Document

EXHIBIT 10.6

RESTRICTIVE COVENANT AGREEMENT


As a condition of my becoming employed by, or continuing employment with, NorthStar Healthcare Income, Inc. (the “Company”), and in consideration of my employment with the Company and my receipt of the compensation now and hereafter paid to me by the Company, I agree to the following:


Section 1.    Confidential Information.


(a)    Company Group Information.  I acknowledge that, during the period of my employment with the Company (the “Employment Period”), I will have access to information about the Company and its direct and indirect parents, subsidiaries and affiliates (collectively, the “Company Group”) and that my employment with the Company shall bring me into close contact with confidential and proprietary information of the Company Group.  In recognition of the foregoing, I agree, at all times during the Employment Period and thereafter, to hold in confidence, and not to use, except for the benefit of the Company Group, or to disclose to any person, firm, corporation, or other entity without prior written authorization of the Company, any Confidential Information that I obtain or create.  I further agree not to make copies of such Confidential Information except as authorized by the Company.  I understand that “Confidential Information” means information that the Company Group has developed, acquired, created, compiled, discovered, or owned or will develop, acquire, create, compile, discover, or own, that has value in or to the business of the Company Group.  I understand that Confidential Information includes, but is not limited to, any and all non-public information that relates to the actual or anticipated business and/or products, research, or development of the Company Group, or to the Company Group’s technical data, trade secrets, or know-how, including, but not limited to, research, product plans, or other information regarding the Company Group’s products or services and markets, customer lists, and customers (including, but not limited to, customers of the Company Group on whom I called or with whom I may become acquainted during the Employment Period), software, developments, inventions, processes, formulas, technology, designs, drawings, engineering, hardware configuration information, marketing, finances, and other business information disclosed by the Company Group either directly or indirectly in writing, orally, or by drawings or inspection of premises, parts, equipment, or other Company Group property.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, Confidential Information shall not include (i) any of the foregoing items that have become publicly and widely known through no unauthorized disclosure by me or others who were under confidentiality obligations as to the item or items involved or (ii) any information that I am required to disclose to, or by, any governmental or judicial authority; provided, however, that in such event I will give the Company prompt written notice thereof so that the Company Group may seek an appropriate protective order and/or waive in writing compliance with the confidentiality provisions of this Restrictive Covenant Agreement (this “Agreement”).


(b)    Former Employer Information.  I represent that my performance of all of the terms of this Agreement as an employee of the Company has not breached and will not breach any agreement to keep in confidence proprietary information, knowledge, or data acquired by me in confidence or trust prior or subsequent to the commencement of my employment with the Company, and I will not disclose to any member of the Company Group, or induce any member of the Company Group to use, any developments, or confidential or proprietary information or material I may have obtained in connection with employment with any prior employer in violation of a 








confidentiality agreement, nondisclosure agreement, or similar agreement with such prior employer; provided however that this restriction shall not apply to my duties in transitioning from my employment with NRF Holdco, LLC to my new employment with the Company.  During the Employment Period, I will not improperly make use of, or disclose, any developments, or confidential or proprietary information or material of any prior employer or other third party, nor will I bring onto the premises of the Company or use any unpublished documents or any property belonging to any prior employer or other third party, in violation of any lawful agreements with that prior employer or third party.  I will use in the performance of my duties only information that is generally known and used by persons with training and experience comparable to my own, is common knowledge in the industry or otherwise legally in the public domain, or is otherwise provided or developed by the Company.


(c)    Third Party Information.  I understand that the Company Group has received and in the future may receive from third parties confidential or proprietary information (“Third Party Information”) subject to a duty on the Company Group’s part to maintain the confidentiality of such information and to use it only for certain limited purposes.  In recognition of the foregoing, I agree, at all times during the Employment Period and thereafter, to hold in confidence and will not disclose to anyone (other than Company Group personnel who need to know such information in connection with their work for the Company Group), and not to use, except for the benefit of the Company Group, Third Party Information without the express prior written consent of an officer of the Company and otherwise treat Third Party Information as Confidential Information.


