J-A11043-24

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

TUAN T. VO 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1026 MDA 2023

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 18, 2023

In the Court of Common Pleas of Bradford County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-08-CR-0000173-2022

BEFORE: BOWES, J., STABILE, J., and MURRAY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.: FILED: MAY 30, 2024

Tuan T. Vo (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence entered 

following his convictions by a jury of two counts each of possession of 

controlled substances, possession with intent to deliver controlled substances

(PWID), and criminal conspiracy-PWID.1 After careful consideration, we 

affirm.

The trial court summarized the relevant underlying facts:

The [Sayre Borough] police were surveilling [] Destiny Barnes

[(Barnes)] in a hotel room[,] believing that she was distributing 

controlled substances. Police heard Barnes speaking on the 

telephone. They then heard her advising other individuals in her 

hotel room that they had to leave because the “re-up” was on its 

way. A “re-up” is a delivery of drugs. Upon the door opening, the 

police detained everyone in the room. Several were females. 

While the individuals were being detained, one of the officers, 

[Sayre Borough Police Sergeant] Bruce Hoffman, left the room 

____________________________________________

1 See 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16), (30); 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903. 
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and hotel so that a female officer could replace him to assist in 

searching the female suspects. While [Sergeant] Hoffman was 

walking through the hotel lobby, he saw Appellant and 

Codefendant, Kara Mason [(Mason)], walking into the hotel lobby. 

Appellant looked back at [Sergeant] Hoffman 2-3 times. 

[Sergeant] Hoffman contacted the officers that were in the hotel 

room to advise them he believed the [two] individuals were 

coming to the hotel room. The [two] individuals did. They were 

also detained. [While detained,] Appellant told Mason numerous 

times to not say anything. When the female police officer arrived, 

she took Mason to the bathroom and searched her wherein she 

found methamphetamines and fentanyl packets in her underwear. 

Upon returning Mason to [the] detaining area, Mason advised 

[two] officers that “he made me hold the drugs”, “he made me 

hold the drugs for him”. ... []Mason did not testify at trial.

Appellant was eventually permitted to leave the scene. 

Upon leaving the scene, however, although he was provided with 

the keys, he did not take the vehicle that he and Mason had 

arrived in. Later the police seized the vehicle, obtained a search 

warrant and found an Armani leather bag with additional 

methamphetamine and fentanyl in it. The Armani leather bag was 

linked to Appellant as a bag he was wearing in a picture.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/17/23, at 2 (unnumbered). 

Appellant subsequently was charged with the above-mentioned crimes. 

The matter proceeded to a jury trial on November 15, 2022. The jury 

convicted Appellant of the crimes described above.2 On January 12, 2023, 

the trial court sentenced Appellant to an aggregate prison term of 214 to 440 

months. The trial court entered amended sentencing orders, for reasons not 

pertinent to this appeal, on January 13, 2023, and January 18, 2023. 

____________________________________________

2 The jury acquitted Appellant of one count of criminal use of a communication 

facility, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7512(a).
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On March 23, 2023, Appellant filed a counseled petition for permission

to file a post-sentence motion, nunc pro tunc. The trial court granted the 

petition for permission on April 13, 2023, and scheduled Appellant’s postsentence motion hearing for May 23, 2023. The trial court denied Appellant’s 

nunc pro tunc post-sentence motion on June 29, 2023. On July 18, 2023, 

Appellant filed a notice of appeal. 

On December 28, 2023, this Court issued a rule to show cause why the 

appeal should not be quashed as untimely filed. See Commonwealth v. 

Capaldi, 112 A.3d 1242, 1244 (Pa. Super. 2015) (noting that a post-sentence 

motion nunc pro tunc may toll the appeal period only if two conditions are 

met: (1) within 30 days of the imposition of sentence, the defendant must 

request the trial court’s permission to file a nunc pro tunc post-sentence 

motion; and (2) also within 30 days of the imposition of sentence, the trial 

court must expressly grant defendant permission to file a nunc pro tunc postsentence motion); see also Commonwealth v. Vinson, 249 A.3d 1197, 

1204 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citing Commonwealth v. Ballance, 203 A.3d 1027, 

1032 (Pa. Super. 2019), and stating that absent a proper and timey filed postsentence motion, the event triggering the appeal run date remains the date 

the sentence was imposed; an untimely post-sentence motion labeled a “nunc 

pro tunc” filing does not toll the time an appeal may be filed following 

imposition of sentence). 
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Appellant filed a response indicating that counsel emailed his postsentence motion to the Bradford County Court Administrator within 10 days 

of sentencing, but the motion was not docketed. Response to Rule, 1/6/24, 

¶ 9. Notwithstanding, Appellant filed his nunc pro tunc post-sentence motion 

over two months after sentencing. 

