APHIS Evaluation of Zoning for Foreign 

Animal Disease Control in Canada 

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Veterinary Services

December 2011

(Updated January 2014)
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Abbreviations

AAFC Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

AHFP Animal Health Functional Plan

AI Avian Influenza

APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

ATQ Agri-traçabilité Québec

CAHSN Canadian Animal Health Surveillance Network

CanNAISS Canadian Notifiable Avian Influenza Surveillance System

CCIA Canadian Cattle Identification Agency

CFIA Canadian Food Inspection Agency

CVO Chief Veterinary Officer

DV District Veterinarian

ERT Emergency Response Team 

FAD Foreign animal disease

FADES Plan Foreign Animal Disease Emergency Support Plan

FMD Foot and mouth disease

ICS Incident Command System

NAI Notifiable avian influenza

NCFAD National Center for Foreign Animal Disease

OIE World Animal Health Organization

PAA Performance Activity Architecture

VIC Veterinarian in Charge

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Contents

Executive summary.......................................................................................................................................4

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................5

Disease history..............................................................................................................................................6

Part 1—Veterinary infrastructure.................................................................................................................7

1. Legal authority for emergency response activities...........................................................................7

2. Organizational structure ...................................................................................................................9

3. Human and material resources.......................................................................................................15

4. Emergency preparedness and response.........................................................................................20

5. Livestock demographics and traceability........................................................................................24

6. Disease surveillance and reporting.................................................................................................27

7. Diagnostic laboratory support........................................................................................................28

8. Conclusions.....................................................................................................................................30

Part 2—Procedures for zoning and maintaining zone integrity .................................................................31

1. Zoning strategy ...............................................................................................................................31

2. Emergency response phases...........................................................................................................32

3. Conclusions.....................................................................................................................................39

Risk estimate...............................................................................................................................................40

Annex 1: Reportable diseases.....................................................................................................................41

References ..................................................................................................................................................42

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Executive summary

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) 

have undertaken evaluations of each other’s capacity to contain and eradicate a foreign animal disease 

(FAD) outbreak via zoning (also known as regionalization). In keeping with OIE recommendations, the 

United States and Canada would like to establish parameters and agree on measures necessary for 

recognition of a disease control zone within each other’s territory, before an outbreak occurs, in order 

to reduce disruption of trade and the resulting economic impact. 

Import policies rely in part on judgments made about the effectiveness of sanitary procedures 

undertaken by the exporting country. The importing country needs to be satisfied that its animal health 

status will be appropriately protected. Fundamental considerations for an evaluation of zoning capacity 

are legal authority, organizational structure, and infrastructure of the official veterinary services, FAD 

contingency planning, livestock demographics and traceability, surveillance capabilities, and diagnostic 

laboratory support. A thorough assessment of the procedures and practices applied to establish and 

maintain the integrity of a disease containment zone—thereby also establishing a free area outside of 

the containment zone for international trade purposes—is also critical.

The CFIA Primary Control Zone consists of an inner disease containment zone (the Infected Zone) 

surrounded by a Restricted Zone, with an outer Surveillance Zone. In some cases, a Secondary Control 

Zone may be established to provide an additional buffer between the Primary Control Zone and the rest 

of the country, known as the Free Zone. 

This evaluation concludes that, in the event of a limited FAD outbreak, Canada has sufficient legal 

authority, organization, and veterinary infrastructure to establish and maintain an effective disease 

control zone. CFIA measures for containing an FAD outbreak within the control zone—including animal 

movement control, epidemiological investigation and tracing, a stamping out policy, biosecurity 

measures, surveillance, and laboratory diagnostics—are designed to ensure the integrity of the zone and 

protect the animal health status in a disease-free zone, in accordance with international standards. For 

the purposes of international trade, the Canadian veterinary services would be able to provide accurate 

and valid certification that animals and animal products originate from outside of the control zone. 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Introduction

The United States and Canada engage in a high volume of trade in animals and animal products. An

outbreak of a highly contagious foreign animal disease (FAD) in either country could cause major 

economic losses as a result of both the disease control measures applied and the loss of trade across the 

common border. Stakeholders on both sides of the border are therefore interested in developing 

mechanisms to limit the disruption of trade in the event of a disease outbreak. 

The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)—of which the United States and Canada are members—

issues guidelines designed to assure the sanitary safety of international trade in animals and their 

products. The OIE recommends establishment of a disease containment zone in the event of limited 

outbreaks of a specific disease within an otherwise free country, in order to minimize the impact on the 

entire country. The OIE further recommends that trading partners establish parameters and agree on 

measures necessary for recognition of disease containment zones within each other’s territory, before

an outbreak occurs. Chapter 4.3 of the OIE’s Terrestrial Animal Health Code outlines specific guidelines 

for defining such zones [1].

Both the United States and Canada have developed contingency plans for addressing highly contagious 

FAD outbreaks that are based on the concept of a disease containment zone. In recent years, both

countries have informally accepted the other’s zoning decisions for outbreaks of highly pathogenic 

notifiable avian influenza (HPNAI) and vesicular stomatitis. This acceptance is based in part on trust 

gained through years of collaboration on emergency preparedness and response via initiatives such as 

the North American Animal Health Committee, the Coordinating Body on Avian and Pandemic Influenza, 

and the Quadrilateral Animal Health Committee. However, no formal mechanism has existed for official 

recognition of disease containment zone for trade purposes.

APHIS and CFIA have therefore undertaken independent evaluations of each other’s veterinary 

infrastructure and zoning processes. The goal is to promote transparency, facilitate mutual recognition 

of zoning decisions, and potentially limit disruption of trade from disease-free zones. Specifically, the 

APHIS evaluation examines Canada’s ability to establish and maintain a control zone in the event of an 

FAD outbreak and ensure the sanitary safety of animals and animal products originating from outside of 

the control zone. The evaluation also examines the procedures for recovery of free status. 

Both APHIS and the CFIA apply a zoning strategy consisting of a control zone with subzones of graduated 

risk to address outbreaks of highly contagious FADs of major importance to international trade in 

animals and animal products. Although the specific response measures taken may be influenced by the 

epidemiology of the disease agent and the conditions on the ground, the basic approach remains the 

same. This evaluation focuses on CFIA’s zoning procedures and uses HPNAI and foot and mouth disease 

(FMD) to illustrate how CFIA would address local and diffuse outbreaks, respectively. 

Following a brief overview of Canada’s history of highly contagious FAD outbreaks, Part 1 focuses on 

fundamental considerations such as legal authority, organizational structure, and infrastructure of the 

official veterinary services, FAD contingency planning, livestock demographics and traceability, 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

surveillance capabilities, and diagnostic laboratory support. Part 2 evaluates Canada’s procedures for 

establishing, maintaining, and lifting a control zone, from the initial suspect case to demobilization and 

recovery. 

Disease history

Canada experienced HPNAI outbreaks in 2004 and 2007; no other outbreaks of FADs have occurred 

since bluetongue in 1988 (see Table 1) [2]. The 2004 outbreak occurred in the Fraser Valley of British 

Columbia in a high-density poultry production area [3]. HPNAI (H7N3) was first detected on a broilerbreeder farm in March 2004 and ultimately spread to 42 commercial farms and 11 backyard flocks. In 

contrast, the 2007 HPNAI (H7N3) outbreak occurred in a sparsely populated area of Saskatchewan and 

involved only a single premises [4]. In both instances, the CFIA implemented a control zone to aid in 

controlling and eradicating the disease; examples are provided throughout this document. 

Table 1: Occurrence of former OIE List A diseases in Canada [2]

Disease Last occurrence in 

domestic animals

African horse sickness Never reported

African swine fever Never reported

Bluetongue 1988

Classical swine fever 1963

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia 1876

Foot and mouth disease 1952

Highly pathogenic avian influenza September 2007

Lumpy skin disease Never reported

Newcastle disease 1973

Peste des petits ruminants Never reported

Rift Valley fever Never reported

Rinderpest Never reported

Sheep and goat pox Never reported

Swine vesicular disease Never reported

Vesicular stomatitis 1948

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Part 1—Veterinary infrastructure

1. Legal authority for emergency response activities

1.1 Federal authority

1.1.1 Canadian Food Inspection Agency Act

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency Act [5] established the CFIA in 1997 and described the 

responsibilities of the Agency for the administration and enforcement of several Acts governing federal 

inspection and related services for food and animal and plant health. 

1.1.2 Health of Animals Act

The Health of Animals Act [6] (hereafter Act) and pursuant Health of Animals Regulations [7] (hereafter 

Regulations) provide statutory authority for CFIA activities pertaining to prevention, control, and 

eradication of reportable animal diseases, including control of disease outbreaks through zoning.

Disease reporting

The Act requires animal owners, caretakers, veterinarians, and laboratories to immediately report to a 

CFIA veterinarian the presence of an animal that is infected or suspected of being infected with a 

reportable disease. Reportable diseases are defined in the Reportable Diseases Regulations promulgated 

under the Act and listed in Annex 1.

Quarantine and movement control

The Act authorizes CFIA officials to quarantine a premises upon suspicion or determination of disease 

existence by declaring it to be an Infected Place. Animals and things cannot be removed from or taken 

into an Infected Place without a license issued by a CFIA official. These provisions are reiterated in the

Regulations. The Act also authorizes the CFIA to individually declare all premises within 5 kilometers of 

an Infected Place to also be Infected Places.

Emergency power for control of FADs

The Act empowers the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) to declare a Primary Control 

Zone for control and eradication of an animal disease, and prohibit the movement of commodities that 

could transmit the disease into, out of, or within the Area. The Minister may establish additional zones 

or sub-zones and require disposal of commodities that could transmit the disease. 

