# Pathway-initiated risk anal ysis of the importation of fresh false coriander, Eryngium foetidum L., from Panama into the continental United States

A Qualitative, Pathway-In itiated Risk Assessment

May 9, 2008

Agency contact: United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 ii Executive Summary

This risk assessment document examines the risk s associated with the importation of false coriander (leaves and stem without roots), Eryngium foetidum L., from Panama into the United States. We found one pest of quarantine signific ance associated with false coriander via this pathway that could be introdu ced into the United States.

Insects: Nysius simulans (Stal) ( Hemiptera : Lygaeidae)

The quarantine pest was analyzed based on inte rnational principles a nd internal guidelines described in the PPQ Guidelines for Pathway -Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02, (USDA, 2000). Pest biology studi es are the basis for the Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction sections. Th ese analytical phases and specifi c criteria are then used to categorize pests. This species r eceiving a High risk rating. Port-o f-entry inspections, as a sole mitigative measure, may be insufficient to safe guard U.S. agriculture from pests; additional phytosanitary measures are necessary to reduce risks to a cceptable levels.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 iii Table of Contents

Executive Summary.............................................................................................................. ........ ii Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. ........... iii 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ ................1 2. Risk Assessment ............................................................................................................. ............1 2.1 Initiating event: Proposed action ...................................................................................1 2.2 Assessment of weed potential of Eryngium foetidum L. ...............................................1 2.3 Previous risk assessment(s), Deci sion history, and Pest interceptions ..........................2 2.4 Pest Categorization – Identification of quara ntine pests, and quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway.........................................................................................................3 2.5 Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway............................................................7 2.6 Consequences of Introduction........................................................................................8 2.7. Introduction Potential..................................................................................................10 2.8. Conclusion – Pest Risk Potential and Pest Requiring Phytosanitary Measures .........11 3. Author and Reviewers ........................................................................................................ .....12 4. Literature Cited ............................................................................................................ ...........12 Appendix A: Risk Mitigatio n Options for the Importation of false coriander ( Eryngium foetidum L.) from Panama into the United States...............................................................16 1. Introduction................................................................................................................ ....16 2. Risk Mitigation Options.................................................................................................16 3. Conclusions................................................................................................................. ...20 4. Literature cited............................................................................................................ ...21 Appendix B. Pest interceptions on Eryngium foetidum L.........................................................23False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 1 1. Introduction

The Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Labo ratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspect ion Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center of Plant Health Science and Technology (USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST) prepared this pest risk assessment to examine plant pest risks asso ciated with the importation of false coriander (leaves and stem without roots), Eryngium foetidum L., from Panama into the continental United States. This assessment estimates risk in qualita tive terms: High, Medium, and Low rather than probabilities or frequencies. Details of the me thodology and rating criter ia can be found in the template document, Guideline for Pathway-In itiated Pest Risk Assessment, Version 5.02 (USDA, 2000).

International plant protection organizations, such as the In ternational Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the North American Plant Protection Organization (N APPO), provide guidance for conducting pest risk analyses. The methods used to initiate, conduc t, and report pest risk analyses are consistent with guidelines provided by IPPC and NAPPO. The use of biol ogical and phytosanitary terms conforms to the Definitions and Abbreviations (Introduction Section) in the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures, Section 1: Import Regulations Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis (IPPC, 2004), the Glossary of P hytosanitary Terms and the Compendium of Phytosanitary terms (IPPC, 2004, 2007 ), the Gl ossary of Phytosanitary Terms and the Compendium of Phytosanitary term s (IPPC, 2007). These guidelines de scribe three stages of pest risk analysis: Stage 1, Initiation, Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stage 1 and 2.

2. Risk Assessment

2.1 Initiating event: Proposed action

APHIS initiated this pathway-in itiated assessment in response to a request from Panama for market access to the United States for fresh fa lse coriander, which can introduce plant pests. Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319, Part 56 (CFR, 2003) provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegeta bles from foreign sources in the United States.

2.2 Assessment of weed potential of Eryngium foetidum L.

In this step we examine the potential of the comm odity to become a weed after it enters to the United States. If our assessment indicates a significant weediness potential, then a “pestinitiated” risk assessment is conducted. The results of the weed screening for Eryngium foetidum L. did not prompt a pest-initiat ed risk assessment, even though Eryngium foetidum L. is listed as a weed in several sources (Table 1). This is due to the presence of this species in the Southern United States (USDA-NRCS, 2007), and the long record of Eryngium foetidum L. imports. In addition, Eryngium foetidum L. is not under official control a nd thus does not meet the definition of a quarantine pest.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 2 Table 1. Assessment of Weed Potential of Eryngium foetidum L. Commodity: Vegetable of Eryngium foetidum L. Phase 1: Consider whether the genus is new to or not widely prevalent in the United States (exclude plants grown under USDA permit in approved containment facilities). Eryngium foetidum L. is present in Florida, Georgi a, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. Plants in the Eryngium genus are widely distribut ed in the United States USDA-NRCS, 2007. Phase 2: Is this species listed in: Yes Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1979) Yes The Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2007) No World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al

. , 1977) or World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al

. , 1979) No Report of the Technical committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds: Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1982). No Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977). No Weed Science Society of America List (WSSA, 1989) Yes Are there any literature re ferences indicating weed (e.g

. , AGRICOLA, CAB, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS; se arch on “species name” combined with “weed”) (Cooke et al

. , 1969; Reddy and Raju, 2002) Phase 3: Conclusion Eryngium foetidum L. already occurs in the U.S. and is not under official control and thus does not meet the definition of a quarantine pest. Therefore the risk assessment will proceed.

2.3 Previous risk assessment(s), Decisi on history, and Pest interceptions

In this section we identify previous pest risk assessments for the same commodity, or related commodities. If an existing risk assessment adequately assess es this situation, the risk assessment stops. In this instance we found no PPQ risk assessments for Eryngium foetidum L. We also list the decision hist ory for worldwide imports of Eryngium foetidum L. into the United States (Table 2). Finally, we give a comprehensive list of all pests intercepted on Eryngium foetidum L. at the United States po rts-of-entry (Appendix B).

Table 2 . Decision History for Eryngium foetidum L. Year Country/State Decision Rationale 1938 Dominican Republic (British Honduras) Approved Inspection and treatment, if warranted by pest findings

1943 Cuba Approved 1963 Columbia Approved 1966 British Honduras Approved 1968 Peru Approved 1972 Trinidad and Tobago Approved Inspection and treatment, if warranted by pest findings 1983 Hawaii Approved Inspection and treatment, if warranted by pest findings 1988 Thailand Approved Inspection and treatment, if warranted by pest findingsFalse coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 3 2.4 Pest Categorization – Identification of quara ntine pests, and quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway

Our procedures are based on ISPM 5 and 11 (IPPC, 2004, 2007). The first step in identifying quarantine pests is to present a comprehensive pest list of potential qua rantine pests known to occur in the country or region from which the commodity is to be exported. To identify and categorize the pests of fresh false coriander mu ltiple data sources were consulted, including, but not limited to, major abstract databases (e.g

. , CAB Abstracts), relevant texts and treatises, electronic databases (e.g

., The Crop Protection Compendium, ECOPORT), the primary literature, pest interceptions r ecords, and a preliminary list of pests provided by Panama. The list includes all pests in the expor ting country associated with the proposed export commodity. Because all pests on the list are a ssociated with the plant species, they are considered to be “of potential economic importance” (IPPC, 2007). The lis ted pests may or may not also occur in the United States. The dynamic nature of quarantine sp ecies (for example, species move into new territories and on the other hand eradication programs change th eir distribution) explains why comprehensive pest lists are developed.

There are two primary components to the defini tion of a quarantine pest (IPPC, 2007). First, a pest must be “of potential economic importance.” to be included on the comprehensive list of potential quarantine pests. An organism is consid ered to be of potential economic importance if scientific evidence, as indicated in the litera ture, demonstrates that an organism has an association with the plant species being assessed ; as a result, all listed organisms are potential quarantine pests. An organism is considered to be of potential economic im portance if scientific evidence, as indicated in the litera ture or other scientif ic evidence, demonstrates that an organism has an association with the plant species being assessed; as a result, all listed organisms are potential quarantine pests. Second, to be consider ed a quarantine pest, an organism must satisfy geographic and regulatory criteria, specifically, the pest must “not yet be present there or present but widely distributed and being officially controlled” (IPPC, 2007).

The information collected for the risk assessment documents how each organism satisfies these criteria. We searched literature to determine if th e pest is present in the United States, the type of association it has with its host, its quarantine status with respec t to the United States, and its ability to follow the pathway on imported fresh false coriander (leaves an d stem without roots). We also provide geographic and regulatory information, i.e

. , with respect to the exporting country and the United States. If none of the pot ential quarantine pests sa tisfy the geographic and regulatory criteria as a quar antine pest, the PRA stops.