(d)    Whistleblower; Defend Trade Secrets Act Disclosure.


(i)    In addition, I understand that nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prohibit me from (A) filing a charge or complaint with, participating in an investigation or proceeding conducted by, or reporting possible violations of law or regulation to any federal, state or local government agency, (B) truthfully responding to or complying with a subpoena, court order, or legal process, or (C) exercising any right I may have under applicable labor laws to engage in concerted activity with other employees.


(ii)    Under the U.S. Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016, 18 U.S.C. § 1833(b) (the “Act”), persons who disclose trade secrets in connection with lawsuits or other proceedings under seal (including lawsuits alleging retaliation), or in confidence to a federal, state or local government official, or attorney, solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law, enjoy immunity from civil and criminal liability under state and federal trade secrets laws for such disclosure.  I acknowledge that I have hereby received adequate notice of this immunity, such that the Company is entitled to all remedies available for violations of the Act, including exemplary damages and attorney fees.  Nothing in the Agreement is intended to conflict with the Act or create liability for disclosures of trade secrets that are expressly allowed by the Act.


(iii)    Notice.  “An individual shall not be held criminally or civilly liable under any Federal or state trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that is made in confidence to a Federal, state, or local government official or to an attorney solely for the purpose of reporting or investigating a suspected violation of law.  An individual shall not be held criminally or civilly liable under any Federal or state trade secret law for the disclosure of a trade secret that is 
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made in a complaint or other document filed in a lawsuit or other proceeding, if such filing is made under seal. An individual who files a lawsuit for retaliation by an employer for reporting a suspected violation of law may disclose the trade secret to the attorney of the individual and use the trade secret information in the court proceeding, if the individual files any document containing the trade secret under seal; and does not disclose the trade secret, except pursuant to court order.”


(iv)    Nothing in this Agreement is intended to or purports to infringe on my right to discuss or disclose information about unlawful acts in the workplace, such as harassment or discrimination or any other conduct that I have reason to believe is unlawful.


Section 2.    Inventions.


(a)    Developments Retained and Licensed.  I have attached hereto, as Schedule A, a list describing with particularity all developments, inventions, concepts, know-how, original works of authorship, improvements, trade secrets, methodology, algorithms, software, processes, formulas, designs, drawings and other technological advancements and implementations that I can demonstrate were created or owned by me prior to the commencement of the Employment Period (collectively referred to as “Prior Developments”), which belong solely to me or belong to me jointly with another, that relate in any way to any of the actual or proposed businesses, products, or research and development of any member of the Company Group, and that are not assigned to the Company hereunder, or if no such list is attached, I represent that there are no such Prior Developments.  If, during any period during which I perform or performed services for the Company Group both before or after the date hereof (the “Assignment Period”), whether as an officer, employee, director, independent contractor, consultant, or agent, or in any other capacity, I incorporate (or have incorporated) into a Company Group product or process a Prior Development owned by me or in which I have an interest, I hereby grant each member of the Company Group, and each member of the Company Group shall have, a non-exclusive, royalty-free, irrevocable, perpetual, transferable worldwide license (with the right to sublicense) to make, have made, copy, modify, make derivative works of, use, sell, and otherwise distribute such Prior Development as part of, or in connection with, such product or process.


