Pest List for the Importation of Fresh Fruit of Common Fig, Ficus carica L.,

from Mexico into the Continental United States

(Updated from 2001 Pest Risk Assessment)

September 2010

Rev. 02

Agency Contact

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest List for Figs from Mexico

Rev. 02 September 15, 2010 2

1. Introduction

This pest list was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the 

United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant 

Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology. Our purpose in 

creating this pest list was to examine pest risks associated with the importation of fresh common 

fig fruit (Ficus carica) from Mexico into the continental United States. This pest list is 

commodity-based or “pathway-initiated” because figs are a potential pathway for the 

introduction of plant pests. This pest list is based on a pest risk assessment completed in 2001 

(CPHST, 2001).

2. Pest list

This pest list (Table 1) includes pests reported on figs (in any country) and present in Mexico (on 

any host). We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the United States, the 

quarantine status of the pest with respect to the United States, the generally affected plant part or 

parts, if the pest is likely to follow the pathway and enter the United States on commercially 

exported fig, and pertinent citations for either the distribution or the biology of the pest. We 

highlighted quarantine pests considered likely to follow the pathway with a gray background

(Table 1), and summarized these pests in a separate table (Table 2). Quarantine pests not 

included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but were not subjected to further 

analysis for a variety of reasons. For example, they were associated mainly with plant parts other 

than the commodity; may be associated with the commodity, but would not reasonably remain 

with the commodity during harvest and packing; or have been intercepted as biological 

contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but would not 

be present in commercial shipments. In some cases below, we have used “N/A” for ‘Not 

applicable’ for information in columns for some non-quarantine pests. Because such pests are not 

regulated, we do not need to know whether or not they follow the pathway, for example.

Table 1. Pests associated with fig (Ficus carica) anywhere in the world which are present in Mexico on 

any host.

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Quarantine Pest Plant Part 

Affected2

Follow 

pathway 

References 

ARTHROPODS 

ACARI 

Tarsonemidae 

Tarsonemus sp. MX No L No PestID, 2009

Tenuipalpidae 

Brevipalpus phoenicis 

(Geijskes) 

MX, US No F, L, S Yes Jeppson et al., 1975

Tetranychidae 

Eotetranychus lewisi 

(McGregor) 

MX, US No L No Tuttle et al., 1976

 

1 AZ = Arizona, CA = California, FL = Florida, HI = Hawaii, MX = Mexico, TX = Texas, US = United States

2

Plant part: F = fruit, I = inflorescence, L = leaves, F = fruit, R = root, S = stem
Pest List for Figs from Mexico

Rev. 02 September 15, 2010 3

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Quarantine Pest Plant Part 

Affected2

Follow 

pathway 

References 

Tetranychus cinnabarinus 

(Boisduval) 

MX, US No L No Tovar et al., 1995

Tetranychus pacificus McGregor MX, US No L No CABI, 2007

Tetranychus urticae Koch MX, US No L No Tovar et al., 1995

INSECTA

Coleoptera: Cerambycidae 

Ptychodes trilineatus L. MX Yes S No Chemsak and Linsley, 

1982; Martell, 1981

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae 

Metachroma sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2009; Arnett, 2000

Myochrous sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2009; Arnett, 2000

Coleoptera: Lyctidae 

Lyctus planicollis LeConte3 MX, US No S No Tovar et al., 1995; Arnett, 

2000

Coleoptera: Melolonthidae

Phyllophaga sp. Harris MX, US 

(TX)

[Yes] L, R No CABI, 2007

Coleoptera: Platypodidae 

Platypus parallelus F. MX, US (FL, 

TX) 

No S No Borror et al., 1989; Tovar 

et al., 1995; Atkinson and 

Peck, 1994

Coleoptera: Scolytidae 

Xyleborus volvulus F. MX, US (FL) No S No Borror et al., 1989; Tovar 

et al., 1995; CABI, 2007

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae 

Blapstinus fuliginosus Casey MX No F Yes Arnett, 1983

Blapstinus sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2010; Arnett, 2000

Systena sp. MX, US No F Yes Arnett, 1983; Arnett, 2000; 

