*

 The Honorable Karl S. Forester, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky, sitting by

designation

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206

File Name: 07a0275p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

MING LIOU,

Defendant-Appellant.

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No. 06-4405

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.

No. 06-00150—James L. Graham, District Judge.

Submitted: July 18, 2007

Decided and Filed: July 20, 2007 

Before: MOORE and GILMAN, Circuit Judges; FORESTER, District Judge.*

_________________

COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Richard A. Cline, RICHARD CLINE & CO., LLC, Columbus, Ohio, David C. Young,

SUNBURY & YOUNG, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Douglas W. Squires, UNITED STATES

ATTORNEY, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee.

_________________

OPINION _________________

KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Ming Liou appeals the twelve-month sentence

imposed after he pleaded guilty to a single count of bribing a public official, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 201(b)(1)(A). In light of the United States Supreme Court’s recent decision in Rita v.

United States, --- U.S. ----, 127 S. Ct. 2456 (2007), we AFFIRM the district court’s sentence.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Liou was the owner and operator of Beta Electronics, Inc. (“Beta”). Beta sold electronics,

(primarily, laser pointers and USB fast drives), and Liou operated the company from his home. The

IRS assigned Agent Beth Cox to audit Beta’s 2003 income tax return, as well as the 2003 personal

income tax return of Liou and his wife.

1
No. 06-4405 United States v. Liou Page 2

1

 The district court noted that the additional day was favorable to Liou because it “g[ave] the defendant the

opportunity to have some reduction in his sentence by virtue of good behavior in the institution.” J.A. at 92 (Sentencing

Hr’g Tr. at 10).

On July 11, 2005, during a meeting with Cox, Liou offered her a designer handbag as a gift,

claiming it was worth $400. Cox declined. In the same meeting, Liou divulged that he would have

to pay his accountant $5000 to handle the audit, but said that he would rather pay the $5000 to Cox

if she would expedite the audit and “not be too hard on him.” Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 77 (Plea

Hr’g Tr. at 20). Cox did not accept or reject the offer. After the meeting, however, she did relay

this conversation to her superiors.

The following day, Cox made an electronically monitored telephone call to Liou to schedule

their next meeting. Liou referred to the $5000 offer and asked Cox to let him know whether she was

willing to accept it. On July 25, 2005, Cox made another electronically monitored phone call to

confirm with Liou that they would meet the next day. During this conversation, Liou stated, “You

know the one thing you say you would get back to me, I have it prepared.” J.A. at 77 (Plea Hr’g Tr.

at 20). Cox understood that Liou was referring to the $5000.

On July 26, 2005, Cox wore a wire to her meeting with Liou at his home, which was also his

place of business. Liou gave Cox the $5000 in cash and the designer purse. He asked that she

terminate the audit quickly and favorably to him, that she not let anyone else know that she had

given him a break, and that she not deposit the cash in the bank.

On June 26, 2006, the government filed an Information charging Liou with one count of

bribing a public official in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 201(b)(1)(A). On July 13, 2006, Liou pleaded

guilty.

A U.S. Probation Officer prepared a Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) for Liou. The

PSR revealed that Liou was fifty years old, had no prior criminal history, and was the sole source

of support for his wife and twenty-one-year-old son. The PSR calculated Liou’s total offense level

to be 12, and his criminal history to be category I; the Guidelines called for a sentence of ten to

sixteen months. On October 5, 2006, Liou filed a Sentencing Memorandum. Liou objected to the

PSR, arguing that his offense was the result of aberrant behavior, and accordingly he should receive

a downward departure under Guideline § 5K2.20. Separately from this objection, Liou argued that

home confinement would be a “reasonable sentence” to accomplish the sentencing goals listed at

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). In support of this argument, Liou noted, among other things, that (1) if he were

to go to prison, his business would fail, and (2) his wife was completely dependent upon him, could

not speak English, and would have to return to Taiwan. These problems were exacerbated by his

son Alan’s young age and history of mental disorders, which prevented Alan from caring for his

mother or the business in Liou’s absence.

The district court held a sentencing hearing on October 12, 2006, and rejected Liou’s request

for a downward departure based on aberrant behavior. Additionally, after listing the § 3553(a)

sentencing factors, the district court concluded that the most important factors were “the need for

the sentence to reflect the seriousness of the offense and to promote respect for the law.” J.A. at 90

(Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 8). The district court concluded that the sentence must “be sufficient to

deter other individuals who may be similarly situated,” J.A. at 91 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 9), and

more specifically that such a sentence must “include[] a significant term of incarceration,” J.A. at

92 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 10). Consequently, the district court sentenced Liou to twelve months

and one day of incarceration.1

 Noting Liou’s family and business obligations, the district court

permitted him to self-report within sixty days of the sentencing hearing.

