# Patent

## Title
Methods and apparatus for automatic scanner calibration

## Abstract

An automatic scanner calibration method and apparatus is disclosed in which a calibration target, such as a Kodak® gray strip, is attached to a scanning surface of a scanner. During a normal scan, the calibration target area can be ignored or scanned depending on user selection. If the calibration target is scanned, then the resulting information is used to calibrate the scanner automatically. Such calibration is more accurate than an older in time or preset default calibration. Another embodiment of the invention actuates a print of a printer calibration target on a printer on a scheduled basis. Thereafter, the user can take the printer calibration target and place it on the scanner and perform a calibration of a scanner/printer system.

## Background
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/976,880, filed 11 Oct. 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,212,312, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/235,642, filed 22 Jan. 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,047.


BACKGROUND
The invention relates to the calibration of a scanner. More particularly, the invention relates to methods and apparatus for automatically calibrating a scanner. Another embodiment of the invention relates to automatically calibrating a printer.
Many scanning and printing technologies are complex and, due to many different physical and environmental factors, may drift in their color response. For example, in the case of a scanner, the quality of light produced by the light source drifts over time due to the gradual variation of both electronic and optical components of the scanner. In the case of a printer, the amount of color toner or ink that is printed on paper changes over time. It is preferable that printers and scanners have a steady and consistent color response.
Prior art systems attempt to compensate for the difference in color behavior between a measured response of the printer or scanner and an ideal response of the printer or scanner by various calibrating techniques. One common way to calibrate a scanner involves scanning a calibrated target strip with a scanner and then using software that accompanies the calibrated target strip to perform the calibration. The software measures density values on the strip and compares the measured values to stored density values known to correspond to the calibrated target strip. The software generates modified or calibrated density values and typically stores the calibrated values in an association table known in the art as the lookup table (“LUT”). More expensive scanners are capable of running the software, while less expensive scanners run such software on an associated personal computer (“PC”).
Common in the art are two types of calibrated target strips that come with color management software and that can be purchased on the market. The two common strips are the Kodak® Gray Scale calibrated target strip produced by the Eastman Kodak Corp. of Rochester, N.Y. and the ANSI-standard IT8 target manufactured by, for example, the Agfa Division, Bayer Corporation. The Kodak® Gray Scale comprises patches of varying densities of gray and the IT8 strips comprise color patches.
It is known to calibrate a color image reproduction system by generating a scanner calibration table and a printer calibration table. However, the method is elaborate in that it includes the steps of providing a set of calibration tools that are developed on a separate representative system and the steps of applying the calibration tools to calibrate the color image reproduction system. Such a system is described in Wan et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,452,112.
Dietz et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,689,110 (“Dietz”) discloses a method and apparatus for calibrating a specialized optical scanner known as a fluorescence spectrometer. One of the apparent significant applications of a fluorescence scanner is in the field of medicine wherein, for example, a blood sample is mixed with a fluorescence dye, and the blood sample is scanned and analyzed to determine certain cell characteristics. The calibration method and apparatus disclosed in Dietz involves such techniques as calibrating to calibration standards, such as gold and rubies, and is not directly relevant to the type of color image scanner addressed in this document.
Quardt et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,194,966 (“Quardt”) discloses a method for optimizing optical scanners by automatically determining image processing threshold values using a threshold image calibration sheet. One embodiment comprises the steps of repetitively scanning the sheet until scanner threshold values are determined. Another embodiment comprises the step of a single scan but uses two or more scanner cameras to work together to process the document images. The method disclosed in Quardt requires a significant amount of labor to complete repetitive scans and/or requires a scanning device having two or more cameras.
Sherman et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,537,516 (“Sherman”) discloses a method for calibrating a subject scanner that uses a standard target with respect to a calibrated reference scanner, known as the object scanner. The method generates scanner correction tables for the readings of the subject scanner. The output of the object scanner when scanning a reference target is compared to the output of the subject scanner when scanning the reference target. This method requires a deliberate action on the part of a user whenever calibration is desired in which the user is required to have the target on hand and the user is required to scan the target. Sherman further provides an improved method of measuring ink densities using a subject scanner. In one embodiment, a target is placed at a defocused point with respect to a focal point of the scanning device, and in an alternate embodiment, a diffusing substrate rather than a defocusing means is placed between a target and the scanning device.
It is also known to generate a scanner profile by scanning a standard gray scale test strip comprising a plurality of gray scale patches and comparing the scanned test strip data to a stored data file containing density values known to correspond to the test strip. Such a method is described in Falk U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,913 (“Falk”), which discloses the use of a scanner as a densitometer to calibrate a printer. As in some of the previously described documents, the method and system taught by Falk requires the user to have the standard gray scale test strip or its equivalent readily available and requires the user to scan a calibration target and a test strip on the scanner to perform the desired calibration process.
