 0.0 31.233.0 48.5 65.8 44.4 28.0 18.2 47.60.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 1.9 3.4 4.5 0.0 3.312.5 16.7 21.2 26.9 42.5 36.4 32.212.5 29.2 25.0 34.5 26.8 27.3 29.112.5 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.537.5 25.0 25.0 20.7 29.6 36.4 26.012.5 8.3 36.5 40.063.7 63.6 48.08 24 52 145 179 11 419(Continued)Table 35 (Cont.)82Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Surface Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)Surface Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - OverPractice0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All SizesTreatment Scheme: MembranesDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.2 * 0.8Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 9.1 50.2 17.6 68.8 * 26.7DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 0.0 17.6 68.8 * 5.0On-site storage0.0 50.9 33.3 17.6 0.0 * 36.4Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 4.0Direct discharge to surface water0.0 12.5 57.1 16.7 0.0 * 24.0Septic system0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 4.0Sanitary Sewer0.0 25.0 42.9 50.0 33.3 * 36.0Recycle filter backwash0.0 12.5 14.3 50.0 100.0 * 32.0Observations1 8 7 6 3 *25Treatment Scheme: Other TreatmentDewateringMechanical dewatering* * 0.0 * * * 0.0Non-mechanical dewatering* * 0.0 * * *0.0DisposalLand application* * 0.0 * * * 0.0On-site storage* * 0.0 * * * 0.0Deep well injection* * 0.0 * * * 0.0Hazardous waste landfill* * 0.0 * * * 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill* * 0.0 * * * 0.0Direct discharge to surface water* * 0.0 * * * 0.0Septic system* * 0.0 * * * 0.0Sanitary Sewer* * 0.0 * * * 0.0Recycle filter backwash* * 0.0 * * * 0.0Observations* * 1 * * * 1Data:Q.9Notes:Treatment schemes listed are based on the categorization presented byTable 23 and Table 24.Table 35 (Cont.)83Ground Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual ManagementPracticeTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection, Other Chemical AdditionDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - Over0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All Sizes0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.0 * 0.10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.5 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 1.1 9.3 10.6 0.0 * 2.80.0 0.5 2.7 0.0 0.0 * 0.80.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 * 0.10.0 0.0 2.9 1.4 0.0 * 1.53.9 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.0 * 0.70.0 0.6 2.5 0.5 20.0 * 1.30.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 * 0.151 158 239 216 5 * 6690.0 3.6 0.2 0.0 27.4 * 1.40.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 27.4 * 0.10.0 0.0 0.8 1.8 0.0 * 0.40.0 0.0 2.513.2 0.0 * 2.00.0 0.0 1.2 0.7 0.0 * 0.60.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 * 0.10.0 0.0 4.0 3.1 0.0 * 2.90.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 50.0 * 0.43.1 0.0 3.7 2.1 0.0 * 2.63.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.332 115 349 191 2 * 68915.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 5.70.0 17.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 3.937.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 * 13.915.9 17.9 10.6 0.4 11.3 * 12.90.0 0.0 0.0 17.2 0.0 * 2.20.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 * 0.77.7 0.0 2.3 7.9 0.0 * 5.00.0 0.0 2.3 11.1 0.0 * 5.723.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 2.123.1 6.3 7.0 9.5 0.0 * 9.20.0 0.0 0.0 3.216.7 * 2.113 16 43 63 6 * 141(Continued)Table 36Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Ground Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily Production84Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Ground Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily ProductionGround Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual ManagementPracticeTreatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)DewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)DewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - Over0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All Sizes0.0 0.0 3.8 13.8 9.1 * 1.90.0 12.1 28.8 16.9 8.1 * 12.27.0 10.7 10.0 11.5 7.0 * 9.318.8 12.0 37.9 10.0 71.9 * 21.60.0 0.0 3.9 5.0 6.3 * 1.30.0 0.0 1.6 1.7 3.7 * 1.66.3 3.6 9.5 8.6 7.4 * 7.80.0 14.3 9.5 22.4 29.6 * 16.137.5 0.0 3.2 1.7 7.4 * 5.725.0 57.1 50.8 36.2 44.4 * 44.36.3 0.0 15.9 24.1 63.0 * 21.916 28 63 58 27 * 192* * 27.7 2.1 100.0 * 20.5* * 36.6 84.0 0.0 * 52.6* * 8.0 14.0 100.0 * 12.5* * 80.68.9 100.0 * 55.5* * 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0* * 16.7 44.4 50.0 * 35.3* * 0.0 55.6 0.0 * 29.4* * 16.7 11.1 50.0 * 17.6* * 33.3 44.4 50.0 * 41.2* * 33.3 22.2 100.0 * 35.3* * 6 9 2 * 17* 0.0 0.0 66.6 15.5 0.0 4.5* 39.7 17.8 60.4 65.6 100.0 31.3* 39.7 0.0 80.2 34.4 0.0 21.0* 100.0 35.5 60.4 84.5 50.0 63.6* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 0.0 0.0 40.0 44.4 100.0 35.7* 0.0 20.0 0.0 44.4 0.0 17.9* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0* 50.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 17.9* 0.0 20.0 60.044.4 100.0 46.4* 2 5 10 9 2 28(Continued)Table 36 (Cont.)85Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Ground Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)Ground Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - OverPractice0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All SizesTreatment Scheme: MembranesDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 * 97.3 0.0 * * 37.0DisposalLand application0.0 * 97.3 0.0 * * 37.0On-site storage0.0 * 97.3 17.7 * * 37.9Deep well injection0.0 * 0.0 17.7 * * 0.9Hazardous waste landfill0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0Direct discharge to surface water0.0 * 0.0 75.0 * * 37.5Septic system50.0 * 0.0 0.0 * * 12.5Sanitary Sewer0.0 * 50.0 0.0 * * 12.5Recycle filter backwash0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0Observations2 * 2 4 * * 8Treatment Scheme: Other TreatmentDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 20.4 39.3 100.0 1.6Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 8.4 0.0 0.00.5DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0On-site storage0.0 0.0 0.0 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.5Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.2Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 20.0 100.0 4.0Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 12.5 21.4 0.0 0.0 14.0Direct discharge to surface water33.3 0.0 0.0 7.1 40.0 0.0 10.0Septic system0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Sanitary Sewer0.0 16.7 25.0 17.9 20.0 0.0 18.0Recycle filter backwash0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 4.0Observations3 6 8 28 5 1 50Data:Q.9Notes:Treatment schemes listed are based on the categorization presented byTable 23 and Table 24.Table 36 (Cont.)86Mixed Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual ManagementPracticeTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection, Other Chemical AdditionDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - Over0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All Sizes0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.02 3 4 1 1 *11* * 0.0 73.6 0.0 * 17.0* * 0.0 0.0 32.4 * 2.8* * 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.00.0 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 33.3 33.3 * 25.0* * 50.0 0.0 33.3 * 25.0* * 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0* * 0.0 33.3 0.0 * 12.5* * 0.0 33.3 0.0 * 12.5* * 2 3 3 * 8* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0* * 0.0 0.0* * 0.0* * 2 1 * * 3(Continued)Table 37Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Mixed Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily Production87Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Mixed Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily ProductionMixed Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual ManagementPracticeTreatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)DewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsTreatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)DewateringMechanical dewateringNon-mechanical dewateringDisposalLand applicationOn-site storageDeep well injectionHazardous waste landfillNon-hazardous waste landfillDirect discharge to surface waterSeptic systemSanitary SewerRecycle filter backwashObservationsPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - Over0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All Sizes0.0 0.0 * 0.0 47.9 * 5.90.0 27.3 * 100.0 52.1 * 34.70.0 45.4 * 100.0 52.1 * 49.50.0 72.7 * 100.0 47.9 * 71.20.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 * 0.0 50.0 * 16.70.0 33.3 * 0.0 0.0 * 16.70.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.00.0 0.0 * 0.0 50.0 * 16.70.0 0.0 * 100.0 50.0 * 33.31 3 * 1 2 * 6* 0.0 * 16.1 * * 12.8* 100.0 * 83.9 * * 87.2* 0.0 * 83.9 * * 66.6* 0.0 *41.9 * * 33.3* 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* 0.0 * 33.3 * * 25.0* 100.0 * 33.3 * * 50.0* 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0* 0.0 * 66.7 * * 50.0* 1 * 3 * * 4* 0.0 0.0 10.0 40.9 * 8.4* 100.0 68.5 82.3 89.8 * 78.6* 0.0 36.9 40.3 53.1 * 38.7* 0.0 31.5 20.4 36.7 * 24.8* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0* 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 * 4.3* 0.0 0.0 33.3 28.6 * 21.7* 0.0 50.0 33.3 0.0 * 26.1* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0* 100.0 16.7 44.4 14.3 * 30.4* 0.0 33.3 77.8100.0 * 69.6*1 6 9 7 *23(Continued)Table 37 (Cont.)88Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of Mixed Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)Mixed Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - OverPractice0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All SizesTreatment Scheme: MembranesDewateringMechanical dewatering* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0Non-mechanical dewatering* * 0.0 88.5 * * 70.9DisposalLand application* * 0.0 88.5 * * 70.9On-site storage* * 0.0 88.5 * * 70.9Deep well injection* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0Hazardous waste landfill* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0Direct discharge to surface water* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0Septic system* * 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0Sanitary Sewer* * 100.0 50.0 * * 66.7Recycle filter backwash* * 0.0 50.0 * * 33.3Observations* * 1 2 * * 3Treatment Scheme: Other TreatmentDewateringMechanical dewatering* 0.0****0.0Non-mechanical dewatering* 0.0****0.0DisposalLand application* 0.0****0.0On-site storage* 0.0****0.0Deep well injection* 0.0****0.0Hazardous waste landfill* 0.0****0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill* 0.0****0.0Direct discharge to surface water* 0.0****0.0Septic system* 0.0****0.0Sanitary Sewer* 0.0****0.0Recycle filter backwash* 0.0****0.0Observations* 1 * * * * 1Data:Q.9Notes:Treatment schemes listed are based on the categorization presented byTable 23 and Table 24.Table 37 (Cont.)89Plant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - OverAll Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management Practice 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All SizesTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.1Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 100.0 0.0DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0On-site storage0.0 1.0 8.7 10.1 0.0 0.0 2.7Deep well injection0.0 0.5 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 0.0 0.1Direct discharge to surface water0.0 0.6 3.3 1.8 0.0 0.0 1.8Septic system3.1 0.0 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.7Sanitary Sewer0.0 0.6 2.4 0.4 14.3 0.0 1.3Recycle filter backwash0.0 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3Observations64 167 246 226 7 1 711Treatment Scheme: Disinfection, Other Chemical AdditionDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 3.6 0.2 1.6 25.1 0.0 1.5Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.8 2.1 44.3 25.0 0.7DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 0.7 1.9 28.8 0.0 0.6On-site storage0.0 0.0 3.0 12.1 22.9 0.0 2.3Deep well injection0.0 0.0 1.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.5Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.1Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.3 1.5 19.0 25.0 1.2Direct discharge to surface water0.0 0.0 4.5 2.9 19.0 0.0 3.5Septic system0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 4.8 0.0 0.4Sanitary Sewer3.1 0.0 3.9 3.4 14.3 0.0 3.4Recycle filter backwash3.1 1.7 0.3 1.0 33.3 0.0 1.8Observations32 116 359 205 21 4 737Treatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDewateringMechanical dewatering15.3 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 * 5.8Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 17.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 3.8DisposalLand application37.5 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 * 13.8On-site storage15.9 17.9 9.8 2.4 11.3 * 12.8Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 16.6 0.0 * 2.1Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 * 0.7Non-hazardous waste landfill7.70.0 2.2 7.6 0.0 * 4.8Direct discharge to surface water0.0 0.0 2.2 12.1 0.0 * 6.1Septic system23.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 2.0Sanitary Sewer23.1 6.3 6.5 9.1 0.0 * 8.8Recycle filter backwash0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 16.7 * 2.0Observations13 16 46 66 6 * 147(Continued)Table 38Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of All Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily Production90Residual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage of All Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement SchemeBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)0 - 0.01 - 0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - OverAll Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management Practice 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All SizesTreatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)DewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.1 3.1 14.5 11.9 * 2.0Non-mechanical dewatering1.1 17.8 27.3 20.7 11.1 * 15.1DisposalLand application7.5 12.0 14.6 15.9 10.1 * 11.5On-site storage18.5 18.9 33.2 14.8 67.0 * 23.2Deep well injection0.0 0.0 3.1 6.9 5.8 * 1.3Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 1.2 1.5 2.9 * 1.1Non-hazardous waste landfill4.8 3.4 8.6 10.3 11.8 * 7.8Direct discharge to surface water7.1 17.2 14.8 23.5 32.4 * 18.4Septic system14.3 1.7 3.7 1.5 5.9 * 4.6Sanitary Sewer14.3 31.0 44.4 33.8 41.2 * 34.3Recycle filter backwash2.4 1.7 17.3 26.5 61.8 * 19.4Observations42 58 81 68 34 * 283Treatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 11.1 5.7 32.4 0.0 8.5Non-mechanical dewatering60.9 44.1 41.9 76.3 58.4 66.7 57.3DisposalLand application6.4 25.6 8.8 22.6 33.0 0.0 16.9On-site storage0.0 49.1 65.8 44.4 37.6 0.0 50.9Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.8Non-hazardous waste landfill25.0 0.0 14.3 38.5 37.0 66.7 29.6Direct discharge to surface water0.0 9.1 21.4 36.5 25.9 0.0 26.4Septic system50.0 0.0 10.7 3.8 3.7 0.0 6.4Sanitary Sewer0.0 18.2 28.6 36.5 14.8 0.0 26.4Recycle filter backwash25.0 9.1 35.7 50.0 74.1 100.0 48.8Observations4 11 28 52 27 3 125Treatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)DewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 3.8 14.0 33.8 31.0 11.5Non-mechanical dewatering39.0 55.3 46.3 61.1 57.0 30.2 54.5DisposalLand application16.6 33.6 22.9 36.7 27.0 0.0 30.0On-site storage33.0 71.8 54.7 42.4 31.9 22.9 48.7Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 1.6 3.0 4.6 0.0 3.2Non-hazardous waste landfill12.514.8 17.5 28.0 42.1 46.2 31.9Direct discharge to surface water12.5 25.9 27.0 32.3 26.7 23.1 28.3Septic system12.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4Sanitary Sewer37.5 29.6 27.0 20.7 27.7 38.5 25.7Recycle filter backwash12.5 7.4 34.9 43.3 64.1 69.2 48.9Observations8 27 63 164 195 13 470(Continued)Table 38 (Cont.)91f All Water Plants Using Each Residual Management Practice by Treatement ScheBy Water Source and Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily ProductResidual Management Practices For Each Treatment SchemePercentage omeion (MGD)0 - 0.01 -0.1 - 1.0 - 10.0 - OverAll Water Plant Treatment Schemes and Residual Management Practice 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 All SizesTreatment Scheme: MembranesDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.2 * 0.4Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 9.1 73.3 29.9 68.8 * 33.4DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 49.9 29.9 68.8 * 23.2On-site storage0.0 50.9 65.4 33.0 0.0 * 38.5Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 * 0.5Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 2.8Direct discharge to surface water0.0 12.5 40.0 33.3 0.0 * 25.0Septic system33.3 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 5.6Sanitary Sewer0.0 25.0 50.0 33.3 33.3 * 33.3Recycle filter backwash0.0 12.5 10.0 33.3 100.0 * 25.0Observations3 8 10 12 3 * 36Treatment Scheme: Other TreatmentDewateringMechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 20.4 39.3 100.0 1.6Non-mechanical dewatering0.0 0.0 0.0 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.5DisposalLand application0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0On-site storage0.0 0.0 0.0 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.5Deep well injection0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.2Hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 20.0 100.0 3.8Non-hazardous waste landfill0.0 0.0 11.1 21.4 0.0 0.0 13.5Direct discharge to surface water33.3 0.0 0.0 7.1 40.0 0.0 9.6Septic system0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Sanitary Sewer0.0 14.3 22.2 17.9 20.0 0.0 17.3Recycle filter backwash0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 3.8Observations3 7 9 28 5 1 52Data:Q.9Notes:Treatment schemes listed are based on the categorization presented byTable 23 and Table 24.Table 38 (Cont.)92Table 39Percentage of Water Treatment Plants Allowed to Discharge toSurface Water, Septic Systems, or Sanitary Sewers that Use that OptionBy Water Source and Treatment SchemeSystem Service Population CategoryWater Source and Treatment Scheme100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesGround Water PlantsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.7Septic system* * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Sanitary sewer* * 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1Observations* * 3.0 3.0 4.0 2.0 3.0 49.0 64.0Treatment Scheme: Other chemical additionDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * * 1.0 * 0.7 * 0.8Septic system* * * * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0Sanitary sewer* * * * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0Observations* * * * 1.0 *27.0 * 28.0Treatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * * 1.0 * 1.0 * 1.0Septic system* * * * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0Sanitary sewer* * * * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0Observations* * * * 8.0 * 8.0 * 8.0Treatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct Discharge to Surface Water* 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 0.2 0.9 1.0 0.8Septic system* 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1Sanitary sewer* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0Observations* 1.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 9.0 11.0 5.0 39.0Treatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * * 0.7 0.7 1.0 * 0.8Septic system* * * * 0.0 0.0 0.3 * 0.0Sanitary sewer* * * * 0.0 0.0 0.7 * 0.1Observations* * * * 2.0 2.0 3.0 * 7.0Treatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)Direct Discharge to Surface Water* * 1.0 * * 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0Septic system* * 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Sanitary sewer* * 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Observations* * 1.0 * * 1.0 2.0 1.0 5.0Treatment Scheme: MembranesDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * * * 1.0 0.6 * 0.8Septic system* * * * * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0Sanitary sewer* * * * * 0.0 0.4 * 0.2Observations* * * * * 1.0 3.0 * 4.0Treatment Scheme: OtherDirect Discharge to Surface Water1.0 * * * * 0.0 0.5 * 0.9Septic system0.0 * * * * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0Sanitary sewer0.0 * * * * 0.0 0.1 * 0.0Observations1 * * * * 2 8 * 11(Continued)93Table 39 (Cont.)Percentage of Water Treatment Plants Allowed to Discharge toSurface Water, Septic Systems, or Sanitary Sewers that Use that OptionBy Water Source and Treatment SchemeSystem Service Population CategoryWater Source and Treatment Scheme100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesSurface Water PlantsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 1.0 ** * 1.0 * * 1.0Septic system* 0.0 * * * 0.0 * * 0.0Sanitary sewer* 0.0 * * * 0.0 * * 0.0Observations* 1.0 * * * 2.0 * * 3.0Treatment Scheme: Other chemical additionDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 0.0 1.0 * * * 0.5 0.7 0.6Septic system* 0.0 0.0 * * * 0.0 0.0 0.0Sanitary sewer* 0.0 0.0 * * * 0.5 0.3 0.1Observations* 1.0 1.0 * * * 2.0 3.0 7.0Treatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * * 1.Septic system* * * * 0.Sanitary sewer* * * *0.Observations* * * * 1.Treatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct Discharge to Surface Water1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.Septic system0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.Sanitary sewer0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.Observations1.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 2.Treatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * 1.0 0.9 1.Septic system* * 0.0 0.1 0.Sanitary sewer* * 0.0 0.0 0.Observations* * 2.0 7.0 5.Treatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)Direct Discharge to Surface Water* 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.Septic system* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.Sanitary sewer* 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.Observations* 5.0 10.0 20.0 25.Treatment Scheme: MembranesDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 1.0 1.0 1.0Septic system* 0.0 0.0 0.0Sanitary sewer* 0.0 0.7 0.0Observations* 2.0 3.0 1.0Treatment Scheme: OtherDirect Discharge to Surface Water****Septic system Sanitary sewer** **Observations****0 * * * 1.00 * * *0.00 * * * 0.00 * * * 1.00 * 1.0 * 1.00 * 0.0 * 0.00 * 0.3 * 0.20 * 4.0 * 21.00 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.90 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.10 0.2 0.30 5.0 9.00 0.9 1.01 0.0 0.02 0.3 0.20 19.0 35.0* 1.0 1.0* 0.0 0.0* 0.0 0.0* 1.0 1.0************(C0.0 0.02.0 30.00.7 0.80.0 0.00.2 0.131.0 145.0* 1.0* 0.0* 0.4* 7.0****ontinued)94Table 39 (Cont.)Percentage of Water Treatment Plants Allowed to Discharge toSurface Water, Septic Systems, or Sanitary Sewers that Use that OptionBy Water Source and Treatment SchemeSystem Service Population CategoryWater Source and Treatment Scheme100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 AMixed PlantsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDirect Discharge to Surface Water********Septic system********Sanitary sewer********Observations********Treatment Scheme: Other chemical additionDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * * 1.0 *1.0 *Septic system* * * * 0.0 * 0.0 *Sanitary sewer* * * * 0.0 * 0.0 *Observations* * * * 1.0 * 1.0 *Treatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDirect Discharge to Surface Water********Septic system********Sanitary sewer********Observations********Treatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct Discharge to Surface Water* 1.0 * * * * * *Septic system* 0.0 * * * * * *Sanitary sewer* 0.0 * * * * * *Observations* 1.0 * * * * * *Treatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 1.0 * * * 1.0 * *Septic system* 0.0 * * * 0.0 * *Sanitary sewer* 0.0 * * * 0.0 * *Observations* 1.0 * * * 1.0 * *Treatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)Direct Discharge to Surface Water* * 0.7 1.0 0.7 * * 0.0Septic system* * 0.0 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0Sanitary sewer* * 0.3 0.7 0.3 * * 0.0Observations* * 3.0 3.0 2.0 * * 1.0Treatment Scheme: MembranesDirect Discharge to Surface Water********Septic system********Sanitary sewer********Observations********Treatment Scheme: OtherDirect Discharge to Surface Water********Septic system********Sanitary sewer********Observations********(Continued)ll Sizes1.00.00.02.01.00.00.01.01.00.00.02.00.90.00.59.095Table 39 (Cont.)Percentage of Water Treatment Plants Allowed to Discharge toSurface Water, Septic Systems, or Sanitary Sewers that Use that OptionBy Water Source and Treatment SchemeSystem Service Population CategoryWater Source and Treatment Scheme100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesAll PlantsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 1.0 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.7Septic system* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Sanitary sewer* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1Observations* 1.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 49.0 67.0Treatment Scheme: Other chemical additionDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 0.0 1.0 * 1.0 * 0.7 0.7 0.8Septic system* 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 0.0Sanitary sewer* 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0 0.3 0.0Observations* 1.0 1.0 * 2.0 * 32.0 3.0 39.0Treatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * * 1.0 * 1.0 * 1.0Septic system* * * * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0Sanitary sewer* * * * 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0Observations* * * * 1.0 * 8.0 * 9.0Treatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct Discharge to Surface Water1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.9 1.0 0.8Septic system0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1Sanitary sewer0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0Observations1.0 8.0 7.0 9.0 7.0 9.0 15.0 5.0 61.0Treatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.9Septic system* 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1Sanitary sewer* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1Observations* 1.0 2.0 7.0 7.0 8.0 12.0 2.0 39.0Treatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)Direct Discharge to Surface Water* 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.9Septic system* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Sanitary sewer* 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2Observations* 5.0 14.0 23.0 28.0 20.0 37.0 33.0 160.0Treatment Scheme: MembranesDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 1.0 1.0 1.0 * 1.0 0.6 * 1.0Septic system* 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0Sanitary sewer* 0.0 0.7 0.0 * 0.0 0.4 * 0.3Observations* 2.0 3.0 1.0 * 2.0 3.0 * 11.0Treatment Scheme: OtherDirect Discharge to Surface Water1.0 * * * * 0.0 0.5 * 0.9Septic system0.0 * * * * 0.0 0.0 * 0.0Sanitary sewer0.0 * * * * 0.0 0.1 * 0.0Observations1 * * * * 2 8 * 11Data: Q.9Notes:Treatment schemes listed are based on the categorization presented by Table 23 and Table 24.These are the systems with the option to discharge to surface water, septic systems, or sanitarysewers, and make use of these options.96Table 40Percentage of Water Treatment Plants Allowed to Discharge toSurface Water, Septic Systems, or Sanitary Sewers that Use that OptionBy Water Source, Treatement Scheme, and Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)Water Source and Treatment Scheme0 -0.010.01 -0.10.1 -1.01.0 -10.010.0 -100.0Over100 All SizesGround Water PlantsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 0.00 0.88 0.66 0.00 * 0.73Septic system* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 * 0.00Sanitary sewer* 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 * 0.08Observations* 5 24 34 1 * 64Treatment Scheme: Other chemical additionDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * 0.64 1.00 * * 0.81Septic system* * 0.00 0.00 * * 0.00Sanitary sewer* * 0.00 0.00 * * 0.00Observations* * 22 6 * * 28Treatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * 1.00 1.00 * * 1.00Septic system* * 0.00 0.00 * * 0.00Sanitary sewer* * 0.00 0.00 * * 0.00Observations* *17 * *8Treatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct Discharge to Surface Water* 1.00 0.80 0.97 0.15 * 0.80Septic system* 0.00 0.20 0.08 0.00 * 0.07Sanitary sewer* 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.04 * 0.01Observations* 4 7 14 12 * 37Treatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * 0.00 1.00 * * 0.76Septic system* * 0.00 0.05 * * 0.04Sanitary sewer* * 0.00 0.09 * * 0.07Observations* *25 * *7Treatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)Direct Discharge to Surface Water* * 1.00 * 1.00 * 1.00Septic system* * 0.00 * 0.00 * 0.00Sanitary sewer* * 0.00 * 0.00 * 0.00Observations* *1 *4 *5Treatment Scheme: MembranesDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * 0.00 1.00 * * 0.81Septic system* * 0.00 0.00 * * 0.00Sanitary sewer* * 1.00 0.00 * * 0.19Observations* *13 * *4Treatment Scheme: OtherDirect Discharge to Surface Water1.00 * 0.00 0.26 0.43 0.00 0.88Septic system0.00 * 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Sanitary sewer0.00 * 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.01Observations1 * 1 6 3 1 11(Continued)97Table 40 (Cont.)Percentage of Water Treatment Plants Allowed to Discharge toSurface Water, Septic Systems, or Sanitary Sewers that Use that OptionBy Water Source, Treatement Scheme, and Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)Water Source and Treatment Scheme0 -0.010.01 -0.10.1 -1.01.0 -10.010.0 -100.0Over100 All SizesSurface Water PlantsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 1.00 1.001.00 * * 1.00Septic system* 0.00 0.00 0.00 * * 0.00Sanitary sewer* 0.00 0.00 0.00 * * 0.00Observations*111 * *3Treatment Scheme: Other chemical additionDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 0.00 1.00 * 0.59 * 0.61Septic system* 0.00 0.00 * 0.00 * 0.00Sanitary sewer* 0.00 0.00 * 0.41 * 0.13Observations*11 *5 *7Treatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * 1.00 * * 1.00Septic system* * * 0.00 * * 0.00Sanitary sewer* * * 0.00 * * 0.00Observations* * *1 * *1Treatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct Discharge to Surface Water1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 * 1.00Septic system0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 * 0.00Sanitary sewer0.00 0.07 0.16 0.34 0.00 * 0.17Observations3.0 5 6 3 3 * 20Treatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * 0.86 0.98 0.89 * 0.92Septic system* * 0.14 0.00 0.00 * 0.06Sanitary sewer* * 0.00 0.04 0.22Observations* * 7 148Treatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)Direct Discharge to Surface Water1.00 0.91 0.68 0.93 0.83Septic system0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00Sanitary sewer0.00 0.00 0.05 0.19 0.20Observations1.0 8 19 52 57Treatment Scheme: MembranesDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 1.00 1.00 1.00 *Septic system* 0.00 0.00 0.00 *Sanitary sewer* 0.00 0.28 0.00 *Observations*141 *Treatment Scheme: OtherDirect Discharge to Surface Water*****Septic system*****Sanitary sewer*****Observations****** 0.04* 290.500.840.00 0.010.17 0.136 143* 1.00* 0.00* 0.23* 6****(Continued)98Table 40 (Cont.)Percentage of Water Treatment Plants Allowed to Discharge toSurface Water, Septic Systems, or Sanitary Sewers that Use that OptionBy Water Source, Treatement Scheme, and Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)Water Source and Treatment Scheme0 -0.010.01 -0.10.1 -1.01.0 -10.010.0 -100.0Over100 All SizesMixed PlantsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * * * *Septic system* * * * * *Sanitary sewer******Observations* * * * * *Treatment Scheme: Other chemical additionDirect Discharge to Surface Water** 1.00 * 1.00 * 1.00Septic system* * 0.00 * 0.00 * 0.00Sanitary sewer* * 0.00 * 0.00 * 0.00Observations* *1 *1 *2Treatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * * * *Septic system* * * * * *Sanitary sewer* * * * * *Observations* * * * * *Treatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct Discharge to Surface Water* 1.00****1.00Septic system* 0.00****0.00Sanitary sewer* 0.00****0.00Observations*1 * * * *1Treatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 1.00 * 1.00 * * 1.00Septic system* 0.00 * 0.00 * * 0.00Sanitary sewer* 0.00 * 0.00 * * 0.00Observations*1 *1 * *2Treatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)Direct Discharge to Surface Water* * 0.75 0.94 0.00 * 0.86Septic system* * 0.00 0.00 0.00 * 0.00Sanitary sewer* * 0.25 0.68 0.00 * 0.51Observations* *441 *9Treatment Scheme: MembranesDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * * * *Septic system* * * * * *Sanitary sewer* * * * * *Observations* * * * * *Treatment Scheme: OtherDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * * * * *Septic system* * * * * *Sanitary sewer* * * * * *Observations* * * * * *(Continued)99Table 40 (Cont.)Percentage of Water Treatment Plants Allowed to Discharge toSurface Water, Septic Systems, or Sanitary Sewers that Use that OptionBy Water Source, Treatement Scheme, and Plant Average Daily ProductionPlant Average Daily Production (MGD)Water Source and Treatment Scheme0 -0.010.01 -0.10.1 -1.01.0 -10.010.0 -100.0Over100 All SizesAll PlantsTreatment Scheme: Disinfection with no additional treatmentDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 0.26 0.88 0.67 0.00 * 0.74Septic system* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 * 0.00Sanitary sewer* 0.00 0.14 0.00 0.00 * 0.08Observations* 6 25 35 1 * 67Treatment Scheme: Other chemical additionDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 0.00 0.81 1.00 0.67 * 0.81Septic system* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 * 0.00Sanitary sewer* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.33 * 0.02Observations* 1 24 6 6 * 37Treatment Scheme: Ion exchange, activated alumina, aerationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* * 1.00 1.00 * * 1.00Septic system* * 0.00 0.00 * * 0.00Sanitary sewer* * 0.00 0.00 * * 0.00Observations* *18 * *9Treatment Scheme: Other filtration (not direct or conventional)Direct Discharge to Surface Water1 1.00 0.85 0.98 0.19 * 0.84Septic system0 0.00 0.15 0.05 0.00 * 0.06Sanitary sewer0 0.01 0.04 0.16 0.04 * 0.04Observations3 10 13 17 15 * 58Treatment Scheme: Direct filtrationDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 1.00 0.75 0.99 0.89 * 0.89Septic system* 0.00 0.12 0.01 0.00 * 0.05Sanitary sewer* 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.22 * 0.04Observations* 1 9 20 8 * 38Treatment Scheme: Conventional filtration (with and without softening)Direct Discharge to Surface Water1 0.91 0.76 0.94 0.84 0.50 0.86Septic system0 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01Sanitary sewer0 0.00 0.07 0.27 0.18 0.17 0.17Observations1 8 24 57 62 6 158Treatment Scheme: MembranesDirect Discharge to Surface Water* 1.00 0.95 1.00 * * 0.97Septic system* 0.00 0.00 0.00 * * 0.00Sanitary sewer* 0.00 0.31 0.00 * * 0.22Observations* 1 5 4 * * 10Treatment Scheme: OtherDirect Discharge to Surface Water1.00 * 0.00 0.26 0.43 0.00 0.88Septic system0.00 * 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Sanitary sewer0.00 * 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.01Observations1 * 1 6 3 1 11Data:Q.9Notes:Treatment schemes listed are based on the categorization presented byTable 23 and Table 24.These are the systems with the option to discharge to surface water, septicsystems, or sanitary sewers, and make use of these options.100Table 41Raw Water Concentration of Various Contaminants in Very Large Ground Water and Surface Water Systems(Concentration in Parts per Billion)Contaminant% NotReporting/Testing% ReportingNo DetectMeanConcentrationMedianConcentration90th PercentileConcentration ObservationsSystemsReportingAll Plants1,1-Dichloroethane98.20.00.066 0.066 0.0661 11,2-Dichloroethylene98.20.0 0.066 0.066 0.066111,4 Dioxane59.00.0 0.956 0.900 1.300251Alachlor ESA89.70.0 0.937 0.280 4.19061Alachlor OA98.20.0 1.850 1.850 1.85011Chlorodibromomethane98.20.0 2.923 2.923 2.92311Chloroform98.20.0 59.030 59.030 59.03011Cryptosporidium98.20.0 0.000 0.000 0.00011DCPA diacid65.10.0 18.205 13.950 43.400221Dichlorobromomethane98.20.0 16.051 16.051 16.05111MTBE66.110.0 2.098 1.050 5.200201Metalaxyl93.00.0 0.810 0.845 1.31041Methylene Chloride98.20.0 0.066 0.066 0.06611Metolachlor96.40.0 0.290 0.290 0.34021Metolachlor ESA75.00.0 2.558 1.550 6.010161Metolachlor OA76.20.0 1.918 1.080 5.140151Perchlorate2.40.0 1.217 0.880 2.430802THM's98.20.0 78.009 78.009 78.00911Trichloroethylene98.20.0 0.066 0.066 0.06611VOC's98.20.0 0.379 0.379 0.37911Vinyl Chloride98.20.0 0.0659 0.066 0.06611Data: Q.10Notes: The data presented in this table were requested only of systems serving populations of more than 500,000. Thesesystems were asked to provide data on their unregulated contaminants. This is a listing of the most prevalent responses.Unweighted data. Data are for contaminant test points reported by systems in the survey. The percent not reporting ortesting includes all test points for systems reporting at least one raw water contaminant. The percent reporting no detectonly includes points where the contaminant is tested. Mean, median, and 90th percentile are for test points with positiveconcentrations. The number of observations and systems reporting are for those with no detect or positive concentrations.101% NotReporting/ % Reporting Mean Median 90th PercentileSystemsWater Source and ContaminantTesting No Detect Concentration Concentration Concentration Observations ReportingAll Plants1,1-Dichloroethane99.2 100.0***111,2,3-Trichloropropane99.20.0 400.000 400.000 400.000111,2-Dichloroethylene99.2 100.0***111,4 Dioxane81.1 32.00.953 0.800 1.400251Acetaminophen99.20.00.018 0.018 0.01811Alachlor ESA95.3 83.30.350 0.350 0.35061Alachlor OA99.2 100.0***11Aluminum85.0 52.6 52.346 65.000 79.000197Bicarbonate99.20.0 163000.000 163000.000 163000.00011Boron86.6 23.5 135.385 140.000 200.000175Bromide95.3 66.7 59.500 59.500 110.00063Bromobenzene99.2 100.0***11Bromochloroacetic acid97.60.0 13.000 13.000 13.00031Bromodichloromethane88.26.78.492 4.450 21.000159Bromoform94.5 28.63.332 2.600 6.85074Caffeine99.20.00.017 0.017 0.01711Calcium77.20.0 40055.172 30000.000 95000.0002911Carbon Dioxide98.40.0 58500.000 58500.000 112000.00022Chloral Hydrate99.20.02.100 2.100 2.10011Chlorate97.6 33.3 42.500 42.500 51.00032Chloride80.30.0 64227.199 49990.000 140000.0002510Chlorodibromomethane97.60.02.240 1.800 4.40033Chloroform87.46.3 23.479 10.000 89.0001610Chromium96.1 20.02.880 1.570 8.26053Cobalt99.2 100.0***11DCPA acid metabolites99.20.09.500 9.500 9.50011DCPA diacid83.6 81.85.625 5.000 10.700221Dibromoacetic acid97.60.01.900 1.900 1.90031Dibromochloromethane91.3 27.36.409 6.400 14.000116Dichloroacetic acid96.10.0 37.360 50.000 50.00053Dichlorobromomethane99.20.01.364 1.364 1.36411Foaming Agents98.4 100.0***21Ibuprofen99.20.00.002 0.002 0.00211Iodide99.20.05.900 5.900 5.90011Iron88.2 80.0 70522.336 539.000 211000.000155Lithium99.20.02.700 2.700 2.70011MTBE84.6 65.01.200 0.500 5.000201Magnesium76.40.0 11272.333 9950.000 24000.0003012Manganese99.20.00.003 0.003 0.00311Metalaxyl96.9 100.0***41Methylene Chloride99.2 100.0***11(Continued)102Table 42Finished Water Concentration of Various Contaminants in Very Large Ground Water and Surface Water SystemsBy Water Source(Concentration in Parts per Billion, Unless Otherwise Noted)Finished Water Concentration of Various Contaminants in Very Large Ground Water and Surface Water SystemsBy Water SourceWater Source and ContaminantMetolachlorMetolachlor ESAMetolachlor OAMolybdenumMonobromoacetic acidMonochloroacetic acidNDMANickelOrthophosphatesPerchloratePhosphatesPhosphorusPotassiumRadon (pCi/L)SilicaSiliconSilverSodiumStrontiumSulfamethoxazoleSulfateSurfactantsTHM'sTotal Dissolved SolidsTotal Organic CarbonTrichloroacetic acidTrichloroethyleneVOC'sVanadiumVinyl ChlorideZincp-IsopropyltoluenepH(pH)(Concentration in Parts per Billion, Unless Otherwise Noted)% Reporting % Reporting Mean Median 90th PercentileSystemsN/A No Detect Concentration Concentration Concentration Observations Reporting94.5 71.41.400 1.400 1.4007388.1 93.82.350 2.350 2.35016188.8 93.31.770 1.770 1.77015198.40.0 16.000 16.000 31.0002297.60.02.400 2.400 2.4003197.60.04.300 4.300 4.3003193.7 75.00.001 0.001 0.0018695.30.0 668.833 3.450 4000.0006499.20.03.000 3.000 3.0001139.9 35.91.382 0.880 3.00092599.20.0 700.000 700.000 700.0001199.20.0 380.000 380.000 380.0001178.70.0 2505.185 2510.000 4100.000271097.6 33.3 350.335 350.335 407.6703292.10.0 9560.000 11150.000 12400.00010599.20.0 5280.000 5280.000 5280.0001196.1 100.0***5262.20.0 36281.043 19500.000 83000.000482799.20.0 330.000 330.000 330.0001199.20.00.0020.002 0.0021188.20.0 105820.000 50000.000 255000.000151099.20.0 100.000 100.000 100.0001199.20.07.668 7.668 7.6681178.00.0 378829.281 288000.000 770000.000281383.5 19.0 2091.765 2200.000 3330.00021996.10.0 13.800 16.000 16.0005399.2 100.0***1199.2 100.0***1196.1 20.02.3632.225 4.1005399.2 100.0***1199.20.0 254.000 254.000 254.0001199.2 100.0***1178.70.08.187 8.200 9.100279Data:Q10 and CCRNotes:The data presented in this table were requested only of systems serving populations of more than 500,000. These systemswere asked to provide data on their unregulated contaminants. The data received by the CWS survey are supplemented withdata from Consumer Confidence Reports (CCR) issued by the systems.Unweighted data. Data are for contaminant test points reported by systems in the survey. The percent not reporting ortesting includes all test points for systems reporting at least one finished water contaminant.The percent reporting no detectonly includes points where the contaminant is tested. Mean, median, and 90th percentile are for test points with positive103Table 42 (Cont.)(Table 28 in the 2000 Report, Table 33 from draft 1)Please note that the unit of analysis changes for the following tables.The remaining tables report data for water systems except where noted.104Table 43Treatment SchemesPercentage of Systems Using Each Treatment SchemeBy Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryWater Source100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All Sizes100% Ground Water SystemDisinfection with no additional treatment52.2 52.9 47.8 49.2 36.7 6.9 33.4 31.5 49.9Other chemical addition12.0 12.9 27.6 28.1 29.9 53.9 29.8 0.0 19.1Ion exchange, activated alumina, aeration17.9 9.9 10.6 10.0 32.4 20.8 20.1 0.0 13.2Other filtration (not direct or conventional)17.8 16.9 15.3 20.9 28.2 41.0 43.2 15.7 17.7Direct filtration0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 8.1 6.9 3.3 0.0 0.7Conventional filtration (with and without softening)0.0 1.4 2.1 5.5 0.4 6.9 10.0 68.5 1.6Membranes0.0 1.4 1.1 0.0 0.4 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.8Other2.1 5.9 1.1 0.0 3.1 0.0 10.0 0.0 3.0Observations87 103 107 45 50 28 33 4 457Primarily Ground Water SystemsDisinfection with no additional treatment0.0 100.0 25.0 32.1 25.4 32.6 32.4 0.0 32.6Other chemical addition0.0 0.0 50.0 16.7 55.0 57.1 27.3 50.0 35.6Ion exchange, activated alumina, aeration0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 11.7 22.1 100.0 4.0Other filtration (not direct or conventional)100.0 0.0 50.0 40.3 20.0 23.4 44.7 50.0 35.0Direct filtration0.0 0.0 0.0 13.8 7.5 16.1 9.1 0.0 7.7Conventional filtration (with and without softening)0.0 0.0 0.0 24.8 15.0 20.6 35.2 0.0 14.5Membranes0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 50.0 0.3Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 11.7 22.5 0.0 2.6Observations1 2 4 17 16 12 23 2 77100% Surface Water SystemDisinfection with no additional treatment15.4 27.9 4.9 0.0 0.0 9.7 0.0 0.0 7.6Ion exchange, activated alumina, aeration0.0 1.4 6.6 9.8 2.0 0.0 2.3 15.8 4.5Ion exchan,Activated AluminaAeration0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8IonexchangeActivatedAlumina,Aeration0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8Other filtration (not direct or conventional)62.0 27.8 27.9 12.0 6.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 19.5Direct filtration8.0 13.7 15.3 22.0 15.4 12.4 17.6 15.8 16.0Conventional filtration (with and without softening)10.9 24.2 39.9 52.1 76.5 84.1 85.9 84.2 50.2Membranes3.6 5.6 7.1 6.0 0.0 3.1 1.2 10.5 4.5Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Observations44 62 61 50 57 35 77 20 406Primarily Surface Water SystemDisinfection with no additional treatment100.0 54.3 60.9 6.3 11.3 5.4 19.3 15.8 27.4Ion exchange, activated alumina, aeration0.0 0.0 9.4 0.0 15.3 16.2 18.2 36.8 11.1Ion exchange, Activated Alumina, Aeration0.0 0.0 0.0 24.5 3.8 0.0 7.7 0.0 6.3Other filtration (not direct or conventional)36.0 31.4 30.7 6.3 19.0 5.4 12.5 15.8 18.9Direct filtration0.0 0.0 12.1 6.3 22.8 29.2 10.2 21.1 15.1Conventional filtration (with and without softening)0.0 22.9 35.6 62.8 65.7 65.4 85.4 78.9 56.5Membranes0.0 0.0 16.2 0.0 3.8 2.3 2.1 0.0 6.0Other0.0 22.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 5.3 1.0Observations5 5 17 15 28 19 47 19 155(Continued)105Table 43 (Cont.)Treatment SchemesPercentage of Systems Using Each Treatment SchemeBy Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryWater Source100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water SystemDisinfection with no additional treatment0.0 100.0 66.4 21.7 32.0 33.0 31.2 38.8 58.5Other chemical addition0.0 0.0 0.0 56.4 32.0 31.1 27.7 19.4 14.5Ion exchange, activated alumina, aeration0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.5 18.6 19.4 2.5Other filtration (not direct or conventional)0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.9 18.6 19.4 3.5Direct filtration0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.0 0.0 13.4 20.4 5.2Conventional filtration (with and without softening) 100.0 0.0 0.0 21.9 12.0 31.1 26.1 40.8 8.7Membranes0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.1 19.4 0.9Other0.0 0.0 33.6 0.0 0.0 16.5 4.4 19.4 14.4Observations1 1 4 4 9 10 24 5 58Data: Q.8ANotes:Excludes plants that only treat purchased water.See treatment scheme description in Volume I.106System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsFully or partially buried24.7 22.7 7.1 24.8 14.7 26.7 30.1 18.7 16.3Confidence Interval+|- 29.4 +|- 19.8 +|- 5.8 +|- 12.0 +|- 10.4 +|- 15.0 +|- 9.5 +|- 27.7 +|- 6.2Ground level40.1 26.4 30.2 30.0 36.6 54.8 73.8 81.3 31.7Confidence Interval+|- 31.1 +|- 19.3 +|- 12.4 +|- 12.6 +|- 13.5 +|- 22.0 +|- 9.3 +|- 27.7 +|- 7.8Elevated32.1 25.3 58.4 64.8 76.2 68.9 45.8 100.0 52.0Confidence Interval+|- 27.9 +|- 16.6 +|- 13.2 +|- 13.3 +|- 12.0 +|- 16.4 +|- 10.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 7.8Hydropneumatic26.9 13.2 7.1 0.0 5.8 16.7 13.1 18.7 9.2Confidence Interval+|- 27.3 +|- 13.6 +|- 6.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.0 +|- 12.1 +|- 7.1 +|- 27.7 +|- 4.5Standpipes25.6 12.4 15.1 22.4 32.1 7.5 10.7 100.0 18.6Confidence Interval+|- 26.2 +|- 13.1 +|- 8.1 +|- 11.5 +|- 13.1 +|- 7.1 +|- 6.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.9Standpipes operated as surge tanks0.0 0.0 0.0 4.1 2.1 2.8 2.0 0.0 1.0Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.6 +|- 4.1 +|- 5.0 +|- 2.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.0Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.2Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4Primarily Surface Water SystemsFully or partially buried19.3 12.7 11.0 17.6 25.9 28.9 37.7 61.1 20.9Confidence Interval+|- 17.9 +|- 12.6 +|- 7.4 +|- 12.0 +|- 9.4 +|- 11.5 +|- 8.9 +|- 10.0 +|- 4.5Ground level80.7 81.2 70.7 34.0 46.1 54.2 66.0 86.1 54.9Confidence Interval+|- 17.9 +|- 14.4 +|- 13.3 +|- 11.8 +|- 10.7 +|- 12.6 +|- 10.2 +|- 7.1 +|- 5.7Elevated7.0 7.7 21.9 70.6 58.6 78.8 71.5 66.7 50.5Confidence Interval+|- 13.9 +|- 9.2 +|- 9.4 +|- 11.2 +|- 10.6 +|- 10.2 +|- 6.7 +|- 9.6 +|- 5.2Hydropneumatic35.2 18.8 8.6 4.4 2.6 6.5 7.2 19.4 7.3Confidence Interval+|- 32.2 +|- 16.8 +|- 8.9 +|- 4.8 +|- 3.5 +|- 6.3 +|- 3.3 +|- 8.1 +|- 3.1Standpipes7.0 0.0 23.0 29.3 24.8 40.0 26.2 36.1 24.5Confidence Interval+|- 13.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 13.9 +|- 12.8 +|- 9.2 +|- 12.5 +|- 6.4 +|- 9.8 +|- 5.3Standpipes operated as surge tanks0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 2.7 0.0 3.2 5.6 1.4Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.2 +|- 4.7 +|- 1.2Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.8Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.9(Continued)107Table 44Treated-Water Storage InformationPercentage of Systems That Have Each Type of Treated-Water StorageBy Primary Water SourceTreated-Water Storage InformationPercentage of Systems That Have Each Type of TreateBy Primary Water Source100 101 -System Servi501 -3,301 -Primary Water Sourceor Less 5003,300 10,000Primarily Purchased Water SystemsFully or partially buried0.0 39.0 3.9 10.5Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 42.6 +|- 7.7 +|- 12.4Ground level51.4 59.8 43.0 28.3Confidence Interval+|- 68.4 +|- 42.6 +|- 24.2 +|- 19.3Elevated0.0 19.8 51.6 70.3Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 33.8 +|- 21.0 +|- 19.8Hydropneumatic0.0 40.6 3.9 1.2Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 42.6 +|- 7.7 +|- 2.3Standpipes48.6 18.6 16.5 26.3Confidence Interval+|- 68.4 +|- 33.7 +|- 15.2 +|- 18.4Standpipes operated as surge tanks0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.9Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0+|- 0.0All SystemsFully or partially buried20.9 24.8 6.7 19.9 17.8 32.9 40.3 50.7 16.4Confidence Interval+|- 24.5 +|- 16.9 +|- 4.4 +|- 7.8 +|- 6.7 +|- 8.9 +|- 6.1 +|- 10.7 +|- 4.3Ground level43.7 35.6 37.1 30.4 38.0 55.4 68.9 83.4 37.4Confidence Interval+|- 26.9 +|- 17.5 +|- 10.4 +|- 8.7 +|- 8.6 +|- 10.7 +|- 6.8 +|- 6.4 +|- 5.9Elevated26.3 23.2 53.3 67.3 62.2 68.0 63.7 66.4 50.5Confidence Interval+|- 23.1 +|- 14.0 +|- 10.2 +|- 9.1 +|- 8.7 +|- 8.8 +|- 5.4 +|- 9.1 +|- 5.5Hydropneumatic23.5 18.2 6.5 1.2 3.8 11.9 12.0 18.6 8.8Confidence Interval+|- 22.6 +|- 13.5 +|- 4.7 +|- 1.1 +|- 3.3 +|- 5.8 +|- 3.3 +|- 6.9 +|- 3.4Standpipes28.0 12.7 16.2 24.7 29.7 23.4 20.6 37.8 20.3Confidence Interval+|- 23.3 +|- 11.6 +|- 6.9 +|- 8.2 +|- 8.2 +|- 7.3 +|- 4.1 +|- 10.9 +|- 4.4Standpipes operated as surge tanks0.0 0.0 0.1 3.4 2.3 1.0 2.3 3.8 1.1Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 +|- 3.8 +|- 2.5 +|- 1.8 +|- 1.4 +|- 3.2 +|- 0.8Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.01.9 0.0 0.3Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3Data:Q.11BNotes:Column totals do not equal 100.Systems that use any surface water includes systems that use ground water under the directinfluence of surface water and systems that purchase surface water.100% ground water systems includes systems that purchase ground water.108d-Water Storagece Population Category10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Over50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes12.4 53.1 60.3 32.7 13.1+|- 15.9 +|- 19.9 +|- 12.5 +|- 21.7 +|- 8.127.9 59.0 71.8 75.8 41.8+|- 22.7 +|- 19.7 +|- 10.5 +|- 18.0 +|- 13.228.1 43.2 61.8 51.2 46.0+|- 21.1 +|- 19.7 +|- 11.6 +|- 27.4 +|- 12.10.0 14.6 25.2 16.1 8.4+|- 0.0 +|- 13.6 +|- 10.0 +|- 14.4 +|- 7.531.7 17.4 15.4 16.1 22.4+|- 21.5 +|- 14.6 +|- 8.3 +|- 14.4 +|- 10.02.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3+|- 4.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.10.