(b)    Assignment of Inventions.  Without additional compensation, I agree to assign, and hereby do assign, to the Company all rights, title and interest throughout the world in and to all Inventions (as defined below) which I may solely or jointly conceive, create, invent, develop, modify, compile or reduce to practice, at any time during the Assignment Period, whether or not during regular working hours, provided they either (i) relate at the time of conception, development or reduction to practice to the business of any member of the Company Group, or the actual or anticipated research or development of any member of the Company Group; (ii) result from or relate to any work performed for any member of the Company Group; or (iii) are developed through the use of equipment, supplies, or facilities of any member of the Company Group, or any Confidential Information, or in consultation with personnel of any member of the Company Group (collectively referred to as “Company IP Rights”).  I understand that “Inventions” means inventions, concepts, know-how, developments, original works of authorship, improvements, trade secrets, methodology, algorithms, software, processes, formulas, designs, drawings and other technological advancements and implementations.  I agree that I will promptly make full written disclosure to the Company of any Company IP Rights I participate in conceiving, creating, inventing, developing, modifying, compiling or reducing to 
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practice during the Assignment Period.  I further acknowledge that, to the greatest extent permitted by applicable law, all Company IP Rights made by me (solely or jointly with others) within the scope of and during the Assignment Period are “works made for hire” for which I am, in part, compensated by my salary, unless regulated otherwise by law.  If any Company IP Rights cannot be assigned, I hereby grant to the Company Group an exclusive, assignable, irrevocable, perpetual, worldwide, sublicenseable (through one or multiple tiers), royalty-free, unlimited license to use, make, modify, sell, offer for sale, reproduce, distribute, create derivative works of, publicly perform, publicly display and digitally perform and display such work in any media now known or hereafter known.  Outside the scope of my service, whether during or after the Employment Period, I agree not to (i) modify, adapt, alter, translate, or create derivative works from any such work of authorship or (ii) merge any such work of authorship with other Company IP Rights.  To the extent rights related to paternity, integrity, disclosure and withdrawal (collectively, “Moral Rights”) may not be assignable under applicable law and to the extent the following is allowed by the laws in the various countries where Moral Rights exist, I hereby irrevocably waive such Moral Rights and consent to any action of the Company Group that would violate such Moral Rights in the absence of such consent. 


(c)    Maintenance of Records.  I agree to keep and maintain adequate and current written records of all Company IP Rights made by me (solely or jointly with others) during the Assignment Period. The records may be in the form of notes, sketches, drawings, flow charts, electronic data or recordings, and any other format.  The records will be available to and remain the sole property of the Company Group at all times.  I agree not to remove such records from the Company’s place of business except as expressly permitted by Company Group policy, which may, from time to time, be revised at the sole election of the Company Group for the purpose of furthering the business of the Company Group.


(d)    Intellectual Property Rights.  I hereby agree to assist the Company, or its designee, at the Company’s expense, in every way to secure the rights of the Company Group in the Company IP Rights and any copyrights, patents, trademarks, service marks, database rights, domain names, mask work rights, moral rights, and other intellectual property rights relating thereto in any and all countries, including the disclosure to the Company of all pertinent information and data with respect thereto, the execution of all applications, specifications, oaths, assignments, recordations, and all other instruments that the Company shall deem necessary in order to apply for, obtain, maintain, and transfer such rights and in order to assign and convey to the Company Group the sole and exclusive right, title, and interest in and to such Company IP Rights, and any intellectual property and other proprietary rights relating thereto.  I further agree that my obligation to execute or cause to be executed, when it is in my power to do so, any such instrument or papers shall continue after the Assignment Period until the expiration of the last such intellectual property right to expire in any country of the world; provided, however, that the Company shall reimburse me for my reasonable expenses incurred in connection with carrying out the foregoing obligation.  If the Company is unable because of my mental or physical incapacity or unavailability for any other reason to secure my signature to apply for or to pursue any application for any United States or foreign patents or copyright registrations covering Company IP Rights or original works of authorship assigned to the Company as above, then I hereby irrevocably designate and appoint the Company and its duly authorized officers and agents as my agent and attorney in fact to act for and in my behalf and stead to execute and file any such applications or records and to do all other lawfully permitted acts to further the application for, prosecution, issuance, maintenance, and transfer of letters patent or registrations thereon with the 
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same legal force and effect as if originally executed by me.  I hereby waive and irrevocably quitclaim to the Company any and all claims, of any nature whatsoever, that I now or hereafter have for past, present, or future infringement of any and all proprietary rights assigned to the Company.