It would be advantageous to provide an automatic scanner calibration method and apparatus. For example, a user who must perform a calibration of a scanner may have misplaced a calibrated target strip. In the prior art, calibration cannot be performed if a target strip is misplaced.
It would also be advantageous for an automatic scanner calibration method and apparatus to provide a means by which a user can calibrate the scanner during a normal scan of an object. An automatic scanner calibration method and apparatus providing the means to calibrate the scanner during a normal scan of an object has the potential to be more accurate than older in time calibrations and more accurate than a scanner set to the preset default settings provided by the manufacturer. For example, it is well known in the art that a scanner can have a warm up time of about twenty minutes before reaching a steady output value. A user may desire to scan an image prior to a scanner reaching the steady output value. It would be advantageous for the user to calibrate the scanner automatically.
SUMMARY
Methods and apparatus in accordance with this invention provide a calibration target that a user attaches once to any of an inside surface of a scanner glass, an outside surface of a scanner glass, or to an inside of a scanner cover. During a normal scan of an object, the user can select to ignore the calibration target or can select to scan the calibration target. If the calibration target is scanned, then the scanner is calibrated automatically during the scan of the object.
An exemplary calibration target is about one-quarter of an inch to one-half of an inch wide and generally has a length that is approximately equal to the length or the width of the platen of the scanner. Standard manufactured calibration targets can be purchased and used in the invention.
The calibration target strips also can be customized to suit a combination of needs. For example, the calibration target can comprise a decal that easily adheres to the scanner glass. The calibration target can adhere to the scanner in a variety of other ways. For example, the calibration target can slip into a plastic non-reflective sleeve, where the sleeve is attached to the inside of the scanner cover.
An alternate embodiment of the invention is provided that also comprises automatically calibrating a printer using a scanner. A print of a special printer calibration target is automatically actuated on the printer and a message is generated to ensure that the special printer calibration target is placed on the scanner. The special printer calibration target has interpretable data that represents the printer to be calibrated, the associated printer controller engine, and the date the target is printed. The interpretable data on the special printer calibration target can be embedded in a barcode using barcode technology.
To calibrate the printer the special printer calibration target is scanned on the scanner. During the scan the of special printer calibration target, the user can select also to calibrate the scanner. The calibration target attached to the scanner is scanned and the scanner is automatically calibrated before the automatic calibration of the printer without any additional effort by the user.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Features of the present invention can be more clearly understood from the following detailed description considered in conjunction with the following drawings, in which the same reference numerals denote the same elements throughout, and in which:
FIG. 1A is a block schematic diagram of the calibration system according to the invention;
FIG. 1B is a block schematic diagram of the calibration system according to the invention;
FIG. 2A is a top view of a calibration target strip disposed on a scanner glass according to the invention;
FIG. 2B is a top view of a calibration target strip disposed on an inside cover of a scanner according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a reproduction of a calibration target strip;
FIG. 4 is another reproduction of a calibration target strip;
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram showing a method for automatically calibrating a scanner according to the invention;
FIG. 6A is a block schematic diagram of an alternative calibration system according to the invention;
FIG. 6B is a block schematic diagram of an alternative calibration system according to the invention;
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing a method for automatically calibrating a printer and automatically calibrating a scanner according to the invention; and
FIG. 8 is a pictorial illustration of a printer calibration target having a barcode according to the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This invention provides an automatic scanner calibration method and apparatus which includes a calibration target strip that, in the presently preferred embodiment of the invention, a user attaches once to any of an inside surface of a scanner glass, an outside surface of a scanner glass, or an inside of a scanner cover. During a normal scan of an object, the user can select to ignore the calibration target strip or can select to scan the calibration target strip. If the calibration target strip is scanned, then the scanner is calibrated automatically during the scan of the object.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the calibration target strip generally is about one-quarter of an inch to one-half of an inch wide and generally has length that is approximately equal to the length or the width of the platen of the scanner. Standard manufactured calibration target strips can be purchased and used in the invention.
The strip also can be customized to suit a combination of needs. For example, the strip can comprise a decal which easily adheres to the scanner glass. The strip can also be adhered to the scanner in a variety of other ways. For example, the strip can slip into a plastic non-reflective sleeve where the sleeve is attached to the inside of the scanner cover.
An alternate embodiment of the invention is provided that also comprises automatically calibrating a printer using a scanner. A print of a special printer calibration target is automatically actuated on the printer and a message is generated to ensure that the special printer calibration target is placed on the scanner. The special printer calibration target has interpretable data that represents the printer to be calibrated, the associated printer controller engine, and the date the target is printed. In one embodiment of the invention, the interpretable data on the special printer calibration target can be embedded in a barcode using barcode technology. To calibrate the printer the special printer calibration target is scanned on the scanner. During the scan the of special printer calibration target, the user can select also to calibrate the scanner. The calibration target strip attached to the scanner is scanned and the scanner is automatically calibrated before the automatic calibration of the printer without any additional effort by the user.