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1Table 44 (Cont.)System Service Population Categ100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,30010,000 50,000 100,000,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsAverage storage capacity0.2 0.2 0.6 1.2 4.4 9.2 24.1 22.3 1.3Confidence Interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.6 +|- 2.9 +|- 5.8 +|- 14.2 +|- 0.3Average Number of VesselsFully or partially buried1.0 0.3 0.2 1.0 0.3 1.0 1.9 0.4 0.4Ground level0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.3 3.0 4.2 4.2 0.8Elevated0.3 0.3 0.7 1.1 2.0 3.5 2.1 11.1 0.8Hydropneumatic0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 1.5 7.5 0.1Standpipes0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.6 5.8 0.3Standpipes operated as surge tanks0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Observations76 94 107 56 62 36 49 4 484Primarily Surface Water SystemsAverage storage capacity0.1 0.4 0.6 1.5 3.9 10.8 26.5 179.0 7.4Confidence Interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.7 +|- 2.6 +|- 5.4 +|- 43.6 +|- 1.0Average Number of VesselsFully or partially buried0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.6 1.5 3.7 0.5Ground level1.1 1.9 1.1 0.9 2.2 3.1 4.1 19.0 2.1Elevated0.1 0.0 0.4 1.4 1.7 3.0 3.3 5.5 1.4Hydropneumatic0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 1.6 0.2Standpipes0.1 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.1 2.1 3.3 0.7Standpipes operated as surge tanks0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Observations47 62 75 64 84 49 114 38 533(Continued)109ory- 100,001-0 500,000 50Table 45Storage Capacity past the First Residential Customer by Type of VesselBy Primary Water Source(In Millions of Gallons)Storage Capacity past the First ResidentiaBy Primary Water(In Millions of GaSys100 101 - 501 -Primary Water Sourceor Less 5003,300Primarily Purchased Water SystemsAverage storage capacity1.4 0.8 1.2Confidence Interval+|- 1.9 +|- 1.2 +|- 1.5Average Number of VesselsFully or partially buried0.0 0.3 0.3Ground level2.6 0.8 1.1Elevated0.0 0.0 0.6Hydropneumatic0.0 0.8 0.0Standpipes0.5 0.2 0.4Standpipes operated as surge tanks0.0 0.0 0.0Other0.0 0.0 0.0Observations7 22 44All SystemsAverage storage capacity0.4 0.3 0.8Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5Average Number of VesselsFully or partially buried0.8 0.3 0.2Ground level1.1 0.7 0.7Elevated0.3 0.2 0.6Hydropneumatic0.4 0.2 0.1Standpipes0.3 0.2 0.3Standpipes operated as surge tanks0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Observations130 178 226 147 169 110 204 52 1,216Data:Q.11 A and B.Notes:Average number of vessels is the average for systems that report a count for that storage unit.The calculation includes zeros reported in the denominator, i.e., if a system reported a storagecapacity, every record was used for the average number of vessels calculation, including zeros.110l Customer by Type of VesselSoullontem31+0.1 0.7 1.8 3.3 3.7 0.40.6 0.8 3.7 8.4 8.2 1.21.1 0.8 2.0 3.5 1.9 0.70.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.10.9 0.9 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.60.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.027 23 25 41 10 1991.2 4.2 11.9 28.7 148.8 2.6+|- 0.2 +|- 0.9 +|- 2.6 +|- 4.0 +|- 40.1 +|- 0.30.6 0.5 1.0 1.9 3.4 0.40.7 1.5 3.2 5.0 15.2 1.11.1 1.7 3.0 3.0 5.3 0.90.0 0.1 0.2 0.9 1.9 0.10.5 0.8 0.8 1.4 2.9 0.4rces)Service Population Category,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Over0,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes0.8 3.7 19.3 40.7 111.4 3.0|- 0.2 +|- 2.0 +|- 9.2 +|- 9.9 +|- 90.4 +|- 1.0Table 45 (Cont.)Table 46Practices to Maintain Water Quality in Storage VesselsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsPercentage of systems that:Modeling or other detention time evaluations0.0 0.0 2.3 12.7 29.6 23.1 45.6 62.7 6.9Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.3 +|- 8.9 +|- 12.9 +|- 14.1 +|- 10.5 +|- 45.0 +|- 2.6Longer fill/draw cycles to increase mixing17.2 21.1 29.3 48.5 53.5 36.8 56.3 62.7 32.5Confidence Interval+|- 22.9 +|- 16.4 +|- 12.8 +|- 13.8 +|- 14.2 +|- 17.9 +|- 10.4 +|- 45.0 +|- 7.3Inlet/outlet modifications0.0 0.0 10.2 14.4 11.3 13.6 29.9 0.0 8.1Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.0 +|- 9.8 +|- 8.2 +|- 10.9 +|- 9.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.7Mechanical mixing0.0 4.1 2.8 6.2 3.4 0.0 12.6 0.0 3.5Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 8.2 +|- 4.0 +|- 6.7 +|- 4.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.6Increase or switch disinfectant residual17.4 0.0 2.3 22.9 20.3 22.3 36.7 62.7 9.3Confidence Interval+|- 22.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.2 +|- 11.5 +|- 11.3 +|- 14.0 +|- 10.1 +|- 45.0 +|- 3.6Operational modifications to maintaindisinfectant residual0.2 8.3 8.6 37.8 48.4 26.3 60.5 37.3 17.5Confidence Interval+|- 0.2 +|- 11.4 +|- 6.3 +|- 13.3 +|- 14.2 +|- 15.0 +|- 10.3 +|- 45.0 +|- 4.7Other9.0 22.4 3.7 5.5 8.9 2.8 6.6 0.0 9.0Confidence Interval+|- 16.2 +|- 18.3 +|- 4.3 +|- 6.1 +|- 8.0 +|- 5.0 +|- 5.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.7Average number of years between cleaning9.5 5.9 6.5 5.8 7.4 5.6 5.2 6.5 6.5Confidence Interval+|- 4.4 +|- 2.4 +|- 1.2 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.1 +|- 0.6 +|- 4.1 +|- 0.8(Continued)111Table 46 (Cont.)Practices to Maintain Water Quality in Storage VesselsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Surface Water SystemsPercentage of systems that:Modeling or other detention time evaluations4.2 7.7 9.4 35.4 41.2 48.6 54.6 83.3 31.2Confidence Interval+|- 8.5 +|- 10.6 +|- 7.7 +|- 12.0 +|- 10.5 +|- 12.6 +|- 9.4 +|- 7.6 +|- 4.6Longer fill/draw cycles to increase mixing7.0 20.5 24.6 47.2 56.9 71.1 62.8 72.2 44.7Confidence Interval+|- 13.9 +|- 15.8 +|- 11.8 +|- 13.1 +|- 10.6 +|- 11.5 +|- 9.0 +|- 9.2 +|- 5.5Inlet/outlet modifications0.0 1.4 9.9 20.7 24.8 25.8 28.7 63.9 19.0Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 2.7 +|- 8.9 +|- 9.7 +|- 9.2 +|- 11.0 +|- 6.7 +|- 9.8 +|- 4.2Mechanical mixing0.0 1.5 0.0 5.9 8.1 4.6 10.5 22.2 5.2Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 2.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.4 +|- 5.9 +|- 5.6 +|- 8.7 +|- 8.5 +|- 2.2Increase or switch disinfectant residual7.0 0.0 2.2 39.7 38.5 26.8 32.3 47.2 25.8Confidence Interval+|- 13.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.3 +|- 13.3 +|- 10.4 +|- 11.2 +|- 7.3 +|- 10.2 +|- 4.7Operational modifications to maintaindisinfectant residual21.1 17.3 14.1 38.3 53.4 55.7 53.7 72.2 37.6Confidence Interval+|- 27.7 +|- 17.7 +|- 8.8 +|- 12.3 +|- 10.7 +|- 12.6 +|- 9.0 +|- 9.2 +|- 5.1Other40.2 13.9 8.6 3.0 5.3 8.6 8.1 22.2 7.7Confidence Interval+|- 32.6 +|- 16.9 +|- 8.8 +|- 3.9 +|- 4.9 +|- 7.2 +|- 8.7 +|- 8.5 +|- 3.3Average number of years between cleaning5.9 8.1 5.9 7.1 6.5 6.6 6.4 7.3 6.7Confidence Interval+|- 4.0 +|- 2.4 +|- 1.6 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.6 +|- 0.8 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.6(Continued)112Table 46 (Cont.)Practices to Maintain Water Quality in Storage VesselsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsPercentage of systems that:Modeling or other detention time evaluations0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 34.1 64.9 48.1 56.8 6.5Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.3 +|- 23.6 +|- 18.9 +|- 12.2 +|- 30.1 +|- 3.6Longer fill/draw cycles to increase mixing51.4 38.4 35.3 78.8 63.4 64.9 74.2 67.8 50.9Confidence Interval+|- 68.4 +|- 41.9 +|- 21.6 +|- 16.7 +|- 22.6 +|- 18.9 +|- 10.2 +|- 21.1 +|- 13.0Inlet/outlet modifications0.0 1.2 13.8 22.7 21.9 43.2 51.9 67.8 15.7Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 2.4 +|- 17.9 +|- 18.8 +|- 19.2 +|- 19.7 +|- 12.2 +|- 21.1 +|- 9.5Mechanical mixing0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 2.3 4.7 20.6 8.1 1.8Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.9 +|- 4.4 +|- 7.9 +|- 9.4 +|- 10.0 +|- 2.1Increase or switch disinfectant residual0.0 18.6 2.4 14.8 17.0 32.0 42.5 32.7 10.4Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 33.7 +|- 4.7 +|- 13.7 +|- 16.8 +|- 18.0 +|- 11.8 +|- 21.7 +|- 6.6Operational modifications to maintaindisinfectant residual51.4 0.0 6.3 37.3 73.6 77.3 74.4 40.7 25.1Confidence Interval+|- 68.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 9.0 +|- 20.1 +|- 21.6 +|- 16.4 +|- 10.2 +|- 24.7 +|- 9.5Other1.3 0.0 0.0 7.7 6.2 10.6 2.4 8.1 2.8Confidence Interval+|- 3.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 10.5 +|- 11.6 +|- 12.5 +|- 3.2 +|- 10.0 +|- 2.8Average number of years between cleaning3.6 8.1 7.3 5.6 6.8 4.2 4.5 3.6 6.5Confidence Interval+|- 2.1 +|- 2.0 +|- 3.4 +|- 1.5 +|- 2.0 +|- 0.8 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.3(Continued)113Table 46 (Cont.)Practices to Maintain Water Quality in Storage VesselsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesAll SystemsPercentage of systems that:Modeling or other detention time evaluations0.2 0.5 2.4 14.4 34.0 42.3 51.3 75.4 10.5Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.7 +|- 2.3 +|- 5.5 +|- 8.5 +|- 9.8 +|- 6.2 +|- 10.5 +|- 1.9Longer fill/draw cycles to increase mixing21.6 24.0 30.3 55.7 56.3 57.0 63.5 70.3 38.3Confidence Interval+|- 22.1 +|- 14.7 +|- 10.3 +|- 9.6 +|- 9.0 +|- 10.7 +|- 6.1 +|- 8.4 +|- 5.5Inlet/outlet modifications0.0 0.3 11.1 17.7 17.4 24.7 33.4 58.6 11.4Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 6.9 +|- 7.5 +|- 6.2 +|- 7.9 +|- 5.3 +|- 10.8 +|- 3.1Mechanical mixing0.0 3.3 1.9 5.7 4.7 2.9 12.9 16.9 3.4Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 6.3 +|- 2.6 +|- 4.5 +|- 3.0 +|- 2.9 +|- 5.5 +|- 6.7 +|- 1.8Increase or switch disinfectant residual14.4 3.2 2.3 24.3 25.4 26.1 35.3 45.5 12.1Confidence Interval+|- 18.7 +|- 6.3 +|- 2.4 +|- 7.8 +|- 7.3 +|- 8.1 +|- 5.4 +|- 10.9 +|- 2.8Operational modifications to maintaindisinfectant residual8.5 7.5 8.6 37.8 54.4 49.0 59.3 61.8 22.2Confidence Interval+|- 14.6 +|- 8.9 +|- 4.8 +|- 9.2 +|- 9.0 +|- 10.3 +|- 6.2 +|- 11.6 +|- 3.5Other9.4 18.0 3.3 5.5 7.3 6.8 6.6 16.9 7.5Confidence Interval+|- 13.3 +|- 14.2 +|- 3.0 +|- 4.3 +|- 4.8 +|- 4.5 +|- 5.3 +|- 6.7 +|- 3.1Average number of years between cleaning7.6 6.5 6.6 6.0 7.0 5.8 5.7 6.4 6.5Confidence Interval+|- 3.6 +|- 1.8 +|- 1.1 +|- 0.8 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.8 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.1 +|- 0.6Data:Q.11DNotes:114System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsModeling or other detention time evaluations0.0 0.0 13.9 6.7 7.1 22.0 6.3 18.7 7.7Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.0 +|- 6.8 +|- 7.0 +|- 13.9 +|- 4.9 +|- 27.7 +|- 3.5Longer fill/draw cycles to increase mixing0.0 0.0 14.1 8.2 9.7 10.5 6.3 18.7 8.2Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 9.2 +|- 7.7 +|- 8.1 +|- 9.3 +|- 4.9 +|- 27.7 +|- 4.0Inlet/outlet modifications0.0 9.1 11.0 5.5 10.2 12.0 8.5 18.7 8.5Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 17.0 +|- 9.0 +|- 6.1 +|- 8.1 +|- 9.9 +|- 5.7 +|- 27.7 +|- 5.2Mechanical mixing0.0 0.0 9.6 3.4 5.6 13.6 4.2 18.7 5.2Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.6 +|- 4.7 +|- 6.0 +|- 10.9 +|- 4.1 +|- 27.7 +|- 3.6Increase or switch disinfectant residual0.0 0.0 7.9 4.6 6.7 5.3 6.3 18.7 4.8Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.7 +|- 5.6 +|- 7.0 +|- 6.6 +|- 4.9 +|- 27.7 +|- 2.9Operational modifications to maintain disinfectantresidual0.0 0.0 9.6 6.7 10.5 16.4 8.5 18.7 6.3Confidence Interval+|- 0.0+|- 0.0 +|- 8.6 +|- 6.8 +|- 8.2 +|- 11.9 +|- 5.7 +|- 27.7 +|- 3.7Other0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0 2.8 2.2 0.0 1.4Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.0 +|- 3.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.8Primarily Surface Water SystemsModeling or other detention time evaluations4.2 15.2 18.3 13.2 22.2 9.5 13.1 19.4 16.6Confidence Interval+|- 8.5 +|- 12.8 +|- 10.8 +|- 8.0 +|- 8.9 +|- 6.8 +|- 5.1 +|- 8.1 +|- 4.2Longer fill/draw cycles to increase mixing4.2 15.7 14.6 7.4 16.4 6.4 9.7 5.6 12.1Confidence Interval+|- 8.5 +|- 11.9 +|- 9.9 +|- 6.1 +|- 8.0 +|- 5.8 +|- 3.9 +|- 4.7 +|- 3.6Inlet/outlet modifications4.2 19.9 15.1 11.8 15.1 16.3 15.5 19.4 14.5Confidence Interval+|- 8.5 +|- 13.5 +|- 10.3 +|- 7.6 +|- 7.7 +|- 9.4 +|- 5.4 +|- 8.1 +|- 3.9Mechanical mixing4.2 9.1 14.6 10.3 13.7 14.1 13.1 19.4 12.6Confidence Interval+|- 8.5 +|- 10.0 +|- 10.0 +|- 7.1 +|- 7.4 +|- 8.8 +|- 5.1 +|- 8.1 +|- 3.7Increase or switch disinfectant residual4.2 9.1 16.7 11.8 11.6 7.7 4.8 5.6 11.6Confidence Interval+|- 8.5 +|- 10.0 +|- 10.6 +|- 7.6 +|- 6.8 +|- 6.7 +|- 2.7 +|- 4.7 +|- 3.7Operational modifications to maintain disinfectantresidual4.2 16.5 16.78.9 20.4 5.5 8.1 13.9 14.0Confidence Interval+|- 8.5 +|- 13.8 +|- 10.7 +|- 6.6 +|- 8.7 +|- 5.7 +|- 3.5 +|- 7.1 +|- 4.0Other4.2 6.1 8.4 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 2.8 2.7Confidence Interval+|- 8.5 +|- 8.2 +|- 8.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.4 +|- 2.1(Continued)115Table 47Percentage of Systems that Want Additional Information about Practices to Maintain Water Quality in Storage VesselsBy Primary Water SourcePercentage of Systems that Want Additional Information about Practices to Maintain Water Quality in Storage VesselsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsModeling or other detention time evaluations0.0 37.2 11.8 14.0 18.5 19.9 10.2 0.0 16.0Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 41.8 +|- 13.2 +|- 14.6 +|- 18.7 +|- 15.7 +|- 6.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 9.1Longer fill/draw cycles to increase mixing0.0 18.6 7.9 9.3 18.5 9.9 7.6 0.0 10.4Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 33.7 +|- 10.8 +|- 12.3 +|- 18.7 +|- 11.8 +|- 6.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 7.6Inlet/outlet modifications0.0 0.0 3.9 4.7 12.4 14.6 10.0 0.0 4.6Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 7.7 +|- 8.9 +|- 15.9 +|- 13.6 +|- 6.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.3Mechanical mixing0.0 0.0 4.7 4.7 2.3 15.2 5.0 0.0 3.7Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 7.9 +|- 8.9 +|- 4.4 +|- 14.3 +|- 4.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.0Increase or switch disinfectant residual0.0 0.0 3.9 5.8 8.5 15.2 5.0 0.0 4.3Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 7.7 +|- 9.2 +|- 12.4 +|- 14.3 +|- 4.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.2Operational modifications to maintain disinfectantresidual0.0 0.0 3.9 10.5 14.7 12.1 16.5 0.0 6.2Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 7.7 +|- 12.5 +|- 16.4 +|- 12.1 +|- 11.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.9Other0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2 9.9 0.0 0.0 0.9Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 11.6 +|- 11.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.4All SystemsModeling or other detention time evaluations0.2 7.3 13.8 9.8 13.8 16.2 11.0 15.0 10.8Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 8.8 +|- 6.6 +|- 5.5 +|- 5.7 +|- 6.6 +|- 3.4 +|- 6.3 +|- 3.2Longer fill/draw cycles to increase mixing0.2 4.2 12.7 8.3 13.3 8.7 8.5 5.6 9.3Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 6.4 +|- 7.1 +|- 5.4 +|- 5.9 +|- 4.9 +|- 2.7 +|- 3.9 +|- 3.2Inlet/outlet modifications0.2 8.2 9.7 6.5 12.1 14.3 12.9 15.0 8.6Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 13.2 +|- 6.4 +|- 4.3 +|- 5.6 +|- 6.2 +|- 3.6 +|- 6.3 +|- 3.5Mechanical mixing0.2 0.6 8.9 5.1 7.5 14.2 9.5 15.0 6.0Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.6 +|- 6.2 +|- 3.7 +|- 3.9 +|- 6.3 +|- 3.2 +|- 6.3 +|- 2.5Increase or switch disinfectant residual0.2 0.6 7.8 6.4 8.6 8.3 5.2 5.6 5.7Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.6 +|- 5.0 +|- 4.1 +|- 4.7 +|- 4.8 +|- 2.1 +|- 3.9 +|- 2.1Operational modifications to maintain disinfectantresidual0.2 1.18.9 8.0 14.3 10.9 9.8 11.3 7.5Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.9 +|- 6.2 +|- 5.0 +|- 5.8 +|- 5.5 +|- 3.4 +|- 5.5 +|- 2.6Other0.2 0.4 3.0 0.0 1.1 4.1 0.5 1.9 1.5Confidence Interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.5 +|- 3.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.1 +|- 3.5 +|- 0.7 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.2Data:Q.11DNotes:116Table 47 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000Public SystemsDistribution MainsMiles of Pipe in Place4 4 2046 152 415 682 2,778Confidence interval+|- 3 +|- 1 +|- 8 +|- 13 +|- 42 +|- 130 +|- 65 +|- 522Service Connections per Mile31 43 50 83 79 68 99 81Confidence interval+|- 12 +|- 10 +|- 10 +|- 39 +|- 21 +|- 22 +|- 38 +|- 18Average Pipe Replaced Annually in the Past 5 Years (miles)0 0 0 1 1 2 2 7Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 2 +|- 0 +|- 1 +|- 0 +|- 3Average New Pipe Installed Annually in the Past 5 Years(miles)0 0 0 1 3 6 815Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 1 +|- 2 +|- 2 +|- 1 +|- 6Observations27 80 172 120 141 99 193 48Transmission LinesMiles of Pipe in Place1 0 1 16 24 38 89 342Confidence interval+|- 1 +|- 0 +|- 1 +|- 14 +|- 17 +|- 20 +|- 22 +|- 163Average Pipe Replaced Annually in the Past 5 Years (miles)0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0Average New Pipe Installed Annually in the Past 5 Years(miles)0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 1 +|- 0 +|- 0Observations27 81 172 121 144 101 194 48(Continued117All Sizes52+|- 853+|- 60+|- 01+|- 08809+|- 30+|- 00+|- 0888)Table 48Distribution System and Transmission Line SummaryBy OwnershipDistribution System and Transmission LBy OwnershipS100 101 - 501Ownership Typeor Less 5003,30Private SystemsDistribution MainsMiles of Pipe in Place4 3 2Confidence interval+|- 6 +|- 2 +|- 12Service Connections per Mile263 81 6Confidence interval+|- 347 +|- 21 +|- 33Average Pipe Replaced Annually in the Past 5 Years (miles)0 0Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0Average New Pipe Installed Annually in the Past 5 Years(miles)0 0Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0Observations115 107 54Transmission LinesMiles of Pipe in Place0 0 1Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|-Average Pipe Replaced Annually in the Past 5 Years (miles)0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 00Average New Pipe Installed Annually in the Past 5 Years(miles)0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 41Observations117 109 55 24 19 10 17 5(Continue118ine Sumystem S- 3,30 104+|-7+|-0+0+rAll Sizes13+|- 4148+|- 1300+|- 00+|- 0maryervice Population Category01 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Ove,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,00080 242 344 701 1,63639 +|- 167 +|- 151 +|- 391 +|- 1,34149 80 246 1,136 44723 +|- 95 +|- 287 +|- 1,4412801 0 1 115|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 1 +|- 1 +|- 150 1 210 7|- 0 +|- 1 +|- 1 +|- 6 +|- 30+|- 00+|- 0356d)3492+|- 122 19 10 17 51470 54 94 46113 +|- 49 +|- 74 +|- 88236Table 48 (Cont.)Distribution System and Transmission LineBy OwnershipSy100 101 - 501 -Ownership Typeor Less 500 3,300All SystemsDistribution MainsMiles of Pipe in Place4 421Confidence interval+|- 5 +|- 1 +|- 7Service Connections per Mile229 66 55Confidence interval+|- 296 +|- 15 +|- 12Average Pipe Replaced Annually in the Past 5 Years (miles)0 0 0Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0Average New Pipe Installed Annually in the Past 5 Years(miles)0 0 0Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0Observations142 187 226Transmission LinesMiles of Pipe in Place0 0 1Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0Average Pipe Replaced Annually in the Past 5 Years (miles)0 0 0Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0Average New Pipe Installed Annually in the Past 5 Years(miles)0 0 0Confidence interval+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0Observations144 190 227Data:Q.12ANotes:Includes systems reporting zero miService connections include residesSummarytem Service Population Category3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Over10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes53 159 411 684 2,643 32+|- 14 +|- 42 +|- 123 +|- 75 +|- 518 +|- 475 79 78 231 124 102+|- 31 +|- 21 +|- 29 +|- 245 +|- 74 +|- 671 1 2 2 8 0+|- 1 +|- 0 +|- 1 +|- 0 +|- 3 +|- 01 3 6 814 0+|- 1 +|- 2 +|- 2 +|- 1 +|- 5 +|- 0142 160 109 210 53 1,22915 28 40 89 357 6+|- 11 +|- 16 +|- 19 +|- 22 +|- 147 +|- 20 0 0 0 0 0+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0+|- 00 0 1 1 1 0+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 1 +|- 1 +|- 0 +|- 0145 163 111 211 53 1,244les of pipe.ntial customers only.119Table 48 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsDistribution Mains Less Than 6"Percentage of systems with this size pipe91.1 80.2 84.3 72.6 76.2 76.4 82.5 63.6 80.9Average length of pipe3.6 2.3 12.4 70.6 51.2 42.3 103.1 335.1 23.9Confidence interval+|- 3.6 +|- 0.8 +|- 9.5 +|- 77.7 +|- 31.8 +|- 10.7 +|- 16.2 +|- 108.6 +|- 11.4Distribution Mains 6" to 10"Percentage of systems with this size pipe32.6 82.0 93.1 81.7 92.6 87.7 87.1 80.0 84.7Average length of pipe1.9 3.1 9.3 53.2 96.7 256.5 436.7 1,831.3 43.0Confidence interval+|- 1.6 +|- 1.2 +|- 2.1 +|- 23.3 +|- 16.3 +|- 95.0 +|- 40.1 +|- 304.1 +|- 6.2Distribution Mains Greater Than 10" and Less Than 24"Percentage of systems with this size pipe0.4 4.3 33.9 57.1 82.5 86.7 88.8 80.0 35.7Average length of pipe19.9 2.7 2.6 5.8 23.9 64.0 126.3 590.6 21.6Confidence interval+|- 24.9 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.4 +|- 5.7 +|- 8.9 +|- 11.5 +|- 132.9 +|- 3.2Distribution Mains Greater Than 24"Percentage of systems with this size pipe0.1 0.1 2.9 1.1 26.4 65.5 74.4 62.2 7.2Average length of pipe9.7 0.2 0.9 0.9 6.4 13.4 34.7 156.9 15.8Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.2 +|- 0.9 +|- 4.1 +|- 3.4 +|- 4.0 +|- 40.6 +|- 3.7Observations27 80 172 118 142 100 189 48 876Private SystemsDistribution Mains Less Than 6"Percentage of systems with this size pipe90.8 85.1 85.1 84.9 82.3 73.3 95.4 100.0 87.4Average length of pipe3.4 3.2 63.8 106.5 93.1 51.5 100.8 156.1 16.6Confidence interval+|- 5.4 +|- 1.7 +|- 89.3 +|- 130.2 +|- 97.8 +|- 33.6 +|- 53.6 +|- 39.1 +|- 14.6Distribution Mains 6" to 10"Percentage of systems with this size pipe19.2 28.0 86.7 91.6 87.1 84.5 95.4 100.0 36.3Average length of pipe1.2 2.4 10.1 56.3 137.9 197.1 446.6 1,435.1 17.7Confidence interval+|- 1.2 +|- 1.3 +|- 3.1 +|- 20.6 +|- 27.5 +|- 78.9 +|- 241.8 +|- 1,027.0 +|- 4.6Distribution Mains Greater Than 10" and Less Than 24"Percentage of systems with this size pipe0.0 2.3 17.3 37.0 86.9 73.3 95.4 100.0 6.0Average length of pipe* 3.3 2.1 16.8 38.6 47.8 121.3 325.1 18.2Confidence interval* +|- 2.9 +|- 1.3 +|- 16.2 +|- 12.7 +|- 23.0 +|- 67.5 +|- 199.9 +|- 7.4Distribution Mains Greater Than 24"Percentage of systems with this size pipe0.0 0.0 0.0 12.9 35.5 52.2 60.6 100.0 1.0Average length of pipe* * * 2.5 4.1 10.9 28.5 60.5 9.7Confidence interval* * * +|- 1.7 +|- 4.2 +|- 3.4 +|- 10.5 +|- 39.7 +|- 4.7Observations115 108 55 22 19 10 17 5 351(Continued)120Table 49Average Size of Distribution SystemsBy Diameter of Pipe and Ownership(Length of Pipe in Miles)Average Size of Distribution SBy Diameter of Pipe and Own(Length of Pipe in Miles100 101 - 50Ownership Typeor Less 5003,All SystemsDistribution Mains Less Than 6"Percentage of systems with this size pipe90.9 83.2 8Average length of pipe3.4 2.8 2Confidence interval+|- 4.8 +|- 1.1 +|- 2Distribution Mains 6" to 10"Percentage of systems with this size pipe21.0 48.7 9Average length of pipe1.4 2.8Confidence interval+|- 1.0 +|- 0.9 +|-Distribution Mains Greater Than 10" and Less Than 24"Percentage of systems with this size pipe0.0 3.1 2Average length of pipe19.9 3.0Confidence interval+|- 24.9 +|- 1.3 +|-Distribution Mains Greater Than 24"Percentage of systems with this size pipe0.0 0.0 2.1Average length of pipe9.7 0.2 0.9Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.2Observations142 188 227Data:Q.12ANotes:Includes systems reporting zero miles of pipe.121ysers)S1 -3004.56.66.31.49.51.89.32.50.6temshipystem Service Population Category3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Over10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes74.7 76.7 76.1 83.9 68.2 84.177.8 54.8 43.0 102.9 301.9 20.2+|- 67.4 +|- 30.5 +|- 10.2 +|- 15.7 +|- 90.6 +|- 9.383.5 92.2 87.5 88.0 82.6 60.753.8 99.8 251.6 437.8 1,770.5 35.5+|- 19.2 +|- 15.3 +|- 87.9 +|- 44.7 +|- 314.0 +|- 4.453.5 82.9 85.5 89.5 82.6 21.07.2 25.1 62.8 125.7 549.9 21.1+|- 2.3 +|- 5.3 +|- 8.5 +|- 12.8 +|- 122.7 +|- 2.93.2 27.1 64.4 72.967.0 4.12.1 6.1 13.2 34.2 138.6 15.1+|- 1.3 +|- 3.7 +|- 3.2 +|- 3.7 +|- 36.3 +|- 3.2140 161 110 206 53 1,227Table 49 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsAverage number of pressure zones in the distributionsystem1.4 1.2 1.5 2.5 3.6 5.1 6.5 20.7 1.6Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.4 +|- 1.2 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.9 +|- 2.3 +|- 13.7 +|- 0.2Average number of pressure zones with boosterdisinfection stations0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.0Average number of booster disinfection stations in thedistribution system0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.0Primarily Surface Water SystemsAverage number of pressure zones in the distributionsystem1.6 1.6 1.8 2.3 3.7 4.2 8.4 31.3 3.2Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.2 +|- 2.4 +|- 9.4 +|- 0.4Average number of pressure zones with boosterdisinfection stations0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.9 3.1 0.3Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.4 +|- 0.1Average number of booster disinfection stations in thedistribution system0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.5 5.4 0.4Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 3.9 +|- 0.1(Continued)122Table 50Pressure Zones and Booster Disinfection PracticesBy Primary Water SourcePressure Zones and Booster Disinfection PracticesBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsAverage number of pressure zones in the distributionsystem1.3 2.7 1.8 4.0 2.7 6.2 8.7 10.1 2.5Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 2.0 +|- 0.8 +|- 3.1 +|- 1.0 +|- 2.0 +|- 2.0 +|- 6.9 +|- 0.7Average number of pressure zones with boosterdisinfection stations0.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.5 2.3 2.1 0.4Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.8 +|- 0.2Average number of booster disinfection stations in thedistribution system0.3 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.6 5.5 5.9 0.4Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 4.2 +|- 6.5 +|- 0.2All SystemsAverage number of pressure zones in the distributionsystem1.4 1.5 1.6 2.8 3.4 5.0 8.1 24.7 1.9Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.3 +|- 1.2 +|- 1.5 +|- 6.9 +|- 0.2Average number of pressure zones with boosterdisinfection stations0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.5 1.1 2.5 0.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.0 +|- 0.0Average number of booster disinfection stations in thedistribution systemConfidence interval0.0+|- 0.00.0+|- 0.00.1+|- 0.10.5+|- 0.20.3+|- 0.10.8+|- 0.32.2+|- 0.94.9+|- 2.90.2+|- 0.0Data:Q.13.ANotes:123Table 50 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsPressure losses due to power outage0.3 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1Pressure losses due to fire0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.0Pressure losses due to main pipeline burst0.3 0.9 1.4 1.3 1.9 10.6 17.2 2.4 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.4 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.6 +|- 7.9 +|- 10.8 +|- 1.0 +|- 0.5Pressure losses due to other reasons0.1 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.1 6.2 16.2 0.0 0.2Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 7.3 +|- 15.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1Primarily Surface Water SystemsPressure losses due to power outage0.6 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.2Confidence interval+|- 0.9 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1Pressure losses due to fire0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1Pressure losses due to main pipeline burst0.3 1.1 1.0 2.0 7.3 10.3 11.5 4.3 3.2Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 1.6 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.5 +|- 7.3 +|- 6.8 +|- 8.8 +|- 4.3 +|- 1.6Pressure losses due to other reasons0.4 0.0 0.0 1.2 2.3 0.6 6.5 1.8 1.1Confidence interval+|- 0.5 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.8 +|- 3.8 +|- 1.1 +|- 8.8 +|- 1.7 +|- 0.9(Continued)124Table 51Number of Annual Pressure Losses below 20 PSIBy Primary Water SourceNumber of Annual Pressure Losses below 20 PSIBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsPressure losses due to power outage0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0Pressure losses due to fire0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0Pressure losses due to main pipeline burst0.0 4.6 2.1 1.6 1.1 1.4 8.7 7.9 2.7Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 8.2 +|- 3.4 +|- 1.6 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.6 +|- 6.8 +|- 9.3 +|- 2.9Pressure losses due to other reasons0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 2.9 12.0 0.3 0.2Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 +|- 4.1 +|- 15.5 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2All SystemsPressure losses due to power outage0.3 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1Pressure losses due to fire0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0Pressure losses due to main pipeline burst0.3 1.5 1.5 1.5 3.3 8.1 12.5 5.1 1.5Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.2 +|- 0.7 +|- 2.3 +|- 4.1 +|- 5.8 +|- 4.1 +|- 0.6Pressure losses due to other reasons0.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.8 3.4 10.1 0.9 0.3Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.4 +|- 1.1 +|- 3.1 +|- 7.0 +|- 0.8 +|- 0.1Data:Q.13.BNotes:125Table 51 (Cont.)Primary Water SourcePrimarily Ground Water SystemsPercentage of systems that flush their distribution system on aregular basisOf the systems that flush on a regular basis:Average percentage of systems flushed each yearPercentage of systems that use each type of the followingapproaches:Uni-directionalConventional or randomDead endOtherOf systems that do not flush on a regular basis:Percentage that flushed their system oncePercentage that flushed their system more than one timeAverage number of years between last two system flushesPrimarily Surface Water SystemsPercentage of systems that flush their distribution system on aregular basisOf systems that flush on a regular basis:Average percentage of system flushed each yearPercentage of systems that use each type of the followingapproaches:Uni-directionalConventional or randomDead endOtherOf systems that do not flush on a regular basis:Percentage that flushed their system oncePercentage that flushed their system more than one timeAverage number of years between last two system flushesSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes31.8 70.4 87.5 88.0 91.5 85.4 75.3 64.1 65.398.9 98.5 94.2 77.9 75.9 44.1 52.3 72.9 93.87.0 12.4 21.5 26.4 41.3 47.5 46.5 81.3 17.840.0 60.6 60.2 71.5 68.1 64.8 67.3 100.0 58.963.4 52.2 43.7 85.3 72.2 89.2 89.2 100.0 55.10.0 1.4 2.0 1.8 5.3 3.2 13.6 0.0 1.75.1 17.3 14.1 13.4 28.0 0.0 16.9 0.0 10.03.5 16.1 32.8 61.0 0.0 18.6 16.2 0.0 11.01.0 2.2 1.2 4.3 * 1.0 1.5 * 1.932.4 53.9 82.7 76.1 87.0 80.9 69.2 55.3 72.289.7 92.8 87.3 82.5 78.3 70.3 63.4 36.4 82.325.5 13.4 23.2 22.0 30.1 21.2 40.0 61.9 24.827.2 77.8 59.9 73.1 71.4 85.7 75.0 71.4 68.139.2 40.4 48.0 78.0 78.0 80.0 82.2 66.7 62.914.2 1.0 0.0 4.9 4.0 8.6 13.2 14.3 3.83.0 5.6 56.2 23.1 12.2 0.0 11.3 29.4 17.60.0 2.6 13.1 30.9 61.2 5.2 26.3 17.6 15.1* 1.0 1.0 3.3 2.2 1.0 1.6 1.0 2.2(Continued)126Table 52System Flushing PracticesBy Primary Water SourceSystem Flushing PracticesPrimary Water SourcePrimarily Purchased Water SystemsPercentage of systems that flush their distribution system on aregular basisOf systems that flush on a regular basis:Average percentage of system flushed each yearPercentage of systems that use each type of the followingapproaches:Uni-directionalConventional or randomDead endOtherOf systems that do not flush on a regular basis:Percentage that flushed their system oncePercentage that flushed their system more than one timeAverage number of years between last two system flushesAll SystemsPercentage of systems that flush their distribution system on aregular basisOf systems that flush on a regular basis:Average percentage of system flushed each yearPercentage of systems that use each type of the followingapproaches:Uni-directionalConventional or randomDead endOtherOf systems that do not flush on a regular basis:Percentage that flushed their system oncePercentage that flushed their system more than one timeAverage number of years between last two system flushesBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes49.3 78.8 86.1 86.2 76.4 71.0 85.1 35.9 79.8100.0 91.5 97.3 69.4 44.3 58.1 59.0 43.8 88.767.9 6.6 28.6 33.0 11.3 53.1 59.8 75.0 25.166.1 65.4 46.3 41.5 72.2 62.6 70.2 75.0 54.033.9 53.3 44.5 98.4 80.4 82.2 85.2 100.0 55.40.0 0.0 0.0 10.6 8.2 11.2 15.0 0.0 2.00.0 0.0 15.3 39.8 0.0 14.5 16.0 14.0 8.066.1 24.6 30.7 50.0 36.7 14.5 52.1 0.0 38.61.0 1.0 4.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 * 1.832.9 71.0 86.7 85.3 87.6 80.2 73.9 52.9 68.498.7 97.2 94.5 76.5 71.4 57.4 59.6 43.8 91.813.6 11.5 23.5 27.3 33.6 38.5 46.3 66.9 19.942.3 61.9 56.4 64.2 69.6 72.5 71.9 76.7 58.759.7 52.0 44.2 87.4 75.0 84.1 84.7 76.6 55.80.4 1.1 1.3 4.6 5.4 7.0 13.7 10.0 2.04.8 14.7 18.8 22.6 14.0 5.1 13.2 22.3 10.36.5 16.2 30.2 49.2 29.6 12.2 26.9 11.3 14.41.0 2.0 2.2 3.3 1.7 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.9Data:Q.14, Q.15, Q.16, Q.17Notes:The questionnaire did not define "regular basis."127Table 52 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverSeasonor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesSummer (June through September)Average entry point disinfectant residual for the treatmentplant with the highest average daily flow (mg/L as Cl2)Ground water treatment plantsTotal Cl21.65 1.10 1.48 1.52 1.47 2.05 2.37 1.89 1.76Free Cl21.02 1.09 1.15 0.99 3.39 0.93 0.68 0.40 1.31Surface water treatment plants (including mixed plants)Total Cl21.93 1.71 1.85 1.96 2.15 2.41 2.45 2.13 2.23Free Cl20.94 1.18 1.44 1.37 1.37 1.38 1.03 1.02 1.23Average distribution system residual (mg/L as Cl2)Ground water treatment plantsTotal Cl21.04 0.78 1.01 1.11 1.13 1.86 1.66 1.54 1.33Free Cl20.77 0.81 0.62 0.77 2.66 0.63 0.54 0.51 0.94Surface water treatment plants (including mixed plants)Total Cl20.83 1.38 1.26 1.41 1.68 1.58 1.64 1.63 1.56Free Cl20.65 0.63 0.70 0.77 0.94 0.87 0.66 0.75 0.74Average percentage of systems samples <0.2 mg/L(including non-detects), total Cl27.6 5.6 4.9 3.7 7.5 5.3 2.7 4.8 5.0(Continued)128Table 53Seasonal Disinfection Residuals for Entry Points and Distribution SystemsSeasonal Disinfection Residuals for Entry Points and Distribution SystemsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverSeasonor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesWinter (December, January, and February)Average entry point disinfectant residual for the treatmentplant with the highest average daily flow (mg/L as Cl2)Ground water treatment plantsTotal Cl21.65 1.06 1.36 1.43 1.49 2.19 2.43 1.86 1.76Free Cl20.96 1.10 1.11 1.07 3.10 0.91 0.73 0.43 1.27Surface water treatment plants (including mixed plants)Total Cl21.70 3.50 1.91 2.02 2.07 2.45 2.31 2.04 2.18Free Cl20.91 1.19 1.43 1.33 1.30 1.35 1.01 0.97 1.20Average distribution system residual (mg/L as Cl2)Ground water treatment plantsTotal Cl20.96 0.78 0.91 0.97 1.14 1.75 1.83 1.46 1.31Free Cl20.75 0.85 0.64 0.80 2.92 0.64 0.58 0.53 0.99Surface water treatment plants (including mixed plants)Total Cl21.24 1.35 1.34 1.49 1.76 1.77 1.74 1.65 1.65Free Cl20.69 0.66 0.75 0.85 1.05 0.97 0.75 0.79 0.81Average percentage of systems samples <0.2 mg/L(including non-detects), total Cl25.5 5.6 5.7 2.9 6.5 4.5 2.2 4.9 4.6Data:Q.18Notes:If system has more than one treatment plant, the residuals reported are for the plant with thehighest average daily flow.The estimate of distribution system residuals distinguishes between ground and surface waterplants. The distribution system is characterized as ground water if the largest treatment plant treatsground water. If the largest treatment plant treats surface water or surface and ground water, thedistribution system is characterized as surface water.129Table 53 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsAttended EPA-sponsored water security training48.4 33.0 27.5 54.7 55.8 60.2 79.5 87.1 39.3Used EPA Web-based water security technology product guides0.0 12.7 10.0 21.4 30.0 37.3 50.8 68.3 15.6Heard of EPA's Response Protocol Toolbox23.1 22.3 18.7 39.7 38.9 47.8 75.5 85.4 27.2Heard of the 14 features of an "active and effective" water security program9.2 15.1 16.9 24.1 23.0 27.4 45.0 53.6 18.7Heard of mutual aid and assistance agreements/compacts56.8 60.6 68.5 56.5 58.5 68.5 83.2 88.9 63.3Interested in joining such an agreement or compact68.9 60.3 56.0 73.3 65.7 80.9 71.3 72.7 62.0Barriers to enhancing securityLack of interest at the system, public, or rate board level31.0 54.7 46.4 54.0 57.5 64.4 71.1 71.7 50.8Competing priorities (regulatory compliance, aging infrastructure, etc.)74.1 63.9 70.6 64.9 64.8 64.7 57.5 49.9 67.3Lack of funding33.9 25.1 27.0 12.7 12.5 13.0 9.6 1.9 22.4Lack of knowledge / guidance / training materials9.4 8.9 18.5 24.4 9.5 9.6 4.4 12.8 15.0Other17.2 25.9 21.6 22.6 34.0 31.4 32.8 37.7 24.5Preferred sources of water security information and productsDepartment of Homeland Security0.0 4.3 3.4 12.9 5.2 14.4 9.6 16.4 5.4EPA25.7 8.4 5.4 11.6 10.0 9.5 21.3 14.9 9.2Water Associations48.1 38.1 35.9 35.1 36.7 28.4 24.0 19.0 36.7No preference17.8 42.5 44.5 31.8 38.4 40.7 36.8 42.4 39.6Other7.8 0.3 9.9 5.0 5.3 2.6 5.3 5.5 6.0Private SystemsAttended EPA-sponsored water security training17.4 19.9 30.9 71.4 35.5 58.4 79.3 100.0 23.0Used EPA Web-based water security technology product guides3.9 7.7 5.7 22.6 7.7 21.3 17.3 24.4 6.5Heard of EPA's Response Protocol Toolbox6.6 10.7 17.0 41.0 33.6 55.0 35.1 87.8 11.6Heard of the 14 features of an "active and effective" water security program2.7 14.4 28.8 41.7 6.9 26.9 24.9 63.4 12.8Heard of mutual aid and assistance agreements/compacts19.4 28.3 55.2 55.1 13.6 46.1 38.8 87.8 29.7Interested in joining such an agreement or compact39.6 38.5 48.5 59.6 37.1 61.1 26.3 72.2 43.2Systems reporting the following barriers to enhancing securityLack of interest at the system, public, or rate board level22.3 32.1 40.2 56.2 54.6 65.2 44.7 36.6 30.6Competing priorities (regulatory compliance, aging infrastructure, etc.)47.0 44.2 58.6 53.8 13.7 47.1 38.8 12.2 47.5Lack of funding37.9 39.5 36.1 16.5 4.3 16.9 10.5 0.0 36.9Lack of knowledge / guidance / training materials22.9 22.2 10.6 10.9 12.9 25.8 0.0 0.0 20.1Other44.1 37.6 41.7 41.2 62.1 37.1 62.1 100.0 41.4Preferred sources of water security information and productsDepartment of Homeland Security1.2 0.0 2.5 8.3 8.6 16.9 33.9 12.2 1.4EPA2.7 10.8 6.1 15.9 17.1 7.9 17.0 48.8 7.1Water Associations21.8 20.9 41.6 31.0 12.9 21.3 6.8 0.0 24.6No preference46.6 52.8 32.1 31.5 38.6 53.9 14.2 38.9 46.1Other12.8 10.8 13.5 8.2 0.0 0.0 24.8 0.0 11.8(Continued)130Table 54Water Security Awareness and Security BarriersBy Ownership(Percentage of Systems)Water Security Awareness and Security BarriersBy Ownership(Percentage of Systems)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesAll SystemsAttended EPA-sponsored water security training21.5 25.0 28.4 58.2 54.1 60.0 79.5 88.8 31.3Used EPA Web-based water security technology product guides3.3 9.6 8.8 21.7 28.2 35.8 46.8 62.5 11.1Heard of EPA's Response Protocol Toolbox8.8 15.1 18.2 40.0 38.5 48.5 70.7 85.7 19.5Heard of the 14 features of an "active and effective" water security program3.5 14.7 20.1 27.8 21.7 27.4 42.6 54.9 15.8Heard of mutual aid and assistance agreements/compacts24.3 40.7 64.9 56.2 54.8 66.3 77.9 88.7 46.7Interested in joining such an agreement or compact48.6 50.9 54.2 70.5 65.1 79.6 68.6 72.6 56.1Systems reporting the following barriers to enhancing securityLack of interest at the system, public, or rate board level23.4 40.7 44.7 54.5 57.3 64.5 68.0 67.0 40.8Competing priorities (regulatory compliance, aging infrastructure, etc.)50.5 51.8 67.4 62.6 60.6 63.0 55.2 44.9 57.5Lack of funding37.4 34.0 29.5 13.5 11.8 13.4 9.7 1.6 29.6Lack of knowledge / guidance / training materials21.1 17.1 16.4 21.6 9.8 11.1 3.8 11.1 17.5Other40.6 33.1 27.0 26.5 36.3 32.0 36.3 46.0 32.8Preferred sources of water security information and productsDepartment of Homeland Security1.0 1.7 3.2 12.0 5.4 14.6 12.5 15.8 3.4EPA5.8 9.9 5.5 12.5 10.6 9.3 20.8 19.4 8.2Water Associations25.3 27.5 37.5 34.2 34.7 27.7 22.0 16.4 30.7No preference42.8 48.9 41.1 31.7 38.4 41.9 34.1 42.0 42.8Other12.1 6.8 10.9 5.7 4.8 2.4 7.6 4.8 8.9Data:Q.20Notes:131Table 54 (Cont.)Ownership TypePublic SystemsAttended EPA-sponsored water security trainingUsed EPA Web-based water security technology product guidesHeard of EPA's Response Protocol ToolboxHeard of the 14 features of an "active and effective" water security programHeard of mutual aid and assistance agreements/compactsInterested in joining such an agreement or compactBarriers to enhancing securityLack of interest at the system, public, or rate board levelCompeting priorities (regulatory compliance, aging infrastructure, etc.)Lack of fundingLack of knowledge / guidance / training materialsOtherPreferred sources of water security information and productsDepartment of Homeland SecurityEPAWater AssociationsNo preferenceOtherPrivate SystemsAttended EPA-sponsored water security trainingUsed EPA Web-based water security technology product guidesHeard of EPA's Response Protocol ToolboxHeard of the 14 features of an "active and effective" water security programHeard of mutual aid and assistance agreements/compactsInterested in joining such an agreement or compactSystems reporting the following barriers to enhancing securityLack of interest at the system, public, or rate board levelCompeting priorities (regulatory compliance, aging infrastructure, etc.)Lack of fundingLack of knowledge / guidance / training materialsOtherPreferred sources of water security information and productsDepartment of Homeland SecurityEPAWater AssociationsNo preferenceOtherSystem Service Population Category3,301 - 50,000 - Over25 - 3,300 49,999 99,999 100,000 All Sizes31.2 55.2 60.2 80.8 39.310.1 25.3 37.3 53.8 15.620.3 39.4 47.8 77.2 27.215.6 23.6 27.4 46.5 18.764.7 57.4 68.5 84.2 63.358.3 69.8 80.9 71.6 62.047.9 55.6 64.4 71.2 50.868.6 64.9 64.7 56.2 67.327.0 12.6 13.0 8.3 22.414.4 17.6 9.6 5.8 15.022.7 27.8 31.4 33.6 24.53.4 9.4 14.4 10.7 5.48.2 10.9 9.5 20.2 9.237.7 35.8 28.4 23.2 36.741.5 34.8 40.7 37.8 39.66.4 5.1 2.6 5.3 6.020.6 63.3 58.4 83.2 23.05.7 19.3 21.3 18.6 6.59.9 39.4 55.0 45.0 11.611.6 33.9 26.9 32.1 12.828.7 45.8 46.1 48.0 29.741.8 58.1 61.1 42.0 43.229.1 55.8 65.2 43.2 30.647.7 44.8 47.1 33.8 47.538.3 13.8 16.9 8.5 36.920.6 11.3 25.8 0.0 20.141.1 45.9 37.1 69.2 41.40.9 8.4 16.9 29.8 1.46.6 16.2 7.9 22.9 7.124.6 26.9 21.3 5.5 24.646.8 33.1 53.9 18.8 46.112.1 6.3 0.0 20.1 11.8132Table 55Water Security Awareness and Security BarriersBy Ownership(Percentage of Systems)Water Security Awareness and Security BarriersBy Ownership(Percentage of Systems)System Service Population Category3,301 - 50,000 - OverOwnership Type25 - 3,300 49,999 99,999 100,000 All SizesAll SystemsAttended EPA-sponsored water security training25.1 56.5 60.0 81.1 31.3Used EPA Web-based water security technology product guides7.6 24.4 35.8 49.5 11.1Heard of EPA's Response Protocol Toolbox14.4 39.4 48.5 73.3 19.5Heard of the 14 features of an "active and effective" water security program13.3 25.2 27.4 44.7 15.8Heard of mutual aid and assistance agreements/compacts44.1 55.6 66.3 79.8 46.7Interested in joining such an agreement or compact52.2 68.3 79.6 69.4 56.1Systems reporting the following barriers to enhancing securityLack of interest at the system, public, or rate board level37.2 55.7 64.5 67.8 40.8Competing priorities (regulatory compliance, aging infrastructure, etc.)56.6 61.7 63.0 53.4 57.5Lack of funding33.5 12.8 13.4 8.3 29.6Lack of knowledge / guidance / training materials18.0 16.6 11.1 5.1 17.5Other33.2 30.6 32.0 37.9 32.8Preferred sources of water security information and productsDepartment of Homeland Security2.0 9.2 14.6 13.0 3.4EPA7.3 11.7 9.3 20.6 8.2Water Associations30.2 34.4 27.7 21.0 30.7No preference44.5 34.5 41.9 35.5 42.8Other9.7 5.3 2.4 7.1 8.9Data:Q.20Notes:133Table 55 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMean Residential Connections50 115 512 2,724 6,831 18,279 39,311 184,684 3,385Confidence Interval+|- 2 +|- 25 +|- 67 +|- 1,587 +|- 977 +|- 1,335 +|- 3,834 +|- 36,091 +|- 399Median Residential Connections36 105 355 1,701 5,500 17,176 34,345 148,473 320Mean Non-Residential Connections7 14 51 366 561 1,536 3,816 15,349 310Confidence Interval+|- 5 +|- 8 +|- 11 +|- 313 +|- 103 +|- 410 +|- 362 +|- 3,502 +|- 45Median Non-Residential Connections3 5 35 160 450 1,395 3,296 12,641 37Observations25 84 181 127 156 111 204 52 940Private SystemsMean Residential Connections24 88 602 1,686 5,378 65,938 92,001 333,021 2,662Confidence Interval+|- 11 +|- 31 +|- 495 +|- 528 +|- 1,262 +|- 76,266 +|- 32,527 +|- 100,565 +|- 1,448Median Residential Connections23 65 310 1,855 4,628 17,331 64,279 424,185 50Mean Non-Residential Connections17 24 29 55 95 8,917 8,113 30,696 236Confidence Interval+|- 14 +|- 40 +|- 20 +|- 34 +|- 97 +|- 10,378 +|- 3,158 +|- 10,367 +|- 141Median Non-Residential Connections4 1 10 10 10 2,643 6,543 40,152 5Observations117 111 56 27 20 12 21 6 370All SystemsMean Residential Connections30 110 527 2,422 6,770 21,243 47,035 204,696 3,217Confidence Interval+|- 11 +|- 21 +|- 100 +|- 1,150 +|- 937 +|- 5,447 +|- 8,357 +|- 43,351 +|- 405Median Residential Connections24 77 347 1,768 5,400 17,331 39,302 168,670 120Mean Non-Residential Connections15 16 48 276 542 1,995 4,446 17,419 293Confidence Interval+|- 11 +|- 11 +|- 10 +|- 228 +|- 100 +|- 856 +|- 737 +|- 4,319 +|- 44Median Non-Residential Connections4 5 33 116 435 1,395 3,475 14,362 25Observations142 195 237 154 176 123 225 58 1,310Data:Q.21ANotes134Table 56Service Connections ProfileBy Ownership(Number of Connections)Ownership TypePublic SystemsMean Population Served Directly by SystemConfidence IntervalMean Population Served per Residential ConnectionConfidence IntervalMean Population Served through Sales to Other SystemsConfidence IntervalMean Total Population ServedConfidence IntervalObservationsPrivate SystemsMean Population Served Directly by SystemConfidence IntervalMean Population Served per Residential ConnectionConfidence IntervalMean Population Served through Sales to Other SystemsConfidence IntervalMean Total Population ServedConfidence IntervalObservationsAll SystemsMean Population Served Directly by SystemConfidence IntervalMean Population Served per Residential ConnectionConfidence IntervalMean Population Served through Sales to Other SystemsConfidence IntervalMean Total Population ServedConfidence IntervalObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes65 259 1,241 4,989 18,845 53,621 136,788 792,060 9,611+|- 14 +|- 31 +|- 127 +|- 420 +|- 2,039 +|- 3,867 +|- 10,146 +|- 198,330 +|- 1,2052.0 3.