(e)    State Non-assignable Invention Exemptions.  Solely to the extent that I (i) was or am an employee of the Company and (ii) was or am based in California, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Washington or any other state that has enacted laws concerning employee non-assignability of inventions, or otherwise entitled to the benefits of the state statutes of California, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Washington or any other state that has enacted laws concerning employee non-assignability of inventions, during the Employment Period, then, to the extent the assignment of Company IP Rights to the Company in this Section 1(d)(iii) can be construed to cover inventions excluded under the appropriate state statutes (including, but not limited to, California Labor Code Sec.  2870, Illinois Employee Patent Act, 765 ILCS 1060, Kansas Statute K.S.A.  §44-130, Minn. Stat. § 181.78, and Sec. 2, Revised Code of Washington Section 49.44.140(1), the full terms of each are set forth on Schedule A attached hereto and are each incorporated herein by reference), this Section 1(d)(iii) shall not apply to such inventions.


Section 3.    Returning Company Group Documents.


I agree that, at the time of termination of my employment with the Company for any reason, I will deliver to the Company (and will not keep in my possession, recreate, or deliver to anyone else) any and all Confidential Information, Third Party Information and all other documents, materials, information, and property developed by me pursuant to my employment or otherwise belonging to the Company and, if so requested, will certify in writing that I have fully complied with the foregoing obligation.  I agree further that I will not copy, delete, or alter any information contained upon my Company computer or Company equipment before I return it to the Company.  In addition, if I have used any personal computer, server, or e-mail system to receive, store, review, prepare or transmit any Company information, including but not limited to, Confidential Information, I agree to provide the Company with a computer-useable copy of all such Company information and then permanently delete and expunge such Company information from those systems; and I agree to provide the Company access to my system as reasonably requested to verify that the necessary copying and/or deletion is completed.  I agree further that any property situated on the Company’s premises and owned by the Company (or any other member of the Company Group), including disks and other storage media, filing cabinets, and other work areas, is subject to inspection by personnel of any member of the Company Group at any time with or without notice.


Section 4.    Disclosure of Agreement.


As long as it remains in effect, I will disclose the existence of this Agreement to any prospective employer, partner, co-venturer, investor, or lender prior to entering into an employment, partnership, or other business relationship with such person or entity.  I also consent to the notification of my prospective employer, partner, co-venturer, investor, or lender of my rights and obligations under this Agreement, by the Company providing a copy of this Agreement or otherwise.




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Section 5.    Publicity.


I hereby consent to any and all uses and displays by the Company Group of my name, voice, likeness, image, appearance and biographical information in or in connection with any printed, electronic or digital materials, including, without limitation, any pictures, audio or video recordings, digital images, websites, television programs, advertising, sales or marketing brochures, printed materials and computer media, throughout the world and at any time during or after the Employment Period for all legitimate business purposes of the Company Group (the “Permitted Use”).  I hereby forever release the Company Group and each of their respective current or former directors, officers, employees, shareholders, representatives and agents from any and all claims, actions, damages, losses, costs, expenses and liability of any kind arising under any legal or equitable theory whatsoever at any time during or after the Employment Period in connection with any Permitted Use.


Section 5.    Restrictions on Interfering


(a)    Non-Competition.  During the Non-Compete Restricted Period, I shall not, directly or indirectly, individually or on behalf of any person, company, enterprise, or entity, or as a sole proprietor, partner, shareholder, director, officer, principal, agent, or executive, or in any other capacity or relationship, engage in any Competitive Activities, within the United States or any other jurisdiction in which the Company Group is actively engaged in business.


(b)    Non-Interference.  During the Non-Interference Restricted Period, I shall not, directly or indirectly for my own account or for the account of any other individual or entity, engage in Interfering Activities.