Eradication activities

The Act provides CFIA officials with the powers of inspection, search, and seizure. The Regulations

authorize CFIA inspectors to order the destruction of an animal infected with or suspected of being 

infected with a reportable disease. CFIA inspectors can also order the cleaning and disinfection of 

places, vehicles, and other items. The Act empowers the Minister to enact emergency regulations to 

supplement existing CFIA powers for control and eradication activities within the Area. 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Compensation

The Act allows for market value compensation for animals destroyed in accordance with the Act, as well 

as animals injured during the course of actions carried out under the Act. The Compensation for 

Destroyed Animals Regulations [8] promulgated under the Act establish the maximum amount payable 

for destroyed animals and disposal costs paid by the owner.

Offenses and penalties

The Act outlines offences and penalties for contravening the provisions therein. Violations may also be 

punishable under the Agriculture and Agri-Food Administrative Monetary Penalties Act [9], which 

provides for more immediate enforcement and corrective action.

Certification

The Act also requires live animals to receive an official certificate of veterinary inspection prior to 

exportation. A CFIA inspector must certify compliance with all the prescribed requirements respecting 

the health, protection, and transportation of the animal.

1.1.3 Other statutes

The Emergencies Act [10] stipulates the conditions under which the federal government may intervene

in national emergencies by temporarily assuming and exercising appropriate exceptional powers in 

consultation with provincial governments and with the consent of the Canadian Parliament. 

The Emergency Management Act [11] identifies the emergency management responsibilities of 

Ministers of all federal departments. Under this Act, all Ministers must identify risks within or related to 

their responsibilities; prepare emergency management plans in respect of those risks; maintain, test and 

implement those plans; and conduct exercises and training in relation to those plans.

A Federal Policy for Emergency Management [12], established under the Emergency Management Act, 

similarly applies to all federal departments and provides direction for the preparation, maintenance, 

testing, implementation, and exercise of emergency management plans. The department Public Safety 

Canada is responsible for coordinating emergency management activities and providing operational 

tools, guidelines and best practices. The CFIA Emergency Response Plan represents such a plan to 

respond to animal health emergencies based on an Incident Command System (ICS).

1.2 Provincial authority

Provincial veterinarians coordinate the activities of their animal health network within their respective

ministries of agriculture, in cooperation with the CFIA and industry associations [16]. Legislative acts at 

the provincial level provide legal authority for the animal and public health activities of provincial 

officials, as well as emergency response measures.

Provincial and municipal governments play an important role in supporting CFIA activities within their 

boundaries. Most provinces have signed a memorandum of understanding with the CFIA—called a 

Foreign Animal Disease Emergency Support (FADES) Plan—that delineates the emergency preparedness 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments and outlines agreements-in-principle for joint 

planning [14-16].

1

1.4 Discussion

Legal authority for CFIA animal health and food safety activities is transparent and comprehensive, with 

explicit provisions for compliance and enforcement activities. The Health of Animals Act and pursuant 

regulations require notification of reportable diseases, including all former OIE List A diseases. Specific 

legal authority exists for the CFIA to take the actions necessary to contain and eradicate a disease

outbreak, including but not limited to quarantine, zoning, inspection, movement control, seizure and 

depopulation, cleaning and disinfection, and compensation. 

The Emergencies Act bolsters the legal authority of federal agencies such as the CFIA to exercise 

extraordinary powers in the event of a national emergency. Other federal acts and policies require that 

all government departments and agencies conduct specific emergency preparedness activities. 

Provinces and municipalities play an important supporting role in control and eradication of highly 

contagious FAD outbreaks. FADES Plans provide for joint emergency planning and response. Provincial

governments have enacted specific legislation to provide legal authority for the animal and public health 

activities of provincial officials, including emergency response measures.

2. Organizational structure

2.1 Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)

The central competent veterinary authority for Canada is the CFIA, with headquarters in the capitol city 

of Ottawa, Ontario [13]. The President of the CFIA reports to the Minister of Health. The veterinary 

services are concentrated in the Policy and Programs Branch, the Operations Branch, and the Science 

Branch (see Figure 1) [13, 17]. The Audit and Evaluation Branch provides strategic leadership and 

direction in program evaluation, corporate audit, and risk management oversight.

1

All provinces have a FADES Plan in place except Newfoundland and Labrador, which are in process. The Yukon, 

Nunavut, and Northwest Territories have not entered into FADES agreements; however, there are few livestock 

animals in these northern areas. 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Figure 1: CFIA Senior Management Structure [18]

2.1.1 Chief Veterinary Officer

The Chief Veterinary Officer (CVO) provides national leadership in positioning Canada’s animal and 

veterinary public health infrastructure to manage current and emerging disease threats, in order to 

protect animal and human health [18]. 

2.1.2 Chief Food Safety Officer

The Chief Food Safety Officer (CFSO) provides expert advice on food safety program design and 

regulatory policy development, as well as executive leadership—in collaboration with Canada’s Chief 

Public Health Officer—in managing national and international food safety emergencies [18]. The CFSO is 

also responsible for the CFIA’s animal, food, and plant laboratory network. 

Since March 2013, the CFSO has been Canada’s delegate to the OIE.

2.1.3 Policy and Programs Branch

The Policy and Programs Branch is divided into three divisions: Policy, Programs, and Integration and 

Management (see Figure 2) [13]. The Programs Division contains the Animal Health Directorate, which in 

turn includes the Animal Import/Export Division and the Animal Health, Welfare and Biosecurity 

Division.

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Figure 2: Organizational structure of the Policy and Programs Branch [18]

The sections of the Animal Import/Export and Animal Health, Welfare and Biosecurity Divisions are 

collectively responsible for [13]:

• Designing programs to control or eradicate reportable diseases present in Canada;

• Developing regulations and policy for the import/export of live animals, animal products and byproducts, and germplasm; 

• Developing regulations and policy for the manufacture, importation, and distribution of 

veterinary biologics;

• Developing tools to deliver animal health programs in Canada, including disease models to assist 

in preparedness planning and computerized systems to capture epidemiological data and aid in 

outbreak management;

• Developing and maintaining CFIA’s emergency response plans, including the Animal Health 

Functional Plan (AHFP), Hazard Specific Plans, and Manuals of Procedures for FADs;

• Providing subject matter expertise on reportable diseases;

• Providing training on disease control/eradication programs and emergency response; and

• Working with industry to develop business risk mitigation strategies for FAD incursions.

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

The Office of Animal Biosecurity, another entity under the Animal Health Directorate, collaborates with 

industry groups to develop and implement biosecurity strategies and standards for livestock, poultry, 

and aquaculture production [13]. 

2.1.4 Operations Branch

Operations is the largest branch of the CFIA [13, 18]. Operations at the central level and in the field are 

divided into four geographical regions with four corresponding area offices and 18 regional offices (see

Figures 3 and 4). CFIA veterinarians are located in over 80 district offices dispersed throughout the 

provinces, as well as in all federally-registered meat and processing establishments.

Figure 3: Organizational structure of the Operations Branch [18]

Operations staff is the primary contact with regulated industries and are responsible for delivery of 

programs at the field level. Peacetime responsibilities of Operations staff include [13]:

• Enforcing animal health regulations and policy and conducting animal health programs;

• Conducting sampling and surveillance to monitor the health of Canadian livestock and poultry;

• Working with producers and industry groups to raise awareness of infectious animal diseases 

and promote good biosecurity practices;

• Diagnosing contagious animal diseases based on clinical evaluation of symptoms and laboratory 

test results, conducting epidemiological investigations, and carrying out disease control and 

eradication programs (including quarantine and movement control);

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

• Conducting ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection in slaughter establishments;

• Monitoring compliance with animal welfare principles and regulations;

• Inspecting commodities presented for entry into Canada and signing export certificates for live 

animals, animal products and by-products, and germplasm;

• Enforcing mandatory livestock identification programs; and

• Delivering the accredited veterinarian program.

Figure 4: Map showing locations of CFIA area and regional offices [13]

2.1.5 Science Branch

The Science Branch delivers laboratory services and research through the national animal health 

laboratory system, which has been accredited to ISO 17025 since 2000 [13]. The organizational structure 

of the Science Branch at the central level is shown in Figure 5. The animal health laboratory system is a 

network of 5 CFIA laboratories, 14 provincial laboratories, and 13 accredited private diagnostic 

laboratories (see Section 7). 

The Science Branch employs veterinarians to provide animal health risk analyses on various topics, 

including commodity imports, FADs, regionalization and zoning, and disease control measures [13]. 

Veterinary epidemiologists and other specialists in the Science Branch design and coordinate national 

surveillance programs, analyze surveillance data, and oversee surveillance and analysis of scientific 

information on emerging issues.

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Figure 5: Organizational structure of the Science Branch [13]

2.2 CFIA Partners

2.2.1 Federal agencies

Other federal agencies and departments provide support to the CFIA in FAD response activities [13, 19]. 

CFIA may partner with Health Canada or the Public Health Agency of Canada if the disease is zoonotic; 

with Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada to acquire the equipment and people necessary 

to mount surveillance, destruction, and disposal operations in the field; and with Environment Canada 

for technical support and scientific advice. Environment Canada is responsible for the health of 

migratory species and wildlife in national parks [19].

2.2.2 Provinces and Territories

The provincial and territorial governments provide veterinary support services to private veterinary 

practitioners and assist the CFIA in disease diagnosis, surveillance, and control [13]. Provincial, 

territorial, and municipal governments support CFIA investigations of FAD outbreaks within their 

boundaries [13, 19]. Local and provincial public health authorities provide technical support and 

personnel, while provincial emergency preparedness organizations aid in logistics. Provincial and 

territorial veterinary services also play a primary role in detection and control of several dozen OIE-listed 

diseases that are not on the federal reportable disease list. 