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.7 6.6 3.1+|- 1 +|- 2 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 4 +|- 10 1 20 504 2,574 15,350 63,005 454,076 3,272+|- 0 +|- 1 +|- 19 +|- 195 +|- 729 +|- 3,856 +|- 10,802 +|- 122,082 +|- 55965 259 1,260 5,493 21,420 68,971 199,793 1,246,136 12,884+|- 14 +|- 31 +|- 128 +|- 395 +|- 1,908 +|- 3,117 +|- 9,037 +|- 228,454 +|- 1,51727 84 181 127 156 111 204 52 94259 237 1,191 5,818 20,223 42,684 217,830 902,748 1,874+|- 5 +|- 25 +|- 196 +|- 953 +|- 5,458 +|- 14,959 +|- 63,920 +|- 262,723 +|- 6514.2 3.3 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.6+|- 2 +|- 0 +|- 1 +|- 1 +|- 0 +|- 2 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 10 0 1 273 3,926 26,657 41,707 85,420 266+|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 2 +|- 250 +|- 3,064 +|- 13,910 +|- 24,732 +|- 54,977 +|- 9259 238 1,192 6,090 24,148 69,341 259,536 988,168 2,140+|- 5 +|- 25 +|- 196 +|- 877 +|- 5,459 +|- 6,088 +|- 52,344 +|- 213,177 +|- 681118 111 56 27 20 13 216 37260 246 1,227 5,165 18,960 52,540 146,908 807,248 5,795+|- 4 +|- 19 +|- 106 +|- 392 +|- 1,930 +|- 3,830 +|- 14,605 +|- 176,717 +|- 5653.9 3.5 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.6 6.1 3.4+|- 2 +|- 1 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 0 +|- 4 +|- 10 0 15 455 2,686 16,468 60,345 403,489 1,789+|- 0 +|- 1 +|- 14 +|- 163 +|- 715 +|- 3,844 +|- 10,240 +|- 110,783 +|- 25060 246 1,242 5,620 21,646 69,008 207,254 1,210,737 7,584+|- 4 +|- 19 +|- 107 +|- 365 +|- 1,807 +|- 2,875 +|- 11,898 +|- 198,102 +|- 646145 195 237 154 176 124 225 58 1,314Data:Q.21ANotes:135Table 57Population ServedBy OwnershipTable 58Total Water System Revenue and Revenue Per Thousand Gallons DeliveredBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsMean Revenue in Thousands of Dollars8 23 183 447 2,122 6,275 14,810 125,197 318Confidence Interval+|- 4 +|- 6 +|- 60 +|- 140 +|- 649 +|- 1,844 +|- 3,986 +|- 42,382 +|- 66Median Revenue in Thousands of Dollars0 17 125 199 1,399 6,575 8,597 168,169 16Mean Revenue Per Thousand Gallons of WaterProduced in Dollars2.60 2.97 4.29 3.62 2.91 3.49 4.39 2.08 3.26Confidence Interval+|- 1.42 +|- 0.77 +|- 1.45 +|- 1.21 +|- 0.54 +|- 0.65 +|- 2.57 +|- 0.12 +|- 0.63Observations88 105 111 62 66 40 566 534Primarily Surface Water SystemsMean Revenue in Thousands of Dollars24 66 354 726 2,639 17,543 27,851 148,038 5,558Confidence Interval+|- 13 +|- 34 +|- 98 +|- 201 +|- 592 +|- 13,702 +|- 7,123 +|- 29,058 +|- 1,158Median Revenue in Thousands of Dollars23 17 240 607 2,110 7,206 16,860 95,200 231Mean Revenue Per Thousand Gallons of WaterProduced in Dollars6.00 5.18 5.75 3.62 3.91 5.10 2.88 2.53 4.78Confidence Interval+|- 4.49 +|- 3.05 +|- 1.32 +|- 0.58 +|- 0.73 +|- 2.42 +|- 0.32 +|- 0.25 +|- 0.76Observations49 67 78 65 85 54 124 39 561Primarily Purchased Water SystemsMean Revenue in Thousands of Dollars20 56 1,001 632 3,234 9,606 29,676 94,925 1,520Confidence Interval+|- 16 +|- 38 +|- 1,163 +|- 196 +|- 1,276 +|- 2,801 +|- 5,027 +|- 42,503 +|- 569Median Revenue in Thousands of Dollars10 28 138 608 1,916 7,923 23,757 86,020 93Mean Revenue Per Thousand Gallons of WaterProduced in Dollars4.94 5.77 5.68 4.53 3.60 3.64 4.97 2.55 5.32Confidence Interval+|- 1.01 +|- 2.79 +|- 1.64 +|- 1.14 +|- 0.61 +|- 1.64 +|- 1.62 +|- 1.01 +|- 1.04Observations8 23 48 26 25 30 45 13 218All SystemsMean Revenue in Thousands of Dollars9 29 418 543 2,492 11,463 25,042 132,404 996Confidence Interval+|- 4 +|- 8 +|- 326 +|- 99 +|- 462 +|- 5,418 +|- 4,302 +|- 23,226 +|- 145Median Revenue in Thousands of Dollars0 17 130 390 1,634 7,008 17,092 95,200 24Mean Revenue Per Thousand Gallons of WaterProduced in Dollars2.91 3.44 4.78 3.89 3.32 4.20 3.63 2.49 3.76Confidence Interval+|- 1.28 +|- 0.78 +|- 1.06 +|- 0.72 +|- 0.37 +|- 1.11 +|- 0.67 +|- 0.28 +|- 0.52Observations145 195 237 153 176 124 225 58 1,313Data: Q.21Notes:Total water system revenue includes revenue from water sales to residential and non-residentialcustomers and to other systems; fees; transfers from the government including municipalgovernment transfers from the general fund; and other sources including penalties and fines.136Table 59Total Water System RevenueBy Ownership(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population CategoryOwnership Type100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMean37 49 477 523 2,569 7,732 21,999 136,101 1,607Confidence Interval+|- 23 +|- 17 +|- 440 +|- 104 +|- 494 +|- 1,210 +|- 2,509 +|- 26,199 +|- 254Median17 31 144 411 1,696 7,008 16,286 94,936 108Number of Systems Reporting Zero Revenue4 12 8 46 37 25 423 177Observations27 84 181 127 156 111 204 52 942Private SystemsAncillary SystemsMean1 5 50 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5Confidence Interval+|- 1 +|- 4 +|- 66N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A+|- 3Median0 0 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0Number of Systems Reporting Zero Revenue53 32 5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 90Observations61 43 7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 111Other Private SystemsMean9 25 281 618 1,633 46,432 47,430 108,252 608Confidence Interval+|- 4 +|- 8 +|- 218 +|- 270 +|- 980 +|- 52,013 +|- 22,189 +|- 48,116 +|- 310Median5 18 111 390 1,330 6,783 35,898 168,169 13Number of Systems Reporting Zero Revenue17 17 11 10 95 62 77Observations57 68 49 26 20 13 216 260All Private SystemsMean5 17 259 618 1,633 46,432 47,430 108,252 370Confidence Interval+|- 2 +|- 6 +|- 203 +|- 275 +|- 1,023 +|- 52,350 +|- 22,162 +|- 47,872 +|- 172Median0 3 103 390 1,330 6,783 35,898 168,169 1Number of Systems Reporting Zero Revenue70 49 16 10 95 62 167Observations118 111 56 26 20 13 216 371Data: Q.21Notes:Total water system revenue includes revenue from water sales to residential and non-residentialcustomers and to other systems; fees; transfers from the government including municipalgovernment transfers from the general fund; and other sources including penalties and fines.137System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsMean Revenue in Thousands of Dollars19 35 207 853 2,840 9,730 24,556 142,215 510Confidence Interval+|- 8 +|- 7 +|- 66 +|- 197 +|- 767 +|- 2,416 +|- 5,484 +|- 34,992 +|- 103Median Revenue in Thousands of Dollars11 27 133 758 1,696 7,314 18,870 168,169 61Mean Revenue Per Thousand Gallons of WaterProduced in Dollars5.19 4.49 4.75 3.86 3.20 3.64 5.39 2.08 4.60Confidence Interval+|- 2.59 +|- 0.94 +|- 1.56 +|- 1.24 +|- 0.51 +|- 0.59 +|- 3.09 +|- 0.12 +|- 0.80Observations37 68 97 38 50 25 345 354Primarily Surface Water SystemsMean Revenue in Thousands of Dollars34 110 377 1,224 3,873 22,387 32,360 156,040 7,535Confidence Interval+|- 18 +|- 34 +|- 104 +|- 195 +|- 670 +|- 17,269 +|- 7,895 +|- 29,828 +|- 1,559Median Revenue in Thousands of Dollars26 63 244 1,057 2,972 7,706 20,297 99,039 655Mean Revenue Per Thousand Gallons of WaterProduced in Dollars8.09 8.78 6.07 3.83 4.07 5.24 2.93 2.53 5.45Confidence Interval+|- 7.37 +|- 3.28 +|- 1.37 +|- 0.54 +|- 0.73 +|- 2.47 +|- 0.32 +|- 0.25+|- 0.76Observations27 49 73 42 60 43 105 37 436Primarily Purchased Water SystemsMean Revenue in Thousands of Dollars20 74 1,135 879 3,916 11,109 35,027 109,398 1,817Confidence Interval+|- 16 +|- 47 +|- 1,311 +|- 179 +|- 1,401 +|- 2,914 +|- 5,060 +|- 51,676 +|- 678Median Revenue in Thousands of Dollars10 44 195 835 2,241 9,044 26,043 94,936 138Mean Revenue Per Thousand Gallons of WaterProduced in Dollars4.96 6.95 6.33 4.53 3.60 3.64 5.11 2.55 5.85Confidence Interval+|- 1.01 +|- 2.98 +|- 1.74 +|- 1.14 +|- 0.61 +|- 1.65 +|- 1.64 +|- 1.01 +|- 1.07Observations7 18 43 20 20 26 38 11 183All SystemsMean Revenue in Thousands of Dollars20 45 471 927 3,345 15,221 31,489 143,831 1,475Confidence Interval+|- 8 +|- 11 +|- 366 +|- 124 +|- 545 +|- 7,137 +|- 5,016 +|- 24,799 +|- 210Median Revenue in Thousands of Dollars11 29 142 835 2,383 7,923 21,573 102,102 87Mean Revenue Per Thousand Gallons of WaterProduced in Dollars5.29 5.06 5.28 4.06 3.52 4.30 3.84 2.49 4.96Confidence Interval+|- 2.10 +|- 0.94 +|- 1.14 +|- 0.73 +|- 0.36 +|- 1.13 +|- 0.69 +|- 0.28 +|- 0.60Observations71 135 213 100 130 94 177 53973Data:Q.21Notes:Excludes systems that do not report positive revenue.Total water system revenue includes revenue from water sales to residential and non-residentialcustomers and to other systems; fees; transfers from the government including municipalgovernment transfers from the general fund; and other sources including penalties and fines.138Table 60Total Water System Revenue and Revenue Per Thousand Gallons Delivered, Excluding Systems With Zero RevenueBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMean Revenue in Thousands of Dollars46 57 504 890 3,366 10,011 27,639 143,904 1,913Confidence Interval+|- 25 +|- 19 +|- 465 +|- 134 +|- 574 +|- 1,360 +|- 3,011 +|- 27,583 +|- 299Median Revenue in Thousands of Dollars18 38 150 758 2,344 7,676 20,293 97,763 149Mean Revenue Per Thousand Gallons of WaterDelivered in Dollars9.17 4.56 4.24 3.63 3.39 4.01 3.63 2.49 4.43Confidence Interval+|- 7.88 +|- 1.24 +|- 0.56 +|- 0.56 +|- 0.36 +|- 1.10 +|- 0.72 +|- 0.32 +|- 0.62Observations23 72 173 84 119 86 162 49 768Private SystemsMean Revenue in Thousands of Dollars12 32 357 1,089 3,009 80,994 60,014 143,229 731Confidence Interval+|- 4 +|- 8 +|- 262 +|- 293 +|- 1,313 +|- 83,489 +|- 21,902 +|- 28,160 +|- 365Median Revenue in Thousands of Dollars10 23 133 976 2,725 15,107 42,571 168,169 26Mean Revenue Per Thousand Gallons of WaterDelivered in Dollars4.19 5.21 6.61 5.61 5.17 3.20 4.03 2.41 5.19Confidence Interval+|- 1.19 +|- 1.16 +|- 1.91 +|- 2.51 +|- 1.28 +|- 0.78 +|- 0.78 +|- 0.45+|- 0.76Observations48 63 40 16 118 154 205Data: Q.21Notes:Excludes systems that do not report positive revenue.Total water system revenue includes revenue from water sales to residential and non-residentialcustomers and to other systems; fees; transfers from the government including municipalgovernment transfers from the general fund; and other sources including penalties and fines.139Table 61Total Water System Revenue and Revenue Per Thousand Gallons Delivered, Excluding Systems With Zero RevenueBy OwnershipTable 62Total Water System Revenue for Systems Reporting Positive Revenue and ExpensesBy Ownership(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population CategoryOwnership Type100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMean49 58 268 889 3,146 10,255 27,951 144,747 1,800Confidence interval+|- 27 +|- 20 +|- 97 +|- 141 +|- 510 +|- 1,451 +|- 3,173 +|- 28,175 +|- 222Median18 38 146 758 2,173 7,847 20,179 95,200 139Observations22 69 167 78 115 80 153 48 732Private SystemsAncillary SystemsMean6 18 189 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 20Confidence Interval+|- 1 +|- 6 +|- 81N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A+|- 13Median6 16 155 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10Observations8 9 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 19Other Private SystemsMean14 36 378 1,081 3,009 11,742 57,039 90,985 547Confidence Interval+|- 6 +|- 10 +|- 298 +|- 343 +|- 1,314 +|- 2,762 +|- 24,648 +|- 21,456 +|- 289Median11 27 114 976 2,725 13,776 42,571 90,985 32Observations33 46 35 13 116 132 159All Private SystemsMean12 33 370 1,081 3,009 11,742 57,039 90,985 451Confidence Interval+|- 5 +|- 8 +|- 296 +|- 357 +|- 1,484 +|- 2,445 +|- 24,717 +|- 30,160 +|- 224Median10 23 133 976 2,725 13,776 42,571 90,985 26Observations41 55 37 13 116 132 178All SystemsMean21 46 290 921 3,138 10,342 31,303 142,663 1,321Confidence Interval+|- 9 +|- 11 +|- 99 +|- 132 +|- 484 +|- 1,386 +|- 5,255 +|- 27,054 +|- 135Median11 28 138 835 2,187 7,923 20,941 95,200 87Observations63 124 204 91 126 86 166 50 910Data:Q.21Notes:Excludes systems that did not report positive revenue or expenses.140System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsWater Sales74.4 85.1 94.4 56.4 74.9 74.0 78.1 92.8 82.3Confidence Interval+|- 29.9 +|- 9.7 +|- 4.6 +|- 10.2 +|- 7.6 +|- 7.7 +|- 4.1 +|- 4.1 +|- 3.9Water-Related Operations26.6 45.6 70.0 55.2 67.3 64.6 73.0 83.0 59.1Confidence Interval+|- 24.9 +|- 14.3 +|- 9.2 +|- 10.2 +|- 8.3 +|- 8.7 +|- 4.5 +|- 10.1 +|- 6.0General Fund7.8 9.4 9.6 4.5 6.3 20.8 15.0 22.8 8.7Confidence Interval+|- 14.5 +|- 8.5 +|- 5.1 +|- 3.1 +|- 3.6 +|- 7.1 +|- 3.5 +|- 10.1 +|- 3.0Other Revenue Sources1.1 6.0 10.1 18.9 29.9 42.8 48.1 55.3 13.8Confidence Interval+|- 1.6 +|- 6.8 +|- 5.7 +|- 7.8 +|- 8.2 +|- 10.0 +|- 5.4 +|- 9.8 +|- 3.3Percentage of Systems Reporting NoRevenue17.4 12.9 5.3 39.6 23.7 22.8 20.4 5.4 15.7Confidence Interval+|- 29.0 +|- 9.1 +|- 4.6 +|- 10.1 +|- 7.4 +|- 7.4 +|- 4.0 +|- 3.6 +|- 3.7Observations27 84 181 127 156 111 204 52 942Private SystemsWater Sales39.2 52.2 72.6 56.0 54.3 57.3 79.0 75.6 50.2Confidence Interval+|- 12.1 +|- 11.5 +|- 15.8 +|- 20.8 +|- 25.5 +|- 25.0 +|- 13.8 +|- 23.9 +|- 7.3Water-Related Operations12.3 13.4 46.1 47.7 54.3 32.6 44.1 24.4 19.8Confidence Interval+|- 8.8 +|- 8.0 +|- 16.0 +|- 21.0 +|- 25.5 +|- 22.9 +|- 23.4 +|- 23.9 +|- 6.1Other Revenue Sources36.8 41.6 12.4 35.7 24.1 9.0 47.5 63.4 34.8Confidence Interval+|- 10.5 +|- 11.3 +|- 10.7 +|- 19.2 +|- 22.1 +|- 15.0 +|- 24.2 +|- 30.9 +|- 6.6Percentage of Systems Reporting NoRevenue29.1 12.8 19.2 41.5 45.7 42.7 21.0 24.4 22.0Confidence Interval+|- 11.5 +|- 7.2 +|- 12.0 +|- 20.8 +|- 25.5 +|- 25.0 +|- 13.8 +|- 23.9 +|- 6.0Observations118 111 56 27 20 13 21 6 372(Continued)141Table 63Percentage of Systems with Each Type of Revenue SourceBy OwnershipPercentage of Systems with Each Type of RevenuBy OwnershipSystem Service Pop100 101 - 501 - 3,301 -10,0Ownership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50All SystemsWater Sales43.8 64.8 88.5 56.3 73.2 72.4 78.2 90.5 66.5Confidence Interval+|- 11.4 +|- 9.1 +|- 6.0 +|- 9.1 +|- 7.3 +|- 7.5 +|- 4.0 +|- 4.5 +|- 4.4Water-Related Operations14.1 25.7 63.5 53.6 66.2 61.5 69.5 75.2 39.7Confidence Interval+|- 8.2 +|- 8.3 +|- 8.1 +|- 9.2 +|- 7.9 +|- 8.5 +|- 5.4 +|- 11.0 +|- 4.4General Fund1.0 3.6 7.0 3.6 5.8 18.8 13.2 19.8 4.4Confidence Interval+|- 2.0 +|- 3.4 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.5 +|- 3.3 +|- 6.4 +|- 3.1 +|- 9.2 +|- 1.6Other Revenue Sources32.1 28.0 10.8 22.4 29.4 39.5 48.0 56.4 24.2Confidence Interval+|- 9.4 +|- 8.8 +|- 5.3 +|- 7.4 +|- 7.8 +|- 9.5 +|- 5.6 +|- 9.7 +|- 3.9Percentage of Systems Reporting NoRevenue27.5 12.8 9.1 40.0 25.5 24.7 20.5 7.9 18.8Confidence Interval+|- 10.8 +|- 5.6 +|- 5.2 +|- 9.0 +|- 7.1 +|- 7.2 +|- 3.9 +|- 4.2 +|- 3.5Observations145 195 237 154 176 124 225 58 1314Data:Q.21Notes:Systems have more than one type of revenue, therefore column totals do not equal 100.Water Salesincludes revenue from the sale of water to residential and non-residential customers.Water Related Operationsincludes revenue from connection and development fees, transfers fromthe general fund of municipal governments, and other related fees (fines and penalties, forexample.)General Fundincludes transfers from municipal government general funds to publicly ownedsystems.Otheris all other sources of water-related revenue, including fines, penalties, and other fees.142e Sourceulation Category01 - 50,001 - 100,001- Over,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesTable 63 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsWater Sales86.3 86.1 86.7 82.3 82.6 77.7 78.4 79.8 85.2Confidence Interval+|- 17.3 +|- 7.9 +|- 3.6 +|- 6.9 +|- 3.8 +|- 4.5 +|- 2.5 +|- 3.6 +|- 2.8Water-Related Operations3.5 6.0 7.9 12.4 13.9 11.3 15.0 12.5 8.5Confidence Interval+|- 4.5 +|- 3.9 +|- 2.4 +|- 5.6 +|- 3.4 +|- 2.9 +|- 2.0 +|- 2.9 +|- 1.7General Fund9.4 5.2 2.6 3.2 1.2 5.7 1.2 1.8 3.6Confidence Interval+|- 17.3 +|- 5.4 +|- 1.6 +|- 4.3 +|- 0.8 +|- 3.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.9Other Revenue Sources0.9 2.7 2.8 2.2 2.4 5.4 5.4 5.9 2.7Confidence Interval+|- 1.6 +|- 4.6 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.3 +|- 1.2 +|- 2.0 +|- 1.5 +|- 2.1 +|- 1.5Observations24 73 173 81 119 86 162 49 767Private SystemsWater Sales45.2 52.7 84.9 84.5 85.7 94.9 97.3 98.7 56.3Confidence Interval+|- 12.2 +|- 12.2 +|- 11.4 +|- 9.8 +|- 8.8 +|- 5.0 +|- 2.2 +|- 1.5 +|- 7.4Water-Related Operations3.7 1.0 4.5 4.5 11.0 5.1 1.8 0.2 2.7Confidence Interval+|- 3.6 +|- 0.6 +|- 2.5 +|- 2.7 +|- 8.1 +|- 5.0 +|- 1.6 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.5Other Revenue Sources51.2 46.3 10.6 11.0 3.3 0.0 0.9 1.0 41.0Confidence Interval+|- 13.3 +|- 12.4 +|- 11.8 +|- 9.8 +|- 4.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.2 +|- 7.8Observations86 96 44 18 11 8 15 4 282(Continued)143Table 64Percentage of System Revenue Received from Each Revenue Source For Systems Reporting Positive RevenueBy OwnershipPercentage of System Revenue Received from Each Revenue Source For Systems RepoBy OwnershipSystem Service Population Cate100 101 - 501 - 3,301 -10,001 - 50,00Ownership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,0All SystemsWater Sales51.3 65.5 86.2 82.7 82.8 78Confidence Interval+|- 11.2 +|- 9.2 +|- 4.0 +|- 5.9 +|- 3.6 +|- 4Water-Related Operations3.6 2.9 7.1 10.8 13.7 10Confidence Interval+|- 3.2 +|- 1.6 +|- 2.1 +|- 4.6 +|- 3.3 +|- 2.7 +|- 2.0 +|- 2.8 +|- 1.1General Fund1.4 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.1 5.2 1.0 1.6 1.9Confidence Interval+|- 2.7 +|- 2.2 +|- 1.3 +|- 3.5 +|- 0.7 +|- 3.0 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.0Other Revenue Sources43.6 29.6 4.7 4.0 2.4 5.0 4.8 5.4 20.9Confidence Interval+|- 11.9 +|- 9.5 +|- 3.6 +|- 2.2 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.3 +|- 2.0 +|- 4.2Observations110 169 217 99 130 94 177 53 1049Data:Q.21Notes:Systems have more than one type of revenue, therefore column totals do not equal 100.Water Salesincludes revenue from the sale of water to residential and non-residential customers.Water Related Operationsincludes revenue from connection and development fees, transfers fromthe general fund of municipal governments, and other related fees (fines and penalties, forexample.)General Fundincludes transfers from municipal government general funds to publicly ownedsystems.Otheris all other sources of water-related revenue, including fines, penalties, and other fees.144rting Positive Revenuegory1 - 100,001- Over00 500,000 500,000 All Sizes.9 80.7 81.9 71.5.3 +|- 2.6 +|- 3.7 +|- 4.1.9 13.4 11.2 5.8Table 64 (Cont.)Water RevenueMunicipalNon-waterTotalRevenue,Water Related RevenueSystem IncludingOther Water Total WaterRevenue (Net of MunicipalWater Sales General Fund Related Related Total Water Non-water Transfers to GovernmentPopulation Served Revenue Transfers Revenue Revenue Revenue Revenue Water System) RevenuePublic SystemsMean Revenue25-100101-500Subtotal, 25-500501-3,3003,301-10,000Subtotal, 25-10,00026,96242,39839,575233,998783,150230,24463,70284,99581,24689,416179,36194,6111,9169,9668,91739,305133,98647,34615,96427,43725,57750,779144,29859,94331,18057,13251,997271,632890,168276,02025,49544,04643,249137,62364,97596,268385,927213,651240,486993,2515,349,7261,571,303186,474164,078168,291908,2113,914,9711,171,867Observations25-100101-500Subtotal, 25-500501-3,3003,301-10,000Subtotal, 25-10,000207292171773402792011401145561327426213465913576270217293172843492352026517384510770222227597173117387(Continued)145Table 65Average Revenue of Community Water Systems Serving 10,000 or Fewer Reporting Positive RevenueBy Ownership and Type of Revenue SourceAverage Revenue of Community Water Systems Serving 10,000 or Fewer Reportingnue SourceTotal Water NRevenue11,71932,45523,393357,2351,088,984580,569402,3643,685,7856,014,066292,685211,801791,3824,577,333Positive RevenueMunicipalNon-waterTotalRevenue,System IncludingRevenue (Net of Municipalon-water Transfers to GovernmentRevenue Water System) Revenue211,715116,343ership and Type of ReveRevenueted Revenueer Water Total WaterRelated RelatedRevenue RevenuePrivate SystemsMean Revenue3,5364,3663,95828,75374,54820,5143,5364,3663,95830,07980,60221,023143,447773,652431,109Observations1321342517761321342414724863111401616743418451210186971834418245(Continued)By OwnWaterWater RelaOthWater Sales General FundPopulation Served Revenue Transfers25-100101-500Subtotal, 25-500501-3,3003,301-10,000Subtotal, 25-10,00010,61331,74322,385338,1171,020,381136,60925-100101-500Subtotal, 25-500501-3,3003,301-10,000Subtotal, 25-10,00048621104016166146Table 65 (Cont.)Average Revenue of Community Water Systems Serving 10,000 or FBy Ownership and Type of Revenue SoWater RevenueWater Related RevenueSystem IncludingOther Water Total WaterRevenue (Net of MunicipalWater Sales General Fund Related Related Total Water Non-water Transfers to GovernmentPopulation Served Revenue Transfers Revenue Revenue Revenue Revenue Water System) RevenueAll SystemsMean Revenue25-100101-500Subtotal, 25-500501-3,3003,301-10,000Subtotal, 25-10,00014,25437,11729,427257,359832,171191,95363,70284,99581,24689,416179,36194,6113,1368,1746,70437,146122,29339,7297,24520,06716,14146,745132,81649,27516,39044,75535,147290,787927,074222,291210,909536,067385,6381,113,7681,986,360639,251385,927213,651240,486993,2515,349,7261,571,303126,840242,323198,735880,0524,010,351804,636Observations25-100101-500Subtotal, 25-500501-3,3003,301-10,000Subtotal, 25-10,000681342022119350627920114024669015791338266793159903426913520421210051645448925381527384510770222108172280217135632Data:Q. 21Note:Total revenue is not derived from the simple addition of all the subcategories of revenue. Rather, it is the weighted averageof the revenue with the weights dependent on the likelihood that the average system will have access to a particularrevenue subcategory.147ewer Reporting Positive RevenueurceMunicipalNon-waterTotalRevenue,Table 65 (Cont.)System Service Populati100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 -OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000000 All SizesPublic SystemsResidential93.8 93.3 86.1 69.9 73.348.2 84.3Confidence Intervaon Category50,001 - 100,001-100,000 500,000 500,69.5 58.3l+|- 8.8 +|- 5.1 +|- 4.7 +|- 9.0 +|- 4.6 +|- 5.0 +|- 2.9 +|- 6.1 +|- 2.9Non-Residential6.2 6.4 12.8 19.3 20.7 18.7 27.0 23.4 12.8Confidence Interval+|- 8.8 +|- 5.1 +|- 4.7 +|- 6.5 +|- 3.7 +|- 3.0 +|- 2.0 +|- 3.3 +|- 2.7Wholesale0.0 0.3 1.0 10.8 6.1 11.8 14.7 28.4 2.9Confidence Interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.9 +|- 7.7 +|- 3.0 +|- 4.9 +|- 2.9 +|- 7.0 +|- 1.0Observations27 84 181 127 156 111 204 52 942Private SystemsResidential96.6 99.5 93.5 87.6 79.0 56.9 65.0 61.6 96.2Confidence Interval+|- 5.8 +|- 0.6 +|- 7.0 +|- 8.9 +|- 15.3 +|- 21.3 +|- 4.8 +|- 2.9 +|- 2.5Non-Residential0.5 0.3 6.4 7.3 2.7 18.2 30.8 34.8 2.2Confidence Interval+|- 0.6 +|- 0.3 +|- 6.9 +|- 5.4 +|- 2.2 +|- 12.8 +|- 3.1 +|- 3.3 +|- 1.6Wholesale2.9 0.3 0.2 5.0 18.3 24.9 4.2 3.6 1.6Confidence Interval+|- 5.8 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.3 +|- 7.3 +|- 14.1 +|- 25.1 +|- 3.0 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.9Observations118 111 56 27 20 13 21 6 372All SystemsResidential96.0 96.4 87.8 73.5 73.6 68.6 59.1 49.7 88.8Confidence Interval+|- 5.0 +|- 2.6 +|- 4.0 +|- 7.7 +|- 4.4 +|- 5.0 +|- 2.7 +|- 5.5 +|- 2.0Non-Residential1.8 3.4 11.4 16.9 19.6 18.6 27.5 24.7 8.8Confidence Interval+|- 2.1 +|- 2.6 +|- 4.0 +|- 5.5 +|- 3.6 +|- 2.9 +|- 1.8 +|- 3.1 +|- 1.8Wholesale2.3 0.3 0.8 9.6 6.8 12.8 13.4 25.7 2.4Confidence Interval+|- 4.5 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.7 +|- 6.3 +|- 2.9 +|- 4.9 +|- 2.7 +|- 6.6 +|- 0.9Observations145 195 237 154 176 124 225 58 1,314Data: Q.21Notes:Column totals may not equal 100 due to rounding.148Table 66Average Water Sales Revenue Profile:Percentage of Revenue from Each Customer CategoryBy OwnershipOwnership TypePublic SystemsMeanConfidence IntervalMedianObservationsPrivate SystemsMeanConfidence IntervalMedianObservationsAll SystemsMeanConfidence IntervalMedianObservationsData:Notes:System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes9.04 4.04 4.04 3.46 3.18 3.91 3.41 2.39 4.15+|- 7.71 +|- 1.18 +|- 0.55 +|- 0.57 +|- 0.37 +|- 1.08 +|- 0.69 +|- 0.35 +|- 0.604.62 3.42 3.08 3.37 2.93 2.97 2.47 2.24 3.3024 78 168 74 111 77 158 47 7372.05 2.81 5.13 5.48 5.17 3.20 3.64 2.41 2.99+|- 0.77 +|- 0.92 +|- 1.82 +|- 2.46 +|- 1.28 +|- 0.78 +|- 0.94 +|- 0.45 +|- 0.590.00 1.19 4.69 4.70 5.60 3.48 3.69 2.07 1.6495 95 52 15 11 7 15 4 2942.91 3.30 4.34 3.89 3.31 3.86 3.44 2.39 3.57+|- 1.28 +|- 0.74 +|- 0.63 +|- 0.72 +|- 0.38 +|- 1.00 +|- 0.62 +|- 0.32 +|- 0.430.99 2.50 3.58 3.43 3.10 3.00 2.58 2.19 2.84119 173 220 89 122 84 173 51 1,031Q.21Includes wholesale deliveries and unaccounted for water.149Table 67Water System Revenue from All Sources per Thousand Gallons DeliveredBy OwnershipSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMean4.31 3.19 3.40 2.81 2.61 3.26 2.62 2.03 3.23Confidence Interval+|- 1.65 +|- 0.66 +|- 0.44 +|- 0.50 +|- 0.31 +|- 0.97 +|- 0.54 +|- 0.25 +|- 0.29Median3.74 2.97 2.91 2.63 2.59 2.51 2.01 1.99 2.83Observations24 78 168 74 111 77 158 47 737Private SystemsMean1.85 2.70 4.91 5.10 4.43 3.03 3.54 2.41 2.82Confidence Interval+|- 0.69 +|- 0.91 +|- 1.82 +|- 2.33 +|- 1.16 +|- 0.77 +|- 0.97 +|- 0.45 +|- 0.57Median0.00 1.19 4.63 4.24 4.38 3.11 3.59 2.07 1.34Observations95 95 52 15 11 7 15 4 294All SystemsMean2.15 2.90 3.81 3.29 2.73 3.24 2.73 2.07 3.03Confidence Interval+|- 0.66 +|- 0.60 +|- 0.59 +|- 0.68 +|- 0.32 +|- 0.90 +|- 0.51 +|- 0.23 +|- 0.31Median0.84 2.36 3.14 3.04 2.69 2.52 2.22 2.02 2.52Observations119 173 220 89 122 84 173 51 1,031Data:Q.21Notes:150Table 68Water System Revenue from Water Sales per Thousand Gallons DeliveredBy OwnershipOwnership TypePublic SystemsResidentialMeanConfidence IntervalMedianObservationsNon-ResidentialMeanConfidence IntervalMedianObservationsWholesaleMeanConfidence IntervalMedianObservationsPrivate SystemsResidentialMeanConfidence IntervalMedianObservationsNon-ResidentialMeanConfidence IntervalMedianObservationsWholesaleMeanConfidence IntervalMedianObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes4.90 3.63 4.04 3.64 3.35 4.15 2.78 2.68 3.85+|- 2.10 +|- 0.72 +|- 0.58 +|- 0.77 +|- 0.39 +|- 1.13 +|- 0.17 +|- 0.37 +|- 0.364.303.27 3.26 3.11 3.18 3.04 2.66 2.53 3.2524 78 168 68 105 70 138 38 6892.95 4.40 4.42 3.12 2.90 3.02 2.67 2.76 3.80+|- 1.58 +|- 1.27 +|- 1.74 +|- 0.73 +|- 0.44 +|- 0.74 +|- 0.28 +|- 0.54 +|- 0.812.184.49 3.34 2.73 2.52 2.69 2.11 2.53 3.00621 73 57 86 61 126 36 466* 0.00 2.01 1.62 2.09 2.40 1.66 1.99 1.83*+|- 0.00 +|- 0.93 +|- 0.65 +|- 0.58 +|- 0.93 +|- 0.15 +|- 0.260.37* 0.00 1.75 1.44 2.08 1.87 1.53 1.71 1.59* 1 13 26 43 43 104 41 2711.95 2.92 5.41 6.22 5.67 6.23 6.00 3.00 3.09+|- 0.72 +|- 0.97 +|- 2.01 +|- 3.03 +|- 1.50 +|- 1.75 +|- 1.87 +|- 0.49 +|- 0.620.001.33 5.12 4.83 5.63 6.25 5.30 2.65 1.649195 51 14 11 5 15 4 2861.15 7.88 3.22 4.86 3.60 3.20 4.34 2.87 3.99+|- 2.48 +|- 8.98 +|- 2.06 +|- 2.83 +|- 1.33 +|- 1.71 +|- 1.24 +|- 0.86 +|- 2.000.002.00 5.38 2.91 3.91 4.02 4.66 2.20 2.6068 15 11 8 5 15 4 720.50 * 3.71 4.11 3.35 2.11 2.67 1.68 1.95+|- 0.74 * +|- 4.46 +|- 0.42 +|- 1.80 +|- 0.88 +|- 0.80 +|- 0.22 +|- 1.240.00* 6.49 3.84 3.01 2.77 2.91 1.55 1.072* 2 3 8 4 12 4 35(Continued)151Table 69Water System Revenue from Water Sales per Thousand Gallons DeliveredBy Ownership and Customer ClassWater System Revenue from Water Sales per Thousand Gallons DeliveredBy Ownership and Customer ClassSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesAll SystemsResidentialMean2.33 3.20 4.42 4.22 3.51 4.27 3.19 2.72 3.48Confidence Interval+|- 0.72 +|- 0.65 +|- 0.70 +|- 0.96 +|- 0.41 +|- 1.07 +|- 0.46 +|- 0.33 +|- 0.36Median0.99 2.48 3.51 3.59 3.22 3.10 2.89 2.65 2.89Observations115 173 219 82 116 75 153 42 975Non-ResidentialMean1.68 5.05 4.21 3.46 2.93 3.03 2.90 2.78 3.84Confidence Interval+|- 2.09 +|- 2.01 +|- 1.48 +|- 0.86 +|- 0.42 +|- 0.69 +|- 0.36 +|- 0.48 +|- 0.75Median0.00 4.49 3.44 2.82 2.64 2.69 2.22 2.53 2.91Observations12 29 88 68 94 66 141 40 538WholesaleMean0.50 0.00 2.09 1.86 2.22 2.38 1.80 1.95 1.85Confidence Interval+|- 0.74 +|- 0.00 +|- 0.90 +|- 0.67 +|- 0.56 +|- 0.87 +|- 0.23 +|- 0.23 +|- 0.37Median0.00 0.00 1.75 1.53 2.08 1.93 1.74 1.55 1.52Observations2 1 15 29 51 47 116 45 306Q 26Q.21Notes:152Table 69 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMean Residential Revenues per Connection 470 314 445 320 290 352 343 349 383Confidence interval+|- 287 +|- 60 +|- 244 +|- 54 +|- 28 +|- 40 +|- 20 +|- 30 +|- 117Median Residential Revenues per Connection 309 274 283 264 259 308 302 334 278Observations22 72 169 63 98 66 137 38 665Private SystemsAncillary SystemsMean Residential Revenues per Connection 196 352 727 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 305Confidence interval+|- 48 +|- 164 +|- 65N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A+|- 101Median Residential Revenues per Connection 180 313 700 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 283Observations6 11 2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 19Other Private SystemsMean Residential Revenues per Connection 408 429 592 480 390 483 401 291 467Confidence interval+|- 105 +|- 119 +|- 245 +|- 127 +|- 112 +|- 141 +|- 53 +|- 48 +|- 84Median Residential Revenues per Connection 415 313 397 423 366 469 432 251 365Observations38 49 38 13 11 6 15 4 174All Private SystemsMean Residential Revenues per Connection 361 413 596 480 390 483 401 291 441Confidence interval+|- 91 +|- 102 +|- 242 +|- 124 +|- 116 +|- 138 +|- 53 +|- 50 +|- 74Median Residential Revenues per Connection 312 313 397 423 366 469 432 251 342Observations44 60 40 13 11 6 15 4 193All SystemsMean Residential Revenues per Connection 388 363 479 358 297 362 351 341 405Confidence interval+|- 126 +|- 59 +|- 197 +|- 56 +|- 29 +|- 39 +|- 20 +|- 28 +|- 79Median Residential Revenues per Connection 312 291 304 340 269 330 328 305 298Observations66 132 209 76 109 72 152 42 858Data:Q.21Notes:Excludes systems that did not report positive revenue.153Table 70Annual Residential Revenue per ConnectionBy OwnershipSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMetered ChargesUniform Rate41.2 46.3 54.5 35.6 38.7 30.9 27.3 35.1 46.0Declining Block Rate7.8 9.7 20.6 16.1 16.2 6.1 17.8 17.2 15.7Increasing Block Rate16.0 14.7 13.6 10.9 25.7 34.5 31.1 27.5 15.9Seasonal Rate0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 4.8 7.5 0.6Unmetered ChargesSeparate Flat Fee for Water8.9 26.7 18.8 19.7 19.5 10.0 21.7 18.4 20.2Annual Connection Fee0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 6.7 3.6 2.8 7.5 1.5Combined Flat Fee for Water and OtherServices17.0 2.3 0.0 3.0 5.1 2.6 2.4 1.9 2.7Other billing methods0.7 6.2 6.5 2.3 2.6 1.8 8.9 16.5 5.0Observations27 84 181 127 155 111 204 52 941Private SystemsMetered ChargesUniform Rate15.1 27.3 48.0 50.7 55.2 29.2 33.1 51.2 26.6Declining Block Rate0.0 5.0 15.6 2.6 18.5 7.956.5 63.4 4.8Increasing Block Rate8.7 9.6 14.0 24.9 2.1 7.9 0.0 12.2 10.4Seasonal Rate0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0Unmetered ChargesSeparate Flat Fee for Water12.9 18.1 12.0 7.9 19.4 25.8 3.4 24.4 14.7Annual Connection Fee0.0 1.3 0.0 5.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7Combined Flat Fee for Water and OtherServices34.8 37.3 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.9Other billing methods15.2 1.6 11.1 0.0 12.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.6Observations118 111 56 27 19 13 21 6 371(Continued)154Table 71Percentage of Systems with Each Residential Rate Structure and Billing ProfileBy OwnershipPercentage of Systems with Each Residential Rate Structure and Billing ProfileBy OwnershipSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesAll SystemsMetered ChargesUniform Rate18.5 34.6 52.7 38.7 40.0 30.8 28.0 37.3 36.4Declining Block Rate1.0 6.8 19.2 13.3 16.4 6.2 22.4 23.3 10.3Increasing Block Rate9.7 11.6 13.7 13.8 23.9 31.9 27.3 25.5 13.2Seasonal Rate0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 4.7 6.5 0.3Unmetered ChargesSeparate Flat Fee for Water12.4 21.4 17.0 17.2 19.5 11.5 19.5 19.2 17.4Annual Connection Fee0.0 0.8 0.0 4.2 6.6 3.3 2.5 6.5 1.1Combined Flat Fee for Water and OtherServices32.5 23.9 0.5 2.4 4.7 2.4 2.1 1.6 15.7Other billing methods13.3 3.4 7.7 1.8 3.3 1.6 7.8 14.3 6.8Observations145 195 237 154 174 124 225 58 1,312Data:Q.22Notes:These rate structures only apply to residential customers.Column totals may be greater than or less than 100.155Table 71 (Cont.)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMetered ChargesUniform Rate24.0 29.3 45.3 30.0 37.7 41.6 33.4 44.3 36.8Declining Block Rate7.8 6.4 17.2 15.9 18.0 7.3 20.6 22.7 13.8Increasing Block Rate8.0 8.3 9.9 8.3 20.0 25.7 24.8 14.7 11.0Seasonal Rate0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 5.3 11.2 0.7Unmetered ChargesSeparate Flat Fee for Water16.6 17.5 14.3 15.1 21.9 9.0 19.0 16.6 16.2Annual Connection Fee0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 6.7 2.6 5.1 11.2 1.6Combined Flat Fee for Water and OtherServices0.0 2.2 0.0 4.0 6.1 1.7 2.4 1.8 1.9Other billing methods0.0 4.3 5.2 2.0 4.0 1.9 4.8 7.3 4.0Observations27 84 181 127 155 111 204 52 941Private SystemsMetered ChargesUniform Rate1.4 5.1 29.8 40.6 27.8 30.3 17.3 63.4 9.0Declining Block Rate0.0 2.5 2.8 5.9 20.2 15.872.2 63.4 2.1Increasing Block Rate0.1 1.4 7.3 16.5 2.1 11.3 0.0 0.0 2.4Seasonal Rate0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.0Unmetered ChargesSeparate Flat Fee for Water3.9 5.5 4.9 12.9 7.0 17.9 6.8 24.4 5.1Annual Connection Fee0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1Combined Flat Fee for Water and OtherServices2.5 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0Other billing methods3.9 0.1 4.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 2.4Observations118 111 56 27 19 13 21 6 371(Continued)156Table 72Percentage of Systems with Each Non-residential Rate Structure and Billing ProfileBy OwnershipPercentage of Systems with Each Non-residential Rate Structure and Billing ProfileBy OwnershipSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesAll SystemsMetered ChargesUniform Rate4.4 14.4 41.1 32.2 37.0 40.5 31.4 46.8 23.1Declining Block Rate1.0 4.0 13.3 13.9 18.1 8.1 26.8 28.1 8.0Increasing Block Rate1.1 4.1 9.2 10.0 18.7 24.3 21.8 12.7 6.7Seasonal Rate0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 5.1 9.7 0.3Unmetered ChargesSeparate Flat Fee for Water5.6 10.1 11.7 14.6 20.8 9.9 17.6 17.7 10.7Annual Connection Fee0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 6.6 2.4 4.5 9.7 0.9Combined Flat Fee for Water and OtherServices2.2 4.0 0.0 3.2 5.7 1.5 2.1 1.5 2.5Other billing methods3.4 1.8 5.1 1.6 3.7 1.7 4.6 6.3 3.2Observations145 195 237 154 174 124 225 58 1,312Data:Q.22Notes:These rate structures only apply to non-residential customers.Column totals may be greater than or less than 100.157Table 72 (Cont.)Ownership TypePublic SystemsPercentage of systems with a programAverage number of households that qualifyOf the systems with a program, thepercentage that use the following eligibilityrequirementsIncomeAge, Disability, and/or IncomeOtherObservationsPrivate SystemsPercentage of systems with a programAverage number of households that qualifyOf the systems with a program, thepercentage that use the following eligibilityrequirementsIncomeAge, Disability, and/or IncomeOtherObservationsAll SystemsPercentage of systems with a programAverage number of households that qualifyOf the systems with a program, thepercentage that use the following eligibilityrequirementsIncomeAge, Disability, and/or IncomeOtherObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes17.00.4 1.3 5.8 8.6 15.8 18.9 16.9 4.224 7 12 71 261 422 370 4,168 247100.0 0.0 9.6 26.8 42.5 34.0 37.6 50.0 48.60.0 58.9 90.4 73.2 57.5 46.0 55.7 50.0 49.30.0 41.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 6.7 0.0 2.127 84 181 117 151 107 196 51 9145.20.0 2.5 0.0 12.9 9.8 42.0 24.4 2.82 * 20 * 0 100 1,024 0 5733.0 * 0.0 * * 100.0 100.0 100.0 31.833.0 * 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.933.9 * 100.0 * * 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.3118 111 56 26 19 12 21 6 3696.8 0.1 1.6 4.5 8.9 15.2 21.8 17.9 3.511 7 14 71 231 402 495 3,842 18559.7 0.0 5.9 26.8 42.5 40.7 63.4 60.2 42.819.9 58.9 55.9 73.2 57.5 41.3 32.7 39.8 41.220.4 41.1 38.1 0.0 0.0 18.0 4.0 0.0 16.1145 195 237 143 170 119 217 57 1,283Data:Q.23Notes:158Table 73Percentage of Systems with Programs to Lower the Cost of Drinking Water for Low-income HouseholdsBy OwnershipOwnership TypePublic SystemsPercentage of systems that serve a residential populationthat changes on a seasonal basisAverage daily flow during the peak season (millions ofgallons per day)Year-Round Average daily flow (millions of gallons per day)Average duration of peak season (days)ObservationsPrivate SystemsPercentage of systems that serve a residential populationthat changes on a seasonal basisAverage daily flow during the peak season (millions ofgallons per day)Year-Round Average daily flow (millions of gallons per day)Average duration of peak season (days)ObservationsAll SystemsPercentage of systems that serve a residential populationthat changes on a seasonal basisAverage daily flow during the peak season (millions ofgallons per day)Year-Round Average daily flow (millions of gallons per day)Average duration of peak season (days)ObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - All Sizesor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 <100,0010.0 0.0 0.0 8.6 10.5 7.8 8.6* * * 1.3 3.6 12.2 3.1* * * 0.8 2.9 9.5 2.4* * * 87.5 90.9 96.8 89.70 1 10 139 212 120 482* 0.0 0.0 26.0 2.2 0.0 19.8* * * 1.0 7.0 19.3 1.1* * * 0.4 5.6 17.0 0.5* * * 121.6 60.0 90.0 120.20.0 1 1 47 18 10 770.0 0.0 0.0 12.3 9.9 7.1 10.2* * * 1.1 3.6 12.2 2.6* * * 0.6 3.0 9.5 1.9* * * 102.9 90.4 96.8 97.90 2 11 186 230 130 559Data:Q.24Notes:159Table 74Characteristics of Water Systems Serving Less than 100,000 with a Seasonal PopulationBy OwnershipSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsMean10 43 168 598 2,674 7,379 23,182 99,861 382Confidence interval+|- 4 +|- 23 +|- 43 +|- 215 +|- 812 +|- 2,121 +|- 7,199 +|- 78,307 +|- 65Median3 18 104 321 1,273 7,304 10,669 0 17Observations88 105 111 62 65 40 56 6 533Primarily Surface Water SystemsMean167 238 469 1,353 3,125 9,225 33,857 184,151 6,321Confidence interval+|- 252 +|- 191 +|- 154 +|- 460 +|- 689 +|- 2,118 +|- 8,695 +|- 46,705 +|- 1,161Median43 85 246 766 2,547 7,597 20,371 120,700 416Observations49 67 78 65 82 54 124 39 558Primarily Purchased Water SystemsMean16 43 330 755 3,380 9,779 39,788 153,373 1,535Confidence interval+|- 17 +|- 20 +|- 165 +|- 182 +|- 1,265 +|- 2,252 +|- 7,147 +|- 76,677 +|- 375Median7 32 166 798 2,074 9,261 27,702 81,991 91Observations823 48 27 25 30 45 13 219All SystemsMean15 50 236 778 2,944 8,689 32,447 165,944 1,110Confidence interval+|- 8 +|- 21 +|- 54 +|- 156 +|- 531 +|- 1,259 +|- 5,398 +|- 38,489 +|- 116Median4 20 132 522 1,636 8,029 20,371 108,484 26Observations145 195 237 154 172 124 225 58 1,310Data:Q.26Notes:Systems reporting zero expenses are included in this analysis.160Table 75Total ExpensesBy Primary Water Source(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsMean4.52 3.44 3.81 2.92 3.39 3.72 3.06 1.33 3.80Confidence interval+|- 1.81 +|- 0.79 +|- 0.95 +|- 0.89 +|- 0.92 +|- 1.17 +|- 0.88 +|- 1.34 +|- 0.62Median2.25 2.62 2.55 2.97 2.65 4.17 2.52 0.00 2.53Observations69 93 103 32 46 23 37 4 407Primarily Surface Water SystemsMean8.98 7.16 6.26 5.59 4.08 4.39 3.69 3.16 5.79Confidence interval+|- 2.87 +|- 1.70 +|- 1.31 +|- 1.41 +|- 0.81 +|- 1.73 +|- 0.45 +|- 0.38 +|- 0.59Median7.35 5.45 4.39 4.13 3.11 2.74 3.16 2.76 4.37Observations38 55 71 37 58 41 100 37 437Primarily Purchased Water SystemsMean3.80 4.86 5.59 4.64 3.70 3.30 4.23 3.75 4.95Confidence interval+|- 1.71 +|- 1.48 +|- 1.12 +|- 1.42 +|- 1.26 +|- 1.28 +|- 0.56 +|- 1.74 +|- 0.70Median3.85 5.15 4.67 4.02 3.24 2.66 3.54 3.05 4.40Observations8 1945 18 19 22 35 11 177All SystemsMean4.61 3.76 4.48 3.94 3.64 3.89 3.66 3.10 4.18Confidence interval+|- 1.61 +|- 0.70 +|- 0.69 +|- 0.71 +|- 0.59 +|- 0.88 +|- 0.34 +|- 0.53 +|- 0.48Median2.55 2.76 3.15 3.36 2.75 2.77 3.12 2.69 2.93Observations115 167 219 87 123 86 172 52 1,021Data:Q.26, Q.21Notes:161Table 76Total Expenses per Thousand Gallons DeliveredBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMean64 74 262 799 2,997 9,134 30,612 187,589 1,976Confidence interval+|- 62 +|- 41 +|- 73 +|- 177 +|- 558 +|- 1,330 +|- 3,656 +|- 41,171 +|- 249Median15 35 144 571 1,659 8,029 19,727 120,700 115Observations27 84 181 127 153 111 204 52 939Private SystemsMean7 36 165 696 2,283 4,518 16,738 24,563 144Confidence interval+|- 3 +|- 23 +|- 65 +|- 340 +|- 1,580 +|- 3,191 +|- 5,218 +|- 24,516 +|- 39Median3 10 85 474 1,395 0 20,548 0 8Observations118 111 56 27 19 13 18 6 368Data:Q.26Notes:Systems reporting zero expenses are included in this analysis.162Table 77Total ExpensesBy Ownership(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMean8.31 4.78 4.89 4.05 3.62 4.07 3.63 3.34 4.78Confidence interval+|- 7.75 +|- 1.34 +|- 0.95 +|- 0.83 +|- 0.61 +|- 0.94 +|- 0.33 +|- 0.49 +|- 0.71Median3.85 3.19 3.28 3.36 2.75 2.90 3.05 2.76 3.20Observations22 77 168 74 114 78 158 48 739Private SystemsMean4.08 3.04 3.40 3.47 4.05 1.81 3.92 1.15 3.53Confidence interval+|- 1.40 +|- 0.65 +|- 0.80 +|- 1.23 +|- 1.68 +|- 0.79 +|- 1.55 +|- 1.31 +|- 0.63Median2.40 2.62 2.93 3.95 4.82 2.62 3.80 0.00 2.62Observations93 90 51 13 9 8 14 4 282Data:Q.26, Q.21Notes:163Table 78Total Expenses per Thousand Gallons DeliveredBy OwnershipTable 79Total Expenses for Systems Reporting Positive Revenues and ExpensesBy Ownership(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population CategoryOwnership Type100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMean82 88 287 1,098 3,753 11,468 38,390 202,343 2,326Confidence interval+|- 82 +|- 49 +|- 82 +|- 244 +|- 676 +|- 1,485 +|- 4,635 +|- 44,087 +|- 300Median17 40 156 718 2,547 9,499 26,646 168,087 157Observations22 69 167 78 115 80 153 48 732Private SystemsMean15 45 228 1,153 3,611 10,879 63,599 100,581 463Confidence interval+|- 7 +|- 28 +|- 89 +|- 442 +|- 2,045 +|- 3,353 +|- 34,496 +|- 19,094 +|- 272Median10 23 116 822 2,793 11,596 32,170 100,581 23Observations41 55 37 13 11 6 132 178All SystemsMean32 67 274 1,108 3,744 11,434 41,295 198,399 1,665Confidence interval+|- 21 +|- 29 +|- 66 +|- 217 +|- 647 +|- 1,412 +|- 6,650 +|- 42,304 +|- 175Median11 28 151 781 2,715 10,115 27,702 160,798 91Observations63 124 204 91 126 86 166 50 910Data:Q.26Notes:Excludes systems that did not report positive revenues or expenses.164System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsPurchased water10.2 7.4 10.6 12.2 11.5 15.9 11.3 14.2 10.2Confidence interval+|- 10.5 +|- 6.5 +|- 4.8 +|- 6.3 +|- 4.4 +|- 4.7 +|- 2.0 +|- 6.5 +|- 2.9Security0.0 0.0 0.1 2.6 0.2 1.3 1.0 0.4 0.4Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 3.6 +|- 0.1 +|- 1.8 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.5Depreciation4.6 5.5 5.9 10.4 10.3 11.9 11.0 10.7 7.0Confidence interval+|- 7.2 +|- 4.7 +|- 1.8 +|- 2.4 +|- 1.7 +|- 2.2 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.6 +|- 1.6Payments to General Fund0.0 0.8 2.3 4.2 3.5 3.9 4.0 1.9 2.2Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.6 +|- 3.5 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.4 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.9Other Routine Operating Expenses 77.3 64.5 58.6 48.8 45.4 35.8 36.4 32.9 57.6Confidence interval+|- 19.6 +|- 8.9 +|- 5.7 +|- 7.2 +|- 5.0 +|- 3.9 +|- 2.6 +|- 4.2 +|- 3.9Debt Service Expenses0.8 10.8 14.9 12.5 11.9 14.1 15.6 17.9 12.4Confidence interval+|- 0.9+|- 5.0 +|- 3.3 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.9 +|- 3.2 +|- 1.2 +|- 2.7 +|- 2.0Capital Improvements4.0 6.8 5.9 8.2 14.0 16.1 18.3 20.4 7.6Confidence interval+|- 6.2 +|- 5.3 +|- 3.2 +|- 3.3 +|- 3.8 +|- 3.0 +|- 2.0 +|- 3.3 +|- 2.1Payments to Reserve funds3.2 4.3 1.8 1.1 3.2 1.1 2.3 1.6 2.6Confidence interval+|- 6.0 +|- 3.9 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.7 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.2Private SystemsPurchased water3.5 7.3 13.9 16.0 6.9 37.6 6.8 0.4 7.1Confidence interval+|- 6.2 +|- 5.2 +|- 8.2 +|- 12.2 +|- 9.0 +|- 26.9 +|- 10.9 +|- 0.4 +|- 3.6Security0.3 0.2 0.1 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.9 0.4Confidence interval+|- 0.5 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 15.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 1.6 +|- 0.5Depreciation1.8 0.9 6.8 14.9 15.6 9.2 14.1 14.5 2.8Confidence interval+|- 1.6 +|- 0.8 +|- 3.5 +|- 6.5 +|- 7.5 +|- 3.8 +|- 5.4 +|- 0.8 +|- 1.0Income Taxes0.9 0.0 2.9 3.0 1.2 5.0 5.3 4.7 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.8 +|- 3.0 +|- 2.2 +|- 3.6 +|- 4.7 +|- 4.1 +|- 0.7Other Routine Operating Expenses 79.8 78.6 63.0 42.038.3 26.3 46.4 39.3 75.0Confidence interval+|- 8.6 +|- 9.1 +|- 10.0 +|- 14.0 +|- 12.2 +|- 15.0 +|- 7.5 +|- 7.8 +|- 5.7Debt Service Expenses:3.7 1.5 9.8 8.6 17.8 7.1 8.2 21.0 4.1Confidence interval+|- 4.4 +|- 1.9 +|- 4.2 +|- 5.0 +|- 9.4 +|- 8.0 +|- 3.7 +|- 7.1 +|- 2.1Capital Improvements7.3 8.1 1.9 6.9 19.7 14.8 18.5 18.2 6.9Confidence interval+|- 4.8 +|- 5.9 +|- 1.4 +|- 5.3 +|- 16.4 +|- 10.4 +|- 7.3 +|- 11.2 +|- 3.1Payments to Reserve funds2.7 3.5 1.8 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.7Confidence interval+|- 2.7 +|- 2.8 +|- 2.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.6(Continued)165Table 80Percentage Breakdown of Expenses By Major CategoriesBy OwnershipPercentage Breakdown of Expenses By Major CategoriesBy OwnershipSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesAll SystemsPurchased water4.5 7.3 11.4 12.8 11.2 17.0 10.8 13.7 8.8Confidence interval+|- 5.5 +|- 4.6 +|- 4.1 +|- 5.6 +|- 4.2 +|- 4.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 6.3 +|- 2.4Security0.2 0.1 0.1 3.6 0.2 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.4Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 4.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 1.7 +|- 0.8 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3Depreciation2.2 2.8 6.1 11.2 10.6 11.7 11.3 10.8 5.0Confidence interval+|- 1.8 +|- 2.1 +|- 1.6 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.0Income Taxes0.0 0.3 1.7 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.6 1.8 1.2Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.3 +|- 2.9 +|- 1.4 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.5Payments to General Fund0.8 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.4Confidence interval+|- 0.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3Other Routine Operating Expenses 79.4 72.7 59.6 47.6 45.0 35.3 37.5 33.1 65.6Confidence interval+|- 7.9 +|- 7.0+|- 4.9 +|- 6.5 +|- 4.8 +|- 3.8 +|- 2.6 +|- 4.1 +|- 3.5Debt Service Expenses3.3 5.4 13.7 11.8 12.3 13.7 14.8 18.0 8.5Confidence interval+|- 3.7 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.8 +|- 3.2 +|- 2.8 +|- 3.1 +|- 1.2 +|- 2.6 +|- 1.5Capital Improvements6.8 7.5 4.9 8.0 14.3 16.0 18.3 20.4 7.3Confidence interval+|- 4.2 +|- 4.1 +|- 2.5 +|- 2.9 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.9 +|- 1.9 +|- 3.2 +|- 1.8Payments to Reserve funds2.8 3.8 1.8 0.9 3.1 1.1 2.1 1.5 2.6Confidence interval+|- 2.4 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.1 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.6 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.0Data:Q.26Notes:Column totals may not equal 100 due to rounding.Excludes systems that did not report positive expenses.Debt service includes principal and interest. The general fund includes payments in lieu of taxes.166Table 80 (Cont.)Table 81Ratio of Revenue to Expenses for Systems Reporting Positive Revenue and ExpensesBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategoryOwnership Type100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsAverage Ratio1.4 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.4Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.110th Percentile0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.725th Percentile1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.050th Percentile1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.275th Percentile1.6 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.690th Percentile2.1 3.0 2.4 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.1 1.6 2.5Observations22 69 167 78 115 80 153 48 732Private SystemsAverage Ratio1.6 1.5 1.8 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.6Confidence interval+|- 0.8 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.8 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.310th Percentile0.4 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.825th Percentile0.8 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.050th Percentile1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.275th Percentile1.6 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.690th Percentile2.3 2.6 2.9 1.6 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.3 2.4Observations41 55 37 13 11 6 13 2 178All SystemsAverage Ratio1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.5Confidence interval+|- 0.6 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.110th Percentile0.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.725th Percentile0.9 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.050th Percentile1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.275th Percentile1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.690th Percentile2.1 2.8 2.4 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.6 2.4Observations63 124 204 91 126 86 166 50 910Data: Q.21, Q.26CNotes: Refer to next table for additional detail on private systems.Revenues include water sales and other water-related fees. Expenses include operating expenses, depreciation, and interest. Itexcludes principal payments and payments to capital and reserve funds. Only systems that report positive revenue andexpenses are included. This table includes the same systems as tables 62 and 79, but the average ratio is not the ratio of theaverage revenue from table 62 and expenses from table 79. The ratio is calculated for each system and this table reports theaverage of that ratio, as well as the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles. (The average of the ratios is not equal totheratio of the averages.)167Table 82Ratio of Revenue to Expenses for Systems ReportingPositive Revenue for Small Privately Owned Systems, By TypeSystem Service Population CategoryOwnership Type100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301-10,000 All SizesAncillary SystemsAverage Ratio1.2 1.7 1.4 N/A 1.4Confidence interval+|- 0.6 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.4N/A+|- 0.410th Percentile0.4 1.0 1.2 N/A 0.525th Percentile0.6 1.1 1.2 N/A 0.950th Percentile0.9 1.4 1.2 N/A 1.275th Percentile1.7 2.6 1.2 N/A 1.890th Percentile2.5 3.0 2.5 N/A 2.6Observations8 9 2 N/A 19Other Private SystemsAverage Ratio1.7 1.4 1.8 1.2 1.6Confidence interval+|- 1.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.410th Percentile0.4 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.825th Percentile1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.050th Percentile1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.275th Percentile1.6 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.590th Percentile2.3 2.4 2.9 1.6 2.3Observations33 46 35 13 127All Private SystemsAverage Ratio1.6 1.5 1.8 1.2 1.6Confidence interval+|- 0.8 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.310th Percentile0.4 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.825th Percentile0.8 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.050th Percentile1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.275th Percentile1.6 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.690th Percentile2.3 2.6 2.9 1.6 2.4Observations41 55 37 13 146Data: Q.21, Q.26CNotes:168Table 83Average System Revenue and Expenses for Systems That Reported Positive Revenue and ExpensesBy Type of Revenue and Expense(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population CategoryOwnership Type100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsRevenueWater Sales42,061 42,533 229,714 758,567 2,537,418 8,197,502 21,890,502 118,344,392 1,455,670Connection, Development Fees, and OtherWater Related646 5,496 29,288 116,580 554,302 1,263,232 5,783,524 23,565,712 298,567Revenue from the Government6,692 9,676 9,422 13,588 54,508 794,605 277,081 2,836,918 45,476Total Revenue49,399 57,705 268,423 888,735 3,146,229 10,255,338 27,951,108 144,747,024 1,799,713ExpensesGeneral Operations35,812 36,284 179,173 546,258 1,861,957 5,499,756 16,118,521 82,908,912 1,048,470Depreciation3,932 8,671 20,707 135,087 374,269 1,571,869 4,332,834 23,655,039 261,115Interest48 4,585 21,622 74,226 198,061 638,812 2,681,573 24,792,533 194,666Income Taxes0 1,233 4,498 46,644 128,462 393,756 1,500,383 2,943,939 64,681Total Expenses39,791 50,773 226,001 802,215 2,562,749 8,104,194 24,633,310 134,300,416 1,568,933Net IncomeSales Only2,270 -8,240 3,713 -43,648 -25,331 93,308 -2,742,808 -15,956,029 -113,263Sales and Fees2,915 -2,744 33,001 72,932 528,972 1,356,540 3,040,717 7,609,683 185,304Sales, Fees, and Government9,608 6,931 42,422 86,519 583,480 2,151,145 3,317,798 10,446,601 230,780Observations22 69 167 78 115 80 15348 732(Continued)169Table 83 (Cont.)Average System Revenue and Expenses for Systems That Reported Positive Revenue and ExpensesBy Type of Revenue and ExpenseSystem Service Population CategoryOwnership Type100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrivate SystemsRevenueWater Sales10,421 31,416 349,383 998,870 2,397,964 11,281,324 56,591,902 90,180,297 431,366Connection, Development Fees, and Other1,272 1,218 17,591 63,164 587,218 460,209 444,726 804,264 18,261Revenue from the Government0 0 3,494 18,746 23,4160 2,1610 1,851Total Revenue11,693 32,633 370,469 1,080,780 3,008,598 11,741,533 57,038,788 90,984,560 451,478ExpensesGeneral Operations9,452 24,784 161,902 623,466 1,233,603 7,083,655 33,465,764 44,154,836 245,817Depreciation521 943 15,343 235,611 511,678 935,865 7,869,484 14,350,468 56,468Interest999 580 12,892 83,915 305,736 319,861 6,821,033 17,225,662 42,541Income Taxes191 98 3,614 35,443 44,893 689,946 2,121,944 3,688,922 13,562Total Expenses11,163 26,404 193,751 978,435 2,095,910 9,029,327 50,278,224 79,419,888 358,387Net IncomeSales Only-742 5,011 155,632 20,435 302,054 2,251,997 6,313,679 10,760,408 72,978Sales and Fees530 6,229 173,223 83,600 889,272 2,712,206 6,758,404 11,564,672 91,240Sales, Fees, and Government530 6,229 176,717 102,345 912,688 2,712,206 6,760,565 11,564,672 93,091Observations41 55 37 13 116 132 178Q.21, Q.26Excludes systems that did not report positive revenue or expenses.170Table 84Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsManagersFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.4 2.0 3.4 6.8 33.9 1.2Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.8 +|- 33.7 +|- 0.2Observations12 9 21 29 39 54 37 41 5 226Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)30.0 21.0 26.0 20.3 28.1 29.9 34.9 38.4 39.6 25.8Confidence interval+|- 13.0 +|- 7.5 +|- 7.6 +|- 3.6 +|- 2.5 +|- 2.2 +|- 3.4 +|- 2.3 +|- 5.9 +|- 2.6Observations12 8 20 28 35 53 37 38 5 216Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 23.7 18.0 21.2 25.4 33.8 31.0 31.2 41.4 42.6 27.1Confidence interval+|- 19.7 +|- 10.6 +|- 12.0 +|- 8.9 +|- 9.1 +|- 4.2 +|- 6.1 +|- 3.5 +|- 3.8 +|- 4.7Observations11 7 18 23 28 49 36 37 5 196Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 * 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.1Observations12 13 25 201 1 1 1 * 49Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)19.4 11.5 16.5 21.3 34.5 119.2 27.5 45.8 * 20.1Confidence interval+|- 6.2 +|- 7.1 +|- 5.0 +|- 3.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 4.3Observations10 6 16 181 1 1 1 * 38Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage7.6 3.0 5.4 25.2 35.0 25.0 25.0 0.0 * 12.1Confidence interval+|- 9.2 +|- 6.1 +|- 5.6 +|- 15.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 6.6Observations12 12 24 171 1 1 1 * 45Average Hours Per Employee Per Week3.3 7.7 5.5 9.5 20.0 10.0 40.0 42.0 * 7.1Confidence interval+|- 1.4 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.0 +|- 3.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 1.8Observations11 12 23 201 1 1 1 * 47Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.9 1.0 * * 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.1Observations1 2 3 4 3 2 1 * * 13Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)10.0 28.1 27.9 18.6 31.0 36.5 27.0 * * 25.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 6.5 +|- 6.5 +|- 6.8 +|- 16.8 +|- 3.7 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 4.1Observations1 2 3 4 2 2 1 * * 12Average Hours Per Employee Per Week0.5 5.8 5.7 16.9 30.0 65.8 20.0 * * 17.3Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 8.5 +|- 8.4 +|- 11.2 +|- 18.3 +|- 10.3 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 6.3Observations1 2 3 4 2 2 1 * * 12(Continued)171Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsTreatment Plant OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 2.4 3.7 8.0 20.3 32.1 1.4Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.1 +|- 2.1 +|- 7.9 +|- 23.6 +|- 0.2Observations16 27 43 43 34 45 36 44 4 249Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)19.4 16.8 17.6 15.4 17.6 19.1 19.1 23.3 21.9 17.1Confidence interval+|- 7.6 +|- 3.3 +|- 3.3 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.6 +|- 1.5 +|- 2.6 +|- 1.2 +|- 2.7 +|- 1.5Observations10 20 30 39 31 44 35 42 4 225Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 16.7 18.0 17.5 22.1 37.1 33.7 31.4 44.9 41.9 24.4Confidence interval+|- 13.1 +|- 7.2 +|- 6.8 +|- 6.9 +|- 9.9 +|- 5.4 +|- 5.6 +|- 3.9 +|- 4.2 +|- 3.9Observations10 15 25 34 23 42 33 40 4 201Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.2 2.5 1.0 * 1.1Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.4 +|- 2.7 +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.1Observations24 32 56 384 5 2 2 * 107Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)15.7 14.1 14.6 15.0 15.2 16.0 15.3 15.9 * 14.8Confidence interval+|- 4.