(c)    Definitions.  For purposes of this Agreement:


(i)    “Business Relation” shall mean any current or prospective client, customer, licensee, or other business relation of the Company Group, or any such relation that was a client, customer, licensee, supplier, or other business relation within the six (6) month period prior to the termination of the Employment Period, in each case, to whom I provided services, or with whom I transacted business, or whose identity became known to me in connection with my relationship with or employment by the Company.


(ii)    “Competitive Activities” shall mean any business activity that is competitive with the then-current or demonstrably planned business activities of the Company Group.


(iii)    “Interfering Activities” shall mean (A) encouraging, soliciting, or inducing, or in any manner attempting to encourage, solicit, or induce, any Person employed by, or providing consulting services to, any member of the Company Group to terminate such Person’s employment or services (or in the case of a consultant, materially reducing such services) with the Company Group; (B) hiring any individual who was employed by the Company Group within the six (6) month period prior to the date of such hiring, provided that the aforementioned six (6) month period shall not apply in the case of a wind-down of the business of the Company Group, such that I shall be permitted to hire any individual who was employed by, but has been terminated by, the Company Group as of the date of such hire; or (C) encouraging, soliciting, or inducing, or in any manner attempting to encourage, solicit, or induce, any Business Relation to 
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cease doing business with or reduce the amount of business conducted with any member of the Company Group, or in any way interfering with the relationship between any such Business Relation and any member of the Company Group.


(iv)    “Non-Compete Restricted Period” shall mean the period commencing on the date hereof and ending on (x) the six (6) month anniversary of the date of a termination of the Employment Period, other than a termination by the Company without Cause (as defined in the employment letter agreement with the Company Group, of even date herewith) or a termination by me for Good Reason (as defined in the employment letter agreement with the Company Group, of even date herewith), or (y) the date of a termination of the Employment Period by the Company without Cause or by me for Good Reason. 


(v)    “Non-Interference Restricted Period” shall mean the period commencing on the date hereof and ending on the twelve (12) month anniversary of the date of any termination of the Employment Period.


(vi)    “Person” shall mean any individual, corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, association, joint‐stock company, trust (charitable or non-charitable), unincorporated organization, or other form of business entity.


(d)    Non-Disparagement.  I agree that during the Employment Period, and at all times thereafter, I will not make any disparaging or defamatory comments regarding any member of the Company Group or its respective current or former directors, officers, employees or shareholders in any respect or make any comments concerning any aspect of my relationship with any member of the Company Group or any conduct or events which precipitated any termination of my employment from the Company.  However, my obligations under this subsection (d) shall not apply to disclosures required by applicable law, regulation, or order of a court or governmental agency.


Section 7.    Reasonableness of Restrictions.


I acknowledge and recognize the highly competitive nature of the Company’s business, that access to Confidential Information renders me special and unique within the Company’s industry, and that I will have the opportunity to develop substantial relationships with existing and prospective clients, accounts, customers, consultants, contractors, investors, and strategic partners of the Company Group during the course of and as a result of my employment with the Company.  In light of the foregoing, I recognize and acknowledge that the restrictions and limitations set forth in this Agreement are reasonable and valid in geographical and temporal scope and in all other respects and are essential to protect the value of the business and assets of the Company Group.  I acknowledge further that the restrictions and limitations set forth in this Agreement will not materially interfere with my ability to earn a living following the termination of the Employment Period and that my ability to earn a livelihood without violating such restrictions is a material condition to my employment with the Company.


Section 8.    Independence; Severability; Blue Pencil.


Each of the rights enumerated in this Agreement shall be independent of the others and shall be in addition to and not in lieu of any other rights and remedies available to the Company 
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Group at law or in equity.  If any of the provisions of this Agreement or any part of any of them is hereafter construed or adjudicated to be invalid or unenforceable, the same shall not affect the remainder of this Agreement, which shall be given full effect without regard to the invalid portions.  If any of the covenants contained herein are held to be invalid or unenforceable because of the duration of such provisions or the area or scope covered thereby, I agree that the court making such determination shall have the power to reduce the duration, scope, and/or area of such provision to the maximum and/or broadest duration, scope, and/or area permissible by law, and in its reduced form said provision shall then be enforceable.