This Court has recognized that “the time for filing an appeal can be 

extended beyond 30 days after the imposition of sentence only if the 

defendant files a timely post-sentence motion.” Commonwealth v. Green, 

862 A.2d 613, 618 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc) (emphasis added). 

“An untimely post-sentence motion does not toll the appeal period.” 

Capaldi, 112 A.3d at 1244 (emphasis in original). Thus, Appellant’s nunc pro 

tunc post-sentence motion did not toll the appeal period. 

Nevertheless, this Court has recognized, the Post Conviction Relief Act3

(PCRA) “provides the sole means for obtaining collateral review, and any 

petition filed after the judgment of sentence becomes final will be 

treated as a PCRA petition.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 803 A.2d 1291, 

1293 (Pa. Super. 2003) (emphasis added). “[R]egardless of how a petition is 

titled, courts are to treat a petition filed after a judgment of sentence becomes 

final as a PCRA petition if it requests relief contemplated by the PCRA.” 

Commonwealth v. Fantauzzi, 275 A.3d 986, 995 (Pa. Super. 2022). 

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3 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541-9546.
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Based on the foregoing, we consider Appellant’s nunc pro tunc postsentence motion to be a successful, timely filed PCRA petition. As the trial 

court granted PCRA relief, and Appellant timely filed his notice of appeal 

following the denial of his nunc pro tunc post-sentence motion, we decline to 

quash his appeal. 

Appellant presents the following issues for our review:

1. Whether [Appellant] was denied his right to confront adverse 

witnesses, as guaranteed by the United States and 

Pennsylvania Constitution[s], when [Sayre Borough Police] 

Officer [Jeremy] Horton introduced testimonial statements 

made by an unavailable co-defendant, [] Mason, without 

[Appellant] having the opportunity to cross-examine [] Mason.

2. Whether [Appellant] was prejudiced when inadmissible hearsay 

testimony was introduced against [Appellant] regarding a 

statement made against him by an unavailable co-defendant, 

[] Mason.

Appellant’s Brief at 3. We address Appellant’s claims together, as they are 

related.

Appellant first argues the admission of Sayre Police Officer Jeremy 

Horton’s testimony regarding the statement made by Mason at the scene, “he 

made me hold the drugs for him[,]” violated the Confrontation Clause of the 

Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Id. at 20. Appellant 

argues that in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), the United 

States Supreme Court held that the Confrontation Clause

[p]rohibits the introduction of testimonial statements by a non[-

]testifying witness, unless the witness is unavailable to testify, and 

the defendant had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.
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Id. at 23 (quoting Ohio v. Clark, 576 U.S. 237, 243 (2015), in turn quoting 

Crawford, 541 U.S. at 54). According to Appellant, the Sixth Amendment to 

the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania 

Constitution both “protect an accused’s rights to confront adverse witnesses.” 

Appellant’s Brief at 20. Appellant states, “the federal right to be confronted 

with such witnesses ... includes the right to conduct reasonable crossexamination.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 

Appellant points out that before trial, he objected to Officer Horton’s 

proposed testimony quoting Mason’s statement. Id. at 21. However, the 

Commonwealth claimed the statement falls within the coconspirator exception 

to the rule against hearsay. Id. Appellant argues, “the Commonwealth 

incorrectly assumed that hearsay and the Confrontation Clause are one in the 

same—they are not.” Id. 

Appellant claims the admission of Officer Horton’s testimony about 

Mason’s statement violated his Confrontation Clause protections, as it is

testimonial in nature. Id. 24. He asserts Mason’s hearsay statement showed 

no “ongoing emergency,” as required by Crawford, and the statement was 

made after Mason had been detained and formally arrested. Id.

Appellant further claims Officer Horton’s testimony does not fall within 

any exception to the hearsay rule:

[T]he United States Supreme Court and the Pennsylvania 

Supreme Court have held that “[s]tatements made to the 

authorities by a non-testifying accomplice which inculpate the 

defendant more than the accomplice are not admissible pursuant 
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to a firmly rooted exception to the hearsay doctrine.” 