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 2.0 +|- 2.5 +|- 5.3 +|- 12.6 +|- 4.0 +|- 5.1 * +|- 1.5Observations12 24 36 374 4 2 2 * 85Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage4.8 10.2 7.7 18.6 12.3 6.7 35.0 0.0 * 11.4Confidence interval+|- 5.5 +|- 6.4 +|- 4.4 +|- 10.0 +|- 14.4 +|- 6.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 4.5Observations20 25 45 333 3 1 1 * 86Average Hours Per Employee Per Week5.5 9.7 7.9 10.0 16.3 22.8 40.0 25.0 * 9.0Confidence interval+|- 2.3 +|- 2.4 +|- 1.9 +|- 2.5 +|- 8.0 +|- 12.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 1.5Observations23 31 54 384 4 2 1 * 103Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 * * 0.9Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.1Observations14 27 41 12 4 1 1 * * 59Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)34.3 39.6 37.6 35.7 27.4 13.4 * * * 36.9Confidence interval+|- 13.0 +|- 12.6 +|- 9.2 +|- 14.9 +|- 7.7 +|- 0.0 * * * +|- 7.9Observations16 25 41 11 3 1 * * * 56Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.8 2.9 2.9 12.4 15.8 25.0 40.0 * * 4.8Confidence interval+|- 1.4 +|- 1.4 +|- 1.0 +|- 8.4 +|- 14.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 1.8Observations19 27 46 12 4 1 1 * * 64(Continued)172Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsDistribution System OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.6 0.5 0.5 0.9 3.4 5.7 13.3 25.8 191.7 2.1Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.0 +|- 3.2 +|- 4.3 +|- 38.7 +|- 0.3Observations17 25 42 47 43 52 33 37 3 257Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)18.3 15.8 16.6 15.0 16.7 18.2 17.6 20.6 22.7 16.3Confidence interval+|- 6.5 +|- 2.9 +|- 2.8 +|- 1.8 +|- 1.4 +|- 1.5 +|- 2.8 +|- 1.3 +|- 3.6 +|- 1.2Observations12 21 33 43 40 52 33 36 3 240Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 20.9 17.8 19.1 31.5 33.6 34.9 33.9 44.4 49.7 27.8Confidence interval+|- 17.7 +|- 6.5 +|- 8.1 +|- 8.8 +|- 8.1 +|- 4.7 +|- 5.7 +|- 4.0 +|- 3.7 +|- 4.4Observations13 17 30 37 33 49 33 34 3 219Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.2 2.6 3.3 2.7 2.0 1.3Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.2 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2Observations9 27 36 254 8 7 3 1 84Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)15.1 14.3 14.5 12.1 11.9 12.2 14.5 15.8 13.0 13.5Confidence interval+|- 2.9 +|- 2.8 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.8 +|- 4.1 +|- 4.6 +|- 2.4 +|- 5.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.5Observations6 22 28 234 8 7 3 1 74Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage0.0 7.4 4.8 13.7 22.0 13.5 15.7 24.1 0.0 7.9Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 6.6 +|- 4.5 +|- 11.5 +|- 5.8 +|- 12.2 +|- 17.2 +|- 22.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.5Observations14 27 41 233 6 5 3 1 82Average Hours Per Employee Per Week1.5 8.0 6.2 7.9 25.6 31.4 33.9 22.0 40.0 8.3Confidence interval+|- 0.9 +|- 2.8 +|- 2.1 +|- 2.4 +|- 5.8 +|- 6.5 +|- 5.5 +|- 5.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.7Observations9 27 36 254 8 7 3 1 84Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 2.0 17.0 4.4 1.0 10.0 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3Observations12 12 24 5 `1 3 1 1 37Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)34.5 36.5 35.6 30.3 21.0 18.0 27.0 48.9 16.0 34.4Confidence interval+|- 14.3 +|- 20.7 +|- 13.2 +|- 29.1 +|- 1.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 11.6Observations9 12 214 2 1 1 1 1 31Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.1 5.1 3.5 6.3 30.0 60.0 40.0 17.0 8.0 5.2Confidence interval+|- 1.8 +|- 4.0 +|- 2.1 +|- 3.9 +|- 16.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.4Observations12 12 244 2 1 2 1 1 35(Continued)173Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsAdministrative StaffFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.9 2.9 5.3 13.2 55.3 1.5Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.8 +|- 1.9 +|- 5.5 +|- 43.3 +|- 0.2Observations7 15 22 31 35 48 35 41 5 217Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)16.0 16.6 16.4 15.9 14.7 21.6 18.3 21.8 23.6 16.9Confidence interval+|- 3.3 +|- 10.9 +|- 7.2 +|- 4.9 +|- 1.5 +|- 4.6 +|- 2.8 +|- 1.8 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.8Observations7 12 19 28 32 48 35 38 5 205Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 12.5 18.4 16.8 21.0 35.7 32.3 32.8 44.3 42.6 25.1Confidence interval+|- 12.0 +|- 8.8 +|- 7.4 +|- 8.1 +|- 9.3 +|- 4.7 +|- 6.0 +|- 3.8 +|- 3.9 +|- 3.8Observations5 12 17 23 27 44 33 37 5 186Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 2.4 1.3 2.0 * 1.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.4 +|- 1.4 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.6 * +|- 0.1Observations8 27 35 415 4 4 8 * 97Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)13.3 11.5 11.8 14.5 10.3 30.4 14.8 12.6 * 13.5Confidence interval+|- 6.7 +|- 2.7 +|- 2.7 +|- 2.8 +|- 2.3 +|- 27.1 +|- 3.2 +|- 1.7 * +|- 2.0Observations5 19 24 394 4 4 8 * 83Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage1.8 6.0 4.6 18.4 7.0 16.1 21.4 10.7 * 9.9Confidence interval+|- 3.7 +|- 5.5 +|- 3.9 +|- 9.4 +|- 9.5 +|- 15.6 +|- 15.7 +|- 12.0 * +|- 4.4Observations12 24 36 324 3 3 7 * 85Average Hours Per Employee Per Week5.4 7.6 7.2 12.6 20.3 14.4 30.6 23.4 * 10.1Confidence interval+|- 3.9 +|- 2.5 +|- 2.1 +|- 3.1 +|- 9.4 +|- 4.3 +|- 7.7 +|- 4.0 * +|- 1.9Observations8 27 35 405 4 4 7 * 95Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 6.0 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1Observations1 4 5 5 1 1 1 3 1 17Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)10.0 14.2 13.3 27.8 20.0 12.0 27.0 35.2 16.0 19.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 10.0 +|- 8.1 +|- 23.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 14.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 11.7Observations1 4 5 5 1 1 1 2 1 16Average Hours Per Employee Per Week0.1 7.2 5.7 8.0 40.0 60.0 20.0 17.4 8.0 9.6Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 6.6 +|- 5.8 +|- 6.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 13.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.8Observations1 4 5 5 1 1 1 3 1 17(Continued)174Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Surface Water SystemsManagersFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.9 4.4 10.2 30.9 3.1Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.8 +|- 2.9 +|- 11.6 +|- 0.5Observations4 10 14 27 50 63 46 112 32 344Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)27.3 24.4 24.8 23.3 25.9 29.4 32.5 36.3 38.6 28.4Confidence interval+|- 8.3 +|- 4.7 +|- 4.3 +|- 2.1 +|- 3.1 +|- 2.4 +|- 1.8 +|- 1.1 +|- 2.0 +|- 1.3Observations3 9 12 26 45 61 44 112 32 332Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 27.7 32.8 32.1 30.0 32.1 32.2 35.7 41.4 37.5 33.3Confidence interval+|- 2.4 +|- 6.5 +|- 5.6 +|- 6.8 +|- 4.7 +|- 3.2 +|- 3.9 +|- 3.0 +|- 3.0 +|- 2.2Observations3 8 11 22 41 58 41 109 31 313Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.9 2.0 1.3 * 1.2Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 1.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 * +|- 0.3Observations4 6 109 4 4 1 3 * 31Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)57.9 18.2 26.0 20.7 32.7 25.8 35.0 63.6 * 27.7Confidence interval+|- 45.0 +|- 7.1 +|- 8.6 +|- 4.4 +|- 10.7 +|- 6.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 26.0 * +|- 3.5Observations2 5 7 6 4 4 1 3 * 25Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage0.0 12.5 10.0 24.7 36.3 33.5 28.0 24.5 * 28.7Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 12.7 +|- 11.1 +|- 14.6 +|- 33.1 +|- 13.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 29.7 * +|- 11.0Observations1 3 4 6 4 4 1 2 * 21Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.3 7.3 6.0 10.7 3.8 17.4 20.0 24.0 * 9.1Confidence interval+|- 1.1 +|- 4.6 +|- 3.4 +|- 4.9 +|- 0.6 +|- 3.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.0 * +|- 2.8Observations4 6 109 3 3 1 3 * 29Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 * 1.0 * * 1.3 * 1.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.3 * +|- 0.1Observations1 2 3 * 1 * * 7 * 11Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)8.3 30.0 26.0****35.3 * 27.6Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 21.8 +|- 19.1****+|- 33.1 * +|- 17.0Observations1 2 3* * * *2 *5Average Hours Per Employee Per Week8.0 7.5 7.6 * 40.0 * * 36.5 * 24.6Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 5.3 +|- 4.3 * +|- 0.0 * * +|- 5.2 * +|- 10.4Observations1 2 3 * 1 * * 5 * 9(Continued)175Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Surface Water SystemsTreatment Plant OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.9 0.7 0.7 1.4 2.7 5.6 15.6 22.8 93.8 6.6Confidence interval+|- 0.6 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.8 +|- 9.1 +|- 4.3 +|- 21.8 +|- 1.0Observations9 27 36 57 58 72 47 107 32 409Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)24.9 13.2 14.4 16.3 17.7 19.0 19.1 22.5 23.7 17.9Confidence interval+|- 3.7 +|- 3.7 +|- 4.2 +|- 1.2 +|- 1.4 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.1 +|- 0.8 +|- 1.5 +|- 0.9Observations8 24 32 56 55 70 45 108 32 398Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 32.9 28.3 29.1 29.7 35.7 34.4 36.4 42.2 42.1 34.0Confidence interval+|- 11.7 +|- 9.7 +|- 8.3 +|- 5.9 +|- 4.9 +|- 3.6 +|- 3.8 +|- 3.0 +|- 3.8 +|- 2.4Observations8 21 29 50 49 65 42 106 32 373Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.2 1.1 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.0 1.8 2.0 1.4Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2Observations23 27 50 157 8 2 9 1 92Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)11.4 15.0 13.2 19.0 13.3 15.2 16.0 12.7 13.7 14.8Confidence interval+|- 5.8 +|- 3.8 +|- 4.5 +|- 4.4 +|- 3.5 +|- 3.7 +|- 8.6 +|- 1.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.9Observations15 25 40 157 7 2 8 1 80Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage5.0 10.2 7.6 20.8 20.6 14.5 28.0 3.7 0.0 13.2Confidence interval+|- 8.6 +|- 9.5 +|- 7.4 +|- 13.9 +|- 15.1 +|- 13.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.7Observations12 24 36 166 7 1 7 1 74Average Hours Per Employee Per Week9.3 8.4 8.9 11.9 14.0 22.4 16.0 21.8 20.0 12.2Confidence interval+|- 1.9 +|- 2.6 +|- 1.6 +|- 3.3 +|- 4.7 +|- 7.8 +|- 5.7 +|- 3.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.8Observations22 26 48 167 8 2 8 1 90Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.5 6.1 * 1.3Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 7.9 +|- 2.1 * +|- 0.2Observations19 26 456 1 1 2 9 * 64Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)68.6 23.2 39.0 27.0 27.0 42.5 19.8 28.1 * 35.5Confidence interval+|- 49.7 +|- 5.6 +|- 18.9 +|- 10.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 9.2 +|- 10.4 * +|- 13.2Observations19 24 436 1 1 2 8 * 61Average Hours Per Employee Per Week3.6 10.0 8.4 15.1 9.0 40.0 40.0 38.6 * 11.8Confidence interval+|- 2.1 +|- 2.4 +|- 2.2 +|- 11.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.8 * +|- 2.8Observations19 26 457 1 1 2 9 * 65(Continued)176Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Surface Water SystemsDistribution System OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.2 0.6 0.5 1.2 3.6 7.9 16.0 39.0 169.8 10.9Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.4 +|- 3.0 +|- 9.4 +|- 44.7 +|- 1.7Observations2 18 20 40 52 65 39 96 31 343Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)20.6 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.2 16.9 17.3 20.6 22.1 16.8Confidence interval+|- 10.8 +|- 1.8 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.1 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.6Observations2 15 17 39 48 63 39 98 31 335Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 28.5 23.7 24.0 29.2 37.4 34.2 35.7 41.4 39.4 34.1Confidence interval+|- 2.6 +|- 7.1 +|- 6.7 +|- 5.4 +|- 5.3 +|- 3.6 +|- 4.7 +|- 3.3 +|- 3.9 +|- 2.3Observations2 16 18 36 45 59 38 96 30 322Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.1 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.8 3.0 3.5 10.0 1.8Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.5 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3Observations7 11 18 134 5 4 9 1 54Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)19.5 11.8 13.1 16.2 13.3 14.8 10.1 10.8 6.6 14.4Confidence interval+|- 6.0 +|- 3.3 +|- 3.3 +|- 3.7 +|- 5.0 +|- 5.7 +|- 0.2 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.0Observations4 10 14 144 5 4 9 1 51Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage8.1 5.0 5.4 20.1 16.7 8.8 1.8 6.4 15.0 13.4Confidence interval+|- 14.8 +|- 6.4 +|- 5.8 +|- 11.8 +|- 31.6 +|- 15.7 +|- 3.1 +|- 4.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.8Observations3 9 12 133 4 4 9 1 46Average Hours Per Employee Per Week6.2 6.3 6.3 11.9 21.8 20.0 30.5 26.7 14.0 14.4Confidence interval+|- 6.5 +|- 3.9 +|- 3.4 +|- 3.8 +|- 12.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 7.2 +|- 5.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.4Observations7 11 18 144 5 4 9 1 55Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 * * * 4.7 * 1.3Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 * * * +|- 2.5 * +|- 0.3Observations3 6 9 2 * * * 3 * 14Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)19.3 18.1 18.4 28.3 * * * 11.3 * 21.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 9.9 +|- 7.8 +|- 31.7 * * * +|- 2.6 * +|- 12.1Observations3 6 9 2 * * * 3 * 14Average Hours Per Employee Per Week1.8 5.2 4.5 3.4 * * * 40.0 * 6.6Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 3.4 +|- 2.9 +|- 1.0 * * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 2.3Observations3 6 9 2 * * * 3 * 14(Continued)177Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Surface Water SystemsAdministrative StaffFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.2 0.8 0.7 1.0 2.1 3.0 7.0 17.7 101.4 6.9Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.6 +|- 2.9 +|- 4.7 +|- 45.2 +|- 1.3Observations3 11 14 19 41 60 42 110 31 317Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)33.7 15.5 17.8 16.3 16.0 19.0 18.4 22.5 21.6 18.3Confidence interval+|- 13.1 +|- 2.2 +|- 5.0 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.8 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.8 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.0Observations2 11 13 20 37 56 40 110 31 307Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 35.0 32.6 33.0 34.5 34.7 33.7 36.4 41.0 39.4 35.4Confidence interval+|- 20.5 +|- 14.0 +|- 12.2 +|- 7.8 +|- 5.7 +|- 3.7 +|- 3.7 +|- 3.1 +|- 3.8 +|- 2.3Observations3 10 13 19 33 53 36 108 30 292Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 2.2 4.0 1.3Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.4 +|- 0.2Observations6 14 20 25 8 7 5 12 4 81Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)12.6 13.9 13.8 14.0 14.7 22.5 15.4 15.4 23.1 15.2Confidence interval+|- 4.5 +|- 5.2 +|- 4.6 +|- 2.7 +|- 3.2 +|- 9.2 +|- 4.5 +|- 2.6 +|- 7.3 +|- 1.9Observations4 12 16 23 8 6 5 12 5 75Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage9.3 1.9 2.8 17.4 35.6 21.2 19.5 12.6 31.2 17.7Confidence interval+|- 10.5 +|- 3.9 +|- 3.7 +|- 6.2 +|- 26.7 +|- 14.3 +|- 9.3 +|- 10.6 +|- 11.6 +|- 5.2Observations4 13 17 22 7 6 4 10 5 71Average Hours Per Employee Per Week6.3 12.1 11.0 14.7 13.9 19.1 16.2 23.3 23.3 15.0Confidence interval+|- 3.4 +|- 4.5 +|- 3.8 +|- 4.1 +|- 4.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 7.3 +|- 5.1 +|- 1.9 +|- 2.3Observations6 12 18 26 8 7 5 11 3 78Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 * * 1.0 1.0 3.3 * 1.3Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.5 * +|- 0.2Observations2 4 6 * * 1 1 4 * 12Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)34.5 19.6 22.3 * * 20.0 * 22.9 * 21.9Confidence interval+|- 21.6 +|- 4.4 +|- 5.3 * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 12.0 * +|- 3.9Observations2 4 6 * * 1 * 3 * 10Average Hours Per Employee Per Week1.5 14.6 12.3 * * 8.0 13.2 18.2 * 12.1Confidence interval+|- 1.0 +|- 16.1 +|- 13.3 * * +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.1 * +|- 8.6Observations2 4 6 * * 1 1 3 * 11(Continued)178Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsManagersFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.3 0.1 0.1 0.7 1.1 1.4 3.1 7.5 15.8 1.4Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 2.1 +|- 11.2 +|- 0.3Observations1 3 4 12 22 22 24 41 12 137Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)* 20.1 20.1 22.8 27.5 33.9 42.4 43.3 45.5 28.1Confidence interval* +|- 4.6 +|- 4.6 +|- 5.6 +|- 4.8 +|- 3.2 +|- 3.8 +|- 3.0 +|- 5.6 +|- 2.8Observations* 3 3 12 22 20 24 40 12 133Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage* 29.1 29.1 35.6 21.2 32.4 43.3 41.7 52.1 30.7Confidence interval* +|- 4.2 +|- 4.2 +|- 17.0 +|- 6.3 +|- 7.0 +|- 7.4 +|- 3.6 +|- 20.3 +|- 5.6Observations* 3 3 10 20 20 24 39 12 128Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 * 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.0Observations1 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 * 11Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)20.0 40.0 29.6 14.3 20.0 31.4 40.0 25.0 * 23.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 14.2 +|- 5.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 7.8Observations1 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 * 11Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage0.0 10.0 4.8 0.0 * 39.6 30.0 0.0 * 10.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 7.1 +|- 0.0 * +|- 20.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 8.4Observations1121 *311 *8Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.0 7.5 4.6 14.0 10.0 31.5 5.0 20.0 * 11.7Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.9 +|- 10.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 33.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 6.8Observations1 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 * 11Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees* * * 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1Confidence interval* * * +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2Observations* * *1111217Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)* * * 15.0 21.2 28.0 50.0 53.0 43.0 20.6Confidence interval* * * +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 13.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.9Observations* * *1111217Average Hours Per Employee Per Week* * * 13.0 40.0 40.0 5.0 27.5 40.0 24.3Confidence interval* * * +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 19.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 16.8Observations* * *1111217(Continued)179Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsTreatment Plant OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees* 0.2 0.2 1.5 1.5 3.8 6.2 15.1 59.5 3.1Confidence interval* +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.8 +|- 2.1 +|- 2.8 +|- 35.6 +|- 1.2Observations*3 3 7 8 5 10 25 7 65Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)* 16.8 16.8 25.2 24.0 19.9 27.1 26.8 28.9 23.5Confidence interval* +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 13.1 +|- 4.4 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.3 +|- 4.4 +|- 5.9Observations*2 2 6 8 4 10 25 7 62Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage* 33.0 33.0 24.5 25.0 11.1 42.8 39.2 42.6 26.8Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.8 +|- 6.3 +|- 2.2 +|- 8.2 +|- 4.5 +|- 2.4 +|- 4.0Observations*1 1 5 8 4 10 24 7 59Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.0 3.0 * 1.4Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.4Observations4 2 6 123 2 1 1 * 25Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)13.9 28.8 18.8 17.4 16.9 10.8 16.9 19.2 * 17.6Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 3.0 +|- 7.9 +|- 4.8 +|- 9.8 +|- 3.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 3.3Observations4 2 6 123 2 1 1 * 25Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 17.0 0.0 11.5 19.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 * 16.3Confidence interval+|- 24.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 18.7 +|- 14.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 12.5Observations4 2 6 102 2 1 1 * 22Average Hours Per Employee Per Week1.3 5.3 2.6 7.2 12.4 16.0 32.0 15.0 * 6.5Confidence interval+|- 0.5 +|- 3.2 +|- 1.9 +|- 3.6 +|- 4.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 3.3Observations4 2 6 123 1 1 1 * 24Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees* 0.5 0.5 1.0 * 4.5 * 21.0 11.0 1.2Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 5.8 * +|- 0.0 +|- 12.2 +|- 0.5Observations* 1 1 3 * 2 * 1 2 9Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)* 62.5 62.5 39.3 * 27.0 * 43.0 45.1 45.1Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 26.1 * +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.0 +|- 2.6 +|- 21.1Observations* 1 1 3 * 1 * 1 2 8Average Hours Per Employee Per Week* 3.0 3.0 0.9 * 40.0 * 40.0 36.4 2.9Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 * +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.0 +|- 4.5 +|- 2.5Observations* 1 1 3 * 1 * 1 2 8(Continued)180Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsDistribution System OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees* 0.7 0.7 1.3 2.6 8.1 17.4 31.0 51.9 4.2Confidence interval* +|- 1.1 +|- 1.1 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.8 +|- 2.3 +|- 2.6 +|- 5.4 +|- 23.3 +|- 0.9Observations* 5 5 19 25 22 24 38 9 142Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)* 14.7 14.7 16.7 18.3 21.4 24.0 23.2 25.3 18.1Confidence interval* +|- 1.4 +|- 1.4 +|- 2.1 +|- 2.1 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.7 +|- 1.6 +|- 4.5 +|- 1.2Observations* 4 4 18 25 20 24 37 9 137Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage* 27.3 27.3 34.7 19.9 34.9 46.9 44.1 60.3 30.4Confidence interval* +|- 11.5 +|- 11.5 +|- 10.6 +|- 5.1 +|- 7.1 +|- 7.1 +|- 3.8 +|- 21.0 +|- 4.8Observations* 3 3 17 24 20 23 36 9 132Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.3 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.9 2.3 2.8 4.0 1.3Confidence interval+|- 0.6 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.6 +|- 2.2 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2Observations3 11 14 163 6 3 4 1 47Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)12.1 16.8 15.6 18.7 10.5 12.9 16.6 13.4 11.2 16.6Confidence interval+|- 1.0 +|- 5.8 +|- 4.5 +|- 3.6 +|- 2.6 +|- 3.9 +|- 8.0 +|- 2.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.7Observations3 11 14 162 6 3 4 1 46Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage0.0 2.8 1.9 17.6 0.0 13.7 13.3 27.0 0.0 8.4Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 5.2 +|- 3.7 +|- 12.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 20.7 +|- 20.5 +|- 29.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.0Observations3 8 11 101 5 3 3 1 34Average Hours Per Employee Per Week4.5 4.6 4.6 10.4 19.7 23.4 26.7 41.4 29.0 9.0Confidence interval+|- 4.2 +|- 4.2 +|- 3.3 +|- 3.1 +|- 12.5 +|- 14.3 +|- 13.5 +|- 17.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.6Observations3 11 14 163 5 3 4 1 46Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees* 0.5 0.5 1.7 2.0 12.0 2.0 1.0 * 1.7Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.8Observations*1 1 5 2 1 1 2 * 12Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)* 62.5 62.5 18.1 59.5 26.0 25.0 35.0 * 32.2Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.7 +|- 67.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 24.4 * +|- 19.6Observations*1 1 5 2 1 1 2 * 12Average Hours Per Employee Per Week* 3.0 3.0 16.6 30.0 40.0 12.0 29.1 * 16.6Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 11.1 +|- 16.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.9 * +|- 9.0Observations*1 1 5 2 1 1 2 * 12(Continued)181Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsAdministrative StaffFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees* 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.6 2.5 5.4 15.8 93.8 3.1Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.6 +|- 4.8 +|- 83.4 +|- 1.0Observations* 1 1 13 19 20 24 37 11 125Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)* 15.0 15.0 16.3 15.5 21.3 23.8 24.7 22.8 18.1Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.2 +|- 1.9 +|- 3.4 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.6 +|- 1.7 +|- 1.5Observations* 1 1 12 19 19 24 36 11 122Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage* 33.0 33.0 29.1 20.5 36.4 45.4 43.2 54.6 30.3Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 8.6 +|- 4.4 +|- 7.8 +|- 6.2 +|- 3.8 +|- 20.7 +|- 4.2Observations* 1 1 13 18 19 24 36 11 122Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.5 4.9 63.6 1.4Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 76.2 +|- 0.2Observations1 11 12 163 6 2 9 3 51Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)11.0 15.5 14.9 12.0 18.9 18.0 9.7 20.4 19.5 14.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 6.1 +|- 5.4 +|- 2.3 +|- 9.1 +|- 4.5 +|- 1.6 +|- 6.0 +|- 4.8 +|- 2.6Observations1 10 11 153 6 2 9 3 49Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage0.0 3.9 2.7 7.8 40.0 20.6 0.0 31.3 15.0 7.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 7.0 +|- 5.1 +|- 10.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 17.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 12.5 +|- 17.5 +|- 5.8Observations2 7 9 111 6 1 9 2 39Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.0 6.7 6.2 12.1 6.9 20.6 22.0 27.1 26.2 10.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 4.1 +|- 3.7 +|- 4.1 +|- 4.8 +|- 10.5 +|- 2.7 +|- 9.8 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.8Observations1 11 12 163 6 2 9 3 51Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees* 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 3.5 57.7 2.3Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.1 +|- 63.7 +|- 1.8Observations*1 1 1 1 1 1 6 3 14Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)* 50.0 50.0 35.0 16.6 25.0 35.0 38.1 35.7 38.4Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 16.7 +|- 7.7 +|- 13.1Observations*1 1 1 1 1 1 6 3 14Average Hours Per Employee Per Week* 1.5 1.5 10.0 35.0 35.0 5.0 29.8 40.0 12.6Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 12.9Observations*1 1 1 1 1 1 6 3 14(Continued)182Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesAll SystemsManagersFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.3 1.8 3.7 8.9 27.4 1.6Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.9 +|- 9.0 +|- 0.2Observations17 22 39 68 111 139 107 194 49 707Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)30.0 21.0 25.4 21.3 27.5 30.7 35.8 38.2 40.5 26.7Confidence interval+|- 12.9 +|- 5.8 +|- 6.5 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.0 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.7Observations15 20 35 66 102 134 105 190 49 681Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 23.8 21.2 22.4 28.3 29.6 31.6 35.7 41.4 42.1 29.0Confidence interval+|- 19.5 +|- 7.9 +|- 10.3 +|- 7.3 +|- 5.2 +|- 2.8 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 6.6 +|- 3.1Observations14 18 32 55 89 127 101 185 48 637Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.5 2.0 1.4 * 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 * +|- 0.1Observations17 20 37 326 8 3 5 * 91Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)19.7 15.7 18.1 20.4 27.2 56.1 34.1 52.2 * 20.9Confidence interval+|- 5.6 +|- 10.2 +|- 5.3 +|- 3.5 +|- 7.2 +|- 37.9 +|- 6.8 +|- 18.8 * +|- 3.7Observations13 12 25 276 8 3 5 * 74Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage7.0 3.6 5.4 23.9 36.1 33.5 27.7 12.0 * 12.7Confidence interval+|- 8.6 +|- 5.7 +|- 5.2 +|- 14.4 +|- 28.9 +|- 10.7 +|- 2.7 +|- 17.4 * +|- 5.9Observations14 16 30 245 8 3 4 * 74Average Hours Per Employee Per Week3.1 7.7 5.5 10.1 8.0 21.5 21.7 27.1 * 7.8Confidence interval+|- 1.3 +|- 3.3 +|- 1.8 +|- 3.3 +|- 3.9 +|- 17.1 +|- 18.9 +|- 5.3 * +|- 1.6Observations16 19 35 325 7 3 5 * 87Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.9 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0Confidence interval+|- 1.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1Observations2 4 6 5 5 3 2 9 1 31Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)9.2 28.2 27.8 17.8 27.7 34.4 43.3 44.5 43.0 24.3Confidence interval+|- 1.8 +|- 6.3 +|- 6.2 +|- 5.7 +|- 13.2 +|- 4.1 +|- 11.9 +|- 17.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.1Observations2 4 6 5 3 3 2 4 1 24Average Hours Per Employee Per Week4.2 5.9 5.9 16.0 33.9 59.5 12.5 33.8 40.0 18.9Confidence interval+|- 8.0 +|- 8.0 +|- 7.8 +|- 8.9 +|- 13.0 +|- 17.7 +|- 12.4 +|- 6.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.1Observations2 4 6 5 4 3 2 7 1 28(Continued)183Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesAll SystemsTreatment Plant OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.4 0.4 0.4 1.0 2.4 4.4 11.2 21.1 80.3 2.6Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.7 +|- 4.3 +|- 3.3 +|- 18.9 +|- 0.3Observations25 57 82 107 100 122 93 176 43 723Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)19.6 16.4 17.3 16.3 18.1 19.1 19.9 23.3 24.2 17.7Confidence interval+|- 7.4 +|- 2.9 +|- 2.9 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.2 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.5 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.4 +|- 1.1Observations18 46 64 101 94 118 90 175 43 685Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 17.2 19.0 18.3 23.8 35.4 33.4 34.9 42.4 42.1 26.9Confidence interval+|- 12.8 +|- 6.5 +|- 6.4 +|- 5.3 +|- 5.8 +|- 3.5 +|- 3.5 +|- 2.2 +|- 2.8 +|- 2.9Observations18 37 55 89 80 111 85 170 43 633Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.2Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1Observations51 61 112 65 14 15 5 12 1 224Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)15.0 14.7 14.8 15.7 15.2 15.2 15.8 13.5 13.7 15.2Confidence interval+|- 3.7 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.9 +|- 2.1 +|- 3.6 +|- 7.2 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.3Observations31 51 82 64 14 13 5 11 1 190Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage5.9 9.8 8.0 19.0 13.5 8.9 21.6 3.8 0.0 12.1Confidence interval+|- 5.5 +|- 6.0 +|- 4.2 +|- 7.9 +|- 10.2 +|- 6.7 +|- 16.6 +|- 3.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.0Observations36 51 87 59 11 12 3 9 1 182Average Hours Per Employee Per Week5.4 9.5 7.6 9.5 14.7 22.3 29.4 21.5 20.0 8.9Confidence interval+|- 2.0 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 4.7 +|- 7.7 +|- 6.1 +|- 2.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.3Observations49 59 108 66 14 13 5 10 1 217Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 2.2 5.0 7.7 11.0 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.6 +|- 5.1 +|- 2.8 +|- 12.2 +|- 0.1Observations33 54 87 21 5 4 3 10 2 132Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)36.1 39.5 38.2 36.0 27.3 22.5 19.8 29.9 45.1 37.4Confidence interval+|- 12.7 +|- 11.6 +|- 8.7 +|- 12.2 +|- 7.1 +|- 12.0 +|- 9.2 +|- 9.4 +|- 2.6 +|- 7.0Observations35 50 85 204 3 2 9 2 125Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.8 3.5 3.3 9.9 15.4 31.4 40.0 38.8 36.4 5.2Confidence interval+|- 1.3 +|- 1.4 +|- 1.0 +|- 6.9 +|- 13.1 +|- 7.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.4 +|- 4.5 +|- 1.6Observations38 54 92 22 5 3 3 10 2 137(Continued)184Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesAll SystemsDistribution System OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.6 0.5 0.5 1.0 3.2 6.9 15.3 34.5 142.6 3.8Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.8 +|- 1.9 +|- 5.7 +|- 35.4 +|- 0.3Observations19 48 67 106 120 139 96 171 43 742Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)18.3 15.6 16.4 15.5 17.1 18.6 19.1 21.2 23.0 16.8Confidence interval+|- 6.4 +|- 2.3 +|- 2.4 +|- 1.3 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.4 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.4 +|- 0.8Observations14 40 54 100 113 135 96 171 43 712Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 21.0 19.5 20.0 32.0 30.0 34.7 37.7 42.6 45.2 29.4Confidence interval+|- 17.6 +|- 5.7 +|- 7.2 +|- 6.3 +|- 4.6 +|- 3.1 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.2 +|- 7.6 +|- 3.0Observations15 36 51 90 102 128 94 166 42 673Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.9 1.3Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.2 +|- 0.8 +|- 2.6 +|- 0.2Observations19 49 68 54 11 19 14 16 3 185Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)14.1 15.0 14.8 14.9 11.6 12.8 13.8 12.4 11.4 14.6Confidence interval+|- 2.3 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.1 +|- 2.2 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.8 +|- 2.2 +|- 1.5 +|- 2.1 +|- 1.4Observations13 43 56 53 10 19 14 16 3 171Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage0.0 6.4 4.2 15.1 16.9 12.9 10.8 14.4 2.9 8.2Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 5.2 +|- 3.6 +|- 8.2 +|- 11.4 +|- 10.4 +|- 9.2 +|- 8.2 +|- 4.4 +|- 3.6Observations20 44 64 46 7 15 12 15 3 162Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.3 7.1 5.8 9.0 22.8 27.0 31.3 29.6 32.9 8.8Confidence interval+|- 1.4 +|- 2.6 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.7 +|- 6.2 +|- 6.4 +|- 4.8 +|- 5.9 +|- 9.0 +|- 1.2Observations19 49 68 55 11 18 14 16 3 185Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 2.0 15.6 3.7 2.8 10.0 1.1Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.8 +|- 2.7 +|- 1.6 +|- 1.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3Observations15 19 34 124 2 4 6 1 63Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)34.4 38.0 36.5 23.4 40.2 20.2 25.6 25.9 16.0 33.7Confidence interval+|- 14.2 +|- 19.0 +|- 12.6 +|- 13.8 +|- 40.3 +|- 4.4 +|- 1.0 +|- 13.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 9.9Observations12 19 31 114 2 2 6 1 57Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.1 5.0 3.5 11.9 30.0 54.5 28.4 32.3 8.0 7.1Confidence interval+|- 1.8 +|- 3.6 +|- 2.0 +|- 7.9 +|- 11.5 +|- 11.0 +|- 21.2 +|- 6.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.4Observations15 19 34 114 2 3 6 1 61(Continued)185Table 84 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population CategoryPrimary Water Source/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesAll SystemsAdministrative StaffFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.9 2.9 6.0 16.3 93.1 2.7Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.3 +|- 3.1 +|- 35.8 +|- 0.3Observations10 27 37 63 95 128 101 188 47 659Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)16.3 16.6 16.5 16.0 15.2 20.9 19.7 22.8 22.2 17.4Confidence interval+|- 3.3 +|- 10.2 +|- 6.8 +|- 3.4 +|- 1.0 +|- 2.6 +|- 1.6 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.8Observations9 24 33 60 88 123 99 184 47 634Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 13.3 19.3 17.7 24.4 31.3 33.7 37.2 42.1 43.8 28.0Confidence interval+|- 11.9 +|- 8.2 +|- 7.0 +|- 6.0 +|- 5.5 +|- 3.2 +|- 3.6 +|- 2.1 +|- 6.9 +|- 2.6Observations8 23 31 55 78 116 93 181 46 600Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.3 2.9 29.0 1.2Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.0 +|- 30.1 +|- 0.1Observations15 52 67 82 16 17 11 29 7 229Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)12.9 12.6 12.7 13.9 13.8 23.2 14.0 16.1 21.8 13.7Confidence interval+|- 5.6 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.5 +|- 2.1 +|- 4.5 +|- 10.8 +|- 2.8 +|- 2.3 +|- 4.8 +|- 1.6Observations10 41 51 77 15 16 11 29 8 207Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage1.6 5.5 4.2 15.8 16.0 19.4 17.6 17.7 26.7 9.8Confidence interval+|- 3.1 +|- 4.5 +|- 3.3 +|- 7.1 +|- 8.5 +|- 10.6 +|- 9.7 +|- 8.4 +|- 9.7 +|- 3.5Observations18 44 62 65 12 15 8 26 7 195Average Hours Per Employee Per Week5.0 7.5 7.0 12.6 14.9 18.2 22.3 24.4 24.8 10.4Confidence interval+|- 3.4 +|- 2.1 +|- 1.8 +|- 2.5 +|- 7.3 +|- 5.3 +|- 4.9 +|- 3.7 +|- 1.2 +|- 1.5Observations15 50 65 82 16 17 11 27 6 224Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.2 1.3 2.8 45.0 1.3Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.8 +|- 51.7 +|- 0.2Observations3 9 126 2 3 3 13 4 43Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)11.3 21.5 19.7 29.0 18.3 16.5 32.7 33.6 30.8 23.0Confidence interval+|- 2.7 +|- 16.3 +|- 13.9 +|- 19.6 +|- 3.5 +|- 5.6 +|- 3.9 +|- 10.1 +|- 8.0 +|- 10.6Observations3 9 126 2 3 2 11 4 40Average Hours Per Employee Per Week0.2 6.4 5.4 8.3 37.5 43.5 12.7 23.9 32.1 10.3Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 5.6 +|- 4.9 +|- 5.2 +|- 5.1 +|- 22.2 +|- 9.6 +|- 5.7 +|- 9.9 +|- 4.2Observations3 9 126 2 3 3 12 4 42Data:Q.25Notes:Labor costs includes wages, salaries, and fringe benefits.186Table 85Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsManagersFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.3 1.9 3.4 7.5 30.0 1.7Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.0 +|- 10.1 +|- 0.2Observations6 14 20 55 93 128 99 178 44 617Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)34.4 23.0 26.0 20.8 27.5 31.0 35.3 38.3 41.2 27.2Confidence interval+|- 12.0 +|- 7.3 +|- 6.9 +|- 3.0 +|- 2.0 +|- 1.6 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.1 +|- 2.0 +|- 1.5Observations6 14 20 53 88 123 97 174 44 599Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 28.7 27.4 27.7 29.3 31.6 32.1 35.7 40.2 41.4 31.2Confidence interval+|- 21.3 +|- 5.9 +|- 7.5 +|- 8.9 +|- 5.4 +|- 3.0 +|- 3.8 +|- 1.5 +|- 7.7 +|- 3.0Observations6 13 19 46 78 116 93 169 43 564Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.5 2.0 1.4 * 1.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 * +|- 0.2Observations7 9 16 234 7 2 5 * 57Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)18.4 20.8 19.3 19.2 23.4 58.3 31.0 52.2 * 21.7Confidence interval+|- 4.5 +|- 13.3 +|- 6.0 +|- 2.2 +|- 4.1 +|- 38.4 +|- 4.7 +|- 18.8 * +|- 4.2Observations7 6 13 214 7 2 5 * 52Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage7.9 9.3 8.5 24.0 19.5 33.5 26.4 12.0 * 17.1Confidence interval+|- 16.0 +|- 13.0 +|- 10.7 +|- 15.8 +|- 14.4 +|- 11.3 +|- 1.9 +|- 17.4 * +|- 9.4Observations7 6 13 203 7 2 4 * 49Average Hours Per Employee Per Week3.7 7.6 5.6 8.8 8.3 22.2 30.6 27.1 * 8.0Confidence interval+|- 2.3 +|- 5.5 +|- 3.1 +|- 2.7 +|- 4.1 +|- 18.3 +|- 12.5 +|- 5.3 * +|- 2.1Observations7 8 15 234 6 2 5 * 55Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.9 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2Observations1 1 2 4 4 3 2 8 1 24Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)8.3 40.0 30.1 17.2 21.6 34.4 43.3 44.5 43.0 21.4Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 21.0 +|- 6.4 +|- 0.7 +|- 4.1 +|- 11.9 +|- 17.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.6Observations1 1 2 4 2 3 2 4 1 18Average Hours Per Employee Per Week8.0 5.0 5.9 19.2 31.1 59.5 12.5 32.8 40.0 26.3Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.9 +|- 10.8 +|- 16.3 +|- 17.7 +|- 12.4 +|- 8.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 10.2Observations1 1 2 4 3 3 2 6 1 21(Continued)187Table 85 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsTreatment Plant OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.7 0.4 0.5 1.0 2.5 4.4 9.1 17.4 89.9 3.3Confidence interval+|- 0.8 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.3 +|- 1.8 +|- 19.7 +|- 0.4Observations10 28 38 87 87 112 86 160 38 608Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)22.6 15.6 17.5 16.0 17.8 19.3 19.8 23.3 24.5 17.7Confidence interval+|- 13.3 +|- 3.6 +|- 4.7 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.3 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.5 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.6 +|- 1.3Observations10 27 37 84 82 109 83 159 38 592Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 29.0 21.2 23.6 24.1 34.4 33.7 34.6 40.9 41.9 29.1Confidence interval+|- 20.1 +|- 9.1 +|- 8.9 +|- 5.6 +|- 6.1 +|- 3.6 +|- 3.6 +|- 1.7 +|- 3.1 +|- 3.0Observations9 23 32 77 71 102 78 154 38 552Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.3 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.2Confidence interval+|- 0.6 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.2 +|- 1.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2Observations11 26 37 50 12 13 5 12 1 130Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)14.3 14.9 14.7 15.3 14.3 16.6 15.8 13.5 13.7 15.0Confidence interval+|- 2.8 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.8 +|- 2.1 +|- 3.2 +|- 8.1 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.4Observations11 24 35 49 12 11 5 11 1 124Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 17.1 17.5 17.3 23.6 14.1 9.0 21.6 3.8 0.0 20.5Confidence interval+|- 18.8 +|- 9.2 +|- 9.5 +|- 8.8 +|- 10.8 +|- 8.1 +|- 16.6 +|- 3.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.1Observations9 22 31 48 10 10 3 9 1 112Average Hours Per Employee Per Week4.9 10.0 8.0 9.8 15.1 23.8 29.4 21.5 20.0 10.1Confidence interval+|- 3.5 +|- 3.2 +|- 2.7 +|- 2.5 +|- 4.8 +|- 9.1 +|- 6.1 +|- 2.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.8Observations11 24 35 51 12 11 5 10 1 125Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 2.2 5.0 8.0 11.0 1.3Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.6 +|- 5.1 +|- 3.3 +|- 12.2 +|- 0.2Observations1 10 11 124 4 3 8 2 44Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)10.0 31.4 31.2 33.5 31.1 22.5 19.8 32.4 45.1 31.9Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 20.8 +|- 20.6 +|- 11.2 +|- 7.8 +|- 12.0 +|- 9.2 +|- 11.7 +|- 2.6 +|- 9.7Observations1 10 11 123 3 2 7 2 40Average Hours Per Employee Per Week7.0 3.5 3.5 15.0 8.5 31.4 40.0 39.4 36.4 11.8Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 2.2 +|- 2.1 +|- 10.2 +|- 8.7 +|- 7.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.1 +|- 4.5 +|- 6.4Observations1 10 11 144 3 3 8 2 45(Continued)188Table 85 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsDistribution System OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.3 0.5 0.5 1.2 3.3 6.8 15.3 30.0 145.6 4.5Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.9 +|- 2.0 +|- 3.2 +|- 37.0 +|- 0.5Observations6 28 34 87 101 129 92 158 41 642Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)27.0 15.6 17.1 15.5 16.9 18.8 19.0 21.1 23.0 17.0Confidence interval+|- 15.6 +|- 3.2 +|- 3.8 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.5 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.4 +|- 1.0Observations6 27 33 84 95 126 91 157 41 627Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 28.7 22.8 23.8 33.3 30.9 34.8 37.4 41.2 45.8 31.9Confidence interval+|- 21.3 +|- 6.3 +|- 6.4 +|- 6.9 +|- 4.9 +|- 3.2 +|- 3.8 +|- 1.7 +|- 7.8 +|- 3.0Observations6 23 29 76 87 119 89 152 40 592Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.6 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.3 2.7 3.0 3.2 7.1 1.5Confidence interval+|- 0.5 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.4 +|- 0.8 +|- 2.5 +|- 0.2Observations8 24 32 37 11 17 12 16 2 127Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)15.0 16.7 16.2 15.3 11.6 12.6 12.2 12.4 8.8 15.2Confidence interval+|- 2.2 +|- 3.5 +|- 2.7 +|- 3.0 +|- 2.6 +|- 3.0 +|- 1.3 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.7Observations8 23 31 36 10 17 12 16 2 124Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage0.1 6.1 4.4 18.3 16.9 13.0 5.9 14.4 7.7 11.1Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 6.3 +|- 4.8 +|- 10.9 +|- 11.4 +|- 10.5 +|- 9.1 +|- 8.2 +|- 6.3 +|- 5.5Observations7 20 27 32 7 14 10 15 2 107Average Hours Per Employee Per Week4.4 6.8 6.2 9.3 22.8 28.7 33.8 29.6 21.3 10.6Confidence interval+|- 2.8 +|- 2.2 +|- 1.9 +|- 2.5 +|- 6.2 +|- 5.7 +|- 3.9 +|- 5.9 +|- 6.3 +|- 1.7Observations8 24 32 38 11 16 12 16 2 127Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees* 1.0 1.0 1.6 2.0 15.6 3.7 3.1 10.0 2.0Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.1 +|- 2.7 +|- 1.6 +|- 1.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.1Observations*7 7 5 3 2 4 5 1 27Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)* 14.0 14.0 15.8 47.0 20.2 25.6 28.4 16.0 19.8Confidence interval* +|- 6.7 +|- 6.7 +|- 7.2 +|- 50.6 +|- 4.4 +|- 1.0 +|- 16.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 9.4Observations*7 7 5 3 2 2 5 1 25Average Hours Per Employee Per Week* 8.8 8.8 20.3 26.7 54.5 28.4 30.8 8.0 16.9Confidence interval* +|- 7.5 +|- 7.5 +|- 8.0 +|- 12.5 +|- 11.0 +|- 21.2 +|- 7.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.9Observations*7 7 5 3 2 3 5 1 26(Continued)189Table 85 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsAdministrative StaffFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.9 2.8 5.6 16.6 101.5 3.1Confidence interval+|- 0.7 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.3 +|- 3.5 +|- 40.2 +|- 0.4Observations5 15 20 53 80 117 94 173 43 580Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)13.9 20.5 19.0 16.0 14.9 21.0 19.9 23.1 22.3 17.9Confidence interval+|- 6.5 +|- 16.6 +|- 13.0 +|- 4.2 +|- 1.2 +|- 2.7 +|- 1.7 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.1 +|- 2.2Observations5 15 20 51 76 113 92 169 43 564Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 31.4 26.6 27.2 25.7 31.3 34.1 37.2 40.7 44.6 30.7Confidence interval+|- 3.7 +|- 6.8 +|- 5.9 +|- 6.6 +|- 6.1 +|- 3.4 +|- 3.7 +|- 1.6 +|- 7.7 +|- 2.6Observations4 15 19 47 69 106 86 166 42 535Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.3 2.9 29.0 1.2Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.0 +|- 30.1 +|- 0.1Observations3 31 34 64 14 17 11 28 7 175Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)12.0 12.5 12.4 13.2 13.5 23.2 14.0 16.0 21.8 13.5Confidence interval+|- 7.2 +|- 3.3 +|- 3.0 +|- 2.3 +|- 4.8 +|- 10.8 +|- 2.8 +|- 2.4 +|- 4.8 +|- 1.8Observations3 28 31 60 13 16 11 28 8 167Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage0.2 10.0 8.2 18.5 10.2 19.4 17.6 17.5 26.7 14.3Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 8.3 +|- 7.0 +|- 8.2 +|- 7.3 +|- 10.6 +|- 9.7 +|- 8.6 +|- 9.7 +|- 5.2Observations4 24 28 52 10 15 8 25 7 145Average Hours Per Employee Per Week5.8 7.7 7.5 13.5 15.4 18.2 22.3 24.6 24.8 12.0Confidence interval+|- 5.5 +|- 2.1 +|- 2.0 +|- 2.8 +|- 7.6 +|- 5.3 +|- 4.9 +|- 3.8 +|- 1.2 +|- 1.7Observations3 29 32 64 14 17 11 26 6 170Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees* 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.2 1.5 3.4 45.0 1.6Confidence interval* +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.9 +|- 0.9 +|- 51.7 +|- 0.5Observations*4 4 3 1 3 2 10 4 27Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)* 20.8 20.8 37.0 16.6 16.5 32.7 34.9 30.8 26.2Confidence interval* +|- 27.5 +|- 27.5 +|- 25.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.6 +|- 3.9 +|- 11.1 +|- 8.0 +|- 18.0Observations*4 4 3 1 3 2 10 4 27Average Hours Per Employee Per Week* 9.4 9.4 8.0 35.0 43.5 12.5 24.6 32.1 13.5Confidence interval* +|- 7.5 +|- 7.5 +|- 6.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 22.2 +|- 13.8 +|- 6.6 +|- 9.9 +|- 7.5Observations*4 4 3 1 3 2 9 4 26(Continued)190Table 85 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrivate SystemsManagersFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.6 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.5 7.7 19.5 10.6 1.1Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.4 +|- 7.5 +|- 10.2 +|- 4.5 +|- 0.3Observations11 8 19 13 18 11 8 16 5 90Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)28.4 16.5 24.8 22.7 27.5 25.5 42.0 37.4 36.4 25.2Confidence interval+|- 16.3 +|- 5.5 +|- 11.3 +|- 5.6 +|- 6.0 +|- 3.4 +|- 7.0 +|- 4.0 +|- 4.1 +|- 5.5Observations9 6 15 13 14 11 8 16 5 82Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 21.7 8.2 17.2 24.3 21.3 25.3 35.1 50.7 46.2 21.2Confidence interval+|- 26.2 +|- 7.8 +|- 18.7 +|- 8.8 +|- 13.2 +|- 5.8 +|- 16.2 +|- 9.1 +|- 6.9 +|- 9.3Observations8 5 13 9 11 11 8 16 5 73Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 * * 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.1Observations10 11 219 2 1 1 * * 34Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)21.3 9.1 16.6 23.8 50.0 16.4 40.0 * * 19.5Confidence interval+|- 11.4 +|- 6.7 +|- 9.2 +|- 11.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 7.4Observations6 6 126 2 1 1 * * 22Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage6.2 0.3 3.1 23.8 85.0 34.0 30.0 * * 7.1Confidence interval+|- 7.9 +|- 0.5 +|- 4.0 +|- 35.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 6.2Observations7 10 174 2 1 1 * * 25Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.5 7.7 5.3 12.8 4.0 10.0 5.0 * * 7.4Confidence interval+|- 1.2 +|- 4.1 +|- 2.5 +|- 8.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 3.0Observations9 11 209 1 1 1 * * 32Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 * * 1.0 * 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.0Observations13411 * *1 *7Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)10.0 27.9 27.7 20.0 40.0****27.6Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 6.4 +|- 6.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0****+|- 6.4Observations13411* * * *6Average Hours Per Employee Per Week0.5 5.9 5.9 5.0 40.0 * * 40.0 * 10.1Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 8.3 +|- 8.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 9.9Observations13411 * *1 *7(Continued)191Table 85 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrivate SystemsTreatment Plant OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.4 0.5 0.4 0.8 1.9 4.6 41.8 46.7 30.3 1.4Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.9 +|- 59.5 +|- 18.2 +|- 17.8 +|- 0.6Observations15 29 44 20 13 10 7 16 5 115Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)17.3 17.0 17.1 17.7 19.7 16.9 22.1 23.1 22.9 17.6Confidence interval+|- 7.6 +|- 4.1 +|- 3.7 +|- 1.9 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.2 +|- 3.9 +|- 0.6 +|- 2.9 +|- 2.3Observations8 19 27 17 12 9 7 16 5 93Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 11.9 17.2 14.9 21.9 42.3 28.5 38.1 52.4 43.6 20.2Confidence interval+|- 12.1 +|- 8.8 +|- 7.5 +|- 18.7 +|- 17.1 +|- 10.3 +|- 13.6 +|- 8.2 +|- 7.0 +|- 6.8Observations9 14 23 12 9 9 7 16 5 81Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 3.5 2.0 * * * 1.1Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.3 +|- 3.3 +|- 0.0 * * * +|- 0.1Observations40 35 75 15 2 2 * * * 94Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)15.5 14.6 14.9 17.0 28.5 9.2 * * * 15.5Confidence interval+|- 5.9 +|- 3.2 +|- 2.8 +|- 4.8 +|- 23.0 +|- 3.2 * * * +|- 2.4Observations20 27 47 15 2 2 * * * 66Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage2.7 6.6 4.7 2.8 0.0 8.7 * * * 4.4Confidence interval+|- 3.2 +|- 6.1 +|- 3.5 +|- 4.