# AF&PA Environmental, Health & Safety Verification Program

BIENNIAL REPORT 2008



## Improving Tomorrow's Environment Today® 

# C

ommitment to Continuous Improvement

# T able of Contents

Executive Summary 2 AF&PA Environmental, Health & Safety Verification Program 5 Fo r estry and Recycling 7 Climate Change 10 Energy Leadership 14 Environmental Performance 17 Safety Performance 21 C

ommunication and Outreach 24 C

ommitment to the Future 26 

### 1

# Executive Summary

T he American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) proudly reports the results of its 2006 Environmental, Health & Safety (EHS) Ve rification Program survey. The results of the survey, which is
c

onducted every two years, demonstrate AF&PA member
c

ommitment to continuous environmental improvement, reduction in energy use, and leadership in health and safety performance. Information was collected from about 475 member facilities. Th at data, as well as information on the industry’s commitment to sustainable forestry and recycling, is presented in this biennial
re port. The next report in this series will be issued in 2010 and
re port survey results from calendar year 2008. 2

### A dhering to EHS Principles AF&PA members, as a condition of membership, adhere to the AF&PA Environmental, Health & Safety Principles and c

ommit to protecting the environment and the health and safety of their employees and communities. To achieve these standards, members develop operating policies and practices, perform audits, conduct training, and recognize employee actions to promote the principles. 

### Pr

omoting Sustainable Forestry and Recycling
T he forest products industry produces essential products from renewable and recyclable resources. To ensure the future of these resources, the industry practices and promotes sustainable forestry and sets significant re cy cling goals.

• Pa rticipation in a recognized certification program, such as the Sustainable Forestry Initiative® (SFI), is a c

ondition of membership in AF&PA for companies that own forestland or source fiber directly from the forest. Eighty percent of AF&PA members participate in the SFI® program, which now has 219 participants. Over 150 million acres are now certified compliant with the SFI standard by independent third parties.

• In 2007, a record 56 percent of paper consumed in the U.S. was recovered for recycling, achieving a significant industry goal five years ahead of schedule. In response, the industry set an aggressive new goal of 60 percent re cove ry by 2012. 

### Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions AF&PA members collectively pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions intensity (or tons of carbon dioxide per ton of production) by 12 percent by 2012 when compared to baseline emissions from 2000. To date, AF&PA members are achieving this goal.

• On an intensity basis, member companies reduced c

ombined direct emissions and indirect emissions from purchased electricity by 13.6 percent.

• On an absolute basis (or total metric tons released), c

ombined direct and indirect emissions decreased 24.6 percent. Approximately half of this reduction can be attributed to efficiency improvements and reduced f ossil fuel use. The other half can be attributed to decreases in production and changes to the baseline from the year 2000. 

### Increasing Use of Renewable Energy and Cogeneration
T he forest products industry far exceeds all other industries in the use of renewable biomass energy and is a leader in cogenerating electricity.

• Fossil fuel and purchased energy use per ton of product decreased by 9.2 percent at member pulp and paper mills between 2004 and 2006. Fossil fuel and purchased energy use per ton decreased by 56 percent between 1972 and 2006.

• Renewable energy provided 64 percent of pulp and paper mill and 74 percent of wood product facility energy needs at member companies in 2006.

• T he forest products industry produced 82 percent of the total biomass energy generated by all industrial sectors in 2005.

• Co generated electricity accounted for 98 percent of the electricity generated at pulp and paper mills and 96 percent of the electricity generated at wood products facilities according to Department of Energy re ports for 2005. 

### 3

### Improving Environmental Performance Air emissions, water discharges, the generation of process r esiduals and chlorine compound releases were again r educed at member facilities between 2004 and 2006.

• Sulfur dioxide air emissions decreased by 10.6 percent, nitrogen oxide by 8.9 percent, and total reduced sulfur ( TRS) compounds by 14.4 percent at pulp and paper mills.

• W astewater discharge volumes decreased 3.7 percent, t otal suspended solids (TSS) 3.5 percent, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 2.2 percent at pulp and paper mills.

• At w ood products facilities, 98 percent of process r esiduals are converted to useful products, energy, or soil amendments. Pulp and paper mill residuals generation was reduced by eight percent between 2004 and 2006.

• Chlorine compound releases have been virtually eliminated at pulp and paper mills. Adsorbable organic halide (AOX) releases have been reduced by 94.6 percent, chloroform releases 98.5 percent, chlorine dioxide 96.6 percent, and chlorine 99.3 percent since 1988. 

### Co n

tinuing Safety Performance AF&PA member health and safety programs are focused on continuous improvement and have made significant progress between 2004 and 2006.

• Injury and illness rates at pulp and paper mills decreased by 8.3 percent.

• Injury and illness rates at wood products facilities decreased by 27 percent. 

### Making a Commitment to the Future
AF&PA members are committed to continued improvement in environmental performance, reduced energy use and resource conservation. To achieve these goals, AF&PA members form partnerships with academic and government technology alliances, participate in industry research collaborations, support research through colleges and universities, and conduct R&D programs within individual companies. T he detailed results of the 2006 forest products industry EHS performance review confirm this ongoing c

ommitment to continuous environmental, health, and safety improvements and demonstrate AF&PA member stewardship of renewable and recyclable resources. More information is available on the AF&PA website at www.afandpa.org and those of the industry and organizational partners listed at the end of this report. 