Below we show the pest list for Eryngium foetidum L. from the Republic of Panama (Table 3). In the pest list we identify the pres ence or absence of these pests in the United States; the generally affected plant part or parts; the quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States; if the pest is likely to follow the pathway to enter the United States on commercially exported Eryngium foetidum L.; and pertinent citations for either the distribu tion or the biology of the pest. We considered that a pest associated w ith the leaves or stem could follow the pathway.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 4 Table 3. Pest list of Eryngium foetidum L. in Panama. Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reference Supporting Host Association Plant Part(s) Association 2 Quarantine Pest Likely to Follow Pathway 3 Arachnida Tetranychus urticae PA , US Bolland et al

. , 1998 N/A No N/A

Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera-Chrysomelidae Aphthona fulvipennis PA MDA, undated Roots Yes No Coleoptera-Curculionidae Baris sp

. 4 PA, US Eastman et al

. , 1998; MDA, undated Stems, Roots Yes Yes

Diptera-Tephritidae Eurosta sp. 5 PA, US CABI, 2006; MDA, undated N/A No N/A

Hemiptera -Aleyrodidae Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) PA, US CABI, 2006; EPPO, 2005 N/A [No] 6 N/A

Hemiptera -Aphididae Aphis gossypii (Glover) PA, US MDA, undated N/A No N/A

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Place in Aphididae.) PA, US PestID, 2007; CABI, 2006 N/A No N/A

Hemiptera -Asterolecaniidae Asterolecanium pustulans (Cockerell) PA, US PestID, 2007; CABI, 2006 N/A No N/A

1 Distribution Abbreviation: PA= Panama Within Un ited States: FL = Florida; HI = Hawaii; TX= Texas
2 Plant Part(s) Associated: N/A = Not applicable. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is “likely to follow the pathway” is not needed for non-quarantine pests.
3 Follow the pathway: N/A = Not Applicable. Even if non-quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified considering the pest already occurs in the United States; therefore, information on plant part association and whether the pest is “likely to follow the pathway” is not needed for non-quarantine pests.
4 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain the specific species of Baris sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum.
5 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain the specific species of Eurosta sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum.

6 According to NIS, 2004, action for Bemisia tabaci is only required on tomatoes from the Dominican Republic.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 5 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reference Supporting Host Association Plant Part(s) Association 2 Quarantine Pest Likely to Follow Pathway 3 Hemiptera -Cicadellidae Agallia sp. 7 PA, US DeLong and Davidson, ; MDA, undated Flowers, Leaves, Seeds, Stems (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Empoasca sp. 8 PA, US CABI, 2006; MDA, undated Flowers, Leaves, Seeds, Stems, Roots (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Hemiptera -Coccidae Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus) PA, US PestID, 2007; CABI, 2006 N/A No N/A

Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) PA, US PestID, 2007; CABI, 2006 N/A No N/A

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) PA, US PestID, 2007; CABI, 2006 N/A No N/A

Hemiptera -Lygaeidae Nysius simulans (Stal) PA MDA, undated Flowers, Leaves, Seeds (Ramírez, 2007) Yes Yes

Hemiptera -Pseudococcidae Pseudococcus jackbeardsley (Gimpel & Miller) PA, US (FL, HI, TX) PestID, 2007; CABI, 2006 N/A No N/A

Dysmicoccus sp. 9 PA, US CABI, 2006; MDA, undated Flowers, Leaves, Roots, Seeds, Stems (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Hemiptera

- Miridae Sixeonotus sp. 10 PA, US MDA, undated; PB-PBI, undated Leaves (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

7 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain the specific species of Agallia sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum. It could possibly be Agallia modesta, which is reported to occur in Panama (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967). According to available literature Eryngium foetidum is not listed as a host for this species.
8 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain the specific species of Empoasca sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum. Three species of Empoasca occur in Panama: E. hastusa, E. krameri, and E. papayae (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967)

. According to available literature Eryngium foetidum is not listed as a host for any of these species.
9 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain the specific species of Dysmicoccus sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum. It could possibly be Dysmicoccus boninsis, which is reported to occur in Panama (CAB I, 2006). According to available literature Eryngium foetidum is not listed as a host for this species.
10 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain the specific species of Sixeonotus sp. that attacks Eryngium foetidum.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 6 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reference Supporting Host Association Plant Part(s) Association 2 Quarantine Pest Likely to Follow Pathway 3 Lepidoptera-Crambidae Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius) PA, US PestID, 2007; CABI, 2006; Solis, 1986 N/A No N/A

Nematoda Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) PA, US PestID, 2007; CABI, 2006 N/A No N/A

Meloidogyne incognita (KoFoid & White) Chitwood PA, US PestID, 2007; CABI, 2006; Sheela et al

. , 2003 N/A No N/A

Meloidogyne sp. PA, US CABI, 2006; MDA, undated Roots, Seeds, Stems (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) PA, US CABI, 2006; Costa et al

. , 2006 N/A [No] 11 N/A

Xanthomonas sp. 12 PA, US CABI, 2006; Ramcharan, 1999 Leaves, Stem Yes Yes

Fungi Cercospora sp. 13 [Ascomycetes, Mycosphaerellales] PA, US PestID, 2007; Calderón and Díaz, 2002 Flowers, Leaves, Roots, Seeds, Stems (PestID, 2007) Yes Yes

Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome ) [Anamorph = Fusarium solani (Wollenw.) Gerlach] [Ascomycetes, Hypocreales] [PA] 14 , US CABI, 2006; Calderón and Díaz, 2002 N/A No N/A

11 The United States has specific concerns for Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 bivar 2. According to CABI (2006) and USDA (2003) this race does not occur in Panama. The USDA (2003) lists Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 bivar 2 as occuring in Costa Rico and Columbia. Furthermore Eryngium foetidum is not a reported host for Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 bivar 2 (Janse et al. , 2004). Therefore Ralstonia solanacearum, which does occur in the United States will not be analyzed.
12 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain the specific species of Xanthomonas sp. that infects Eryngium foetidum. At least seven species of Xanthomonas occurs in Panama: X. albilineans, X. axonopodis pv. malvacearum

, X. axonopodis pv. manihotis, X. axonopodis pv. phaseoli, X. axonopodis pv. vasculorum

, X. cmpestris pv. campestris, and X. oryzar pv. oryzae (CABI, 2006)

. 13 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain the specific species of Cercospora sp. that infects Eryngium foetidum. At least twenty species of Cercospora occurs in Panama: C. beticola, C. capsici, C. caribaea, C. carotae, C. citrullina, C. coffeecola, C. fusimaculans, C. henningsii, C. koepkei, C. longissima, C. mangiferae, C. orizae, C. papayae, C. purpurea, C. sacchari, C. sechii, C. sorghi, C. unamunoi, C. vaginae , and C. zeae-maydis (CABI, 2006; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967).
14 Brackets “[ ]” indicate that this pest is assumed to o ccur in Panama as it is found in Costa Rica and Columbia.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 7 Pest Scientific Name Distribution 1 Reference Supporting Host Association Plant Part(s) Association 2 Quarantine Pest Likely to Follow Pathway 3 Macrophomina phaseoli (Maubl.) S.F. Ashby [Anamorphic, Ascomycetes ] PA, US Horst, 2001; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967; Pirone, 1978 N/A No N/A

Phytophthora sp. 15 [Oomycetes: Pythiales] [PA] 14 , US CABI, 2006; Calderón and Díaz, 2002 Flowers, Leaves, Stems Yes Yes

Rhizoctonia sp. 16 [Mycelia Sterilia] [PA] 14 , US CABI, 2006; Calderón and Díaz, 2002 N/A No N/A

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary [Anamorph= Sclerotium varium ] [Ascomycetes, Helotiales] [PA] 14 , US CABI, 2006; Calderón and Díaz, 2002 N/A No N/A

Mollusca Pallifera costaricensis 17 PA Pilsbry, 1926 N/A No N/A

Subulina octona 18 (Bruguière) PA, US Godan, 1983; Pilsbry, 1926 N/A No N/A

2.5 Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

For quarantine pests expected to follow the pa thway, i.e., included in commercial shipments of the leaves and stems of Eryngium foetidum L., we analyzed them in detail (USDA, 2000). Other plant pests not chosen for further scrutiny may be potentially detrimental to the agricultural production systems in the United States, but we di d not further analyzed them for a variety of reasons. Some reasons were as follows: pests were mainly associated with plant parts other than the commodity; pests were associated with the commodity, but we could not reasonably expect them to remain with the commodity during proce ssing; or pests were intercepted as biological contaminants of these commodities during inspection by Plant Protection and Quarantine Officers, but we would not expect them to be present with every sh ipment. In addition, the

15 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain the specific species of Phytophthora sp. that infects Eryngium foetidum. At least ten species of Phytophthora occurs in Panama: P. capsici, P. cinnamomi, P. citrophthora, P. drechsleri, P. drechsleri f. sp.

c ajani, P. infestans, P. nicotianae, P. palmivora, P. parasitica, and P. phaseoli (CABI, 2006; McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967).
16 Due to the limited information available on the pests of Eryngium foetidum in Panama, we were unable to ascertain the specific species of Rhizoctonia sp. that infects Eryngium foetidum. At least three species of Rhizoctonia occurs in Panama: R. grisea, R. oryzae, R. solani (McGuire Jr. and Crandall, 1967).
17 Pallifera costaricensis has been intercepted from shipments of Eryngium foetidum from Puerto Rico (AQAS, 2007).
18 Subulina octona has been intercepted from shipments of Eryngium foetidum from Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad and Tobago (AQAS, 2007).False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 8 biological hazard of organisms identified only to the genus level is not assessed if the genus already exists in the United States due to the l ack of adequate biological taxonomic information; the lack of biological information on any given in sect or pathogen should not be equated with low risk and additional evidence will trigger new analyses. By necessity, pest assessments focus on organisms for which biological in formation is available. By de veloping detailed assessments for known pests that inhabit a variety of niches on a given commodity, e.g

. , on the surface of or within the bark/wood, on the foliage, etc

. , effective mitigation measures may be developed to eliminate the known organism and any similar, le sser-known ones that inhabit the same niches.