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 6.5 * * * +|- 3.0Observations27 29 56 11 1 2 * * * 70Average Hours Per Employee Per Week5.5 9.3 7.5 8.4 9.1 16.0 * * * 7.7Confidence interval+|- 2.4 +|- 3.0 +|- 2.1 +|- 4.4 +|- 6.7 +|- 0.0 * * * +|- 1.9Observations38 35 73 15 2 2 * * * 92Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.0 * * 6.5 * 0.9Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 4.7 * +|- 0.1Observations32 44 76 9 1 * * 2 * 88Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)36.1 40.9 38.9 38.6 20.0 * * 21.0 * 38.7Confidence interval+|- 12.7 +|- 13.1 +|- 9.3 +|- 21.8 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 1.0 * +|- 8.5Observations34 40 74 8 1 * * 2 * 85Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.8 3.6 3.2 4.0 40.0 * * 36.0 * 3.6Confidence interval+|- 1.3 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.0 +|- 2.6 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 4.1 * +|- 1.1Observations37 44 81 8 1 * * 2 * 92(Continued)192Table 85 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrivate SystemsDistribution System OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 3.1 7.3 15.3 69.9 79.0 1.8Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 1.3 +|- 2.8 +|- 5.4 +|- 26.0 +|- 35.6 +|- 0.7Observations13 20 33 19 19 10 4 13 2 100Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)15.1 15.7 15.4 15.2 17.9 15.4 21.1 21.5 22.2 15.9Confidence interval+|- 3.7 +|- 2.5 +|- 2.2 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.8 +|- 2.6 +|- 4.4 +|- 0.9 +|- 4.2 +|- 1.3Observations8 13 21 16 18 9 5 14 2 85Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 18.5 13.3 16.1 24.6 26.1 33.5 42.7 53.2 34.0 20.8Confidence interval+|- 21.9 +|- 8.4 +|- 12.5 +|- 13.6 +|- 12.0 +|- 13.7 +|- 14.8 +|- 8.7 +|- 14.8 +|- 8.0Observations9 13 22 14 15 9 5 14 2 81Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.9 1.4 1.2 1.1 * 1.0 3.0 * 2.0 1.2Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.2 * +|- 0.0 +|- 1.3 * +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3Observations11 25 36 17 * 2 2 * 1 58Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)13.1 13.4 13.3 14.1 * 14.8 22.7 * 13.0 13.6Confidence interval+|- 3.9 +|- 3.7 +|- 3.0 +|- 3.1 * +|- 0.5 +|- 5.6 * +|- 0.0 +|- 2.3Observations5 20 25 17 * 2 2 * 1 47Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage0.0 6.6 4.1 9.1 * 0.0 34.2 * 0.0 5.2Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 7.6 +|- 5.0 +|- 8.2 * +|- 0.0 +|- 7.8 * +|- 0.0 +|- 4.4Observations13 24 37 14 * 1 2 * 1 55Average Hours Per Employee Per Week0.8 7.3 5.5 8.5 * 6.3 17.5 * 40.0 6.4Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 4.3 +|- 3.3 +|- 3.2 * +|- 2.9 +|- 9.9 * +|- 0.0 +|- 2.4Observations11 25 36 17 * 2 2 * 1 58Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.8 0.6 0.8 1.1 2.0 * * 1.0 * 0.8Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.2Observations15 12 27 7 1 * * 1 * 36Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)34.4 50.6 42.1 27.3 20.0 * * 13.0 * 38.8Confidence interval+|- 14.2 +|- 23.8 +|- 13.9 +|- 19.0 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 11.9Observations12 12 24 6 1 * * 1 * 32Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.1 3.0 2.4 7.6 40.0 * * 40.0 * 3.9Confidence interval+|- 1.8 +|- 2.7 +|- 1.5 +|- 6.4 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 2.0Observations15 12 27 6 1 * * 1 * 35(Continued)193Table 85 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesPrivate SystemsAdministrative staffFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.4 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.9 3.5 11.9 13.9 33.1 1.4Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.1 +|- 8.0 +|- 4.0 +|- 10.2 +|- 0.4Observations5 12 17 10 15 11 7 15 4 79Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)17.5 11.0 13.9 16.3 16.3 18.0 16.4 20.3 20.9 15.3Confidence interval+|- 1.6 +|- 1.6 +|- 2.5 +|- 2.1 +|- 1.8 +|- 7.6 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.7 +|- 1.8 +|- 1.4Observations4 9 13 9 12 10 7 15 4 70Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage7.1 6.6 6.8 17.7 31.5 27.7 37.5 52.3 38.0 17.0Confidence interval+|- 5.9 +|- 7.9 +|- 5.2 +|- 10.8 +|- 13.5 +|- 6.9 +|- 14.1 +|- 8.6 +|- 5.3 +|- 5.4Observations4 8 12 8 9 10 7 15 4 65Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 2.0 * * 2.0 * 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.1Observations12 21 33 18 2 * * 1 * 54Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)13.3 12.8 12.9 15.9 20.0 * * 18.1 * 14.2Confidence interval+|- 8.1 +|- 4.2 +|- 4.1 +|- 3.8 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 2.9Observations7 13 20 17 2 * * 1 * 40Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage2.0 1.4 1.7 8.1 85.0 * * 22.0 * 3.7Confidence interval+|- 4.0 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.3 +|- 11.4 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 3.3Observations14 20 34 13 2 * * 1 * 50Average Hours Per Employee Per Week4.8 7.4 6.7 9.9 7.0 * * 20.0 * 7.6Confidence interval+|- 4.1 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.8 +|- 4.0 +|- 1.4 * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 2.3Observations12 21 33 18 2 * * 1 * 54Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 * 1.0 1.0 * 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.0Observations3 5 8 3 1 * 1 3 * 16Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)11.3 22.5 18.7 20.0 20.0 * * 20.3 * 19.3Confidence interval+|- 2.7 +|- 3.7 +|- 7.0 +|- 14.3 +|- 0.0 * * +|- 0.0 * +|- 6.4Observations3 5 8 3 1 * * 1 * 13Average Hours Per Employee Per Week0.2 2.2 1.5 8.6 40.0 * 13.2 21.9 * 6.8Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.0 +|- 7.7 +|- 0.0 * +|- 0.0 +|- 11.1 * +|- 6.3Observations3 5 8 3 1 * 1 3 * 16(Continued)194Table 85 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesAll SystemsManagersFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.3 1.8 3.7 8.9 27.4 1.6Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.7 +|- 1.9 +|- 9.0 +|- 0.2Observations17 22 39 68 111 139 107 194 49 707Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)30.0 21.0 25.4 21.3 27.5 30.7 35.8 38.2 40.5 26.7Confidence interval+|- 12.9 +|- 5.8 +|- 6.5 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.0 +|- 1.5 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.7Observations15 20 35 66 102 134 105 190 49 681Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 23.8 21.2 22.4 28.3 29.6 31.6 35.7 41.4 42.1 29.0Confidence interval+|- 19.5 +|- 7.9 +|- 10.3 +|- 7.3 +|- 5.2 +|- 2.8 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 6.6 +|- 3.1Observations14 18 32 55 89 127 101 185 48 637Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.9 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.5 2.0 1.4 * 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 * +|- 0.1Observations17 20 37 326 8 3 5 * 91Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)19.7 15.7 18.1 20.4 27.2 56.1 34.1 52.2 * 20.9Confidence interval+|- 5.6 +|- 10.2 +|- 5.3 +|- 3.5 +|- 7.2 +|- 37.9 +|- 6.8 +|- 18.8 * +|- 3.7Observations13 12 25 276 8 3 5 * 74Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage7.0 3.6 5.4 23.9 36.1 33.5 27.7 12.0 * 12.7Confidence interval+|- 8.6 +|- 5.7 +|- 5.2 +|- 14.4 +|- 28.9 +|- 10.7 +|- 2.7 +|- 17.4 * +|- 5.9Observations14 16 30 245 8 3 4 * 74Average Hours Per Employee Per Week3.1 7.7 5.5 10.1 8.0 21.5 21.7 27.1 * 7.8Confidence interval+|- 1.3 +|- 3.3 +|- 1.8 +|- 3.3 +|- 3.9 +|- 17.1 +|- 18.9 +|- 5.3 * +|- 1.6Observations16 19 35 325 7 3 5 * 87Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.9 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0Confidence interval+|- 1.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1Observations2 4 6 5 5 3 2 9 1 31Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)9.2 28.2 27.8 17.8 27.7 34.4 43.3 44.5 43.0 24.3Confidence interval+|- 1.8 +|- 6.3 +|- 6.2 +|- 5.7 +|- 13.2 +|- 4.1 +|- 11.9 +|- 17.7 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.1Observations2 4 6 5 3 3 2 4 1 24Average Hours Per Employee Per Week4.2 5.9 5.9 16.0 33.9 59.5 12.5 33.8 40.0 18.9Confidence interval+|- 8.0 +|- 8.0 +|- 7.8 +|- 8.9 +|- 13.0 +|- 17.7 +|- 12.4 +|- 6.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 5.1Observations2 4 6 5 4 3 2 7 1 28(Continued)195Table 85 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesAll SystemsTreatment Plant OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.4 0.4 0.4 1.0 2.4 4.4 11.2 21.1 80.3 2.6Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.4 +|- 0.7 +|- 4.3 +|- 3.3 +|- 18.9 +|- 0.3Observations25 57 82 107 100 122 93 176 43 723Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)19.6 16.4 17.3 16.3 18.1 19.1 19.9 23.3 24.2 17.7Confidence interval+|- 7.4 +|- 2.9 +|- 2.9 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.2 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.5 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.4 +|- 1.1Observations18 46 64 101 94 118 90 175 43 685Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 17.2 19.0 18.3 23.8 35.4 33.4 34.9 42.4 42.1 26.9Confidence interval+|- 12.8 +|- 6.5 +|- 6.4 +|- 5.3 +|- 5.8 +|- 3.5 +|- 3.5 +|- 2.2 +|- 2.8 +|- 2.9Observations18 37 55 89 80 111 85 170 43 633Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.1 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.2Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.1Observations51 61 112 65 14 15 5 12 1 224Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)15.0 14.7 14.8 15.7 15.2 15.2 15.8 13.5 13.7 15.2Confidence interval+|- 3.7 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.9 +|- 2.1 +|- 3.6 +|- 7.2 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.3Observations31 51 82 64 14 13 5 11 1 190Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage5.9 9.8 8.0 19.0 13.5 8.9 21.6 3.8 0.0 12.1Confidence interval+|- 5.5 +|- 6.0 +|- 4.2 +|- 7.9 +|- 10.2 +|- 6.7 +|- 16.6 +|- 3.8 +|- 0.0 +|- 4.0Observations36 51 87 59 11 12 3 9 1 182Average Hours Per Employee Per Week5.4 9.5 7.6 9.5 14.7 22.3 29.4 21.5 20.0 8.9Confidence interval+|- 2.0 +|- 2.3 +|- 1.7 +|- 2.1 +|- 4.7 +|- 7.7 +|- 6.1 +|- 2.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.3Observations49 59 108 66 14 13 5 10 1 217Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.8 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 2.2 5.0 7.7 11.0 1.0Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.6 +|- 5.1 +|- 2.8 +|- 12.2 +|- 0.1Observations33 54 87 21 5 4 3 10 2 132Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)36.1 39.5 38.2 36.0 27.3 22.5 19.8 29.9 45.1 37.4Confidence interval+|- 12.7 +|- 11.6 +|- 8.7 +|- 12.2 +|- 7.1 +|- 12.0 +|- 9.2 +|- 9.4 +|- 2.6 +|- 7.0Observations35 50 85 204 3 2 9 2 125Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.8 3.5 3.3 9.9 15.4 31.4 40.0 38.8 36.4 5.2Confidence interval+|- 1.3 +|- 1.4 +|- 1.0 +|- 6.9 +|- 13.1 +|- 7.2 +|- 0.0 +|- 3.4 +|- 4.5 +|- 1.6Observations38 54 92 22 5 3 3 10 2 137(Continued)196Table 85 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesAll SystemsDistribution System OperatorsFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.6 0.5 0.5 1.0 3.2 6.9 15.3 34.5 142.6 3.8Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 0.8 +|- 1.9 +|- 5.7 +|- 35.4 +|- 0.3Observations19 48 67 106 120 139 96 171 43 742Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)18.3 15.6 16.4 15.5 17.1 18.6 19.1 21.2 23.0 16.8Confidence interval+|- 6.4 +|- 2.3 +|- 2.4 +|- 1.3 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.4 +|- 0.6 +|- 1.4 +|- 0.8Observations14 40 54 100 113 135 96 171 43 712Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 21.0 19.5 20.0 32.0 30.0 34.7 37.7 42.6 45.2 29.4Confidence interval+|- 17.6 +|- 5.7 +|- 7.2 +|- 6.3 +|- 4.6 +|- 3.1 +|- 3.7 +|- 2.2 +|- 7.6 +|- 3.0Observations15 36 51 90 102 128 94 166 42 673Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.9 1.3Confidence interval+|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.2 +|- 0.8 +|- 2.6 +|- 0.2Observations19 49 68 54 11 19 14 16 3 185Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)14.1 15.0 14.8 14.9 11.6 12.8 13.8 12.4 11.4 14.6Confidence interval+|- 2.3 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.1 +|- 2.2 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.8 +|- 2.2 +|- 1.5 +|- 2.1 +|- 1.4Observations13 43 56 53 10 19 14 16 3 171Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage0.0 6.4 4.2 15.1 16.9 12.9 10.8 14.4 2.9 8.2Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 5.2 +|- 3.6 +|- 8.2 +|- 11.4 +|- 10.4 +|- 9.2 +|- 8.2 +|- 4.4 +|- 3.6Observations20 44 64 46 7 15 12 15 3 162Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.3 7.1 5.8 9.0 22.8 27.0 31.3 29.6 32.9 8.8Confidence interval+|- 1.4 +|- 2.6 +|- 1.9 +|- 1.7 +|- 6.2 +|- 6.4 +|- 4.8 +|- 5.9 +|- 9.0 +|- 1.2Observations19 49 68 55 11 18 14 16 3 185Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.8 0.8 0.8 1.2 2.0 15.6 3.7 2.8 10.0 1.1Confidence interval+|- 0.2 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.8 +|- 2.7 +|- 1.6 +|- 1.5 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.3Observations15 19 34 124 2 4 6 1 63Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)34.4 38.0 36.5 23.4 40.2 20.2 25.6 25.9 16.0 33.7Confidence interval+|- 14.2 +|- 19.0 +|- 12.6 +|- 13.8 +|- 40.3 +|- 4.4 +|- 1.0 +|- 13.9 +|- 0.0 +|- 9.9Observations12 19 31 114 2 2 6 1 57Average Hours Per Employee Per Week2.1 5.0 3.5 11.9 30.0 54.5 28.4 32.3 8.0 7.1Confidence interval+|- 1.8 +|- 3.6 +|- 2.0 +|- 7.9 +|- 11.5 +|- 11.0 +|- 21.2 +|- 6.6 +|- 0.0 +|- 2.4Observations15 19 34 114 2 3 6 1 61(Continued)197Table 85 (Cont.)Number of Employees and Annual Labor CostsBy OwnershipSystem Service Population CategorySystem Ownership/Employee Category100or Less101 -500Sub, 500or less501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000 All SizesAll SystemsAdministrative StaffFull-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 1.9 2.9 6.0 16.3 93.1 2.7Confidence interval+|- 0.4 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.3 +|- 0.5 +|- 1.3 +|- 3.1 +|- 35.8 +|- 0.3Observations10 27 37 63 95 128 101 188 47 659Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)16.3 16.6 16.5 16.0 15.2 20.9 19.7 22.8 22.2 17.4Confidence interval+|- 3.3 +|- 10.2 +|- 6.8 +|- 3.4 +|- 1.0 +|- 2.6 +|- 1.6 +|- 0.9 +|- 1.1 +|- 1.8Observations9 24 33 60 88 123 99 184 47 634Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage 13.3 19.3 17.7 24.4 31.3 33.7 37.2 42.1 43.8 28.0Confidence interval+|- 11.9 +|- 8.2 +|- 7.0 +|- 6.0 +|- 5.5 +|- 3.2 +|- 3.6 +|- 2.1 +|- 6.9 +|- 2.6Observations8 23 31 55 78 116 93 181 46 600Part-time EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.3 2.9 29.0 1.2Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.1 +|- 0.2 +|- 0.6 +|- 0.3 +|- 1.0 +|- 30.1 +|- 0.1Observations15 52 67 82 16 17 11 29 7 229Average Hourly Salary or Wage (Dollars)12.9 12.6 12.7 13.9 13.8 23.2 14.0 16.1 21.8 13.7Confidence interval+|- 5.6 +|- 2.6 +|- 2.5 +|- 2.1 +|- 4.5 +|- 10.8 +|- 2.8 +|- 2.3 +|- 4.8 +|- 1.6Observations10 41 51 77 15 16 11 29 8 207Benefits as Percentage of Salary or Wage1.6 5.5 4.2 15.8 16.0 19.4 17.6 17.7 26.7 9.8Confidence interval+|- 3.1 +|- 4.5 +|- 3.3 +|- 7.1 +|- 8.5 +|- 10.6 +|- 9.7 +|- 8.4 +|- 9.7 +|- 3.5Observations18 44 62 65 12 15 8 26 7 195Average Hours Per Employee Per Week5.0 7.5 7.0 12.6 14.9 18.2 22.3 24.4 24.8 10.4Confidence interval+|- 3.4 +|- 2.1 +|- 1.8 +|- 2.5 +|- 7.3 +|- 5.3 +|- 4.9 +|- 3.7 +|- 1.2 +|- 1.5Observations15 50 65 82 16 17 11 27 6 224Contract EmployeesMean Number of Employees1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.2 1.3 2.8 45.0 1.3Confidence interval+|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 0.0 +|- 1.0 +|- 1.3 +|- 0.7 +|- 0.8 +|- 51.7 +|- 0.2Observations3 9 126 2 3 3 13 4 43Average Hourly Labor Cost (Dollars)11.3 21.5 19.7 29.0 18.3 16.5 32.7 33.6 30.8 23.0Confidence interval+|- 2.7 +|- 16.3 +|- 13.9 +|- 19.6 +|- 3.5 +|- 5.6 +|- 3.9 +|- 10.1 +|- 8.0 +|- 10.6Observations3 9 126 2 3 2 11 4 40Average Hours Per Employee Per Week0.2 6.4 5.4 8.3 37.5 43.5 12.7 23.9 32.1 10.3Confidence interval+|- 0.1 +|- 5.6 +|- 4.9 +|- 5.2 +|- 5.1 +|- 22.2 +|- 9.6 +|- 5.7 +|- 9.9 +|- 4.2Observations3 9 126 2 3 3 12 4 42Data:Q.25Notes:Labor costs includes wages, salaries, and fringe benefits.198System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsPercentage of Systems35.6 35.0 56.8 43.1 58.8 55.6 64.1 35.9 42.4Confidence interval+|- 11.2 +|- 9.6 +|- 10.0 +|- 12.8 +|- 12.7 +|- 17.5 +|- 9.1 +|- 30.5 +|- 5.4Observations88 105 111 62 66 40 56 6 534Primarily Surface Water SystemsPercentage of Systems36.4 45.0 64.7 50.9 57.0 70.5 77.1 87.2 56.8Confidence interval+|- 27.2 +|- 20.2 +|- 10.4 +|- 12.9 +|- 10.5 +|- 11.1 +|- 6.0 +|- 6.6 +|- 6.4Observations49 67 78 65 84 54 124 39 560Primarily Purchased Water SystemsPercentage of Systems0.4 32.9 44.5 51.9 72.2 76.0 77.3 80.3 41.6Confidence interval+|- 0.9 +|- 21.6 +|- 13.1 +|- 21.1 +|- 18.6 +|- 14.0 +|- 10.8 +|- 14.1 +|- 9.2Observations8 23 48 26 25 30 45 13 218All SystemsPercentage of Systems33.3 35.1 54.1 46.6 61.0 66.4 74.0 78.9 43.5Confidence interval+|- 10.3 +|- 8.5 +|- 7.8 +|- 9.2 +|- 8.2 +|- 8.1 +|- 4.6 +|- 9.3 +|- 4.3Observations145 195 237 153 175 124 225 58 1,312Data:Q.27Notes:199Table 86Percentage of Systems Making Major Capital Investments in the Past 5 YearsBy Primary Water SourceSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMean40.9 45.4 54.1 48.5 62.0 69.1 77.0 87.3 52.2Confidence interval+|- 24.0 +|- 13.8 +|- 8.5 +|- 10.3 +|- 8.6 +|- 8.3 +|- 4.2 +|- 5.4 +|- 5.3Observations27 84 181 127 155 111 204 52 941Private SystemsMean32.1 28.6 54.2 39.3 50.5 41.5 51.9 24.4 34.6Confidence interval+|- 11.2 +|- 9.7 +|- 13.5 +|- 21.0 +|- 25.9 +|- 24.4 +|- 24.3 +|- 23.9 +|- 6.4Observations118 111 56 26 20 13 21 6 371Data:Q.27Notes:200Table 87Percentage of Systems Making Major Capital Investments in the Past 5 YearsBy OwnershipPrimary Water SourcePrimarily Ground Water SystemsMean Invested in the Past 5 YearsConfidence intervalMedianObservationsPrimarily Surface Water SystemsMean Invested in the Past 5 YearsConfidence intervalMedianObservationsPrimarily Purchased Water SystemsMean Invested in the Past 5 YearsConfidence intervalMedianObservationsAll SystemsMean Invested in the Past 5 YearsConfidence intervalMedianObservationsSystem Service Population Category100or Less101 -500501 -3,3003,301 -10,00010,001 -50,00050,001 -100,000100,001-500,000Over500,000All Sizes75 180 598 982 3,382 14,420 45,405 134,434 1,089+|- 67 +|- 193 +|- 305 +|- 595 +|- 1,307 +|- 3,471 +|- 23,488 +|- 117,730 +|- 2696 23 113 400 2,385 17,500 11,800 134,434 9916 23 54 20 35 15 26 2 19124 455 756 2,358 5,244 17,576 54,344 392,845 18,122+|- 20+|- 307 +|- 313 +|- 1,128 +|- 1,543 +|- 5,306 +|- 10,723 +|- 92,720 +|- 3,3979 240 210 971 3,500 13,050 43,635 273,640 1,30011 22 46 23 42 33 86 31 294* 1,008 593 997 6,520 7,243 40,921 154,008 3,260*+|- 774 +|- 366 +|- 575 +|- 9,106 +|- 2,316 +|- 11,726 +|- 105,378 +|- 1,424* 681 181 922 645 4,401 26,609 61,802 380* 9 20 11 15 20 31 9 11574 375 612 1,221 4,609 13,616 50,003 322,231 3,724+|- 65+|- 260 +|- 210 +|- 414 +|- 2,346 +|- 2,624 +|- 8,197 +|- 80,491 +|- 5126 46 161 542 2,382 12,500 32,327 171,900 18027 54 120 54 92 68 143 42 600Data:Q.27ANotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.Excludes systems that did not report positive revenue or expenses.201Table 88Amount of Major Capital Investment in the Past 5 YearsBy Primary Water Source(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsMean Invested in the Past 5 Years217 545 722 1,193 4,703 13,680 47,126 331,084 4,847Confidence interval+|- 159 +|- 375 +|- 282 +|- 458 +|- 2,473 +|- 2,756 +|- 7,815 +|- 84,367 +|- 792Median99 92 189 486 2,382 12,908 31,926 171,900 361Observations8 34 96 46 85 62 133 40 504Private SystemsMean Invested in the Past 5 Years33 49 284 1,344 2,983 12,803 76,798 137,250 954Confidence interval+|- 49 +|- 26 +|- 241 +|- 925 +|- 2,736 +|- 8,612 +|- 22,085 +|- 36,407 +|- 580Median5 15 31 922 2,581 3,171 102,373 137,250 30Observations19 20 24 8 7 6 10 2 96Data:Q.27Notes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.Excludes systems that did not report positive revenue or expenses.202Table 89Amount of Major Capital Investment in the Past 5 YearsBy Ownership(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsLand0.1 2.7 8.1 1.1 25.3 48.0 41.4 66.7 5.8Water Source59.8 50.5 50.8 45.7 58.3 71.1 57.9 100.0 53.2Transmission and Distribution System30.5 49.0 54.7 88.8 84.1 87.7 83.0 100.0 52.2Treatment30.8 25.5 24.7 33.2 50.8 81.2 68.8 100.0 29.4Storage29.5 24.7 35.2 33.3 55.7 77.5 69.0 33.3 32.6Security14.0 3.0 4.7 40.0 42.1 63.1 44.9 66.7 12.2Other3.6 5.7 11.5 17.9 45.0 67.8 49.4 66.7 11.3Observations35 38 62 26 40 21 36 3 261Primarily Surface Water SystemsLand0.0 0.0 3.5 16.7 26.7 17.9 50.6 52.9 16.1Water Source24.9 34.8 20.3 25.0 26.2 34.7 59.3 67.6 29.5Transmission and Distribution System40.1 52.7 61.7 80.6 90.1 93.2 95.3 97.1 74.6Treatment72.3 51.8 39.6 69.4 60.9 81.7 90.5 97.1 60.7Storage27.5 17.0 34.4 50.0 37.6 65.3 68.4 73.5 41.3Security0.0 5.3 5.8 50.0 26.2 30.3 34.1 23.5 22.0Other5.5 7.9 9.8 25.0 46.2 45.4 64.6 91.2 28.4Observations28 36 49 36 49 39 94 34 365Primarily Purchased Water SystemsLand0.0 0.0 9.6 17.0 29.2 9.2 35.7 49.0 12.1Water Source0.0 31.7 9.5 2.2 16.2 5.9 50.0 24.5 14.6Transmission and Distribution System0.0 98.7 90.5 100.0 84.7 95.4 97.4 100.0 93.1Treatment0.0 17.2 5.8 10.7 16.1 27.2 54.8 49.0 12.2Storage100.0 33.2 19.2 39.3 45.3 26.4 71.9 49.0 30.3Security0.0 0.0 0.0 17.0 44.5 41.5 47.1 40.5 11.1Other0.0 1.0 4.8 17.0 22.6 36.9 61.2 41.0 10.6Observations1 9 21 13 19 23 36 10 132All SystemsLand0.1 2.28.0 8.5 26.6 24.6 45.5 52.8 8.1Water Source58.6 47.1 38.7 30.0 39.9 37.6 57.0 59.0 43.9Transmission and Distribution System30.8 56.1 63.4 90.1 85.8 92.2 93.1 97.9 61.7Treatment32.1 25.7 21.9 34.7 45.0 66.1 78.5 85.5 30.1Storage29.5 25.5 31.6 38.3 48.5 58.0 69.3 65.2 33.2Security13.5 2.7 3.8 36.0 38.6 43.5 39.1 30.2 13.2Other3.7 5.2 9.9 19.1 39.9 49.9 60.7 77.5 13.2Observations64 83 132 75 108 83 166 47 758Data:Q.27ANotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.Table reports the percentage of systems that funded each investment type.It is not the percentage of funds invested in each category.Table 94 reports the percentage of funds invested in each category for the average system.Table 96 reports the percentage of funds invested in each category nationally.203Table 90Percentage of Systems Making Major Capital Investments in the Past 5 YearsBy Type of Investment and Primary Water Source(Percentage of Systems Funding Each Investment Category)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsLand0.6 0.0 8.1 10.3 23.8 25.7 42.3 52.9 10.3Water Source62.0 46.9 35.1 29.5 38.9 38.1 54.9 57.3 39.3Transmission and Distribution System22.8 56.2 63.1 89.7 84.7 93.0 92.5 97.9 68.3Treatment23.9 26.5 16.8 37.4 42.9 66.7 77.1 84.9 29.0Storage15.8 31.8 33.5 41.5 47.5 56.7 67.1 65.9 37.1Security0.3 0.3 3.7 39.7 40.7 46.3 37.2 31.5 15.3Other0.9 5.1 7.7 21.9 40.2 51.2 62.6 76.6 16.5Observations13 43 103 64 99 77 156 45 600Private SystemsLand0.0 4.4 7.9 0.0 63.7 8.1 80.4 50.0 4.6Water Source57.9 47.3 48.5 32.3 53.7 29.7 80.4 100.0 51.1Transmission and Distribution System32.3 56.0 64.1 91.7 100.0 78.4 100.0 100.0 51.5Treatment33.7 24.935.7 22.2 74.4 56.9 93.5 100.0 31.8Storage32.1 19.3 26.5 23.7 62.2 78.4 93.5 50.0 27.2Security16.1 5.1 3.9 19.0 10.0 0.0 60.8 0.0 9.9Other4.2 5.2 15.7 6.4 36.3 29.7 39.2 100.0 8.1Observations51 40 29 11 9 6 10 2 158Data:Q.27ANotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.Table reports the percentage of systems that funded each investment type.It is not the percentage of funds invested in each category.Table 95 reports the percentage of funds invested in each category for the average system.Table 97 reports the percentage of funds invested in each category nationally.204Table 91Percentage of Systems Making Major Capital Investments in the Past 5 YearsBy Type of Investment and Ownership(Percentage of Systems Funding Each Investment Category)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsLand0 0 5 32244155550010Water Source17 50 151 91 356 2,556 2,379 16,213 134Transmission and Distribution System20 75 219 423 2,033 3,569 12,499 37,767 364Treatment13 23 54 310 437 3,204 15,268 11,142 182Storage15 13 140 62 656 1,249 2,115 3,717 122Security1 0 0 11 10 65 60 767 3Other0 1 3 52 173 1,902 5,163 32,284 67Observations35 38 62 26 40 21 36 3 261Primarily Surface Water SystemsLand0 0 1 6532011,203 4,537 226Water Source31 40 34 88 270 895 3,460 35,060 1,212Transmission and Distribution System183 97 378 982 1,776 8,219 23,526 156,023 6,629Treatment240 235 239 1,585 2,455 4,522 15,058 108,680 4,863Storage6 34 129 433 587 1,839 2,828 12,660 877Security0 0 1 11 10 80 560 1,317 85Other0 1 8 25 287 1,494 7,694 54,836 2,021Observations28 36 49 36 49 39 94 34 365Primarily Purchased Water SystemsLand0 0 12 2 19 44 622 2,700 37Water Source0 8 32 8 290 59 5,036 2,802 176Transmission and Distribution System0 908 455 983 4,409 4,110 23,794 96,312 2,262Treatment0 1 12 2 618 284 8,833 12,702 346Storage15 83 57 175 512 1,290 4,822 37,024 473Security0 0 0 30 35 65 235 1,055 22Other0 7 18 15 355 716 4,928 12,645 250Observations1 9 21 13 19 23 36 10 132All SystemsLand0 0 6 3292299443,854 39Water Source18 44 113 69 318 1,165 3,562 26,112 266Transmission and Distribution System25 192 287 685 2,540 5,633 21,256 134,579 1,409Treatment20 31 62 492 999 2,917 13,799 79,628 751Storage15 24 120 168 604 1,503 3,095 18,062 269Security1 0 0 16 16 71 386 1,221 16Other0 2 7 37 246 1,398 6,581 43,255 323Observations64 83 132 75 108 83 166 47 758Data:Q.27ANotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.205Table 92Average Amount of Major Capital Investment Allocated in the Past 5 YearsBy Type of Investment and Primary Water Source(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsLand0 0 8 4302409903,990 63Water Source89 68 129 48 331 1,043 3,729 26,438 402Transmission and Distribution System57 351 339 637 2,600 5,494 18,582 138,314 2,103Treatment86 53 72 479 1,049 3,072 13,748 81,591 1,168Storage11 40 154 183 592 1,555 3,072 18,807 413Security1 0 0 15 17 76 137 1,273 18Other0 3 8 43 251 1,443 6,873 43,556 512Observations13 43 103 64 99 77 156 45 600Private SystemsLand0 0 2 01961446662 3Water Source4 20 70 165 130 3,063 1,739 18,497 56Transmission and Distribution System19 36 147 908 1,731 7,797 50,410 47,381 341Treatment8 935 555 324 501 14,349 33,813 109Storage15 8 30 102 762 688 3,347 664 47Security0 0 1 20 1 0 3,108 0 12Other0 0 4 10 177 693 3,400 36,233 32Observations51 40 29 11 9 6 10 2 158Data:Q.27ANotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.206Table 93Average Amount of Major Capital Investment Allocated in the Past 5 YearsBy Type of Investment and Ownership(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsLand0.0 0.0 2.0 0.1 1.8 2.6 1.5 0.6 0.8Water Source43.2 36.1 31.1 14.3 16.4 16.5 9.8 9.2 33.0Transmission and Distribution System14.5 34.7 35.4 52.2 43.8 27.9 41.0 38.2 32.0Treatment17.3 13.8 11.0 13.7 10.0 22.1 23.5 26.0 13.6Storage15.7 12.2 15.6 8.4 12.4 12.7 10.4 1.4 13.9Security9.0 0.3 0.5 5.0 6.7 4.9 3.4 0.5 3.3Other0.4 2.9 4.4 6.4 8.9 13.3 10.4 24.1 3.5Observations35 38 62 26 40 21 36 3 261Primarily Surface Water SystemsLand0.0 0.0 0.1 1.2 2.4 0.7 2.1 1.1 1.0Water Source12.5 16.6 14.1 7.7 3.4 3.0 7.2 6.4 9.4Transmission and Distribution System26.9 35.9 41.4 36.9 48.9 49.7 42.3 43.6 41.5Treatment53.0 33.9 25.6 34.0 26.1 25.2 29.6 29.2 29.9Storage4.8 8.8 14.8 17.7 9.4 11.4 5.5 3.6 11.8Security0.0 0.0 2.4 0.9 2.5 0.8 0.9 0.4 1.5Other2.8 4.8 1.7 1.7 7.2 9.2 12.4 15.7 4.9Observations28 36 49 36 49 39 94 34 365Primarily Purchased Water SystemsLand0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 14.1 0.2 1.1 1.2 2.1Water Source0.0 4.4 5.5 1.2 0.5 1.4 10.2 1.0 3.9Transmission and Distribution System0.0 80.1 83.2 80.2 56.8 71.5 56.6 68.8 77.5Treatment0.0 1.5 0.6 0.2 8.0 3.5 11.9 12.7 2.1Storage100.0 13.3 9.5 13.6 15.2 14.5 7.8 11.5 11.9Security0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 1.4 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6Other0.0 0.7 0.8 2.5 4.0 8.3 11.4 4.1 2.0Observations1 9 21 13 19 23 36 10 132All SystemsLand0.0 0.01.4 0.3 5.0 1.1 1.8 1.1 1.0Water Source42.2 30.7 23.8 9.5 9.2 6.6 8.4 5.3 25.3Transmission and Distribution System14.9 41.1 46.6 56.4 48.2 49.2 45.0 49.4 40.8Treatment18.4 13.1 10.0 14.3 13.7 18.1 24.6 25.0 13.5Storage15.4 12.2 14.2 11.7 12.3 12.7 7.0 5.4 13.3Security8.7 0.2 0.6 3.4 4.3 2.0 1.4 0.5 2.6Other0.4 2.7 3.3 4.4 7.3 10.2 11.8 13.3 3.4Observations64 83 132 75 108 83 166 47 758Data:Q.27ANotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.Table reports the percentage of funds invested in each category for the average system.It is not the percentage of funds invested in each category nationally or the percentage of systemsthat funded each investment category.Table 90 reports the percentage of systems that funded each investment category.Table 96 reports the percentage of funds invested in each category nationally.207Table 94Allocation of Major Capital Investments of Average Systems in the Past 5 YearsBy Type of Investment and Primary Water Source(Percentage of Funds Allocated to Each Investment Category)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsLand0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4 5.1 1.2 1.9 1.1 1.2Water Source58.2 32.3 23.5 8.3 9.6 6.7 8.9 5.0 21.9Transmission and Distribution System4.0 38.4 45.8 54.7 48.0 48.7 43.4 49.9 43.9Treatment22.6 14.5 9.9 14.7 13.7 18.7 25.2 25.2 13.4Storage15.0 14.3 15.6 12.9 11.6 11.9 7.2 5.6 14.0Security0.0 0.0 0.8 4.0 4.7 2.1 1.3 0.5 1.6Other0.2 0.5 3.7 5.0 7.4 10.7 12.2 12.7 4.0Observations13 43 103 64 99 77 156 45 600Private SystemsLand0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 3.3 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.9Water Source39.0 29.1 24.5 14.9 4.3 6.6 2.6 12.3 30.6Transmission and Distribution System17.0 43.8 48.9 64.3 51.0 57.5 62.7 37.8 36.0Treatment17.6 11.710.3 12.7 13.3 8.3 18.4 20.2 13.7Storage15.5 10.1 10.3 6.2 21.5 24.9 5.1 0.7 12.2Security10.4 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 3.1 0.0 4.1Other0.5 4.9 2.5 1.4 6.4 2.6 7.5 28.7 2.5Observations51 40 29 11 9 6 10 2 158All SystemsLand0.0 0.0 1.4 0.3 5.0 1.1 1.8 1.1 1.0Water Source42.2 30.7 23.8 9.5 9.2 6.6 8.4 5.3 25.3Transmission and Distribution System14.9 41.1 46.6 56.4 48.2 49.2 45.0 49.4 40.8Treatment18.4 13.1 10.0 14.3 13.7 18.1 24.6 25.0 13.5Storage15.4 12.2 14.2 11.7 12.3 12.7 7.0 5.4 13.3Security8.7 0.2 0.6 3.4 4.3 2.0 1.4 0.5 2.6Other0.4 2.7 3.3 4.4 7.3 10.2 11.8 13.3 3.4Observations64 83 132 75 108 83 166 47 758Data:Q.27ANotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.208Table 95Allocation of Major Capital Investments of Average Systems in the Past 5 YearsBy Type of Investment and Ownership(Percentage of Funds Allocated to Each Investment Category)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverPrimary Water Sourceor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPrimarily Ground Water SystemsLand0.0 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.6 3.4 1.5 0.5 1.1Water Source26.2 30.8 26.4 9.6 9.6 19.7 6.3 15.8 15.2Transmission and Distribution System29.9 46.2 38.2 44.4 55.2 27.5 32.9 36.9 41.3Treatment20.0 14.3 9.4 32.6 11.9 24.7 40.1 10.9 20.7Storage22.8 8.0 24.4 6.5 17.8 9.6 5.6 3.6 13.9Security0.9 0.2 0.1 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.3Other0.1 0.5 0.5 5.5 4.7 14.6 13.6 31.5 7.5Observations35 38 62 26 40 21 36 3 261Primarily Surface Water SystemsLand0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.0 1.2 2.2 1.2 1.4Water Source6.7 9.8 4.3 2.8 5.0 5.2 6.4 9.4 7.6Transmission and Distribution System39.8 23.8 47.9 31.4 32.7 47.6 43.3 41.8 41.7Treatment52.2 57.7 30.3 50.6 45.1 26.2 27.7 29.1 30.6Storage1.3 8.4 16.3 13.8 10.8 10.7 5.2 3.4 5.5Security0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.5Other0.0 0.3 1.0 0.8 5.3 8.7 14.2 14.7 12.7Observations28 36 49 36 49 39 94 34 365Primarily Purchased Water SystemsLand0.0 0.0 2.1 0.2 0.3 0.7 1.3 1.6 1.0Water Source0.0 0.8 5.4 0.7 4.6 0.9 10.4 1.7 4.9Transmission and Distribution System0.0 90.1 77.6 80.8 70.7 62.6 49.3 58.3 63.4Treatment0.0 0.1 2.1 0.2 9.9 4.3 18.3 7.7 9.7Storage100.0 8.2 9.7 14.4 8.2 19.6 10.0 22.4 13.3Security0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.6Other0.0 0.7 3.1 1.3 5.7 10.9 10.2 7.7 7.0Observations1 9 21 13 19 23 36 10 132All SystemsLand0.0 0.01.1 0.2 0.6 1.8 1.9 1.3 1.3Water Source22.5 14.9 19.0 4.7 6.7 9.0 7.2 8.5 8.7Transmission and Distribution System31.8 65.6 48.1 46.6 53.5 43.6 42.8 43.9 45.9Treatment26.1 10.6 10.5 33.5 21.0 22.6 27.8 26.0 24.4Storage18.7 8.2 20.2 11.5 12.7 11.6 6.2 5.9 8.7Security0.8 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.5Other0.1 0.6 1.2 2.5 5.2 10.8 13.3 14.1 10.5Observations64 83 132 75 108 83 166 47 758Data:Q.27ANotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.Table reports the percentage of funds invested in each category nationally.It is not the percentage of funds invested in each category for the average system or the percentageof systems that funded each investment category.Table 90 reports the percentage of systems that funded each investment category.Table 94 reports the percentage of funds invested in each category for the average system.209Table 96Allocation of Major Capital Investments Nationally in the Past 5 YearsBy Type of Investment and Primary Water Source(Percentage of Funds Allocated to Each Investment Category)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsLand0.0 0.0 1.1 0.3 0.6 1.9 2.1 1.3 1.3Water Source36.3 13.2 18.2 3.4 6.8 8.1 7.9 8.4 8.6Transmission and Distribution System23.2 68.1 47.6 45.2 53.4 42.5 39.4 44.1 44.9Treatment35.1 10.4 10.2 34.0 21.5 23.8 29.2 26.0 25.0Storage4.6 7.7 21.7 13.0 12.2 12.0 6.5 6.0 8.8Security0.5 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.4Other0.2 0.6 1.1 3.0 5.2 11.2 14.6 13.9 11.0Observations13 43 103 64 99 77 156 45 600Private SystemsLand0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5Water Source8.2 26.7 24.4 9.4 4.1 23.9 2.3 13.5 9.3Transmission and Distribution System40.6 48.5 50.9 51.6 55.1 60.9 65.6 34.5 56.8Treatment16.9 12.412.2 31.5 10.3 3.9 18.7 24.6 18.3Storage33.2 11.4 10.3 5.8 24.2 5.4 4.4 0.5 7.8Security1.1 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 2.1Other0.0 0.2 1.3 0.6 5.6 5.4 4.4 26.4 5.4Observations51 40 29 11 9 6 10 2 158All SystemsLand0.0 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.6 1.8 1.9 1.3 1.3Water Source22.5 14.9 19.0 4.7 6.7 9.0 7.2 8.5 8.7Transmission and Distribution System31.8 65.6 48.1 46.6 53.5 43.6 42.8 43.9 45.9Treatment26.1 10.6 10.5 33.5 21.0 22.6 27.8 26.0 24.4Storage18.7 8.2 20.2 11.5 12.7 11.6 6.2 5.9 8.7Security0.8 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.5Other0.1 0.6 1.2 2.5 5.2 10.8 13.3 14.1 10.5Observations64 83 132 75 108 83 166 47 758Data:Q.27ANotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.Table reports the percentage of funds invested in each category nationally.It is not the percentage of funds invested in each category for the average system or the percentageof systems that funded each investment category.Table 91 reports the percentage of systems that funded each investment category.Table 95 reports the percentage of funds invested in each category for the average system.210Table 97Allocation of Major Capital Investments Nationally in the Past 5 YearsBy Type of Investment and Ownership(Percentage of Funds Allocated to Each Investment Category)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsCompliance with Regulations62.4 8.9 22.8 36.9 51.5 49.7 49.3 61.4 28.9Replacement or Major Repair57.3 77.0 64.9 78.6 83.7 82.0 87.3 96.9 72.6System Expansion1.6 36.8 44.5 76.3 77.4 78.1 83.8 80.5 51.5Observations12 44 102 66 91 64 97 29 505Private SystemsCompliance with Regulations27.5 44.4 14.8 50.9 23.9 0.0 50.0 * 30.7Replacement or Major Repair76.9 56.3 74.3 51.3 21.9 70.4 100.0 * 68.2System Expansion11.1 24.6 43.1 64.9 100.0 100.0 50.0 * 26.4Observations51 39 30 11 8 4 2 * 145All SystemsCompliance with Regulations32.9 26.0 20.7 39.3 49.9 47.1 49.3 61.4 29.6Replacement or Major Repair74.0 67.1 67.4 74.1 80.1 81.4 87.6 96.9 70.9System Expansion9.7 30.9 44.1 74.4 78.7 79.3 83.2 80.5 41.5Observations63 83132 77 99 68 99 29 650Data:Q.27BNotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.Table reports the percentage of systems that funded each investment category.It is not the percentage of funds invested in each category.Table 100 reports the percentage of funds invested in each category for the average system.Table 101 reports the percentage of funds invested in each category nationally.211Table 98Percentage of Systems Making Major Capital Investments in the Past 5 YearsBy Investment Purpose and Ownership(Percentage of Systems Funding Each Investment Category)Ownership TypePublic SystemsCompliance with RegulationsReplacement or Major RepairSystem ExpansionObservationsPrivate SystemsCompliance with RegulationsReplacement or Major RepairSystem ExpansionObservationsAll SystemsCompliance with RegulationsReplacement or Major RepairSystem ExpansionObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes46 10 91 175 451 2,481 4,439 20,880 34696 178 190 371 1,661 4,910 15,812 136,720 1,33076 327 436 750 3,060 5,055 25,376 134,942 1,86012 43 100 61 89 63 95 29 4924 37 21 743 38 0 9,536 * 5816 23 134 168 218 6,229 10,527 * 7526 23 120 862 3,052 8,118 4,059 * 14849 37 28 10 8 4 2 * 13811 23 72 275 426 2,348 4,535 20,880 23429 105 176 335 1,574 4,981 15,713 136,720 84334 185 352 770 3,059 5,220 24,976 134,942 1,19561 80 128 71 97 67 9729 630Data:Q.27Notes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.212Table 99Amount of Major Capital Investment Allocated in the Past 5 YearsBy Investment Purpose and Ownership(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsCompliance with Regulations1.4 28.5 38.1 50.5 48.1 41.9 44.4 41.1 37.5Replacement or Major Repair56.3 70.3 51.3 41.6 42.5 44.3 43.6 47.3 52.7System Expansion42.3 1.2 10.7 8.0 9.4 13.8 12.0 11.6 9.8Observations12 43 100 61 89 63 95 29 492Private SystemsCompliance with Regulations7.8 17.8 34.8 41.0 89.5 50.9 25.5 * 19.9Replacement or Major Repair72.2 52.1 57.7 25.9 9.2 49.1 45.0 * 59.7System Expansion19.9 30.2 7.5 33.1 1.3 0.0 29.5 * 20.3Observations49 37 28 10 8 4 2 * 138All SystemsCompliance with Regulations6.8 23.5 37.2 48.8 50.6 42.4 44.1 41.1 30.7Replacement or Major Repair69.6 61.8 53.0 38.8 40.5 44.6 43.6 47.3 55.5System Expansion23.6 14.8 9.8 12.4 8.9 13.1 12.4 11.6 13.9Observations6180 128 71 97 67 97 29 630Data:Q.27BNotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.Table reports the percentage of funds invested in each category for the average system.It is not the percentage of funds invested in each category nationally or the percentage of systemsthat funded each investment category.Table 98 reports the percentage of systems that funded each investment category.Table 101 reports the percentage of funds invested in each category nationally.213Table 100Allocation of Major Capital Investments of Average Systems in the Past 5 YearsBy Investment Purpose and Ownership(Percentage of Funds Allocated to Each Investment Category)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsCompliance with Regulations21.2 1.9 12.6 13.5 8.7 19.9 9.7 7.1 9.8Replacement or Major Repair44.1 34.6 26.5 28.6 32.1 39.5 34.7 46.7 37.6System Expansion34.7 63.5 60.8 57.9 59.2 40.6 55.6 46.1 52.6Observations12 43 100 61 89 63 95 29 492Private SystemsCompliance with Regulations8.4 44.8 7.7 41.9 1.2 0.0 39.5 * 20.6Replacement or Major Repair34.9 27.2 48.7 9.5 6.6 43.4 43.6 * 26.7System Expansion56.7 28.0 43.6 48.6 92.3 56.6 16.8 * 52.8Observations49 37 28 10 8 4 2 * 138All SystemsCompliance with Regulations14.5 7.2 12.0 19.9 8.4 18.7 10.0 7.1 10.3Replacement or Major Repair39.3 33.7 29.2 24.3 31.1 39.7 34.7 46.7 37.1System Expansion46.2 59.1 58.7 55.8 60.5 41.6 55.2 46.1 52.6Observations61 80 128 71 97 67 97 29 630Data:Q.27BNotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.Table reports the percentage of funds invested in each category nationally.It is not the percentage of funds invested in each category for the average system or thepercentage of systems that funded each investment category.Table 98 reports the percentage of systems that funded each investment category.Table 100 reports the percentage of funds invested in each category for the average system.214Table 101Allocation of Major Capital Investments Nationally in the Past 5 YearsBy Investment Purpose and Ownership(Percentage of Funds Allocated to Each Investment Category)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsCurrent Revenues58.5 64.9 48.3 74.5 77.1 75.1 63.6 55.3 61.1Equity or other funds from private investors0.5 0.3 3.4 8.8 2.5 3.8 3.1 0.0 3.2Borrowing from private sector sources0.3 15.0 12.0 23.9 22.2 28.6 41.4 35.7 16.5Department of Homeland Security grants0.0 0.0 1.5 2.8 5.4 5.9 5.1 8.6 2.1Other government grants39.9 34.8 29.9 28.5 15.2 23.7 15.0 21.5 28.5DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0.0 0.3 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6DWSRF Loans0.6 20.0 24.6 19.2 9.5 15.5 12.9 19.1 19.0Other borrowing from public sector sources19.1 9.1 7.2 7.5 8.6 18.0 11.6 8.6 8.9Other0.0 5.5 4.1 10.7 5.2 14.9 8.6 4.2 5.7Observations13 43 103 64 99 77 156 45 600Private SystemsCurrent Revenues59.7 83.8 73.1 72.8 53.3 51.3 13.1 0.0 70.8Equity or other funds from private investors11.5 13.4 23.7 3.2 0.0 21.6 13.1 50.0 14.5Borrowing from private sector sources3.6 1.4 21.7 29.1 10.0 21.6 13.1 50.0 8.5Department of Homeland Security grants0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 0.0 0.0Other government grants4.1 9.3 3.9 0.0 24.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0DWSRF Loans0.0 0.0 0.8 39.5 10.0 8.1 60.8 0.0 2.4Other borrowing from public sector sources0.1 4.4 7.9 12.5 22.6 8.1 0.0 0.0 4.2Other16.7 6.4 8.6 0.0 0.0 21.6 54.3 0.0 10.6Observations51 40 29 11 9 6 10 2 158All SystemsCurrent Revenues59.5 74.4 55.0 74.2 75.4 73.7 59.3 53.1 64.9Equity or other funds from private investors9.7 6.9 9.0 7.8 2.4 4.9 3.9 2.1 7.7Borrowing from private sector sources3.1 8.1 14.6 24.9 21.4 28.1 39.1 36.3 13.4Department of Homeland Security grants0.0 0.0 1.1 2.3 5.1 5.6 5.2 8.2 1.3Other government grants9.9 22.0 22.8 23.5 15.8 22.2 13.8 20.6 19.6DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0.0 0.1 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0DWSRF Loans0.1 10.0 18.1 22.8 9.6 15.1 16.9 18.3 12.5Other borrowing from public sector sources3.2 6.8 7.4 8.4 9.6 17.5 10.6 8.2 7.0Other14.0 6.0 5.3 8.8 4.8 15.3 12.4 4.0 7.6Observations64 83 132 75 108 83 166 47 758Data: Q.27CNotes: Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years. Systems can fund by more than one source,therefore column totals may be greater than or less than 100.A small number of privately owned systems serving populations of 3,301-10,000 and 100,001-500,000 relied heavily on the DWSRF.Theyhave a large impact on the results; therefore, they are not included in the analysis in volume I.215Table 102Percentage of Systems Acquiring Capital Funds from Each Source in the Past 5 YearsBy Source of Funds and Ownership(Percentage of Systems Using Each Source of Funds)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsCurrent Revenues93 44 45 372 3,009 5,001 20,300 62,674 1,258Equity or other funds from private investors76 0 121 13 12 190 110 0 64Borrowing from private sector sources20 109 48 225 764 2,479 15,962 172,373 1,245Department of Homeland Security grants0 0 1 1 17 72 22 374 7Other government grants19 201 124 380 339 1,775 844 4,599 273DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0 2 21 0 0 0 0 0 9DWSRF Loans0 114 214 296 533 884 2,033 25,075 389Other borrowing from public sector sources37 40 136 94 300 1,101 3,168 35,836 354Other0 5 23 69 25 1,035 3,024 204 107Observations13 43 97 61 86 63 108 29 500Private SystemsCurrent Revenues4 17 74 336 1,567 2,603 3,022 0 75Equity or other funds from private investors29 5 71 14 0 845 2,823 55,003 51Borrowing from private sector sources1 3 33 540 261 1,763 2,233 40,356 56Department of Homeland Security grants0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Other government grants11 36 42 0 161 0 0 0 28DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0DWSRF Loans0 0 0 797 169 1,524 37,700 0 144Other borrowing from public sector sources0 6 64 87 1,150 3,919 0 0 46Other5 6 5 0 0 2,330 41,358 0 123Observations48 39 29 1085 6 1 146All SystemsCurrent Revenues19 30 53 366 2,922 4,860 18,792 60,700 786Equity or other funds from private investors37 3 107 13 12 229 347 1,733 59Borrowing from private sector sources4 56 43 283 734 2,436 14,764 168,214 770Department of Homeland Security grants0 0 0 1 16 68 20 362 4Other government grants12 118 101 310 328 1,670 770 4,454 175DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0 1 15 0 0 0 0 0 6DWSRF Loans0 57 154 388 511 922 5,145 24,285 291Other borrowing from public sector sources6 23 116 93 351 1,268 2,892 34,707 231Other4 5 18 56 23 1,112 6,369 197 113Observations61 82 126 71 94 68 114 30 646Data: Q.27CNotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years.A small number of privately owned systems serving populations of 3,301-10,000 and 100,001-500,000 relied heavily on the DWSRF.Theyhave a large impact on the results; therefore, they are not included in the analysis in volume I.216Table 103Amount of Capital Funds Acquired from Each Source in the Past 5 YearsBy Source of Funds and Ownership(Thousands of Dollars)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsCurrent Revenues42.5 50.7 36.9 54.5 67.4 49.3 54.1 43.6 47.4Equity or other funds from private investors0.5 0.2 3.0 1.0 0.3 1.9 0.6 0.0 1.6Borrowing from private sector sources0.3 11.8 11.3 13.2 16.2 20.3 27.8 38.7 12.4Department of Homeland Security grants0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.1 0.3Other government grants39.9 22.4 18.6 13.5 4.3 11.4 1.7 6.4 17.3DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3DWSRF Loans0.6 11.5 19.6 7.8 7.3 6.8 5.3 6.1 13.0Other borrowing from public sector sources 16.3 1.8 7.2 3.6 3.8 6.1 5.3 4.8 5.5Other0.0 1.4 2.2 6.2 0.4 3.6 4.1 0.2 2.3Observations13 43 97 61 86 63 108 29 500Private SystemsCurrent Revenues64.8 71.6 50.4 37.3 52.1 46.0 5.4 0.0 61.9Equity or other funds from private investors10.5 13.3 17.6 1.0 0.0 26.6 8.7 57.7 12.6Borrowing from private sector sources2.0 1.3 17.5 23.1 8.4 7.5 6.9 42.3 6.6Department of Homeland Security grants0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Other government grants4.5 7.3 1.6 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.5DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0DWSRF Loans0.0 0.0 0.2 32.1 10.2 2.8 38.5 0.0 1.7Other borrowing from public sector sources0.1 0.7 5.3 6.5 25.7 7.2 0.0 0.0 2.2Other18.1 5.9 7.4 0.0 0.0 9.9 40.4 0.0 10.5Observations48 39 29 108 5 6 1 146All SystemsCurrent Revenues60.9 61.2 40.7 51.4 66.4 49.1 49.9 42.2 53.2Equity or other funds from private investors8.8 6.8 7.1 1.0 0.3 3.3 1.3 1.8 6.0Borrowing from private sector sources1.7 6.5 13.0 15.0 15.8 19.6 26.0 38.9 10.1Department of Homeland Security grants0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.1 0.2Other government grants10.6 14.8 13.8 11.0 4.3 10.7 1.6 6.2 12.2DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2DWSRF Loans0.1 5.7 14.1 12.3 7.5 6.5 8.2 6.0 8.5Other borrowing from public sector sources2.9 1.3 6.6 4.1 5.2 6.2 4.8 4.6 4.2Other15.0 3.7 3.7 5.0 0.4 4.0 7.2 0.2 5.5Observations61 82 126 71 94 68 114 30 646Data:Q.27CNotes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years. Table reports the percentage of funds acquiredfrom each source on average by each system. It is not the percentage of funds acquired from each category for the nation and theaggregate. That number is reported in Table 105.A small number of privately owned systems serving populations of 3,301-10,000 and 100,001-500,000 relied heavily on the DWSRF.Theyhave a large impact on the results; therefore, they are not included in the analysis in volume I.217Table 104Allocation of Sources of Funds for Major Capital Investments of the Average System in the Past 5 YearsBy Source of Funds and Ownership(Percentage of Funds from Each Source)System Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- OverOwnership Typeor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All SizesPublic SystemsCurrent Revenues38.0 8.6 6.1 25.6 60.2 39.9 44.7 20.8 34.0Equity or other funds from private investors30.9 0.1 16.6 0.9 0.2 1.5 0.2 0.0 1.7Borrowing from private sector sources8.2 21.2 6.5 15.5 15.3 19.8 35.1 57.2 33.6Department of Homeland Security grants0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2Other government grants7.9 38.9 17.0 26.2 6.8 14.2 1.9 1.5 7.4DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0.0 0.4 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2DWSRF Loans0.0 22.1 29.3 20.4 10.7 7.1 4.5 8.3 10.5Other borrowing from public sector sources 15.0 7.7 18.5 6.5 6.0 8.8 7.0 11.9 9.5Other0.0 1.0 3.1 4.8 0.5 8.3 6.7 0.1 2.9Observations13 43 97 61 86 63 108 29 500Private SystemsCurrent Revenues7.3 22.9 25.4 19.0 47.4 20.0 3.5 0.0 14.4Equity or other funds from private investors58.6 7.4 24.4 0.8 0.0 6.5 3.2 57.7 9.7Borrowing from private sector sources1.2 4.5 11.3 30.4 7.9 13.6 2.6 42.3 10.6Department of Homeland Security grants0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Other government grants22.6 49.1 14.7 0.0 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0DWSRF Loans0.0 0.0 0.1 44.9 5.1 11.7 43.3 0.0 27.6Other borrowing from public sector sources0.0 7.8 22.2 4.9 34.8 30.2 0.0 0.0 8.8Other10.3 8.3 1.8 0.0 0.0 17.9 47.5 0.0 23.5Observations48 39 29 108 5 6 1 146All SystemsCurrent Revenues23.0 10.4 8.7 24.2 59.7 38.7 38.3 20.6 32.3Equity or other funds from private investors44.4 1.0 17.6 0.9 0.2 1.8 0.7 0.6 2.4Borrowing from private sector sources4.8 19.1 7.1 18.7 15.0 19.4 30.1 57.1 31.6Department of Homeland Security grants0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.2Other government grants15.1 40.2 16.6 20.6 6.7 13.3 1.6 1.5 7.2DWSRF principal repayment forgiveness0.0 0.4 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2DWSRF Loans0.0 19.3 25.4 25.7 10.4 7.3 10.5 8.2 12.0Other borrowing from public sector sources7.7 7.7 19.0 6.2 7.2 10.1 5.9 11.8 9.5Other5.0 1.9 2.9 3.7 0.5 8.8 13.0 0.1 4.7Observations61 82 126 71 94 68 114 30 646Data:Q.27Notes:Excludes systems that have not made major capital improvements in the past five years. Table reports the percentage of funds acquiredfrom each source for the nation and the aggregate. It is not the percentage of funds acquired from each category on average byeachsystem. That number is reported in Table 104.A small number of privately owned systems serving populations of 3,301-10,000 and 100,001-500,000 relied heavily on the DWSRF.Theyhave a large impact on the results; therefore, they are not included in the analysis in volume I.218Table 105Allocation of Sources of Funds for Major Capital Investments Nationally in the Past 5 YearsBy Source of Funds and Ownership(Percentage of Funds from Each Source)Ownership TypePublic SystemsDWSRFOther Public SectorPrivate SectorOtherObservationsPrivate SystemsDWSRFOther Public SectorPrivate SectorOtherObservationsAll SystemsDWSRFOther Public SectorPrivate SectorOtherObservationsSystem Service Population Category100101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes1.0 2.4 1.8 3.3 3.5 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.30.5 4.4 3.8 3.1 3.9 4.3 3.3 4.0 3.55.0 4.2 4.7 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.6* * 0.0 4.5 4.8 4.9 1.4 1.0 3.9412 37 25 39 31 61 19 228* * 1.5 6.0 6.4 0.8 6.2* 5.63.1 4.5 5.5 4.6 5.3 4.8 4.6* 4.4* 7.7 6.7 6.0 4.3 7.5 5.8 6.2 6.56.010.0 * * * 0.0 0.0* 5.93 6 8 8 3 2 6 1 371.0 2.4 1.8 4.3 3.5 2.8 4.2 3.1 2.61.9 4.4 4.5 3.6 3.9 4.4 3.3 4.0 3.85.0 4.8 5.5 5.3 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.7 5.26.010.0 0.0 4.5 4.8 2.3 1.44.37 18 45 33 42 33 67 20 265Data:Q.27Notes:219Table 106Average Interest Rates for Capital FundsBy Ownership and LenderOwnership TypePublic SystemsPercentage of SystemsConfidence IntervalObservationsPrivate SystemsPercentage of SystemsConfidence IntervalObservationsAll SystemsPercentage of SystemsConfidence IntervalObservationsSystem Service Population Category100 101 - 501 - 3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001- Overor Less 500 3,300 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000 All Sizes24.6 38.5 31.1 24.0 33.2 39.1 32.0 38.7 31.9+|- 23.6 +|- 13.5 +|- 9.2 +|- 8.4 +|- 8.6 +|- 10.3 +|- 4.9 +|- 8.9 +|- 5.427 84 181 127 156 111 204 52 9429.8 17.2 13.6 26.5 14.8 17.9 10.5 12.2 14.0+|- 6.9 +|- 8.6 +|- 12.6 +|- 17.9 +|- 20.3 +|- 20.0 +|- 9.1 +|- 16.0 +|- 4.8118 111 56 27 20 13 21637211.7 25.4 26.3 24.6 31.7 37.1 29.4 35.2 23.0+|- 6.6 +|- 7.7 +|- 8.0 +|- 7.6 +|- 8.1 +|- 9.6 +|- 4.7 +|- 8.4 +|- 3.7145 195 237 154 176 124 225 58 1,314Data:Q.28Notes:220Table 107Percentage of Systems with Asset Management Plans or other Formal Written Strategy for Infrastructure Rehabilitation and ReplacementBy Ownership