### 4

### BIENNIAL REPORT 2008 

## Improving Tomorrow's Environment Today®



# AF&PA Environmental, Health & Safety Verification Program

T he American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) is the national trade association of the forest, pulp, paper, paperboard, and wood products industry. Member
c

ompanies are engaged in growing, harvesting, and processing wood and wood fiber; manufacturing pulp, paper, and paperboard products from both virgin and
re cy cled fiber; and producing engineered and traditional
w

ood products. AF&PA members manufacture more than 80 percent of the paper and approximately half of the
w

ood and forest products produced in the United States. 5

### AF&PA Mandatory EHS Principles
As a condition of membership, the companies of AF&PA are required to adhere to the program's Environmental, Health & Safety (EHS) Principles. These eight self-imposed principles demonstrate the industry's strong commitment to protecting the environment, as well as the health and safety of employees and their communities. T he EHS Principles require members: 1. To make environmental, health, and safety c

onsiderations priorities in operating existing facilities, as well as in the planning of new operations. 2. To recognize, in developing and designing products to meet customer needs, the environmental, health, and safety effects of product manufacture, distribution, use, and disposal. 3. To monitor their environmental, health, and safety performance and to report regularly on these matters to their Boards of Directors, as well as to confirm their adherence to these principles annually to the American Forest & Paper Association. 4. To train employees in their environmental, health, and safety responsibilities and to promote awareness and accountability on these matters. 5. To improve environmental, health, and safety performance through support of research and development that advances the frontiers of kn owledge. 6. To communicate with employees, customers, suppliers, the community, public officials, and shareholders to build greater understanding on environmental, health, and safety matters. 7. To participate constructively in the development of public policies on environmental, health, and safety matters. 8. To continue to pursue energy conservation, increased energy efficiency, greater utilization of alternatives to f ossil fuels, and opportunities for cogeneration of electricity. T his report, based on the results of the 2006 EHS performance review, demonstrates the commitment of AF&PA members to the mandatory Environmental, Health & Safety Principles. 

### Management Policies and Environmental Review Procedures AF&PA member companies adhere to the EHS Principles through their practices, policies, and internal procedures.

• In 2006, all AF&PA forest product manufacturers again demonstrated adherence to the mandatory EHS principles.

• Ninety-five percent of AF&PA members report on EHSmatters to their corporate Board of Directors or Boardappointed EHS committee.

• M ember companies also make environmental c

onsiderations a business priority by:

• training employees in pollution prevention;

• screening capital project proposals and new product development plans for potential impacts on the environment; and

• making environmental and safety information available to employees, local communities, and the general public via websites and other means. 

### EHS Audits AF&PA member manufacturing facilities confirm EHS c

ompliance through audits of environmental, health, and safety programs. Audit frequency varies between c

ompanies. Some audit annually, others audit on alternative years. In 2006, 70 percent of AF&PA members re ported having conducted health and safety audits and 78 percent performed environmental audits. 

### Employee Training, Feedback, and Recognition AF&PA member training programs instruct employees on environment, health, and safety principles and procedures. Members also solicit feedback from employees to foster continuous improvement in EHS performance. Companies recognize employees for EHS performance excellence. In 2006:

• ninety percent of members reported conducting safety training;

• eighty-two percent conducted environmental protection training;

• seventy-three percent collected confidential feedback from employees that can be used to update or improve environmental program performance; while

• sixty-five percent of members provided employee re co gnition events to reward those who excel in environmental and safety program participation. 

### 6

# Fo r estry and Recycling

T he forest products industry plays a vital role in everyday life. Houses, the furniture in homes and offices,
ce r eal boxes, newspapers, and writing paper have one thing in common. They are all forest products. T he forest products industry produces these essential products from renewable and recyclable resources. To ensure the future of these resources, the forest products industry has implemented programs of
r esponsible stewardship that meet the goals of sustainable development and provide recyclable products for the global economy. 7

### Sustainable Forestry
T he Sustainable Forestry Initiative® (SFI) program is the most widely-used sustainable forest management standard and certification system in the U.S., and one of the largest in the world. The program was initiated on Oc to ber 14, 1994, when members of AF&PA agreed to adhere to a set of forestry principles designed to meet present needs without compromising the future of fo r ests and forest products. The SFI Standard is based on principles and measures that promote responsible environmental behavior and sound forest management including measures to protect water quality, biodiversity, wildlife habitat, species at risk and forests of exceptional c

onservation value. T he SFI® program is now directed by an independent, non-profit organization, the Sustainable Forestry Initiative, Inc. SFI, Inc. is governed by an independent, multi-stakeholder Board of Directors comprised of 18 members. The Board has equal representation from environmental, economic, and social sectors. T he SFI Standard is endorsed by the international Pr

ogram for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). Participation in a PEFC-endorsed North American ce rtification program is a condition of membership in AF&PA, for companies that own forestland or source fiber directly from the forest. Eighty percent of AF&PA members participate in the SFI program. SFI participants practice responsible forestry on all the lands they manage. The SFI program is unique in that it also requires all participants, including those who do not own land, to enhance sustainable forestry practices through educational programs for forest landowners, and through the training of loggers and foresters in best management practices. Because of these activities, SFI Inc. has made significant progress:

• T he program has 228 participants as of 2008.

• Over 150 million acres are certified compliant with the SFI Standard by independent third parties as of 2008.

• T he SFI Standard has broadened sustainable forestry practices on all forestlands by requiring manufacturers to support logger training and landowner education..

• In 2006, over 7,000 loggers completed training, bringing the total to over 100,000 since 1995. A dditionally, SFI-trained loggers provided 96 percent of ra

w material used by SFI program participants.

• T he SFI program promotes prompt reforestation to ensure long-term productivity. In 2006, SFI program participants reforested 1.2 million acres of timberland through planting or natural regeneration.

• Moreover, SFI program participants strive for continual improvement in standards and practices. Since 1995, more than $885 million have been invested in sustainable forestry research by SFI program participants. T he SFI® program is an internationally endorsed forest ce rtification program that is positively influencing the markets for certified forest products while improving fo r est practices across North America and promoting r esponsible procurement globally through the SFI Standard. Today, these achievements of the program are a source of considerable pride to participating c

ompanies, public agencies, and environmental organizations. One company has protected nearly 1.5 million acres of unique and environmentally important habitat on its U.S. forestlands through conservation agreements and land sales to environmental groups. The company has forged partnerships with environmental, academic, and governmental organizations and reached an historic agreement in 2006 to protect 218,000 acres of forestlands across 10 states in the single largest private land conservation sale in the history of the South — and one of the largest in the nation. 

### 8

### Recycling In 2007, the industry goal to recover 55 percent of paper c

onsumed in the U.S. was achieved five years ahead of schedule when recovery reached an all-time high of 56 percent. The 54.3 million tons of paper recovered add up to more than 360 pounds for every man, woman, and child in America. In response to meeting this goal, the industry set an aggressive new goal of 60 percent recovery by 2012. Each percentage point gain means that approximately one million additional tons of paper have been recovered — enough to fill more than 14,000 railroad cars. To r aise visibility for recycling and increase paper re cove ry , AF&PA has developed partnership programs with a variety of organizations.