PestID, 2010

Diptera: Tephritidae 

Anastrepha fraterculus 

Wiedemann 

MX Yes F Yes Norrbom, 2004

Anastrepha ludens (Loew) MX Yes F Yes CABI, 2007; van SauersMuller, n.d.; Weems, 2003, 

Anastrepha serpentina 

(Wiedemann)

MX Yes F Yes CABI, 2010; Shaw 1947; 

Weems, 2001

Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann MX, US (HI) Yes F Yes Risk Analysis Systems, 

2002; CABI, 2007; White 

and Elston-Harris, 1992

Hemiptera: Largidae 

Stenomacra marginella Martell MX, US 

(CA, AZ) 

No I, F, L, S No Henry and Froeschner, 

1988; Tovar et al., 1995

Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae 

Tetraleurodes sp. MX, US No L No PestID, 2010; Arnett, 2000

 

3 Tovar, et al. (1995) lists this organism as a pest of Ficus spp.
Pest List for Figs from Mexico

Rev. 02 September 15, 2010 4

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Quarantine Pest Plant Part 

Affected2

Follow 

pathway 

References 

Hemiptera: Aphididae 

Aphis craccivora Koch MX, US No L No Blackman and Eastop, 

2000

Aphis gossypii Glover MX, US No L No Blackman and Eastop, 

2000

Toxoptera aurantii (B. de

Fonscolombe)

MX, US No I, L, S No Kranz et al., 1977

Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae 

Asterolecanium pustulans 

Cockerell 

MX, US No (F), L, S Yes CABI, 2007; Hamon, 1977

Hemiptera: Coccidae 

Ceroplastes floridensis 

Comstock

MX, US No L, S No CABI, 2007

Parasaissetia nigra Nietner MX, US No L No CABI, 2007

Parthenolecanium persicae 

(Fabricius)

MX, US No L, S No CABI, 2007

Pulvinaria sp. MX, US No L, S Yes Tovar et al., 1995; Arnett, 

2000

Saissetia coffeae (Walker) MX, US No L, S No Kranz et al., 1977

Saissetia oleae (Olivier) MX, US No L, S No Hill, 1983

Hemiptera: Diaspididae 

Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) MX, US (AZ, 

CA, FL, TX)

No S, L, F Yes CABI, 2007

Aonidiella citrina (Coquillet) MX, US 

(CA, FL, TX)

No F, L, S Yes CABI, 2007

Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) MX, US (FL) No L, S, F Yes CABI, 2007

Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) MX, US No L No CABI, 2007

Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret) MX, US No S, L, F Yes CABI, 2007

Hemiberlesia sp. MX, US No L, S, F Yes CABI, 2007

Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) MX, US No S, F, L Yes CABI, 2007

Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley) MX, US 

(CA, FL)

No L, S, F Yes CABI, 2007

Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis 

(Green)

MX, US (FL) No F, I, L, S Yes PestID, 2010; Miller, 1985; 

Miller, 1997; Nakahara, 

1982

Selenaspidus articulatus 

(Morgan)

MX, US No L No Kranz et al., 1977

Hemiptera: Flatidae

Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) MX, US No L, S No CABI, 2007

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae 

Maconellicoccus hirsutus 

(Green)

MX, US 

(CA, FL)

[Yes] L, S, F Yes CABI, 2007

Nipaecoccus nipae Maskell MX, US 

(CA, FL, LA) 

No L, F, S No CABI, 2007

Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) MX Yes Br, L, F Yes CABI, 2007

Planococcus citri (Risso) MX, US No F, I, L Yes Kranz et al., 1977
Pest List for Figs from Mexico

Rev. 02 September 15, 2010 5

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Quarantine Pest Plant Part 

Affected2

Follow 

pathway 

References 

Pseudococcus comstocki 

(Kuwana)

MX, US No F, L, S Yes CABI, 2007

Pseudococcus longispinus 

(Targioni-Tozzetti)

MX, US No F, L, S Yes Spiller and Wise, 1982

Puto sp.4 MX Yes F, L, S Yes PestID, 2010

Hymenoptera: Formicidae 

Crematogaster sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2009; Arnett, 2000