# Part 2:

Methodology Report

221

# 1. Introduction

1.1 Study Background

In compliance with Executive Order 12866, the Regulatory Flexibility Act, and the Safe Drinking Water

Act (SDWA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Ag ency’s Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water

(OGWDW), Standards and Risk Management Divi sion (SRMD) conducts periodic surveys of the

financial and operating characteristics of community water systems. These Community Water System

(CWS) Surveys supply information that is essential to support economic analyses of the costs and benefits

of new regulations and changes to existing regulati ons on consumers, the water supply industry, and the

nation. The information also will be used to me asure the financial burden of EPA’s regulations on

consumers and the industry. Furthermore, data from the survey will help EPA evaluate program and

policy initiatives and develop guidance on Best Mana gement Practices used in water treatment and

distribution systems. Previous CWS Surveys capture d information for the years 1976, 1982, 1986, 1995,

and 2000. This survey gathered information for the year 2006.



# 1.2 Survey Overview

This section is intended to provide the reader with an overview of the design and conduct of the CWS

Survey. The topics presented in this section will then be discussed at greater length in the following

chapters.

According to the latest inventory data, nearly 156,000 public water systems provide water to over 300

million persons throughout the United States. (Factoi ds: Drinking Water and Ground Water Statistics for

2007, EPA 816-K-07-004.) Public water systems are both community and non-community water systems.

Community water systems are public water systems th at supply water to the same population year-round.

They serve approximately 280 million persons. The CW S Survey was designed to collect operating and

financial information from a representative sample of community water systems.

In order to reduce the burden of the survey on sm all systems, the data were collected from systems

serving 3,300 or fewer people through site visits by water system professionals. Systems serving over

3,300 people received a letter informing them of thei r selection in the survey an d instructions on how to

obtain the questionnaire form either electronically or through the mail. Water system professionals were

assigned to the systems that received the mailed quest ionnaire to help them respond to the survey’s

questions. A toll-free telephone number and an e-mail address also were sent to the systems to provide

technical support.

The CWS Survey was based on a nationally representative sample of CWSs. The sample was drawn from

a list of approximately 50,000 systems in the 50 states a nd the District of Columbia in the federal version

of the Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS/FED). The survey used a stratified random

sample design to ensure the sample is representative. The sample was stratified by several characteristics

of water systems to increase the efficiency of estim ates based on the sample. To limit the travel costs

involved in visiting each small system in the sample, they were selected in geographic clusters in a twostage design. A sample of 2,210 systems was selected, including a census of all systems serving

populations of 100,000 or more.

A separate version of the questionnaire was developed for three categories of systems: systems serving 25

to 100,000 people, those serving more than 100,000 and up to 500,000 people, and those serving more

than 500,000 people. Some targeted questions were asked of systems in each size categories. E.g.,

additional questions were asked of very large sy stems serving more than 500,000 people regarding

223

# concentrations of several contaminants in raw and fi nished water. Similarly, questions that would not

apply to very large systems were excluded from their version of the questionnaire.

Water system professionals contacted the small system s in the sample to schedule appointments for the

site visits. Upon mail out, each medium and large sy stem was notified by telephone that they would

receive a letter with information about the survey in the mail. The letter described the survey goals and a

number of methods to complete the survey. All me dium and large systems were given the option to

complete a paper version or an electronic version of the questionnaire. With the toll-free number, a

system could request a paper version or an Excel sp readsheet version of the questionnaire to be mailed

directly to them with return instructions and a postage paid envelope. An altern ative to obtain the survey

was through the CWS Survey Web site where a system could download the spreadsheet or hardcopy

version of the questionnaire. Or, if desired, the wa ter system could complete the survey through a Webbased version of the questionnaire. The electronic format s of the survey were new to the survey in 2006.

The spreadsheet questionnaire matched the layout of the hardcopy questionnaire identically, but most

water systems preferred this method because of the ea se of completing a survey in Excel and its near

universal availability at a water system. R espondents could send the questionnaire to numerous

departments for verification via email quickly and ea sily. The Web-based version maintained a similar

layout, but structured as an online form. Phone calls were made throughout the data collection period to

encourage non-respondents to participate and to pr ovide technical support when needed. Requests to

send completion instructions or the questionnaire were received through the toll-free support line and

during the phone calls to the system; the information was sent as the requests were received.

As completed questionnaires were returned, they were logged into a receipt control system using an online data tracking system. The completed questionnaires went through an extensive data quality review.

The electronic versions of the questionnaire included automated validation checks. Water system analysts

reviewed each questionnaire and contacted the system s to clarify answers, correct anomalous items, or

collect missing responses. The questionnaires were then reviewed by senior staff. The senior staff also

reviewed the site visits reports for each small system . Paper versions of the questionnaires were then keyentered using independent double-key en try. Finally, the electronic form of the data was run through

automated cleaning and editing programs.