• AF&PA maintains a partnership with Scholastic, Inc., a children's publishing, education, and media company. T he program provides materials on paper recycling to more than 120,000 third through sixth grade educators, reaching more than 3.6 million students, t eachers, and families.

• Keep America Beautiful has a mission to engage individuals to take greater responsibility for improving their community. As an AF&PA partner, this organization has helped launch a recycling education program for schools in targeted states.

• T he U.S. EPA's Office of Solid Waste remains committed to helping increase paper recovery and supports the AF&PA recycling goals and actions. Industry leadership and the dedication of millions of Americans who r ecover paper for recycling at home, work, and school every day contributed to a record-high 56 percent paper recovery in 2007. Getting to the new 60 percent recovery goal set for 2012 will require innovative programs and efforts such as those recognized by the AF&PA Recycling Aw ards featured at http://www.paperrecycles.org. The awards, which highlight outstanding school, college and university, business, and community programs, are an example of industry outreach and education efforts. AF&PA has created recycling guides and other materials to demonstrate how to establish or improve existing re cy cling programs in the workplace, communities, and schools. The guides, along with fact sheets, background information, and interactive features, are available online at http://www.paperrecycles.org. 

### 9

# Climate Change

Tr

ees, wood, and paper products are
r enewable and recyclable resources that store carbon. The world's forests — and the wood and paper products that
c

ome from them — can be managed to address the challenges of global climate change while meeting the needs of the global economy. 10T he forest products industry has a multi-faceted greenhouse gas profile, consisting of:

• emissions from fossil fuel use;

• r emoval of greenhouse gases (GHG) through sequestration in forests and carbon storage in products; and

• r eductions in greenhouse gases by recovery and re cy cling of paper. By managing direct and indirect emissions of carbon dioxide from manufacturing, sequestering carbon in fo r ests through sustainable management, producing durable products, relying on biomass derived energy, and r educing methane emissions from landfills through paper re cove ry , the forest products industry continues to improve its carbon footprint. 

### T

he Carbon Cycle
T he carbon cycle is a fundamental part of the forest products industry. Trees remove greenhouse gases (GHG) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis — absorbing carbon dioxide from the air and releasing oxy gen as they grow. T he carbon stored in trees becomes sequestered in wood and paper products. Harvested wood not made into products is a renewable energy source. Such energy-rich biomass results from tree growth that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and transforms it into organic carbon. Over 60 percent of the industry's energy is derived from biomass. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the U.S. Environmental Protection A gency (EPA) and other climate experts concluded that carbon dioxide emissions from biomass combustion are part of the natural carbon cycle. These emissions are c

onsidered carbon neutral and are not counted as greenhouse gas emissions. The complete cycle — from tree growth through harvest and product creation — is shown on the following diagram.



### 11

### Recognition of Forest Carbon Cycle Both the IPCC and U.S. EPA have recognized the positive effect that forests and forest products have on the world's climate. Ac co r ding to the IPCC, the climate benefits of sustainably managed forests, coupled with timber production, can make a significant contribution to reducing atmospheric carbon. The IPCC's 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, M

itigation , states,“In the long term, a sustainable forest management strategy aimed at maintaining or increasing fo r est carbon stocks, while producing an annual sustained yield of timber, fiber, or energy from the forest, will generate the largest sustained mitigation benefit.” U.S. EPA estimates that the amount of carbon stored in fo r est products is equivalent to removing more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere every y

ear. This is the same as eliminating carbon dioxide emissions from 18 million passenger cars or 13 percent of all passenger cars on the road in the U.S. 1 T he carbon sequestered by forests and products in 2005 was enough to offset approximately 44 percent of U.S. industrial carbon dioxide emissions. According to the 2007 U.S. national greenhouse gas inventory, which re ported emissions for 2005, the net sequestration of carbon dioxide in forests and forest products was 698.7 million metric tons, while direct and indirect emissions from all industry totaled 1575.2 metric tons. 

### Industry Commitment & Action AF&PA members recognize climate change as an issue of significant global concern. Collectively, they have joined the U.S. Department of Energy's Climate VISION program pledging to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Individual member companies are reducing their greenhouse gas emissions by:

• c onserving energy;

• using renewable biomass energy;

• developing new biomass-based sources of energy; and

• increasing the use of recycled materials. 

### Success to Date AF&PA members collectively pledged to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions intensity2 by 12 percent (compared to a year 2000 baseline) by 2012. The f ollowing actions demonstrate the early success of AF&PA members in meeting this pledge. Reduction in emissions intensity

• Fr om 2000 to 2006, AF&PA member companies c

ollectively reduced their direct greenhouse gas emissions intensity 24 percent, from 0.513 to 0.389 t ons of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) equivalents 3 per ton of production.

• However, indirect emissions intensity increased by 10 percent over this period. Indirect emissions are those generated by suppliers of purchased electricity.

• Ta k ing direct and indirect emissions intensity together, emissions intensity decreased from 0.738 to 0.637 tons of CO 2 equivalents per ton of production — a decrease of 13.6 percent.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction

30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55

1 http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads06/07LULUCF.pdf page 7-11 2 Emissions intensity, commonly used to measure greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S., is defined as tons of carbon dioxide per ton of production. 3 A CO2 equivalent is a measure of all greenhouse gases calculated on the basis of an equivalent amount of CO2 or carbon dioxide. 

### 12Reduction of absolute emissions

• Fr om 2000 to 2006, AF&PA member companies c

ollectively reduced their direct greenhouse gas emissions 34 percent from 61.2 to 40.5 million metric t ons of CO 2 equivalents.

• Indirect emissions attributable to AF&PA member facilities have decreased four percent from 26.8 to 25.8 million metric tons of CO 2 between 2000 and 2006.