Commonwealth v. Robins, 812 A.2d [522, 524] (Pa. 2000)[,] 

quoting Commonwealth v. Young, 748 A.2d 166, 192 (Pa. 

2000).

Appellant’s Brief at 12. Citing Robins, Appellant asserts that Mason’s 

statement implicated Appellant more than Mason; therefore, it is not 

admissible. Id. at 13.

Appellant further argues the co-conspirator exception does not apply, 

because Mason’s statement was not made in furtherance of any conspiracy. 

Id. at 15. According to Appellant, Mason made the statement following her 

arrest, and after requesting to use the restroom. Id. at 16. Once inside the 

restroom, Appellant argues, Mason was found to possess narcotics, and 

blamed Appellant. Id. Appellant explains,

because [] Mason’s statement implicating [Appellant] was made 

after the alleged conspiracy terminated, [] Mason’s statement 

lacked the indicia of reliability that gives the co-conspirator 

exception its trustworthiness.

Id. at 16-17 (citation omitted).

We review trial court rulings on the admissibility of evidence for an

abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Thompson, 576 U.S. 237, 754 (Pa.

Super. 2014). Not merely an error in judgment, an abuse of discretion occurs 

when “the law is overridden or misapplied, or the judgment exercised is 

manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, 

as shown by the evidence on record.” Commonwealth v. Cooper, 941 A.2d 
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655, 667 (Pa. 2007) (quoting Commonwealth v. McAleer, 748 A.2d 670, 

673 (Pa. 2000) (citation omitted)).

This Court has stated,

Whether a defendant has been denied his right to confront a 

witness is a question of law for which our standard of review is de

novo and our scope of review is plenary. See Commonwealth 

v. Brown, ... 185 A.3d 316 (Pa. 2018) (plurality). 

The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment prohibits outof-court testimonial statements by a witness, even if they are

otherwise admissible as an exception to the rule against hearsay,

unless the witness is unavailable and the defendant had a prior

opportunity to cross-examine the witness.

Commonwealth v. Fitzgerald, 284 A.3d 465, 470 (Pa. Super. 2022)

(emphasis added; citation omitted). 

In Davis v. Washington and Hammon v. Indiana, 547 U.S. 813 

(2006), the United States Supreme Court applied a “primary purpose” test to 

determine whether statements are testimonial or nontestimonial in nature:

Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police 

interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the 

primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance 

to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the

circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing

emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is

to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later

criminal prosecution.

Id. at 822. 

Our Supreme Court has recognized,

[I]n analyzing whether a statement is testimonial, and, 

therefore, subject to the protections of the Confrontation 

Clause ... , a court must determine whether the primary 

purpose of the interrogation was to establish or prove past 

events relevant to a later criminal prosecution. In making 
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the determination as to the primary purpose of an interrogation, 

a court first should determine whether the interrogation occurred 

during the existence of an ongoing emergency, or what was 

perceived to be an ongoing emergency. Although the existence—

actual or perceived—of an ongoing emergency is one of the most 

important factors, this factor is not dispositive because there may 

be other circumstances, outside of an ongoing emergency, where 

a statement is obtained for a purpose other than for later use in 

criminal proceedings. In determining the primary purpose of 

an interrogation, a court must also objectively evaluate the 

circumstances surrounding the interrogation, including the 

formality and location, and the statements and actions of 

both the interrogator and the declarant.

Commonwealth v. Allshouse, 36 A.3d 163, 175-76 (Pa. 2012) (emphasis 

added). 

In Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344 (2011), the United States 

Supreme Court expounded on testimonial versus nontestimonial evidence:

Whether formal or informal, out-of-court statements can evade 

the basic objective of the Confrontation Clause, which is to 

prevent the accused from being deprived of the opportunity to 

cross-examine the declarant about statements taken for use at 

trial. When, ... the primary purpose of an interrogation is to 

respond to an “ongoing emergency,” its purpose is not to create 

a record for trial and thus is not within the scope of the 

[Confrontation] Clause. But there may be other circumstances,

aside from ongoing emergencies, when a statement is not

procured with a primary purpose of creating an out-of-court

substitute for trial testimony. In making the primary purpose

determination, standard rules of hearsay, designed to identify

some statements as reliable, will be relevant. Where no such

primary purpose exists, the admissibility of a statement is

the concern of state and federal rules of evidence, not the

Confrontation Clause.