Eleven pests were identified only at the genus level: Baris sp ., Eurosta sp., Agallia sp ., Empoasca sp., Dysmicoccus sp., Sixeonotus sp., Meloidogyne sp., Cercospora sp., Phytophthora
sp., Rhizoctonia sp., and Xanthomonas sp. Although the U.S. considers unidentified species as potentially quarantine species, these taxa were not analyzed further due to limited taxonomic and/or ecological knowledge about those pests. Those genera alr eady occur in the United States. Lack of species identification may indicat e limited taxonomic knowledge about that group, inappropriate life stage for full identification, or poor quality of the specimen. This lack of biological information on any give n insect or pathogen should not be equated with low risk. By necessity, pest risk assessment s focus on those organisms for wh ich biological information is available and for which effective mitigati on procedures may be developed (IPPC, 2004). Agricultural inspectors at the port of entry will co ntinue to take action against pests not identified to the species level if other species in the same genus are quarantine pests. Furthermore, if pests identified to only higher taxa are intercepted in the future, the US DA may re-evaluate their risk.

We identified and analyzed further only one quaran tine pest to the species level that is likely to follow the pathway of importation on false coriander ( Eryngium foetidum L.) from Panama: Nysius simulans Stal ( Hemiptera: Lygaeidae).

2.6 Consequences of Introduction

After identifying those quarantine pests reasonabl y expected to follow the pathway (Table 3), the assessment of risk continues by considering the Consequences of Introdu ction (). These results are summarized below (Table 4).

For each of these quarantine pests, the potential Consequences of Introduction are rated using five Risk Elements; these elements reflect the biology, host range, and climatic/geographic distribution of the pests. For each Risk Element, pests are assigned a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points). The sum of the five Risk Elements gives a Cumulative Risk Rating. This Cumulative Risk Rating is cons idered to be a biolog ical indicator of the potential of the pest to establish, spread, and cause economic and environmental impacts. Table 4 summarizes the risk rating for th e Consequences of Introduction.

Nysius simulans (Stal) ( Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Risk rating Risk Element #1: Climate – Host Interaction Nysius simulans has been reported to occur in Argentina, Brazil, Panama, Paraguay, and Uruguay (MDA, undated; Melo et al

. , 2004). This region Medium (2)False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 9 Nysius simulans (Stal) ( Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Risk rating corresponds to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 8-13 (USDA-NA, 2003). Based on its distribution, we estimated that Nysius simulans could likely establish in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 8-10. Nysius simulans would likely encounter several suitable hosts in th e United States within this range (USDA-NRCS, 2007). Risk Element #2: Host Range Nysius simulans’ host range is not well know n. Reported hosts include Amaranthaceae: amaranth; Bra ssicaceae: crucifer; Fabaceae: Glycine max (soybean); Poaceae: Zea mays (Maize) (Aragón and Flores-Sección, 2006; Aragón et al

. , 2003; Clarín, 2005; Ramírez, 2007). In general Nysius sp. hosts also include Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus spinosus (spiny amaranth); Asteraceae: Helianthus annus (sunflower), Parthenium argentatum ; Pedaliaceae: Sesamum indicum (sesame) (CABI, 2006). High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential Very little specific biological information is available on Nysius simulans, but there is information available for seve ral closely related species, such as Nysius huttoni and Nysius nemorivagus

. Nysius simulans most likely has 2 to 3 generations per year and overwintering as adults in Argentina (Aragón and Flores-Sección, 2006). For Nysius huttoni a single copulation is capable of fertilizing a female for the remainder of her life. Females will, however, lay more eggs throughout their lives if they ha ve continued access to males (Whittle and Henry, 1985). In general females may lay anywhere from 25-248 eggs in their lifetime (Schaefer and Panizzi, 2000). Eggs are laid either singularly or in clusters primarily in cracks in the soil (Gurr, 1957), although females may occasionally lay eggs on host plants (He and Wang, 2000).

Nysius groenlandicus, like most Nysius sp., typically build high populations on weeds, migrate in swarms to nearby crops due to overcrowding, lack of food, or destruction of the weed host (Kessi ng and Mau, 1993). It appears that Nysius simulans behaves similarly. In Argentina Nysius simulans was reported causing damage in soybean field invaded by common cottony weed s and crucifers (Aragón et al

. , 2003). Nysius simulans , like N. huttoni , is most likely a hitchhiker and may be spread through ship ments of non hosts (EPPO, 2006), as Nysius simulans refuges in stubble of maize crops (Clarín, 2005). Between 1985 and 2007 Nysius sp. Has been intercepted at the ports of entry 4,767 times (PestID, 2007). High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact While Nysius sp. are primarily seed feeders, Nysius simulans has also been reported to attack leaves and flowers (Ramírez, 2007). Nysius simulans sucks sap from host plants while injecting toxins into the plant. In soyb eans the toxin effects the normal development of seedlings (Aragón et al

. , 2003). The closely related species Nysius huttoni attacks wheat. Damaged kernel s display a white or pale yellow oval patch with a dark puncture mark typically in the cen ter. Prolonged or multiple feedings on the kernel will shri nk it in size and may generate a cuboid shape (Gurr, 1957; Whittle and Henry, 1985). Untreated infestations of Nysius simulans can cause mortality in co rn plants (Clarín, 2005). As Nysius simulans High (3)False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 10 Nysius simulans (Stal) ( Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) Risk rating has a limited global distribution, introducti on into the United States would likely cause the loss of domestic and foreign markets for several commodities. Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact Nysius simulans may impact threatened and endangered species listed in Title 50, Part 17, Section 12 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR §17.12 CFR, 2005 ), such as Amaranthus brownie and Amaranthus pumilus (USFWS, 2007)

. Introduction and establishment of Nysius simulans is likely to initiate new chemical and biological c ontrol programs, which may negatively impact threatened and endangered species. High (3)

Table 4. Risk rating for the Consequences of Introduc tion of quarantine pests associated with Eryngium foetidum L. from Panama. Risk Elements Pest
1 Climate/Host Interaction 2 Host Range 3 Dispersal Potential 4 Economic Impact 5Environmental Impact Cumulative Risk Rating

Nysius simulans (Stal) Medium (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

2.7. Introduction Potential

Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway are also rated with respect to its Likelihood of Introduction. This is based on two separate co mponents; an estimate is made concerning the quality of the commodity likely to be importe d (Risk Element #6), and pest opportunity (Risk Element #7) is estimated using five biological fe atures. Details of these two Risk Elements and their rating criteria are provided in USDA (2000). Table 5 summarizes the ratings and cumulative score for Risk Element #6 and #7, i.e

. , the Likelihood of Introduction.

Risk Element #6: Pest Opport unity (Survival and Access to Suitable Habitats and Hosts)

1. Quantity of commodity imported annually: The annual anticipated amount to be exporte d from the Panama is unknown. Annual false coriander quantities were not available. As fals e coriander is a small specialty crop we assume that the total shipments would not exceed 10 contai ners per year. Therefor e the rating for this element is Low.

2. Survive post-harvest treatment: Nysius simulans is an external feeder of Eryngium foetidum L. and may be treated by chemical treatments; however, Nysius sp. are known to take refuge in pl ant parts so it is possible that it may survive postharvest treatment in the crev ices of the plant. Anticipated post-harvest treatments for Eryngium foetidum L. from Panama are unknown; therefore, the risk is estimated to be High. 3. Survive shipment:False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 11 The standard shipping conditions for Eryngium foetidum L. from Panama, and the ability of Nysius simulans to survive shipping are unknow n. A closely related species Nysius huttoni is capable of surviving for extended peri ods of time at low temperatures (He et al

. , 2003), and may therefore easily survive the storage and ship ment of many commodities. In addition adult Nysius simulans are capable of overwintering (Aragón a nd Flores-Sección, 2006). Therefore, this element is rated High.