CFIA and provincial governments have partnered effectively to address FAD outbreaks. For example, a 

CFIA after-action report [3] concluded that the British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and 

Fisheries (BCMAFF) was instrumental in linking the CFIA Emergency Operations Center with local 

governments, other provincial agencies, the local media, and poultry industry groups during the 2004 

HPNAI outbreak. The BCMAFF supplemented the diagnostic laboratory capability of the CFIA, provided 

14
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

technical expertise, and led the work on economic impact assessment, recovery planning, and improving 

biosecurity protocols.

2.2.3 Stakeholders

The Director of the Terrestrial Animal Health Division communicates with national industries through 

the Canadian Animal Health Consultative Committee [13]. During an animal health emergency, the CFIA 

looks to industry and other stakeholders—e.g., veterinary associations, academia—for technical 

assistance, cooperation in response measures, advice, and support. 

Stakeholder groups have provided valuable assistance to the CFIA during FAD outbreaks. For example, a 

CFIA after-action report [4] indicated that the Saskatchewan poultry industry formed an emergency 

management team during the 2007 HPNAI outbreak, which was instrumental in communications with 

poultry producers regarding the outbreak response. The team also provided industry data for 

geographic mapping and consulted with CFIA on the limits of the control area and the surveillance plan. 

2.2.4 International agencies

Depending on the incident, the CFIA may consult with international experts or activate international 

agreements, including mobilization of the International Animal Health Emergency Management Reserve

[16]. For example, the CFIA consulted with disease control specialists from the Netherlands, Australia, 

New Zealand, and Japan during the 2004 HPNAI outbreak [3]. An APHIS liaison embedded in the 

response to monitor the control efforts and provide updates to U.S. stakeholders. 

2.3 Discussion

The CFIA is hierarchically organized with clear lines of command and communication. Agency field 

offices are strategically located in areas of high livestock density. The roles and responsibilities of CFIA 

units and staff are clearly defined, as are the interface relationships with the Minister of AAFC and other 

governmental authorities. Key functional capabilities—such as surveillance, traceability systems, 

training, and field activities—are allocated to specific units within the veterinary services. Provinces and 

Territories represent the default management unit for Federal animal and public health programs—

although other units may be established as needed—but do not represent jurisdictional boundaries for 

Federal emergency response measures. 

3. Human and material resources

3.1 Personnel

The number and distribution of veterinarians in Canada in 2013 are provided in Table 2 [20]. The CFIA 

population consists of inspection staff, field inspection staff, and support personnel [21]. Field 

inspection staff is front-line inspectors and inspection managers who work in food processing plants, 

import service centers, and field offices throughout the country. Inspection staff includes field 

inspection staff (comprising about 70 percent of the total), as well as other inspection positions such as 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

chemists, risk assessors, supervisors, and scientific researchers. Support staff includes positions relating 

to audit and evaluation, legal, human resources, and corporate services.

Table 2: Number of veterinarians in Canada in 2013 [21]

Province No. veterinarians

Alberta 1,689

British Columbia 1,489

Manitoba 425

New Brunswick 265

Newfoundland and Labrador 102

Nova Scotia 349

Prince Edward Island 243

Ontario 4,600

Quebec 2,737

Saskatchewan 625

Territories 23

Total 12,907

As of March 2013, the CFIA employed 7,119 persons, of which 4,863 were inspection staff including 

3,577 field inspection staff [21]. The number of veterinarians employed at the national and regional 

levels is shown in Table 3. Approximately 75 percent of CFIA veterinarians work in the Operations 

Branch. The Provincial and Territorial governments collectively employ approximately 70 veterinarians 

[13, 20]. 

Table 3: Approximate number of veterinarians employed by the CFIA

Region No. veterinarians

National Capital 186

Atlantic Region 38

Ontario Region 160

Quebec Region 146

West Region 211

Total 741

The CFIA may bring in staff from other regions or districts to meet the needs of an outbreak response 

strategy. For example, during the 2004 HPNAI outbreak, the CFIA recruited 40 staff members from 

district offices within British Columbia and 355 from outside of the Province [3]. The CFIA also hired 148 

general laborers and 27 temporary clerical staff. 

3.1.1 Canadian Veterinary Reserve

The Canadian Veterinary Reserve was established in November 2006 to assist the CFIA and provincial 

governments in responding to animal health emergencies [13]. It consists of private sector veterinarians 

who may be called upon to provide short-term support in emergency situations. These veterinarians 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

receive CFIA training in FAD response at Canada’s National Center for Foreign Animal Disease (NCFAD). 

As of January 2014, there were 235 trained reservists.

3.1.2 Accredited veterinarians

There are approximately 2,351 veterinarians enrolled in CFIA’s National Accredited Veterinarian 

Program [13]. The specific duties and functions of accredited veterinarians, along with the terms and 

conditions of accreditation, are described in the Accredited Veterinarian Agreement. This legal 

instrument transfers authority to accredited veterinarians to perform certain actions in support of the 

national animal health program, as foreseen in the Health of Animals Act and Regulations. The 

Accredited Veterinarian’s Manual provides detailed instructions for carrying out specific duties and 

functions [22].

Accredited veterinarians may only perform their authorized duties in the Province or Territory identified 

in the Agreement [13, 22]. Veterinarians must be licensed to practice veterinary medicine in that 

Province or Territory and must successfully complete pre-accreditation training. CFIA District 

Veterinarians provide oversight of accredited veterinarians in their jurisdiction, including formal audits 

and review of work. Renewal of accreditation depends on work performance under the previous 

Agreement. 

3.2 Education and training

3.2.1 Veterinary education and licensing

The five veterinary colleges in Canada are located in Calgary, Alberta; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Guelph, 

Ontario; St. Hyacinthe, Quebec; and Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island [13, 20]. Each veterinary 

college is accredited by both the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA) and the American 

Veterinary Medical Association. The CVMA sets minimum standards for veterinary education (initial and 

continuing) and professional conduct. Veterinary students undertake a minimum of 2 to 6 years of preveterinary study and then 4 to 5 years of pre-clinical and clinical studies. 

Veterinary licensure requires graduation from a recognized veterinary school and may require 

completion of all or part of the National Board Examination administered by the CVMA [13, 20]. 

Licensure, supervision, and disciplinary procedures are the responsibility of Provincial and Territorial 

entities authorized by the respective government. Maintenance of a general license typically requires 

evidence of continuing education.

3.2.1 Emergency response training

The Human Resources Branch of the CFIA is responsible for developing and implementing national 

training programs and services, in collaboration with the Policy and Programs, Operations, and Science 

branches [13]. The Human Resources Branch conducts training in FAD recognition and emergency 

response measures, administers the National Veterinary Accreditation Program, and provides training 

for veterinarians in the Canadian Veterinary Reserve.

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Annual course offerings include an FAD Recognition Course with both classroom and laboratory 

components; an Introduction to FAD Emergency Response Course; an FAD Recognition Dry Course (no 

laboratory component); multiple ICS training courses; and workshops focusing on technical aspects of 

FAD response (sampling techniques, epidemiology, biocontainment, destruction and disposal, etc.) [13]. 

The target audience includes CFIA field veterinarians, provincial and university veterinarians, and private 

practitioners. 

3.3 Monitoring and audit programs

3.3.1 Corporate plans and review

The CFIA Performance Activity Architecture (PAA) describes how the Agency plans to allocate and 

manage its resources to achieve certain strategic outcomes. The PAA is outlined in an annual Report of 

Plans and Priorities (RPP), submitted to the Canadian Parliament in March each year. The RPP 

establishes performance targets for program activities and lays out Agency priorities for the upcoming 

fiscal year [17, 23-25]. A subsequent annual Departmental Performance Report [26-28] compares the 

Agency’s accomplishments to the performance expectations set out in the RPP. Performance reports for 

recent years concluded that CFIA met the majority of the performance targets for animal health and 

zoonotic risk described in the RPP.

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency Act [5] requires the Office of the Auditor General to assess the 

fairness and reliability of the Agency’s performance information with respect to the objectives 

established in its corporate business plan. The Auditor General has consistently concluded that the CFIA 

is in compliance with pertinent standards and practices. The Auditor General has also audited the CFIA’s 

financial statements since its inception and found no cause for concern. The Auditor General reports are 

published in the annual Departmental Performance Report [26-28].

The CFIA established an internal audit committee in 2007 in response to an audit policy adopted by the 

Government of Canada. The CFIA Audit Committee prepares an annual report with an assessment of the 

Agency’s internal control and audit system. The CFIA Audit Committee has consistently concluded that

the Agency is operating under a risk-based audit plan and that the Agency has a comprehensive internal 

audit function. The CFIA Audit Committee report is included in the annual Departmental Performance 

Reports [26-28].

3.3.2 Quality management

The Operations Branch implemented a quality management system in 2004-2005, including internal 

audits of programs and processes, to improve the consistency and overall quality of the activities it 

conducts [13]. A manual describes the key components of the quality management system and provides 

a reference for practices and procedures. 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

3.4 Financial resources

3.4.1 CFIA budget

The CFIA is primarily funded by the Government of Canada through the Ministry of AAFC. Food safety 

programs account for 40-50 percent of the CFIA budget annually, whereas animal health and zoonotic 

programs average 15-20 percent [26-28]. Planned financial resources for FY 2013-14 are approximately 

CD 731.4 million [17]. The CFIA does not typically allocate funds from the national budget to the 

provincial animal health or food safety services. 

3.4.2 Funding for emergency response measures

The Canadian government has primary financial responsibility for FAD response throughout Canada, 

with the provinces and territories taking a supporting role. Funding for emergency response comes from 

the CFIA budget initially; however, the President of the CFIA can request additional funding from the 

Minister of AAFC, who in turn can request addition federal funds. A Ministerial Declaration is not 

required for the CFIA to request additional federal funding. 