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae 

Azochis gripusalis Walker MX Yes S No Zhang, 1994

Cadra figulilella Gregson MX, US No F Yes Zhang, 1994

Lepidoptera: Sphingidae 

Pachylia syces Huber MX Yes S, L No Zhang, 1994; Figueiredo 

and Queiroz, 1993

Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae 

Gynaikothrips ficorum Marchal MX, US No L No CABI, 2007

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella occidentalis 

(Pergande)

MX, US No L, F Yes CABI, 2007

BACTERIA 

Rhizobium radiobacter 

(Beijerinck & van Delden 

1902) Young et al. 2001 [syn: 

Agrobacterium tumefaciens 

Conn.] (Proteobacteria: 

Rhizobiales)

MX, US No R, S No CABI, 1998; CABI, 2007

FUNGI 

Oomycetes 

Phytopthora cinnamomi Rands

[syn. P. citrophthora (Sm.& 

Sm.) Leonian]

MX, US No R No CABI, 2007; CABI, 1998; 

Farr, et al., 1989 

Phytophthora palmivora Butler MX, US No F, R Yes CABI, 2007; Chessa, 1997; 

CABI, 1998; Farr, et 

al.,1989 

Pythium apahnidermatum 

(Edson) Fitzp.

MX, US No R No CABI, 2007, Farr and 

Rossman, 2010

Pythium ultimum Trow MX, US No R No CABI, 2007; CABI, 1998

Ascomycetes 

Acremonium zonatum (Sawada) 

W. Gams [Syn. 

Cephalosporium zonatum

Zawada]

MX, US No L No Farr and Rossman, 2010

Botryosphaeria ribis Grossenb. 

& Duggar 1911

MX, US No L, S No Farr and Rossman, 2010

 

4

Biological hazard of organisms identified only to the genus level is not directly assessed in this document. The IPPC No. 2 indicates that 

“The taxonomic level for organisms considered in PRA is usually the species. The use of a higher or lower taxonomic level should be 

supported by a scientifically sound rationale (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #2).
Pest List for Figs from Mexico

Rev. 02 September 15, 2010 6

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Quarantine Pest Plant Part 

Affected2

Follow 

pathway 

References 

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) 

Whetzel [Syn. Botrytis 

cinerea Pers.] 

MX, US No F, S Yes Farr and Rossman, 2010

Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & 

Halst.

MX, US No F, S Yes Farr and Rossman, 2010

Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) 

C. Moreau

MX, US No R No Farr, et al., 1989; Ogawa & 

English, 1991 

Cochiobolus sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2010 

Didymella sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2010 

Fusicoccum sp MX, US No L No PestID, 2010 

Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) 

Ito [Anamorph Fusarium 

moniliforme Sheldon]

MX, US No F, R, S Yes CABI, 2007; CABI, 1998; 

Farr, et al., 1989; Ploetz, et 

al., 1994 

Glomerella cingulata 

(Stoneman) Spauld. & H. 

Schrenk. [syn. Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides Penz.]

MX, US No F, L Yes CABI, 2007; CABI, 1998; 

Farr, et al., 1989; PestID, 

2010 

Leptosphaeria sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2010 

Microxiphium fagi (Pers.) 

Hughes [syn: Capnodium 

footi]

MX No5F, L, S N/A Alvarez, 1970 in Farr and 

Rossman, 2010

Rosellinia necatrix Prill 

[anamorph Dermatophora 

necatrix Hart] 

MX, US No L, R, S No Alvarez, M.G. 1976;

CABI, 2007; CABI, 1998, 

Farr and Rossman, 2010

Sphaeropsis malorum Berk. MX, US No L, R, S No Farr and Rossman, 2010

Stemphylium sp. [anamorph 

Pleomorpha sp.]

MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2010

Venturia sp. [anamorph

Fusicladium sp.] 

MX, US No L No Alvarez, 1967 

Deuteromycetes 

Alternaria sp. MX, US No F, L Yes Alvarez, 1967; Chessa, 

1997; Farr, et al., 1989 

Ascochyta sp. MX, US No F, L Yes Farr, et al., 1989; PestID, 

2010

Cladosporium herbarum Link 

ex Fr.