4. Not detected at the port-of-entry: Adult Nysius simulans are approximately 3-4 mm in le ngth (Aragón and Flores-Sección, 2006) and may be identified on false coriander with the naked eye. Nysius sp. have been detected at the U.S. ports-of-entry 4,767 times from 1985 to 2007 PestID, 2007. Therefore the rating for this element is Medium

5. Imported or move subsequently to an area with an environment suitable for survival: Commodities for consumption are distributed acco rding to market demands through commercial distribution areas. The distributi on channels and the fact that Eryngium foetidum L. leaves and stems are destined for consumption reduce the number of plants that end up in regions suitable to pests. Nysius simulans could establish in U.S. Plant Hardin ess Zones 8-10. In the United States, zones 8-10 are limited to the south and the west coast, which comprise an estimated 10 – 12 percent of the total land area of the continental Un ited States, however this area contains 3 of the 4 most populous states in the U.S. Nysius simulans is therefore rated Medium.

6. Come into contact with host ma terial suitable for reproduction: If Nysius simulans were to establish in the United States it would likely come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction. Two of Nysius simulans hosts, soybean and corn are widely cultivated in the Unite d States, and both are grown in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8-10 (USDA-NRCS, 2007). Therefore, this element is rated High. Table 5 summarizes the ratings for the Likelihood of Introduction.

Table 5. Risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction of quarantine pests.

Pest Quantity Imported Annually Survive Postharvest Treatment Survive Shipment Not Detected at Port of Entry Move to Suitable Habitat Contact with Host Material Cumulative Risk Rating

Nysius simulans (Stal) Low (1) High (3) High (3) Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (2) Medium (13)

2.8. Conclusion – Pest Risk Potential a nd Pest Requiring Phytosanitary Measures

To estimate the Pest Risk Potential for each pest, the Cumulative Risk Rating for the Consequences of Introduction and Cumulativ e Rating for the Likelihood of Introduction are summed in Table 6.

The following guidelines explain the Low, Medi um, and High Pest Risk Potential Ratings:False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 12 Low: Pest will typically not require specific mitigation measures; the port of entry inspection to which all imported commodities are subjected can be expected to provide sufficient phytosanitary security. Medium: Specific phytosanitary measure may be necessary. High: Specific phytosanitary measures are str ongly recommended. Port of entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phytosanitary security.

Identification and selection of appropriate sanita ry and phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pests with particular Pest Ri sk Potential ratings is undertaken as part of the risk management phase; it is not discussed in th is document. The appropriate ri sk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. APHIS risk management programs are risk-based, and dependent on the availability of appropriate mitigation methods. Details of the APHIS risk management program are published, prim arily, in the Federal Re gister as quarantine notices.

Table 6. Pest risk potential a
Pest Risk Potential Pest Consequences of Introduction Likelihood of Introduction Score Rating Nysius simulans (Stal) High (14) Medium (13) 27 High

a Low is 11-18 points, Medium is 19-26 points, and High is 27-33 points.

3. Author and Reviewers

Author Tara Holtz – Ecologist Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory CPHST, Raleigh, NC 27606

Reviewer Robert Schall- Plant Pathologist

4. Literature Cited

Aragón, J., and F. Flores-Sección. 2006. Integrated control of plagues in soybean in the Southeast of Cordoba. Entomología. Last accessed 30 May 2007, http://www.inta.gov.ar/MJUAREZ/info/doc umentos/entomologia/plsoja06.htm. Aragón, J., L. Safe, S. Elorriaga, G. Resc h, R. Miranda, M. Kenny, and A. Lopez. 2003. The drought intensifies the problem s of plagues in wheat and cultures of summer. Guide Fitosanitarios Product for the Argentine Republic. CASAFE. Last accessed 30 May 2007, http://www.elsitioagrico la.com/plagas/sap0603.asp. Bolland, H. R., J. Guttierrez, and C. H. W. Fl echtmann. 1998. World Catalogue of the Spider Mite Family (Acari: Tetranychi dae). Brill, Leiden, Boston. 392 pp. CABI. 2006. Crop Protection Compendium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 13 Calderón, J. L. V., and F. C. Díaz. 2002. Lista de Enfermedades de Los Cultivos Agrícolas de Costa Rica. Ministerio de Agriculturay y Ganaderia, San José, Costa Rica. 70 pp. CFR. 2003. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 7, Volume 5. Sec. 319.56 Notice of Quarantine. . CFR. 2005. Code of Federal Regulations. Agricu lture. 50 CH. 1 (10-1-02 Edition). Office of the Federal Register, National Ar chives and Records Administ ration, Washington, DC, USA. Clarín. 2005. Attention with the bug of seed and the winter acarus of cereals. Last accessed 31 May 2007, http://www.clarin.com/suplem entos/rural/2005/10/01/r-01101.htm. Cooke, K., C. G. Parker, and D. J. Williams. 1 969. Post-emergence weed control experiments in sugar cane with formulations of asulam and ioxynil/ 2,4-D [abstract]. Proceedings of the West Indies Sugar Cane Conference:112-117. Costa, S. B., M. E. N. Fonseca, C. A. Lopes, M. A. S. V. Ferreira, and L. S. Boiteux. 2006. Genetic and phenotypic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum isolates from the Brazilian Amazon Region. Pages 75 The 4th Internationa l Bacterial Wilt Symposium, York, United Kingdom. DeLong, D. M., and R. H. Davidson. 1931. The Genus Agallia- External char acteristics used to distinguish the species injuri ng economic crops. The Ohio J ournal of Science 31(5):377- 385. Eastman, C., D. Sherrod, J. Bouseman, R. Foster, B. Luckmann, M. Burke, C. Doll, B. Ruesink, R. Randell, H. Hopen, C. White, and B. Irwin. 1998. "Clean Sets in Clean Ground" -- Successful Management of the Imported Cr ucifer Weevil on Horseradish. INHS Reports. Last accessed 30 August 2007, http:// www.inhs.uiuc.edu/inhsreports/novdec98/weevil.html. EPPO. 2005. Reporting Service. Eu ropean and Mediterranean Plan t Protection Organization (2). EPPO. 2006. Nysius huttoni (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae): Wh eat bug. Last accessed 9/05/2006, http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/Al ert_List/insects/nysius.htm. Godan, D. 1983. Pest Slugs and Snai ls. Springer-Verlag, New York. 445 pp. Gunn, C. R., and C. Ritchie. 1982. Report of th e Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (unpublished). Gurr, L. 1957. Observations on the distributi on, life history, and economic importance of Nysius huttoni (Lygaeidae: Hemiptera). N. Z. Journal of Scienc e and Technology 38(7):710-714. He, X. Z., and Q. Wang. 2000. Ovi position and feeding behavior of Nysius huttoni White (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). New Zealand Entomologist 23:71-76. He, X. Z., Q. Wang, and A. Carpenter. 2003. Thermal requirements for the development and reproduction of Nysius huttoni White (Heteroptera: Lyg aeidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 96(4):1119-1125. Holm, L. G., J. V. Pancho, J. P. Herberger, and D. L. Plucknett. 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. J. Wiley and Sons, New York. 391 pp. Holm, L. G., D. L. Plucknett, J. V. Pancho, a nd J. Herberger. 1977. The World's Worst Weeds. University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA. 1129 pp. Horst, R. K. 2001. Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook: sixth editi on. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. 1008 pp. IPPC. 2004. International Standards for Phytosanit ary Measures, Publication No. 11: Pest risk analysis for Quarantine pests including an alysis of environmen tal risks and living modified organisms. Secretariat of the Inte rnational Plant Protect ion Convention (IPPC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 14 IPPC. 2007 International Standards for Phytosanit ary Measures, Publication No. 5. Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms. . Secretariat of th e International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), Food and Agriculture Organizati on of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Janse, J. D., H. E. van den Beld, J. Elphinstone, S. Simpkins, N. N. A. Tjou-Tam-Sin, and J. van Vaerenbergh. 2004. Introduction to Europe of Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2, race 3 in Pelargonium zonale cuttings. Journal of Pl ant Pathology 86(2):147-155. Kessing, J. L. M., and R. F. L. Mau. 1993. Nysius nemorivagus (White). Crop Knowledge Master. Last accessed 4 June 2007, http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/ Kbase/crop/Type/nysius.htm. McGuire Jr., J. U., and B. S. Crandall. 1967. Su rvey of Insect Pests and Plant Diseases of Selected Food Crops of Mexico, Central America, and Panama. IADS, ARS, USDA. MDA undated. Plagas reportadas en los cultivos de culantro en Panama. D. N. d. S. V. Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario, Depa rtamento de Vigilancia Fitosanitaria. Melo, M. C., P. M. Dellapé, D. L. Carpinte ro, and M. C. Coscarón. 2004. Miridae, Reduviidae, and Lygaeoidae (Hemiptera) collected in Co lony Carlos Pellegri ni (Iberá watershed, Currents, Argentina). Rev. Soc. Entomology. Argent. 63(1-2):59-67. NIS. 2004. Quarantine Status Confirmation Persona l communication to A. L. Koop on July 21, 2004 National Identification Services (US DA-APHIS-PPQ). Arch ived at PERAL, Raleigh, NC. PB-PBI. undated. Plant Bug- Planetary Biodive rsity Inventory. The American Museum of Natural History. Last accessed 30 August 2007, http://research.amnh.org/pbi/cat alog/references.php?id=1024. PestID. 2007. Agriculture Quarantine Activity Sy stem: Pest ID, version 1.2. Last accessed 07/ 2007, https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp Pilsbry, H. A. 1926. The land mollusks of the Republic of Panama and the canal zone. Proceedings of the Academy of Natura l Sciences of Philadelphia 78:57-126. Pirone, P. P. 1978. Diseases and Pests of Orname ntal Plants. A Wiley-In terscience Publication, John Wiley &Sons, New York. 566 pp. Ramcharan, C. 1999. Culantro: A much utilized, little understood herb. Last accessed 16 July 2007, http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newc rop/proceedings1999/v4-506.html. Ramírez, R. C. 2007. Manual de producción y paqu ete tecnológico de amaranto. Secretariat of Rural Development of the State of Puebla. Last accessed 31 May 2007, http://www.sdr.gob.mx/Contenido/Cade nas%20Productivas/DOCUMENTOS%20CADE NAS%20AGROPECUARIAS/agricolas/A MARANTO/MANUAL%20DE%20PRODUC CION%20DEL%20AMARANTO.htm. Randall, R. P. 2007. A global compendium of weed s. Department of Agriculture of Western Australia. Last accessed http://www.hear.org/gcw/. Reddy, C. S., and V. S. Raju. 2002. Additions to the weed flora of Andhra Pradesh, India [abstract]. Journal of Economi c and Taxonomic Botany 1:195-198. Reed, C. F. 1977. Economically Important Forei gn Weeds: Potential Problems in the United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 498. USDA Ag ricultural Research Service and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Washington DC, USA. 746 pp. Schaefer, C. W., and A. R. Panizzi. 2000. Hete roptera of Economic Importance. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 828 pp.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 15 Sheela, M. S., T. S. Kumae, and S. Anoop. 2003. Incidence of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on long coriander, Eryngium foetidum L.- a new report [abstract]. Indian Journal of Nematology 33(2):181. Solis, M. A. 1986. Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepi doptera) larvae intercepted at U. S. ports of entry: revisions of Pyraloidea in "Keys to some frequently intercepted Lepidopterous larvae" by Weisman, Systematic Entomol ogy Laboratory, PSI, Agri culture Research Service, U.S., Department of Agriculture, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian, Institution, Washington, D.C. 1-57. USDA-NA. 2003. The 2003 US National Arboretum "web version" of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. United States Depart ment of Agriculture (USDA), National Arboretum (NA). Last accessed 07/20/2007, http://www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ushzmap.html. USDA-NRCS. 2007. PLANTS Profile. Last accessed 16 August 2007, http://plants.usda.gov. USDA. 2000. Guidelines for pathway-initiated pest risk assessments (version 5.02). USDA APHIS Plant Protection and Quaran tine, Riverdale, MD, USA. 31 pp. USDA 2003. Pest Data Sheet: Ralstonia solanaearum race 3 biovar 2. USDA-APHIS-PPQCPHST-PERAL. USFWS. 2007. Threatened and endangered specie s system (TESS). Last accessed 06 June 2007, http://ecos.fws.gov/te ss_public/TESSWebpage. Whittle, K., and T. J. Henry 1985. Wheat bug Nysius huttoni White. USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Pests Not Known to Occur in the United St ates or of Limited Distribution. 67. WSSA. 1989. Composite List of Weeds, CD-R OM. Weed Science Society of America, Lawrence, KS, USA.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 16 Appendix A: Risk Mitigation Options fo r the Importation of false coriander ( Eryngium foetidum L.) from Panama into the United States