3.4.3 Indemnity and compensation

The CFIA provides compensation to owners of animals ordered destroyed under the authority of the 

Health of Animals Act [6]. Compensation amounts for animals are determined by an assessment of the 

market value and take into consideration factors such as genetic background, age and production 

records, with maximum levels set out in the Compensation for Destroyed Animals Regulations [8]. The 

owner is awarded market value less the value of the carcass received if salvage is possible, and may also 

receive compensation for disposal costs such as transportation, slaughter, labor and equipment.

3.6 Discussion

The CFIA is the primary regulatory agency for animal health and welfare in Canada with the provinces 

and territories playing a secondary role. As a result, the CFIA employs almost 8 times the number of 

veterinarians as do the collective provinces and territories. A strong accredited veterinarian program 

further extends the capacity of the CFIA to conduct regulatory activities. 

Veterinary and financial resources in Canada have proven sufficient to address FAD outbreaks of the size 

experienced to date. Mechanisms are in place to supplement human, material, and technical resources 

during larger outbreaks. 

CFIA funding is sufficient to cover the working budget and additional funding for indemnity and 

compensation can be drawn from the Federal Reserve at the discretion of the Minister of AAFC. The

existing compensation program encourages owners to report disease in their herds and flocks, thereby 

preventing or reducing the spread of disease. Strong auditing and quality management systems 

throughout the CFIA promote efficient use of resources.

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

4. Emergency preparedness and response 

4.1 Contingency planning

4.1.1 Federal government 

CFIA plans

All branches and levels of the CFIA are tasked with developing emergency response plans and 

procedures related to their areas of accountability. At the national level, functions include staffing and 

training a National ERT, ensuring that procedures to declare an emergency are in place, auditing FAD 

preparedness at the Area level, and assessing consistency between FADES plans. Policy and Programs 

Branch and the Operations Branch staff at the national level share responsibility for developing and 

maintaining the overarching CFIA Emergency Response Plan and Animal Health Functional Plan (AHFP)

[29], as well as the Hazard Specific Plans and various procedures manuals (see Figure 6). 

Figure 6: CFIA animal health emergency plans and procedures [30]

The CFIA Emergency Response Plan [30] describes the structure, roles, and responsibilities of CFIA 

branches, members, and individuals during an animal health incident. The plan is used as a training 

reference for orienting employees to emergency response by the CFIA. The AHFP [29] describes the 

division of labor and responsibilities within the official veterinary services in preparing for and 

responding to animal health incidents. It assigns responsibility for emergency preparedness among the 

four levels of the CFIA and describes the response structure and phases in detail. 

The AHFP is used in conjunction with the Hazard Specific Plans and procedures manuals. Each Hazard 

Specific Plan details how to perform certain critical response functions for that particular animal disease

(hazard), including quarantine and movement controls, epidemiological investigation, tracing, risk 

assessment, surveillance, biosecurity, wildlife control, vector control, depopulation, disposal, appraisal 

and compensation, decontamination, restocking, vaccination, and proof of freedom. CFIA has developed 

20
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Hazard Specific Plans for FMD, NAI, African swine fever, African horse sickness, contagious bovine 

pleuropneumonia, peste des petits ruminants, Rift Valley fever, sheep and goat pox, bluetongue, equine 

piroplasmosis, contagious equine metritis, and rinderpest. 

CFIA staff at the Area, Region, and District (Field) levels is responsible for preparing for animal health 

incidents within their jurisdictions in accordance with the AHFP [29]. Each Area Office is responsible for 

identifying and training members of an Area ERT, establishing and executing an annual Area training 

plan, auditing Regional and District response plans, and maintaining a master list of District contingency 

plans and logistics information. The Regional Offices are responsible for developing Regional ERTs, 

creating and updating regional incident response plans, and developing and carrying out simulation 

exercises. Regional Offices also review the audits of the District contingency plans and ensure that any 

shortcomings are addressed.

Each CFIA District Veterinarian is responsible for developing and maintaining a District FAD contingency 

plan, including information on potential disposal sites and local resources for logistical support, supplies, 

and equipment [29]. District Veterinarians are also responsible for staffing and training a District ERT.

The District Offices aid in contingency planning for abattoirs, sale yards, and other points of animal 

concentration.

Each CFIA Veterinarian in Charge of a federally-inspected abattoir must develop and maintain an FAD 

contingency plan for that facility [29]. The Meat Hygiene Manual of Procedures provides specifics on 

contingency planning for abattoirs [31]. CFIA specialists conduct FAD training for veterinary inspectors 

and other abattoir staff, since these individuals may be the first to suspect an FAD based on antemortem or post-mortem lesions. 

Other Federal plans

The National Support Plan [30] provides a generic emergency management structure and concept of 

operations for the coordination of federal and national support during emergencies of significant impact 

or complexity that may not be otherwise covered under existing emergency plans or arrangements. The 

Ministry of AAFC or the CFIA would assume the lead role in major emergencies that affect animal health. 

The plan calls for a National Support Center, which would bring together federal decision-makers, 

technical experts, and others into a single coordinated unit to direct the mobilization and delivery of a 

national response. 

The National Emergency Response System [32] is an all-hazards emergency response framework 

implemented by the Government of Canada, intended to aid in coordination of the numerous national 

players that must act swiftly when national emergencies arise. 

The Food and Agriculture Emergency Response System [33] is an all-hazards system established by the 

Ministry of AAFC and the CFIA to provide a policy and planning framework for managing emergencies. It 

outlines the emergency management framework for the CFIA and is designed to link the federal, 

provincial, and private sectors in an emergency response. 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

4.1.2 Provincial governments

As noted above, the CFIA has primary responsibility for FAD response within Canada, with the provinces 

and territories playing a supporting role. Most provinces have signed FADES Plans with the CFIA that 

outlines the roles and responsibilities of the government organizations that may be required to provide 

support to the CFIA in responding to and eradicating an FAD outbreak affecting that province [14-16]. 

FADES plans also present an opportunity for private organization to develop agreements of support. 

Provincial emergency measures organizations are responsible for incident response within their 

provincial jurisdictions for a broad range of natural, manmade, and epidemiological disasters. They work 

closely with provincial ministries and industries in planning for and responding to incidents.

4.1.3 Industry 

The CFIA looks to industry for technical assistance, cooperation, advice, and support during an FAD 

outbreak response. Industry-led initiatives at the national level aim to establish trace-back systems to 

aid in the containment and eradication of disease (see Section 5.3). At the provincial level, various 

industry segments have developed or are developing more extensive contingency plans. 

4.2 Response structure

Canada’s emergency response structure is based on the Incident Command System (ICS), a modular 

structure that can be expanded or contracted as the situation requires [29]. The CFIA can implement the 

ICS and establish an Emergency Operation Centers (EOC) at the Field (District), Regional, Area, and/or 

National level. Provincial governments may activate their own EOC in accordance with the FADES plan, 

with the ICS allowing for a unified command. 

Emergency Response Team (ERT) members coordinate, monitor, and direct response activities out of 

the EOC [29]. A Field (District) ERT delivers disease control and response activities at incident sites, and 

coordinates all activities within its span of control. A Regional ERT coordinates regional resource 

requests and ensures the Area operational strategy and communication plan are implemented at the

Regional and Field EOCs. An Area ERT incorporates National policy and operational strategy into an Area 

operational strategy, develops an Area communication plan from the National communication plan, 

coordinates multi-regional response efforts, and interfaces with area-based federal and provincial 

departments and stakeholder groups. 

The National ERT develops the National policy, operations strategy, and communication plans, and 

interfaces with other Federal departments and stakeholder groups [29]. Within the CFIA, the National 

ERT is responsible for the overall management, strategy, and direction of an animal health incident 

response. When an animal health incident occurs, the National ERT responds by activating the CFIA 

Emergency Response Plan and ensuring that the Animal Health Functional Plan and Hazard Specific Plans 

are implemented at the appropriate level(s). These plans are described in Section 4.2. 

The CFIA activated the ICS to respond to both the 2004 and 2007 HPNAI outbreaks. In 2004, the CFIA 

activated a Field EOC and ERT at the CFIA District Office two days after detection of a suspect HPNAI 

22
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

case; a Provincial EOC was later established in the same building [3]. The CFIA activated the National 

EOC and ERT when the Minister of AAFC declared the outbreak a national emergency. In 2007, the CFIA 

activated both Regional and National EOCs and ERTs one day after HPNAI was confirmed [4]. The 

Provincial EOC was co-located with the Regional EOC. 

4.3 Performance auditing

CFIA conducts lessons-learned reviews to analyze and document the effectiveness of the Agency’s 

response and overall management of FAD outbreaks [34, 35]. These reviews are based on collecting 

observations—through interviews, focus groups, and document reviews—from people directly involved 

in the outbreak, including CFIA staff at headquarters, areas, regions, and in the field, the Public Health 

Agency of Canada, Public Safety Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada, provincial 

government officials, and industry representatives. The reviews highlight both the successes and the 

opportunities for improvement, including implementation of lessons learned from previous outbreak 

responses.

The reviews offer recommendations for improving the effectiveness of future responses, which the CFIA 

uses to plan training, set agency policy, and revise the hazard-specific response plans. The reviews of the 

2004 and 2007 HPNAI outbreaks concluded that the response was overall successful but improvements 

could be made in the areas of roles and responsibilities, communication and information sharing, and 

logistic [34, 35]. The review of the 2004 HPNAI outbreak, along with experiences during the outbreak 

response, prompted considerable revision of the NAI hazard-specific plan. 

4.4 Discussion

Contingency planning for animal health emergencies occurs at all levels of the CFIA, with support from 

the Ministry of AAFC, other federal agencies, the provinces and territories, and industry groups. 