Id. at 358-59 (footnote omitted, emphasis added). Further,

[a]n objective analysis of the circumstances of an encounter and 

the statements and actions of the parties to it provides the most 

accurate assessment of the “primary purpose of the 
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interrogation.” The circumstances in which an encounter occurs-

- e.g., at or near the scene of the crime versus at a police station, 

during an ongoing emergency or afterwards -- are clearly matters 

of objective fact. The statements and actions of the parties must 

also be objectively evaluated. That is, the relevant inquiry is not 

the subjective or actual purpose of the individuals involved in a 

particular encounter, but rather the purpose that reasonable 

participants would have had, as ascertained from the individuals’

statements and actions and the circumstances in which the 

encounter occurred.

Id. at 360 (footnote omitted). “Where nontestimonial hearsay is at issue, it 

is wholly consistent with the Framers’ design to afford the States flexibility in 

their development of hearsay law.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68. With this in 

mind, we review whether Mason’s hearsay statement was testimonial in 

nature.

At trial, the Commonwealth presented the testimony of Sergeant 

Hoffman. N.T. (Volume I), 11/15/22, at 18. Sergeant Hoffman testified he 

served as a Sayre Borough police officer for approximately 18 years. Id. at 

19. On January 5, 2022, Sergeant Hoffman was involved in the investigation 

of Barnes for selling narcotics, “mainly heroin, ... fentanyl and 

methamphetamine out of the Best Western [Hotel]” located in Sayre Borough 

Id. at 21. 

Sergeant Hoffman explained officers had a search warrant for Barnes’s 

hotel room. Id. He testified,

[w]e basically requested [] the hotel worker and they contacted 

the manager to get an adjacent room, so we were actually the 

room across from [] Barnes; had multiple officers there as well as 

[o]fficers in the parking lot in unmarked vehicles and conducted 
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surveillance of people coming and going from that room. Also a 

lot of people that were known[] narcotics users.

Id. at 21-22. 

Sergeant Hoffman stated that he and the officers listened to the 

activities in Barnes’s room for about 30 minutes. Id. at 23. During that time, 

Barnes

took a phone call and said that her guy was coming – something 

to the effect the guy was coming and everyone had to leave the 

room and that’s when they opened the door.

Id. at 23-24. Sergeant Hoffman explained that Barnes indicated that a man 

was coming to “re-up,” which meant that Barnes had run

out of product. There was a large amount of cash in the room as 

well. ... I took that as she had ran [sic] out of product and more 

drugs were being delivered to sell.

Id. at 25.

Sergeant Hoffman testified police waited to execute the search warrant 

until someone opened the door to Barnes’s room. Id. at 24. He stated, “As 

soon as they opened the door, we went in.” Id. Inside the room, Sergeant 

Hoffman discovered

some heroin/fentanyl in the room[.] [T]here was also some 

cutting agent to cut heroin, a lot of paraphernalia, scales, a ledger 

of who owes what/who, things like that.

Id. at 25. 

Sergeant Hoffman then left the room for the purposes of picking up 

Sayre Borough Police Officer Nikki Hoffman (Officer Hoffman), his wife. Id. 

Sergeant Hoffman explained that Barnes had been placed in custody, “and we 
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needed a female officer to search her.” Id. After leaving Barnes’s fourthfloor hotel room, Sergeant Hoffman took an elevator to the lobby:

I got out of the elevator, turned right through the lobby, about 

mid-way in the lobby I pass [Appellant] ... and ... Mason. 

....

I kept walking straight towards the door but as I was walking 

straight I was looking at the glass of the door and the reflection 

and [Appellant] turned around and looked at me two or three 

times.

Id. at 26. Sergeant Hoffman sent a group text to the surveillance team 

stating, “you have two coming up, as in two individuals [sic] suspect that the 

re-up is coming up the elevator.” Id. at 26-27. 

Officer Horton next testified. Officer Horton explained that he has been 

a police officer for 24 years. Id. at 53. Officer Horton testified that on January 

5, 2022, he was stationed outside of Barnes’s hotel room during the execution 

of the search warrant. Id. at 54. Officer Horton observed Appellant as the 

elevator doors opened to the fourth floor. Id. at 55. Officer Horton testified, 

initially[,] I just looked as the doors opened ... [and] saw the two 

people standing there and both of their expressions were of pure 

shock, surprise and [Appellant], ... I believe his words were oh 

shit.

....