Liou timely filed a notice of appeal on October 19, 2006.
No. 06-4405 United States v. Liou Page 3

2

 We have made clear that this presumption does not affect our consideration of procedural reasonableness.

See, e.g., United States v. Cage, 458 F.3d 537, 541 (6th Cir. 2006) (noting that the presumption can be “rebutted in a

case in which the record fails to reflect that the district court considered the requisite factors in imposing sentence”);

Richardson, 437 F.3d at 554 (“This rebuttable presumption does not relieve the sentencing court of its obligation to

explain to the parties and the reviewing court its reasons for imposing a particular sentence.”); United States v. Foreman,

II. ANALYSIS

On appeal, Liou argues that the district court erred by (1) failing to discuss explicitly his

familial circumstances, and (2) imposing a sentence that included jail time. (Liou concedes that the

district court aptly addressed his request for a downward departure under Guideline § 5K2.20, and

does not appeal the district court’s rejection of this request.) Liou requests that the district court’s

sentence be vacated and that he be resentenced.

A. Standard of Review

After Liou appealed, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Rita. To determine the

appropriate standard of review in this case, we must first consider the effect of Rita.

1. Our Post-Booker Jurisprudence

In United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), the Supreme Court “transformed the

Sentencing Guidelines from a mandatory scheme to an advisory resource.” United States v.

Richardson, 437 F.3d 550, 553 (6th Cir. 2006). The Court further held that in reviewing a district

court’s sentence, we are to apply “a practical standard of review . . . familiar to appellate courts:

review for ‘unreasonable[ness].’” Booker, 543 U.S. at 261 (alteration in original). In our postBooker jurisprudence we determined that “[r]easonableness has both substantive and procedural

components.” United States v. Jones, --- F.3d ----, No. 06-5551, 2007 WL 1595540, *5 (6th Cir.

June 5, 2007).

As to procedural reasonableness, we have held that “[a] sentence may be procedurally

unreasonable if the district judge fails to consider the applicable Guidelines range or neglects to

consider the other factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and instead simply selects what the judge

deems an appropriate sentence without such required consideration.” Id. (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted). Additionally, we have suggested that when “a defendant raises a

particular argument in seeking a lower sentence, the record must reflect both that the district judge

considered the defendant’s argument and that the judge explained the basis for rejecting it.” Id.

(quoting Richardson, 437 F.3d at 554).

In considering substantive reasonableness, we have held that “[a] sentence may [be]

substantively unreasonable where the district court ‘select[s] the sentence arbitrarily, bas[es] the

sentence on impermissible factors, fail[s] to consider pertinent § 3553(a) factors, or giv[es] an

unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.’” Id. at *6 (quoting United States v.

Ferguson, 456 F.3d 660, 664 (6th Cir. 2006)) (second through fifth alterations in original).

Although we have noted that the border between factors properly considered “substantive” and those

properly considered “procedural” is blurry if not porous, see id. at *6 n.3, our post-Booker

jurisprudence requires us to consider each of these factors in determining whether a sentence is

reasonable.

Further, with regard to the substantive reasonableness inquiry, we have applied a “rebuttable

presumption of reasonableness” to sentences falling within the applicable Guidelines range. United

States v. Williams, 436 F.3d 706, 708 (6th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, --- U.S. ---, 74 U.S.L.W. 3707

(June 29, 2007).2

 However, we have also rejected the notions that a within-Guidelines sentence is
No. 06-4405 United States v. Liou Page 4

436 F.3d 638, 644 (6th Cir. 2006) (noting that the presumption does not render a sentence reasonable when “there is no

evidence that the district court followed its statutory mandate”).

“per-se reasonable,” Richardson, 437 F.3d at 554 n.2 (quoting Webb, 403 F.3d at 385 n.9), and that

a sentence falling outside the Guidelines range is presumptively unreasonable, Ferguson, 456 F.3d

at 664-65. Some of our precedents might be read to indicate that the presumption of reasonableness

implies an enhanced burden on the party challenging the district court’s sentence. See, e.g., United

States v. Shoup, 188 F. App’x 418, 425 (6th Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (“Ultimately, Shoup has failed

to overcome the rebuttable presumption of reasonableness that we must apply to this case.”); United

States v. Crenshaw, 182 F. App’x 440, 442 (6th Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (“Crenshaw has not

pointed to anything which overcomes th[e] presumption [of reasonableness] here.”). We have not,

however, clearly identified the contours of this presumption or its ultimate effect.

Other circuits disagreed with our holding in Williams and held that a sentence falling within

the applicable Guidelines range is not entitled to a presumption of reasonableness. See Rita, 127 S.