Involvement of these entities is critical for effective emergency response, considering the sizeable 

geographic area of Canada. Extensive contingency planning and clearly defined roles and responsibilities 

are therefore essential to ensure an effective response. The audit program for contingency planning at 

the district, regional, and national levels of the CFIA, as well as special premises, promotes familiarity 

with the plans and a cohesive response.

The CFIA has developed Hazard Specific Plans for FMD, NAI, and other diseases, as well as procedures 

manuals with detailed instructions for particular tasks. Internal consistency is maintained through use of 

the ICS approach and regular audits.

Canada’s emergency response structure follows internationally-recognized ICS principles. The roles and 

responsibilities of the various entities within the ICS, as well as the expected contributions of both the 

national and provincial governments, are well defined. Co-location of provincial and CFIA EOCs and the 

unified command under the ICS facilitate a close working relationship between federal, provincial, and 

municipal agencies. After-action reviews allow for performance monitoring.

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

5. Livestock demographics and traceability

5.1 Livestock demographics 

Livestock statistics for 2012 are provided in Table 4 [36]. Dairy operations are concentrated in Quebec 

and Ontario in a corridor along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. In contrast, beef cattle 

production is concentrated in the western provinces, particularly Alberta and Saskatchewan. The farmed 

bison industry in Canada consists of approximately 200,000 animals on 2,000 farms, with 50 percent of 

the bison population located in Alberta and another 30 percent in Saskatchewan. The geographic 

distribution of captive cervids is similar to that of farmed bison, with approximately 2,000 farms located 

primarily in Alberta and Saskatchewan [37]. Elk are the main captive cervid species, followed by whitetail deer; other species included fallow deer, mule deer, red deer, and reindeer. 

Table 4: Livestock in Canada in 2012 [36]

Species Thousand head

Cattle (total) 13,540.0

 Dairy cows and heifers 1,415.8

 Beef cows and heifers 5,838.3

Swine 12,668.0

Chickens 643,276.0

Turkeys 20,783.0

Sheep 892.1

Sheep farms are fairly evenly divided between the eastern and western provinces; Ontario and Quebec 

collectively contain just over half of Canada’s sheep inventory [36]. Swine operations are concentrated 

primarily in Quebec, Ontario, and Manitoba, and poultry in Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia. 

5.2 Patterns of livestock movements

5.2.1 Imports and exports

The United States is Canada’s primary trading partner for bovine animals (cattle and buffalo), sheep, 

goats, swine, poultry, and equines (see Table 5) [38]. Exports of bovine animals, sheep and goats, and 

swine far outweigh imports. In contrast, Canada is a net importer of poultry and equines, primarily from 

the United States. Bovine exports mainly originate from Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba and go to

slaughter in the United States; Quebec and Ontario receive the majority of imported bovines. Swine 

exports are primarily weanlings and feeder animals from Manitoba and Ontario; imports are primarily 

breeding animals. 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Table 5: Livestock imports and exports in 2012 [38]

Commodity

Import Export

World United 

States % World United States %

Bovines 56,173 55,904 99.52 836,088 830,239 99.30

Sheep and goats 35,802 35,802 100.00 3,064 2,885 94.16

Swine 2,428 2,428 100.00 5,676,354 5,656,372 99.65

Poultry 32,326,604 32,019,729 99.05 15,965,659 15,225,972 95.37

Equine 62,559 60,494 96.70 10,940 8,477 77.49

5.2.2 Internal movements

A study commissioned by the CFIA estimated that a relatively small volume of livestock and meat 

products moves between western and eastern Canada [39]. The overwhelming majority of livestock 

movements are eastward, primarily involving cattle, with small numbers of small ruminants and swine. 

The number of cattle moving from Manitoba to Ontario (west to east) has historically been about 80 

percent of that moving from Manitoba to the United States. Similarly, the number of market hogs 

moving from eastern to western Canada has been less than 1.5 percent of the number exported to the 

United States from Manitoba. There is very little movement of poultry, bison, or captive cervids 

between eastern and western Canada. 

The study also found that only 0.6 percent of cattle slaughtered originated from a different region 

(eastern or western), indicating that shipments between eastern and western Canada represent a small 

part of the overall population base in each region [39]. 

5.3 Traceability systems

The three main pillars of traceability systems are the identification of animals or products, the ability to 

follow their movement, and the identification of departure and destination premises. Industry and 

government in Canada have traditionally used tags, tattoos, brands, movement permits, and paperbased logbooks to facilitate traceability of various animal species. In recent years, specific traceability 

systems have been developed on a sector-by-sector basis.

5.3.1 Animal identification

Regulated, industry-led animal identification programs currently exist for beef cattle, dairy cattle, bison, 

and sheep throughout Canada [40-43]. The Canadian Cattle Identification Program (CCIP) was 

introduced in 2001 through an amendment to the Health of Animals Regulations and is applicable to all 

cattle and bison. The Canadian Sheep Identification Program (CSIP) followed in 2004. Both programs are 

mandatory in all provinces.

Under the CCIP and the CSIP, all bovine and ovine animals must bear a registered identification tag 

before they leave their farm of origin. Information on cattle, bison, and sheep from most provinces is 

25
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

stored in a central database maintained by the Canadian Cattle Identification Agency (CCIA). The 

exception is the province of Quebec, where this information is stored in a database maintained by AgriTraçabilité Québec (ATQ). In the event of a disease outbreak or food safety emergency, the origins of 

tagged animals involved can be accessed by the CFIA.

The Canadian Animal Health Program for Farmed Cervids was introduced in 1990, and requires all 

farmed or otherwise captive cervids to be inventoried, identified, and tested for specific diseases at 

specific time intervals, currently every five years [37]. This program is mandatory in all provinces. In 

addition, Quebec specifically requires that all cervid owners register with ATQ and identify their animals 

with approved ear tags [40]. Data on farmed cervids is stored in the ATQ database for Quebec 

producers, in Provincial Government systems in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, BC and Yukon, and in 

CFIA District offices all across Canada [41]. Farmed cervids may be moved from farm to farm or to 

another location only after issuance of a Cervid Movement Permit by the CFIA. 

Regulated animal identification programs do not currently exist for other species in Canada. However, 

the Canadian Pork Council has developed and administers a swine traceability system called PigTrace 

Canada to enhance epidemiological investigations during disease outbreaks affecting swine [44]. Under 

this system, swine producers have registered their premises and adopted a national slaughter tattoo 

numbering scheme that allows trace-back of market hogs to the last farm of residence before slaughter. 

The Canadian Pork Council has developed a national ear tag for breeding stock that is used to report the 

movement of individual breeding animals from premises to premises. A proposed amendment to the 

Health of Animals Regulations to mandate the swine traceability system was published in July 2012 [45]. 

Federal, provincial, and territorial agriculture ministers have also committed to phasing in a cohesive 

National Agriculture and Food Traceability System, beginning with livestock and poultry [43].

5.3.2 Animal movement

Movement of most animals within Canada does not require a permit, except for cervids [7]. The Health 

of Animals Regulations indicate that bovines moving from lower to higher brucellosis or tuberculosis 

status level areas must have a permit; however, the CFIA currently considers all of Canada free of both 

diseases, so no permits are necessary [13]. Commercial railway and motor companies must record 

animal movements across provincial or international borders, including the name and address of the 

shipper and receiver, and the number and description of the livestock or other animals transported [7]. 

In addition, every person conducting a public sale, auction, or market of livestock, cervids, poultry, or 

game birds must keep a record of each animal sold or received and the legal names and addresses of the 

consignor and purchaser. Records must be kept for a minimum of 2 years. 

Slaughterhouses, deadstock operators, and rendering plants are required to report the identification 

number of slaughtered cattle and bison or the receipt of their carcasses to the CCIA [43]. Similarly, 

producers are responsible for reporting the import and export of cattle, bison, and sheep. Under the 

Health of Animal Regulations, sheep producers must keep on-farm records for 5 years regarding sheep 

that are 18 months of age or older that have left the farm of origin and movement of sheep for breeding 

26
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

purposes [7]. In addition, Quebec regulations require that most cattle, sheep, and cervid movement be 

reported to ATQ [40, 46].

The national livestock traceability system tracks animals to the point of carcass inspection; all packing 

plants in Canada are responsible for reading the tags, transferring the information to the carcass, and 

maintaining that identity until carcass inspection [41, 43].

5.3.3 Premises identification

Provincial governments have taken the lead in premises identification [43]; for example, in Quebec each 

premises receives a unique 7-digit number and the geographic coordinates are recorded in a Ministry of 

Agriculture database [40].

5.3.4 Enforcement

The CFIA enforces cattle, bison, and sheep identification and movement reporting requirements, as well 

as federal captive cervid regulations and testing requirements [43]. CCIA provides information to the 

CFIA upon request if there is a health or safety concern. The CFIA is responsible for ensuring that the 

CCIA satisfies its regulatory obligations such as mandatory traceback and traceability. The CFIA therefore 

audits CCIA data protocols and performs on-farm audits at the cow-calf, feeder, auction market, and 

packing plant levels. Penalties for noncompliance include warning letters, fines ranging from CD 500 to 

CD 4000, and prosecution under the Health of Animals Act and Regulations [6, 7, 9].

5.4 Discussion

Traceability systems are effective tools that can be used for many things, including the protection of 

animal health, public health, and food safety. It is a critical component of FAD investigations and 

containment measures. Canada has implemented a mandatory identification program for cattle, bison, 

and sheep to enable tracing of animals from the herd of origin to carcass inspection or export. This is an 

industry-owned and -funded initiative; however, the auditing programs developed by the CFIA validate 

the authenticity and integrity of the program to a level that satisfies the requirements of international 

animal health regulatory bodies such as the OIE. 

Cervids must move under permit, which facilitates tracing of these animals if needed. 