Section 9.    Injunctive Relief.


I expressly acknowledge that, because my services are personal and unique and because I will have access to Confidential Information, any breach or threatened breach of any of the terms and/or conditions set forth in this Agreement may result in substantial, continuing, and irreparable injury to the members of the Company Group for which monetary damages would not be an adequate remedy.  Therefore, I hereby agree that, in addition to any other right or remedy that may be available to the Company in law or in equity, any member of the Company Group shall be entitled to injunctive relief, specific performance, or other equitable relief by a court of appropriate jurisdiction in the event of any breach or threatened breach of the terms of this Agreement without the necessity of proving irreparable harm or injury as a result of such breach or threatened breach or posting a bond and without liability should relief be denied, modified or vacated.  Notwithstanding any other provision to the contrary, I acknowledge and agree that the Restricted Period Non-Interference Restricted Period, as applicable, shall be tolled during any period of violation of any of the covenants in Section 6 hereof and during any other period required for litigation during which the Company or any other member of the Company Group seeks to enforce such covenants against me if it is ultimately determined that I was in breach of such covenants.


Section 10.    Cooperation.


I agree that, following any termination of my employment, I will continue to provide reasonable cooperation to the Company and/or any other member of the Company Group and its or their respective counsel in connection with any investigation, administrative proceeding, or litigation relating to any matter that occurred during the Employment Period in which I was involved or of which I have knowledge.  As a condition of such cooperation, the Company shall reimburse me for reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred at the request of the Company with respect to my compliance with this Section.  I also agree that, in the event that I am subpoenaed by any person or entity (including, but not limited to, any government agency) to give testimony or provide documents (in a deposition, court proceeding, or otherwise) that in any way relates to my employment by the Company and/or any other member of the Company Group, I will give prompt notice of such request to the Company and will make no disclosure until the Company and/or the other member of the Company Group has had a reasonable opportunity to contest the right of the requesting person or entity to such disclosure.


Section 11.    General Provisions.


(a)    Governing Law and Jurisdiction.  EXCEPT WHERE PREEMPTED BY FEDERAL LAW, THE VALIDITY, INTERPRETATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND 
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PERFORMANCE OF THIS AGREEMENT IS GOVERNED BY AND IS TO BE CONSTRUED UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA APPLICABLE TO AGREEMENTS MADE AND TO BE PERFORMED IN THAT STATE, WITHOUT REGARD TO CONFLICT OF LAWS RULES.  FURTHER, I HEREBY CONSENT TO THE EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF THE STATE AND FEDERAL COURTS LOCATED IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA.


(b)    Attorneys’ Fees.  Should suit be brought to enforce or interpret any part of this Agreement, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover, as an element of the costs of suit and not as damages, reasonable attorneys’ fees to be fixed by the court (including costs, expenses and fees on any appeal).  


(c)    Entire Agreement.  This Agreement sets forth the entire agreement and understanding between the Company and me relating to the subject matter herein and merges all prior discussions between us.   No modification or amendment to this Agreement, nor any waiver of any rights under this Agreement, will be effective unless in writing signed by the party to be charged.  Any subsequent change or changes in my duties, obligations, rights, or compensation will not affect the validity or scope of this Agreement.


(d)    No Right of Continued Employment.  I acknowledge and agree that nothing contained herein shall be construed as granting me any right to continued employment by the Company, and the right of the Company to terminate my employment at any time and for any reason, with or without cause, is specifically reserved.


(e)    Successors and Assigns.  This Agreement will be binding upon my heirs, executors, administrators, and other legal representatives and will be for the benefit of the Company, its successors, and its assigns.  I expressly acknowledge and agree that this Agreement may be assigned by the Company without my consent to any other member of the Company Group as well as any purchaser of all or substantially all of the assets or stock of the Company or of any business or division of the Company for which I provide services, whether by purchase, merger, or other similar corporate transaction.