• C ombined direct and indirect absolute emissions decreased 24.6 percent, falling from 88.0 million metric t ons of CO 2 equivalents to 66.3 million metric tons. Approximately half of this reduction can be attributed to efficiency improvements and reduced fossil fuel use. T he other half can be attributed to decreases in production and changes in the baseline from the year 2000. Recycled paper use In 2006, use of recycled paper by AF&PA members to make new paper products resulted in 21.1 million metric t ons of CO 2 equivalents of avoided emissions. This is a measure of methane emissions that would have been re leased from decaying paper if it had been put in landfills. If wastepaper is recycled and used to produce new paper products, it does not decay in landfills. Instead, the carbon that would become methane remains sequestered in the paper product. Recycling also reduces energy required for a number of paper products, and re cove ring paper extends the fiber supply and co ntributes to carbon sequestration. C

arbon in products C

arbon stored in products produced by AF&PA members r esulted in the sequestration of 23.8 million metric tons of CO 2 equivalents in 2006. 

### C alculating Emissions Emission calculation tools Early in the Climate VISION commitment period, AF&PA and its international counterparts retained the National C

ouncil for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) to develop tools for calculating emissions from pulp and paper mills and wood products facilities and determining the amount of carbon stored in products. T hese calculation tools recognize the industry's unique attributes — such as the carbon neutrality of biomass energy emissions — and enable the industry to collect credible data that is comparable worldwide. The methodologies are based on the Greenhouse Gas Pr

otocol created by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development ( WBCSD). In 2006, these tools were used by AF&PA member companies representing 58 percent of U.S. pulp and paper production. 

### Fo

r est Biorefining Potential
T he forest products industry is uniquely positioned to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions through its ability to produce “green” energy. New technologies are being developed that will allow the industry to produce large quantities of energy from renewable biomass. A Princeton University study found that evolving the nation's forestry and papermaking infrastructure into biorefineries could reduce U.S. emissions by 100 million t ons of CO 2 a year. These biorefineries would produce new streams of biofuels, wood-derived chemicals, and electric power. The forest products industry is currently undertaking several large-scale projects that will develop the conversion and refining technologies needed to make biofuels a reality. 

### 13

# Energy Leadership

AF&PA members continued to reduce fossil fuel use in 2006. Sixty-four percent of the total energy used by AF&PA member pulp and paper mills was generated from renewable sources. 4 

### At w ood products facilities, seventy-four percent of energy used was produced from biomass sources. The forest products industry leads all other industries in the use of renewable energy and utilization of industry-generated residue materials. Pulp and paper mills also rely on cogeneration of energy for process heating, product drying, and electric power, further enhancing energy efficiency. 5

4 Renewable energy includes hydroelectricity generated on site by some AF&PA member mills. T he quantity of this energy supplied was 0.07 percent of the total in 2006. 5 Co generation occurs when waste heat from steam turbines used to produce electricity is used as process steam for heating tanks or other equipment and for drying paper. 

### 14

## P ulp and Paper Mills
Fossil fuel use continues to decrease

• Between 2004 and 2006, fossil fuel use was reduced by 9.2 percent.

• In 1972, fossil fuels provided 19.2 million BTUs per ton of paper produced. In 2006, the fossil fuel component of the AF&PA member mill energy mix was just 8.5 million BTUs per ton, a decrease of 55.7 percent.

• AF&PA member mills also purchase electricity and steam. Much of this energy is also generated from f ossil fuels. Between 1972 and 2006 the use of both f ossil fuel and purchased energy has decreased by 56 pe rcent. P ulp and Paper Mill Energy and F ossil Fuel Use Reductions

Increased energy efficiency AF&PA members have steadily increased energy efficiency and reduced the total energy needed to produce a ton of paper.

• Overall, total energy use per ton of production at member mills has decreased by 26.6 percent since 1972. The 2006 total energy intensity rate for member mills was 23.6 million BTUs per ton of paper produced.

• T here was little change in total energy intensity rates between 2004 and 2006. The 2004 rate was 23.5 million BTUs per ton of paper produced. In 2006, the ra te was 23.6 million BTUs per ton. 

## Industry-Wide Renewable Fuel Use
C

ompared with all other sectors, pulp and paper mills and w

ood products production facilities far exceed all other industries in their utilization of renewable biomass energy. U.S. Department of Energy data show that pulp and paper and wood products facilities produced 82 percent of the biomass-based energy generated by all industrial sectors in 2005. 6 W ood Derived Renewable Fuel Use – U.S. DOE Data (2005)

Source: DOE Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-906 and Fo rm-920 P

ulp and paper mills In 2006, biomass energy sources satisfied 64 percent of the total energy demand in AF&PA member pulp and paper mills. The two largest components of these energy sources were spent pulping liquors (chemicals and burnable substances dissolved from wood during the pulping process) and logging or wood processing b yproducts, including bark and other wood-based materials (hogged fuel). Forty-six percent of total energy needs is supplied by spent pulping liquors; eighteen percent is generated from wood residuals. 2006 Pulp and Paper Mill Energy Sources 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

6 http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/rea_data/table8.pdf 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 

### 15W ood products facilities Biomass materials are the predominant source of energy at AF&PA member wood products manufacturing facilities. In 2006, these wood scraps, bark, and other log processing residuals provided 74 percent of the energy needed to power these facilities. 2006 Wood Products Facility Energy Sources 

## C ogeneration
Co generation is the practice of using exhaust steam from electrical generators for heat in manufacturing processes or for space heating. The forest products industry is a leader in the production and use of cogenerated electricity. Paper mills and wood products facilities use electricity to power equipment and steam to make products. Additionally, steam is used to heat dryers used on the papermaking machinery and to dry lumber at w

ood products mills. U.S. Department of Energy data from 2005, the most recent information available, show that the paper industry is second only to the chemical industry in the production of cogenerated electricity.
Energy Co-generation by Industry – U.S. DOE Data (2005)

Source: DOE Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-906, 920 and EIA-860 In 2005, 98 percent of electricity generated at paper mills was cogenerated. Cogeneration by wood products facilities was 96 per of total generated electricity. 7
A member has been implementing Energy Pinch Technology, a method that determines the minimum amount of energy required by a particular site and identifies where energy is being wasted or used inefficiently. When opportunities to save energy are found, capital and non-capital expenditure solutions are identified. Solutions are tested in a site-wide model to verify savings and to assure no negative interactions. A study at one site last year identified projects with the potential to reduce boiler steam consumption by 7.5 percent. 0 10 2 0 30 40 50 60 70 80

7 2005 energy cogeneration data supplied by DOE staff from EIA-906, 920 and EIA-860 survey forms. 