1. Introduction

Panama requested permission to export fresh fa lse coriander (leaves attached to short stem without roots) ( Eryngium foetidum L.) into the United States. Because the commodity has not been imported from Panama before, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Insp ection Service (APHIS) conducte d a pathway-initiated risk assessment to determine the unmitigated risks associated with importing fresh false coriander from Panama. In conducting the assessment, APHIS analysts first prepared a list of pests from Panama associated with Eryngium foetidum L. based on (1) documents submitted by Panama, (2) USDA APHIS records of intercepte d pests, and (3) scientific lit erature. From this list, the analysts then determined which quarantine pests (identified to the species level) were likely to follow the false coriander pathway and qualitatively analyzed them to determine the unmitigated risk each poses to the United States.

The Pest Risk Assessment identified the following pest as having a high unmitigated pest risk potential: Nysius simulans (Stal) ( Hemiptera : Lygaeidae)

The proposed importation of fresh false coriander from Panama, if approved, would be regulated by amendment to existing fruits and vegetables regulations (7 CFR § 319.56, CFR, 2003b). This document outlines possible phytosanitary measures a nd provides evidence to conclude that these measures will effectively prevent the introduction of the quarantine pest. The appropriate level of protection may be achieved through the applicati on of a single phytosanitary measure, such as inspection or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures.

2. Risk Mitigation Options

Pest risk management is the decision-making pr ocess of reducing the ri sk of introduction of a quarantine pest (IPPC, 1996a, 2004). The appropri ate level of protection for an importing country can be achieved by the application of a si ngle phytosanitary measure, such as inspection or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures. If no single measure is likely to reduce pest risk to an acceptable level, then a co mbination of measures may be needed. The combination of specific phytosanitary measures that provides overlapping or redundant safeguards is called a “systems approach.” The Plant Protection Act of 2000 (SEC. 401. 7 U.S.C. 7701,U.S., 2000) defines “systems approach” as “... a defined set of phytosan itary procedures, at least two of which have an independent effect in mitigating pest risk associated with the movement of commodities.” Similarly, the FAO Sta ndard for Integrated Measures for Pest Risk Management (June 2002) proposed that a systems a pproach be defined as, “The integration of different pest risk management measures, at least two of which act independently, and which cumulatively achieve the desired level of phytosanitary protection” (IPPC, 2002).

Systems approaches vary in complexity; however , all require the integr ation of two or more measures that act independently of each other, with the cumula tive effect achieving the desired level of phytosanitary protection (IPPC, 2002). Sp ecific mitigations may be selected from aFalse coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 17 range of pre-harvest and post-harvest options, and may include other safeguarding measures. Measures may be added or the strength of measur es increased to compensate for uncertainty. At a minimum, for a measure to be considered for us e in a systems approach, it must be: 1) clearly defined; 2) efficacious; 3) offi cially required (mandated); and 4) subject to monitoring and control by the responsible national plant prot ection organization (IPPC , 2002). Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) uses systems appro aches for the importation of many commodities including Unshu oranges from Japan (7 CF R § 319.28, CFR, 2003c), tomatoes from Spain, France, Morocco, and Western Sahara (7 CFR § 319.56-2dd, CFR, 2003d), and peppers from Israel (7 CFR § 319.56-2u, CFR, 2003a). These pr ograms have performed successfully for many
years.

A systems approach to mitigate risks from fals e coriander imports from Panama might combine several measures: 1) cer tification of pest-free ar eas, pest-free places of production, or areas of low pest prevalence for certain quarantine pests; 2) programs to control pests within fields (e.g., mechanical, chemical, cultural); 3) preclearan ce oversight by APHIS offi cials; 4) packinghouse procedures to eliminate external pests (e.g., washing, brushing, inspection of plants); 5) quarantine treatments to remove external pests; 6) consignments inspected and certified to be free of quarantine pests; 7) plan t traceable to origin, packing f acility, grower, and field; 8) consignments subject to sampling and inspection af ter arrival in the United States; and 9) limits on distribution and transit w ithin the United States.

2.1 Phytosanitary Measures Prior to Harvesting

2.1.1. Establishment of Pest-free Areas: A pest free area is defined as “an area in which a specific pest does not occur as demonstrated by scientific evidence and in which, where appropriate, this condition is being officially maintained” (IPPC, 1996b, 2007 ). As a sole mitigati on measure, the establishment of pest-free areas or pest-free places of production may be completely eff ective in satisfying an importing country’s appropriate level of phytosanitary protection (I PPC, 1996b, 1999). This option has been successful in practice, el iminating the need for post-harvest commodity treatments to achieve probit-9-level security (e.g., TDOA, 2003) . Establishment and maintenance of pest-free areas or production sites should be in complia nce with international standards (e.g., Ibrahim et al

. , 1993; IPPC, 1996b, 1999; NAPPO, 2004).