Ct. at 2462 (citing United States v. Jimenez-Beltre, 440 F.3d 514, 518 (1st Cir. 2006) (en banc), cert.

denied, 127 S. Ct. 928 (2007); United States v. Fernandez, 443 F.3d 19, 27 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 127 S. Ct. 192 (2006); United States v. Cooper, 437 F.3d 324, 331-32 (3d Cir. 2006); United States

v. Talley, 431 F.3d 784, 788 (11th Cir. 2005)). The Supreme Court granted certiorari in Rita “to

decide whether a circuit court may afford a ‘presumption of reasonableness’ to a ‘within Guidelines’

sentence.” Id.

2. The Supreme Court’s Decision in Rita

In Rita, the Supreme Court held that “the law permits the courts of appeals to use th[e]

presumption” of reasonableness when addressing within-Guidelines sentences. Id. at 2459. On this

point, Rita does little to disturb our post-Booker jurisprudence. It does, however, clarify various

aspects.

First, Rita clarifies that “appellate ‘reasonableness’ review merely asks whether the trial

court abused its discretion.” Id. at 2465. This does not mean, however, that we import the abuse-ofdiscretion standard from other contexts. To the contrary, Booker merely gives the district courts

discretion in sentencing, in accordance with the § 3553(a) factors, and reasonableness review is the

manner in which the courts of appeals review sentences to determine if the sentencing courts abused

that discretion. See id.; Booker, 543 U.S. at 261-62.

Second, Rita reinforces our conclusion that reasonableness review requires us to inquire into

both “the length of the sentence” and “the factors evaluated and the procedures employed by the

district court in reaching its sentencing determination.” United States v. Webb, 403 F.3d 373, 383

(6th Cir. 2005). Emphasizing that “[j]udicial decisions are reasoned decisions,” Rita exhorts the

sentencing judge to satisfy the procedural requirement of “set[ting] forth enough to satisfy the

appellate court that he has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for exercising

his own legal decisionmaking authority.” Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2468. The amount of reasoning

required varies according to context. Rita indicates that when a sentencing judge concurs with the

Sentencing Commission’s conclusion that a within-Guidelines sentence is appropriate for a given

defendant, the explanation for the sentence generally need not be lengthy. Id. “Whe[n] the

defendant or prosecutor presents nonfrivolous reasons for imposing a different sentence, however,

the judge will normally go further and explain why he has rejected those arguments.” Id.

Third, Rita demands that any “presumption” of substantive reasonableness is not a

“presumption” as generally defined. Id. at 2463. Black’s Law Dictionary notes, “Most

presumptions are rules of evidence calling for a certain result in a given case unless the adversely

affected party overcomes it with other evidence. A presumption shifts the burden of production or
No. 06-4405 United States v. Liou Page 5

3

 In our first sentencing decision after Rita, we stated that, because the defendant was sentenced within the

applicable Guidelines range, it was “incumbent upon [the defendant] to establish that his sentence was unreasonable.”

United States v. Crowell, --- F.3d ----, 2007 WL 1814333, at *6 (6th Cir. June 26, 2007) (citing Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2462-

63). Our statement in Crowell should not be read to require a party challenging a within-Guidelines sentence to bear

a burden higher than that established by Rita. See Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2463 (stating that the allowable presumption of

reasonableness “does not . . . insist that one side, or the other, shoulder a particular burden of persuasion or proof lest

they lose their case”); id. at 2465 (noting that the presumption of reasonableness does not have “independent legal

effect”). When the appellant challenges a within-Guidelines sentence, it must, of course, present persuasive arguments

that the district court erred in its sentencing determination, just as any burden-bearing appellant must. We understand

Crowell to highlight this point.

4

 We note that some of our pre-Rita precedents—Jones and Richardson in particular—might be read to require

district judges to recite and analyze explicitly each argument, whether frivolous or non-frivolous, that a defendant even

arguably raises in support of a lower sentence. We do not read our precedents so robustly. See United States v. McGee, --- F.3d ----, 2007 WL 1989017, at *6 (6th Cir. July 11, 2007) (noting that, notwithstanding Richardson, the district court

need not address an argument lacking factual support). Further, we recognize that Rita contravenes such a strong

technical requirement.

Rita does, however, instruct district courts to “set forth enough [reasoning] to satisfy the appellate court.” Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2468. Accordingly, while a district court's failure to address each argument head-on will not lead to

automatic vacatur, we will vacate a sentence if the “context and the record” do not “make clear” the court’s reasoning.