FIG. 1A shows a block diagram of an apparatus for practicing a presently preferred embodiment of the invention is shown. A client engine 10 is coupled to a scanner controller engine 20. The scanner controller engine 20 is coupled to the scanner 30. In one embodiment of the invention, the client engine 10 is a PC and the scanner controller engine 20 is software residing on the PC that controls a scanner 30 connected to the PC 10. In this embodiment, a user can scan an image on the scanner 30 by interacting with scanner software 20 on the PC 10.
Another block diagram of system for performing calibration in accordance with the invention is shown in FIG. 1b. A first client engine 50 is coupled to a first scanner controller engine 60. The first scanner controller engine 60 is coupled to a second scanner controller engine 70 by a network connection 80. The second scanner controller engine 70 is coupled to a scanner 90. In an embodiment of the invention, the client engine 50 is a PC, the first scanner controller engine 60 is software residing on the PC, the second scanner controller engine 70 is software residing on what is generally known to anyone in the art as a network, the first scanner controller engine 60 is coupled to the second scanner controller engine 70 by a typical network connection 80, and the second scanner controller engine 70 is coupled to a scanner 90 on the network. In this embodiment, a user can scan an image on the scanner 90 on the network by interacting with scanner software 60 on the PC 50.
The scanner software on the PC 60 comprises a user interface to the scanner controlling software 70 on the network. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the art that this embodiment of the invention particularly addresses what are currently expensive scanners that have embedded scanner controlling software and many varieties of scanners, including for example a copier that is self-contained, containing an interface to the user, as well as a scanner controller engine. The term scanner, as used herein, refers generally to a device for converting, for example, pictures, artwork, documents, transparencies, and photographs, into electronic form.
FIG. 2A is a top view of a calibration target strip 200 disposed on a surface of a scanner glass 210 according to the invention. In one embodiment of the invention, the target strip 200 is made of decal paper. Other embodiments may include a target strip made of a material that adheres to the glass by static attraction or by “weak” adhesives, such as are used in Post-Its® manufactured by BM Corporation of Minneapolis, Minn. The adherence mechanism should not possess optical qualities that distort the colors of the target strip. The strip 200 is adhered to the glass 210. The strip 200 can remain on the glass 210 until a user decides to peel it off. The user does not have to worry about losing the strip and the strip is readily available when the user desires to calibrate the scanner.
Many variations on the properties of a calibration target strip 200 are possible according to the invention. For example, the calibration target strip can be a photograph on photographic paper. The calibration target strip can be made of a dye sublimation print on photographic paper or on a paper equivalent to photographic paper. The calibration target strip can be made of a plastic material, wherein the plastic material has an adhering surface, and a covering over the surface, such that the adhering surface allows the plastic material to adhere to the top of the scanner glass, the bottom of the scanner glass, or the inside of the cover of the scanner when the covering is removed from the adhering surface. The plastic material can have a dye sublimation print printed on it. A user can apply a protective coating such as, for example, an ultra-violet resistant coating or a scratch resistant coating, to the calibration target strip prior to attaching the strip to the top of the scanner glass, the bottom of the scanner glass, or the inside of the cover of the scanner.
Manufactured calibration target strips can be purchased and used in the invention. Two examples of manufactured calibration target strips well known to a person skilled in the art are a Kodak Gray Strip by the Eastman Kodak Corporation of Rochester, N.Y. and the ANSI-standard IT8 target manufactured by, for example, the Agfa Division, Bayer Corporation (see FIGS. 3 and 4). One embodiment of the invention uses a purchased calibration target strip in a scanner that has a tray device located at the scanner glass or located at the inside of the scanner cover, such that the calibration target strip can be slipped into the tray so that it remains fixed until the user decides to remove the strip. The tray device according to the invention can hold a variety of types of targets in addition to manufactured targets. In another embodiment of the invention, the scanner has a plastic non-reflective sleeve located at the scanner glass or located at the inside of the scanner cover such that a calibration target strip can be slipped in the plastic non-reflective sleeve.
Sometimes it is necessary for a user to use the entire scanning range of a scanner when scanning an object. Herein, the scanning range comprises a first surface area that spans a part of or all of the glass of the scanner and a second surface area that extends beyond the first surface area of the scanning range. Refer to FIG. 2B, which is a top view of a calibration target strip 220 disposed on an inside cover 230 of a scanner 240 according to the invention. In this embodiment of the invention, a calibration target strip 220 is attached to the inside of the cover 230 of the scanner 240 in such a way that the calibration target strip 220 is not fully overlapping any part of the first surface area of the scanning range but is overlapping a part of or all of the second surface area of the scanning range. An object covering the entire scanning glass and the calibration target strip itself can both be scanned. In another embodiment of the invention, the calibration target strip can be attached to the inside of the cover of the scanner.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the calibration target strip has a width of approximately one-quarter on an inch or one-half of an inch and a length approximately equal to a length or a width of a platen of a scanner. These dimensions of the calibration target strip ensure that the calibration target strip occupies the least amount of the scanning range as possible so that as much of the scanning range as possible can be used for scanning objects.