6. Disease surveillance and reporting

6.1 Disease reporting

The requirements for reporting suspect FAD cases within Canada to the official veterinary services are 

discussed above (see Section 1.1). As a member of the OIE, Canada has agreed to observe the guidelines

and standards described in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code [1]. In the event of an FAD outbreak, 

Canada would advise the OIE upon confirmation of the isolation and identification of a virus described in 

the Code as a pathogenic agent, and implement contingency plans to control and/or eradicate the virus. 

27
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Canada has routinely reported LPNAI and HPNAI events to the OIE within 24 hours of confirmation [2]. In 

addition, APHIS and CFIA implemented a bilateral protocol in May 2007 for reporting of avian influenza

[47], to which each agency has adhered. 

6.2 Surveillance 

CFIA surveillance activities are supported by the Canadian Animal Health Surveillance Network (CAHSN), 

a collaboration of federal, provincial, and university animal health diagnostic laboratories [13, 48]. The 

network uses common protocols and reagents to promote interoperability between laboratories. 

CAHSN is led by the Director of the NCFAD. CAHSN laboratories collaborate with the Canadian Network

for Public Health Intelligence. This collaboration increases the ability to rapidly diagnose infectious 

diseases and diagnostic surge capacity. 

CFIA’s Terrestrial Animal Health Division leads the development of national and regional active 

surveillance programs for program diseases [13]. CFIA collaborated with provincial governments, poultry 

industry representatives, and poultry producers to develop programs such as the Canadian Notifiable 

Avian Influenza Surveillance System and Canada’s Inter-Agency Wild Bird Influenza Survey. CFIA does 

not typically conduct active surveillance for FADs that have not occurred in recent years, such as FMD 

(last occurrence in 1952 [2]). Passive surveillance, through reporting of suggestive clinical signs, is 

ongoing for all reportable diseases.

6.3 Discussion

The CFIA’s passive and active surveillance practices, including collaborative efforts with other 

governmental agencies, industry groups, and producers, support the ability to promptly detect an FAD 

incursion into Canada. Reporting to the international community and trading partners, including the 

United States, has historically been done in a timely manner.

7. Diagnostic laboratory support

7.1 Organizational structure

7.1.1 Federal level

The federal animal health laboratory system consists of 5 CFIA Centers for Expertise, each of which is the 

national center for its area of specialization [13]. CFIA laboratories provide testing for domestic disease 

control programs, for import and export certification, and for artificial insemination centers. The 

laboratories are located in 5 provinces across southern Canada, as shown in Figure 7.

The NCFAD is located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, and provides scientific expertise and advanced 

technologies for the prevention, detection, control, and reporting of FADs [13]. The NCFAD is ISO 17025 

certified and operates a biosafety level 4 laboratory. The NCFAD has diagnostic capabilities for many 

FADs including African swine fever, vesicular stomatitis, FMD, classical swine fever, and NAI. Diagnostic 

tests for FADs are conducted according to OIE guidelines [13, 49].

28
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Figure 7: Location of CFIA and Provincial animal health laboratories [13]

The NCFAD employs over 75 staff members in 7 units [13]. One of the NCFAD’s main responsibilities is to 

provide annual training in FAD recognition, pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Participants include CFIA field 

veterinarians, veterinary pathologists, and veterinary diagnosticians from provincial laboratories.

7.1.2 Provincial level

The provincial animal health laboratory system consists of 14 animal health laboratories located 

throughout southern and central Canada (see Figure 7) [13]. Most provincial laboratories are organized 

under a specific provincial government but some are part of a university and/or veterinary college (e.g., 

Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Prince Edward Island). There are also 13 private diagnostic laboratories that 

conduct official tests for accredited veterinarians, usually for brucellosis, bovine leukemia, equine 

infectious anemia, or Trichinella spiralis. CFIA acts as the accrediting body for non-federal laboratories 

that provide testing for animal diseases and/or test meat for export. 

7.2 Discussion

The laboratory network in Canada is well coordinated and capable of providing high-quality support for 

on-going surveillance activities, as well as prompt diagnostic services for disease detection. The 

expansion capacity is greater for NAI, bluetongue, and other diseases for which provincial and/or private 

laboratories at the provincial level have diagnostic capacity. Diagnostic capacity for other highly 

contagious FADs—such as FMD—could be overwhelmed in a large outbreak.

29
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

8. Conclusions

• The Canadian veterinary services have adequate capacity, supported by appropriate legislation, 

to exercise control over animal health matters in Canada. 

• The Canadian veterinary services have access to sufficient field and laboratory resources to have 

reliable knowledge of the state of animal health in the country. 

• Active and passive surveillance in Canada, in conjunction with a strong laboratory network, 

support the capacity to promptly detect an FAD incursion. 

• Canada has a functional animal disease reporting system which covers all agricultural regions of 

the country and all veterinary administrative control areas.

• Canada has sufficient resources and technical capability in disease surveillance and diagnosis to 

establish and maintain a zone for international trade purposes, in most instances. 

• A widespread, multi-focal, or rapidly progressing FAD outbreak may temporarily overwhelm 

CFIA resources and negatively impact its ability to contain the disease agent through zoning.

• Contingency planning for animal health emergencies is supported at all levels of government as 

well as by key industry groups, promoting a cohesive response effort. 

• Canada’s emergency response structure follows internationally-recognized ICS principles. The 

roles, responsibilities, and contributions of the various entities within the ICS are well defined. 

• Mandatory identification program for cattle, bison, and sheep enhance traceability of these 

species during an animal health emergency. 

30
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Part 2—Procedures for zoning and maintaining zone integrity

Part 2 focuses on the actions that would occur in Canada in response to an FAD outbreak, from initial 

suspicion to resumption of normal operations. This includes the zoning procedures and principles 

applied to differentiate the disease status of the affected zone from the rest of the country (free zone). 

The zoning strategy, along with the basic phases and procedures of the emergency response, are 

described in the CFIA’s Animal Health Functional Plan [29] and Emergency Response Plan [30], with 

disease-specific details provided in the Hazard Specific Plans [50, 51].

1. Zoning strategy

The basic CFIA strategy is to establish an area of control that contains the disease outbreak [30, 50-52].

The area of control is defined in the Health of Animals Act and consists of a Primary Control Zone and, in 

some instances, a Secondary Control Zone.2

The Primary Control Zone consists of three zones: an Infected Zone, a Restricted Zone, and a Security 

Zone (see Figure 8) [30, 50-52]. All are scalable areas and the CFIA can modify or redefine the 

boundaries as the outbreak progresses. The Infected Zone is the focus of control efforts and 

encompasses all known infected premises, with an outer perimeter extended at least 3 km beyond. The 

Restricted Zone surrounds the Infected Zone and has an outer perimeter at least 10 km from any known 

infected premises. The Security Zone consists of the area between the outer perimeter of the Restricted 

Zone and the edge of the Primary Control Zone, with no restrictions on size. If vaccination occurs, the 

CFIA would establish one or more Vaccination Zones within the Restricted Zone. 

The size of a Primary Control Zone is scalable depending on the risk posed by the disease agent and the 

circumstances of the outbreak. CFIA would consider factors such as administrative and jurisdictional 

boundaries, natural and manmade barriers, disease epidemiology, meteorological factors, livestock 

movement patterns, continuity of business operations, and characteristics of infected and contact 

premises [50]. The boundaries of a Primary Control Zone are usually easily identifiable political or 

geographical boundaries. 

It is CFIA policy to establish a Primary Control Zone as large as would be reasonably expected for the 

duration of the outbreak, so that any subsequent changes would only reduce the size. The zone would

ideally encompass all aspects of the production chain for susceptible species, from feed supply to 

slaughter or rendering. Canada can reduce or enlarge a Primary Control Zone through a Ministerial 

2 Canada amended Article 27 of the Health of Animals Act in 2012 to redefine the area of control. Previously 

termed the Control Area, the Act now contains provisions for Primary and Secondary Control Zones as described in 

this document. CFIA is revising their contingency plans to reflect the new definitions. CFIA is updating the HSPs to 

reflect the new terminology.

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

revocation and a new declaration, and may establish more than one Primary Control Zone if outbreaks 

occur in geographically distinct areas of the country.

Figure 8: CFIA zone structure

The territory outside of a Primary Control Zone is typically considered the Free Zone. However, CFIA may 

impose a Secondary Control Zone to act as a buffer between the Primary Control Zone and the Free 

Zone, if it was believed that there was the possibility of the disease moving outside of the Primary 

Control Zone, or if required by international trading partners [50]. An infected premises found in the 

Free Zone or the Secondary Control Zone would result in the whole of that zone losing its free status.

The Primary Control Zone and the Secondary Control Zone, if established, are collectively termed the 

Control Zone throughout the remainder of this document. 

2. Emergency response phases

The CFIA describes 5 distinct phases of emergency response: Suspect Phase, Investigation Phase, 

Activation (Decision) Phase, Action Phase, and Demobilization and Recover Phase [30]. 

2.1 Suspect Phase

The suspect phase starts with notification of a suspect FAD case to the CFIA and includes pre-planning 

for an on-site field investigation. CFIA does not typically employ official quarantine or zoning during the 

suspect phase except if the herd or flock is experiencing high mortality. 

2.1.1 Triggers

A CFIA field investigation is triggered upon notification of a suspect FAD case by an abattoir, laboratory, 

producer, private veterinarian, or other entity; if a FAD is suspected upon routine inspection; or if 

notified of an FAD by a foreign government (imported animals). CFIA may also launch an investigation as 

part of the response to a national emergency (e.g., natural disasters) or due to a reported, suspected, or 

32
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

heightened threat of bioterrorism. A field investigation starts the process that may result in declaration 

of an FAD emergency.