Id. at 2469. And, of course, a thorough explanation is the most reliable way for a district court to make clear its reasons

supporting a given sentence.

persuasion to the opposing party, who can then attempt to overcome the presumption.” BLACK’S

LAW DICTIONARY 1203 (Brian A. Garner, ed., 7th ed. 1999); see also id. at 1205 (defining

“rebuttable presumption” as “[a]n inference drawn from certain facts that establish a prima facie

case, which may be overcome by the introduction of contrary evidence”).

Rita, however, notes that the presumption of reasonableness “is not binding. It does not, like

a trial-related evidentiary presumption insist that one side, or the other, shoulder a particular burden

of persuasion or proof lest they lose their case.” Rita, 127 S. Ct. at 2463. Accordingly, the

presumption does not “reflect strong judicial deference of the kind that leads appeals courts to grant

greater factfinding leeway to an expert agency than to a district judge.” Id. The Court explained

that “the presumption reflects the fact that, by the time an appeals court is considering a withinGuidelines sentence on review, both the sentencing judge and the Sentencing Commission will have

reached the same conclusion as to the proper sentence in the particular case.” Id. And that

agreement, says Rita, “significantly increases the likelihood that the sentence is a reasonable one.”

Id.3

Today, as before Rita, regardless of whether the sentence falls within the Guideline range,

we review the sentencing transcript to ensure (1) that the sentencing judge adequately considered

the relevant § 3553(a) factors and clearly stated his reasons for imposing the chosen sentence,4 and

(2) that the sentence is substantively reasonable.

B. Procedural Reasonableness

Liou first argues that the district court erred by failing to comment on the disproportionate

impact that incarceration would have on him, in light of his responsibilities to his family and his

business. He argues that these circumstances constitute a mitigating factor that required careful

consideration and comment by the district court.

As noted above, the district court offered clear reasons for its sentence. It articulated the

various § 3553(a) factors and then identified the two factors it found most relevant. The district

court then explained why imprisonment was necessary to satisfy these factors. Liou is correct that

the district court did not specifically explain why it was not more moved by Liou’s family

circumstances or why they were less of a concern than the need for the sentence to reflect the
No. 06-4405 United States v. Liou Page 6

seriousness of the offense and to promote respect for the law. Nonetheless, the district court did

acknowledge Liou’s family and business circumstances at the sentencing hearing, when on this

basis, it gave Liou sixty days to self-report: “Now, the Court is going to permit Mr. Liou to

voluntarily surrender to the institution designated by the Bureau of Prisons; and in light of his family

circumstances and in light of his business, the Court is going to give him 60 days to put his affairs

in order before reporting to serve this sentence.” J.A. at 93 (Sentencing Hr’g Tr. at 11).

As in Rita, “[t]he record makes clear that the sentencing judge listened to each argument.”

127 S. Ct. at 2469. Further, as in Rita, “context and the record make clear” that the sentencing judge

understood Liou’s family and business obligations but did not believe they outweighed other

§ 3553(a) factors that the judge found more pertinent. Id.

In sum, the sentencing judge’s performance satisfies Rita. That said, the better practice,

post-Rita, is for a sentencing judge to “go further and explain why he has rejected [each of the

defendant’s nonfrivolous] arguments” for imposing a sentence lower than the Guidelines range. Id.

at 2468. Doing so will help to ensure that district courts “set forth enough to satisfy the appellate

court.” Id. Nonetheless, we cannot say that Liou’s sentence runs afoul of Rita.

C. Substantive Reasonableness

Liou also argues that his sentence is objectively unreasonable “precisely because the district

court failed to adequately address the mitigating factor advanced by Mr. Liou at sentencing.”

Appellant’s Br. at 17. Although this appears identical to the argument Liou offered in favor of

finding the sentence procedurally unreasonable, we interpret Liou’s focus to be that the length

(twelve months) and type (incarceration rather than community confinement) of sentence are too

harsh in light of his mitigating circumstances. Liou suggests that community confinement

constitutes a less-restrictive alternative to incarceration, and that it would be adequate to serve the

interests of deterrence and “just punishment” that the district court cited. In support of this

argument, Liou cites a series of out-of-circuit, pre-Booker cases establishing that various courts have

imposed more-lenient sentences in similar cases. This argument misapprehends the post-Booker role

of appellate courts. While in the abstract we might agree that community confinement could serve

the relevant interests, it is for the district court to determine, in the first instance, what sentence is

“sufficient, but not greater than necessary” to meet these interests. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). We review

the district court’s sentence for reasonableness. Although Liou argues that the district court did not

weigh properly his mitigating circumstances, after carefully reviewing all the material presented to

the district court, we cannot say that the incarceration imposed was an unreasonable sentence,

regardless of whether it is the sentence that we might select ourselves. Accordingly, we reject

Liou’s argument.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.