2.1.2. Establishment of Areas of Low Pest Prevalence: According to the IPPC (2005), an area of low pest prevalence may comprise all of a country, part of a country, or parts of severa l countries, in which a particular pest species occurs at low population densities and which is or are subject to effective survei llance and control or eradication measures (IPPC, 1999). Procedures for the establishment and maintenance of areas of low pest prevalence should comply with in ternational standards (e.g., IPPC, 2005; NAPPO, 2003). For example, elements of an operational pl an for establishment and maintenance of such areas might include a geographic de scription to delimit the area; specification of an upper limit to pest densities; means to document and verify all necessary procedures and maintain records; specification of phytosanitary pro cedures (e.g., survey, pe st control); and movement controls to prevent pest entry or re-entry into the area. The international standards recommend that the exporting country consult with th e importing country in the early stages of implementation toFalse coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 18 ensure that importing country requ irements are met. In particular , target or threshold population densities defining an area of low pest prevalen ce should be established in consultation with the importing country.

Any protocol for establishing and maintaining a pest-free area or area of low pest prevalence also should include a pest-reporti ng procedure and emergency action plan to address target pest detections in the pest-fre e or low-prevalence zones (I PPC, 1999, 2005; NAPPO, 2003, 2004).

Nysius simulans appears to be primarily a pest of weed s; therefore, freedom from or suppression of this pest may be achieved through a combina tion of chemical control, cultural control, and effective IPM programs that eliminate weeds in production areas. Area-wide freedom or Areas of Low Pest Prevalence could be verifi ed by conducting official surveys.

2.1.3. Control Program : Cultural, chemical, biological, or mechanical controls (e.g., gr ove sanitation, biocontrol, preharvest application of pesticides, traps) may be used to suppress or eliminate pests from fields or prevent fruit infestation. Pana ma has not provided any information on the control programs proposed or currently implemented for the production of false coriander.

2.1.4. Phytosanitary Certification Inspections : Sampling and inspection of fals e coriander should occur periodi cally during the growing season and after harvest for quality co ntrol and as phytosanitary preca utionary measures. Production areas also should be subject to scheduled audits and peri odic, unannounced, inspections by certified inspectors from PPQ and Government of Panama officials; th ese inspections should insure that production areas meet stipulated requirements for the issuance of a phytosanitary certificate required for each consignment. This measure is useful for detecting pests present during the growing season that may be more diffic ult to detect post-harv est. Detection methods need to be combined with other measures to en sure the absence of pest s of concern. Statistical procedures are available to verify, to a specified confidence level, the pest-f ree status of an area, given negative survey or trapping results (Barcl ay and Hargrove, 2005). Results of surveys must be negative for Nysius simulans . Each shipment of false coriander should be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate of inspection issued by the NPPO of Australia. Additionally, production areas should be subject to periodic, unannounced inspections by certified inspectors from PPQ and Government of Panama officials to ensure that they meet stipulated requirements.

2.2. Mitigation Options Post-harvest and Prior to Shipping

2.2.1. Post-harvest Safeguards and Packinghouse Procedures : Panama has not provided any information on th e post-harvest safeguards or packing house procedures proposed or currently implemented fo r false coriander. At a minimum all plants should be inspected prior to packing. A random sa mple of plants per lot should be inspected for Nysius simulans ; each sample should be of a sufficient size in order to detect pest infestations. During the grading process, any damaged, disease d, or infested plants should be removed from the commodity destined for export.

2.2.2. Quarantine treatments :False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 19 There is one approved PPQ treatment for false coriander leaves, T101-n-2 fumigation, however it is unknown if this treatmen t is sufficient to address Nysius simulans (USDA, 2007). An approved quarantine treatments exist for Nysius huttoni, a close relative of Nysius simulans , on Kiwi (T102-m-2 fumigation ) (USDA, 2007). This treatment however is not approved for false coriander. It is assumed that the packing house pr ocedures (especially cull ing) will significantly reduce risk associated with this external pest. Recently, APHIS published a final rule establis hing “a minimum generic dose of 400 Gy for all plant pests of the class Insect a other than pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera” for “all regulated articles (i.e., fruits, vegetables, cut flowers, and foli age)” (Shea, 2006) . There are two exceptions to these generic doses: 1) “lower mini mum doses for certain fruit flies,” and 2) “new approved minimum doses for 10 plant pests” (Shea, 2006).

If irradiation is used, measures should be implem ented to ensure the phytosanitary security of the consignments after treatment to prevent re-inf estation. Irradiation may not kill all internal insects; the endpoint of treatme nt may be inactivation, steriliza tion, or preventing maturation of larvae. Therefore, the presence of live larvae in a treated consignment would not necessarily result in its rejection, provided appropriate safeguarding measures had been used (IPPC, 2003).

The probit-9-level security afforded by a quara ntine treatment may be overwhelmed by a large volume of infested fruit (Powell, 2003). For th is reason, adoption of a particular quarantine treatment should be in conjunction with efforts to maintain pest populations in production zones below specified densities, as would satisfy requir ements for the establishment of areas of low pest prevalence (IPPC, 2005). Lastly, plants may be damaged or quality of the plant reduced as a result of some of these treatments, e .g. irradiation may damage some fruits.

2.2.3. Point-of-entry sampling and inspection : If a preclearance progra m is not implemented, then inspection at port of entry is necessary. Up on arrival in the United States, consignments should be inspected, with partic ular attention given to paperwork and seals on vehicles, to ascertain that the chain of custody has remained intact. Each consignment should be inspected to detect a pest infestation rate of 10 percent or greater.

2.2.4. Limits on distribution and tr ansit within the United States : In some instances, the importation of commodities that might be harboring exotic pests is authorized for shipment to certain locations (e.g

., Alaska or North Atlantic ports) or during a specific season (usually the one with the coldest temperatures). These additional measures limit the risk of establishment for many exotic pests. The potential distribution of Nysius simulans in the U.S. includes U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8-10. In the United States, these zones are limited to the south and the west coast, which comprise an estimated 10 – 12 percent of the total land area of the continental United States. Accordingly, there is a very low risk of Nysius simulans establishing in the Mid and Northern U.S. states, theref ore shipping to these states wi ll lower the risk of successful introduction of Nysius simulans

. 2.3. Oversight

2.3.1. Pre-shipment programs : Inspection, treatment, or other risk mitigation measures performed in the field and packinghouse should be under the direct supervision of qualified APHIS and Government of Panama officials, and in accordance with specified phytosanitaryFalse coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 20 procedures. Such programs require monitoring a ll aspects of the application of any required phytosanitary measures and also aim to identif y shortcomings or opportunities for program modifications (IPPC, 2002). Provision should be made for the formal recognition of approved areas, sites, or producers, as well as the specification of condi tions for revoking approvals or refusing certification for e xport to the United States.

2.3.2. Field Survey and Trapping : Survey procedures include visual inspection and trapping within and outside areas of pr oduction. Surveys should be conducte d at regular intervals during the growing season to determine the presence or absence of pests. Growers should receive or be denied certification for e xport on the basis of survey or trapping results. 2.3.3. Shipments traceable to place of origin in Panama : A requirement that false coriander be packed in containers with identification labels in dicating the specific place of origin is necessary to ensure traceability to each production site.

3. Conclusions

A combination of measures in a systems appro ach, including field monitoring and management programs to achieve and maintain area pest freedom or low pest prevalence, packinghouse inspection and treatments, quarantine treatments, and maintenance of consignment security and traceability in transit, should suffici ently lower the ri sk of introducing Nysius simulans into the United States. Options for risk mitigation are summarized below (Table 1).

This document does not purport to es tablish specific work plans or to evaluate the quality of a specific program or systems approach. It iden tifies risks and provides information regarding known mitigative measures. The sp ecification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work plan, is beyond the scope of this document.

Table 1. Summary of risk mitigation options for Nysius simulans on false coriander from Panama Measures Efficacy Pest-free areas or areas of low pest prevalence When conducted in compliance with international standards (e.g., IPPC, 1996b, 1999; NAPPO, 2004) this method satisfies requirements for appropriate level of protection Suppression /Control
program Nysius simulans could be managed, at leas t in part, with a control program, whether cultural, chemi cal, or mechanical means, but the program should include monitoring and inspection to verify program effectiveness. Control must be used in combination with other measures. Research require d on effectiveness of methods and of monitoring options. Phytosanitary Certification Inspection and Monitoring Must be used in combination with other measures. A phytosanitary certificate guides insp ection efforts in Panama and alerts U.S. inspectors to pests of concern with this commodity. Packinghouse procedures, including washing and/or visual culling Research required on efficacy.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 21 Measures Efficacy Point-of-entry sampling and inspection including fruit cuttings Sample size should be adequate to detect Nysius simulans infestation

Fumigation T101-n-2 combined with low pest prevalence Approved treatment for false corian der leaves; more research is needed to verify effectiveness for Nysius simulans.