### 16

# Environmental Performance
Reductions in treated wastewater discharge, air emissions, and process residuals generation rates were reported for 2006. 8 

### T his achievement reflects the commitment of AF&PA members to their EHS Principles through continuous improvement.

8 T he statistics presented in this section are production-normalized ra t

es computed by dividing a reported emission or discharge by a r esponding mill's total production. Use of production-normalized data makes trends clearer and removes variation caused by changes in the amount of production and number of respondents. 

### 17

## Air Emissions Reductions
P

ulp and paper mills Since 1980, air emissions have been reduced through the use of sophisticated process controls, installation of new air pollution control equipment, and the use of low sulfur fuels and biomass materials. Air emissions r eductions have occurred in all phases of the pulp and papermaking process — pulping, bleaching, chemical re cove r y/recycling, and power generation operations. Between 2004 and 2006, member mills reduced per ton of product emissions as follows:

• Sulfur dioxide (SO2) by 10.6 percent

• Nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 8.9 percent

• To tal reduced sulfur (TRS) compounds by 14.4 percent

P ulp and Paper Air Emissions

Reductions in air emission rates between baseline year 1980 and 2006 were:

• SO2 by 71.9 percent

• NOx by 42.9 percent

• TRS by 83.9 percent An AF&PA member received the Environmental Federation of Ok lahoma's 2006 Frank Condon Award for Environmental Excellence. The facility receiving the award produces shipping c

ontainers, such as boxes for shipping food to grocery stores. The award was based on a project that reduced hazardous air pollutants approximately 25 percent more than co nventional methods and also saved an estimated $9.5 million. Additionally, the project resulted in reduced pollution sent to the company's waste treatment system. W

ood products facilities AF&PA member wood products facility NOx emissions we re 13.1 pounds per thousand cubic feet (MCF) of product in 2006. This number is essentially the same as re ported in 2004 (13.0 lbs./MCF). Since 1999, these emissions have been reduced by 40 percent. Wood products mills do not produce significant SO2 or any TRS emissions. W ood Products Facility NOx Emissions Reductions



## Wa t er Quality Protection
P

ulp and paper mill discharges decreased between 2004 and 2006.

• T otal suspended solids (TSS) decreased 3.5 percent - 3.58 lbs. per ton in 2006 compared with 3.71 lbs. per t on in 2004.

• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the amount of organic contaminants present in the wastewater, was 2.2 percent lower - 2.66 lbs. per ton in 2006 compared to 2.72 lbs. per ton in 2004. C

ompared to the benchmark year of 1975:

• TSS discharges have been reduced by 80.1 percent; and

• BOD discharges have been reduced by 87.3 percent. P ulp and Paper Mill Wastewater Discharge Reductions



## Wa t er Use Reductions AF&PA member pulp and paper mills recycle and reuse water many times throughout the papermaking processes, greatly reducing the amount of water that w

ould otherwise be needed. Published data and process engineering calculations indicate that at least 85 percent of the total fresh water used in mills is treated and 0 5 10 15 20 25

0 5 10 15 20 25 

### 18r eturned to surface water sources. The EHS pulp and paper mill data for treated wastewater discharges reflect this increased efficiency of water usage.

• T he volume of discharged water decreased by 3.7 percent and was 11,085 gallons per ton in 2006 versus 11,505 in 2004.

• C ompared to the benchmark year of 1975, discharge volumes have been reduced by 52.6 percent. 

## Residuals Management AF&PA members strive to reduce, as much as possible, the amount of residuals that must be disposed. For example, w

oody debris, bark, and spent pulping liquor materials are burned for energy recovery. The value of these materials and the role they play in making AF&PA member facilities energy self-sufficient have been previously described in the Energy Leadership section of this report. Other materials may be reused in beneficial ways, reducing the amount of material that must be landfilled. For example, wastewater treatment plant and w

oodyard residuals, as well as boiler ash, can be used as soil amendment agents. P

ulp and paper mill residuals P

ulp and paper mills reduced process residual generation ra t es per pound of production by eight percent between 2004 and 2006. Since 1995, residual generation has decreased by 20.7 percent. P ulp and Paper Mill Residuals Generation

In 2006, pulp and paper mill residuals were used in the f ollowing ways:

• as agricultural or silvicultural (forestland) soil amendment agents — 15.4 percent;

• burned for biomass energy — 9.2 percent;

• beneficially used by other companies — 17.3 percent; and

• landfilled — 58.2 percent. P ulp and Paper Mill Residuals Utilization

W

ood products facility residuals AF&PA wood products facilities reuse nearly all of the r esiduals they generate. In 2006:

• Ninety-six percent of residual materials were reused in other products, burned for energy recovery, or applied to fo r est or agricultural land as soil amendments.

• L ess than four percent of residuals from these facilities we re disposed of in landfills. W

ood Products Facility Residuals Utilization

An AF&PA member has joined with the National Park F oundation and the National Recycling Coalition to evaluate wa ys to limit the impact of food service products in America's national parks. The study, funded in part by a donation of up to $1 million by the company, will commence in the summer of 2008 and is aimed at moving toward "Zero Waste" across the park system by identifying best practices that can be transferred to national parks throughout the country. 

## Chlorinated Compound Release Reductions AF&PA member mills have virtually eliminated chlorinated compound releases from paper-grade bleached Kraft pulp mills. Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) bleaching processes and pulp mill air emissions control systems have produced the following achievements: 

### 19• A dsorbable organic halide (AO X) releases have been r educed by 94.6 percent since 1975. Between 2004 and 2006, AO X r eleases decreased by 1.8 percent.

• Chloroform releases, as reported to U.S. EPA via the To xics Release Inventory (TRI) program, have been r educed by 98.5 percent between 1988 and 2006. Between 2004 and 2006, chloroform releases decreased by 16.9 percent.

• Chlorine dioxide TRI releases have been reduced by 96.6 percent between 1988 and 2006. Between 2004 and 2006, a reduction of 27 percent was achieved.