... [T]hey stood there somewhat frozen right at the entrance 

to the door. We told them to ... come out. At that point in time[,] 

because of the fact we’re engaging in a ... drug or a narcotics 

warrant and the potential dangers with that, believing that these 

two people were there to enter that room to do the re-up ... we 

brought them aside, did an initial pat search, frisk[ed] them for 
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weapons and detained them with the other people we had brought 

out from the room that we were serving the search warrant on.

Id. at 55-56. 

Officer Horton stated that Appellant

was very vocal, extremely upset ... was asking why he was being 

detained. Was telling us that we had no right to stop or talk to 

him, he was telling ... [Mason] to keep her mouth shut[,] not to 

say anything[,] not to talk to us. So ... he was very verbal. 

Id. 56-57. According to Officer Horton, Appellant told Mason to keep quiet 

[n]umerous times. Keep your mouth shut. Don’t talk to them. 

You don’t have to say anything to them. Words to that effect 

numerous times.

Id. at 57. 

Officer Horton testified that Mason requested to use the bathroom 

numerous times:

[Mason] ... was sitting on the ground, [] she was very nervous, [] 

she made numerous requests ... for some female/feminine 

products. We couldn’t provide that at the time. I was able to 

offer her toilet paper from one of the ... rooms. She told us she 

was having her period[,] that she needed to go to the bathroom, 

she needed to clean herself up. Unfortunately [sic] had to explain 

to her ... in cases like this women/females have often secreted 

drugs and drug paraphernalia inside their vaginas and we would 

not be allowing that trip to the bathroom until she had been 

searched.

....

... [O]nce Officer [] Hoffman arrived on the scene, she took 

[] Mason to another – actually the same room that we were 

staging in prior to the service of the search warrant. Took her in 

there, took her ... into the bathroom ....
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Id. at 59-60. At that time, Mason said that “he made me hold the drugs for 

him.” Id. at 61. However, Mason did not indicate who “he” was. Id.

The evidence established Mason’s statement was not made “to enable 

police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.” Clark, 576 U.S. at 244. 

The scene was secured prior to Mason’s arrival on the fourth floor, and she 

had been seated for some time. Further, the actions of Officer Hoffman reflect 

that Mason made the statement while being subject to the physical search for 

evidence, the physical equivalent of an interrogation. See Allshouse, 36 

A.3d at 175-76.

In addition[,] the evidence established that the objective intent of 

Officer Hoffman was to secure evidence potentially relevant to a later criminal 

prosecution, not to resolve an ongoing emergency situation. Under these 

circumstances, we are constrained to conclude that Mason’s statement during 

a police search was testimonial, and that its admission, when Appellant had 

“no opportunity to cross-examine her,” was “sufficient to make out a violation 

of the Sixth Amendment.” Crawford, 541 A.2d at 68; Robins, 812 A.2d at 

522.

Moreover, we conclude Mason’s statement is not admissible under any 

exception to the rule against hearsay evidence. 

“[H]earsay is an out of court statement offered for the truth of the 

matter asserted and is inadmissible unless it falls within an exception to the 

hearsay rule.” Commonwealth v. Manivannan, 186 A.3d 472, 480 (Pa. 
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Super. 2018) (citation omitted); Pa.R.E. 801(c). Our Rules of Evidence permit

the admission of a statement “made by the party’s coconspirator during and

in furtherance of the conspiracy.” Pa.R.E. 803(25)(E). 

Application of the coconspirator exception to the hearsay rule is 

predicated on agency principles—when the elements of 

the exception are established, each conspirator is considered an 

agent of the other, and therefore, a statement by one represents 

an admission by all.

Commonwealth v. Holt, 273 A.3d 514, 543 (Pa. 2022). The exception 

contains three elements: 

[(1)] the existence of a conspiracy between the declarant and the 

defendant must be demonstrated by a preponderance of the 

evidence; [(2)] the statements must be shown to have been made 

during the course of the conspiracy; and [(3)] they must have 

been made in furtherance of the common design.

Id. (citation omitted). 

Rule 804 further provides a hearsay exception for a statement against 

the declarant’s interest:

[(b)] (3) Statement Against Interest. A statement that:

(A) a reasonable person in the declarant’s position would have 

made only if the person believed it to be true because, when 

made, it was so contrary to the declarant’s proprietary or 

pecuniary interest or had so great a tendency to invalidate the 

declarant’s claim against someone else or to expose the declarant 

to civil or criminal liability; and

(B) is supported by corroborating circumstances that clearly 

indicate its trustworthiness, if it is offered in a criminal case as 

one that tends to expose the declarant to criminal liability.