MX, US No F, L Yes Chessa, 1997; Farr, et al., 

1989; Farr and Rossman, 

2010

Cladosporium sp. MX, US No F, L Yes Farr, et al., 1989; PestID, 

2010

Penicillium sp. MX, US No F Yes Alvarez, 1967; Chessa, 

1997; Farr, et al., 1989 

 

5

Sooty mold is caused by several species of fungi, mainly in the order Capnodiales. Capnodium species are not parasitic

fungi, but live off the honey-dew deposited on plant parts from droppings of certain insects (scales, aphis, white flies)

(Agrios, 1997). Lockyer (1878) indicates that C. footii live upon the honey-dew found on the surface of large trees. APHIS 

does not take quarantine action on these types of organisms (NIS, 2009).
Pest List for Figs from Mexico

Rev. 02 September 15, 2010 7

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Quarantine Pest Plant Part 

Affected2

Follow 

pathway 

References 

Phoma caricae-papayae (Tarr) 

Punith. [Syn. Ascochyta 

caricae Pat.]

MX, US No F, L Yes Farr and Rossman, 2010

Phoma sp. MX, US No F Yes PestID, 2010

Phyllosticta sp. MX, US No L, F Yes Alvarez, 1967; Farr, et al., 

1989; PestID, 2010

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora 

(Duggar) Hennebert. [syn.

Phymatotrichum omnivorum 

(Shear) Dugg.]

MX, US No R No Alvarez, 1967; CABI, 

1998; Farr, et al., 1989, 

Farr and Rossman, 2010

Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) 

Lind.

MX, US No F Yes Farr and Rossman, 2010

Passalora bolleana (B.B. 

Higgins) Trotter [Syn. 

Cercospora bolleana Speg. ]

MX, US No L No Alvarez, 1967; Farr and 

Rossman, 2010; Raabe, et 

al., 1981 

Basidiomycetes 

Cerotelium fici (E.J. Butler) 

Arth. [syn. Uredo fici] 

MX, US No L No Alvarez, 1967; Farr, et al., 

1989; Lanham, et al., 1927; 

Farr and Rossman, 2010

Corticium koleroga (Cooke) 

Höhn.

MX, US No S No Farr and Rossman, 2010

Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & 

Br.

MX, US No S No Alvarez, 1967; Farr, et al., 

1989; Farr and Rossman, 

2010

Schizophyllum commune Fries. MX, US No S No Farr and Rossman, 2010

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. MX, US No R No CABI, 2007; Farr and 

Rossman, 2010

Wellman, 1977

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. MX, US No R No Farr and Rossman, 2010

Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. 

Frank) Donk [Syn. 

Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn]

MX, US No R, L, S No Farr and Rossman, 2010

NEMATODES 

Hoplolaimidae 

Helioctylenchus multicinctus 

(Cobb) Golden

MX, US No R No CABI, 2007; CABI, 1998

Longidoridae 

Longidorus sp. MX, US No R No CABI, 1998

Xiphinema americanum MX, US No R No CABI, 2007; CABI, 1998

Xiphinema index Thorne & 

Allen

MX, US No R No CABI, 2007; Wyss, et al., 

1980 

Rotylenchulidae 

Rotylenchus reniformis MX, US No R No CABI, 2007; CABI, 1998

VIRUSES 

Fig Mosaic virus MX, US(HI) No L, S No Raabe, et al., 1981; Sutic, 

et al., 1999 
Pest List for Figs from Mexico

Rev. 02 September 15, 2010 8

3. Quarantine pests following the pathway

The following quarantine arthropod pests are likely to follow the pathway when importing figs from 

Mexico (Table 2). 

Table 2. Summary of quarantine arthropod pests likely to follow the pathway of fresh figs imported 

from Mexico into the United States

Taxonomy Organism

Diptera, Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus 

Anastrepha ludens

Anastrepha serpentina

Ceratitis capitata 

Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae Maconellicoccus hirsutus

Nipaecoccus viridis

4. References 

Agrios, G. N. 1997. Plant pathology, fourth edition. Academic Press, New York. 635 pp.