• Chlorine TRI releases were reduced 99.3 percent between 1988 and 2006. Release rates were reduced by nine percent between 2004 and 2006. P ulp Mill AO X Release Reductions

P ulp and Paper Chlorine Compound Releases (EPA Data)



## TRI Releases — All Chemicals
AF&PA members have made substantial reductions in the re lease of chemicals reported through the U.S. EPA TRI program since its inception in 1988. Rules that specify which substances are reported under the TRI programhave changed over the years. The best long term year-toy

ear comparisons are made using the “1988 Core Chemicals” list. This data, expressed in total pounds r eleased, is maintained in a publicly available EPA database. 9 T he substances included in this list have r emained relatively unchanged. P ulp and paper mills

• P ulp and paper mill releases of the total pounds “1988 Co re Chemicals” listed in the EPA 2006 database have decreased by 34.7 percent since 1988.

• Between 2004 and 2006,“1988 Core Chemical” releases decreased by 6.6 percent based on U.S. EPA data.

• Between 2004 and 2006, U.S. EPA data shows that the r elease of all TRI reportable chemicals decreased by 5.7 percent at pulp and paper mills. P ulp and Paper TRI Core Chemical Release Reductions

W

ood products facilities

• Releases of all chemicals from wood products facilities decreased significantly from 5.4 in 2003 to 4.8 lbs. per thousand cubic feet of product produced in 2005, a r eduction of 11.3 percent.

• TRI total releases at member wood products facilities are comprised primarily of methanol (63 percent) and fo rmaldehyde (21 percent). These releases have been steadily decreasing. Methanol releases were reduced 21.3 percent and formaldehyde 16.8 percent between 2003 and 2005.

• U.S. EPA data for all wood products facilities shows that re leases of “1988 Core Chemicals” were 9.6 percent lower in 2006 than 2004. Member Wood Products Facility TRI Compound Release Reductions 0 1 2 3 4

0 5 10 15 20 25

9 http://www.epa.gov/triexplorer/ 

### 20

# Sa fety Performance
AF&PA member companies are
c

ommitted to employee safety. Employee safety programs are fo cused on continuous improvement, highlight accident prevention, and
re present a significant
c

ommitment to the U.S. forest products industry's 1.2 million workers. 21

### O ccupational Injuries and Illnesses AF&PA has been tracking and reporting occupational injury and illness data from member companies since 1992. Injury and illness incident rates (recordable 10 incidents per 100 equivalent full-time workers) have been substantially reduced during this 14-year period. The r esults, through 2006, show that the total case incidence ra te has decreased by 73 percent at pulp and paper mills. During this same time period, AF&PA members reduced lost work cases 11 by 60 percent. Injury rates have steadily decreased between each monitoring period. Over the past two years, the pulp and paper mill total case incidence rate was reduced by 8.3 percent, from 2.89 in 2004 to 2.65 in 2006. Lost work cases were also reduced slightly, 0.8 percent, decreasing from 1.28 in 2004 to 1.27 in 2006. Member Pulp and Paper Mill Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

AF&PA member wood products facilities have also substantially reduced occupational injury and illness occurrence rates. In the two year period from 2004 to 2006, member facility total case incidence rates were 27 percent lower, 3.43 in 2004 compared to 2.48 in 2006. In addition, member lost work cases were reduced by 35 percent from 1.75 in 2004 to 1.13 in 2006. During the f ourteen years that AF&PA has collected data for these facilities, the total case incidence rate has been cut by 69 percent. Lost work cases have been reduced by 72 pe rcent. Member Wood Products Facility Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

In 2006, five fatalities occurred at AF&PA member pulp and paper facilities and five fatalities occurred at member w

ood products facilities. 12 M ember company and government agency personnel conduct detailed investigations after any fatality. The results of these investigations serve as the basis for any necessary changes in operations. In June 2006, the CEO of a member company received the P

ulp & Paper Safety Association's (PPSA) Executive Eagle Aw ard for 2005. The annual award is presented to a pulp and paper industry executive who demonstrates a firm c

ommitment to industry safety and makes significant c

ontributions to the improvement of safety and health programs within his or her company. For four years prior to the award, the company led others in the pulp and paper industry in safety performance based on annual statistics c

ompiled by the PPSA and the American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA). Over a three year period, the c

ompany's OSHA reportable case records improved by more than 40 percent. 

### Improved Performance through AF&PA Safety Subcommittee
T he AF&PA Safety Subcommittee works to improve safety performance by providing training and facilitating the c

ommunication of safety information. Personnel r epresenting all aspects of forest products industry operations form task groups. Information on causes and prevention of injuries is shared. Each group develops r egulatory updates, recommendations on regulatory policy, compliance improvement, and safety performance benchmarks. The committee brings together company safety professionals, AF&PA staff, regulatory staff, OSHA

10 T he U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has defined a recordable incident as any work-related injury or illness involving medical tr eatment beyond first aid. 11 T he total number of recordable incidents per 100 equivalent full-time workers requiring time away from work or restricted dutie s at work.. 12 In some instances, reported fatalities at pulp and paper mills and wood products facilities may include contractor employees. 0 2 4 6 8 10



### 22specialists, and trainers. Agendas also address re co rd k eeping and incident management. All of these interactive activities are specifically designed to provide f or continuous safety improvement at member facilities. 

### Exemplary Worker Safety Programs
T he OSHA Star or Merit Voluntary Protection Programs ( VPP) certify and recognize worker safety initiatives wo rt hy of special recognition. A large number of AF&PA member companies have qualified for membership in these elite programs. In December of 2007, a total of 175 facilities (91 wood products facilities and 84 pulp and paper mills) were re co gnized for promoting enhanced safety and health management principles in the workplace. Member Facility VPP Programs Injuries and Illnesses Eighty-three of the pulp and paper facility safety programs were recognized at the highest level, the Star level. One member was recognized at the second highest, Merit, level. Eighty-six of the wood products facility programs were recognized at the Star level. The five remaining programs achieved the Merit level of performance. Under the VPP program, officials from management, labor, and OSHA all work together to establish a cooperative r elationship at each facility. Each party makes a significant c

ommitment to the individual facility program.

• M anagement agrees to operate an effective worker safety program that meets an established set of criteria.

• Employees agree to participate in the program and wo rk with management to assure a safe and healthful wo rkplace.

• OSHA initially verifies that the program meets the VPP criteria, publicly recognizes the site's exemplary program, and removes the site from routine scheduled inspection lists. (OSHA may still investigate major accidents, valid formal employee complaints, and chemical spills.)