Pa.R.E. 804(b)(3). However,
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[s]tatements made to the authorities by a non-testifying 

accomplice which inculpate the defendant more than the 

accomplice are not admissible pursuant to a firmly rooted 

exception to the hearsay doctrine ....

Robins, 812 A.2d at 522 (emphasis added; citation omitted). 

Instantly, Mason’s hearsay statement did not fall within the 

coconspirator exception to the hearsay rule. While the Commonwealth 

presented evidence of a conspiracy between Mason and Appellant, it failed to 

establish Mason’s statement was made during the course of the conspiracy. 

See Holt, 273 A.3d at 543. At the time Mason made her statement, she and

Appellant were in police custody. Any conspiracy to deliver drugs to Barnes

had ended.

Additionally, Mason’s statement was not in furtherance of the

conspiracy. As this Court has explained,

[t]he exception “contains no requirement that the conspiracy

identified as the basis for admissibility be related to the crime

charged.” [Commonwealth v. Johnson, 838 A.2d 663, 676 (Pa.

2003)]. Accordingly, “in order to satisfy the in-furtherance-of

requirement of the coconspirator hearsay exception, it is sufficient

for the government to establish an intent to promote the

conspiratorial objective.” Id. at 675. In Johnson, the appellant 

Raymond Johnson was convicted of murdering Louis Combs. The

evidence established that Johnson and Combs were rival drug

dealers. Nicole Ramsey testified that she sold drugs for Johnson

and was present for conversations between Johnson and a man

known as “Izod,” whom she identified as Johnson’s “right-hand

man,” regarding a plan to eliminate Combs. Id. at 679. On the

day of Combs’s murder, Johnson testified that Izod told her, “we

did them n _ s_. You didn’t think we would, but we did. There

is not going to be a problem.” Id. at 670. We determined that 

the evidence was admissible under the co-conspirator exception 

to hearsay.
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Here, as Johnson essentially concedes, the

Commonwealth’s evidence demonstrated, by a clear 

preponderance, a larger conspiracy between Appellant and 

Izod to distribute illegal drugs. Significantly, this is a

conspiracy as to which the evidence demonstrated that

Ramsey was not a third party, but a participant. In the

course of Izod’s remarks to Ramsey, he advised her of an

act that eliminated a rival seller, thus promoting the

objectives of the drug conspiracy, and instructed her

to maintain a low profile for the time being to avoid

detection in light of the expected, increased law

enforcement activity....

Holt, 273 A.3d at 545-46 (citation omitted; emphasis added). 

Here, in contrast, Mason’s statement served only to implicate Appellant

and deny her own culpability, see Robins, 812 A.2d at 522, and occurred

only after she was detained. The Commonwealth failed to establish the

statements were in furtherance of any objective of the

Appellant/Barnes/Mason conspiracy. 

Finally, the statements were not admissible as a statement against

interest under Pa.R.E. 804(b)(3). Mason’s statement blamed Appellant and

attempted to exculpate Mason. As such, it was not against Mason’s interest. 

See id.

In summary, we conclude the admission of Mason’s statement violated

Appellant’s constitutional confrontation rights guaranteed under the Sixth

Amendment to the United States Constitution. Further, Mason’s statement

did not fall within any recognized exception to the rule against hearsay

evidence. Under these circumstances, we conclude the trial court erred in

admitting Officer Horton’s testimony regarding Mason’s statement. 
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Notwithstanding, our analysis does not end with this conclusion. “[A]n 

appellate court is not bound by the rationale of the trial court and may affirm

on any basis if the record supports it.” Commonwealth v. Martin, 205 A.3d 

1247, 1248 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted). In Commonwealth v.

Fulton, 179 A.3d 475 (Pa. 2018), our Supreme Court summarized the three

scenarios in which an error may be found to be harmless:

(1) [T]he error did not prejudice the defendant or the prejudice 

was de minimis; or

....

(3) the properly admitted and uncontradicted evidence of guilt

was so overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error was

so insignificant by comparison that the error could not have

contributed to the verdict.

Id. at 493. We may sua sponte invoke the harmless error doctrine “as it does

nothing more than affirm a valid judgment of sentence on an alternative

basis.” Commonwealth v. Hamlett, 234 A.3d 486, 492 (Pa. 2020).