(f)    Survival.  The provisions of this Agreement shall survive the termination of my employment with the Company and/or the assignment of this Agreement by the Company to any successor in interest or other assignee.
*          *          *
[Signature to appear on the following page.]




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I, Nicholas R. Balzo, have executed this Restrictive Covenant Agreement on the date set forth below:




Date:  October 21, 2022                    /s/ Nicholas R. Balzo        
(Signature)




Nicholas R. Balzo        
(Type/Print Name)




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SCHEDULE A


RESTRICTIVE COVENANT AGREEMENT


Invention assignment notice


I am hereby notified that The Restrictive Covenant Agreement does not apply to any invention which qualifies fully for exclusion under the provisions of California Labor Code Sec. 2870, Illinois Employee Patent Act, 765 ILCS 1060, Sec. 2, Kansas Statute K.S.A. §44-130, Minn. Stat. §181.78, Revised Code of Washington Section 49.44.140(1) or any other state statute not listed below concerning employee non-assignability of inventions.  The following is the text of each of the aforementioned statutes.


CALIFORNIA LABOR CODE SECTION 2870


(a)        Any provision in an employment agreement which provides that an employee shall assign, or offer to assign, any of his or her rights in an invention to his or her employer shall not apply to an invention that the employee developed entirely on his or her own time without using the employer’s equipment, supplies, facilities, or trade secret information except for those inventions that either:


(1)        Relate at the time of conception or reduction to practice of the invention to the employer’s business, or actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development of the employer; or


(2)        Result from any work performed by the employee for the employer.


(b)        To the extent a provision in an employment agreement purports to require an employee to assign an invention otherwise excluded from being required to be assigned under subdivision (a), the provision is against the public policy of this state and is unenforceable.


ILLINOIS EMPLOYEE PATENT ACT, 765 ILLINOIS COMPILED STATUTES 1060


Employee rights to inventions - conditions.  (1) A provision in an employment agreement which provides that an employee shall assign or offer to assign any of the employee’s rights in an invention to the employer does not apply to an invention for which no equipment, supplies, facilities, or trade secret information of the employer was used and which was developed entirely on the employee’s own time, unless (a) the invention relates (i) to the business of the employer, or (ii) to the employer’s actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development, or (b) the invention results from any work performed by the employee for the employer.  Any provision which purports to apply to such an invention is to that extent against the public policy of this State and is to that extent void and unenforceable.  The employee shall bear the burden of proof in establishing that his invention qualifies under this subsection.


(2) An employer shall not require a provision made void and unenforceable by subsection (1) of this Section as a condition of employment or continuing employment.  This Act shall not preempt existing common law applicable to any shop rights of employers with respect to employees who have not signed an employment agreement. 
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(3) If an employment agreement entered into after January 1, 1984, contains a provision requiring the employee to assign any of the employee’s rights in any invention to the employer, the employer must also, at the time the agreement is made, provide a written notification to the employee that the agreement does not apply to an invention for which no equipment, supplies, facility, or trade secret information of the employer was used and which was developed entirely on the employee’s own time, unless (a) the invention relates (i) to the business of the employer, or (ii) to the employer’s actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development, or (b) the invention results from any work performed by the employee for the employer.


KANSAS STATUTE K.S.A. SECTION 44-130 


Employment agreements assigning employee rights in inventions to employer; restrictions; certain provisions void; notice and disclosure.  (a) Any provision in an employment agreement which provides that an employee shall assign or offer to assign any of the employee’s rights in an invention to the employer shall not apply to an invention for which no equipment, supplies, facilities or trade secret information of the employer was used and which was developed entirely on the employee’s own time, unless:


(1)        The invention relates to the business of the employer or to the employer’s actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development; or


(2)       The invention results from any work performed by the employee for the employer.