• OSHA also reassesses performance periodically to c

onfirm that the site continues to meet VPP criteria.


### OSHA Alliance AF&PA formed an alliance with OSHA and the Pulp and Pa per Safety Association to promote safety and health in the forest products industry. Members of the Alliance wo rk with OSHA to provide companies with information, guidance, and access to training resources that will help them protect employees' health and safety, particularly in addressing workplace ergonomics and machinery safety issues. 

### 23

# C ommunication and Outreach

AF&PA member companies report on environment, health, and safety program progress to the public and to the communities in which they operate. 24

### Reporting Methods
Va rious methods are used by AF&PA members to report on and make environmental, health, and safety performance information available. In 2006:

• twenty-nine percent produced formal EHS reports;

• fifty-one percent placed EHS information on Internet w

ebsites;

• twenty-three percent of members held town meetings;

• sixty-five percent provided plant tours; and

• twenty percent of members used other reporting means, including community advisory groups, press r eleases and local media reports, presentations to civic organizations, and individualized responses to requests f or information. Industry associations and research organizations make environmental performance information available to the public through reports, brochures, leaflets, and electronic fo rmats. These organizations include the National Council f or Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI), the Technical A ssociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), the C

anadian Pulp and Paper Association, American Forests, the Institute of Paper Science and Technology (IPST) at G eorgia Tech, and universities with forest products industry academic and research departments. This information can be found on company or association w

ebsites or by contacting these organizations directly 13

. 

### P

ublic Policy Participation In keeping with the AF&PA EHS principles, personnel at member companies work constructively with local, state, and federal governments to develop sound public policies. Members seek policies that meet the needs of society yet support industry technology and economic r equirements. In 2006:

• sixty-eight percent of members reported meeting with public officials to discuss company environmental performance;

• fifty-three percent of members met with interested stakeholders (coalitions, non-governmental organizations, etc.);

• fifty-one percent encouraged company employees to participate in public policymaking processes;

• fo rt y-seven percent testified at government hearings; and

• six percent of members reported use of other means — such as participating in trade association activities. Member Participation in P ublic Policy Development



### C

ommunity Outreach AF&PA member companies strive to be environmental leaders within their communities. They promote sound EHS practices, not just at work, but also at home and within the community. In 2006, eighty-nine percent of members performed community outreach activities. T hese activities included philanthropic support of c

ommunity environmental programs, serving as active participants in school education programs, civic programs, and community advisory groups.

• Se ve nty-seven percent participated in school educational programs.

• Se ve nty percent led and/or participated in a wide r ange of other civic programs.

• Fi ft y-seven percent sat on community advisory groups.

• Fi ft y-one percent provided financial support for c

ommunity and other environmental programs.

• Eight percent used other means — such as organizing wo rkshops for teachers, working with watershed organizations, serving on scientific advisory teams, and participating in or sponsoring energy and environmental fairs.

13 Links to the electronic documents and contact information for print versions can be found at: http://www.afandpa.org/Content/NavigationMenu/About_AFandPA/R elated_Links/Related_Links.htm. 

### 25

# C ommitment to the Future

AF&PA members are committed to improved EHS performance and a sustainable future. Participation in

r esearch and technical development activities is an important element in attaining this goal. Members fo rm partnerships within academic and government t echnology alliances, participate in industry research

co llaborations and organizations, support research through colleges and universities, and conduct R&D programs within individual companies. Examples are provided in the following discussion. O ne company placed recycling bins in local classrooms. The students take an active part in sorting and recycling the wastepaper that the school generates. The students learn the value of recycling to both the environment and the economy. Approximately 3300 students participated in five local schools, providing the mill with a local source of clean paper. Member Community Outreach Program

Employees at one member company can take up to 24 hours paid time off each year to volunteer in their c

ommunity. 

### Investing in Environmental Improvements AF&PA members seek opportunities to expand their environmental improvement efforts by cooperating with government agencies in voluntary programs, wo rking independently within their facilities to implement pollution prevention measures, and making capital expenditures directed towards these efforts. M

ember companies often receive special “beyond c

ompliance” recognition or awards for these programs. In 2006:

• sixty percent had initiated pollution prevention programs or measures; and

• fifty-two percent of members reported that they had participated in voluntary EHS programs. O ne company has contributed 2.7 million square feet of wood products to the building of 500 affordable homes in the Gulf Coast as part of Habitat for Humanity's Operation Home Delivery. 

### 26

### T he Agenda 2020 Technology Alliance
T his industry-led partnership includes industry, government, and academia. Together they seek to r einvent the forest products industry through innovation in processes, materials, and markets. Resulting new t echnology-driven business models will enable the industry to meet competitive challenges and contribute to strategic national needs. Organized as an AF&PA strategic alliance, Agenda 2020 is open to participation by any company, domestic or international, that supports the program's goals and objectives. The partners include government agencies, national laboratories, international r esearch organizations, and universities. 

### Fo r est Products Industry Technology Roadmap In 2006, project collaborators published a comprehensive Fo r est Products Industry Technology Roadmap that provides the research community, and their funding organizations, with industry's research needs and priorities. It serves to better channel the research efforts needed to support the cornerstones on which the new industry will be built. These are:

• improved productivity through higher yields for raw materials and manufactured products, and lower costs;

• upgraded workforce technical skills;

• fo cus on new biomass-derived products including electric power, liquid fuels, polymers and composite materials, and industrial chemicals;

• added value to society through reduced emissions and effluents; and

• production of essential materials from renewable and sustainable raw materials. Early successes: In this early stage the Technology Roadmap has led to:

• partnering Agenda 2020's Value Prior to Pulping 

### 27c onsortium with 16 other organizations to secure $1.5 million in funding from the U.S. Department of Energy fo r biorefinery goals;

• a $2.7 million three-year project for high-yield extraction of hemicelluloses and fermentation into ethanol;

• a formal industry partnership with the federal National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) to seek funding for projects that increase product strength, water r esistance, fire retardancy, and new forms of packaging;

• eligibility for the forest products industry in several f ederally-funded programs for biorefinery development and demonstrations;

• strong policy support for research and deployment of new energy efficient manufacturing technologies that also show superior environmental performance; and

• increased national presence by sponsoring and participating in a number of national conferences, including the Advancing Renewable Energy C

onference held in St. Louis which was attended by Pr

esident Bush. 