Upon review, we conclude that the improper admission of Mason’s 

hearsay statement constituted harmless error. Appellant was convicted of two 

counts each of possession of narcotics, PWID, and criminal conspiracy to 

commit PWID. The statute governing PWID, 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30), 

prohibits “the ... possession with intent to ... deliver[] a controlled substance 

by a person not registered under this act....” Id. With respect to possession 

of a controlled substance, the Commonwealth was required to prove Appellant 

“[k]nowingly or intentionally possess[ed] a controlled ... substance by a person 
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not registered under this act....” Id. § 780-113(a)(16). Appellant did not 

dispute that the controlled substances police found on Mason tested positive 

for methamphetamine and heroin/fentanyl. See N.T. (Vol. 2), 11/15/22, at 

6-7 (stating the parties’ stipulation to the contents of substances found in 

Mason’s underwear). 

“When contraband is not found on the defendant’s person, the

Commonwealth must establish constructive possession....” Commonwealth

v. Jones, 874 A.2d 108, 121 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation omitted).

Constructive possession is a legal fiction, a pragmatic construct to

deal with the realities of criminal law enforcement. Constructive

possession is an inference arising from a set of facts that

possession of the contraband was more likely than not. We have

defined constructive possession as conscious dominion. ... We

subsequently defined conscious dominion as the power to control

the contraband and the intent to exercise that control. ... To aid

application, we have held that constructive possession may be

established by the totality of the circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Cruz, 21 A.3d 1247, 1253 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citation

and quotation marks omitted); see also Commonwealth v. Johnson, 26

A.3d 1078, 1094 (Pa. 2011) (stating that “circumstantial evidence may be

used to establish constructive possession of the [contraband].”).

Finally, Section 903 of the Crimes Code provides,

[a] person is guilty of conspiracy with another person ... to commit 

a crime if with the intent of promoting or facilitating its 

commission he agrees with such other person ... that they or one 

or more of them will engage in conduct which constitutes such 

crime[.]
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18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903(a)(1). “No person may be convicted of conspiracy to 

commit a crime unless an overt act in pursuance of such conspiracy is alleged 

and proved to have been done by him or by a person with whom he conspired.”

Id. § 903(e).

Our review of the record confirms the evidence overwhelmingly 

established (a) Appellant’s constructive possession of the methamphetamine 

and heroin/fentanyl found on Mason; (b) his intent to deliver both controlled 

substances to Barnes; and (c) Appellant and Mason conspired to deliver both 

controlled substances to Barnes. 

In addition to the evidence summarized above, at trial, Officer Horton 

testified regarding Mason’s statement: “he made me hold the drugs from him.”

N.T. (Vol. I), 11/15/22, at 61. Officer Horton explained that while detained 

outside of Barnes’s hotel room, Appellant continued to “object about [] having 

to stay there.” Id. Appellant demonstrated his control over Mason by telling 

her “to keep her mouth shut[,] not to say anything[,] not to talk to us.” Id.

at 57. Appellant said this

[n]umerous times. Keep your mouth shut. Don’t talk to them. 

You don’t have to say anything to them. Words to that effect 

numerous times.

Id. at 57. 

Officer Hoffman testified at trial that she was called in to search three 

females following the above-described police raid. Id. at 81. While present 

at the scene, 
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Officer Horton advised me that [Mason] had to go to the 

bathroom, she was complaining of being on her period and 

[another officer] also made contact with me to say that [Mason] 

was fidgeting near her vagina.

....

I took [Mason] into the bathroom to search her.

....

So I did a complete pat down of her person and after I did that I 

asked her to drop her pants and in her underwear is where I found 

the drugs.

Id. at 82-83. According to Officer Hoffman, she found “a baggie that 

contained a couple packages[.]” Id. at 84. Officer Hoffman gave the drugs 

to another officer, who was standing outside of the door. Id. 

Our review also discloses that Barnes testified at trial. Barnes explained 

that on January 5, 2022, she was selling “meth” and fentanyl/heroin from the 

Best Western Hotel. Id. at 88. Barnes stated she did not produce the drugs;

she only sold them. Id. at 89. According to Barnes, when she ran low on

drugs to sell, she would order more from Appellant. Id. at 89. Barnes testified 

that on January 5, 2022, she was running low on drugs to sell, so she “[m]ade 

a phone call and also sent text messages” to Appellant. Id. at 90. She 

confirmed the drugs never arrived at her hotel room, as police had entered 

the room, handcuffed everyone, and “confiscated the little amount that I had 

on me and then they ... stopped [Appellant] at the elevator and handcuffed 
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him.” Id. Barnes consented to a police search of her cell phone.4 Id. at 92. 