2.1.2 Field investigation

A field investigation team, consisting of the DV and other personnel as required, conducts the initial 

investigation. The DV fills out a pre-visit report or species-specific questionnaire with preliminary 

information such as name, location, species affected, and clinical signs of disease. The DV notifies 

designated Region and Area officials that a field investigation is being initiated. The goal is for the field 

team to be headed to the potentially affected premises within 1 hour of notification.

If the notification involves an abattoir with federal inspection, the CFIA VIC performs the duties of the 

DV and conducts the initial investigation. If necessary, the assistance of the DV is requested.

2.2 Investigation Phase

The investigation phase encompasses examination of the suspect animals and premises, collection and 

submission of appropriate samples, and an epidemiological investigation. CFIA does not typically employ 

zoning during the investigation phase; however, an official quarantine is placed on the premises based 

on the risk decision. 

2.2.1 Epidemiological and clinical investigations

After the field investigation team arrives at the suspect premises, a CFIA veterinarian interviews the 

owner, examines the animals, and conducts post-mortem examinations as necessary. The veterinarian 

completes a premises investigation questionnaire with detailed information about the premises, 

animals, people, suppliers, services, and movements. The DV reports the findings of the on-farm 

investigation to designated Region and Area officials. Based on clinical signs and the findings of the 

initial epidemiological investigation, the situation is determined to be no risk, low risk, or high risk for an 

FAD. This risk decision determines sample submission priority. 

2.2.2 Sampling

Sample collection and submission occurs in accordance with the Common Procedures Manual [53].

2.2.3 Diagnosis

If the DV/VIC determines that the situation is no risk, an FAD is ruled out and no samples are submitted. 

In a low-risk or high-risk situation, an FAD either cannot be ruled out or is a definite possibility. 

A low-risk investigation requires that confirmatory negative samples be submitted, which are tested 

during normal laboratory working hours. The on-site CFIA veterinarian completes a generic specimen 

submission form and submits it to a pre-planned distribution list that includes designated Region and 

Area officials, the Laboratory Diagnostic Coordinator, and others as needed. 

In a high-risk investigation, samples are submitted and tested 7 days a week. The on-site veterinarian 

collects and prepares specimens for shipment to the diagnostic laboratory, completes a specimen 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

submission form for high-risk samples, and submits it to a pre-planned distribution list for high-risk 

situations (including National level). After submitting the samples, the veterinarian finalizes the 

premises investigation questionnaire and sends it to the Area office for distribution. 

Depending on the disease, samples are submitted directly to the NCFAD or—as in the case of avian 

influenza—to NCFAD and a participating network laboratory. When non-negative results are obtained 

by a network laboratory, samples are forwarded to the NCFAD for confirmatory testing. The NCFAD may 

request that the on-site CFIA veterinarian submit additional samples for confirmatory testing.

2.2.4 Movement controls

The DV/VIC may elect to officially quarantine a premises by declaring it to be an Infected Place, with or 

without consultation with the Area office. The Infected Place declaration results in movement 

restrictions on animals, animal products, persons, vehicles, and other items that could act as fomites to 

spread the disease.3

2.3 Activation (Decision) Phase

The activation phase focuses on events at the national level that lead to a declaration of emergency by 

the President and Senior Management Committee of the CFIA. This is an essential step prior to 

declaration of a Control Zone by the Minister. Although no zoning decisions are made at the national

level during this phase, the CFIA may enact circumferential movement restrictions as described below. 

2.3.1 Decision to activate

The CFIA at the national level determines if the situation is to be declared an emergency, defined as “an 

abnormal situation which, to limit damage to persons, property, or the environment, requires prompt 

action beyond normal procedures.” A declaration of emergency by the President of the CFIA 

automatically triggers mobilization of ERTs at various levels and the activation of the ICS. 

However, in high-risk situations, the DV/VIC may elect to mobilize a Field ERT and begin depopulation, 

even prior to laboratory confirmation of an FAD. Similarly, the Area office may have mobilized Area and 

Regional ERTs and further implemented the ICS, prior to a declaration of emergency.

2.3.2 Reporting

The NCFAD informs the network laboratory and the CFIA officials at the national level of confirmed 

positive laboratory results, which are then communicated to the Areas, Regions, Field (Districts), 

3 Infected Place is a Canadian legal term for a premises or place that has been declared an Infected Place by a CFIA 

Inspector under Section 22 and 23 of the Health of Animals Act and consequent restrictions have been imposed by 

the Act limiting the movement of animals, animal products, by-products, and things. A distinction may be made by 

stating “suspect Infected Place” versus “positive Infected Place” as indicated in the AHFP. All premises in an IZ are 

considered suspect Infected Places unless or until confirmed infected, or zone restrictions are lifted.

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Provincial Veterinarian (FADES plan contact), and industry. The OIE Delegate and the Office of the CVO 

notifies the international community of confirmed FAD outbreaks. In addition, Canada and the United 

States notify each other of any and all confirmations of NAI [47]. 

2.3.3 Movement controls

The Area Incident Command may implement movement controls on any premises within a 5-kilometer 

radius of a suspected infected premises, in accordance with the Health of Animals Act [6]. In such cases, 

CFIA officials must deliver individual premises quarantine notices as appropriate.

2.4 Action Phase

Following the CFIA President’s declaration of emergency, the National ERT determines appropriate 

boundaries for the Control Zone and communicates this information to the Minister of AAFC. The 

Minister of AAFC establishes the Control Zone through a Ministerial Declaration, in accordance with the 

Health of Animals Act. The Area ERTs subsequently establish Infected, Restricted, and Security Zones.

The Field ERTs carry out control measures on affected premises, including quarantine and movement 

control, biosecurity and biocontainment, vector and wildlife control, destruction and disposal of 

susceptible species, decontamination of vehicles and other fomites, and premises cleaning and 

disinfection. These measures are described in detail in the Hazard Specific Plans. 

Canada follows a stamping-out policy for all FADs; however, CFIA would consider emergency vaccination 

depending on the particular circumstances of the outbreak. This could include ring vaccination outside 

an Infected Zone, suppressive vaccination of high-risk herds or flocks, or genetic preservation by 

vaccination. Scenario trees to guide vaccination decisions for diseases such as NAI and FMD are laid out 

in the Hazard Specific Plans [50, 51]. 

CFIA procedures for epidemiological investigations and tracing, movement controls, and surveillance 

during an outbreak are discussed in detail below, as these elements are particularly critical to the ability 

to establish and maintain a distinct and effective Control Zone. The claim to disease freedom in the Free 

Zone is largely substantiated by demonstrating through epidemiological investigation and movement 

tracing that the outbreak is contained within the Control Zone. Control of movement is essential to 

contain the outbreak and ensure the integrity of the zone boundaries. Active and passive surveillance 

enables facilitates disease detection and supports the claim of disease freedom in the Free Zone and, 

ultimately, within the Control Zone.

2.4.1 Epidemiological investigation and tracing

The CFIA conducts tracing investigations to determine the possible source and spread of infection, 

including both trace-ins and trace-outs during the critical period. The CFIA follows OIE guidelines in 

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

determining the critical period—usually 1 maximum incubation period4

—for tracing investigations [50, 

51]. For example, the OIE Code states that, for trade purposes, avian influenza has an incubation period 

of 21 days [1]. The NAI Hazard Specific Plan therefore calls for trace-in and trace-out investigations for 

the 21 days preceding the onset of clinical signs of avian influenza [51]. Similarly, the critical period for 

FMD tracing is 14 days for cattle and swine, and 21 days for sheep and goats [50]. The CFIA may 

lengthen the critical period based on field determination with consideration for the species present, 

their propensity for clinical expression, and other concerns [50, 51].

The epidemiological investigation typically starts with an initial questionnaire completed by the field 

investigation team, which forms the basis for tracing investigations to determine the possible source or 

spread of infection. Trace-out investigations include susceptible animals and their products, animal 

conveyances, feed trucks, cars, materials such as bedding and grains, and human traffic, particularly 

people in the animal service industries (e.g., veterinarians, artificial inseminators, sales and feed 

representatives, trades people, and visitors). During the 2007 HPNAI outbreak in Saskatchewan, the CFIA 

undertook tracing of all poultry, poultry products and things exposed to poultry or poultry products into 

or out of the infected premises during the 21-day critical period. This included review of farm 

biosecurity protocols and tracing of movement of farm personnel, vaccination crews, feed providers, 

poultry extension personnel, and other entities. 

Potential source premises (trace-ins) are declared Infected Places and susceptible livestock inspected for 

clinical signs. If clinical signs are detected in a trace-in or trace-out herd, eradication activities start as 

soon as possible. If clinical signs are absent, the premises is quarantined and intensively monitored using 

clinical examinations and testing for at least one critical period.

2.4.2 Movement controls

As noted above, movement controls start with quarantine of a single suspect premises. Prior to 

declaration of a Control Zone, the CFIA may declare as infected other premises within a 5-kilometer 

radius of a suspected infected premises by delivering individual premises quarantine notices. Once a 

Control Zone is established, all susceptible animals, animal products, animal by-products, and any other 

related items within the zone are subject to CFIA movement controls. The one exception is FMD, where 

confirmation of the disease agent would initially result in a nationwide livestock standstill order [50].

The CFIA uses risk assessment to guide movement control decisions and regulates movement via a 

permit system [50, 51]. Factors considered in the assessment of risk include the innate ability of a 

particular commodity to contain, sustain, and transmit the FAD agent; the origin and destination of the 

commodity; the direction of movement; the effectiveness of treatment (if any); and the fate of the 

4 Maximum incubation period: the longest known or assumed period that elapses between the introduction of a 

pathogen into a susceptible animal the occurrence of the first clinical signs of the disease.

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

commodity once moved. Surveillance requirements prior to movement are based on the maximum 

incubation period of the FAD agent. 