A series of sample weights, non-response adjustments, and other statistical techniques were created and

applied to the final set of sampled respondents. These weights allow for extrapolation from the sampled

systems to the universe of CWSs in the nation. The sample design and weights also allow for the

calculation of confidence intervals for each estimate.

Planning and design of the survey began in February of 2006. A pre-test of the questionnaire was

conducted in May of 2006. The pilot test was conducted in February 2007, and the final design was

developed in March 2007. Data collection took place from March through December, 2007. Data

processing and analysis continued through April 2008.

EPA determined the information to be gathered and the scope of the survey. While providing overall

management of this effort, EPA secured the services of several contractors who performed a variety of

tasks in support of the survey design, survey admini stration, data processing, and analysis. The Cadmus

Group, Inc., was the prime contractor. The site vis its were conducted through subcontracts with several

experienced water system professionals. Cadmus’ primary responsibilities were for overall project

management; design of the questionnaire; sample desi gn; selection of the sample; design, administration,

and management of the data collection; development and maintenance of the on-line data tracking system,

technical support to water systems in the sample; ed iting and preparation of the data for data entry;

calculation of sample weights; expert quality assuran ce review of the survey data; data tabulations; and

report preparation.

224

# EPA also requested comments on the survey from sever al independent reviewers. Barry Nussbaum of

EPA's Office of Environmental Information, A. Rich ard Bolstein of George Mason University, and John

Gaughan of Temple University reviewed the samp ling plan. Bimal Sinha from the University of

Maryland also provided comments. Barry L. Liner, PE and David Binning, PE Scott J. Rubin, JD, and

Janice Beecher, Ph.D. reviewed the final report.

225

# 2. Sample Design and Weighting

2.1 Sample Design and Selection

This section describes the sample design for the 20 06 CWS Survey. It includes a description of the

sampling frame, target sample size, stratification variables, and sampling methods.

The survey relied on a probability sample of CWSs. For small systems (those serving populations of

3,300 or less), a two-stage cluster sample was used . A stratified random sample was used for sy stems

serving pop ulations of between 3,301 and 100,000. Systems serving populations of over 100,000 were

selected with certainty. The strata were defined by the combinations of the size of the residential

population served by the water systems and the source of water (ground or surface).



# 2.1.1 SDWIS Sampling Frame and Coverage

The sampling frame was developed from the fede ral Safe Drinking Water Information System

(SDWIS/FED. The system has been revised and is now known as SDWIS/ODS). SDWIS is a centralized

database of information on public water systems, including their compliance with monitoring

requirements, maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), a nd other requirements of the Safe Drinking Water

Act (SDWA) Amendments of 1996. The followi ng information was extracted from SDWIS for the

statistical survey:

C Name of system

C Address of system

C Populatio n served

C Prim ary source (surface water or ground water)

C Public water system identification number (PWSID)

C Ownership type

C Consecutive systems (i.e., does system purchase or sell water)

From these data, EPA developed a sample list from wh ich it (1) calculated su mmary statistics for use in

calculating sample size, and (2) randomly chose sy stem s within the design strata which will take part in

the survey.

SDWIS/FED was the appropriate sampling frame because:

C It fully covered the target population.

C It contains no duplication.

C It contains no foreign elements (i.e., elem ents that are not member s of the population).

C It contains information for identifying an d contacting the units selected in the sample.

C It contains other information that will im prove the efficiency of the sample design.

SDWIS/FED was the best choice for a sample frame b ecause of its inclusive coverage of all units of

observation for this survey. In addition, SDWIS/FED has two other advantages: it contains in formation

that will facilitate contacti ng the res pondents, and it contains other information that is useful in stratifying

the sample, thereby improving the efficiency of the sample design. However, SDWIS/FED was not

designed to be such a sample frame; many proper ties of SDWIS/FED, and some lingering problems of

227

# system classification in SDWIS/FED, can result in many inaccuracies for such sample frame applications

and sample selection.

The extracted data outlined above was sent to each stat e for review and verification. States verified the

information for their systems so that the census and sample were drawn from a valid universe of systems.

EPA updated the list based on the revisions provided by the states. A typical revision may consist of

adjusting population served to include the population ser ved by all consecutive connections. This revised

list serves as the frame for the survey. The frame included 50,465 community water systems in the 50

states and the District of Columbia.



# 2.1.2 Sample Design and Selection

Sample Eligibility

To be eligible for the CWS Survey, a water system mu st meet several criteria. First, it must meet the

CFR definition of a community water system; principa lly, a water system providing drinking water to 25

or more permanent residents or to 15 perman ent connections. (See 40 CFR 141.2 for the complete

definition.) In addition, the CWS Survey excluded fe deral- and state-owned or operated systems because

these are not affected by regulatory and economic for ces in the same way as other systems. The survey

also excluded systems in Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, and the Pacific Islands. To the extent possible, all

ineligible systems were identified in SDWIS/FED a nd removed from the frame; however, many ineligible

systems could not be identified and were therefore le ft in the frame. If systems were clearly identified as

ineligible during data collection (e.g., they are no long er an active water system, they no longer meet the

CFR definition of a Community Water System, or they are owned by the federal or a state government),

the data were excluded from analyses based on the sample.



# Sample Design

The CWS Survey analytical plan specified precision level targets for subpopulations of systems, which

required minimum sample sizes be achieved for each subpopulation. The precision targets for each

subpopulation were 95 percent confidence intervals of " 10 percentage points for estimated proportions.

The 2006 CWS Survey used site visitors to collect data from systems serving 3,300 or fewer people. The

2006 CWS Survey was fielded at the same time as the 2007 Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey

and Assessment (DWINSA), which also relied on site vis itors to collect its data. To minimize costs and

to reduce the burden on systems serving 3,300 or fewer people, the two surveys combined their site visits

of small systems. The DWINSA data quality objective for systems serving 3,300 of fewer people is to

estimate a 95 percent confidence interval of the need for each stratum with a margin of error plus or

minus 30 percent of the need of systems in each stra tum. The sample sizes required for each stratum for

the CWS Survey was compared to th at of the DWINSA. The larger of the two samples was used in each

stratum to ensure the data quality obj ectives of both surveys were met.

The domains of the population of interest for EPA are based on two characte ristics of the systems:

1. The source of water . Using the SDWIS source clas sifications, syste ms that rely on any

surface water were distinguished from system s that rely com pletely on ground water.

2. The size of the population served by the system . Eight size categories were used: systems

that serve less than 100 people; systems that serve 101 to 500 peop le; systems that serve from

501 to 3,300 people; systems that serve from 3,301 to 10,000 people, systems that serve from

10,001 to 50,000 people; systems that serve 50,001 to 100,000 people; systems that serve

from 100,001 to 500,000 people; and systems serving more than 500,000 people.

228

# The two water sources and the eight system sizes produce sixteen strata.

A system is classified as a surface water system in SD WIS if any of its water is surface water. Ground

water under the direct influence of surface water is classified as surface water. Systems that rely on

purchased water are included in the ground water st rata because we assume the characteristics of the

water and the treatment requirements will be more sim ilar to ground water than to surface water. (While

some untreated surface water is purchased, the majority is treated and therefore more similar to ground

water than surface water.)

The sample is stratified to achieve two goals. First, st ratify ing the data allows us to draw inferences about

specific population domains. For example, EPA may wish to draw conclusions about sy stem s serving

populations 10,000 or less. We can ensure that est imates of the sub-populations will meet the required

levels of precision by drawing the necessary number of observations for each stratum.

The second goal achieved by stratifying the data is that we can increase the efficiency of our estimates by

groupi ng systems into relatively homoge neous strata. The strata were chosen to minimize the differences

am ong systems within strata, and to maximize the di fferences among strata. The results of previous

surveys indicate there are important differences in the way systems are operated and in their finances

across the strata selected. The operating characteristics and treatment requirements of ground water

systems tend to be different from surface water syst ems. The operating and financial characteristics of

large systems tend to be more complex than small systems. System management, and the resources

available to it, also may vary by system size. The regulatory impact models require reasonably precise

parameter estimates from each of these domains. Th e sample size in each domain should be large enough

to provide a sufficient number of completed questionnai res to obtain estimates with reasonable precision.

Table 2-1 shows the number of systems in the sample f rame and the mi n imum sample size required to

obtain an estimate for a proportion of 50 percent with an error not exceeding " 10 percentage points

(except for a 1 in 20 chance) in each domain. (A 50 percent statisti c was used because the standard error

is largest when the population percentage is 50 per cent. The error will be smaller for other population

percentages.) Systems with populations served of over 100,000 were selected with certainty.



# Sample Selection

For CWSs serving 3,300 or fewer people (small CWSs ), a two-stage sampling design was used to reduce

field data collection costs. Field data collectors were sent to the clusters of five systems at a time to

collect data. The primary sampling unit (PSU) was a county or a group of counties. (Each county with

fewer than five small systems was combined with geographically adjacent counties to form the primary

sampling units.) At the first stage of sampling, a sample of 120 PSUs was selected with probabilities

proportional to size. The measure of size was the number of small systems in the PSU. States were

provided with a list of small CWSs in the counties selected, and EPA asked sates to verify that the

systems on the list are active and serve populations of 3,300 or fewer.

To select the second stage sample of small systems, the overall selection rate for each small sy stem

stratum was calculated as the target initial samp le size in the stratum divided by number of systems in the

stratum. The expected frequency of selection was calcu lated for each PSU in the first stage sample. For

each PSU selected, the second stage selection rate for a stratum equaled the overall selection rate for the

stratum divided by the first-stage expected frequency of selection. That second stage selection rate for a

stratum was applied to the count of systems in that county to determine the fractional sample size. The

fractional sample sizes was converted to integer sample sizes using stochastic rounding and with the

constraint that the total integer sa mple size for a county hit equals six systems. To measure composite

sample size in selecting counties or PSUs, an overall stratum selection rate was multiplied by the number

229

# Table 2-1. Frame and Sample Sizes by Strata

Source of Water Population Served Frame Size Required

Sample

Ground 100 or less 12,487 96

101-500 14,800 103

501 - 3,300 12,049 158

3,301 - 10,000 3,665 94

10,001-50,000 2,325 93

50,001 - 100,000 350 76

100,001 - 500,000 184 184

More than 500,000 23 23

Surface 100 or less 256 70

101-500 525 82

501 - 3,300 1,146 89

3,301 - 10,000 954 88

10,001-50,000 1,038 88

50,001 - 100,000 295 73

100,001 - 500,000 297 297

More than 500,000 71 71

All 50,465 1,685



# of systems in the stratum in that PSU, and summed over all strata in each primary sampling unit (county

or group of counties).

For systems serving populations of 3,301 to 100,000, the sample was obtained by drawing a random

sample of systems from the cleaned frame, within each sampling stratum serving populati ons of this size.

Sy stems in these strata were over-sampled to acc ount for non-response. The over-sampling rate was

based on EPA’s experience with the 1995 and 2000 CWS Surveys. Systems serving populations of more

than 100,000 were selected with certainty. The resulting increase in sample size is warranted for the

following reasons:

C Each of the larger sy stems has a more signifi cant impact on the total costs and benefits of

regulations.

C Becaus e of the sm all num bers of systems in many of the larger strata, precision can be

increased at comparatively lower cost than it can be for smaller system s. Other t hings being

equal, doubling precision will quadruple sample si ze in strata with 5,000 systems or more.

Many of the larger strata, however, have only hundreds of systems. In a stratum of 750

systems, one could double precision by only tripling sample size. In a stratum of 200

systems, one could double precision by doubling sample size.

A total of 2,210 systems were selected. This is a la rger number of systems than required (and shown in

table 2-1) because of the need for over-sampling di scussed above. The sample size by strata and the

samp ling rate are shown in table 2-2. T he 2006 samp le also is larger than the 2000 sample despite the

reduction in the number of systems in the country . While the overall number of community water

systems declined, the number of systems serving more than 100,000 people increased. Because these

systems are selected with certainty, th e total sample size increased in 2006.

230

# Table 2-2. Sample Size a nd Sampling Rate by Strata

Source of

Water Population Served Sample

Size Sampling

Rate (%)

Ground 100 or less 101 0.8

101-500 124 0.8

501 - 3,300 154 1.3

3,301 - 10,000 206 5.6

10,001-50,000 211 9.0

50,001 - 1 00,000 151 43.0

100,001 - 500,000 184 100.0

More than 500,000 23 100.0

Surface 100 or less 62 21.5

101-500 75 12.7

501 - 3,300 84 7.0

3,301 - 10,000 183 18.7

10,001-50,000 165 15.3

50,001 - 100,000 119 39.0

100,001 - 500,000 297 100.0

More than 500,000 71 100.0

All 2,210 4.3



# 2.1.3 Stratum Migration

Errors in the frame classification of the water sy stems by population served and water source introduces

inefficiency in the sample design through a loss of sample size and/or by introducing unequal sampling

rates. Among the respondents, 91 percent reported the same population served category as indicated by

the frame. Over 95 percent reported the same source as the frame.



# Population Served by the System

Table 2-3 compares the classification of systems by their population served using the population data

from the frame and from the systems’ responses to the survey. In all size categories, 91 percent of

systems confirmed their original size category. With in each size category, over 96 percent of systems

were either in their original size category or in the adjacent class.



# Source of Water

Table 2-4 shows the cross-tabulation of the frame-based and response-based water source classifications.

Approximately 94 percent of the systems classified as ground water systems in the frame confirmed that

status in the sample. Ninety-four percent of surface water systems in the frame were also classified as

surface water systems in the sample.

231

# Table 2-3. Survey Respondents by th e Frame-Based and Sample-Based Size

Categories

Sample-Based Population

Served Categories Frame-Based Population Served Category

25-

100 101-

500 501-

3,300 3,301-

10,00 0 10,001-

50,000 50,001-

100,000 100,001-

500,000 Over

500,000

25-100 Count

Percent 133

87 20

13 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0

101- 500 Cou nt

Percent 9

5 168

90 9

5 0

0 1

1 0

0 0

0 0

0

501-3,30 0 Cou nt

Percent 2

1 6

3 219

95 4

2 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0

3,301-10,000 Count

Percent 0

0 1

1 7

5 137

89 8

5 0

0 1

1 0

0

10,001-50,000 Count

Percent 0

0 0

0 1

1 11

7 147

91 1

1 1

1 0

0

50,001-100,000 Count

Percent 0

0 0

0 1

1 1

1 12

9 112

86 3

2 1

1

100,001-500,000 Count

Percent 1

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 8

3 11

5 218

91 1

0

Over 500,000 Count

Percent 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 2

3 56

97



# Table 2-4. Survey Respondents by the Frame-Based and the Sample-Based

Source Categories

Sample-Based

Water Source Frame-Based Water Source

Small Medium Large All

Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface

Ground Count 364 19 209 15 89 8 662 42

Percent 95 5 93 7 92 8 94 6

Surface Count 4 189 12 217 5 183 21 589

Percent 2 98 5 95 3 97 6 94



# Impact of Strata Migration on th e Accuracy of Domain Estimates

The sample was designed to estimate a 50 percent st atistic with a 95 percent confidence interval of " 10

percentage points. One measure of the im pact of th e strata migration on the efficiency estimates is to

calculate the size of the confidence interval given the number of observations in each stratum for the

sample collected. Table 2-5 shows the minimum sample required to estimate a 50 percent statistic with a

95 percent confidence interval of " 10 percentage points under two scenarios. 1 

# First, it shows the sample

size needed given the inaccuracies in the frame. In other words, it accounts for the migration across strata

1. The sample of systems serving 3,301 or fewer persons was designed to estimate a 50 percent statistic with a

confidence interval of " 10 percent. It also was designed to estimate the national future investment need of these

systems with a m argin of error of " 10 percent of their need. Therefore, the planned sample produces a confidence

interval for a proportion that is smaller than " 10 percent. See section 2.1.2 for the description of the sampling plan.



# 232

# that occurred. Second, it shows the sample selected. (It is the same as the sample shown in table 2.1.)

The table also shows the half-width of the 95 per cent confidence interval th at results from the actual

sample selected, given the sample’s estimate of the number of systems in each sub domain. The impact of

strata migration on the confidence interval for small ground water systems was negligible. Strata

migration resulted in a slight increase in the size of the confidence interval for small surface water

systems. Because the sample was desi gned to collect data on all system s with populations of more than

100,000, the width of the confidence interval for these systems would have been zero. Strata migration

substantially increased the width of the confidence in terval for ground water systems serving more than

500,000 persons and slightly for surface water system s serving greater than 100,001 to 500,000 persons

because the number of systems in these st rata is larger than expected.



# Table 2.5. Sample Sizes and the Impact on Precision of Estimates

of Strata Migration

Source Population Served Sample

Needed

Given

Strata

Migration Sample

Selec ted Half width of 95%

Confid ence

Interval

Ground 100 or less

101 – 500

501 - 3,300

3,301 - 10,000

10,001 - 50,000

50,001 -100,0 00

100,00 1-500,000

Over 500,0 0 0 96

103

158

94

92

75

173

32 96

103

158

94

93

76

184

23 0.100

0.096

0.077

0.100

0.099

0.099

0.000

0.109

Surface 100 or less

101 - 50 0

501 - 3,300

3,301 - 10,000

10,001 - 50,000

50,001 -100,000

100,00 1-500,000

Over 500,0 0 0 75

83

89

88

89

70

305

68 70

82

89

88

88

73

297

71 0.105

0.101

0.100

0.100

0.101

0.097

0.009

0.000



# 2.2 Weighting and Estimation

A sampling weight is attached to each responding wa ter system record to (1) account for differential

selection probabilities, and (2) reduce the potentia l bias resulting from non-response. The sampling

weights are necessary for estimation of the population characteristics of interest. The sample variance is

then used to calculate 95 percent conf idence intervals for the estimates.



# 2.2.1 Derivation of Base Weight and Non-response Adjustment

The calculation of the sample weight reflects the comp lex nature of the sampling design. The community

water system sample consists of a stratified element sample of medium and large water systems. Systems

were stratified by water source and their population se rved. For small water systems a two-stage cluster

sample design was used.

233

# 1. At the first stage geographic clusters (co unties or county groupings) were sampled using

probability proportional to size samp ling. The measure of size was a function of the

number of small systems in the cluster.

2. Within clusters a stratified element sample of small systems was drawn.

The response rate for systems serving 3,301 to 100,000 was below the target after an initial round of data

collection. An additional 162 systems were selected in a second round of sampling to increase the samp le

size in these s trata.

Sixteen sampling strata were defined based on systems’ population served and sour ce of water; all weight

calculations use this sample stratum variable.



# Base weights

The first step was the calculation of a base sampling weight for each sample system. The medium and

large system samples are simple random samples within each stratum. The two-stage small system sample

is designed to be self-weighting within each stratum. Therefore, for all systems the base sampling weight

equals the number of systems in the stratum divided by the number sampled from that stratum. In other

words the base weight for the h th 

# stratum, B h 

# , is:

(1) 

# N

B

h 

# = h



# n h



# where N h 

# represents the number of systems in the stratum in SDWIS, and n h 

# represents the number of

systems sampled from the stratum.



# Non-response adjustment

The second step in the weighting methodology was to make a unit non-response adjustment to the base

sampling weights. For each medium and large system stratum, the non-response adjustment factor is

equal to the ratio of the number of systems that completed the survey plus the number of non-respondents

to the number of systems that completed the survey (i .e., the reciprocal of the stratum response rate).

Ineligible systems are not incorporat ed into the unit non-response adjust ment. The adjustment factor for

the h th 

# stratum is given by δ h 

# :

(2) 

# n + r δ h

h 

# = h



# n h



# where r h 

# is the number of refusals and other non-respondents in the h th 

# stratum.

For the small system sample the unit non-response ad justment was not implemented within each cluster

because the sample sizes were too s mall. Rather the adjustment was carried out within each small system

stratum at the total sample (i.e., national) level.



# Final weights

The non-response adjustment factor δ h 

# was multiplied by the base sampling weight, B h 

# , to obtain the nonresponse adjusted base sampling weight. The non -response adjusted base sampling weight for the

234

# medium and large systems that completed the survey is the final weight for use in analysis. The nonresponse adjusted weights can be written as:

(3) 

# W f

h 

# = B

h 

# δ

h



# for medium and large systems, and

(4) 

# W

mh 

# = B

mh 

# δ

h



# for small systems.

The final step in the weight calculations for small sy stems was a ratio adjustment to the frame count of

small systems in each small stratum at the national leve l. This step was carried out because the two-stage

samp le of small sy stems, drawn from 120 sample clus ters, may not have the same stratum distribution as

the entire frame of small systems. For each small sy stem stratum, the sum of the non-response adjusted

base sampling weights for systems with a completed su rvey was added to the sum of the base sampling

weights for the ineligible systems. The count of small systems in the frame was then divided by this sum.

This yielded a ratio adjustment factor for each small system stratum, ρ h 

# :

(5) 

# N

ρ

h 

# = h 

# ∑ W mhj 

# + 

# ∑ B mhj

j ∈ R h 

# j ∈ I h



# where: R h 

# is the set of systems that responded to the survey, and

I h 

# is the set of systems sampled that were ineligible.

j designates the j th 

# sample system.

For the small systems with a completed survey th eir non-response adjusted base sampling weight was

multiplied by the ratio adjustment factor to yield a final weight for use in analy s is:

(6) 

# W f

mh 

# = W

mh 

# ρ h



# 2.2.2 Variance Estimation

The estimate of the variance must account for the sampling design. Weights are used to produce

estimates for the population as a whole—or example, the proportion of treatment facilities that use a

particular treatment practice, or the mean water-sales revenue of a system. Weights also affect the

standard error of the estimates, and th erefore the confidence intervals.

The 2006 CWS Survey sampling design was relatively complex; medium and large systems were selected

by strata; sm all systems were selected in clusters of counties (or, in some cases, groups of counties) using

a probability proportional to size sampling. This sampli ng design also affects the estimate of the standard

error. The stratification of the systems by wate r source and population ser ved will tend to reduce the

overall sample variance, as systems within a stratum tend to be similar to each other and different from

systems in other strata. The clustering will likel y increase the sampling variance, as systems within a

cluster may be similar to each other. This effect of clustering may not be large; while systems within a

county share some characteristics, the often are a diverse group in terms of population served and water

source, as well as revenue, expenses, and operating char acteristics. But ignoring the clustering may lead

to an underestimate of the sampling variance, so it must be taken into account.

235

# The treatment facilities in the sample were not select ed independently; rather, they were selected in

clusters in a two-stage process. For medium and la rge systems, the stratified random sample of systems

was selected in the first stage; every treatment fac ility in each system was selec ted in the second stage.

Facilities in small systems were selected in a three- stage process: counties (or groups of counties) were

selected in the first stage; a sample of systems with in each county was selected in the second stage; every

facility within each system was selec ted in the third stage. The calc ulation of the sample variance of

estimates regarding treatment facilities also must take into account this sampling design.



# Variance Estimator

The variance is estimated using a first-order Taylor expa nsion. The variance is calculated in Stata. The

variance estimator is given by :



# ( ) { ) ( ( ( 1 (7) 

# V ˆ R ˆ

=

) V ˆ Y ˆ

− 2 R ˆ Co ˆ v Y ˆ

, X ˆ + R ˆ 2 

# V ˆ X ˆ

X 2

L m h 

# n gu 

# where 

# R ˆ

= Y ˆ , the ratio of estimates of two population totals. 

# Y ˆ is equal to 

# ∑∑∑ w 

# X ˆ hij 

# y hij 

# , and

h

= 1 i

= 1 j

= 1

L m n



# X ˆ 

# ∑∑∑ h gu 

# is equal to 

# w hij 

# x hij 

# . L is the number of strata, m h 

# is the number of primary sampling units in

h

= 1 i

= 1 j

= 1



# strata h, and n hi 

# is the number of elements in the i th 

# primary sampling unit in the h th 

# strata.

Most of the estimates produced in th is volume are either means or proportions. A mean is simply a ratio

in which x hij 

# is equal 1. A proportion is simply a mean in which y hij 

# is equal to a 0/1 variable. 2 

# ) )}

Finite Population Correction

A finite population correction factor was derived for me dium and large systems in the sample. The factor

is the ratio of systems in the sample to the numbe r of systems in each stratum. Because the primary

sampling units for small systems were selected with replacement, the finite population correction factor is

set equal to zero for small systems.

To estimate the variance, we first de fine the following ratio residual:



# 1 d ˆ

hij 

# = X ˆ 

# (

y hij 

# − R x hij 

# ) (8)

We then define the weighted total of the ratio residual as

n hij



# z dhi 

# = 

# ∑ w hij 

# d

hij

j

= 1 

# (9)

and the weighted average of the residual as:

2 

# See Cochran, W.G. 1977, Sampling Techniques , New York: John Wiley & Sons for amore

information about variance estimates.

236

# 1 (10) 

# ∑ m h



# z dh 

# z

m dhi

h i

= 1



# We can then define the variance estimate as:

(11) 

# V 

# ( ) L 

# m n 

# ˆ ˆ h



# R

= 

# ∑ ( 1



# − f h

h 

# ) 

# ∑ ( z dhi 

# z dh 

# ) 2



# h

= 1 

# m h 

# − 1

i

= 1



# where f h 

# is the finite population correction.

The estimate of the variance is used to estimate 95 pe rcent confidence intervals in the detailed tables of

this report. An implicit assumption is that the average values prese nted in each table are normally

distributed. When the estimate is based on a large numb er of systems, this will generally be true; in cases

where the estimate is based on a small number of sy stems, the assumption may not hold. The confidence

interval in these cases may be larger than the mean itself. The confiden ce interval is not adjusted in these

cases; to compute the correct confidence interval requ ires examination of the empirical distributions for

each variable in the calculation and is beyond the scope of this study.

237

# 3. Survey Design and Response

The survey was administered through site visits to small systems (those serving populations of 3,300 or

less), and through a mail survey to medium and la rge systems (those serving more than 3,300 people).

This chapter discusses the survey in strument, the processes for conducting the site visits and distributing

the questionnaires, as well as the pro cess to assure sufficient response ra tes and the handling of returned

questionnaires.



# 3.1 Questionnaire Design

EPA staff responsible for regulatory development de veloped the questionnaire with the assistance of the

Cadmus Group, Inc. The process began with a me eting of EPA staff to discuss their data needs,

distinguishing core needs required for regulatory de velopment from other data needs. Based on these

discussions, some of the questions that were in the 2000 CWS Survey were eliminated from the 2006

questionnaire. Other questions—especially those fo cusing on treatment—were further developed. A

slightly modified version of the questionnaire was developed for systems that serve populations of over

500,000; this version of the questionnaire included additional questions on source and finished water

contaminant concentrations, and excluded questions that only would apply to small systems. The

questionnaire in the Appendix is a composite of the three questionnaires used; the questions that are asked

of systems serving up to 100,000 people, more than 100,000 and up to 500,000 people, and over 500,000

people are noted.

EPA worked with Cadmus on the wording and or ganization of the questionnaire. Cadmus was

responsible for the design and layout of the questionn aire form, and for documenting and incorporating all

revisions to the several design and test versions of the questionnaire. Throughout the design process, the

EPA project officer consulted with the full range of EPA regulatory and analytical staff, representing

expert advisors and future users of the data, to id entify and correctly present the broad survey topics and

specific survey questions to be included in the su rvey instrument. These covered such areas as water

production, storage, distribution, treatment, and treatment system security, as well as financial

information regarding water sales revenue, customer data, operating expenses, and capital investment.

EPA went to great lengths to attempt to reduce th e burden to respondents while collecting com plete,

accurate, detailed data. EPA decided to conduct site visits to small systems because of the difficulties

they faced in responding to past Co mmunity Water Sy stem Surveys prior to 2000. Data for the 2007

Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment were collected at the same site visit,

minimizing the impact of the two surveys on small systems. EPA also coordinated its data collection

efforts with that of the Water Treatment Plant Ques tionnaire, another survey conducted by the Agency.

Both surveys required systems to report basic financial information; systems that responded to the Water

Treatment Plant Questionnaire did not need to respon d to the financial section of the CWS Survey. EPA

also established a process to provide extensive tec hnical assistance and guidance to medium and large

systems. As discussed in chapter 4, EPA conducted a pre-test of the questionnaire to identify questions

that posed potential problems for respondents. EPA also conducted a pilot test of the data collection

methods. In response to both tests, EPA made several changes to the questionnaire, reducing the scope of

several questions. For example, as a result of the pr e-test, the number of age and diameter categories was

reduced in the question regarding the length of the distribution system.



# 3.2 Data Verification

EPA forwarded the list of water systems selected in th e sample to the states. The states were asked to

verify that the systems were active systems, as well as the address, telephone, and the contact information.

239

# 3.3 The Pilot Test

Approximately 50 systems were selected from the sample for a pilot test. Two clusters of small systems

were selected for site visits by senior Cadmus water system professionals. Ten small systems participated

in the pilot test. Approximately 40 systems serving more than 3,300 people received the questionnaire by

mail. The pilot tested the site visit and mail-out process, and the technical support system. The pilot

systems were included in the full sample.



# 3.4 Site Visit Operations.

Contractors with extensive water system experience conducted the site visits. In addition to Cadmus, the

contractors were:

C Southwest Environmental Engineering, and

C McNenny Environmental Engineering a nd Consulting.

C Abel

C CH2M Hill

C Schott Engineering

C South Hills Consulting

C Suarez Engineering

C Sunrise

C TCB, Inc.

Cadmus trained the site visit staff. The training cover ed the survey, the information required from the

systems, and the data collection prot ocol . The trainin g included on-site inspections with Cadmus staff of

a cluster of systems in the sample, as well as detaile d instructions on the conduct of the visit.

The states were contacted ahead of time to confirm th e systems in the sample and to review information

on the s ystem contacts. Site visitors were told to le t state contacts know they were in their area and what

they were doing, as a courtesy. The surveyor extended the opportunity t o the st ates to attend the survey.

Otherwise, the surveyors were told to not bur den the states with requests for assistance.

As part of the training, site visitors were instructed as follows:

C The survey is voluntary and not to be misrepre sented as mandatory. It is an opportunity to

provide in for mation to be used by EPA to ma ke sound, informed decisions and regulations.

C Obtain the operating and fi nancial information for the same time period of time, if at all

possible

C If informatio n is not availa ble for the separate classes of system (for exa mple, water

deliveries by customer class), then collect the totals (e.g., total deliveries).

C Indicate the sy stem has a treatment objective only if the facility was A designed @ for that

purpose. For example, if the facility was designed for particulate removal and removed

arsenic in the process, the surveyors we re to only check particulate removal.

C Complete the sequence of treatment after a walk-through of the treatment plant. If available,

collect a schematic.

240

# C Related questions should be checked for cons istency. For example, questions on water

produced should be consistent with deliveri es and unaccounted for water. Water delivered

should be consistent with the numbe r of customers and connections.

C The im portance of the financial data was emph asized . Again, if the information was not

available in a manner that it could be br oken down in t o components, get totals.

C Collect financial reports if they are available and if the sy stem will not break down the costs

as requested.

C Collect data on m unicipal tax and other non-water system revenue of publicly ow ned

m

unicipal water systems.

Several issues arose during the site visits that required consistent responses. They included:

C If the system indicated that it merged with another system, the site survey was conducted.

C If a system decreased in size so it was no longe r a community water system, the site visit was

conducted to confirm the status.

C If the sy stem grew so it was no lon g er a sma ll system, the site visit was conducted and data

collected.

Each site visitor was given a list of systems to visit. The site visitors contacted the systems to schedule

the on-site int e rviews; the site visitors were requi red at times to contact the state to confirm contact

information. Once on-site or in som e cases prior to th e site visit, the systems were provided with a letter

introducing the site visitor and explaining the survey. The site visitor toured the system, interviewed the

staff, photographed the system (from source to delivery) , and filled out the questionnaire. The completed

questionnaire, inclusive of the pictures, site map, and collected information and reports, was then

submitted to Cadmus. Senior staff at Cadmus reviewed all surveys submitte d by the site visitors to ensure

the site visitors were filling out the questionnaire co rrectly and to ensure consistent responses from the

site surveyors. The questionnaires were then logged into the tracking system as received and completed.

During the site visits, Cadmus senior staff communicated with the site visitors via telephone and e-mail to

ensure consistent and complete resu lts. Group email was used to provide answers and clarification to t he

site visitors’ questions. All site vi sitors received the same inform at ion.



# 3.5 Self-administered Survey Administration

In an effort to minimize respondent burden and maxi mize the response rate, systems had three options for

responding to the survey. A system could complete an electronic spreadsheet version, a Web-based

version, or a paper version of the questionnaire. Each was available through a secured Web site. Also,

systems could request that copies of the spreadsheet or paper questionnaire be sent to them directly.

Cadmus sent each system a packet that included a le tter from the EPA WAM and flier that explained how

to respond to the survey. The flier included instru ctions on how to access the Web site and a toll-free

telephone number the system could use if it had an y questions. The fliers included unique log-in

identifiers and passwords for each system. Information for the mailing label was extracted from the

sample frame and attached to the envelope for mailing.

The packets were mailed to approximately 1,400 co mmunity water systems over a 2 day period. Each

system then received a telephone call from the analyst at Cad m us responsible for that system. The call

241

# informed the system of the survey, told them they would receive the p acket (if they had not already done

so), and gave the systems a name and telephone number to call with any questions. If a system did not

receive the packet, the analyst responsible for that syst em sent them another copy via FedEx or by e-mail.

The analyst continued to follow-up with each system until the system either responded to the survey or

refused to participate. The analys ts provided technical assistance as necessary, and in some cases filledout the questionnaire through a telephone interview.

As systems uploaded questionnaires, the tracking syst em automatically logged them in as received. As

questionnaires were r eceiv ed from the water systems by mail or e-mail, Cadmus logged them into the online tracking system. The analyst responsible for th e questionnaire reviewed it for data quality and to

identify potential problems. Questionnaires submitted electronically were printed for the analysts to

review. When necessary, senior engineering or fi nancial staff was consulted regarding potential

problems. If a problem or question could not be reso lved by Cadmus staff, the analyst contacted the

water system itself. When this initial review was completed, the questionnaire was forwarded to senior

staff for additional review. All changes to the questio nnaires were recorded in a permanent log. After the

senior review was completed, revisions to the electr onic data were made by the analysts. For paper

questionnaires, the completed questionnaire was entered into an electronic spreadsheet version by two

Cadmus analysts. A process was developed to ensure every response field was entered identically. Once

the results were confirmed, the questio nnaire was uploaded to the Web site.



# 3.6 Data Entry

Upon review by the senior staff, all questionnaires were logged as completed. If systems filled-out paper

questionnaires, the questionnaires were key-entered usi ng 100 percent verified double-key entry. After

entry, the data were run through automated cleaning and editing programs that checked each variable for

proper values and ranges. Items failing these checks were examined and either confirmed or corrected.

Questionnaires that reached this stage were considered to be entered and cleaned. (The data were subject

to further intensive checks as part of the qualit y assurance process, discussed in chapter 4.)

Status reports were sent to the EPA project manage r every two weeks during the data collection effort.

The report showed the number of questionnaires with each of the following status codes:

C Site visit appointm ents scheduled or q uestionnaires mailed

C Questionnaires re-mailed

C Inactive sy stems

C Questionnaires undeliverable

C Refusals

C Site visits completed/questionnaire returned

C Questionnaires reviewed and ready to enter into database

C Completed questionnaires entered into database

Table 3-1 presents an example of the information provided to EPA.

242Exhibit 2: 2006 Community Water System Survey Status by Sampling StratumStatusSmall SystemsMedium and Large SystemsTotal25–101 –501 -Sub-3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001 -OverSub-100 5003,300total10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000totalGround Water SystemsMail out101 124 154 380 206 211 151 184 23 774 1,154Sample Needed to MeetPrecision Targets96 103 158 357 94 93 76 184 23 470 827Initial contact101 124 154 380 170 167 133 174 20 663 1,043Inactive3 2 1 6 1 2 11 5 11UndeliverableRefusal3 1 2 6 28 33 11 24 1 97 103Received from System95 121 151 368 60 61 54 82 12 268 636Completed AnalystReview77 102 119 299 50 48 48 70 11 226 525Completed Senior QA52 59 63 174 21 12 17 32 4 86 260Sent for Data Entry42 51 59 152 14 15 11 1353205Received from Data Entry42 51 5915212 15 11 1250 202Completed Questionnaire42 51 59 152 6 4 4 17 1 32 184Surface Water SystemsMail out62 75 84 221 183 165 119 297 71 835 1,056Sample Needed to MeetPrecision Targets70 82 89 241 88 88 73 297 71 617 858Initial contact62 75 84 221 162 157 113 283 69 784 1,005Inactive1 1 211 13 5UndeliverableRefusal2 7 3 12 19 17 13 27 10 86 98Received from System59 67 81 207 67 81 58 144 42 392 599Completed AnalystReview44 59 66 169 54 63 48 122 36 323 492Completed Senior QA20 22 31 73 30 22 18 50 10 130 203Sent for Data Entry14 20 25 59 12 19 11 16 4 62 121Received from Data Entry14 20 25 59 10 18 11 15 3 57 116Completed Questionnaire142025 59 16 12 7 18 8 61 120243Exhibit 2: 2006 Community Water System Survey Status by Sampling StratumStatusSmall SystemsMedium and Large SystemsTotal25–101 –501 -Sub-3,301 - 10,001 - 50,001 - 100,001 -OverSub-100 5003,300total10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 500,000totalSurface and Ground Water SystemsMail out163 199 238 600 389 376 370 481 94 1610 2,210Sample Needed to MeetPrecision Targets166 185 247 598 182 181 149 481 94 1,087 1,685Initial contact163 200 238 601 332 324 245 457 89 1,447 2,048Inactive4 3 1 8 1 3 2 1 1 8 16UndeliverableRefusal5 8 5 18 47 50 24 51 11 183 201Received from System154 189 232 575 127 142 111 226 54 660 1,235Completed AnalystReview121 162 185 468 104 111 95 192 47 549 1,017Completed Senior QA72 81 94 247 51 34 35 82 14 216 463Sent for Data Entry56 71 84 211 26 34 22 294 115 326Received from Data Entry56 71 8421122 33 22 27 3 107 318Completed Questionnaire56 71 84 211 22 16 11 35 9 93 304244

# 3.7 Survey Response

The data collection effort was closed out December 31, 2007. Of the 2,210 systems sampled, 1,314

responded to the survey. The overall response rate wa s 59.5 percent. Table 3.2 shows the response rate

by strata.



# Table 3-2. CWS Survey Responses and Response

Rate by Strata

Source of

Water Population Served Completed

Ques tionnaires Response

Rate (%)

Ground 100 or less 94 93.1

101-500 120 96.8

501 - 3,30 0 150 97.4

3,301 - 10,000 77 37.4

10,001-50,000 74 35.1

50,001 - 100,000 67 44.4

100,00 1 - 500,000 87 47.3

More than 500,000 14 60.9

Surface 100 or less 59 95.2

101-500 67 89.3

501 - 3,300 81 96.4

3,301 - 10,000 77 42.1

10,001-50,000 87 52.7

50,001 - 100,000 64 53.8

100,001 - 500,000 152 51.2

More than 500,000 44 62.0

All 1,314 59.5



# Non-response may introduce a source of bias into estim ates based on the survey. Non-respondents may be

different than respondents; in some cases, these di fferences may be the reason for their refusal to

participate in the survey. Non-response may have an impact on the survey’s estimates. Two areas of

potential concern are systems’ estimates of system finance and systems’ treatment practices.

The potential impact on system finances of non-resp onse bias can be positive or negative. On the one

hand, systems that are not doing well financially may not want to report their fi nances to the survey. On

the other hand, system s re porting significant profits ma y not want to report thei r revenue and expenses.

Therefore, both the sign (whether the bias is positive or negative) and relative magnitude of non-response

bias on net revenue, for example, is uncertain.

However, there is reason to believe that such bias as might exist is minimal. For one reason, the finances

of many water systems are already public informati on. Most systems are publicly owned. In fact, the

overwhelm ing m ajority of systems serving over 3,3 00 people are publicly owned, and it is these larger

systems where the response rate has been problematic in the current survey. Publ ic ownership means that

their revenue and expenses are matters of public record . In addition, many privately owned systems are

regulated by state public utility commissions, and thei r finances also are matters of public record. Most

systems cannot hide unusual profits or losses simply by refusing to respond to the survey; therefore, the

potential impact of non-response on the estimates of system finance likely is small.

245

# Another reason to suspect that the impact of the no n-response bias on the financial estimates is relatively

small has to do with previous response rates among small systems. In 1995, EPA assumed that many

small systems were having financial difficulty. The response rate among these systems was relatively low,

below 40 percent in some categories. If non-respondents had poorer financial performances than

respondents, the 1995 survey would overstate the financia l well being of small systems. In part due to this

concern, EPA conducted site visits to small systems in 2000 and response rates increased dramatically,

exceeding 90 percent. The overall financial performance of these systems did not change between the two

surveys. In fact, the success of the site visitors indi cated that the low response rate of small systems was

due to the difficulty they faced in filling out the qu estionnaire, not an attempt to hide possible financial

problems.

The survey also collects detailed information about sy stem s treatment practices. Systems that are out of

comp liance w ith primary drinking water regulations ma y be reluctant to report their treatment practices.

The magnitude of bias is uncertain. Further analysis could indicate the potential impact of the bias. For

example, we could assume that some or all non-resp ondents do not treat their water to determine the

potential impact of non-response bias. (Some of th e non-respondents are large systems that almost

certainly provide treatment. These systems could be excl uded from this analysis.) This analysis could be

used to estimate the upper bound of the impact of non-response bias and its impact on the 95 percent

confidence interval. Further analysis may be warranted.

246

# 4. Quality Assurance and Peer Review

All work under this contract was conducted in acco rdance with an approved Quality Assurance Project

Plan. In addition, a Supplemental Quality Assuran ce Project Plan was developed specifically for this

survey and was approved prior to the start of data collection. The supplemental plan for the CWS Survey

encompassed specific measures to check and ensure the validity of the survey data from data collection

through data processing and analysis, as well as me asures to assure the quality of other survey

components. The report results and statistical methods al so were peer reviewed by subject matter experts.

Section 4.1 discusses the questionnaire pre-test and the survey pil ot test. Section 4.2 presents the

measures taken to assure the quality of the statistical sample. Section 4.3 discusses the quality assurance

procedures used during the data collection effort. S ection 4.4 describes the expert review of questionnaire

responses. Section 4.5 describes data processing quality assurance p rocedures. Section 4.6 describes the

quality assurance steps taken during the preparation of th is report. Section 4.7 describes the peer review

process.



# 4.1 Draft Questionnaire Pre-test and Survey Pilot Test

A significant component of the survey quality assurance plan was to thoroughly test the questionnaire

design, the survey design, and data collection procedur es prior to implementing the full study. Efforts to

confirm the validity and effectiveness of these designs and revising them when the tests reveal problems,

errors, or difficulties, led to design and process im provements in such areas as data reliability, data

completeness, accuracy of the sample frame, and response rates.



# 4.1.1 Pre-test

When the initial data collection objectives had been identified and the questionnaire shaped into a

working draft instrument, EPA conducted a pre-test of this draft with seven water systems in New

England of various sizes, including ground and surface water systems. The pre-test participants were

recruited with the assistance of Ray Raposa of the New England Water Works Association. The main

objective of the pre-test was to gauge the respondents’ reactions to the questionnaire itself. The test did

not address any of the actual survey operations and res ponse rate issues that would later be tested in the

full-scale pilot test.

The recruited systems received the quest ionnaire in June, 2006. EPA then convened a focus group

meeting of the seven watersy stems, facilitated by survey research staff from Cadmus. The focus group

explored questions regarding comprehensibility, use of clear and appropriate terminology, provision of

suitable response categories, and questionnaire layout . The focus group also discussed respondents’ ease

or difficulty in providing answers, their immediate knowledge of or access to information requested by

the questionnaire, and their overall reaction to the survey.

Overall, the focus group felt the questionnaire was clear and relati vely easy to follow. As a result of the

pre-test, some questions were re-worded, and others were shortened. Otherwise, the pre-test found no

systematic problems in the respondents’ ability to provide answers to the questions.



# 4.1.2 Pilot Test

A full scale pilot test was conducted in February an d March 2007. The pilot tested the questionnaire and

the major operational components of the survey design . The results of the pilot, along with the final

version of the questionnaires were delivered to EPA in March 2007. The full on-line tracking system was

developed during the pilo t, and the mail-out and receipt logging procedures were finalized.

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# Ten small systems and 40 medium and large systems were selected from the full sample for use in the

pilot. All of the small systems and 15 of the medium and large systems responded by the end of March.

As a result of the pilot, modest changes were ma de to the mail-out process and the instructions for

systems. The pilot also resulted in changes to several questions in the questionnaires. Questions 12

(length of distribution mains) and 27 (capital improvem e nts) were simplified. Modest changes were made

to several other questions to clarify the question. Th e pilot also finalized the site visit protocols, and

identified issues that needed to be addr essed when training the site visitors.



# 4.2 Sampling Quality Assurance

Quality assurance of the sampling process for the CWS Survey involved three principal areas:

C Development of the sample frame

C Sampling specifications, and

C Use of software designed to draw complex samples.

Development of the Sample Frame . EPA conducted an extensive review of the data used for the sample

frame. By starting with the data used for the 200 7 DWINSA frame, the 2006 CWS Survey w as able to

take advantage of the extensive data verificati on effort undertaken for the 2007 DWINSA. The 2007

DWINSA frame was developed with SDWIS data from the third quarter of 2005. State representatives

working on the DWINSA were sent their respective lists of systems from the data freeze and asked to

make changes to populatio n and source categories. The sample fra me was then built using the data from

the states. The development of the frame is discussed in detail in section 2.1.

Sampling Specifications

. In order to carry out the sampling pr ocesses, the survey statisticians prepared

detailed specifications that served as directions for perform ing the sam pling and as a permanent

documentation of the process. The sampling plan was documented in both the supporting materials for

the Information Collection Request submitted to th e Office of Management and Budget, and in the

Quality Assurance Project Plan. The specifications en sured the sample was drawn in conformity with the

sample design and in a statistically valid manner. Barry Nussbaum of EPA's Office of Environmental

Information, A. Richard Bolstein of George Mason University, and John Gaughan of Temple University

reviewed the sampling plan. Bimal Sinha from the University of Maryland also provided comments on

the sampling plan.

Sampling Software

. The CWS Survey sample of systems serving up to 3,300 pe ople was drawn using a

SAS program designed to draw two-stage cluster samp les of this type. The sample of systems serving

populations of 3,301 to 100,000 was a stratified random sample and was drawn using a Stata-based

program to select random samples.



# 4.3 Data Collection Quality Assurance

Each component of the CWS Survey was implemented with precision and quality assurance.



# Questionnaire Design

C The various drafts of the questionnaires were the product of close review and comments by

EPA, Cadmus, and outside reviewers. Improvements also were made as a result of the pretest and pilot test.

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# C Questionnaire version control was maintained through the various drafts by allowing for one

master copy and strictly enforcing version-cont rol procedures. After changes were made to

each version of the questionnaire, a new electroni c folder with the date of the changes made

was created. The most recent dated folder was used to add create any future changes. One

Cadmus employee was responsible for making a ll changes and could track back previous

versions of the questionnaire.

C The questionnaire form was designed to clarify and simplify for respondents the provision of

the highly detailed and complex da ta required for the survey. Graphic devices were used to

make the form clearer and simp ler to use. The devices included type fonts and sizes, borders,

and text boxes.

C Because of the difficulties many small systems have with filling out complex questionnaires

like the CWS Survey , site visitors were sent to small systems to ensure the questionnaires

were filled out correctly.



# Mail Data Collection

C Analysts preparing the material for mailing we re provided with specifications for the job and

were supervised by a senior staff involve d in a number of previous mailings.

C Analysts worked to produce the letter and e nvelope to be mailed to each respondent. All

labels were printed with verified SDWIS addr ess information. All letters were tailored to

each water sy ste m with their identification information using the mail merge function in

Microsoft Word and a database of address info rmation as well login information to the Web

site. Consistency checks between the informa tion printed on the letter and the label were

constantly ongoing throughout the mail out.

C Each recipient of the mailed questionnaire was assigned an analyst who maintained contact

with the water sy stem throughout the survey. The analysts provided reminder calls and

technical support to the systems. They also reviewed the data as it was received, following

up with the system if there were any questions.

C Senior survey managers reviewed all survey s to ensure analysts were using consistent

procedures for each survey.

C The online tracking s ystem ensured proper track ing and control of all questionnaires from the

point of sam pling until the data were entered and cleaned. In addition to supporting overall

management of the project, the periodic status reports identified response rate problem areas

which enabled Cadmus to take appropriate follow-up measures.



# Site Visits

C Extensive training was provided to the site visitors, including a two day training session in

Boulder, Colorado that included example site visits.

C Detailed instructions were provided to each s ite visitor regarding the conduct of the on-site

surveys.

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# C Regular contact was maintained with all site visitors. Site visitor questions and Cadmus

responses were sent to all site visitors to en sure each site visitor received complete and

consistent information.

C Each complete d survey was reviewed by Cad mus staff as it was received. Follow-up

instructions were provided as needed.