Irradiation, generic dose 400 Gy, combined with low pest prevalence Approved by APHIS

Port-of-entry sampling and inspection Should be used in combination with other measures

4. Literature cited

Barclay, H. J., and J. W. Hargrove. 2005. Probability models to facilitate a declaration of pestfree status, with special reference to tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 95(1):1-11. CFR. 2003a. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 7, Volume 5. Sec. 319.56-2u Conditions governing the entry of lettuce and peppers from Israel. CFR. 2003b. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 7, Volume 5. Sec. 319.56 Notice of Quarantine. CFR. 2003c. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 7, Volume 5. Sec. 319.28 Notice of Quarantine. CFR. 2003d. Code of Federal Regulations. Title 7, Volume 5. Sec. Sec. 319.56-2dd Administrative instructio ns: conditions governing the entry of tomatoes. . Ibrahim, S. A., J. A. Ottea, and S. H. Ma rtin. 1993. Field evaluation of certain synthetic pyrethroids and IGR's/insecticide mixtures ag ainst cotton pests. Pr oc. Beltwide cotton Conf. 2:769-772. IPPC. 1996a. Guidelines for pest risk analysis . International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Publication No. 2. Rome: Secretar iat of the International Plant Protection Convention, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization IPPC. 1996b. Requirements for the establishment of pest free areas. Intern ational Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Public ation No. 4. Rome: Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. IPPC. 1999. Requirements for the establishment of pest free places of production and pest free production sites. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Publication No. 10. Rome: Secretariat of the Inte rnational Plant Protection C onvention, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. IPPC. 2002. The use of integrated measures in a systems approach for pest risk management. International Standards for Phytosanit ary Measures Publication No. 14. Rome: Secretariat of the Interna tional Plant Protection Conven tion, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. IPPC. 2003. Guidelines for the use of irradiati on as a phytosanitary m easure. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Pub lication No. 18. Rome: Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 22 IPPC. 2004. International Standards for Phytosanit ary Measures, Publication No. 11: Pest risk analysis for Quarantine pests including an alysis of environmen tal risks and living modified organisms. Secretariat of the Inte rnational Plant Protect ion Convention (IPPC), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. IPPC. 2005. Requirements for the establishment of areas of low pest prev alence. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures Pub lication No. 22. Rome: Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention, United Nations Food and Agriculture IPPC. 2007 International Standards for Phytosanit ary Measures, Publication No. 5. Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms. . Secretariat of th e International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC), Food and Agriculture Organizati on of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. NAPPO. 2003. Guidelines for the establishment, maintenance and verification of areas of low pest prevalence for insects. NAPPO Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 20. Ottawa: Secretariat of the North Am erican Plant Protect ion Organization. . NAPPO. 2004. Guidelines for the establishment, ma intenance and verification of fruit fly pest free areas in North America. NAPPO Regional Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 17. Ottawa: Secretariat of the North Am erican Plant Prot ection Organization. Powell, M. R. 2003. Modeling the response of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to cold treatment. J. Ec on. Entomol. 96(2):300-310 Shea, K. 2006. Treatments for Fruits and Vegetabl es. Rules and Regulations. Final Rule. Federal Register: January 27, 2006. (FR Doc. 06-746) 71(18):4451-4464. TDOA. 2003. Texas Rio Grande Va lley Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastr epha ludens, (Loew) [sic] Protocol—2003/2004. Unpublished report. Texa s Department of Agriculture. . U.S. 2000. Plant Protection Act. Public Law 106-224, June 20, 2000. USDA. 2007. Treatment Manual. USDA-APHI S-PPQ. Last accessed August 16, 2007, http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ma nuals/port/pdf_files/TM.pdf.False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 23 Appendix B. Pest interceptions on Eryngium foetidum L.

Table B1. Pest interceptions on Eryngium foetidum L. by origin from 1985 - May, 2007 (PestID, 2007). [NR = Non-reportable] Pest Origin Imported As No.
Abgrallaspis sp. (Diaspididae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Acrolophus sp. (Acrolophidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Adoretus sinicus Burmeister (Scarabaeidae) Hawaii Leaf 7 Alitocoris parvus (Distant) Pentatomidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Allopeas gracile (Hutton) (Subulinidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 2 Amblyseius sp. (Phytoseiidae) NR Puerto Rico Seed 1
Anasa scorbutica (Fabricius) (Coreidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Anastrepha sp. (Tephrititdae) Dominican Republic Fruit 1
Anchonus sp. (Curculionidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2
Anthonomus sp. (Curculionidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1
Anthoxanthum sp. (Poaceae) NR Germany Seed 1
Aonidella inornata McKenzie (Diaspididae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 Artipus sp. (Curculionidae) Jamaica Leaf 1 Aspidiotus sp. (Diaspididae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Asterolecanium pistulans (Cockerell) (Asteroclecaniidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1

Asterolecanium sp. (Asterolecaniidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2
Atta sp. (Formicidae) Costa Rica Leaf Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Diaspididae) India Fruit 1
Puerto Rico Fruit 1 West Indies Country Unknown Fruit 1

Botocudo sp. (Lygaeidae) NR Costa Rica Leaf 1 Bradybaena similaris (Rang) (Bradybaenidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Bulimulus guadalupensis (Bruguiere) (Bulimulidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 7
Bulimulus sp. (Bulimulidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Trinidad and Tobago Cutting, Fruit 2
Catolethrus sp. (Curculionidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 Cecospora psidii Rangel (Hyphomycetes) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 2 Ceratocystis sp. Jamaica Leaf 1
Cerconota sp. (Oecophoridae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Cercospora acericola Woron. (Hyphomycetes) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Cercospora apii Fres. (Hyphomycetes) NR Costa Rica Leaf, Plant 3 Cercospora sp. (Hyphomycetes) Anguilla Leaf 2 Antigua and Barbuda Leaf 16
Barbados Leaf 1 Colombia Leaf, Cut flower 8 Costa Rica Cut flower, Leaf 218 Dominica Leaf, Plant 3 Dominican Republic Cut flower, Cuttings, Leaf, Fruit, Plant, Stem 3279False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 24

Pest Origin Imported As No.
Cercospora sp. (Hyphomycetes) Ecuador Leaf 7
Grenada Leaf 5 Guyana Leaf 7 Haiti Cutting, Leaf 33
Honduras Leaf 4 Jamaica Fruit, Leaf 46 Martinique Leaf 1
Mexico Leaf 3
Panama Leaf 1
Providence Island Leaf 1 Puerto Rico Cut flower, Cutting, Fruit, Leaf, Plant, Root, Seed, Stem 9464

South Africa Leaf 8
St. Kitts and Nevis Leaf 1
St. Lucia Leaf 3 Trinidad and Tobago Cut flower, Cutting, Fruit, Leaf, Plant, Root, Seed, Stem 1258

Unknown Leaf 4 U.S. Virgin Islands Leaf, Plant, Stem 12
Venezuela Leaf 3 Cercosporella sp. Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Cercosporidium sp. (Hyphomycetes) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comstock (Coccidae) NR Hawaii Leaf 1 Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Coccidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1
Chalcodermus sp. (Curculionidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Chrysodeixis eriosoma (Doubleday) (Noctuidae) Hawaii Leaf 1 Cladosporium sp. (Hyphomycetes) Costa Rica Leaf 1
Netherlands Cut flower 1 Clavipalpus sp. (Scarabaeidae) Ecuador Cut flower 1 Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus) (Coccidae) NR Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Penz & Sacc. (Coelomycetes) NR Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 5

Colletotrichum sp. (Coelomycetes) Costa Rica Leaf 1
Panama Leaf 1 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Conocephalus sp. (Tettigoniidae) Hawaii Leaf 1 Conoderus rodriguezi Candeze (Elateridae) Costa Rica Leaf 1
Criconemoides sp. (Criconematidae) Jamaica Plant 1
Deroceras laeve (Muller) (Agriolimacidae) NR Costa Rica Cut flower 1 Dominican Republic Leaf 2
Hawaii Leaf 2
Mexico Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 2
Deroceras sp. (Agriolimacidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 2
Dialeurodicus sp. (Aleyrodidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 25

Pest Origin Imported As No.
Diplosolenodes occidentalis (Guilding) (Veronicellidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 Drymaeus lilacinus (Reeve) (Bulimulidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Ecdytolopha sp. (Tortricidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Ecnomiomorpha sp. (Tortricidae) Costa Rica Stem 1 Euplectrus sp. (Eulophidae) NR Costa Rica Leaf 1
Euschistus sp. (Pentatomidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 Forcipomyia sp. (Ceratopogonidae) NR Costa Rica Leaf 1
Frankliniella sp. (Thripidae) Colombia Cut flower 3
Costa Rica Leaf 2 Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Glomerella sp. (Thripidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 Glyptapanteles sp. (Braconidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1
Granodomus lima (Ferussac) (Pleurodontidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 5 Guppya gundlachi (Pfeiffer) (Euconulidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 2 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2
Helicina (Striatemoda) striata Lamarck (Helicinidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 4