Alvarez, M.G. 1967. Enfermedades de las plantas en la Republic Mexicana. Editorial Limusa-Wiley, 

S.A., MX. 

Alvarez, M.G. 1976. Primer catalogo de enfermedades de plantas Mexicanas. Fitofilo 71: 1-169. 

Arnett, R. H., Jr. 1983. Tenebrionidae. Checklist of the beetles of North and Central America and the 

West Indies. Flora and Fauna Publications, Gainesville, Florida.

Arnett, R. H. J. 2000. American Insects. A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. 

Second edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 1003 pp.

Atkinson, T. H., and S. B. Peck. 1994. Annotated Checklist of the Bark and Ambrosia Beetles

(Coleoptera: Platypodidae and Scoltidae) of Tropical Southern Florida. Florida Entomologist 

77(3):313-329.

Blackman, R. L., and V. F. Eastop. 2000. Aphids on the World's Crops: An Identification and 

Information Guide (2nd). John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England. 466 pp.

Borror, D. J., C. A. Triplehorn, and N. F. Johnson. 1989. An introduction to the study of insects (6th 

ed.). Harcourt Brace College Publishers, Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.A.

CABI. 1998. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), 

Wallingford, UK.

CABI. 2007. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), 

Wallingford, UK.

Chemsak, J. A., and E. G. Linsley (eds). 1982. Cerambycidae and Disteniidae: Checklist of the beetles 

of North America, Central America, and the West Indies. Plexus Publishing, Medford, New 

Jersey.

Chessa, I. 1997. Fig. In: Postharvest physiology and storage of tropical and subtropical fruits. CAB Int’l, 

Wallingford, UK. p. 245–268. 

CPHST. 2001. Importation of Fresh Common Fig (Ficus carica L.) Fruit from Mexico into the 

Continental United States A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment. United States 

Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and

Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST). Raleigh, NC. 20 pp.
Pest List for Figs from Mexico

Rev. 02 September 15, 2010 9

Farr, D. F., Bills, G. F., Chamuris, G. P. and A. Y. Rossman. 1989. Fungi on plants and plant products in 

the United States. Amer. Phytopathol. Soc., St. Paul, MN. 

Farr, D. F., and A. Y. Rossman. 2010. Fungal Databases. United States Department of Agriculture, 

Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory. http://nt.arsgrin.gov/fungaldatabases/

Figueiredo, R. A. d., and J. M. d. Queiroz. 1993. Herbivory on an ornamental fig by a neotropical moth 

(abstract). Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 109(4):197-199.

Hamon, A. B. 1977. Oleander Pit Scale, Asterolecanium pustulans (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: 

Asterolecaniidae). Pages 2 in D. o. P. I. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer 

Service, ed.

Henry, T.J. and R.C. Froeschner. 1988. Catalog of the Heteroptera or true bugs of Canada and the 

continental United States. E.J. Brill, NY. 958 pp. 

Hill, D. S. 1983. Agricultural insect pests of the tropics and their control. 2nd edition. Cambridge 

University Press. 746 pp.

Jeppson, L. R., H. H. Keifer, and E. W. Baker. 1975. Mites Injurious to Economic Plants. University of 

California Press. 614 pp.

Kranz, J., H. Schutterer, and W. Koch. 1977. Diseases, pests, and weeds in tropical crops. John Wiley

and Sons, Chichester, UK.

Lanham, W.B., Wyche, R.H. and R.H. Stansel. 1927. Spraying for the control of fig rust. TX Agric. 

Exp. Sta. Circ. No 47. 8 pp. 

Lockyer, N. 1878. Nature, A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science, Vol 18 p111.

Martell, C.G. 1981. Lista de insectos y acaros perjudiciales a los cultivos en Mexico. 2 Ed. Secretaria de 

Agricultura y Recursos Hidraulicos, Direccion General de Sanidad Vegetal. Mexico City, MX. 

Miller, D. R. 1985. Pest Risk Assessment of Armored Scales on Certain Fruit. 35 pp.

Miller, C. 1997. Hazard identification analysis, evaluation of San Juan predeparture interceptions in 

baggage 1994–96. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/pra/commodity/hazardsanjuan. 