FIG. 5 shows a flow diagram for automatically calibrating a scanner according to the invention. A calibration target strip is attached to the inside surface of the scanner glass, the outside surface of the scanner glass, or the inside of the cover of the scanner (300). This step (300) is performed once. A user desires to scan an object on the scanner and initiates the scanning process (301). The user places the object on the scanner (302). By an interactive means with the scanner controller engine, the user decides whether the scanner is to be calibrated or not (303). If the user wants the scanner to be calibrated, the calibration target strip is automatically scanned (304). Then the scanner controller engine performs the calibration on the scanner using the calibration target strip and generates calibrated values (305). The object is scanned using the updated calibrated values (306). If the user does not want the scanner to be calibrated, then steps (304) and (305) are ignored and the object is scanned using the current calibrated values (306). If the user has no more objects to scan (307), the process ends (308). Otherwise, the process is repeated (301). If the user desires, the user can calibrate the scanner for every single scan. The user can decide not to calibrate during a scan if it is more important to the user to perform the scan quickly rather than take the time to calibrate the scanner.
FIG. 6A shows a block diagram of an apparatus for automatically calibrating a scanner and for automatically calibrating a printer. A client engine 400 is connected to a printer 401 over a network connection 402 using a printer controller engine 403 that is coupled directly to the printer 401 and to the network connection 402. The client engine 400 is also connected to a scanner 404 using a scanner controller engine 405 that is coupled directly to the client engine 400 and the scanner 404. In one embodiment of the invention, the client engine 400 is a PC and the scanner controller engine 405 is software residing on the PC that controls a scanner 404 that is connected to the PC 400. The PC 400 is connected over the network connection 402 to a printer 401 on the network. The printer controller engine 403 is implemented in software that resides on the network which controls the printer 401.
FIG. 6B shows a block diagram of an apparatus for automatically calibrating a scanner and for automatically calibrating a printer. A client engine 406 is connected to a printer 407 over a network connection 408 and the client engine 406 is connected to a scanner 409 over a network connection 408. The client engine 406 is coupled to the printer 407 and the scanner 409 using a multi-function scanner/printer controller engine 410 that is coupled to the network connection 408 and that is coupled directly to the printer 407 and to the scanner 409. The client engine 406 is a PC and the multi-function scanner/printer controller engine 410 is implemented in software which resides on the network that controls the printer 407 and the scanner 409.
FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram for automatically calibrating a printer and automatically calibrating a scanner. A client engine initiates a scheduled first message to a printer controller engine to print a printer calibration target (500). The schedule can be set according to the convenience of the user such as, for example the schedule can initiate a print each night. Upon completion of the print of the printer calibration target on the printer, the printer controller engine indicates by posting a second message to the client engine that the printer calibration target has been printed and further indicates by the same second message that the printer calibration target should be placed on the scanner (501). The printer controller engine waits for the client engine to respond that the printer calibration target is placed on the scanner (502). The step to scan the printer calibration target is initiated (503). In this embodiment of the invention, a calibration target strip is attached to the scanner and is scanned during the scanning of the printer calibration target. A multi-function scanner/printer controller engine calibrates the scanner and calibrates the printer by updating a LUT for the scanner and updating a LUT for the printer (504). The process illustrated in FIG. 5 provides a mechanism to ensure that the printer is calibrated on a regular basis without depending on a user to remember to calibrate the printer. A similar mechanism may be used to automatically calibrate the scanner in accordance with the embodiment of the invention discussed above.
In another embodiment of the invention, the print of the printer calibration target can be started simultaneously on multiple printers by one software/scanner combination. The operator may then place the printed calibration targets in any order either on the scanner glass or into the scanner's automatic document feeder.
FIG. 8 shows a pictorial illustration of an example of a printer calibration target having a barcode. The target has two columns 600 and 601 of the single ink colorants, cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. The left-hand column 600 has the single ink colorants in the order, cyan 602, magenta 603, yellow 604, and black 605 from left to right. The columns of single ink gradually decrease in density from full ink to no ink. The left-hand column 600 has density values decrease from the top part of the target to the bottom part of the target. The right hand column 601 is organized similarly with some items in the reverse order. The right hand column 601 has the single ink colorants in the order, black 606, yellow 607, magenta 608, and cyan 609 from left to right. The columns of single ink gradually increase in density from no ink to full ink. The right hand column 601 has density values increase from the top part of the target to the bottom part of the target. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, a barcode 610 is printed on the target, the barcode contains data that identify the printer on which the target was printed, the printer controller engine associated with the printer on which the target was printed, and the date the target was printed. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other information may be printed on the target and that the indicator by which the information is recognized is not limited to bar codes (although a bar code-like mechanism stores information in format that is readily recognized when scanned by the scanner).
The foregoing merely illustrates the principles of this invention, and various modifications can be made by persons of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention.