Helicopsis striata (Muller) (Hygromiidae) Puerto Rico 1 Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher (Hoplolaimidae) NR Jamaica Plant 1

Helicoverpa sp. (Noctuidae) Zimbabwe Cut flower 1 Hoplia sp. (Scarabaeidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 Ischaemum rugosum Salisbury (Poaceae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 Lamellaxis gracilis (Hutton) (Subulinidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Leidyula kraussi (Ferussac) (Veronicellidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1 Leidyula sp. (Veronicellidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Leptinaria unilamellata (D’Orbigny) (Subulinidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 1
Limonia sp. (Tipulidae) NR Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Mamestra brassicae (Linnaeus) (Noctuidae) Netherlands Cut flower 1 Melipotis sp. (Noctuidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2 Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid percent White) Chitwood (Meloidogynidae) NR Dominican Republic Root 1

Microcentrum sp. (Tettigoniidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Myodocha unispinosa Stal (Rhyparochromidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 Myxomyceter sp. NR Costa Rica Leaf 2 Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Aphididae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Neopamera bilobata (Say) (Rhyparochromidae) NR Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Nezara viridula (Linnaeus) (P entatomidae) NR Hawaii Leaf 1
No Identifiable Mollusca Found NR Hawaii Leaf 1 No identifiable Pathogen found NR Costa Rica Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 2 Oncometopia sp. (Cicadellidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Orthezia praelonga Douglas (Ortheziidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 6False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 26

Pest Origin Imported As No.
Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude) (Helicarionidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Pallifera costaricensis (Morch) (Philomycidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 5 Palmicultor palmarum (Ehrhorn) (Pseudococcidae) Hawaii Leaf 1 Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) (Coccidae) NR Hawaii Leaf 1 Paropeas achactinaceum (Pfeiffer) (Subulinidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2
Pheidole sp. (Formicidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1
Phoma sp. (Coelomycetes) Costa Rica Leaf 2 Dominican Republic Leaf 1 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 6 Phomopsis sp. (Coelomycetes) Costa Rica Leaf 1 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 Physa sp. (Physidae) NR Dominican Republic Cutting 1
P hysella acuta (Draparaud) (Physidae) NR Hawaii Leaf 1 Physonota sp. (Chrysomelidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1
Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Pseudococcidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Protopulvinaria longivalvata Green (Coccidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2 Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis (Green) (Diaspididae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 1
St. Lucia Leaf 1 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Pseudocercospora piperis (Pat.) Deighton (Hyphomycetes) St. Lucia Leaf 1

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller (Pseudococcidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1

Pseudococcus sp. Costa Rica Leaf 1
Pseudococcus sp. (Pseudococcidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Puccinia Nakanishiki Dietel (Pucciniaceae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Puccinia sp. (Pucciniaceae) Dominican Republic Leaf 2 Pupisoma dioscoricola (C.B. Adams) (Valloniidae) NR Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1
Puto barberi (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1
Ramularia sp. Costa Rica Leaf 1 Remaudiereana nigriceps (Dallas) (Rhyparochromidae) Hawaii Leaf 1
Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Clayton (Poaceae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1
Rottboellia exaltata Linnaeus F. (Poaceae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Saissetia coffeae (Walker) (Coccidae) NR Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Saissetia sp. (Coccidae) Providence Island Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 7 Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer) (Veronicellidae) Costa Rica Stem 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Septoria passiflorae Louw. (Coelomycetes) NR Puerto Rico Fruit, Leaf 2
Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae) Ghana Fruit 7
Jamaica Fruit 2 Solenopsis invicta Buren (Formicidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 1False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 27

Pest Origin Imported As No. Species of Agromyzidae Costa Rica Leaf 1
Ecuador Cut flower 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 1 United Kingdom Cut flower 2 Species of Aphididae Costa Rica Leaf 4 Puerto Rico Leaf, Seed 2 Species of Asterolecaniid ae Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Species of Auchenorrhynch a Puerto Rico Leaf 4 Species of Baridinae (Curculionidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 Species of Bethylidae NR Costa Rica Leaf 1 Species of Camaenidae Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Species of Catocalinae (Noctuidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 Species of Chrysomelid ae Costa Rica Fruit 1 Species of Cicadellidae Costa Rica Leaf 6
Hawaii Leaf 2
Liberia Stem 1 Species of Coccidae Costa Rica Leaf 1
Cuba Leaf 1
Hawaii Leaf 1
Mexico Plant 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 9 Species of Coleoptera Costa Rica Leaf 1 Species of Coreidae Costa Rica Leaf 2 Species of Diaspididae Puerto Rico Leaf 3 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Species of Diptera Dominican Republic Leaf 1 Species of Dryophthorid ae Costa Rica Leaf 1 Species of Elateridae Dominican Republic Leaf 1 Species of Geometridae Hawaii Leaf 1
Netherlands Cut flower 2 Species of Gryllidae Costa Rica Leaf 2 Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Species of Helicidae Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Species of Hesperiidae Mexico Stem 1 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 Species of Heteroptera Costa Rica Leaf 3
Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Species of Homoptera Hawaii Leaf 1 Species of Hydrophilidae NR Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Species of Insecta Costa Rica Leaf 1
Hawaii Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 1False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 28

Pest Origin Imported As No. Species of Lepidoptera Costa Rica Leaf 3
Puerto Rico Leaf 2 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Species of Limacidae Domi nican Republic Leaf 1 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Species of Limacodidae Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 Species of Lygaeidae Dominican Republic Leaf 1 Species of Margarodidae Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Species of Miridae Colombia Leaf 1 Costa Rica Cut flower, Cutting, Leaf, Plant 201
Ecuador Cut flower 1
Netherlands Leaf 1 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Species of Mollusca Hawaii Leaf 5 Species of Molytinae (Curculi onidae) Costa Rica Leaf 1 Species of Noctuidae Co lombia Cut flower 1 Costa Rica Cut flower, Cutting, Leaf, Plant 34 Dominican Republic Cut flower, Leaf 2
Ecuador Cut flower 1
Haiti Leaf 1
Hawaii Leaf 2
Israel Leaf 1
Jamaica Leaf 1
Netherlands Cut flower 1 Puerto Rico Fruit, Leaf, Seed 60 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 Species of Ortheziidae Dominica Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 4 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Species of Pentatomidae Costa Rica Cut flower, Leaf 8 Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 2 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Species of Pentatomoidea Costa Rica Leaf 1 Species of Plusiinae (Noctuidae) Costa Rica Cut flower, Leaf 8 Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 7 Species of Pseudococcidae Dominican Republic Leaf 1 Puerto Rico Fruit, Leaf, Seed 17 Species of Psychidae Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Species of Pterophoridae Tr inidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Species of Pyralidae Hawaii 1 Species of Pyraustinae (Crambidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 Species of Rhyparochromidae Costa Rica Cut flower 1False coriander from Panama

Rev. 002 May 9, 2008 29

Pest Origin Imported As No. Species of Sciaridae NR Dominican Republic Leaf 1 Species of Stratiomyidae NR Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 2 Species of Tettigoniidae Costa Rica Leaf 2 Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Species of Thripidae Ecuador Cut flower 1 Species of Tipulidae NR Costa Rica Leaf 1 Species of Tortricidae Costa Rica Leaf 2 Species of Veronicellidae Costa Rica Leaf 3 Dominican Republic Leaf, Plant 10
Puerto Rico Leaf 6 Sphaceloma spondiadis Bitanc& Jenk. (Coelomycetes) Dominican Republic Fruit 1 Spissistilus sp. (Membracidae) Mexico Leaf 1 Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius) (Crambidae) NR Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 1
Subulina octona (Bruguiere) (Subulinidae) NR Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 3 Trinidad and Tobago Plant 1
Succinea costaricana Von Martens (Succineidae) Costa Rica Leaf 12
Succinea sp. (Succineidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 1
Hawaii Leaf 1
Hawaii Leaf 1
Puerto Rico Leaf 2
Puerto Rico Leaf 1 Thrips palmi Karny (Thripidae) Trinidad and Tobago Leaf 1 Trochoidea conspurcata (Draparnaud) (Hygromiidae) Italy Leaf 1 Tylenchus sp. (Tylenchidae) NR Mexico Plant 1 Udea rubigalis (Guenee) (Crambidae) NR Haiti Cut flower, Cutting, Leaf 3
Veronicella cubensis (Pfeiffer) (Veronicellidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 6
Veronicella sp. (Veronicellidae) Dominican Republic Leaf 12 Puerto Rico Leaf, Plant 53 Xerotricha conspurcata (Draparnaud) (Hygromiidae) Italy Leaf 1 Zachrysia auricoma (Ferussac) (Pleurodontidae) Puerto Rico Leaf 2
Zonitoides arboreus (Say) (Gastrodontidae) NR Hawaii Leaf 1