Nakahara, S. 1982. Checklist of the armored scales of the coterminous United States. USDAAPHISPPQ [handbook]. 

NIS. 2009. Quarantine status of Capnodium and Marasmius. Personal communication to H. Hartzog 

from United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 

Plant Protection and Quarantine, National Identification Services (NIS). (Archived at PERAL, 

Raleigh, NC).

Norrbom, A. L. 2004. Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Host Plant Database. Systematic Entomology 

Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov:591/diptera/Tephritidae/TephIntro.html. 

(Archived at PERAL).

Ogawa, J.M. and H. English. 1991. Diseases of temperate zone tree, fruit, and nut crops. Univ. Calif. 

Divis. Agric. Nat. Res., No. 3345, Oakland, CA. 

PestID. 2009. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal 

and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. 

https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL).

PestID. 2010. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal 

and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. 

https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. (Archived at PERAL).

Ploetz, R. C., Zentmyer, G. A., Nishijima, W. T., Rohrback K. G. and H. D. Ohr (Eds). 1994. 

Compendium of tropical fruit diseases. Amer. Phytopathol. Soc., St. Paul, MN. 

Raabe, R.D., I.L Conners, and A.P. Martinez. 1981. Checklist of plant diseases in Hawaii. Hawaiian 

Inst. Tropical Agric. Human Resources. Info. Text Ser. 022. 313 pp. 

Risk Analysis Systems. 2002. Electronic Files for Arthropods from Pests Not Known to Occur in the 
Pest List for Figs from Mexico

Rev. 02 September 15, 2010 10

United States or of Limited Distribution and Insects Not Known to Occur in the United States. 

947 pp.

Shaw, J. G. 1947. Hosts and Distribution of Anastrepha serpentine in Northeastern Mexico. Journal of 

Economic entomology. Vol. 41(1) 34-40.

Spiller, D. M., and K. A. Wise. 1982. Catalogue (1860–1960) of New Zealand insects and their host 

plants. Science Info. Divis, Wellington, NZ.

Sutic, D.D., Ford, R.E. and M.T. Tosic. 1999. Plant virus diseases. CRC, Boca Raton, FL. 

Tovar, D. C., J. T. M. Montiel, R. C. Bolanos, H. O. Y. III, and J. F. Lara. 1995. Forest insects of 

Mexico. Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Chapingo, Mexico.

Tuttle, D. M., E. W. Baker, and M. J. Abbatiello. 1976. Spider mites of Mexico (Acari: Tetranychidae). 

International Journal of Acarology 2(2):1-102.

Van Sauers-Muller, n.d. Anastrepha ludens. http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/fruit/tropical/mexican_fruit_fly

Weems Jr, H. V., 2001. Sapote Fruit Fly, Serpentine Fruit Fly, Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) 

(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) EENY206. Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida 

Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of 

Florida.

Weems Jr, H. V., J. B. Heppner, G. J. Steck, T. R. Fasulo and J. L. Nation. 2003. Mexican Fruit Fly,

Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Insecta:Diptera: Tephritidae). EENY201. Entomology and 

Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and 

Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

Wellman, F.L. 1977. Dictionary of tropical American crops and their diseases. Scarecrow Press, Inc., 

Metuchen, NJ, 495 pages.

White, I. M., and M. M. Elston-Harris. 1992. Fruitflies of Economic Significance: their Identification 

and Bionomics. CABI International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 601 pp.Wilcox, J.A. 1975. 

Checklist of the beetles of North and Central America and the West Indies. Flora and Fauna 

Publications, Gainesville, FL. 

Wyss, U., Lehmann, H. and R. Jank-Ladwig. 1980. Ultrastructure of modified root-tip cells in Ficus 

carica, induced by the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index. J. Cell Sci. 41: 193–208. 

Zhang, B. C. 1994. Index of economically important lepidoptera. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 

599 pp.

5. Preparers 

Prepared by: Michael J. Kenney, Plant Pathology

Revised September 10, 2001 by: Michael K. Hennessey, Entomology

Eileen Sutker, Plant Pathology

Revised July, 2010 by: Kenneth R. Lakin, Entomology

Walter Gutierrez, Plant Pathology