## Claims

1. A computer-implemented method for use with a scanner, the method comprising:
scanning, with a scanner, a calibration target, which is affixed to the scanning surface, and an object, which is placed on said scanning surface at the same time;
wherein the scanning step further comprises the step of calibrating, with a computer, the scanner using the calibration target and generating, with the computer, calibration values using the calibration target;
wherein the object is scanned using the generated calibration values; and
wherein the calibration target comprises any of (a) patches of varying densities of gray and (b) color patches.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the scanner comprises a platen having a length, and the calibration target comprises a length that substantially equals the length of the platen.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the scanner comprises a platen having a width, and the calibration target comprises a length that substantially equals the width of the platen.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the calibration target comprises a manufactured calibration target.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the calibration target comprises a photograph.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the calibration target comprises a dye sublimation print.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the calibration target comprises a plastic material, the plastic material having an adhering surface and a covering over the adhering surface such that the adhering surface allows the plastic material to adhere to a part of the scanner when the covering is removed from the adhering surface.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the calibration target comprises a dye sublimation print onto a plastic material, the plastic material having an adhering surface and a covering over the adhering surface such that the adhering surface allows the dye sublimated plastic material to adhere to a part of the scanner when the covering is removed from the adhering surface.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a calibration target having a protective coating.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the calibration target comprises decal paper.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the scanner further comprises a plastic non-reflective sleeve located proximate to a scanning surface for fixedly holding the calibration target.

12. Apparatus for use with a scanner, the apparatus comprising:
a calibration target;
a means for attaching the calibration target to a scanning surface of the scanner;
the scanner for scanning the calibration target and an object;
a means for calibrating the scanner during a normal scan of the object, said means for calibrating using the calibration target; and
a means for generating calibration values;
wherein the object is scanned using the generated calibration values; and
wherein the calibration target comprises any of (a) patches of varying densities of pray and (b) color patches.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein:
the scanner further comprises a platen comprising a length; and
the calibration target comprises a length substantially equal to the length of the platen.

14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein:
the scanner further comprises a platen comprising a width; and
the calibration target comprises a length substantially equal to the width of the platen.

15. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the calibration target comprises a manufactured calibration target.

16. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein calibration target comprises a photograph.

17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the calibration target comprises a dye sublimation print.

18. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the calibration target comprises a plastic material, the plastic material having an adhering surface and a covering over the adhering surface such that the adhering surface allows the plastic material adhere to the scanner when the covering is removed from the adhering surface.

19. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the calibration target comprises a dye sublimation print onto a plastic material, the plastic material having an adhering surface and a covering over the adhering surface such that the adhering surface allows the dye sublimated plastic material to adhere to a part of the scanner when the covering is removed from the adhering surface.

20. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the calibration target has a protective coating.

21. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the calibration target comprises decal paper.

22. The method of claim 1, wherein the scanner is calibrated during every scan of an object.

23. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the scanner is calibrated during every scan of an object.