At trial, Barnes described a screen shot of a text message she received from 

Appellant stating, “he’s going to bring me stuff.” Id. at 94. 

Sayre Borough Police Officer Derek Watkins testified that on January 5, 

2022, he was involved in the drug investigation at the Best Western Hotel. 

N.T. (Vol. II), 10/15/22, at 1. He testified that a female gave him the keys to 

her red Toyota on January 5, 2022. Id. at 3. The keys included a key fob. 

See id. When he activated the fob, a Toyota Camry in the Best Western’s 

parking lot responded. Id. at 2. Officer Watkins testified that the Toyota was 

towed and impounded in the police parking lot. Id. at 10. 

Upon searching the vehicle,5 Officer Watkins found a black Armani 

leather bag containing “some cash US currency, there was some fentanyl, 

heroin and there were some ID cards that belonged to [Appellant].” Id. at 

12. Specifically, the Armani bag contained $764.00, and approximately 40 

grams of heroin/fentanyl. Id. at 22. According to Officer Watkins, these days 

heroin is “cut with more things such as fentanyl, soil fentanyl, [and] 

____________________________________________

4 Barnes confirmed she pled guilty to charges resulting from this transaction: 

“I pled out to two felonies and a misdemeanor.” N.T. (Vol. I), 11/15/22, at 

96. In exchange, Barnes received a year of house arrest, two years Treatment 

Court and six years [of] parole.” Id.

5 Sergeant Hoffman testified that Officer Watkins had pointed out the vehicle 

in the Best Western parking lot. N.T. (Vol. II), 11/15/22, at 10. Sergeant 

Hoffman testified that he “found out who rented the car and the rental 

agreement was under [and] I contacted her. She signed a written consent for 

searching the car.” Id. 
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tramadol[.]” Id. at 13. The identification cards found inside the bag included 

a casino loyalty card and an interim New York license issued in Appellant’s 

name. Id. at 14. Officer Watkins also identified multiple Facebook 

photographs of Appellant, including one in which Appellant is carrying the 

same Armani bag. Id. at 19. 

Officer Watkins testified that he additionally logged the drugs from 

Mason’s underwear as evidence. Id. at 5. Upon the stipulation of counsel, 

Officer Watkins testified the packages contained 83.82 grams of crystal 

methamphetamine, and 17.9 grams of a powder that contained heroin, 

fentanyl, and tramadol. Id. at 7. 

Commonwealth witness Madeline Brown (Brown) testified that on 

January 5, 2022, she loaned her Enterprise rental vehicle, a red Toyota, to 

Mason. Id. at 74-75. When she later contacted the police regarding the 

Toyota’s impoundment, she consented to their search of the vehicle. Id. at 

75-76. Brown sent Appellant a message, via Facebook, requesting her keys 

to the Toyota. Id. at 77. Although Appellant did not respond to the message, 

Brown found the keys in her mailbox later that day. Id. 

Sergeant Hoffman confirmed that Brown’s Toyota was towed and 

impounded by the Sayre Borough Police Department. N.T. (Vol. I), 11/15/22, 

at 10. Sergeant Hoffman explained,

once I found out who rented the car and the rental agreement was 

under[,] I contacted [Brown]. She signed a written consent for 

searching the car.
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Id. at 10. 

In light of the foregoing trial evidence, we “conclude[] beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the error could not have contributed to the verdict[.]” 

Mitchell, 902 A.2d at 452 (citation omitted). Initially, we note that Mason’s 

statement did not name Appellant as the person who had demanded that she 

carry the narcotics. Even without Mason’s statement, the overwhelming 

evidence demonstrated Appellant’s constructive possession of narcotics and 

his intent to deliver those narcotics to Barnes. See 35 P.S. §§ 780-

113(a)(16), (30). The overwhelming evidence further established that 

Appellant, with the intent to commit PWID, conspired with Mason to travel to 

the Best Western and deliver both controlled substances to Barnes. Appellant 

further committed an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy by traveling 

with Mason and the controlled substances to the Best Western. See 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 903(e) (requiring an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy). 

Because the evidence overwhelmingly supported Appellant’s 

convictions, we conclude the trial court’s improper admission of Mason’s 

hearsay statement was de minimis and constituted harmless error. See 

Fulton, 179 A.3d at 493. Under these circumstances, we cannot grant 

Appellant relief on either of his issues. 

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judge Stabile joins the memorandum.

Judge Bowes concurs in the result.
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Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 05/30/2024