### A

genda 2020 Technology Platforms Just as the Technology Roadmap provides guidance for directing and prioritizing research focus areas, Agenda 2020 Platforms create the structure needed to coordinate individual research projects within eight separate categories. The platforms are:

• Ad vancing the forest “bio-refinery” to produce biofuels/bioproducts and increase power generation from wood residuals and pulping liquors.

• Sustainable forest productivity through ecologically sustainable, socially acceptable, energy-efficient, and economically viable practices.

• Breakthrough manufacturing technologies that reduce ra

w material, fiber, and energy use.

• Ad vancing the wood products revolution to create superior, low cost, high-value, sustainable wood products and wood-based building systems.

• Utilizing nanotechnology science and engineering for the Forest Products Industry to efficiently and effectively capture the entire range of values that w

ood-based lignocellulosic materials are capable of providing.

• Next generation fiber recovery and utilization practices that make recycled fiber interchangeable with virgin fiber in product quality, functionality, and availability.

• P ositively impacting the environment through development of in-process and add-on technologies that enable improvement in environmental performance.

• T he technologically advanced workforce that will operate new and existing technologies chosen to create the forest products industry of the future. 

### Industry Collaborations and Cooperative Research Initiatives Research organizations supported by AF&PA members pursue world class research initiatives and technical support programs specifically tailored to forest products industry needs and circumstances. They include:

• National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI)

• Institute of Paper Science and Technology (IPST) at the G eorgia Institute of Technology

• Ce nter for Paper Business and Industry Studies (CPBIS), also at Georgia Tech Elements of the NCASI research program include:

• understanding and characterizing the forest products industry's unique role in global climate change

• tracking and evaluating control options for reduced air emissions from forest products manufacturing facilities;

• wastewater treatment process improvements, co ntinued reductions in effluent discharges, and assessment of conditions in receiving streams — including long-term (over a period of several years) studies;

• cataloging and reporting of chemical substances used, produced, or released by forest products manufacturing facilities; and

• fo r est and land management practices and their r elationship to forest sustainability, thriving wildlife and species diversity.



### 28T he focus of some IPST research programs includes:

• new materials and product platforms for a sustainable fo r est products industry;

• new process technology to support the industry and its new products — including biofuels and alternative chemical feedstocks that serve as an alternative to petrochemicals;

• sustainable materials, energy, and chemicals; and

• sustainable forests. CPBIS research efforts provide important links between the technology and business aspects of forest products industry sustainability. Some examples include:

• identifying and understanding social science issues that are of critical interest to industry stakeholders;

• tracking of industry performance through direct observation of industry trends, outcomes, and perceptions;

• building connections between the academic personnel and community stakeholders to improve understanding of the industry;

• dissemination and communication of research findings to industry in order to facilitate better decisionmaking in an increasingly competitive environment;

• building management and analytical capacity within the industry; and

• producing skilled, industry-oriented PhD and M.S. graduates in a variety of disciplines. 

### AF&PA Member Support of Academic Research Se

ve r al colleges and universities provide longstanding and highly regarded programs in paper science and train scientists and engineers for technical, operational, and management positions within the industry. They include t op-rated schools, such as:

• A uburn University (Alabama)

• G eorgia Institute of Technology

• M iami University (Ohio)

• North Carolina State University

• State University of New York

• University of Maine

• University of Minnesota

• University of Washington

• University of Wisconsin — Stevens Point

• W estern Michigan University A dditionally, AF&PA members support academic research in numerous universities with broad academic and forest programs. Research topics pursued at these institutions include:

• seeking the highest possible sustainable value from fo r est-based biomass;

• learning how to improve the efficiency of the wood used and decrease chemical use in pulping and bleaching operations;

• increasing the use of recycled fiber and improving the strength of recycled pulps;

• developing new technologies that use fungal or enzymatic agents to replace some chemicals used for pulping and bleaching and reducing residuals production;

• finding processes that produce biofuels and chemical building blocks from renewable forest resources;

• improving design and implementation of environmental management systems;

• optimizing pulping processes to reduce energy r equirements; and

• designing new wastewater treatment and spent pulping liquor recovery processes to enhance performance, improve chemical and odor removal, increase energy recovery from mill process streams and effluents, and enhance water recycling. 

### Individual Members Conduct Independent Research Programs Research and development programs conducted by AF&PA members improve efficiencies, eliminate or reduce air and water releases, and improve product designs. O ne member company received $30 million in funding from the Department of Energy to set up a demonstration facility designed to convert wood residues and bark into a biodiesel fuel. The facility will test conversion technologies andprovide the data necessary to bring a full-size, commercialscale biorefinery online in the future. The test facility, to be built in Wisconsin, will be operational in about four years. Examples of research projects conducted by member c

ompanies include:

• finding ways to reduce energy requirements for existing papermaking processes and equipment;

• identifying new uses for recycled water within mill systems to reduce fresh water withdrawal;

• substituting repulpable resins for wax coatings on moisture resistant food packaging cartons to improve re cy clability of used cartons;

• increasing efficiency of paper product packaging to r educe shipping fuel requirements through lower co ntainer and transport vehicle space needs;

• extending the use of wood residuals and other alternative fuels to reduce reliance on fossil fuels;

• utilizing boiler ash and other residuals as fertilizers and soil conditioners to enhance forest nutrition and tree growth;

• developing technologies that increase pulp yield, decrease wood use, and reduce generation of air emissions and water discharges per ton of product produced; and

• establishing forest management practices that reduce water impacts and aid woodland species diversity. 

### 29A merican Forest & Paper Association 1111 Nineteenth Street, NW, Suite 800 W

ashington, DC 20036 202 463-2700 F ax: 202 463-2785 www.afandpa.org

America’s Forest and Paper People® Improving Tomorrow’s Environment Today® Internet Addresses for Forest Product Organizations American Forest & Paper Association http://www.afandpa.org National Council for Air and Stream Improvement http://www.ncasi.org T

echnical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry http://www.tappi.org Institute of Paper Science and Technology http://www.ipst.gatech.edu Ce nter for Paper Business and Industry Studies http://www.cpbis.gatech.edu