# 4.4 Expert Review of Responses

As was done with responses to the 2000 CWS Survey, each questionnaire was subjected to a multi-level,

detailed review by Cadmus staff as it was returned by the systems. Cadmus reviewed the questionnaire

for completeness and internal consistency. Systems we re called if key questions were not answered or if

answers were inconsistent or unclear.

Upon receipt of the completed questionnaire, the Cadmus analyst responsible for the system reviewed the

survey. They identified m i ssing information and ques tions or potential problems with responses. The

analysts were provided training on how to evaluate a completed questionnaire, as well as written guidance

for reviewing the responses. The written guidance included rules-of-thumb for internal consistency

checks; these guidelines helped the an alyst compare questions and identif y inconsistent answers. For

example, guidelines were provided on average annual wa ter consumption per household, which were used

to compare annual water production with the number of connections reported.

Guidelines were provided regarding follow-up questi ons for the system. If essential data on system

finance, treatment, and production were missing, or if inconsistencies could not be resolved, analy sts

contacted the system. If detailed information was not av ailable (e.g., revenue by customer class), analysts

attempted to collect more aggregate-level data (e.g., total water sales revenue.) Analysts worked with the

systems to resolve inconsistencies. Senior staff c ontacted systems when difficult issues arose. Changes to

the questionnaire were doc umented and logged.

The analysts’ review of the surveys was itself reviewed by senior survey staff. Senior staff evaluated the

reviews and provided feedback to the analysts. Senior staff and water sy stem experts provided

information and answered questions throughout the data collection period.

Upon the completion of an analyst’s review of a questionnaire, the completed questionnaire was then

reviewed by Cadmus wa te r system experts. Each qu estion in the survey was subject to review. The

expert review focused on the validity of the responses to each question (e.g., checking that the treatment

sequence is logical), consistency across questions (e .g., the treatment practice is consistent with the

treatment objectives), and that questions were answ ered and reviewed consistently across by water

systems. Any further changes were documented and logged.



# 4.5 Data Processing Quality Assurance

The completed surveys were edited and entered into an electronic database. The electronic data were then

imported into a hierarchical database for distributio n, and a statistical package for detailed analysis.

Procedures were in place at every step to main tain the integrity and quality of the data.



# 4.5.1 Data Entry

Most water systems chose to fill out the questionnaire using the Excel spreadsheet. After completing the

survey, the water system then uploaded it directly into the database. Throughout the entire process,

validations checks were established to assure the highest quality responses. Automatic checks were in

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# built into the spreadsheet to make sure water syst ems input valid information. For example, water

systems were asked to input percentages as a whole number, 25 percent was entered as 25, not .25. If a

water system entered in the number .25, a message would appear asking the water system to verify the

accuracy of the inputted number. In this manner the responses were controlled as the water system

entered data.

When a completed questionnaire was uploaded into the database by the water sy stem, the data were

subjected to a second set of automated checks. A repor t was created for the water system about any data

issues. They were then given the option to ch ange data before submitting the questionnaire.

A paper copy of the completed questionnaire was prin ted out after the data were uploaded by the water

system. The paper copy was reviewed by an analyst and changes were tracked directly on the paper.

After senior staff approved the changes through an additional round of quality assurance, then the changes

were made to the online database. This process a llows for the database to maintain the most recent

dataset and all responses can be tracked back to the original survey response.



# 4.5.2 Automated Data Validation Checks

In preparing the final database, EPA and Cadmus d esigned, produced, and analyzed a series of computer

validation checks. These checks were run on the full survey database after the data were entered and

passed the standard computer edits for values and ra nges on a variable-by-variable basis. The checks

included the following:

C Distribution frequencies for all categorical variables;

C Distribution frequencies for all continuous numer ical variables formatted into four categories

(non-zero responses, zero responses, legitimately skipped, and missing);

C Univariates f o r each continuous variable;

C Item-specific cross-tabulations of categorical variable s;

C Item -specific cross-univariates of continuous data; and

C Item-specific advanced logic edits.



# 4.5.3 Database Quality Assurance

The final, clean survey database re presented the product of the various review, editing, data entry, and

data validation steps described above. Once the database was prepared, there were a number of

subsequent data processing steps required to create a variety of files suitable for analyses and tabulations

for the final delivery of a permanent datab ase to EPA. The principal steps included:

C Appending needed variables from external fil es, including sample and contact in form ation

from SDWIS.

C Analyzing the hard copy questionnaires and th e frequency distributions of continuous and

categorical variables to devise rules for handling missi ng data.

C Zero-filling blank responses. A detailed seri es of rules was developed for assessi ng blank

responses and determining whether to regard th ese as zeros or missing values. In general,

251

# blank quantity fields were treated as zero, ex cept when there was ex ternal evidence in a

logically related item that the response should not be zero. A detailed set of programming

specifications was designed to implement these rules.

C Creating new derived variables from the survey data to categorize systems into strata

comparable to the original sampling strata but based on the final survey responses rather than

the SDWIS data.

C Attaching the samp le weights to the analytical file.

C For the final delivery of the database to EPA, deriving and attaching the num erous composite

variables created for the production of t h e analytical tables in this report.

Each step was planned in advance. Detailed speci fications were written to g uide the programming and

data processing needed to perform each step. These doc uments are crucial quality assurance t ools to help

ensure that systems analy sts have a clear and common understanding of the entire process of data

management, that the processing stages fit together in a logical order and accomplish the intended

objectives, and that there is an unambiguous audit trai l of the condition of the data at each stage.

Version control was maintained for all computer pr ograms, and interim stages of all data files were

permanently archived. This m eant that when changes were made to a program or process, it was clear

which the current version was and the sequential changes that had been made from one version to the next

were apparent. It was always possible to restore any earlier version in full or to merge selected data from

the old version to the new version.

The combination of the processing specifications, vers ion control, and data archiving ensured that no

process was irreversible, that it was always possible to recover from any deliberate or inadvertent changes

to the data, and that the characteristics o f the surv e y data were fully known at each processing stage.



# 4.5.4 Tabulation Quality Assurance

The tabulations of the results presented in the tables in this report are varied and complex. Rather than

being a simple presentation of individual survey va riables, each table usually presents the results of

multiple calculations involving several survey variab les. Many tables present several such results in a

single table. There often were several different ways of defining or calculating an item of interest, and

sometimes there were different direct or derived sour ces of data for the calculation available on the survey

database. Hence, the following steps were taken to help assure that each table accurately summarized and

presented the data contained in the final survey database.

C Identify important, relevant, and useful inform ation that could be developed from analyses of

the survey data;

C Design each table to effectively present the results or to juxtapose related results in the same

table;

C Clearly describe the contents of each table;

C Define in detail the variables, values, fo rm ul as, and derivations that went into each

calculation;

252

# C Prepare clear and detailed data processing sp ecifications for carrying out the tabulations

according to the calculation definitions;

C Develop computer programs to process the da ta pursuant to the tabulation specifications;

C Review the initial tabular output for:

B Consistency with the design of th e table of contents;

B Conformity with the definitiona l and programming specifications; and

B Reasonable agreement with expected values-based on external mea s ures and expert

knowledge of water system operations and finance;

C Review definitions, specifications, programs, and underly ing data for tabulations exhibiting

data anomalies or outliers;

C Review any definitions, specifications, or progr ams if the review process identifies errors or

the need for m odifications to previous decisions; and

C Repeat previous tabulation quality assurance steps and re-run tabulations until no further

unacceptable data anomalies are found.

The tabulation process was full y automated, from th e underlying source data through all pr ocessing stages

to the final form atted tables. There were no intermediate stages re quiring m anual transfer or entry of data

from one stage to the next. This eliminated human transcription error. Of equal importance, it also

expedited the process of successive iterations of the ta bulations during the quality review process, as each

time a table was produced the output data automatically were transferred into the same final table form as

on the previous iteration. This ensured that any new anomalies identified in later iterations did not result

from transcription errors, and allowed the review staf f to focus their investigations on the table data,

specifications, and programs.



# 4.6 Quality Assurance during Report Preparation

The Survey’s quality assurance plan was followed throughout report preparation. Estimates in the report

were produced in the statistical package Stata us ing a series of programs (called “do files”). The

programs were reviewed by at least two analysts and all changes were tracked and documented.

Estimates were internally reviewed and revisions we re tracked. Decisions to exclude outliers or other

data from analyses were documented. The reports were reviewed internally by Cadmus and by EPA.

They also were reviewed by external expe rts, as discussed in the next section.



# 4.7 Peer Review

The sampling plan was reviewed by two independent ex ternal reviewers, A. Richard Bolstein of George

Mason University and John Gaughan of the Temple Un iversity School of Medicine. Barry Nussbaum of

EPA’s Office for Environmental Information also reviewed the sampling plan. Bimal Sinha from the

University of Maryland also provided comments. The peer reviewers were asked to assess the September

7, 2006 draft of the Sampling Plan for the 2006 Community Water System Survey . The peer reviewers

were also provided with a copy of the survey instrument as background. The reviewers made

recommended some minor changes to the sampling plan for small systems. The plan’s approach for

dealing with primary sampling units whose composite measure of size exceed five was modified based on

253

# reviewers’ comments. The reviewers also recomme nded revisions to the sampling plan description to

clarify the survey’s approach. The final report was reviewed by the following: Barry L. Liner, PE and

David Binning, PE of AEM Corporation, Scott J. Rubin, JD, and Janice Beecher, Ph.D., Michigan State

University.

254

# Appendix:

Community Water System Survey Questionnaire

255CWSS QuestionnaireUnited StatesEnvironmental Protection AgencySURVEY OF COMMUNITY WATER SYSTEMSOMB No. 2040-0273Expiration date: 1/31/2010CWSS QuestionnaireWhen you complete the survey, please upload it to our Web site at:www.CWSSurvey.comFollow the instructions to upload your completed questionnaire. Please have your login ID available.rfrom the Cadmus Group, Inc.:CWSSurvey@cadmusgroup.comYou also may print a copy of the completed questionnaire and send it to us in the pre-paid Federal Express envelope provided.(Please call the toll free number sent with your introductory letter if you need a Federal Express envelope.)Or you may mail your printed copy of the completed questionnaire to:EPA Community Water System Surveyc/o The Cadmus Group, Inc.57 Water StreetWatertown, MA 02472Participation in the survey is voluntary.eanin prior surveys.o5 hours per respondent annually.oprovide information to or for a Federal agency.dgaAnnumber. The OMB control numbers for EPA's regulations are listed in 40 CFR Part 9 and 48 CFR Chapter 15.2040-0273 and the expiration date is 1/31/2010.naccordance with 5 CFR 1320.5 (b).dS,Office of Management and Budget, 725 17th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20503, Attention: Desk Officer for EPA.ycorrespondence. Do not send the completed survey to this addressOMB No. 2040-0273This information was sent with your introductory letteIf you are missing your introductory letter and need your login ID or prefer to return this questionnaire by e-mail as an attachment please emailHowever, as a matter of policy, EPA will not disclose the identity of any respondentto this questionnaire, nor thidentity of any participating water system. While no respondent has ever claimed that the information asked for in this surveycontains confidential businesinformation (CBI), EPA will offer you the opportunity of claiming CBI in the event that we receive a Freedom of Information Actrequest for any data thwould identify you or your system. It should be noted, however, that EPA has never received a Freedom of Information Act request for such informatioThe public reporting and record-keeping burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 3.58 hours per response, or from 1 hour tBurden means the total time, effort, or financial resources expended by persons to generate,maintain, retain, or discloseThis includes the time needed to review instructions; develop, acquire, install, and utilize technology ansystems for the purposes of collecting, validating, and verifying information, processing and maintaining information, and disclosing and providininformation; adjust the existing ways to comply with any previously applicable instructions and requirements; train personnel to be able to respond tocollection of information; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information.agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays acurrently valid OMB controThe OMB Control Number for the survey iThe agency is required to display the OMB Control Number and inform respondents of its legal significance iIf you wish, you may send comments on the Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methofor minimizing respondent burden, including through the use of automated collection techniques to the Director, Collection Strategies Division, U.Environmental Protection Agency (2822), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20460; and to the Office of Information and Regulatory AffairsInclude the control number in anExpiration date: 1/31/2010iCWSS QuestionnaireDear Owners and Operators of Community Water Systems:The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is conducting a national survey of drinking water systems, and yours isone of about 2,000 systems thathave been randomly selected to participate. According to your state's database, you have been identified as the most appropriate person to provide information aboutyour water system. Participation in the survey is voluntary.What sort of information are we seeking? Information on a range of operating and financial characteristics, from the current treatment processes being used at yoursystem, to your annual revenue and expenses.There are even a few questions that address security considerations.Conducted about every five years, this survey represents the first time we’ve been able to offer a variety of ways to participate. A hard copy of the questionnaire willbe available, as always. But you will also be able to download a spreadsheet version of the questionnaire, or complete the questionnaire at a specially designed website.You will be contacted soon to determine which approach suits you best.If you would like to get started before you are contacted, detailed instructions about thequestionnaire are included from the Cadmus Group, Inc., the contractor administering the survey for EPA.This survey will accomplish a number of important objectives. It will give EPA current data to let us better consider the costs and benefits to water systems when wedevelop new national drinking water regulations.It also will allow us to measure the impact of drinking water regulations putin place since the last survey. This, inturn, will help us determine more affordable approaches to drinking water treatment.Furthermore, the answers you provide willhelp us develop more effectiveprograms to safeguard our nation's drinking water, provide guidance to the states, and measure the effectiveness of existing federal programs, such as the DrinkingWater State Revolving Fund. This survey is part of a larger data collection effort by EPA. You also may be asked to provide information about your future investmentneeds through the Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment.You will be contacted separately regarding the Needs Survey and Assessment.As we have done in the past, EPA will only make use of the information you provide when it has been aggregated with the responses of many other water systems inthe same size category as yours.We will never disclose your name or the name of your water system in any public documents.The questionnaire has more details onhow your privacy will be protected.The agency is required to display the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Control Number and inform respondents of itslegal significance in accordance with 5 CFR 1320.5 (b).The OMB Control Number for the survey is 2040-0273. The expiration date for Control Number is January31, 2010.Answers to this questionnaire will help EPA understand your circumstances better than any other tool we have.If you have ever wanted to have a larger say in thedevelopment of national rules that could directly affect you and your water system, providing answers to this questionnaire is an important contribution.Becauseonly 2,000 of you are being asked to speak for over 50,000 other systems, your voice is that much more important and will carrythat much more weight. If you haveever felt that federal regulators don't understand your situation, then please take this opportunity to tell us, in detail, just what your situation is. It will make adifference.Sincerely,Brian C. RourkeProgram AnalystStandards and Risk Management DivisionOffice of Water, US Environmental Protection AgencyiiCWSS QuestionnaireGENERAL INSTRUCTIONSThis questionnaire asks about your system's operational and financial characteristics.Questions 1 through 4 ask for general information about your system.Questions 5 through 20 ask about your system'soperational characteristics, including its water sources, treatment practices, storage and distribution system.Questions 20 through 28 ask about your system'sfinancial characteristics, including number of connections, revenue, expenses, and capital investment.If you received and completed EPA's Water Treatment Plant Questionnaire AND and you are willing to give EPA access that information for purposes of thissurvey, you do not need to complete questions 21 to 24, and questions 26 to 28. You will be contacted to confirm that you are willing to share the results.Please complete the questionnaire. Save your file early and often!Additional copies of the questionnaire are available at www.CWSSurvey.com. To access the Web site, you will need to have your login ID and passwordavailable.The login ID and password were mailed to separately in an introductory letter from the Cadmus Group, Inc.This letter also contained a toll-freehelp-line for you to call if you needed any assistance. If you do not have this information, please contact The Cadmus Group,Inc. through e-mail atCWSSurvey@cadmusgroup.com.You may upload the completed questionnaire to our Web site at www.CWSSurvey.com or send it to us via e-mail at CWSSurvey@cadmusgroup.com.You also may print a copy and send it to us by FedEx or U.S. mail.We recommend uploading it to the Web site because you will be able to view and confirmyour responses. See below for upload instructions.You are also encouraged to send schematics, diagrams, financial reports, or other information that will help provide a completepicture of your water system.If you have electronic copies of the documents, you may upload them to www.CWSSurvey.com.Please have your login ID available to upload files.If you only have paper copies, you may request a pre-paid FedEx envelope by e-mailing us at CWSSurvey@cadmusgroup.com, or by the calling toll-freenumber on your introductory letter from the Cadmus Group, Inc.To upload the survey to the Web site after completion:Please save your file often!And before uploading the questionnaire, please save the file one additional time.The upload process will upload only the mostrecently saved file.If you make changes before saving and attempting the upload, the new information will not be uploaded.After using your login ID andpassword to access your water system's account at www.CWSSurvey.com, you will seen an option to upload your survey to the Web site. Follow theinstructions once you have logged in to upload the file from your computer.After the upload you will have an opportunity to review any inconsistencies found in the questionnaire during the upload process. A report will be createdthat explains these inconsistencies.You may print out the report, correct any issues you agree with in the file on your computer, save the file, and upload thecorrected questionnaire. If you make any changes, be sure to save this report before you upload the questionnaire again! Once you agree to all of yourresponses, you can finalize your responses by clicking the "Submit" button.The upload process will automatically fill out the online questionnaire at the website.The report that highlights inconsistencies in the responsesiiiCWSS QuestionnaireGENERAL INSTRUCTIONSwill have hyperlinks to where this response appears in the online form.layout of the online form is different than that of the spreadsheet.)To e-mail your survey as an attachment:You may e-mail the questionnaire as an attachment to CWSSurvey@cadmusgroup.com.Your e-mail program will attach only the most recently saved version of the file.incorrect information will be submitted. Please save early and often!You may also e-mail copies of any your documents to the same e-mail address.Note on printing and mailing the questionnaire:Only the first page of every sheet is currently set to print.settings. Please ensure that you print out all information.the Cadmus Group, Inc.. Someone will assist you in changing the print ranges.Other versions of the questionnaire:If you prefer to have your work stored online, you may complete the questionnaire through the online form at www.CWSSurvey.com.There is a paper version of the questionnaire available.Questions? Comments? Concerns?Cadmus or e-mail Cadmus at CWSSurvey@cadmusgroup.comYou will have the option to change your responses online. (Please note that theIf you choose this method, please save your file before sending it!If you make any changes but do not save the file before sending, thenAny information you add outside of this print range will not print unless you adjust the printIf you need any help, please call the toll free number sent withyour introductory letter fromIf you decide to print out the questionnaire before starting the questions,please call toll-free and we will send you a paper version of the questionnaire via FedEx to ensure that all questions are returned in the postage-paid envelope.It can be sent to you via FedEx, along with a postage-paid envelope for easy return.If you have any questions, please call The Cadmus Group, Inc., toll-free using the number on your introductory letter fromiiiCWSS Questionnaire1Please provide the name, title, and telephone number of themost knowledgeable personto contact forinformation.A. Part I – Operating CharacteristicsB. Part II – Financial Characteristics(Write “SAME” if same as A)Name:Title:Tel. No.Fax No.E-mail:2This survey will ask you to provide operating and financial information for your public water system forthe most recent 12-month period for which data are available. Please specify below theend datesfor whichdata are provided. For part B, you may use data from the most recently completed fiscal year or the mostrecent year for which audited financial reoprts are available.A Operating information(end date):mmddyyB Financial information(end date):mmddyy1CWSS Questionnaire3APlease classify your water system using the following criteria.(Please check only one)Owned and operated by a government or public agency (not including government-owned systems that hire a privatecompany to operate the system)Owned by a government or public agency and operated by a private contractorOwned privately and operated for profit primarily as a water business (e.g., American Water Company)Owned privately and not operated for profit (e.g., a homeowners association or a non-profit cooperative)Owned privately and operated as a necessary part of another business (e.g., a mobile home park)Please specifyyour primary business in part B.BIf the system is owned privately and operated as a necessary part of another business, please specify thetype of business:4ADo you have regular access to a computer for sending and receiving information?YesNo(Skip to question 5)BDo any of your computers have the following software or peripherals?(Please check all that apply)Microsoft ExcelMicrosoft AccessCD driveDVD playerCWhat access do you have to the Internet?(Please check only one)High-speed Internet access (e.g., cable, DSL, wireless, or T1)Dial-up modem accessNo access2igure 1: Sample diagram of intakes, treatment plants, and entry pointsFCWSS QuestionnaireThe following definitions of water system components are used in this survey.Figure 1 is an example of a schematic of a water system showing water sources, treatmentplants, transmission lines, and the distribution system.Please refer to these definitions and the schematic for an explanation of the terms used in questions 6 through 11.Please submit diagrams or schematics, using figure 1as a guide.Please note that the identifier numbers used in the questions do not refer to specific items in figure 1.For example, use ‘S1' to refer to your first surface water source,regardless of whether it is a flowing stream, as depicted in the schematic, or another surface water source.TermExampleCodeDefinitionSurfacewater intakeS1, S2 Surface water intake refers to the structure at the surfacewater source (flowing stream, lake, reservoir, orgroundwater under the direct influence of surface water[GWUDI]) that permits the withdrawal of the water from thatsource.Groundwater sourceG1, G2,G3, G4Ground water source refers to the connection of untreatedwater from one or more wells to a water treatment plant ordirectly into the distribution system. Where the water frommultiple wells flows through a common pipe prior to entry tothe treatment plant or distribution system, the combined flowis considered one ground water source. Do not includeGWUDI.PurchasedwaterconnectionP1, P2 A purchased water connection refers to the transmission ofwater from the seller's water system to a water treatment plantor directly to the distribution system of the purchaser's watersystem.WatertreatmentplantWTP 1,WTP 2A water treatment plant is any facility where water is filtered, disinfected, or otherwise treated prior to its transmission tothe distribution system(or its conveyance to another purchasing water system). For the purposes of this survey, simple disinfection only or pH adjustment prior toentry into the distribution system are considered to constitute a water treatment plant.Other examples include large-scale filtration plants andchemical feed on wells for disinfection. It does not include facilities within the distribution system that boost disinfection.Buyer B1, B2, B3 A buyer refers to any public water system to which water is sold.Entry point E1, E2, E3,E4An entry point is where treated or untreated potable water enters the water system's distribution system.3CWSS Questionnaire5Please provide a copy of the schematic of your system. (Remember: you may send an existing schematic if available)Figure 1 is an example of the type of schematic requested. This information can be transmitted two ways.1.If your files are stored on your computer:A.Upload the schematic at the Web sitewww.CWSSurvey.comor,B.E-mail the schematic as an attachment toCWSSurvey@cadmusgroup.comTo access the Web site you need to have your login ID and password available. The login ID and password weremailed to you separately. If you do not have your login information, please e-mail:CWSSurvey@cadmusgroup.com2.If you prefer to send a hard copy through the mail, please call the toll-free number from your introductory letter fromthe Cadmus Group, Inc to request a pre-paid FedEx envelope to return this information.Figure 1 is an example of the type of schematic requested.Please note that this can be e-mailed or uploaded at the same time as the financial information requested later in the survey.4CWSS QuestionnaireProvide the following information for the ground water sources, surface water intakes, or purchased water connections for thiswater system.MG is millions of gallons of water.MGD is millions of gallons per day.If the source is used on a seasonal or emergency basis, the average daily amount is for the days the source is used.6A Ground water sources.(Click here to go to the definition on tab Fig 1.)1How many ground water sources (i.e., treatment plants or groups of wells tied directly to the distribution system) are in yourwater system?Number of sources:2Please list each well or group of wells feeding into a single ground water entry point separately by line.Notes for the table:1.Treatment includes any process that alone or in combination with other processes has an objective of producing or maintaining potable water.2.If you do not know the limit of your source, please leave this column blank.Limits on the availability of water include source capacity, water quality requirements, state and local water resource plans, local economic development and growthprojections, contractual obligations, permits, water rights, and legal constraints. Limits also include current equipmentconstraints imposed by system components,pumps, and water treatment plant capacity.Ground watersourcesHow manyindividual wellssupply this groundwater source?Is this aseasonalsource?(Yes or No)Is this anemergencysource?(Yes or No)If this is a seasonalor emergencysource, how manymonths was it usedin the 12-monthperiod reported inquestion 2A?Is the water fromthis source treatedby your system?1(Yes or No)What is the totalamount of waterdrawn from thissource in the 12-month periodreported in question2A?(MG)On average, howmuch water wasdrawn from thissource on a typicalday when it wasused during thereporting period inquestion 2A?(MGD)Estimate themaximum dailyamount of water thatcan be drawn fromthis source thatsupplies eachground water entrypoint.2(MGD)G1G2G3G4G5G6G7G8G9G105CWSS Questionnaire6B Surface water intake identifiers.(Click here to go to the definition on tab Fig 1.)1How many surface water intakes are in your water system?Number of intakes:2Please list each surface water intake separately by line.Notes for the table:1.GWUDI is ground water under the direct influence of surface water.2.Treatment includes any process that alone or in combination with other processes has an objective of producing or maintaining potable water.3.If you do not know the limit of your source, please leave this column blank.Limits on the availability of water include source capacity, water quality requirements, state and local water resource plans, local economic developmentand growth projections, contractual obligations, permits, water rights, and legal constraints. Limits also include constraints imposed by systemcomponents, pumps, and water treatment plant capacity.Surface waterintake identifiersWhat is the source forthis surface waterintake?(Please select one)1) Flowing stream,2) Reservoir or lake,3) GWUDI1Is this aseasonalsource?(Yes or No)Is this anemergencysource?(Yes or No)If this is a seasonalor emergencysource, how manymonths was it usedin the 12-monthperiod reported inquestion 2A?Is the water fromthis intake treatedby your system?2(Yes or No)What is the totalamount of waterdrawn from thissource in the 12-month periodreported inquestion 2A?(MG)On average, howmuch water wasdrawn from thissource on a typicalday when it wasused during thereporting period inquestion 2A?(MGD)Estimate themaximum dailyamount of waterthat can be drawnfrom each surfacewater intake.3(MGD)S1S2S3S4S5S6S7S8S9S106CWSS Questionnaire6C Purchased water connections.(Click here to go to the definition on tab Fig 1.)1How many purchased water connections are in your water system?Number of connections:2If your system purchases water from one source but has multiple connections or turnouts, please list each connection or turnoutseparately by line.Notes for the table:1.Treatment includes any process that alone or in combination with other processes has an objective of producing or maintaining potable water.2.GWUDI is ground water under the direct influence of surface water.3.If you do not know the limit of your source, please leave this column blank.Limits on the availability of water include source capacity, water quality issues, state and local water resource plans, local economic development and growthprojections, contractual obligations, permits, water rights, and legal constraints. Limits also include constraints imposed by system components, pipeline carryingcapacity, and water treatment plant capacity.Purchasedwater connectionsProvide thePWSIDs or nameof the sellers foreach connection.A seller can appearmore than once.Is this aseasonalsource?(Yes or No)Is this anemergencysource?(Yes or No)If this is aseasonal oremergencysource, howmany monthswas it used inthe 12-monthperiodreported inquestion 2A?When youpurchase thiswater, is it one ofthe following?(Please selectone)1) Finished,2) Partiallytreated1,3) Untreated,4) UnknownWhat is thesource of thepurchasedwater?(Please selectone)1) Ground,2) Surface,3) GWUDI,24) UnknownDo youboostdisinfectionof waterfrom thissource afterit enters thedistributionsystem?(Yes or No)Do youprovide anyothertreatment1tothis waterbesidesbooster disinfection?(Yes or No)What is thetotal amountof waterdrawn fromthis source inthe 12-monthperiodreported inquestion 2A?(MG)On average,how muchwater wasdrawn from thisconnection on atypical daywhen it wasused during thereportingperiod inquestion 2A?(MGD)Estimate themaximumdaily amountof water thatcan be drawnfrom eachpurchasedwaterconnection.3(MGD)P1P2P3P4P5P6P7P8P9P107CWSS Questionnaire7Provide the following information for each water treatment plant in this water system.Awater treatment plantis any facility that treats or otherwise improvesthe quality of the water prior to its entry to the distribution system.Large-scale filtration plants, chemical feeds on wells for disinfection, and facilities thatadjust pH prior to entry to the distribution system are included.Facilities within the distribution system that boost disinfection are not included.AHow many water treatment plants are in your water system?Number of plants:BPlease provide the following information for each water treatment plant in this water system.Notes for the table:Average daily productionis the total amount of water produced by the plant divided by the number of days the plant was in use during the 12-month reportingperiod in question 2A. Mathematically, it is the sum of all the daily flows divided by the number of daily flows.Design capacityrefers to the maximumamount of water the plant can produce in a single 24-hour period with all treatment trains operating at capacity.Peak daily productionrefers to the maximumamount produced in a single day over the 12-month reporting period in question 2A.WatertreatmentplantidentifierList all of the surface, ground, and purchasedwater sources from question 6 that feed into eachwater treatment plant.What was the average dailyproduction of each watertreatment plant for the 12-monthperiod reported in question 2A?(MGD)What was the design capacity foreach water treatment plant?(MGD)What was the peak dailyproduction for each watertreatment plant for the 12-monthperiod reported in question 2A?(MGD)WTP1WTP2WTP3WTP4WTP5WTP6WTP7WTP8WTP9WTP108CWSS QuestionnaireUse the treatment process codes in table 1 and the objective codes in table 2 to describe the treatment processes used by eachplant in question 8.Table 1: Treatment Processes CodesTreatmentCodeDisinfectionChlorineT1Chlorine dioxideT2Chloramines onlyChloramine with a free chlorineT3T4period (based on need in thedistribution system and notroutinely done)Chloramine with seasonalT5(routine) free chlorine useOzoneT6Ultraviolet lightMixed oxidantT7T8Filtration ProcessesCoagulant addition/rapid mixPolymer additionFlocculationT9T10T11Settling/sedimentationLime/soda ash softeningRecarbonationT12T13T14FiltrationMicro strainerT15Slow sand filterT16Bag or cartridgeDiatomaceous earthT17T18Pressure filtrationT19Green sandT20TreatmentCodeFiltration(continued)Rapid sand filterDeep bed mono-mediaDual/multi mediaT21T22T23MembranesReverse osmosisT24MicrofiltrationT25UltrafiltrationT26NanofiltrationT27OtherAerationT28Potassium permanganateCorrosion controlT29T30Ion exchangeActivated aluminaT31T32Iron-based adsorptive mediaSequestrationFluoride additionT33T34T35Dissolved air flotationT36Granular activated carbonT37Centrally managed POU/POEClearwell and/or contact vessel(e.g., basin, pipeline)Other (1) see question 8Other (2) see question 8Other (3) see question 8T38T39T40T41T42Table 2: Treatment Objectives CodesTreatmentCodeAlgae controlO1Corrosion controlO2Primary disinfectionO3Secondary disinfectionO4Disinfectant byproduct controlO5DechlorinationO6OxidationO7Iron removalO8Manganese removalO9Taste/odor controlO10TOC removalO11Particulate/turbidity removalO12Softening (hardness removal)O13RecarbonationO14Organic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., VOCs, pesticides)O15Inorganic chemical contaminant removal (e.g., arsenic)O16Radionuclides contaminant removalO17SecurityO18Mussel controlO19FluoridationO20Other (1) see question 8O21Other (2) see question 8O22Other (3) see question 8O239CWSS Questionnaire8A Using the water treatment plant identifiers from question 7, characterize the treatment practices used in each of your system's treatment plants.- Please enter the treatment process and objective for each step of the treatment practice. Use the codes from tables 1 and 2 above.- You may enter up to 30 steps. Each step may have up to three processes and six objectives.- Do not include disinfection booster stations that are within the distribution system.Two examples are provided. The first example is conventional filtration. The second is iron/manganese removal.Roll your mouse here in order to see a list of processes and their codesRoll your mouse here in order to see a list of objectives and their codesWTPStep 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 Step 11 Step 12 Step 13 Step 14 Step 15Ex. 1ProcessT10T11T12T23T1T39ObjectiveO12O12O12O12O3O3Ex. 2ProcessT29T20T1ObjectiveO7 O8 O9 O8 O9 O3WTP1ProcessObjectiveWTP2ProcessObjectiveWTP3ProcessObjectiveWTP4ProcessObjectiveWTP5ProcessObjectiveWTP6ProcessObjectiveWTP7ProcessObjectiveWTP8ProcessObjectiveWTP9ProcessObjectiveWTP10ProcessObjective10CWSS Questionnaire8B Specify the other treatment practices from the water treatment plant identifiers from question 7.If, in the last table, you have other unspecified treatment processes or objectives (i.e., you used treatment codes T40, T41, or T42 or objective codes O21,O22, O23), please write them in here.These treatment codes (T40, T41, and T42) are for any treatment process you use that is not listed inTable 1 on page 9. Please specify what each process is:T40: Other (1)T41: Other (2)T42: Other (3)These treatment codes (O21, O22, and O23) are for any objective you are trying to achieve that is notlisted in Table 2 on page 9. Please specify what each objective is:O21: Other (1)O22: Other (2)O23: Other (3)11CWSS Questionnaire9Using the water treatment plant identifiers from question 7, indicate if the specified residuals management practices are usedand provide therequested information regarding potential discharge.(Yes or No for each category)Notes for the table:1.Systems that are allowed to discharge to a waterway, septic system, or sanitary sewer do not face any legal or permitting restrictions on such discharge.Do you use the following residual management process in the following water treatment plants?Watertreatmentplantidentifier(Use the water treatment plant numbers from Question 7)DewateringDisposalRecyclefilterbackwashOther(specify)Mechanicaldewatering(e.g., beltpresses,centrifuges,pressurefilters, andvacuumfilters)Nonmechanicaldewatering(e.g.,lagoons,drying beds,and freezeassisteddrying beds)Land application(e.g.,beneficialuse)On-SiteStorageDeepwellinjectionWaste landfillWaterwaySeptic systemSanitary sewerHazardouswastelandfillNonhazardouswastelandfillAre youallowed todischargeto a waterway(surfacewater)?1If yes,do youdischargeto awaterway?Are youallowed todischargeto a septicsystem?1If yes, doyoudischargeto asepticsystem?Are youallowed todischargeto asanitarysewer?1If yes, doyoudischargeto asanitarysewer?WTP1WTP2WTP3WTP4WTP5WTP6WTP7WTP8WTP9WTP1012QUESTION 10 IS NOT ASKED FOR SYSTEMS IN YOUR SIZE CATEGORY, THEREFORE, THE QUESTION IS GRAYED OUTON YOUR QUESTIONNAIRE. PLEASE CONTINUE TO QUESTION 11.CWSS Questionnaire10 AIs your system currently treating (directly or indirectly) for any contaminants not regulated by the federal government?(Directlymeans that the treatment in place is due to the presence of the unregulated contaminant.Indirectlymeans that the unregulated contaminant is being addressed because of current treatment practices for a regulated contaminant.)YesNo(Skip to question 11)BPlease provide the following information about unregulated contaminants addressed by your treatment plants..Raw waterFinished WaterWhat are the unregulated contaminants that arebeing addressed by your treatment plants?Concentration Units Concentration Units13If known, please provide the concentration of the unregulatedcontaminant in the raw and finished water as it leaves the plantEnter N/A if unknown. Enter ND if the contaminant was notdetected. Please also provide the units as well (e.g., mg/L).What watertreatment plant treatsfor the unregulatedcontaminant? (Useplant identifiersfrom question 7.)Is the plant treatingdirectly for thiscontaminant, i.e., istreatment in place totreat specifically forthis contaminant?CWSS Questionnaire11 AWhat is the total capacity of storage located pastthe first residential customer?(in millions of gallons)12BPlease indicate the number of each type of storage facility youhave in your utility that is located past the first residentialcustomer.1 Fully or partially buried2 Ground level3 Elevated4 Hydropneumatic5a. Standpipesb. How many standpipes are operatedas surge tanks?6 OtherCIndicate the typical number of years betweencleaning an individual storage vessel:14DPlease provide the following information about the practices you use to maintain waterquality in storage vessels. Also indicate additional information you need about each practice,regardless of whether you use a practice.Do you use anyof the followingpractices tomaintain waterquality instorage vesselsin your system?(Please check allthat apply)Do you wantadditionalinformationto help youimplementor make betteruse of anyof the followingpractices?(Please check allthat apply)aModeling or other detention time evaluationsbLonger fill/draw cycles to increase mixingcInlet/outlet modificationsdMechanical mixingeIncrease or switch disinfectant residualfOperational modifications to maintaindisinfectant residualgOther(please specify)CWSS Questionnaire12Estimate the length of the transmission lines and distribution mains in your system, and length of pipe replaced in the last5years.A transmission line is defined as a pipeline that transports raw or partially treated water to a water treatment plant or thattransports finished water todistribution mains.A distribution main is defined as part of the pipeline network that distributes water to consumers.Replaced pipe is pipe that has either been physically removed from the ground or has been subject to major rehabilitation efforts.New pipe installed is new transmission lines or distribution mains that do not replace existing pipe.SourcePipe Type and DiameterLength of new pipeExisting (or current)Length of pipe replaced in installed in the past 5length of pipe the past 5 years1years1(In Miles)(In Miles)(In Miles)Transmission lines

MainsLess than 6"6-10"Greater than 10" and Less than 24"24" or greaterTransmission LineWaterTreatmentPlantTransmission LineDistribution Mains1.Ending on the date shown in your answer to question 2A15CWSS Questionnaire13 APlease provide the following information about each pressure zone in your distribution system.1 How many pressure zones do you have in your distribution system?2 How many pressure zones have booster disinfection stations?3 How many booster disinfection stations do you have throughout your distribution system?BIf your system has experienced a loss of pressure below 20 psi during the past operating year,please tell us the number of pressure losses that occurred for each of the following reasons:1Power outage2 Fire3 Main pipeline burst4 Other (such as maintenance, flushing)Please specify14Do you flush your distribution system on a regular basis?YesNo(Skip to question 17)15What percentage of the distribution system is flushed each year on a regular basis?(Please enter a whole number for the percentage, e.g., 50% is entered as 50, not .50)%16What approach is used when you flush your system on a regular basis?(Please check all that apply)A(Uni-) Directional (Restricting water flow to one direction using closed valves to maximize velocity,generally from source/plant to the lowest elevation in the system)BConventional, random, or non-directional (Opening hydrants on lines without closing valves orrestricting the direction of water flow)CDead end (opening a hydrant or flush valve on the dead-end line)DOther(Please specify)17 AIf you do not flush your system on a regular basis, have you ever flushed your system?YesNo(Skip to question 18)B1 What was the last year in which you flushed your system?2 In what year did you flush the system before that?(Enter "NA" if you only flushed the system once.)16CWSS Questionnaire18 ADo you use chemical disinfection at any of your water treatment plants?YesNo(Skip to question 19)BPlease provide the following data on disinfection residuals for one summer month (June, July, August, or September) and onewinter month (December, January, or February) for the treatment plant in the system with the highest average daily flow.(For the last part of the question asking for a percent, please enter the percent as a whole number instead of a decimal,e.g., 50% is entered as 50, not .5)Treatment PlantDistribution systemAverage entry point disinfectant residual for thetreatment plant with the highest average daily Average distribution systemPercentage of distributionflowdisinfectant residualsystem samples <0.2mg/L,Season Month(mg/L as Cl2)(mg/L as Cl2)including non-detectsTotal Cl2Free Cl2Water Source Total Cl2Free Cl2Total Cl2Summer%Winter%17QUESTION 19 IS NOT ASKED FOR SYSTEMS IN YOUR SIZE CATEGORY, THEREFORE, THE QUESTION IS GRAYED OUTON YOUR QUESTIONNAIRE. PLEASE CONTINUE TO QUESTION 20.The percentage of your residential customers adds to 0 percent. Please make sure it adds to 100 percent.CWSS Questionnaire19Please list the 5-digit ZIP codes in your service area. Please estimate the percentage of your residential customers thatare in each ZIP code. This information will be used to identify the unique demographic characteristics of your service area sothat EPA can better assess the financial and operating characteristics of the system.(Please enter the percent as a whole number instead of a decimal, e.g., 50% is entered as 50, not .5)Approximate Percentage of theWater System's ResidentialZIP CodeCustomers in this ZIP CodeApproximate Percentage of theWater System's ResidentialZIP Code Customers in this ZIP Code1%11%2%12%3%13%4%14%5%15%6%16%7%17%8%18%9%19%10%20%1812345CWSS Questionnaire20Please answer the following questions about water security.Please Check if Answer is YesA1 Has your water system attended any EPA-sponsored water security training?2 Have you used EPA's Web-based water security technology product guides?3 Have you heard of EPA's Response Protocol Toolbox?4 Have you heard of the 14 features of an “active and effective” water security program?5What, if any, information do you need that would help you protect your system against security threats?(Please write a brief answer below)B1 Have you heard of mutual aid and assistance agreements or compacts?(If No, skip to section C)2 Would you be interested in joining such an agreement or contract?3 If not, please explain why not :CWhat are the two greatest barriers to enhancing security at your system?(Please select up to 2 from the menus)12Choices are:Lack of interest at the system, public, or rate board levelCompeting priorities (regulatory compliance, aging infrastructure, etc.)Lack of fundingLack of knowledge / guidance / training materialsOther (Please specify)If you selected "Other", please specify on the line below:DWho do you prefer to get Water Security Information/Products from?(Please select only one)Department of Homeland SecurityEPAWater AssociationsNo preferenceOther(Please specify)19If you received and completed EPA's Water Treatment Plant Questionnaire AND and you are willing to give EPA access to that informationfor purposes of this survey, you do not need to complete questions 21 to 24, and questions 26 to 28.Are you willing to give EPA permission to use data from the Water Treatment Plant Questionnaireto complete the financial sections of the Community Water System Survey?Yes(Skip to Question 25)No(Continue to Question 21)CWSS Questionnaire21 APlease complete the table below for the most recently completed fiscal year (the12-month period indicated in question 2B). Financial information is needed to assessthe financial condition of your water system, to assess possible future expenditures, andto see how costs are distributed among customers. No financial information providedwill affect any EPA or other federal financial assistance program.Column A: What was the amount of water produced and delivered to each of the followingcustomer categories? Report the amount in millions of gallons per year (MGY).Unaccounted for water includes system losses and uncompensated uses (e.g., fire flow).Columns B and C: How many connections and people did your drinking watersystem serve year-round?Please indicate the number of connections and number ofpeople served by your water system for all customer types that apply.If you do notknow the connections or people served, please provide your best estimate.Column D: What were your drinking water system's revenues from water sales foreach of the following customer categories? (Enter “0” if you do not have revenuefrom a source.)$$$Column AColumn B Column C Column DWater Number of Number of WaterQuantityConnections People SalesDelivered ServedServedRevenue1 Sold to other water suppliersa Finished waterb Partially treatedor untreated waterMGYMGY2 ResidentialMGY$$$$3 Non-residential (Commercial,Industrial, Agricultural)a Finished waterb Partially treated oruntreated waterMGY$MGY$4 Unaccounted for water anduncompensated usageMGY21BPlease indicate your water system's revenue during the lastyear from other water-related sources.1 Connection and development fees2 Revenue from the Government (e.g.General fund of Municipal Government)3 Other water-related revenue not reportedabove (e.g., fines, penalties, other fees)Please specifyCProvide the PWSID or name of each public water supplierincluded in the response to part A1 above.1Finished water2Partially treated or untreated waterDPlease indicate the revenue you received fromnon-drinking-water-related business, notincluded above, including rental income and thesale of other goods and services:EIf you did not report any revenue under parts A, B, and D,how did you pay for your system's operations?QUESTION 24 IS NOT ASKED FOR SYSTEMS IN YOUR SIZE CATEGORY,THEREFORE, THE QUESTION IS GRAYED OUT. PLEASE CONTINUE TOQUESTION 25.CWSS Questionnaire22Please identify your drinking water system's billing structure.(Please check all that apply)NonresidentialCustomersResidentialCustomersAMetered charges1 Uniform rate2 Declining block rate3 Increasing block rate4 Peak period rate (e.g., seasonal)BUnmetered charges5 Separate flat fee for water6 Annual connection fee7 Combined flat fee for waterand other services (e.g., rental fees,association fees, pad fees)COther billing methodsPlease specify23 ADoes your system have a program that lowers the cost of drinking waterfor low- or fixed-income households?YesNo(Skip to question 24)BWhat are the eligibility requirements for this program?CHow many households qualifyfor the program?2224 ADoes your system serve a residential population that changes on aseasonal basis? The seasonal population is considered the populationthat fluctuates within a system based on the seasons. For example, thepopulation of a water system serving a winter or summer resort area hasan influx during certain periods of the year.YesNo(Skip to question 25)BPlease indicate the average daily flow duringpeak season(MGD):CPlease indicate the approximate number of daysin the peak season (e.g. 30, 60, or 90 days):CWSS Questionnaire25Please enter the following information about operators, mangers, and administrative staff that work at the water system.Enter the wage for hourlyemployees. Exclude overtimepayfrom the hourlywage. For salaried employees, enter theirhourly equivalent. For example, for full-time salaried employees, enter their salary divided by 2,080 hours.Benefits include statutory benefits such as FICA and unemployment insurance, as well as pension and other retirementcontributions, health insurance contributions, vacation, and sick leave.It also includes supplemental pay, includingovertime pay for wage employees and holiday pay.(If you do not know the exact information, please provide your best estimate)AFull-time EmployeesEnter the number of full-time employees, their average hourly wage rate or salary equivalent, and their benefits as apercentage of their salary or wages.Staff1OperatorsaTreatment PlantbDistribution System2Managers3Administrative staffNumber offull-timeemployeesAveragehourlysalaryor wage($xx.xx)Benefits as apercentageof salary orwages$%$%$%$%23CWSS QuestionnaireB Part-time EmployeesEnter the number of part-time employees, the average hours worked per week by part-time employees, their averagehourly wage rate or salary equivalent, and their benefits as a percentage of their salary or wage rate.($xx.xx)$%$%$%$%($xx.xx)$$$$24Staff1OperatorsaTreatment PlantbDistribution System2Managers3Administrative staffNumber ofpart-time oremployeesAveragenumber ofhoursperemployeeperweekAveragehourlywageBenefits as apercentageof salary orwagesC Contract EmployeesFor contract employees that operate the system, provide the number of employees, the number of hours workedand the average hourly cost to the system (including wages, salaries, benefits, and fees).Staff1OperatorsaTreatment PlantbDistribution System2Managers3Administrative staffNumber ofcontractemployeesAveragenumber ofhoursperemployeeperweekAveragehourly laborcostThe percentage of your total capital expenditures adds to 0percent. Please make sure it adds to 100 percent.CWSS Questionnaire26This question is intended to account for all of your drinking water expensesrelated to the revenues referred to in questions 21 A and B. Please providefinanical data for the latest 12-month period for which they are available.Pleasedo not compile new data specifically for the survey if data already exists.Thecategories below are intended to be mutually exclusive. For example, expensesfor purchased water in part B should include the cost of the water only (anoperating expense), not the capital required to bring it to the system.APlease e-mail or upload available summaries of financial statements,including a balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows.Please attach a depreciation schedule, if one is available (i.e., a programdefining your process for depreciating the value of capital improvements).Please follow the upload or e-mail process listed in question 5.BPlease enter the following routine operating expenses in the past year:$$$$1 Expenses for purchased water:2 Security-related expenses (spending forsecurity only, e.g., gates, locks, orguards):3 Other routine operating expenses (includingexpenses for labor, chemicals, power, materialsand supplies, and contractor services):4 Depreciation expenses:5 Income taxes:6Other payments to the general fund, e.g.,payment in lieu of taxes:$$$$$$$$$%CPlease enter the amount of debt service expenditures in the past year:7 Interest payments:8 Principal payments:$s%$DOther Expenses%9 Capital improvements:$10 Payments to reserve funds:$2527 AIf you have paid for major capital improvements, repairs, orexpansions in the 5 years ending on the date reported inquestion 2B, please indicate the total amount spent on these capitalexpenditures.1a Land:bHow much land was purchased (acres):2 Water source:3 Transmission and distribution system:4 Treatment:5Storage:6Security (include security-relatedspending not included in other capitalexpenditures):7 All other not included above:BWhat percentage of the total capital expenditures identified in part A wereused for the following? (must total 100 percent)(Please enter the percent as a whole number instead of a decimal, e.g., 50%is entered as 50, not .5)1System expansion, regardless of whetherexpenditure includes replacement and repairof equipment or compliance with regulations:2Replacement and repair of equipment, regardlessof whether it includes compliance with regulationbut excluding spending for system expansion:3 Compliance with regulations, excluding expenditures for system expansion and replacementand repair of equipment:The percentage of your capitalexpenses adds to 0 percent. Pleasemake sure it adds to 100 percent.CWSS QuestionnaireCHow were the major capital improvements, repairs, and expansions of the past 5 years from question 27A funded?(Please enter the percent as a whole number instead of a decimal, e.g., 50% is entered as 50, not .5)Percentage ofcapital expensesfunded from eachsource (should sumto 100 percent)For borrowed funds, please provide the:Average interestrateAverage length ofloan period (Years)1 Current revenue (including paymentsfrom reserve funds):2 Equity or other funds from private investors:3 Department of Homeland Security Grant:4 Other government grants:5 Drinking Water State Revolving Funda Principal Repayment Forgiveness:b Loans:6Other borrowing from public sectorsources (e.g., state or regional authorities):7 Borrowing from private sector sources(e.g., banks or the bond market):8 Other(Please specify):%%%%%%%%%%%%%28Do you have an asset management plan or other formal written strategy addressingyour long-term (e.g., 20 years or more) needs for infrastructure rehabilitation and replacement?YesNo26