CFIA contingency plans contain both general and disease-specific guidelines for movement of 

susceptible animals and animal products into, within, and out of a Control Zone [50, 51]. Zone 

classification—the internal zone in which a premises is located—is the primary guide in the CFIA 

movement control schemes. Movement control decisions are additionally informed by the situation on 

the ground.

The CFIA places signage along the boundaries of the Control Zone and internal zones, establishes

movement control checkpoints at areas such as weigh scales and toll booths, and conducts movement 

monitoring and on-site compliance investigations throughout the Control Zone. The CFIA may require 

cleaning and disinfection of all vehicles leaving the Infected Zone or Control Zone, depending on the risk 

and volume of traffic. 

2.4.3 Surveillance

Surveillance for disease detection

The CFIA contingency plans include both general and hazard-specific surveillance plans and objectives 

that can be tailored to address specific situations [50, 51]. Surveillance is accomplished through clinical 

inspection, targeted sampling, sentinel animals, random sampling, information from slaughterhouse 

samples, first point testing, and passive surveillance from the public and veterinarians. It is ongoing 

throughout the outbreak, although the emphasis changes from finding infected animals to 

demonstrating that no infected animals or premises are present. The intensity of surveillance reflects 

the zone designation and the premises designation, as well as the type of operation.

The CFIA directs initial surveillance testing at premises in close proximity to the affected premises, as 

well as premises that have had significant contact with the infected herd or flock through movement of 

animals, people, things, or equipment. Diagnostic teams investigate reports of disease received from the 

public and conduct inspections of premises identified to be at high risk by the Field Epidemiology and 

Tracing Unit. Surveillance activities on other premises are carried out by veterinarians who have not 

knowingly been exposed to the disease agent.

Within the Infected Zone, all premises with susceptible animals are subjected to surveillance testing and 

evaluation of the biosecurity and biocontainment measures in place. Premises are then monitored 

weekly or twice weekly throughout the outbreak response, through clinical examination or telephone 

contact with experienced producers who have extensive contact with their animals. Surveillance also 

occurs through examination and sampling of dead animals—i.e., routine testing of mortality from 

potentially exposed herds or flocks—and investigations of premises reporting sick animals by a trained 

FAD diagnostician (sick calls). Surveillance activities include pre-movement testing—prior to a scheduled 

movement of susceptible animals to slaughter—and testing of significant contact herds or flocks that are 

37
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

to be preemptively destroyed. Surveillance continues until completion of cleaning and disinfection of 

the last known infected premises in the zone.

Surveillance in the Restricted Zone includes monitoring of quarantined and high-risk premises similar to 

Infected Zone surveillance. A CFIA veterinarian must conduct a whole-herd clinical inspection before 

issuing a movement permit. Any suspicions reported by private practitioners, owners, or others are 

treated as sick calls and responded to by a trained FAD diagnostician. Sampling of susceptible animals on 

these premises occurs as described above.

If vaccination occurs, vaccination teams perform clinical inspection of all animals before vaccinating and 

conduct serological surveys within herds as required for epidemiological investigations. Any suspicions 

are treated as sick calls.

Surveillance in the Free Zone

Surveillance in the Security and Free Zones consists primarily of passive surveillance through public 

education and outreach, investigative testing of dead animals (susceptible species), sick calls by a 

trained FAD diagnostician, and targeted serological surveys. Cases presented to veterinary diagnostic 

laboratories with undetermined etiology may be tested serologically. An active surveillance program 

exists for NAI, the Canadian Notifiable Avian Influenza Surveillance System (CanNAISS) [48].

Surveillance for proof of freedom

Canada abides by OIE standards for member countries described in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code

[1, 13, 50, 51]. The Code provides general guidelines on surveillance as well as disease-specific strategies 

for recovery of free status following an outbreak. The surveillance guidelines include recommended 

design prevalence and confidence and are based on regular clinical, pathological, virological, and/or 

serological examination of the susceptible population. Individual member countries are responsible for 

proving to trading partners that the affected zone meets the criteria for free status. 

2.5 Demobilization and Recovery Phase

2.5.1 Release of quarantine

The CFIA maintains measures in place in the zones within the Control Zone until a minimum prescribed 

time period—typically at least one critical period—has elapsed after the cleaning and disinfection of all 

confirmed infected premises. A subgroup within the ICS is responsible for quarantine of affected 

premises, compliance monitoring, and quarantine release throughout the outbreak response. Criteria 

for quarantine release are developed at the national level [30].

Infected premises must be left vacant for a prescribed period of time after cleaning and disinfection. 

Restocked animals undergo clinical and serological surveillances. Sentinel animals are used where 

appropriate. If there is no evidence of the FAD after a defined period, a CFIA veterinarian may release 

the declaration of Infected Place and full restocking can occur. Premises not intending to restock may be 

38
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

released from declared Infected Place status after a prescribed—typically longer—period of time has 

passed.

2.5.2 Waiting period

In addition to the surveillance described in Section 2.4, Canada intends to abide by disease-specific 

waiting periods for recovery of free status prescribed by the OIE [1, 13, 50, 51]. These waiting periods 

reflect the epidemiological characteristics of the disease agent and are typically 3-6 months, depending 

on whether stamping out occurred or vaccination was used. A country can regain free status after the 

waiting period, provided that it has carried out appropriate surveillance during that time period with 

negative results.

2.5.3 Demobilization

The Control Zone may be modified (reduced) by Ministerial declaration as the outbreak is eradicated, or 

lifted without modification. The President of the CFIA decides when to demobilize the ERTs.

3. Conclusions

• Zoning is a primary component of the Canadian national strategy for control and eradication of 

an FAD outbreak; the CFIA would respond to an FAD outbreak by rapidly implementing 

movement controls to limit further disease spread and establishing a Control Zone.

• The extent of the Control Zone and its geographical limits would be based on natural, artificial 

and/or legal boundaries, and made public through official channels.

• The veterinary services would apply a stamping out policy aimed at eradicating the FAD; 

vaccination would be considered on an as-needed basis. 

• In accordance with existing contingency plans, and as demonstrated during recent FAD

outbreaks, the CFIA would take action to: 

• Ensure appropriate standstill of movement of animals and other commodities upon 

notification of suspicion of an FAD outbreak;

• Conduct an epidemiological investigation (trace-back, trace-forward) to identify the likely 

source of the outbreak and the extent of the spread of infection;

• Demonstrate that the outbreak is contained within the Control Zone through 

epidemiological investigation and surveillance—both within the Control Zone and in the rest 

of the country—after confirmation of infection;

• Conduct ongoing and statistically-valid surveillance within the Control Zone for the purposes 

of disease detection and, ultimately, proof of freedom;

• Increase active and passive surveillance for the disease agent in the rest of the country 

(outside of the Control Zone);

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

• Regulate the movement of animals and other commodities so as to maintain the integrity of 

the Infected and Control Zones and epidemiological separation from animal populations in 

the Free Zone;

• Identify and differentiate between animals and commodities originating from within and 

outside of the Control Zone, via a permit system;

• Abide by internationally-accepted waiting periods for recovery of disease-free status.

Risk estimate

APHIS concludes that, in the event of a limited FAD outbreak, the Canadian veterinary services have

sufficient legal authority, organization, and infrastructure to establish and maintain an effective disease 

control zone. A widespread, multi-focal, or rapidly progressing FAD outbreak may temporarily 

overwhelm CFIA resources and negatively impact its ability to contain the disease agent through zoning. 

CFIA measures for containing an FAD outbreak within the control zone—including animal movement 

control, epidemiological investigation and tracing, a stamping out policy, biosecurity measures, 

surveillance, and laboratory diagnostics—are designed to ensure the integrity of the zone and protect 

the animal health status in a disease-free zone, in accordance with international standards. For the 

purposes of international trade, the Canadian veterinary services would be able to provide accurate and 

valid certification that animals and animal products originate from outside of the control zone. 

40
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

Annex 1: Reportable diseases

Reportable diseases

The Reportable Diseases Regulations require animal owners, animal caretakers, veterinarians, and 

laboratories to immediately report to a CFIA District Veterinarian the presence of an animal that is 

contaminated or suspected of being contaminated with one of the disease in Table A-1 [54].

Table A-1: Reportable diseases in Canada

African swine fever Hog cholera (classical swine fever)

Anaplasmosis Lumpy skin disease

Anthrax Newcastle disease

Bluetongue Peste des petits ruminants

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease)

Bovine tuberculosis (M. Bovis) Pullorum disease (S. Pullorum)

Brucellosis Rabies

Chronic wasting disease of cervids Rift Valley fever

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Rinderpest

Contagious equine metritis Scrapie

Cysticercosis Sheep and goat pox

Equine infectious anemia Swine vesicular disease

Equine piroplasmosis (B. Equi and B. Caballi) Trichinellosis

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis

Fowl typhoid (Salmonella gallinarum) Vesicular stomatitis

Highly pathogenic avian influenza

Immediately notifiable diseases

Immediately notifiable diseases are listed in the Health of Animals Regulations (Schedule VII) [7]. In 

general, they are disease exotic to Canada for which a response policy is developed with other 

stakeholders, if a response is considered appropriate. This category also includes some rare indigenous 

diseases. Only laboratories are required to contact the CFIA regarding the suspicion or diagnosis of an 

immediately notifiable disease.

Annually notifiable diseases

Annually notifiable diseases are listed in the Health of Animals Regulations (Schedule VIII) [7]. These are 

disease for which Canada must submit an annual report to the OIE indicating their presence in Canada. 

All veterinary laboratories are required to comment on Canada’s report to the OIE. In general, annually 

notifiable diseases are present in Canada but are not classified as reportable or immediately notifiable.

41
APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

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APHIS evaluation of zoning for FAD control in Canada

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