(b) Any provision in an employment agreement which purports to apply to an invention which it is prohibited from applying to under subsection (a), is to that extent against the public policy of this state and is to that extent void and unenforceable.  No employer shall require a provision made void and unenforceable by this section as a condition of employment or continuing employment.


(c) If an employment agreement contains a provision requiring the employee to assign any of the employee’s rights in any invention to the employer, the employer shall provide, at the time the agreement is made, a written notification to the employee that the agreement does not apply to an invention for which no equipment, supplies, facility or trade secret information of the employer was used and which was developed entirely on the employee’s own time, unless:


(1) the invention relates directly to the business of the employer or to the employer’s actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development; or


(2) the invention results from any work performed by the employee for the employer.


(d) Even though the employee meets the burden of proving the conditions specified in this section, the employee shall disclose, at the time of employment or thereafter, all inventions being developed by the employee, for the purpose of determining employer and employee rights in an invention.






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MINNESOTA STATUTES SECTION 181.78


Subdivision 1.  Inventions not related to employment.  Any provision in an employment agreement which provides that an employee shall assign or offer to assign any of the employee’s rights in an invention to the employer shall not apply to an invention for which no equipment, supplies, facility or trade secret information of the employer was used and which was developed entirely on the employee’s own time, and (1) which does not relate (a) directly to the business of the employer or (b) to the employer’s actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development, or (2) which does not result from any work performed by the employee for the employer.  Any provision which purports to apply to such an invention is to that extent against the public policy of this state and is to that extent void and unenforceable.


Subdivision. 2.  Effect of subdivision 1.  No employer shall require a provision made void and unenforceable by subdivision 1 as a condition of employment or continuing employment.


Subdivision. 3.  Notice to employee.  If an employment agreement entered into after August 1, 1977 contains a provision requiring the employee to assign or offer to assign any of the employee’s rights in any invention to an employer, the employer must also, at the time the agreement is made, provide a written notification to the employee that the agreement does not apply to an invention for which no equipment, supplies, facility or trade secret information of the employer was used and which was developed entirely on the employee’s own time, and (1) which does not relate (a) directly to the business of the employer or (b) to the employer’s actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development, or (2) which does not result from any work performed by the employee for the employer.


REVISED CODE OF WASHINGTON SECTION 49.44.140


(1) A provision in an employment agreement which provides that an employee shall assign or offer to assign any of the employee’s rights in an invention to the employer does not apply to an invention for which no equipment, supplies, facilities, or trade secret information of the employer was used and which was developed entirely on the employee’s own time, unless (a) the invention relates (i) directly to the business of the employer, or (ii) to the employer’s actual or demonstrably anticipated research or development, or (b) the invention results from any work performed by the employee for the employer.  Any provision which purports to apply to such an invention is to that extent against the public policy of this state and is to that extent void and unenforceable.


(2) An employer shall not require a provision made void and unenforceable by subsection (1) of this section as a condition of employment or continuing employment.


(3) If an employment agreement entered into after September 1, 1979, contains a provision requiring the employee to assign any of the employee’s rights in any invention to the employer, the employer must also, at the time the agreement is made, provide a written notification to the employee that the agreement does not apply to an invention for which no equipment, supplies, facility, or trade secret information of the employer was used and which was developed entirely on the employee’s own time, unless (a) the invention relates (i) directly to the business of the employer, or (ii) to the employer’s actual or demonstrably anticipated 
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research or development, or (b) the invention results from any work performed by the employee for the employer.






REVISED CODE OF WASHINGTON SECTION 49.44.150


Even though the employee meets the burden of proving the conditions specified in Revised Code of Washington 49.44.110, the employee shall, at the time of employment or thereafter, disclose all inventions being developed by the employee, for the purpose of determining employer or employee rights.  The employer or the employee may disclose such inventions to the department of employment security, and the department shall maintain a record of such disclosures for a minimum period of five years.




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